question
stringlengths 15
100
| long_answer
stringlengths 0
283k
| short_answers
sequence | yes_no_answer
sequence | candidates
sequence | document
stringlengths 620
381k
| id
stringlengths 14
20
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
what is the name for the fourth power | Fourth - degree equations , which contain a fourth degree ( but no higher ) polynomial are , by the Abel -- Ruffini theorem , the highest degree equations having a general solution using radicals . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"In arithmetic and algebra , the fourth power of a number n is the result of multiplying four instances of n together . So :",
"n = n × n × n × n",
"n = n × n × n × n",
"Fourth powers are also formed by multiplying a number by its cube . Furthermore , they are squares of squares .",
"The sequence of fourth powers of integers ( also known as biquadratic numbers or tesseractic numbers ) is :",
"0 , 1 , 16 , 81 , 256 , 625 , 1296 , 2401 , 4096 , 6561 , 10000 , 14641 , 20736 , 28561 , 38416 , 50625 , 65536 , 83521 , 104976 , 130321 , 160000 , 194481 , 234256 , 279841 , 331776 , 390625 , 456976 , 531441 , 614656 , 707281 , 810000 , ... ( sequence A000583 in the OEIS )",
"0 , 1 , 16 , 81 , 256 , 625 , 1296 , 2401 , 4096 , 6561 , 10000 , 14641 , 20736 , 28561 , 38416 , 50625 , 65536 , 83521 , 104976 , 130321 , 160000 , 194481 , 234256 , 279841 , 331776 , 390625 , 456976 , 531441 , 614656 , 707281 , 810000 , ... ( sequence A000583 in the OEIS )",
"The last two digits of a fourth power of an integer in base 10 can be easily shown ( for instance , by computing the squares of possible last two digits of square numbers ) to be restricted to only twelve possibilities :",
"if a number ends in 0 , its fourth power ends in 00 ( \\ displaystyle 00 ) ( in fact in 0000 ( \\ displaystyle 0000 ) ) if a number ends in 1 , 3 , 7 or 9 its fourth power ends in 01 ( \\ displaystyle 01 ) , 21 ( \\ displaystyle 21 ) , 41 ( \\ displaystyle 41 ) , 61 ( \\ displaystyle 61 ) or 81 ( \\ displaystyle 81 ) if a number ends in 2 , 4 , 6 , or 8 its fourth power ends in 16 ( \\ displaystyle 16 ) , 36 ( \\ displaystyle 36 ) , 56 ( \\ displaystyle 56 ) , 76 ( \\ displaystyle 76 ) or 96 ( \\ displaystyle 96 ) if a number ends in 5 its fourth power ends in 25 ( \\ displaystyle 25 ) ( in fact in 0625 ( \\ displaystyle 0625 ) )",
"if a number ends in 0 , its fourth power ends in 00 ( \\ displaystyle 00 ) ( in fact in 0000 ( \\ displaystyle 0000 ) )",
"if a number ends in 1 , 3 , 7 or 9 its fourth power ends in 01 ( \\ displaystyle 01 ) , 21 ( \\ displaystyle 21 ) , 41 ( \\ displaystyle 41 ) , 61 ( \\ displaystyle 61 ) or 81 ( \\ displaystyle 81 )",
"if a number ends in 2 , 4 , 6 , or 8 its fourth power ends in 16 ( \\ displaystyle 16 ) , 36 ( \\ displaystyle 36 ) , 56 ( \\ displaystyle 56 ) , 76 ( \\ displaystyle 76 ) or 96 ( \\ displaystyle 96 )",
"if a number ends in 5 its fourth power ends in 25 ( \\ displaystyle 25 ) ( in fact in 0625 ( \\ displaystyle 0625 ) )",
"These twelve possibilities can be conveniently expressed as 00 , e1 , o6 or 25 where o is an odd digit and e an even digit .",
"Every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of at most 19 fourth powers ; every sufficiently large integer can be expressed as the sum of at most 16 fourth powers ( see Waring 's problem ) .",
"Fermat knew that a fourth power can not be the sum of two other fourth powers ( the n = 4 case of Fermat 's Last Theorem ; see Fermat 's right triangle theorem ) . Euler conjectured that a fourth power can not be written as the sum of three fourth powers , but 200 years later , in 1986 , this was disproven by Elkiies with :",
"20615673 4 = 18796760 4 + 15365639 4 + 2682440 4 . ( \\ displaystyle 20615673 ^ ( 4 ) = 18796760 ^ ( 4 ) + 15365639 ^ ( 4 ) + 2682440 ^ ( 4 ) . )",
"20615673 4 = 18796760 4 + 15365639 4 + 2682440 4 . ( \\ displaystyle 20615673 ^ ( 4 ) = 18796760 ^ ( 4 ) + 15365639 ^ ( 4 ) + 2682440 ^ ( 4 ) . )",
"Elkies showed that there are infinitely many other counterexamples for exponent four , some of which are :",
"2813001 4 = 2767624 4 + 1390400 4 + 673865 4 ( \\ displaystyle 2813001 ^ ( 4 ) = 2767624 ^ ( 4 ) + 1390400 ^ ( 4 ) + 673865 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( Allan MacLeod ) 8707481 4 = 8332208 4 + 5507880 4 + 1705575 4 ( \\ displaystyle 8707481 ^ ( 4 ) = 8332208 ^ ( 4 ) + 5507880 ^ ( 4 ) + 1705575 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( D.J. Bernstein ) 12197457 4 = 11289040 4 + 8282543 4 + 5870000 4 ( \\ displaystyle 12197457 ^ ( 4 ) = 11289040 ^ ( 4 ) + 8282543 ^ ( 4 ) + 5870000 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( D.J. Bernstein ) 16003017 4 = 14173720 4 + 12552200 4 + 4479031 4 ( \\ displaystyle 16003017 ^ ( 4 ) = 14173720 ^ ( 4 ) + 12552200 ^ ( 4 ) + 4479031 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( D.J. Bernstein ) 16430513 4 = 16281009 4 + 7028600 4 + 3642840 4 ( \\ displaystyle 16430513 ^ ( 4 ) = 16281009 ^ ( 4 ) + 7028600 ^ ( 4 ) + 3642840 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( D.J. Bernstein ) 422481 4 = 414560 4 + 217519 4 + 95800 4 ( \\ displaystyle 422481 ^ ( 4 ) = 414560 ^ ( 4 ) + 217519 ^ ( 4 ) + 95800 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( Roger Frye , 1988 ) 638523249 4 = 630662624 4 + 275156240 4 + 219076465 4 ( \\ displaystyle 638523249 ^ ( 4 ) = 630662624 ^ ( 4 ) + 275156240 ^ ( 4 ) + 219076465 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( Allan MacLeod , 1998 )",
"2813001 4 = 2767624 4 + 1390400 4 + 673865 4 ( \\ displaystyle 2813001 ^ ( 4 ) = 2767624 ^ ( 4 ) + 1390400 ^ ( 4 ) + 673865 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( Allan MacLeod )",
"8707481 4 = 8332208 4 + 5507880 4 + 1705575 4 ( \\ displaystyle 8707481 ^ ( 4 ) = 8332208 ^ ( 4 ) + 5507880 ^ ( 4 ) + 1705575 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( D.J. Bernstein )",
"12197457 4 = 11289040 4 + 8282543 4 + 5870000 4 ( \\ displaystyle 12197457 ^ ( 4 ) = 11289040 ^ ( 4 ) + 8282543 ^ ( 4 ) + 5870000 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( D.J. Bernstein )",
"16003017 4 = 14173720 4 + 12552200 4 + 4479031 4 ( \\ displaystyle 16003017 ^ ( 4 ) = 14173720 ^ ( 4 ) + 12552200 ^ ( 4 ) + 4479031 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( D.J. Bernstein )",
"16430513 4 = 16281009 4 + 7028600 4 + 3642840 4 ( \\ displaystyle 16430513 ^ ( 4 ) = 16281009 ^ ( 4 ) + 7028600 ^ ( 4 ) + 3642840 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( D.J. Bernstein )",
"422481 4 = 414560 4 + 217519 4 + 95800 4 ( \\ displaystyle 422481 ^ ( 4 ) = 414560 ^ ( 4 ) + 217519 ^ ( 4 ) + 95800 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( Roger Frye , 1988 )",
"638523249 4 = 630662624 4 + 275156240 4 + 219076465 4 ( \\ displaystyle 638523249 ^ ( 4 ) = 630662624 ^ ( 4 ) + 275156240 ^ ( 4 ) + 219076465 ^ ( 4 ) ) ( Allan MacLeod , 1998 )",
"That the equation x + y = z has no solutions in nonzero integers ( a special case of Fermat 's Last Theorem ) , was known by Fermat ; see Fermat 's right triangle theorem .",
"Fourth - degree equations , which contain a fourth degree ( but no higher ) polynomial are , by the Abel -- Ruffini theorem , the highest degree equations having a general solution using radicals ."
] | Fourth power - Wikipedia Fourth power Jump to: navigation , search This article is about mathematics. For other uses, see Fourth branch of government and Fourth Estate . In arithmetic and algebra , the fourth power of a number n is the result of multiplying four instances of n together. So: n = n × n × n × n Fourth powers are also formed by multiplying a number by its cube . Furthermore, they are squares of squares. The sequence of fourth powers of integers (also known as biquadratic numbers or tesseractic numbers ) is: 0, 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, 2401, 4096, 6561, 10000, 14641, 20736, 28561, 38416, 50625, 65536, 83521, 104976, 130321, 160000, 194481, 234256, 279841, 331776, 390625, 456976, 531441, 614656, 707281, 810000, ... (sequence A000583 in the OEIS ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 2 Equations containing a fourth power 3 See also 4 References Properties ( edit ) The last two digits of a fourth power of an integer in base 10 can be easily shown (for instance, by computing the squares of possible last two digits of square numbers) to be restricted to only twelve possibilities: if a number ends in 0, its fourth power ends in 00 (\displaystyle 00) (in fact in 0000 (\displaystyle 0000) ) if a number ends in 1, 3, 7 or 9 its fourth power ends in 01 (\displaystyle 01) , 21 (\displaystyle 21) , 41 (\displaystyle 41) , 61 (\displaystyle 61) or 81 (\displaystyle 81) if a number ends in 2, 4, 6, or 8 its fourth power ends in 16 (\displaystyle 16) , 36 (\displaystyle 36) , 56 (\displaystyle 56) , 76 (\displaystyle 76) or 96 (\displaystyle 96) if a number ends in 5 its fourth power ends in 25 (\displaystyle 25) (in fact in 0625 (\displaystyle 0625) ) These twelve possibilities can be conveniently expressed as 00, e1 , o6 or 25 where o is an odd digit and e an even digit. Every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of at most 19 fourth powers; every sufficiently large integer can be expressed as the sum of at most 16 fourth powers (see Waring's problem ). Fermat knew that a fourth power cannot be the sum of two other fourth powers (the n =4 case of Fermat's Last Theorem ; see Fermat's right triangle theorem ). Euler conjectured that a fourth power cannot be written as the sum of three fourth powers, but 200 years later, in 1986, this was disproven by Elkiies with: 20615673 4 = 18796760 4 + 15365639 4 + 2682440 4 . (\displaystyle 20615673^(4)=18796760^(4)+15365639^(4)+2682440^(4).) Elkies showed that there are infinitely many other counterexamples for exponent four, some of which are: 2813001 4 = 2767624 4 + 1390400 4 + 673865 4 (\displaystyle 2813001^(4)=2767624^(4)+1390400^(4)+673865^(4)) (Allan MacLeod) 8707481 4 = 8332208 4 + 5507880 4 + 1705575 4 (\displaystyle 8707481^(4)=8332208^(4)+5507880^(4)+1705575^(4)) (D.J. Bernstein) 12197457 4 = 11289040 4 + 8282543 4 + 5870000 4 (\displaystyle 12197457^(4)=11289040^(4)+8282543^(4)+5870000^(4)) (D.J. Bernstein) 16003017 4 = 14173720 4 + 12552200 4 + 4479031 4 (\displaystyle 16003017^(4)=14173720^(4)+12552200^(4)+4479031^(4)) (D.J. Bernstein) 16430513 4 = 16281009 4 + 7028600 4 + 3642840 4 (\displaystyle 16430513^(4)=16281009^(4)+7028600^(4)+3642840^(4)) (D.J. Bernstein) 422481 4 = 414560 4 + 217519 4 + 95800 4 (\displaystyle 422481^(4)=414560^(4)+217519^(4)+95800^(4)) (Roger Frye, 1988) 638523249 4 = 630662624 4 + 275156240 4 + 219076465 4 (\displaystyle 638523249^(4)=630662624^(4)+275156240^(4)+219076465^(4)) (Allan MacLeod,1998) That the equation x + y = z has no solutions in nonzero integers ( a special case of Fermat's Last Theorem ), was known by Fermat ; see Fermat's right triangle theorem . Equations containing a fourth power ( edit ) Fourth-degree equations , which contain a fourth degree (but no higher) polynomial are, by the Abel-- Ruffini theorem , the highest degree equations having a general solution using radicals . See also ( edit ) Square (algebra) Cube (algebra) Exponentiation Fifth power (algebra) Sixth power Seventh power Perfect power References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quoted in Meyrignac, Jean-Charles (14 February 2001). `` Computing Minimal Equal Sums Of Like Powers: Best Known Solutions'' . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Weisstein, Eric W. `` Biquadratic Number'' . MathWorld . Classes of natural numbers Powers and related numbers Achilles Power of 2 Power of 10 Square Cube Fourth power Fifth power Sixth power Seventh power Perfect power Powerful Prime power Of the form a × 2 ± 1 Cullen Double Mersenne Fermat Mersenne Proth Thabit Woodall Other polynomial numbers Carol Hilbert Idoneal Kynea Leyland Lucky numbers of Euler Repunit Recursively defined numbers Fibonacci Jacobsthal Leonardo Lucas Padovan Pell Perrin Possessing a specific set of other numbers Knödel Riesel Sierpinski Expressible via specific sums Nonhypotenuse Polite Practical Primary pseudoperfect Ulam Wolstenholme Generated via a sieve Lucky Code related Meertens Figurate numbers 2-dimensional centered Centered triangular Centered square Centered pentagonal Centered hexagonal Centered heptagonal Centered octagonal Centered nonagonal Centered decagonal Star non-centered Triangular Square Square triangular Pentagonal Hexagonal Heptagonal Octagonal Nonagonal Decagonal Dodecagonal 3-dimensional centered Centered tetrahedral Centered cube Centered octahedral Centered dodecahedral Centered icosahedral non-centered Tetrahedral Octahedral Dodecahedral Icosahedral Stella octangula pyramidal Square pyramidal Pentagonal pyramidal Hexagonal pyramidal Heptagonal pyramidal 4-dimensional centered Centered pentachoric Squared triangular non-centered Pentatope Pseudoprimes Carmichael number Catalan pseudoprime Elliptic pseudoprime Euler pseudoprime Euler-- Jacobi pseudoprime Fermat pseudoprime Frobenius pseudoprime Lucas pseudoprime Somer-- Lucas pseudoprime Strong pseudoprime Combinatorial numbers Bell Cake Catalan Dedekind Delannoy Euler Fuss-- Catalan Lazy caterer's sequence Lobb Motzkin Narayana Ordered Bell Schröder Schröder -- Hipparchus Arithmetic functions By properties of σ ( n ) Abundant Almost perfect Arithmetic Colossally abundant Descartes Hemiperfect Highly abundant Highly composite Hyperperfect Multiply perfect Perfect Practical number Primitive abundant Quasiperfect Refactorable Sublime Superabundant Superior highly composite Superperfect By properties of Ω ( n ) Almost prime Semiprime By properties of φ ( n ) Highly cototient Highly totient Noncototient Nontotient Perfect totient Sparsely totient By properties of s( n ) Amicable Betrothed Deficient Semiperfect Euclid Fortunate Dividing a quotient Wieferich Wall-- Sun-- Sun Wolstenholme prime Wilson Other prime factor or divisor related numbers Blum Erdős -- Nicolas Erdős -- Woods Friendly Frugal Giuga Harmonic divisor Lucas-- Carmichael Pronic Regular Rough Smooth Sociable Sphenic Størmer Super-Poulet Zeisel Recreational mathematics Base-dependent numbers Automorphic Cyclic Digit-reassembly Dudeney Equidigital Extravagant Factorion Friedman Happy Harshad Kaprekar Keith Lychrel Missing-digit sum Narcissistic Palindromic Pandigital Parasitic Pernicious Polydivisible Primeval Repdigit Repunit Self Self-descriptive Smarandache-- Wellin Strictly non-palindromic Strobogrammatic Sum-product Transposable Trimorphic Undulating Vampire Aronson's sequence Ban Pancake number This algebra -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourth_power&oldid=827431528 '' Categories : Integers Number theory Elementary arithmetic Integer sequences Unary operations Algebra stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 日本 語 Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018, at 18:18. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 7683022052865238087 |
little boxes on the hillside little boxes made of ticky tacky | 2014 : A variation of `` Little Boxes '' appears in the film The Boxtrolls , performed by the band Loch Lomond . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` Little Boxes '' is a song written and composed by Malvina Reynolds in 1962 , which became a hit for her friend Pete Seeger in 1963 , when he released his cover version .",
"The song is a political satire about the development of suburbia , and associated conformist middle - class attitudes . It mocks suburban tract housing as `` little boxes '' of different colors `` all made out of ticky - tacky '' , and which `` all look just the same . '' `` Ticky - tacky '' is a reference to the shoddy material used in the construction of the houses .",
"Reynolds was a folk singer - songwriter and political activist in the 1960s and 1970s . Nancy Reynolds , her daughter , explained that her mother wrote the song after seeing the housing developments around Daly City , California , built in the post-war era by Henry Doelger , particularly the neighborhood of Westlake .",
"My mother and father were driving South from San Francisco through Daly City when my mom got the idea for the song . She asked my dad to take the wheel , and she wrote it on the way to the gathering in La Honda where she was going to sing for the Friends Committee on Legislation . When Time magazine ( I think , maybe Newsweek ) wanted a photo of her pointing to the very place , she could n't find those houses because so many more had been built around them that the hillsides were totally covered .",
"Reynolds ' version was first released on her 1967 Columbia Records album Malvina Reynolds Sings the Truth , and can also be found on the Smithsonian Folkways Records 2000 CD re-issue of Ear To The Ground . However , Pete Seeger 's rendition of the song is known internationally , and it reached number 70 in the Billboard Hot 100 . Also a political activist , Seeger was a friend of Reynolds and , like many others in the 1960s , he used folk songs as a medium for protest .",
"The profundity of the satire was attested to by a university professor quoted in 1964 in Time magazine as saying , `` I 've been lecturing my classes about middle - class conformity for a whole semester . Here 's a song that says it all in 11⁄2 minutes . ''",
"The term `` ticky - tacky '' became a catchphrase during the 1960s , attesting to the song 's popularity . However , according to Christopher Hitchens , satirist Tom Lehrer described `` Little Boxes '' as `` the most sanctimonious song ever written '' .",
"The song has been recorded by many musicians and bands , some of whom have arranged and translated the song to meet their styles . The lyrics have been reprinted with photographs of `` Little Box '' houses in environmental publications .",
"Artists who have covered the song include Devendra Banhart , Compost , Elvis Costello , Death Cab for Cutie , The Decemberists ( who added several new lyrics ) , Tim DeLaughter of The Polyphonic Spree , Donovan , Anjan Dutt , Ben Folds , Skott Freedman , Engelbert Humperdinck , The Individuals , Jenny and Johnny , Angélique Kidjo , Rilo Kiley , Kinky , Linkin Park , Man Man , The Mountain Goats , Randy Newman , Nina & Frederik , Ozomatli , Phosphorescent , The Real Tuesday Weld , Rise Against , Paddy Roberts , The Shins , Regina Spektor , The Submarines , Billy Bob Thornton , Walk off the Earth , and The Womenfolk , whose 1964 version of the song by was the shortest single ever to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , at 1 minute 2 seconds ; in 2016 , it was surpassed by `` PPAP ( Pen - Pineapple - Apple - Pen ) '' . Many of these covers were recorded as theme music for the television program Weeds , which in its second , third and eighth seasons featured a different artists ' performance of the song for each episode 's opening credits .",
"The Spanish songwriter Adolfo Celdrán wrote the first Spanish version of the song , called `` Cajitas '' , which was released in 1969 and had several successive reissues . Another Spanish version of the song , `` Las Casitas del Barrio Alto '' , was written by the Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara in 1971 , depicting in a mocking way the over-Europeanized and bourgeois lifestyle of the residents of the `` Barrio Alto '' ( high - class neighborhood ) in Santiago de Chile . A French version with the title `` Petites boîtes '' was performed by Graeme Allwright and was later covered by Kate & Anna McGarrigle on their 2003 album La vache qui pleure and by Weepers Circus on their 2009 album à la récré . Haim Hefer wrote a Hebrew version of this song , called `` Tik shel Plastik '' ( תיק של פלסטיק , `` a plastic bag '' ) , satirizing the Israeli middle class , which was recorded by The Seven Species on a 1968 album .",
"1964 : The song was performed on the NBC satirical television program That Was The Week That Was on April 13 , 1964 , sung by Nancy Ames and accompanied by a film montage by Guy Fraumeni and Lou Myers depicting tract housing and other related images . 1975 : In the novel Ecotopia by Ernest Callenbach , describing a secessionist ecological utopia in the western United States , the protagonist ( visiting the country as a US journalist ) is informed that `` cheaply built houses in newer districts '' are scornfully referred to as `` ticky - tacky boxes '' by the population . 1980s : Russ Abbot took the music to the song and its general theme to satirize The Spinners , a contemporary popular folk group whose songs apparently `` all sound the same '' , as a parody act `` The Spanners '' on his 1980s London Weekend Television Madhouse series . 2005 -- 12 : The song was used as the opening theme song for the Showtime television series Weeds . The first season used Reynolds 's version . In the second and third seasons , various artists and celebrities performed covers of the song for the different episodes . The song was not used regularly during seasons four through seven , but was covered by various artists in the eighth and final season . See also : opening music of Weeds . 2005 : The song is sung by both Keith Carradine ( as `` Elton Tripp '' ) and Kate Mara ( as `` Zoe Tripp '' ) in the film The Californians 2006 : A book about Westlake , Daly City , California , Little Boxes : The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb , is named for the song . 2013 : A re-worded version of the song , written by Sniffy Dog , was used in a UK TV commercial for mobile telephone operator O2 . Three versions are known to have been broadcast , one of them is sung by Adrienne Stiefel , while another is sung by Jedd Holden . The third is an instrumental non-vocal version . 2014 : A variation of `` Little Boxes '' appears in the film The Boxtrolls , performed by the band Loch Lomond .",
"1964 : The song was performed on the NBC satirical television program That Was The Week That Was on April 13 , 1964 , sung by Nancy Ames and accompanied by a film montage by Guy Fraumeni and Lou Myers depicting tract housing and other related images .",
"1975 : In the novel Ecotopia by Ernest Callenbach , describing a secessionist ecological utopia in the western United States , the protagonist ( visiting the country as a US journalist ) is informed that `` cheaply built houses in newer districts '' are scornfully referred to as `` ticky - tacky boxes '' by the population .",
"1980s : Russ Abbot took the music to the song and its general theme to satirize The Spinners , a contemporary popular folk group whose songs apparently `` all sound the same '' , as a parody act `` The Spanners '' on his 1980s London Weekend Television Madhouse series .",
"2005 -- 12 : The song was used as the opening theme song for the Showtime television series Weeds . The first season used Reynolds 's version . In the second and third seasons , various artists and celebrities performed covers of the song for the different episodes . The song was not used regularly during seasons four through seven , but was covered by various artists in the eighth and final season . See also : opening music of Weeds .",
"2005 : The song is sung by both Keith Carradine ( as `` Elton Tripp '' ) and Kate Mara ( as `` Zoe Tripp '' ) in the film The Californians",
"2006 : A book about Westlake , Daly City , California , Little Boxes : The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb , is named for the song .",
"2013 : A re-worded version of the song , written by Sniffy Dog , was used in a UK TV commercial for mobile telephone operator O2 . Three versions are known to have been broadcast , one of them is sung by Adrienne Stiefel , while another is sung by Jedd Holden . The third is an instrumental non-vocal version .",
"2014 : A variation of `` Little Boxes '' appears in the film The Boxtrolls , performed by the band Loch Lomond ."
] | Little Boxes - wikipedia Little Boxes Jump to: navigation , search For the 2016 film, see Little Boxes (film) . An example of the middle-class housing satirized in `` Little Boxes'' : Levittown, Pennsylvania , one of the first major post-World War II housing developments in the United States . `` Little Boxes'' is a song written and composed by Malvina Reynolds in 1962, which became a hit for her friend Pete Seeger in 1963, when he released his cover version. The song is a political satire about the development of suburbia , and associated conformist middle-class attitudes. It mocks suburban tract housing as `` little boxes'' of different colors `` all made out of ticky-tacky '' , and which `` all look just the same.'' `` Ticky-tacky'' is a reference to the shoddy material used in the construction of the houses. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 3 Covers 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Reynolds was a folk singer-songwriter and political activist in the 1960s and 1970s. Nancy Reynolds, her daughter, explained that her mother wrote the song after seeing the housing developments around Daly City, California , built in the post-war era by Henry Doelger , particularly the neighborhood of Westlake . My mother and father were driving South from San Francisco through Daly City when my mom got the idea for the song. She asked my dad to take the wheel, and she wrote it on the way to the gathering in La Honda where she was going to sing for the Friends Committee on Legislation . When Time magazine (I think, maybe Newsweek ) wanted a photo of her pointing to the very place, she couldn't find those houses because so many more had been built around them that the hillsides were totally covered. Reynolds' version was first released on her 1967 Columbia Records album Malvina Reynolds Sings the Truth , and can also be found on the Smithsonian Folkways Records 2000 CD re-issue of Ear To The Ground . However, Pete Seeger 's rendition of the song is known internationally, and it reached number 70 in the Billboard Hot 100 . Also a political activist, Seeger was a friend of Reynolds and, like many others in the 1960s, he used folk songs as a medium for protest. Reception ( edit ) The profundity of the satire was attested to by a university professor quoted in 1964 in Time magazine as saying, `` I've been lecturing my classes about middle-class conformity for a whole semester. Here's a song that says it all in 11⁄2minutes.'' The term `` ticky-tacky '' became a catchphrase during the 1960s, attesting to the song's popularity. However, according to Christopher Hitchens , satirist Tom Lehrer described `` Little Boxes'' as `` the most sanctimonious song ever written'' . Covers ( edit ) The song has been recorded by many musicians and bands, some of whom have arranged and translated the song to meet their styles. The lyrics have been reprinted with photographs of `` Little Box'' houses in environmental publications. Artists who have covered the song include Devendra Banhart , Compost , Elvis Costello , Death Cab for Cutie , The Decemberists (who added several new lyrics), Tim DeLaughter of The Polyphonic Spree , Donovan , Anjan Dutt , Ben Folds , Skott Freedman , Engelbert Humperdinck , The Individuals , Jenny and Johnny , Angélique Kidjo , Rilo Kiley , Kinky , Linkin Park , Man Man , The Mountain Goats , Randy Newman , Nina & Frederik , Ozomatli , Phosphorescent , The Real Tuesday Weld , Rise Against , Paddy Roberts , The Shins , Regina Spektor , The Submarines , Billy Bob Thornton , Walk off the Earth , and The Womenfolk , whose 1964 version of the song by was the shortest single ever to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , at 1 minute 2 seconds; in 2016, it was surpassed by `` PPAP (Pen-Pineapple-Apple-Pen) '' . Many of these covers were recorded as theme music for the television program Weeds , which in its second, third and eighth seasons featured a different artists' performance of the song for each episode's opening credits. The Spanish songwriter Adolfo Celdrán wrote the first Spanish version of the song, called `` Cajitas'' , which was released in 1969 and had several successive reissues. Another Spanish version of the song, `` Las Casitas del Barrio Alto'' , was written by the Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara in 1971, depicting in a mocking way the over-Europeanized and bourgeois lifestyle of the residents of the `` Barrio Alto'' (high-class neighborhood) in Santiago de Chile . A French version with the title `` Petites boîtes '' was performed by Graeme Allwright and was later covered by Kate & Anna McGarrigle on their 2003 album La vache qui pleure and by Weepers Circus on their 2009 album à la récré . Haim Hefer wrote a Hebrew version of this song, called `` Tik shel Plastik'' (תיק של פלסטיק , `` a plastic bag'' ), satirizing the Israeli middle class , which was recorded by The Seven Species on a 1968 album. In popular culture ( edit ) 1964: The song was performed on the NBC satirical television program That Was The Week That Was on April 13, 1964, sung by Nancy Ames and accompanied by a film montage by Guy Fraumeni and Lou Myers depicting tract housing and other related images. 1975: In the novel Ecotopia by Ernest Callenbach , describing a secessionist ecological utopia in the western United States, the protagonist (visiting the country as a US journalist) is informed that `` cheaply built houses in newer districts'' are scornfully referred to as `` ticky-tacky boxes'' by the population. 1980s: Russ Abbot took the music to the song and its general theme to satirize The Spinners , a contemporary popular folk group whose songs apparently `` all sound the same'' , as a parody act `` The Spanners'' on his 1980s London Weekend Television Madhouse series. 2005-- 12: The song was used as the opening theme song for the Showtime television series Weeds . The first season used Reynolds's version. In the second and third seasons, various artists and celebrities performed covers of the song for the different episodes. The song was not used regularly during seasons four through seven, but was covered by various artists in the eighth and final season. See also: opening music of Weeds . 2005: The song is sung by both Keith Carradine (as `` Elton Tripp'' ) and Kate Mara (as `` Zoe Tripp'' ) in the film The Californians 2006: A book about Westlake, Daly City, California , Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb , is named for the song. 2013: A re-worded version of the song, written by Sniffy Dog, was used in a UK TV commercial for mobile telephone operator O2 . Three versions are known to have been broadcast, one of them is sung by Adrienne Stiefel, while another is sung by Jedd Holden. The third is an instrumental non-vocal version. 2014: A variation of `` Little Boxes'' appears in the film The Boxtrolls , performed by the band Loch Lomond . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Urban sprawl Suburb Love It Like a Fool (1977 documentary about Reynolds) `` Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania'' , Bob Merrill 's 1952 song, that uses a similar but not identical tune. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of TICKY-TACKY'' . merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Spotlight: Malvina Reynolds'' . HomeGrown Humor . Showtime Networks . July 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22 . Retrieved 2007-10-16 . Jump up ^ Reynolds, Malvina. Malvina Reynolds Sings the Truth , Columbia Records, 1967. CS-9414 ^ Jump up to: `` Tacky into the Wind'' . Time . February 28, 1964. Jump up ^ Hitchens, Christopher (December 2008). `` Suburbs of Our Discontent'' . Atlantic Monthly . Jump up ^ `` Piko-Taro's ' PPAP' Is the Shortest Song Ever on Billboard Hot 100'' . billboard.com . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Callenbach, Ernest (1975). Ecotopia (Google Books) . p. 14. ISBN 978-0-9604320-1-1 . Jump up ^ Abbott, Russ (ndg) `` The Spanners - We're A Folk Group'' YouTube Jump up ^ `` ' Weeds' Revives ' Little Boxes' Theme With Ben Folds, Steve Martin'' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The Californians Soundtrack `` Little Boxes'' YouTube Jump up ^ Keil, Rob (October 2006). Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb . Daly City, CA: Advection Media. ISBN 978-0-9779236-4-9 . Jump up ^ Brown, Paul. `` O2 -- Things Are Changing'' . tvadmusic.co.uk . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown, Paul. `` O2 Priority Moments -- Things Are Changing'' . tvadmusic.co.uk . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown, Paul. `` O2 -- On & On'' . tvadmusic.co.uk . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rooney, David (30 August 2014). `` A villainous troll catcher sets out to eradicate the underclass and join the cheese-eating elite in the latest from the animation house behind ' Coraline' and ' ParaNorman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pagan, Beatrice (5 October 2014). `` BOXTROLLS - LE SCATOLE MAGICHE: LA COLONNA SONORA'' (in Italian). Movie Player . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Smith, Charles H.; Nancy Schimmel. `` Little Boxes'' . Malvina Reynolds: Song Lyrics and Poems . with a list of recordings `` Music'' . Weeds . Showtime Networks . Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Full list of music used on the show `` America's Most Perfect Ticky-Tacky Suburb'' . Telstar Logistics . November 7, 2006. Adolfo Celdrán Spanish language homepage Rob Keil's website for Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb Bity Booker `` Little Boxes'' (Malvina Reynolds's cover) LIVE https://www.facebook.com/bitybookermusic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Boxes&oldid=818472712 '' Categories : Music of the San Francisco Bay Area Protest songs San Mateo County, California 1962 songs Songs written by Malvina Reynolds Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Eesti Français Norsk Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018, at 19:43. About Wikipedia | -6554008572639820025 |
poem ringa ringa roses pocket full of posies | European and 19th - century versions of the rhyme suggest that this `` fall '' was not a literal falling down , but a curtsy or other form of bending movement that was common in other dramatic singing games . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' Melodies for `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' , Alice Gomme , 1898 . Nursery rhyme Published 1881 Audio samples Play Marlborough ( help info ) Yorkshire ( help info ) Sporle A ( help info ) Sporle B ( help info )",
"`` Ring a Ring o ' Roses ''",
"Melodies for `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' , Alice Gomme , 1898 .",
"Nursery rhyme",
"Published 1881",
"Audio samples Play Marlborough ( help info ) Yorkshire ( help info ) Sporle A ( help info ) Sporle B ( help info )",
"Play Marlborough ( help info ) Yorkshire ( help info ) Sporle A ( help info ) Sporle B ( help info )",
"Play Marlborough ( help info )",
"Yorkshire ( help info )",
"Sporle A ( help info )",
"Sporle B ( help info )",
"`` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' or `` Ring a Ring o ' Rosie '' is a nursery rhyme or folksong and playground singing game . It first appeared in print in 1881 , but it is reported that a version was already being sung to the current tune in the 1790s and similar rhymes are known from across Europe . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7925 . Urban legend says the song originally described the plague , specifically the Great Plague of London , or the Black Death , but folklorists reject this idea .",
"It is unknown what the earliest version of the rhyme was or when it began . Many incarnations of the game have a group of children form a ring , dance in a circle around a person , and stoop or curtsy with the final line . The slowest child to do so is faced with a penalty or becomes the `` rosie '' ( literally : rose tree , from the French rosier ) and takes their place in the center of the ring .",
"Variations , corruptions , and vulgarized versions were noted to be in use long before the earliest printed publications . One such variation was dated to be in use in Connecticut in the 1840s .",
"Common British versions include :",
"Ring - a-ring o ' roses , A pocket full of posies , A-tishoo ! A-tishoo ! We all fall down .",
"Cows in the meadows Eating buttercups A-tishoo ! A-tishoo ! We all jump up .",
"Common American versions include :",
"Ring - a-round the rosies , A pocket full of posies , Ashes ! Ashes ! We all fall down .",
"Common Indian versions include :",
"Ringa ringa roses , Pocket full of poses Husha busha ! We all fall down !",
"The last two lines are sometimes varied to :",
"Hush ! Hush ! Hush ! Hush ! We 've all tumbled down .",
"A reference to a young children 's game named Ring o ' Roses occurs in an 1846 article from the Brooklyn Eagle . A group of young children ( the eldest being about seven ) form a ring , from which a boy takes out a girl and kisses her .",
"An early version of the rhyme occurs in a novel of 1855 , The Old Homestead by Ann S. Stephens :",
"A ring -- a ring of roses , Laps full of posies ; Awake -- awake ! Now come and make A ring -- a ring of roses .",
"The novel goes on to describe a nineteenth - century Fourth of July celebration by children housed in a hospital in Roosevelt Island , New York ( then known as `` Blackwell 's Island '' ) : ' Then the little girls began to seek their own amusements . They played `` hide and seek , '' `` ring , ring a rosy , '' and a thousand wild and pretty games ' .",
"Another early printing of the rhyme was in Kate Greenaway 's 1881 edition of Mother Goose ; or , the Old Nursery Rhymes :",
"Ring - a-ring - a-roses , A pocket full of posies ; Hush ! hush ! hush ! hush ! We 're all tumbled down .",
"In 1882 , Godey 's Lady 's Book has the following version :",
"Ring around a rosy Pocket full of posies . One , two , three -- squat !",
"Before the last line , the children stop suddenly , then exclaim it together , `` suiting the action to the word with unfailing hilarity and complete satisfaction '' .",
"In his Games and Songs of American Children ( 1883 ) , William Wells Newell reports several variants , one of which he provides with a melody and dates to New Bedford , Massachusetts around 1790 :",
"Ring a ring a Rosie , A bottle full of posie , All the girls in our town Ring for little Josie .",
"Newell writes that ' ( a ) t the end of the words the children suddenly stoop , and the last to get down undergoes some penalty , or has to take the place of the child in the centre , who represents the `` rosie '' ( rose - tree ; French , rosier ) . '",
"An 1883 collection of Shropshire folk - lore includes the following version :",
"A ring , a ring o ' roses , A pocket - full o ' posies ; One for Jack and one for Jim and one for little Moses ! A-tisha ! a-tisha ! a-tisha !",
"On the last line `` they stand and imitate sneezing '' .",
"A manuscript of rhymes collected in Lancashire at the same period gives three closely related versions , with the now familiar sneezing , for instance :",
"A ring , a ring o ' roses , A pocket full o ' posies - Atishoo atishoo we all fall down .",
"In 1892 , folklorist Alice Gomme could give twelve versions .",
"A German rhyme first printed in 1796 closely resembles `` Ring a ring o'roses '' in its first stanza and accompanies the same actions ( with sitting rather than falling as the concluding action ) :",
"Ringel ringel reihen , Wir sind der Kinder dreien , sitzen unter 'm Hollerbusch Und machen alle Husch husch husch !",
"Loosely translated this says `` Ringed , ringed row . We are three children , sitting under an elder bush . All of us going hush , hush , hush ! '' The rhyme is well known in Germany with the first line `` Ringel , Ringel , Reihe '' ( as the popular collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn gave it ) ; it has many local variants , often with `` Husch , husch , husch '' ( which in German could mean `` quick , quick '' ) in the fourth line , comparable to the `` Hush ! hush ! hush ! hush ! '' of the first printed English version . This popular variant is notable :",
"Ringel , Ringel , Rosen , Schöne Aprikosen , Veilchen blau , Vergissmeinnicht , Alle Kinder setzen sich !",
"The translation is `` A ring , a ring of roses . Beautiful apricots . Blue violets , forget - me - nots . All children sit down . ''",
"Swiss versions have the children dancing round a rosebush . Other European singing games with a strong resemblance include `` Roze , roze , meie '' ( `` Rose , rose , May '' ) from The Netherlands with a similar tune to `` Ring a ring o ' roses '' and `` Gira , gira rosa '' ( `` Circle , circle , rose '' ) , recorded in Venice in 1874 , in which girls danced around the girl in the middle who skipped and curtsied as demanded by the verses and at the end kissed the one she liked best , so choosing her for the middle .",
"In Croatian / Serbian / Bosnian language , there is a similar rhyme called `` Ringe Ringe Raja '' :",
"Ringe - ringe - raja , Doš'o čika Paja , Pa pojeo jaja . Jedno jaje muć , A mi , djeco , čuč !",
"A rough translation is `` Ringe Ringe Raya ( does n't mean anything , this is common in Croato - Serbian rhymes ) , uncle Ducky has came , and he ate all the eggs , one egg crashed , and we children squat ! '' On the last word , the children singing the rhyme jump or squat .",
"The origins and meanings of the game have long been unknown and subject to speculation . In 1898 , A Dictionary of British Folklore contained the belief that an explanation of the game was of pagan origin , based on the Sheffield Glossary comparison of Jacob Grimm 's Deutsche Mythologie . The theory states that it is in reference to Pagan myths and cited a passage which states , `` Gifted children of fortune have the power to laugh roses , as Freyja wept gold . '' Believing the first instance to be indicative of Pagan beings of light . Another suggestion is more literal , that it was making a `` ring '' around the roses and bowing with the all `` fall down '' as a curtsy . In 1892 , the American writer , Eugene Field wrote a poem titled Teeny - Weeny that specifically referred to fey folk playing ring - a-rosie . According to Games and Songs of American Children , published in 1883 , the `` rosie '' was a reference to the French word for rose tree and the children would dance and stoop to the person in the center . Variations , especially more literal ones , were identified and noted with the literal falling down that would sever the connections to the game - rhyme . Again in 1898 , sneezing was then noted to be indicative of many superstitious and supernatural beliefs across differing cultures .",
"Since the 20th century , the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague which happened in England in 1665 , or with earlier outbreaks of the Black Death in England . Interpreters of the rhyme before the Second World War make no mention of this ; by 1951 , however , it seems to have become well established as an explanation for the form of the rhyme that had become standard in the United Kingdom . Peter and Iona Opie , the leading authorities on nursery rhymes , remarked :",
"The invariable sneezing and falling down in modern English versions have given would - be origin finders the opportunity to say that the rhyme dates back to the Great Plague . A rosy rash , they allege , was a symptom of the plague , and posies of herbs were carried as protection and to ward off the smell of the disease . Sneezing or coughing was a final fatal symptom , and `` all fall down '' was exactly what happened .",
"The line Ashes , Ashes in colonial versions of the rhyme is claimed to refer variously to cremation of the bodies , the burning of victims ' houses , or blackening of their skin , and the theory has been adapted to be applied to other versions of the rhyme . In its various forms , the interpretation has entered into popular culture and has been used elsewhere to make oblique reference to the plague .",
"Folklore scholars regard the theory as baseless for several reasons :",
"The plague explanation did not appear until the mid-twentieth century . The symptoms described do not fit especially well with the Great Plague . The great variety of forms makes it unlikely that the modern form is the most ancient one , and the words on which the interpretation are based are not found in many of the earliest records of the rhyme ( see above ) . European and 19th - century versions of the rhyme suggest that this `` fall '' was not a literal falling down , but a curtsy or other form of bending movement that was common in other dramatic singing games .",
"The plague explanation did not appear until the mid-twentieth century .",
"The symptoms described do not fit especially well with the Great Plague .",
"The great variety of forms makes it unlikely that the modern form is the most ancient one , and the words on which the interpretation are based are not found in many of the earliest records of the rhyme ( see above ) .",
"European and 19th - century versions of the rhyme suggest that this `` fall '' was not a literal falling down , but a curtsy or other form of bending movement that was common in other dramatic singing games ."
] | Ring a ring o' roses - wikipedia Ring a ring o' roses `` Ring a Ring o' Roses'' Melodies for `` Ring a Ring o' Roses'' , Alice Gomme , 1898. Nursery rhyme Published 1881 Audio samples Play Marlborough ( help info ) Yorkshire ( help info ) Sporle A ( help info ) Sporle B ( help info ) `` Ring a Ring o' Roses '' or `` Ring a Ring o' Rosie '' is a nursery rhyme or folksong and playground singing game . It first appeared in print in 1881, but it is reported that a version was already being sung to the current tune in the 1790s and similar rhymes are known from across Europe. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7925. Urban legend says the song originally described the plague , specifically the Great Plague of London , or the Black Death , but folklorists reject this idea. Contents 1 Lyrics 1.1 Early attestation 1.2 Other languages 2 Meaning 3 References 3.1 Sources Lyrics ( edit ) The cover of L. Leslie Brooke's Ring O' Roses (1922) shows nursery rhyme characters performing the game It is unknown what the earliest version of the rhyme was or when it began. Many incarnations of the game have a group of children form a ring, dance in a circle around a person, and stoop or curtsy with the final line. The slowest child to do so is faced with a penalty or becomes the `` rosie'' (literally: rose tree, from the French rosier ) and takes their place in the center of the ring. Variations, corruptions, and vulgarized versions were noted to be in use long before the earliest printed publications. One such variation was dated to be in use in Connecticut in the 1840s. Common British versions include: Ring-a-ring o' roses, A pocket full of posies, A-tishoo! A-tishoo! We all fall down. Cows in the meadows Eating buttercups A-tishoo! A-tishoo! We all jump up. Common American versions include: Ring-a-round the rosies, A pocket full of posies, Ashes! Ashes! We all fall down. Children's Dances by Hans Thoma . Common Indian versions include: Ringa ringa roses, Pocket full of poses Husha busha! We all fall down! The last two lines are sometimes varied to: Hush! Hush! Hush! Hush! We've all tumbled down. Early attestation ( edit ) Kate Greenaway's illustration from Mother Goose or the Old Nursery Rhymes (1881), showing children playing the game A reference to a young children's game named Ring o' Roses occurs in an 1846 article from the Brooklyn Eagle . A group of young children (the eldest being about seven) form a ring, from which a boy takes out a girl and kisses her. An early version of the rhyme occurs in a novel of 1855, The Old Homestead by Ann S. Stephens : A ring -- a ring of roses, Laps full of posies; Awake -- awake! Now come and make A ring -- a ring of roses. The novel goes on to describe a nineteenth-century Fourth of July celebration by children housed in a hospital in Roosevelt Island, New York (then known as `` Blackwell's Island'' ): ' Then the little girls began to seek their own amusements. They played `` hide and seek,'' `` ring, ring a rosy,'' and a thousand wild and pretty games' . Another early printing of the rhyme was in Kate Greenaway 's 1881 edition of Mother Goose; or, the Old Nursery Rhymes : Ring-a-ring-a-roses, A pocket full of posies ; Hush! hush! hush! hush! We're all tumbled down. In 1882, Godey's Lady's Book has the following version: Ring around a rosy Pocket full of posies. One, two, three-- squat! Before the last line, the children stop suddenly, then exclaim it together, `` suiting the action to the word with unfailing hilarity and complete satisfaction'' . In his Games and Songs of American Children (1883), William Wells Newell reports several variants, one of which he provides with a melody and dates to New Bedford, Massachusetts around 1790: Ring a ring a Rosie, A bottle full of posie, All the girls in our town Ring for little Josie. Newell writes that ' (a)t the end of the words the children suddenly stoop, and the last to get down undergoes some penalty, or has to take the place of the child in the centre, who represents the `` rosie'' (rose-tree; French, rosier ).' An 1883 collection of Shropshire folk-lore includes the following version: A ring, a ring o' roses, A pocket-full o' posies; One for Jack and one for Jim and one for little Moses! A-tisha! a-tisha! a-tisha! On the last line `` they stand and imitate sneezing'' . A manuscript of rhymes collected in Lancashire at the same period gives three closely related versions, with the now familiar sneezing, for instance: A ring, a ring o' roses, A pocket full o' posies- Atishoo atishoo we all fall down. In 1892, folklorist Alice Gomme could give twelve versions. Other languages ( edit ) Illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith , from The Little Mother Goose (1912) A German rhyme first printed in 1796 closely resembles `` Ring a ring o'roses '' in its first stanza and accompanies the same actions (with sitting rather than falling as the concluding action): Ringel ringel reihen, Wir sind der Kinder dreien, sitzen unter'm Hollerbusch Und machen alle Husch husch husch! Loosely translated this says `` Ringed, ringed row. We are three children, sitting under an elder bush. All of us going hush, hush, hush!'' The rhyme is well known in Germany with the first line `` Ringel, Ringel, Reihe '' (as the popular collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn gave it); it has many local variants, often with `` Husch, husch, husch '' (which in German could mean `` quick, quick'' ) in the fourth line, comparable to the `` Hush! hush! hush! hush!'' of the first printed English version. This popular variant is notable: Ringel, Ringel, Rosen, Schöne Aprikosen, Veilchen blau, Vergissmeinnicht, Alle Kinder setzen sich! The translation is `` A ring, a ring of roses. Beautiful apricots. Blue violets, forget-me-nots. All children sit down.'' Swiss versions have the children dancing round a rosebush. Other European singing games with a strong resemblance include `` Roze, roze, meie '' (`` Rose, rose, May'' ) from The Netherlands with a similar tune to `` Ring a ring o' roses'' and `` Gira, gira rosa '' (`` Circle, circle, rose'' ), recorded in Venice in 1874, in which girls danced around the girl in the middle who skipped and curtsied as demanded by the verses and at the end kissed the one she liked best, so choosing her for the middle. In Croatian/Serbian/Bosnian language, there is a similar rhyme called `` Ringe Ringe Raja'' : Ringe-ringe-raja, Doš'o čika Paja, Pa pojeo jaja. Jedno jaje muć , A mi, djeco, čuč ! A rough translation is `` Ringe Ringe Raya (doesn't mean anything, this is common in Croato-Serbian rhymes), uncle Ducky has came, and he ate all the eggs, one egg crashed, and we children squat!'' On the last word, the children singing the rhyme jump or squat. Meaning ( edit ) Illustration by L. Leslie Brooke (1862-- 1940) for `` All Tumble Down'' from Anon, Ring O' Roses (1922) The origins and meanings of the game have long been unknown and subject to speculation. In 1898, A Dictionary of British Folklore contained the belief that an explanation of the game was of pagan origin, based on the Sheffield Glossary comparison of Jacob Grimm 's Deutsche Mythologie . The theory states that it is in reference to Pagan myths and cited a passage which states, `` Gifted children of fortune have the power to laugh roses, as Freyja wept gold.'' Believing the first instance to be indicative of Pagan beings of light. Another suggestion is more literal, that it was making a `` ring'' around the roses and bowing with the all `` fall down'' as a curtsy . In 1892, the American writer, Eugene Field wrote a poem titled Teeny-Weeny that specifically referred to fey folk playing ring-a-rosie. According to Games and Songs of American Children , published in 1883, the `` rosie'' was a reference to the French word for rose tree and the children would dance and stoop to the person in the center. Variations, especially more literal ones, were identified and noted with the literal falling down that would sever the connections to the game-rhyme. Again in 1898, sneezing was then noted to be indicative of many superstitious and supernatural beliefs across differing cultures. Since the 20th century, the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague which happened in England in 1665, or with earlier outbreaks of the Black Death in England. Interpreters of the rhyme before the Second World War make no mention of this; by 1951, however, it seems to have become well established as an explanation for the form of the rhyme that had become standard in the United Kingdom. Peter and Iona Opie , the leading authorities on nursery rhymes , remarked: The invariable sneezing and falling down in modern English versions have given would-be origin finders the opportunity to say that the rhyme dates back to the Great Plague. A rosy rash, they allege, was a symptom of the plague, and posies of herbs were carried as protection and to ward off the smell of the disease. Sneezing or coughing was a final fatal symptom, and `` all fall down'' was exactly what happened. The line Ashes, Ashes in colonial versions of the rhyme is claimed to refer variously to cremation of the bodies, the burning of victims' houses, or blackening of their skin, and the theory has been adapted to be applied to other versions of the rhyme. In its various forms, the interpretation has entered into popular culture and has been used elsewhere to make oblique reference to the plague. Folklore scholars regard the theory as baseless for several reasons: The plague explanation did not appear until the mid-twentieth century. The symptoms described do not fit especially well with the Great Plague. The great variety of forms makes it unlikely that the modern form is the most ancient one, and the words on which the interpretation are based are not found in many of the earliest records of the rhyme (see above). European and 19th-century versions of the rhyme suggest that this `` fall'' was not a literal falling down, but a curtsy or other form of bending movement that was common in other dramatic singing games. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gomme, The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland , p. 108. ^ Jump up to: Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. (2007-07-12). `` Ring Around the Rosie'' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Snopes . Retrieved 2007-01-10 . ^ Jump up to: Newell, William Wells (1884) (1883). Games and Songs of American Children . New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 127-- 8. ^ Jump up to: Delamar (2001), pp. 38-9. Jump up ^ `` Ringa Ringa Roses - India'' . Mama Lisa's World of Children and International Culture . Retrieved 2018-07-18 . Jump up ^ `` Ring a Ring a Roses, Ringa Ringa Roses - Poem Lyrics, Rhymes - Parenting Nation India'' . www.parentingnation.in . Retrieved 2018-07-18 . Jump up ^ `` Gleanings from the Writings of the late Wm. B. Marsh IV: Twilight Musings'' . Brooklyn Eagle . 1846-03-17. p. 2. Jump up ^ Stephens, Ann S. (1855). The Old Homestead . London: Sampson, Low, Son & Co. p. 213. Jump up ^ Stephens, op. cit, pp. 215-216 Jump up ^ Greenaway, Kate (illustr.) (n.d.) (1881). Mother Goose, or the Old Nursery Rhymes . London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 52. ^ Jump up to: `` Games'' . Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine . Philadelphia. cv (628): 379. October 1882. ^ Jump up to: Burne, Charlotte Sophia (ed.) (1883). Shropshire Folk-Lore . London: Trübner & Co. pp. 511-- 512. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), p. 222. Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1951), p. 364. Jump up ^ The one commonly sung according to Böhme (1897), p. 438. Jump up ^ Böhme (1897), p. 438, Opie and Opie (1985), p. 225. Jump up ^ Böhme (1897), pp. 438-- 41, Opie and Opie (1985), p. 227. Other rhymes for the same game have some similarity in the first line, e.g. `` Ringel, ringel, Rosenkranz '' , less in other lines -- see Böhme (1897), 442-- 5. Jump up ^ `` Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel. In Kassel aus Kindermund in Wort und Weise gesammelt von Johann Lewalter'' (Kassel 1911), I Nr. 12. Hermann Dunger, `` Kinderlieder und Kinderspiele aus dem Vogtlande'' (Plauen 1874), p. 320. Böhme (1897) Jump up ^ Böhme (1897), p. 439, Opie and Opie (1985), p. 225. Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), p. 227. ^ Jump up to: Opie and Opie (1985), p. 224. ^ Jump up to: Gomme, George Laurence (1898). A Dictionary of British Folklore . D. Nutt. pp. 110-- 111. Jump up ^ `` Children's Column'' . The Osage City Free Press (Osage City, Kansas). 25 August 1892. p. 6 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), pp. 221-- 2. Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1951), p. 365. ^ Jump up to: Compare Opie and Opie (1985), p. 221, where they note that neither cure nor symptoms (except for death) feature prominently in contemporary or near contemporary accounts of the plague. Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), p. 221, citing the use of the rhyme to headline an article on the plague village of Eyam in the Radio Times , 7 June 1973; title of `` Ashes'' in the New Scientist review . Jump up ^ J. Simpson and S. Roud, A Dictionary of English Folklore (Oxford: OUP, 2000), p. 296. Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), pp. 222-- 3: `` The following are the seven earliest reports known from in Britain ... In only four of these recordings is sneezing a feature'' . The point becomes stronger when American versions are also taken into account. Jump up ^ See above, and Opie and Opie (1951), p. 365, citing Chants Populaire du Languedoc : `` Branle, calandre, La Fille d'Alexandre , La pêche bien mûre , Le rosier tout fleuri, Coucou toupi -- En disant ' coucou toupi' , tous les enfants quie forment la ronde, s'accroupissent '' , roughly translated: `` The peach well ripe, the rose all blooming, cuckoo humming - When ' cuckoo humming' is said, all the children forming the circle crouch down'' . Sources ( edit ) Böhme , Franz Magnus (1897). Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel . Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel . pp. 438-- 445. Delamar, Gloria T. (1987). Mother Goose, From Nursery to Literature, Paperback, (2001) . Lincoln, Nebraska . pp. 38-- 39. ISBN 978-0595185771 . Gomme, Alice Bertha (1898). The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland . ii . London: David Nutt. p. 108. Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1951). The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, 2nd edition (1997) . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( Nabu Press ). pp. 364-- 365. ISBN 978-0198600886 . Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1985). The Singing Game, Paperback edition (1888) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 221-- 225, 227. ISBN 978-0198600886 . Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). A Dictionary of English Folklore . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 296. Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket, A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa, Baa, Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I'm a Little Teapot '' `` It's Raining, It's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo-Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub-a-dub-dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There Was a Man in Our Town `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat-a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck, duck, goose '' `` Eeny, meeny, miny, moe '' `` One, Two, Buckle My Shoe '' `` One, Two, Three, Four, Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker, Tailor '' Finger- plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush, Little Baby '' `` Rock-a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row, Row, Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_a_Ring_o%27_Roses&oldid=855063744 '' Categories : 1790s in England 1881 songs 1881 in England English folk songs Singing games Urban legends Roud Folk Song Index songs Children's songs English nursery rhymes Hidden categories: CS1: Julian-- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018, at 17:47 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -6080495801783532334 |
where does california get its water supply from | California 's limited water supply comes from two main sources : surface water , or water that travels or gathers on the ground , like rivers , streams , and lakes ; and groundwater , which is water that is pumped out from the ground . California has also begun producing a small amount of desalinated water , water that was once sea water , but has been purified . | [
[
"surface water, or water that travels or gathers on the ground, like rivers, streams, and lakes",
"groundwater, which is water that is pumped out from the ground"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"California 's interconnected water system serves over 30 million people and irrigates over 5,680,000 acres ( 2,300,000 ha ) of farmland . As the world 's largest , most productive , and most controversial water system , it manages over 40 million acre feet ( 49 km ) of water per year .",
"Water and water rights are among the state 's divisive political issues . Due to the lack of reliable dry season rainfall , water is limited in the most populous U.S. state . An ongoing debate is whether the state should increase the redistribution of water to its large agricultural and urban sectors , or increase conservation and preserve the natural ecosystems of the water sources .",
"California 's limited water supply comes from two main sources : surface water , or water that travels or gathers on the ground , like rivers , streams , and lakes ; and groundwater , which is water that is pumped out from the ground . California has also begun producing a small amount of desalinated water , water that was once sea water , but has been purified .",
"This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2017 )",
"This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2017 )",
"Groundwater is a critical element of the California water supply . During a normal year , 30 % of the state 's water supply comes from groundwater ( underground water ) . In times of intense drought , groundwater consumption can rise to 60 % or more . Over 850,000,000 acre feet ( 1,050 km ) of water is stored in California 's 450 known groundwater reservoirs . However , not all the water is usable . Over half of the groundwater is unavailable due to poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground . While surface water is concentrated mostly in the northern part of the state , groundwater is more evenly distributed .",
"The largest groundwater reservoirs are found in the Central Valley . The majority of the supply there is in the form of runoff that seeps into the aquifer . The freshwater is usually found in deposits of gravel , silt , and sand . Below these deposits lies a layer of deep sediment , a relic of the era when the Pacific Ocean covered the area .",
"Though California has laws governing surface water usage and quality , there exist no statewide groundwater management laws . Each groundwater basin is individually adjudicated to determine water rights . Otherwise , for all practical purposes , land ownership implicitly carries the right to virtually unlimited groundwater pumping .",
"The large quantity of water beneath the surface has given rise to the misconception that groundwater is a sort of renewable resource that can be limitlessly tapped . Calculations assuming that groundwater usage is sustainable if the rate of removal equals the rate of recharge are often incorrect as a result of ignoring changes in water consumption and water renewal .",
"While the volume of groundwater in California is very large , aquifers can be over drafted when groundwater is removed more rapidly than it is replenished . In 1999 , it was estimated that the average , annual overdrafting was around 2,200,000 acre feet ( 2.7 km ) across the state , with 800,000 acre feet ( 0.99 km ) in the Central Valley . Since then , overdrafting had significantly increased . Satellite measurements found that in just the combined Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins , including the Central Valley , overdrafting between 2011 and 2014 was 12,000,000 acre feet ( 15 km ) of water per year .",
"California has ten major drainage basins defined for convenience of water management . These basins are divided from one another by the crests of mountains . From north to south the basins are : North Coast , Sacramento River , North Lahontan , San Francisco Bay , San Joaquin River , Central Coast , Tulare Lake , South Lahontan , South Coast , and Colorado River regions . Each region incorporates watersheds from many rivers of similar clime .",
"The Central Valley watershed , which incorporates the Sacramento River , San Joaquin River and Tulare Lake regions , is the largest in California , draining over a third of the state -- 60,000 square miles ( 160,000 km ) -- and producing nearly half the total runoff . The Sierra Nevada snowpack feeds Central Valley river systems and is a critical source of water in the state 's long dry season when little if any precipitation falls . Up to 30 percent of California 's water supply is from snowpack . Much of California 's extensive reservoir and aqueduct system is designed to store and capture runoff from the Central Valley watershed . The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers converge at the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta , a large fresh - water estuary where much of the state 's water supply is withdrawn . The Central Valley watershed provides most of the water for Northern and Central California , as well as a significant chunk of Southern California 's usage .",
"The North Coast watershed receives the highest annual precipitation of any California watershed . It incorporates many large river systems such as the Klamath , Smith and Eel , and produces over a third of the runoff in the state . With a few exceptions , the North Coast watersheds are relatively undeveloped and provides water only to local communities . The vast majority of water flows uncontrolled into the Pacific Ocean . There have been many proposals to divert water from North Coast rivers to increase water supplies in the rest of California , but these projects were never realized , both due to cost and potential environmental harm .",
"The Colorado River originates more than 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from California in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming and forms the state 's southeastern border in the Mojave Desert . Unlike the other California watersheds , essentially all of the water flowing in the Colorado originates outside the state . The Colorado is a critical source of irrigation and urban water for southern California , providing between 55 and 65 percent of the total supply .",
"The Central and South Coast watersheds include the most populous regions of California -- the San Francisco Bay Area , Los Angeles and San Diego -- but have relatively little natural runoff , requiring the importation of water from other parts of the state .",
"Rivers of the Lahontan watersheds in eastern California are part of the high desert Great Basin and do not drain to the Pacific . Most of the water is used locally in eastern California and western Nevada for irrigation . The Owens River of the South Lahontan region , however , is a principal source of water for Los Angeles .",
"Main California watersheds Hydrologic region Annual precipitation Annual runoff North Coast 55,900,000 acre feet ( 69.0 km ) 28,900,000 acre feet ( 35.6 km ) Sacramento River 52,400,000 acre feet ( 64.6 km ) 22,400,000 acre feet ( 27.6 km ) North Lahontan 6,000,000 acre feet ( 7.4 km ) 1,900,000 acre feet ( 2.3 km ) San Francisco Bay 5,500,000 acre feet ( 6.8 km ) 1,200,000 acre feet ( 1.5 km ) San Joaquin River 21,800,000 acre feet ( 26.9 km ) 7,900,000 acre feet ( 9.7 km ) Central Coast 12,300,000 acre feet ( 15.2 km ) 2,500,000 acre feet ( 3.1 km ) Tulare Lake 13,900,000 acre feet ( 17.1 km ) 3,300,000 acre feet ( 4.1 km ) South Lahontan 9,300,000 acre feet ( 11.5 km ) 1,300,000 acre feet ( 1.6 km ) South Coast 10,800,000 acre feet ( 13.3 km ) 1,200,000 acre feet ( 1.5 km ) Colorado River 4,300,000 acre feet ( 5.3 km ) 200,000 acre feet ( 0.25 km )",
"Main California watersheds",
"Hydrologic region Annual precipitation Annual runoff",
"North Coast 55,900,000 acre feet ( 69.0 km ) 28,900,000 acre feet ( 35.6 km )",
"Sacramento River 52,400,000 acre feet ( 64.6 km ) 22,400,000 acre feet ( 27.6 km )",
"North Lahontan 6,000,000 acre feet ( 7.4 km ) 1,900,000 acre feet ( 2.3 km )",
"San Francisco Bay 5,500,000 acre feet ( 6.8 km ) 1,200,000 acre feet ( 1.5 km )",
"San Joaquin River 21,800,000 acre feet ( 26.9 km ) 7,900,000 acre feet ( 9.7 km )",
"Central Coast 12,300,000 acre feet ( 15.2 km ) 2,500,000 acre feet ( 3.1 km )",
"Tulare Lake 13,900,000 acre feet ( 17.1 km ) 3,300,000 acre feet ( 4.1 km )",
"South Lahontan 9,300,000 acre feet ( 11.5 km ) 1,300,000 acre feet ( 1.6 km )",
"South Coast 10,800,000 acre feet ( 13.3 km ) 1,200,000 acre feet ( 1.5 km )",
"Colorado River 4,300,000 acre feet ( 5.3 km ) 200,000 acre feet ( 0.25 km )",
"Rain typically falls in California only during the winter and spring months , from October through May , with more rain falling on the northern half of the state than the southern . Approximately 75 percent of the total precipitation volume occurs north of Sacramento , while 75 percent of the total water demand is in the south . With very rare exceptions , summers are dry throughout the state . Precipitation falling as snow in the Sierra and other mountain ranges feeds the network of reservoirs and surface water sources that supply the state ; a low rainfall or light snowfall year can result in drought .",
"Rivers in northern and coastal California are mainly rain fed , peaking from January to April and falling to very low levels between June and November . Snowmelt has a significant influence on the Sierra Nevada rivers from east of Sacramento to east of Bakersfield , which typically peak between April and July . Snowmelt is also the primary water source for the Colorado River which supplies southern California .",
"California precipitation and snowpack is measured by the state of California by `` water year '' , which runs from October 1 to September 30 .",
"In response to water shortages in the state , some water districts are looking to desalination as a way to provide water for residents . Supporters view seawater desalination as a safer water source , since it draws its water from the ocean and thus , is not affected by periods of drought like other sources of water are . Another incentive for desalination is the ability for localities to be more self - sufficient with their water supply , thus improving their drought resilience . However , desalination has been the subject of scrutiny by opponents , who believe that the costs and possible environmental effects of desalination are indicators that California should continue to pursue other alternatives .",
"Although the response to desalination has been mixed , some areas of California are moving forward with seawater desalination . In December 2015 , Poseidon Water completed the construction of the Claude `` Bud '' Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant . This facility , which was approved by the San Diego Water Authority , is responsible for providing water for about 8 % of San Diego County 's water by the year 2020 . As of December 2015 , there are 6 additional seawater desalination plants currently in operation in the state of California . As of May 2016 , there are also 9 more proposed desalination plants .",
"Water always gets recycled , via rivers , aquifers , and the atmosphere , but we can also do this directly and intentionally . Water reuse in California is increasingly important , with reclaimed water being used preferably for agricultural irrigation , toilet flushing , and industry ( e.g. , making concrete , cooling ) , although some apply direct and indirect potable reuse , risking environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant s and other constituents of emerging concern . Treatment should be in accordance with the use and , in many cases , water can be safely and productively recycled back to the same non-potable use .",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Water use in California is divided into approximately 51 % for environmental uses , 39 % agricultural use and 11 % urban uses , though that varies considerably between regions and between wet and dry years . Solely relying on these statewide volumes is controversial because they do n't consider the fact that most of the volume of water used for environmental purposes includes flows down Wild and Scenic Rivers in the North Coast where there is no practical way to recover it for either agricultural or urban use because it lacks many connections to the statewide water supply system . It also does n't factor in the amount of water required to keep salty water from the Pacific Ocean from intruding into the Delta beyond a certain small concentration . Otherwise , `` reduced water quality resulting from large amounts of salt water drawn into the Delta could shut down the export pumps that supply fresh water to agriculture and cities . ''",
"Around 75 % of California 's water supply comes from north of Sacramento , while 80 % of the water demand occurs in the southern two - thirds of the state . The Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta Estuary located between San Francisco Bay and Sacramento receives about 40 % of California 's total precipitation and 50 % of its total streamflow . It is a critical hub used by the federal Central Valley Project and California State Water Project to connect water collected and stored in the north regions of the state with aqueducts and canals that transport it to users in the North Bay , South Bay , East Bay , and Greater Southern California . In a typical year , about 10.8 million acre feet ( 13.3 km ) are exported from the Delta : 67 % is delivered by the Central Valley Project , 26 % by the State Water Project and the remainder to other federal water project users . Those flows are greatly reduced in drought years . About 16.5 million acre feet ( 20.4 km ) of water entering the Delta in a typical year flows through the Delta into San Francisco Bay , including 6.3 million acre feet ( 7.8 km ) in governmentally mandated environmental flows ; 22.4 million acre feet ( 27.6 km ) is used for other environmental purposes , and 1.6 million acre feet ( 2.0 km ) supplies water to managed wetlands and wildlife preserves .",
"In an average year , about 39 % of California 's water consumption , or 34.1 million acre feet ( 42.1 km ) , is used for agricultural purposes . Of that total , 11 % , or 8.9 million acre feet ( 11.0 km ) is not consumed by the farms for crop production but is instead recycled and reused by other water users , including environmental use , urban use , and agricultural use , yielding net water consumption for food and fiber production equal to 28 % of California 's water consumption , or 25.2 million acre feet ( 31.1 km ) . This water irrigates almost 29 million acres ( 120,000 km ) , which grows 350 different crops . Agricultural water usage varies depending on the amount of rainfall each year .",
"Alfalfa uses about 18 % of California irrigation water and produces 4 % of California 's farm-gate revenue , most of which is used as livestock feed . In 2015 , California exported one - fourth of its total alfalfa production of roughly 2 million tons . About one - third of that , around 700,000 tons , went to China , Japan took about the same amount and Saudi Arabia bought 5,000 tons . Alfalfa farmers pay about $70 an acre - foot , in Los Angeles that same amount of water is worth $1000 per acre - foot . In 2012 , California exported 575,000 tons of alfalfa to China , for $586 million . Other common crop water use , if using all irrigated water : fruits and nuts with 34 % of water use and 45 % of revenue , field crops with 14 % of water and 4 % of revenue , pasture forage with 11 % of water use and 1 % of revenue , rice with 8 % of water use and 2 % of revenue ( despite its lack of water , California grows nearly 5 billion pounds ( 2.3 × 10 ^ kg ) of rice per year , and is the second largest rice - growing state ) , and truck farming of vegetables and nursery crops with 4 % of water use and 42 % of revenue ; head of broccoli : 5.4 gallons ; one walnut : 4.9 gallons ; head of lettuce : 3.5 gallons ; one tomato : 3.3 gallons ; one almond 1.1 gallon ; one pistachio : 0.75 gallon ; one strawberry 0.4 gallon ; one grape : 0.3 gallon .",
"Horses , based on the amount of alfalfa they eat , use about 1.9 million acre feet ( 2.3 km ) of water -- about 7 % of irrigated water in the state . There are 698,000 horses in California .",
"Cheap agricultural water paired with a mild climate has allowed farmers to produce widely in California . Jane Dye Gussow discusses California 's agricultural water in her book This Organic Life . She argues the farms that use precious water in California produces food in an area that `` was never intended to be a garden . '' The Central Valley , where the majority of this agricultural water is used , is the most threatened agricultural land in the nation .",
"California is one of the top five states in water use for livestock . Water withdrawals for livestock use in California were 101 - 250 million gallons per day in 2010 .",
"Urban and industrial use of water consumes about 11 % , or 8.9 million acre feet ( 11.0 km ) , of total water consumption in an average year . A 2011 study of a sampling of 735 California homes across ten water districts found that the weighted average annual total water use of these homes was 132,000 US gallons ( 0.41 acre ⋅ ft ) per year or 362 US gallons ( 0.00111 acre ⋅ ft ) per household per day . The study found that about 53 % of total average household water use , or more than 192 US gallons ( 0.00059 acre ⋅ ft ) per household per day , was used for landscaping and other outdoor uses . Meanwhile , indoor use accounted for more than 170 US gallons ( 0.00052 acre ⋅ ft ) per household per day . The most in - home water consumption is toilet flushes , using 20 % of the water . After toilets , 20 % is used for showers and 18 % goes to leaks inside homes .",
"In Sacramento , in 2012 before the severe drought started , residents were using 217 US gallons ( 0.00067 acre ⋅ ft ) a day per - capita . Many homes in Sacramento did n't have water meters until recently . They now are gradually being installed after former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed a 2004 law mandating meters statewide by 2025 .",
"After Folsom , a city of 72,000 east of Sacramento , installed meters in 2011 and adopted tiered rates that charge more for people who consume the most water , per - capita use started falling steadily .",
"In response to the severe California drought , in April 2015 , Governor Jerry Brown issued an executive order mandating statewide reductions in water use . The mandate aimed to reduce the amount of water consumed statewide in urban areas by 25 % from 2013 levels . The State Water Resources Control Board ( SWRCB ) proposed regulatory instructions that grouped urban water utilities into nine tiers , with conservation standards ranging from 8 % to 36 % .",
"There are six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure that redistribute and transport water in California : the State Water Project , the Central Valley Project , several Colorado River delivery systems , the Los Angeles Aqueduct , the Tuolumne River / Hetch Hetchy system , and the Mokelumne Aqueduct .",
"The California State Water Project is the largest multipurpose , state - built water project in the United States . The SWP transports water from the Feather River watershed to agriculture , and some of the water goes to industrial and urban users . More than two - thirds of Californians receive some water from the SWP . The system was designed and contracted to deliver 4.2 million acre feet ( 5.2 km ) , but in an average year delivers only 2.3 million acre feet ( 2.8 km ) because many of the original planned features were never built . Twenty - nine agencies hold contracts for SWP water . The contractors pay for SWP 's major operating costs and have gradually reduced the $1.75 billion bond debt that supplied funds for initial construction . In the years since 1960 , SWP has built 29 dams , 18 pumping plants , five hydroelectric power plants , and around 600 miles ( 970 km ) of canals and pipelines .",
"The SWP system begins with reservoirs on upper tributaries of the Feather River . Oroville Dam creates the largest SWP reservoir . At 770 feet ( 230 m ) above the riverbed , the dam is the tallest in the United States . The reservoir covers 15,000 acres ( 61 km ) and holds 3.5 million acre feet ( 4.3 km ) . Water travels from Lake Oroville to the Sacramento River . At Harvey O. Banks Delta Pumping Plant , which pulls SWP water into the Bethany Reservoir , around 2.2 million acre feet ( 2.7 km ) are extracted from the Delta each year . Water that flows to the south end of the San Joaquin Valley must be pumped over the Tehachapi Mountains . Because of this , the SWP is California 's largest energy consumer , and even though the hydroelectric plants of the SWP generate 5,900 GWh per year , that is only a fraction of the energy needed to lift water over the Tehachapis . Below the Tehachapis the California Aqueduct splits , with the west branch storing water in Castaic and Pyramid Lake , and the east branch storing water in the Silverwood Lake reservoir .",
"The CVP 's original purpose was to tame seasonal flooding and to direct water to the south to irrigate 3 million acres ( 12,000 km ) of farmland . The CVP is operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation . As one of the largest water systems in the world it stores over 7 million acre feet ( 8.6 km ) of water , or 17 percent of the state 's developed water . The CVP dams and diverts five major rivers : the Trinity , the Sacramento , the American , the Stanislaus , and the San Joaquin . Friant Dam , on the San Joaquin , was completed in 1944 , forming Millerton Lake . This was one of 20 reservoirs in the CVP . Shasta Dam , the largest CVP storage facility , was completed in 1945 . At Sacramento , American River water stored by Folsom Dam is added . 2.5 million acre feet ( 3.1 km ) are annually pumped from the Delta into the Delta - Mendota Canal . New Melones Dam on the Stanislaus River was finished in 1979 , and the reservoir was filled in 1982 .",
"The CVP has generated some controversy about environmental damage , prices charged to farmers , and lax enforcement of farm size limitations . Bureau of Reclamation water was supposed to be used for farms limited to 160 acres ( 65 ha ) ( see Homestead Act ) . Under Spanish and Mexican land grants , however , there were only a few land owners , all of whom owned large tracts of land . A 1982 reform increased CVP area limits to 960 acres ( 3.9 km ) . In 1992 , the Central Valley Project Improvement Act made fish and wildlife protection and restoration an authorized purpose of the CVP on an equal footing with other authorized purposes . 0.8 million acre feet ( 0.99 km ) of annual runoff were dedicated to environmental usage , which generated intense controversy .",
"The Colorado River is the source of 4.4 million acre feet ( 5.4 km ) per year for California . Six other states along the river 's watershed ( Wyoming , Nevada , Utah , Colorado , New Mexico , and Arizona ) and Mexico , share allocated portions of river water . The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California , or MWD , holds priority water rights on the Colorado . It sells water to 95 percent of the South Coast region . Lake Mead , formed by Hoover Dam , is the primary reservoir in the Colorado River basin . The Colorado River Aqueduct begins 155 miles ( 249 km ) downstream from Hoover Dam , and can carry 1.2 million acre feet ( 1.5 km ) annually .",
"An additional system diverts water from the Colorado River at the Imperial Diversion Dam provides waters to the Imperial and Coachella valleys as well as Yuma , Arizona , via the Alamo Canal , the Coachella Canal and the All - American Canal , which runs alongside the Mexican border . This system was also responsible for the accidental re-creation of the Salton Sea in 1905 .",
"The Colorado is considered over-allocated , because apportionments were made on inaccurate measurements of annual runoff . Marc Reisner in Cadillac Desert noted that the Colorado is `` unable to satisfy all the demands on it , so it is referred to as a ' deficit ' river , as if the river were somehow at fault for its overuse '' . For years California took more than its share of the apportionment , because other states were not prepared to use their entire allotments . MWD became used to 0.8 million acre feet ( 0.99 km ) excess of water . Pressure from other Colorado river states caused the Secretary of the Interior to order California to show progress towards decreasing its dependency on the excess 0.8 million acre feet ( 0.99 km ) , or face cuts . The Colorado River Water Use Plan called for Imperial and Coachella Valley agriculture to give up water in order to reallocate 0.8 million acre feet ( 0.99 km ) within the state . The plan 's proposals generated much controversy , and the deadline arrived with no agreement reached . The Department of the Interior reduced MWD 's access by 0.415 million acre feet ( 0.512 km ) .",
"The Los Angeles Aqueduct carries water from the Eastern Sierra Nevada to Los Angeles . The construction of the aqueduct marked the first major water delivery project in California . The city purchased 300,000 acres ( 1,200 km ) of land in the Owens Valley in order to gain access to water rights . The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power transports 0.4 million acre feet ( 0.49 km ) of Eastern Sierra Nevada water to the city each year . This growth clearly shows William Mulholland 's observation that `` Whoever brings the water , brings the people . ''",
"After four decades of diversion from the Mono Lake area , environmental damage created an environmental battle in the 1980s , with a victory for the Mono Lake proponents in 1994 . Other problems arose when dust from the bed of Owens Lake ( completely dried up by diversions ) became a major source of air pollution in the southern Owens Valley . To restore Mono Lake , correct air - quality law violations , and rewater portions of the Owens River , Los Angeles has begun to reduce its dependence on Eastern Sierra Nevada water . This has mostly been achieved through water conservation . The city enacted a program offering free low - flow toilets to its customers .",
"The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct carries water from the Tuolumne River to San Francisco and other Bay Area regions . The system starts in Hetch Hetchy Valley , inside Yosemite National Park . The system also generates up to 400MW of electrical power , depending on rainfall , most of which is sent to San Francisco via city - owned power lines . After water leaves Hetch Hetchy , it passes through tunnels towards powerhouses . Three pipes then bring the water across the Central Valley . Concerns about the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct 's ability to withstand earthquakes led to a $1.7 billion bond , approved by voters in November 2002 .",
"The East Bay Municipal Utility District ( EBMUD ) serves 35 communities in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties , including Berkeley and Oakland . The Mokelumne River in the central Sierra Nevada is the source for almost all of EBMUD 's water . EBMUD built the Pardee Dam across the Mokelumne in the foothills northeast of Stockton . South of Pardee is Camanche Reservoir , which regulates releases to serve downstream water rights holders . EBMUD holds almost 30,000 acres ( 120 km ) in the Mokulumne River watershed and 25,000 acres ( 100 km ) in other watersheds . EBMUD also has an American River water right that could be sent to the Mokelumne Aqueduct through the Folsom South Canal . The only time this has been done was during the drought years of 1977 -- 78 , when the water was actually pumped from the Delta . This generated controversy , as EBMUD preferred the cleaner water from the American River , but environmentalists and Sacramento had concerns about the impacts such a diversion would have on the river . The legal battle led to affirmation of EBMUD 's water right , but modifications were also negotiated . The intake point was moved downstream , to maintain minimum flows in the American River before it merges with the Sacramento .",
"The North Bay Aqueduct of the California State Water Project delivers an annual average of 39,309 acre feet ( 0.048487 km ) of water to urban communities and agricultural users in Napa , Solano , Sonoma and Marin counties . That water is diverted from the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta Estuary , a water hub that serves as the junction of south - , west , and north - flowing rivers draining the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges .",
"Certain municipalities north of San Francisco Bay , including Santa Rosa and Petaluma , are served by the Sonoma County Water Agency . Their primary water source is the Russian River . However , it must be noted that the Russian River owes its summer flow in large part to the Eel , which is bled off via a tunnel into Potter Valley ( via the Potter Valley Project ) and flows to a reservoir near Ukiah , Lake Mendocino . PG&E now owns the rights to this delivery system , as well as the long controversial history . There are many along the Eel who would like their water back .",
"The cities of Vallejo , Fairfield , and Vacaville are served by the Solano County Water Agency , which transports water from Lake Berryessa and moves it south along the Putah South Canal . Marin County has the Marin Municipal Water District and the North Marin Water District .",
"The planning and management of water in California is subject to a vast number of laws , regulations , management plans , and historic water rights . The state agency responsible for water planning is the California Department of Water Resources .",
"Water purity has been an emerging issue in California , especially in communities with low - income residents . Aging infrastructure , coupled with a lack of research on the topic , has exacerbated this issue , with water health violations occurring in 7 - 8 % of water systems a year . The San Joaquin Valley , a largely rural and agricultural area with 65 % residents being people of color , is registered with the most water quality violations . Tulare , a city within San Joaquin Valley , has 99 % of its residents relying on compromised groundwater , contrasted with Los Angeles County , with 11 % of residents relying only on a contaminated water supply . These water violations often lead to purchased water sources and private ownership of water distribution , as private utilities appear to have larger bandwidth to serve a large population . Trade - offs often include greater inequity in water access , as private utilities face higher repercussions for delivering unsafe water and often decide to opt - out from serving under - resourced populations . In many cases , bottled water is tested less frequently than public water for pollutants , and in 1999 , approximately 33 % of bottled water tested by the FDA exceeded allowable limits .",
"The U.S. Geological Survey analyzed the results of a 2002 study of 10 streams in California and discovered that the Sacramento River had the highest traces of acetaminophen , cholesterol and birth control hormones of any water source in the nation . Pharmaceutical discharge polluted by drug companies are relatively common in California water , with Southern California water tables especially susceptible to contamination .",
"There have been several documents known as the `` California Water Plan '' , with the most recent being published in 2013 . Before the state of California started drafting comprehensive plans for the management of water in the state , the earliest plan for water distribution in California was an 1873 report . This was followed by a 1919 report called `` Irrigation of Twelve Million Acres in the Valley of California '' . The 1919 report is the first comprehensive plan , and is often called the `` Marshall Plan '' , after its author Col. Robert Bradford Marshall . There have been many subsequent water plans and water plan updates , which were often issued as California Department of Water Resources bulletins . California Water Code provides guidance or the plan updates . Beginning in 1957 , early Water Plan Updates were largely technical and focused on water supply development . Plans gradually became more comprehensive to address the state 's growing conflicts over limited resources . Updates now present the status and trends of California 's water - dependent natural resources ; water supplies ; and agricultural , urban , and environmental water demands for a range of plausible future scenarios . They also evaluate different combinations of regional and statewide resource management strategies to reduce water demand , increase water supply , reduce flood risk , improve water quality , and enhance environmental and resource stewardship . The evaluations and assessments performed for the updates help identify effective actions and policies for meeting California 's resource management objectives in the near term and for several decades to come .",
"Since 2000 , another major goal for each update has been to receive broad input and support from Californians . Preparation of these new millennial Water Plan updates has been widely viewed as exceptionally transparent and collaborative as the consensus seeking process is routinely cited by other agencies and states as a model for policy planning efforts . The approach involves : interest based dialog and exchange among teams , committees and the public to develop work products ; multiple opportunities for review by different audiences ; and integration and reconciliation of feedback from a variety of perspectives .",
"Update 2013 leverages the clear guidance Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr . ( Jerry Brown ) forged with his California Water Action Plan . That five - year plan , released in January 2014 , outlines a succinct set of actions that together bring reliability , restoration , and resilience to California water resources , even as the state 's population is expected to grow from 38 million to 50 million by 2049 .",
"Three related themes distinguish Update 2013 from Update 2009 . The five year time span reinforced the value of integrated water management , and Update 2013 closely examines the practices and policies that allow water managers to combine flood management , environmental stewardship , and surface water and groundwater supply actions to deliver multiple benefits across a region . Fundamental to that integrated approach is better alignment in the management of data , planning , policy - making , and regulation across local , State , tribal , and federal governments .",
"On more than one occasion , the California Supreme Court has noted that `` the scope and technical complexity of issues concerning water resource management are unequalled by virtually any other type of activity presented to the courts . '' An example of this complexity is demonstrated in the case of National Audubon Society v. Superior Court .",
"Water rights are divided in multiple ways . Water rights to surface water and underground sources are separate . Also , California recognizes four distinct types of water rights to surface water in its statutory and common law : pueblo , riparian , prior appropriation , and water reserved by the US . A fifth statutory right also provides area of origin watershed rights .",
"California recognizes water rights granted to pueblos ( settlements ) under the Spanish and Mexican governments , prior to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Under the doctrine , pueblos organized under the laws of Mexico or Spain have a water right to the yield of all streams and rivers flowing through the city and the groundwater aquifers lying below . Pueblo water rights are superior to all riparian and appropriative rights and can not be lost by a failure to assert an interest or use the water . In addition , the pueblo 's claim expands with the needs of the city and may be used to supply the needs of areas that are later annexed to the city . Los Angeles and San Diego are the only original pueblos to exercise their pueblo water rights in the courts .",
"Pueblo water rights are controversial . Some modern scholars and courts argue that the pueblo water rights doctrine lacks a historical basis in Spanish or Mexican water law .",
"A landowner who has their property border a river has a right to use that land. Under the riparian doctrine , `` the owner of land has the right to divert the water flowing by his land for use upon his land , without regard to the extent of such use or priority in time '' . `` Riparians on a stream system are vested with a common ownership such that in times of water shortage all riparians must reduce their usage proportionately . ''",
"Riparian water rights were inherited from the common law of England . Under the doctrine , property owners have correlative rights to the reasonable use of the water passing through their land adjacent to the watercourse . The right is part and parcel with the land itself and , in California , only accompanies those tracts that have always directly touched the water .",
"Riparian rights received legal recognition after California gained statehood . It then became law that owners that have property touching a water source have a right to that water and it can not be appropriated by another party .",
"The English focus on landownership differs sharply from the `` first in time , first in right '' approach 49ers , who were generally trespassing on federal land , developed to wash hills into rivers . In Lux v. Haggin ( 1886 ) the California Supreme Court resolved the conflict by finding that riparian water rights are superior even to older prior appropriations . When in 1926 the Court went so far as to find that riparian owners did not need to put their water to beneficial use , the People amended the California Constitution to reverse the decision , establishing that no water in the state may be wasted .",
"While riparian rights are superior to appropriative rights and may survive dormant and unused , in 1979 the California Supreme Court found that the California State Water Resources Control Board has the power to assign unused riparian rights lower priority than existing prior appropriations .",
"`` The appropriation doctrine confers upon one who actually diverts and uses water the right to do so provided that the water is used for reasonable and beneficial uses , '' regardless of whether that person owns land contiguous to the watercourse . In addition , all appropriative rights are subordinate to riparians or earlier appropriators . In times of shortage riparians are entitled to fulfill their needs before appropriators are entitled to any use of the water . `` And , as between appropriators , the rule of priority is ' first in time , first in right . ' '' Beginning in 1914 , a statutory scheme has provided the exclusive method of acquiring appropriation rights through the California State Water Resources Control Board . The modern system of prior appropriation water rights followed by California is characterized by five principles :",
"Exclusive right is given to the original appropriator , and all following rights are conditional upon precedent rights . All rights are conditional upon beneficial use . Water may be used on riparian lands or non-riparian lands ( i.e. water may be used on the land next to the water source , or on land removed from the water source ) Diversion is permitted , regardless of the shrinkage of the river or stream . The right may be lost through non-use .",
"Exclusive right is given to the original appropriator , and all following rights are conditional upon precedent rights .",
"All rights are conditional upon beneficial use .",
"Water may be used on riparian lands or non-riparian lands ( i.e. water may be used on the land next to the water source , or on land removed from the water source )",
"Diversion is permitted , regardless of the shrinkage of the river or stream .",
"The right may be lost through non-use .",
"Beneficial use is defined as agricultural , industrial , or urban use . Environmental uses , such as maintaining body of water and the wildlife that use it , were not initially regarded as beneficial uses in some states but have been accepted in some areas . Every water right is parameterized by an annual yield and an appropriation date . When a water right is sold , it maintains its original appropriation date .",
"Lands reserved by the United States government are accompanied by a corresponding reservation of water rights for as much water is needed to fulfill the purpose for which the reservation was made . Such reservations were made on behalf of Native American tribes , national parks , monuments and forests . Water rights reserved by the United States are defined by and controlled by federal law . And because reserved water rights are not riparian nor appropriative , they may conflict with state law .",
"California provides communities and other water users within watersheds senior status over appropriative water rights in limited circumstances . California area of origin laws include The County of Origin Law ( 1931 ) , The Water Protection Statute ( 1933 ) , and The Delta Protection Act ( 1959 ) .",
"Area of origin water rights parallel pueblo water rights . In both cases , water is reserved for future growth of the local community . In other words , appropriations may be subject to a water rights claim from people / government in the area of origin . That later claim would be senior despite its temporal disconnect . As a result of its pueblo rights , Los Angeles has rights to all or almost all water from the Los Angeles River . In the same way , communities along major water sources such as the Sacramento River theoretically have senior water rights to support growth despite a downstream user holding otherwise senior appropriative water rights .",
"Area of origin laws were passed in reaction to the controversies related to Los Angeles diverting water from the Owens Valley . Despite being on the books for generations , the area of origin statutes were not used until 2000 . In addition , there currently are no court opinions regarding area of origin watershed rights .",
"Since under the law , landowners can extract as much groundwater from their property as they can put to beneficial use , adjudication was used to determine who had the right to pump how much and to audit such usage . The courts appoint water masters to audit usage and otherwise enforce water rights , who are often management boards , the United States Department of the Interior , the California Department of Water Resources , or an individual .",
"The California Water Wars , a struggle between Los Angeles and certain parties within the Owens Valley , for water rights is but one example of the alleged wrongdoings of municipalities and people in securing adequate water supplies . The city of Los Angeles bought 300,000 acres ( 1,200 km ) of land from residents of the Owens Valley and the water rights attached with them , for a fair price . The diverting of this water from the valley , transformed it from an agricultural valley into a dust bowl .",
"The electricity produced by the hydroelectric plants drawing their water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir became the subject of controversy when it was reported by the San Francisco Bay Guardian that the city of San Francisco sold roughly 500 megawatts of power to PG&E , supposedly in violation of the Raker Act , which specifies that because the source of water and power was on public land , no private profit could be gained from such sales . Whether or not the Raker Act is indeed being violated is still a matter of controversy .",
"The creation of so many dams in California in order to enact a pragmatic water supply program has been met with criticism from some environmentalists , who have decried the negative effects of dams on ecosystems , particularly on migratory fish populations .",
"This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2013 )",
"This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2013 )",
"It is projected that California 's population will grow to almost 50 million by 2050 . If the prediction comes true and there is no action to increase the water supply , the difference between water demand and supply would be between 2.0 -- 6.0 million acre feet ( 2.5 -- 7.4 km ) in the year 2020 . Over the past five years California voters have approved $3 billion in bonds for water development and management . Many of these projects are incorporated in the CALFED Bay - Delta program , a federal - state program designed to reduce water supply conflicts . In August 2000 the state and federal governments approved the CALFED plan for water quality , water conservation and recycling , watershed administration , ecosystem re-establishment , delta levees , surface and groundwater storage , water transportation , and science . The plan has a thirty - year implementation period and was designed to incorporate changes in conditions and knowledge about the effects of specific projects . Stage 1 was initiated in 2000 and was designed as a seven - year program . The cost is estimated to be $8.7 billion . Stage 1 water yield within the next seven to ten years is estimated to be 2.9 million acre feet ( 3.6 km ) per year . As part of Stage 1 , an Environmental Water Account was established through the purchase of 0.35 million acre feet ( 0.43 km ) of water . The EWA is used to protect fish and other wildlife without reducing water allocations to farms and municipalities .",
"A $7.5 billion water bond was approved in November 2014 with a 2 to 1 ratio . The bond - financing , which has been contentiously debated by the legislature and Governor Jerry Brown for the past few years , was said to improve the water quality , supply and infrastructure , if passed by voters .",
"1917 -- 21 1922 -- 26 1928 -- 37 1943 -- 51 1959 -- 62 1976 -- 77 1987 -- 92 2007 -- 09 2012 -- 15",
"1917 -- 21",
"1922 -- 26",
"1928 -- 37",
"1943 -- 51",
"1959 -- 62",
"1976 -- 77",
"1987 -- 92",
"2007 -- 09",
"2012 -- 15",
"The California Water Documents collection in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library is a valuable online resource of archived materials related to California 's water history . Additionally , the collection has digitized materials relating to the creation and operation of both the Central Valley Project and the California State Water Project as well as their component units . The items represented in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library are part of a larger collection entitled the Water Resources Collection in Special Collections at Claremont Colleges ' Honnold / Mudd Library . The Water Resources Collection was started in the 1930s by Librarian Willis Holmes Kerr and Librarian and Claremont Colleges ' Trustee John Treanor . These librarians ' interest in California 's water problem led them to start collecting a variety of documents related to water history and usage from around the state . It includes reports of engineers , annual reports and minute books of boards of directors of water companies , documents of federal and state governments , promotional pamphlets , and newspaper clippings . Most of the documents focus on the water history from the first half of the 20th century , but there are additional , more recent publications included , which have been donated by Claremont Graduate University Professor Merrill Goodall . The California Water Documents collection is currently a work in progress at the Claremont Colleges Digital Library .",
"The Water Resources Collections and Archives is located at the University of California , Riverside and features a comprehensive collection of water - resource related documents ."
] | Water in California - Wikipedia Water in California Map of water storage and delivery facilities as well as major rivers and cities in the state of California. Central Valley Project systems are in red, and State Water Project in blue. California 's interconnected water system serves over 30 million people and irrigates over 5,680,000 acres (2,300,000 ha) of farmland. As the world's largest, most productive, and most controversial water system, it manages over 40 million acre feet (49 km ) of water per year. Water and water rights are among the state's divisive political issues. Due to the lack of reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited in the most populous U.S. state. An ongoing debate is whether the state should increase the redistribution of water to its large agricultural and urban sectors, or increase conservation and preserve the natural ecosystems of the water sources. Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources of water 1.1 Groundwater 1.2 Surface water 1.3 Rain and snowfall 1.4 Desalination 1.5 Reuse 2 Uses of water 2.1 Agricultural 2.2 Urban/residential 3 Water distribution 3.1 The State Water Project 3.2 The Central Valley Project 3.3 Colorado River Systems 3.4 The Los Angeles Aqueduct 3.5 Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct 3.6 Mokelumne Aqueduct 3.7 North Bay 4 Planning and management 4.1 Safety concerns 4.2 California water plans 4.3 Water rights 4.3.1 Pueblo water rights 4.3.2 Riparian water rights 4.3.3 Water rights by prior appropriation 4.3.4 Water reserved by the United States 4.3.5 Area of origin watershed rights 4.4 Adjudication 4.5 Disputes and controversies 4.6 Predicted need for increased water supplies 5 Natural disasters and California water 5.1 Major droughts in California history since 1900 6 Archives relating to California water 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Sources of water ( edit ) California's limited water supply comes from two main sources: surface water , or water that travels or gathers on the ground, like rivers, streams, and lakes; and groundwater , which is water that is pumped out from the ground. California has also begun producing a small amount of desalinated water , water that was once sea water , but has been purified. Groundwater ( edit ) This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017) Further information: Sustainable Groundwater Management Act Windmill used to pump water for irrigation, Compton , ca. 1900-- 1901 Groundwater is a critical element of the California water supply. During a normal year, 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater (underground water). In times of intense drought , groundwater consumption can rise to 60% or more. Over 850,000,000 acre feet (1,050 km ) of water is stored in California's 450 known groundwater reservoirs. However, not all the water is usable. Over half of the groundwater is unavailable due to poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground. While surface water is concentrated mostly in the northern part of the state, groundwater is more evenly distributed. The largest groundwater reservoirs are found in the Central Valley . The majority of the supply there is in the form of runoff that seeps into the aquifer. The freshwater is usually found in deposits of gravel, silt, and sand. Below these deposits lies a layer of deep sediment , a relic of the era when the Pacific Ocean covered the area. Though California has laws governing surface water usage and quality, there exist no statewide groundwater management laws. Each groundwater basin is individually adjudicated to determine water rights. Otherwise, for all practical purposes, land ownership implicitly carries the right to virtually unlimited groundwater pumping. The large quantity of water beneath the surface has given rise to the misconception that groundwater is a sort of renewable resource that can be limitlessly tapped. Calculations assuming that groundwater usage is sustainable if the rate of removal equals the rate of recharge are often incorrect as a result of ignoring changes in water consumption and water renewal. While the volume of groundwater in California is very large, aquifers can be over drafted when groundwater is removed more rapidly than it is replenished. In 1999, it was estimated that the average, annual overdrafting was around 2,200,000 acre feet (2.7 km ) across the state, with 800,000 acre feet (0.99 km ) in the Central Valley. Since then, overdrafting had significantly increased. Satellite measurements found that in just the combined Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins, including the Central Valley, overdrafting between 2011 and 2014 was 12,000,000 acre feet (15 km ) of water per year. Surface water ( edit ) Castle Lake , part of the headwaters of the Sacramento River Major rivers of California California has ten major drainage basins defined for convenience of water management. These basins are divided from one another by the crests of mountains. From north to south the basins are: North Coast , Sacramento River , North Lahontan, San Francisco Bay , San Joaquin River , Central Coast, Tulare Lake, South Lahontan, South Coast, and Colorado River regions. Each region incorporates watersheds from many rivers of similar clime. The Central Valley watershed, which incorporates the Sacramento River, San Joaquin River and Tulare Lake regions, is the largest in California, draining over a third of the state -- 60,000 square miles (160,000 km ) -- and producing nearly half the total runoff. The Sierra Nevada snowpack feeds Central Valley river systems and is a critical source of water in the state's long dry season when little if any precipitation falls. Up to 30 percent of California's water supply is from snowpack. Much of California's extensive reservoir and aqueduct system is designed to store and capture runoff from the Central Valley watershed. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers converge at the Sacramento-- San Joaquin River Delta , a large fresh-water estuary where much of the state's water supply is withdrawn. The Central Valley watershed provides most of the water for Northern and Central California, as well as a significant chunk of Southern California's usage. The North Coast watershed receives the highest annual precipitation of any California watershed. It incorporates many large river systems such as the Klamath , Smith and Eel , and produces over a third of the runoff in the state. With a few exceptions, the North Coast watersheds are relatively undeveloped and provides water only to local communities. The vast majority of water flows uncontrolled into the Pacific Ocean. There have been many proposals to divert water from North Coast rivers to increase water supplies in the rest of California, but these projects were never realized, both due to cost and potential environmental harm. The Colorado River originates more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from California in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming and forms the state's southeastern border in the Mojave Desert . Unlike the other California watersheds, essentially all of the water flowing in the Colorado originates outside the state. The Colorado is a critical source of irrigation and urban water for southern California, providing between 55 and 65 percent of the total supply. The Central and South Coast watersheds include the most populous regions of California -- the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles and San Diego -- but have relatively little natural runoff, requiring the importation of water from other parts of the state. Rivers of the Lahontan watersheds in eastern California are part of the high desert Great Basin and do not drain to the Pacific. Most of the water is used locally in eastern California and western Nevada for irrigation. The Owens River of the South Lahontan region, however, is a principal source of water for Los Angeles. Main California watersheds Hydrologic region Annual precipitation Annual runoff North Coast 55,900,000 acre feet (69.0 km ) 28,900,000 acre feet (35.6 km ) Sacramento River 52,400,000 acre feet (64.6 km ) 22,400,000 acre feet (27.6 km ) North Lahontan 6,000,000 acre feet (7.4 km ) 1,900,000 acre feet (2.3 km ) San Francisco Bay 5,500,000 acre feet (6.8 km ) 1,200,000 acre feet (1.5 km ) San Joaquin River 21,800,000 acre feet (26.9 km ) 7,900,000 acre feet (9.7 km ) Central Coast 12,300,000 acre feet (15.2 km ) 2,500,000 acre feet (3.1 km ) Tulare Lake 13,900,000 acre feet (17.1 km ) 3,300,000 acre feet (4.1 km ) South Lahontan 9,300,000 acre feet (11.5 km ) 1,300,000 acre feet (1.6 km ) South Coast 10,800,000 acre feet (13.3 km ) 1,200,000 acre feet (1.5 km ) Colorado River 4,300,000 acre feet (5.3 km ) 200,000 acre feet (0.25 km ) Rain and snowfall ( edit ) Rain typically falls in California only during the winter and spring months, from October through May, with more rain falling on the northern half of the state than the southern. Approximately 75 percent of the total precipitation volume occurs north of Sacramento, while 75 percent of the total water demand is in the south. With very rare exceptions, summers are dry throughout the state. Precipitation falling as snow in the Sierra and other mountain ranges feeds the network of reservoirs and surface water sources that supply the state; a low rainfall or light snowfall year can result in drought. Rivers in northern and coastal California are mainly rain fed, peaking from January to April and falling to very low levels between June and November. Snowmelt has a significant influence on the Sierra Nevada rivers from east of Sacramento to east of Bakersfield , which typically peak between April and July. Snowmelt is also the primary water source for the Colorado River which supplies southern California. California precipitation and snowpack is measured by the state of California by `` water year'' , which runs from October 1 to September 30. Desalination ( edit ) Desalination plant located in Carlsbad, California In response to water shortages in the state, some water districts are looking to desalination as a way to provide water for residents. Supporters view seawater desalination as a safer water source, since it draws its water from the ocean and thus, is not affected by periods of drought like other sources of water are. Another incentive for desalination is the ability for localities to be more self-sufficient with their water supply, thus improving their drought resilience. However, desalination has been the subject of scrutiny by opponents, who believe that the costs and possible environmental effects of desalination are indicators that California should continue to pursue other alternatives. Although the response to desalination has been mixed, some areas of California are moving forward with seawater desalination. In December 2015, Poseidon Water completed the construction of the Claude `` Bud'' Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant . This facility, which was approved by the San Diego Water Authority, is responsible for providing water for about 8% of San Diego County 's water by the year 2020. As of December 2015, there are 6 additional seawater desalination plants currently in operation in the state of California. As of May 2016, there are also 9 more proposed desalination plants. Reuse ( edit ) Main article: Water reuse in California Water always gets recycled , via rivers, aquifers, and the atmosphere, but we can also do this directly and intentionally. Water reuse in California is increasingly important, with reclaimed water being used preferably for agricultural irrigation, toilet flushing, and industry (e.g., making concrete, cooling), although some apply direct and indirect potable reuse, risking environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant s and other constituents of emerging concern. Treatment should be in accordance with the use and, in many cases, water can be safely and productively recycled back to the same non-potable use. Uses of water ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A canal irrigates citrus ranches in Fresno County, 1970s Water use in California is divided into approximately 51% for environmental uses, 39% agricultural use and 11% urban uses, though that varies considerably between regions and between wet and dry years. Solely relying on these statewide volumes is controversial because they don't consider the fact that most of the volume of water used for environmental purposes includes flows down Wild and Scenic Rivers in the North Coast where there is no practical way to recover it for either agricultural or urban use because it lacks many connections to the statewide water supply system. It also doesn't factor in the amount of water required to keep salty water from the Pacific Ocean from intruding into the Delta beyond a certain small concentration. Otherwise, `` reduced water quality resulting from large amounts of salt water drawn into the Delta could shut down the export pumps that supply fresh water to agriculture and cities.'' Around 75% of California's water supply comes from north of Sacramento , while 80% of the water demand occurs in the southern two-thirds of the state. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta Estuary located between San Francisco Bay and Sacramento receives about 40% of California's total precipitation and 50% of its total streamflow. It is a critical hub used by the federal Central Valley Project and California State Water Project to connect water collected and stored in the north regions of the state with aqueducts and canals that transport it to users in the North Bay, South Bay, East Bay, and Greater Southern California. In a typical year, about 10.8 million acre feet (13.3 km ) are exported from the Delta: 67% is delivered by the Central Valley Project , 26% by the State Water Project and the remainder to other federal water project users. Those flows are greatly reduced in drought years. About 16.5 million acre feet (20.4 km ) of water entering the Delta in a typical year flows through the Delta into San Francisco Bay , including 6.3 million acre feet (7.8 km ) in governmentally mandated environmental flows; 22.4 million acre feet (27.6 km ) is used for other environmental purposes, and 1.6 million acre feet (2.0 km ) supplies water to managed wetlands and wildlife preserves. Agricultural ( edit ) In an average year, about 39% of California's water consumption, or 34.1 million acre feet (42.1 km ), is used for agricultural purposes. Of that total, 11%, or 8.9 million acre feet (11.0 km ) is not consumed by the farms for crop production but is instead recycled and reused by other water users, including environmental use, urban use, and agricultural use, yielding net water consumption for food and fiber production equal to 28% of California's water consumption, or 25.2 million acre feet (31.1 km ). This water irrigates almost 29 million acres (120,000 km ), which grows 350 different crops. Agricultural water usage varies depending on the amount of rainfall each year. Alfalfa uses about 18% of California irrigation water and produces 4% of California's farm-gate revenue, most of which is used as livestock feed. In 2015, California exported one-fourth of its total alfalfa production of roughly 2 million tons. About one-third of that, around 700,000 tons, went to China, Japan took about the same amount and Saudi Arabia bought 5,000 tons. Alfalfa farmers pay about $70 an acre-foot, in Los Angeles that same amount of water is worth $1000 per acre-foot. In 2012, California exported 575,000 tons of alfalfa to China, for $586 million. Other common crop water use, if using all irrigated water: fruits and nuts with 34% of water use and 45% of revenue, field crops with 14% of water and 4% of revenue, pasture forage with 11% of water use and 1% of revenue, rice with 8% of water use and 2% of revenue (despite its lack of water, California grows nearly 5 billion pounds (2.3 × 10 ^ kg) of rice per year, and is the second largest rice-growing state ), and truck farming of vegetables and nursery crops with 4% of water use and 42% of revenue; head of broccoli: 5.4 gallons; one walnut: 4.9 gallons; head of lettuce: 3.5 gallons; one tomato: 3.3 gallons; one almond 1.1 gallon; one pistachio: 0.75 gallon; one strawberry 0.4 gallon; one grape: 0.3 gallon. Horses, based on the amount of alfalfa they eat, use about 1.9 million acre feet (2.3 km ) of water -- about 7% of irrigated water in the state. There are 698,000 horses in California. Cheap agricultural water paired with a mild climate has allowed farmers to produce widely in California. Jane Dye Gussow discusses California's agricultural water in her book This Organic Life . She argues the farms that use precious water in California produces food in an area that `` was never intended to be a garden.'' The Central Valley, where the majority of this agricultural water is used, is the most threatened agricultural land in the nation. California is one of the top five states in water use for livestock. Water withdrawals for livestock use in California were 101-250 million gallons per day in 2010. Urban/residential ( edit ) Urban and industrial use of water consumes about 11%, or 8.9 million acre feet (11.0 km ), of total water consumption in an average year. A 2011 study of a sampling of 735 California homes across ten water districts found that the weighted average annual total water use of these homes was 132,000 US gallons (0.41 acre⋅ ft) per year or 362 US gallons (0.00111 acre⋅ ft) per household per day. The study found that about 53% of total average household water use, or more than 192 US gallons (0.00059 acre⋅ ft) per household per day, was used for landscaping and other outdoor uses. Meanwhile, indoor use accounted for more than 170 US gallons (0.00052 acre⋅ ft) per household per day. The most in-home water consumption is toilet flushes, using 20% of the water. After toilets, 20% is used for showers and 18% goes to leaks inside homes. In Sacramento , in 2012 before the severe drought started, residents were using 217 US gallons (0.00067 acre⋅ ft) a day per-capita. Many homes in Sacramento didn't have water meters until recently. They now are gradually being installed after former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed a 2004 law mandating meters statewide by 2025. After Folsom , a city of 72,000 east of Sacramento, installed meters in 2011 and adopted tiered rates that charge more for people who consume the most water, per-capita use started falling steadily. In response to the severe California drought, in April 2015, Governor Jerry Brown issued an executive order mandating statewide reductions in water use. The mandate aimed to reduce the amount of water consumed statewide in urban areas by 25% from 2013 levels. The State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) proposed regulatory instructions that grouped urban water utilities into nine tiers, with conservation standards ranging from 8% to 36%. Water distribution ( edit ) There are six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure that redistribute and transport water in California: the State Water Project , the Central Valley Project , several Colorado River delivery systems, the Los Angeles Aqueduct , the Tuolumne River / Hetch Hetchy system, and the Mokelumne Aqueduct. The state water Project ( edit ) Main articles: California State Water Project and California Aqueduct An aerial view of the California Aqueduct at the Interstate 205 crossing west of Tracy The California State Water Project is the largest multipurpose, state-built water project in the United States . The SWP transports water from the Feather River watershed to agriculture, and some of the water goes to industrial and urban users. More than two-thirds of Californians receive some water from the SWP. The system was designed and contracted to deliver 4.2 million acre feet (5.2 km ), but in an average year delivers only 2.3 million acre feet (2.8 km ) because many of the original planned features were never built. Twenty-nine agencies hold contracts for SWP water. The contractors pay for SWP's major operating costs and have gradually reduced the $1.75 billion bond debt that supplied funds for initial construction. In the years since 1960, SWP has built 29 dams , 18 pumping plants, five hydroelectric power plants , and around 600 miles (970 km) of canals and pipelines. The SWP system begins with reservoirs on upper tributaries of the Feather River. Oroville Dam creates the largest SWP reservoir . At 770 feet (230 m) above the riverbed, the dam is the tallest in the United States. The reservoir covers 15,000 acres (61 km ) and holds 3.5 million acre feet (4.3 km ). Water travels from Lake Oroville to the Sacramento River. At Harvey O. Banks Delta Pumping Plant, which pulls SWP water into the Bethany Reservoir, around 2.2 million acre feet (2.7 km ) are extracted from the Delta each year. Water that flows to the south end of the San Joaquin Valley must be pumped over the Tehachapi Mountains . Because of this, the SWP is California's largest energy consumer, and even though the hydroelectric plants of the SWP generate 5,900 GWh per year, that is only a fraction of the energy needed to lift water over the Tehachapis. Below the Tehachapis the California Aqueduct splits, with the west branch storing water in Castaic and Pyramid Lake, and the east branch storing water in the Silverwood Lake reservoir. The Central Valley Project ( edit ) Main article: Central Valley Project Shasta Dam in 2009 The CVP's original purpose was to tame seasonal flooding and to direct water to the south to irrigate 3 million acres (12,000 km ) of farmland. The CVP is operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation . As one of the largest water systems in the world it stores over 7 million acre feet (8.6 km ) of water, or 17 percent of the state's developed water. The CVP dams and diverts five major rivers: the Trinity , the Sacramento , the American , the Stanislaus , and the San Joaquin . Friant Dam , on the San Joaquin, was completed in 1944, forming Millerton Lake. This was one of 20 reservoirs in the CVP. Shasta Dam , the largest CVP storage facility, was completed in 1945. At Sacramento, American River water stored by Folsom Dam is added. 2.5 million acre feet (3.1 km ) are annually pumped from the Delta into the Delta-Mendota Canal. New Melones Dam on the Stanislaus River was finished in 1979, and the reservoir was filled in 1982. The CVP has generated some controversy about environmental damage, prices charged to farmers, and lax enforcement of farm size limitations. Bureau of Reclamation water was supposed to be used for farms limited to 160 acres (65 ha) (see Homestead Act ). Under Spanish and Mexican land grants , however, there were only a few land owners, all of whom owned large tracts of land. A 1982 reform increased CVP area limits to 960 acres (3.9 km ). In 1992, the Central Valley Project Improvement Act made fish and wildlife protection and restoration an authorized purpose of the CVP on an equal footing with other authorized purposes. 0.8 million acre feet (0.99 km ) of annual runoff were dedicated to environmental usage, which generated intense controversy. Colorado River systems ( edit ) The Colorado River is the source of 4.4 million acre feet (5.4 km ) per year for California. Six other states along the river's watershed ( Wyoming , Nevada , Utah , Colorado , New Mexico , and Arizona ) and Mexico, share allocated portions of river water. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California , or MWD, holds priority water rights on the Colorado. It sells water to 95 percent of the South Coast region. Lake Mead , formed by Hoover Dam , is the primary reservoir in the Colorado River basin. The Colorado River Aqueduct begins 155 miles (249 km) downstream from Hoover Dam, and can carry 1.2 million acre feet (1.5 km ) annually. An additional system diverts water from the Colorado River at the Imperial Diversion Dam provides waters to the Imperial and Coachella valleys as well as Yuma, Arizona, via the Alamo Canal , the Coachella Canal and the All-American Canal , which runs alongside the Mexican border. This system was also responsible for the accidental re-creation of the Salton Sea in 1905. The Colorado is considered over-allocated, because apportionments were made on inaccurate measurements of annual runoff. Marc Reisner in Cadillac Desert noted that the Colorado is `` unable to satisfy all the demands on it, so it is referred to as a ' deficit' river, as if the river were somehow at fault for its overuse'' . For years California took more than its share of the apportionment, because other states were not prepared to use their entire allotments. MWD became used to 0.8 million acre feet (0.99 km ) excess of water. Pressure from other Colorado river states caused the Secretary of the Interior to order California to show progress towards decreasing its dependency on the excess 0.8 million acre feet (0.99 km ), or face cuts. The Colorado River Water Use Plan called for Imperial and Coachella Valley agriculture to give up water in order to reallocate 0.8 million acre feet (0.99 km ) within the state. The plan's proposals generated much controversy, and the deadline arrived with no agreement reached. The Department of the Interior reduced MWD's access by 0.415 million acre feet (0.512 km ). The Los Angeles Aqueduct ( edit ) Main article: Los Angeles Aqueduct The Los Angeles Aqueduct in the Owens Valley The Los Angeles Aqueduct carries water from the Eastern Sierra Nevada to Los Angeles . The construction of the aqueduct marked the first major water delivery project in California. The city purchased 300,000 acres (1,200 km ) of land in the Owens Valley in order to gain access to water rights. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power transports 0.4 million acre feet (0.49 km ) of Eastern Sierra Nevada water to the city each year. This growth clearly shows William Mulholland 's observation that `` Whoever brings the water, brings the people.'' After four decades of diversion from the Mono Lake area, environmental damage created an environmental battle in the 1980s, with a victory for the Mono Lake proponents in 1994. Other problems arose when dust from the bed of Owens Lake (completely dried up by diversions) became a major source of air pollution in the southern Owens Valley. To restore Mono Lake, correct air-quality law violations, and rewater portions of the Owens River, Los Angeles has begun to reduce its dependence on Eastern Sierra Nevada water. This has mostly been achieved through water conservation. The city enacted a program offering free low-flow toilets to its customers. Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct ( edit ) Main article: Hetch Hetchy The Hetch Hetchy Valley The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct carries water from the Tuolumne River to San Francisco and other Bay Area regions. The system starts in Hetch Hetchy Valley , inside Yosemite National Park . The system also generates up to 400MW of electrical power, depending on rainfall, most of which is sent to San Francisco via city-owned power lines. After water leaves Hetch Hetchy, it passes through tunnels towards powerhouses. Three pipes then bring the water across the Central Valley . Concerns about the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct's ability to withstand earthquakes led to a $1.7 billion bond, approved by voters in November 2002. Mokelumne Aqueduct ( edit ) Main article: Mokelumne Aqueduct The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) serves 35 communities in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, including Berkeley and Oakland . The Mokelumne River in the central Sierra Nevada is the source for almost all of EBMUD's water. EBMUD built the Pardee Dam across the Mokelumne in the foothills northeast of Stockton . South of Pardee is Camanche Reservoir , which regulates releases to serve downstream water rights holders. EBMUD holds almost 30,000 acres (120 km ) in the Mokulumne River watershed and 25,000 acres (100 km ) in other watersheds. EBMUD also has an American River water right that could be sent to the Mokelumne Aqueduct through the Folsom South Canal. The only time this has been done was during the drought years of 1977-- 78, when the water was actually pumped from the Delta. This generated controversy, as EBMUD preferred the cleaner water from the American River, but environmentalists and Sacramento had concerns about the impacts such a diversion would have on the river. The legal battle led to affirmation of EBMUD's water right, but modifications were also negotiated. The intake point was moved downstream, to maintain minimum flows in the American River before it merges with the Sacramento. North Bay ( edit ) The North Bay Aqueduct of the California State Water Project delivers an annual average of 39,309 acre feet (0.048487 km ) of water to urban communities and agricultural users in Napa, Solano, Sonoma and Marin counties. That water is diverted from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta Estuary, a water hub that serves as the junction of south-, west, and north-flowing rivers draining the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges. Certain municipalities north of San Francisco Bay, including Santa Rosa and Petaluma , are served by the Sonoma County Water Agency . Their primary water source is the Russian River . However, it must be noted that the Russian River owes its summer flow in large part to the Eel , which is bled off via a tunnel into Potter Valley (via the Potter Valley Project ) and flows to a reservoir near Ukiah , Lake Mendocino . PG&E now owns the rights to this delivery system, as well as the long controversial history. There are many along the Eel who would like their water back. The cities of Vallejo , Fairfield , and Vacaville are served by the Solano County Water Agency, which transports water from Lake Berryessa and moves it south along the Putah South Canal. Marin County has the Marin Municipal Water District and the North Marin Water District . Planning and management ( edit ) The planning and management of water in California is subject to a vast number of laws, regulations, management plans, and historic water rights. The state agency responsible for water planning is the California Department of Water Resources . Safety concerns ( edit ) Water purity has been an emerging issue in California, especially in communities with low-income residents. Aging infrastructure, coupled with a lack of research on the topic, has exacerbated this issue, with water health violations occurring in 7-8% of water systems a year. The San Joaquin Valley , a largely rural and agricultural area with 65% residents being people of color, is registered with the most water quality violations. Tulare , a city within San Joaquin Valley, has 99% of its residents relying on compromised groundwater, contrasted with Los Angeles County , with 11% of residents relying only on a contaminated water supply. These water violations often lead to purchased water sources and private ownership of water distribution, as private utilities appear to have larger bandwidth to serve a large population. Trade-offs often include greater inequity in water access, as private utilities face higher repercussions for delivering unsafe water and often decide to opt-out from serving under-resourced populations. In many cases, bottled water is tested less frequently than public water for pollutants, and in 1999, approximately 33% of bottled water tested by the FDA exceeded allowable limits. The U.S. Geological Survey analyzed the results of a 2002 study of 10 streams in California and discovered that the Sacramento River had the highest traces of acetaminophen , cholesterol and birth control hormones of any water source in the nation. Pharmaceutical discharge polluted by drug companies are relatively common in California water, with Southern California water tables especially susceptible to contamination. California water plans ( edit ) Main article: California Water Plan There have been several documents known as the `` California Water Plan'' , with the most recent being published in 2013. Before the state of California started drafting comprehensive plans for the management of water in the state, the earliest plan for water distribution in California was an 1873 report. This was followed by a 1919 report called `` Irrigation of Twelve Million Acres in the Valley of California'' . The 1919 report is the first comprehensive plan, and is often called the `` Marshall Plan'' , after its author Col. Robert Bradford Marshall . There have been many subsequent water plans and water plan updates, which were often issued as California Department of Water Resources bulletins. California Water Code provides guidance or the plan updates. Beginning in 1957, early Water Plan Updates were largely technical and focused on water supply development. Plans gradually became more comprehensive to address the state's growing conflicts over limited resources. Updates now present the status and trends of California's water-dependent natural resources; water supplies; and agricultural, urban, and environmental water demands for a range of plausible future scenarios. They also evaluate different combinations of regional and statewide resource management strategies to reduce water demand, increase water supply, reduce flood risk, improve water quality, and enhance environmental and resource stewardship. The evaluations and assessments performed for the updates help identify effective actions and policies for meeting California's resource management objectives in the near term and for several decades to come. Since 2000, another major goal for each update has been to receive broad input and support from Californians. Preparation of these new millennial Water Plan updates has been widely viewed as exceptionally transparent and collaborative as the consensus seeking process is routinely cited by other agencies and states as a model for policy planning efforts. The approach involves: interest based dialog and exchange among teams, committees and the public to develop work products; multiple opportunities for review by different audiences; and integration and reconciliation of feedback from a variety of perspectives. Update 2013 leverages the clear guidance Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. ( Jerry Brown ) forged with his California Water Action Plan. That five-year plan, released in January 2014, outlines a succinct set of actions that together bring reliability, restoration, and resilience to California water resources, even as the state's population is expected to grow from 38 million to 50 million by 2049. Three related themes distinguish Update 2013 from Update 2009. The five year time span reinforced the value of integrated water management, and Update 2013 closely examines the practices and policies that allow water managers to combine flood management, environmental stewardship, and surface water and groundwater supply actions to deliver multiple benefits across a region. Fundamental to that integrated approach is better alignment in the management of data, planning, policy-making, and regulation across local, State, tribal, and federal governments. Water rights ( edit ) On more than one occasion, the California Supreme Court has noted that `` the scope and technical complexity of issues concerning water resource management are unequalled by virtually any other type of activity presented to the courts.'' An example of this complexity is demonstrated in the case of National Audubon Society v. Superior Court . Water rights are divided in multiple ways. Water rights to surface water and underground sources are separate. Also, California recognizes four distinct types of water rights to surface water in its statutory and common law: pueblo, riparian, prior appropriation, and water reserved by the US. A fifth statutory right also provides area of origin watershed rights. Pueblo water rights ( edit ) California recognizes water rights granted to pueblos (settlements) under the Spanish and Mexican governments, prior to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Under the doctrine, pueblos organized under the laws of Mexico or Spain have a water right to the yield of all streams and rivers flowing through the city and the groundwater aquifers lying below. Pueblo water rights are superior to all riparian and appropriative rights and cannot be lost by a failure to assert an interest or use the water. In addition, the pueblo's claim expands with the needs of the city and may be used to supply the needs of areas that are later annexed to the city. Los Angeles and San Diego are the only original pueblos to exercise their pueblo water rights in the courts. Pueblo water rights are controversial. Some modern scholars and courts argue that the pueblo water rights doctrine lacks a historical basis in Spanish or Mexican water law. Riparian water rights ( edit ) A landowner who has their property border a river has a right to use that land.Under the riparian doctrine, `` the owner of land has the right to divert the water flowing by his land for use upon his land, without regard to the extent of such use or priority in time'' . `` Riparians on a stream system are vested with a common ownership such that in times of water shortage all riparians must reduce their usage proportionately.'' Riparian water rights were inherited from the common law of England. Under the doctrine, property owners have correlative rights to the reasonable use of the water passing through their land adjacent to the watercourse. The right is part and parcel with the land itself and, in California, only accompanies those tracts that have always directly touched the water. Riparian rights received legal recognition after California gained statehood. It then became law that owners that have property touching a water source have a right to that water and it cannot be appropriated by another party. The English focus on landownership differs sharply from the `` first in time, first in right'' approach 49ers , who were generally trespassing on federal land, developed to wash hills into rivers . In Lux v. Haggin (1886) the California Supreme Court resolved the conflict by finding that riparian water rights are superior even to older prior appropriations. When in 1926 the Court went so far as to find that riparian owners did not need to put their water to beneficial use , the People amended the California Constitution to reverse the decision, establishing that no water in the state may be wasted . While riparian rights are superior to appropriative rights and may survive dormant and unused, in 1979 the California Supreme Court found that the California State Water Resources Control Board has the power to assign unused riparian rights lower priority than existing prior appropriations. Water rights by prior appropriation ( edit ) `` The appropriation doctrine confers upon one who actually diverts and uses water the right to do so provided that the water is used for reasonable and beneficial uses,'' regardless of whether that person owns land contiguous to the watercourse. In addition, all appropriative rights are subordinate to riparians or earlier appropriators. In times of shortage riparians are entitled to fulfill their needs before appropriators are entitled to any use of the water. `` And, as between appropriators, the rule of priority is ' first in time, first in right.' '' Beginning in 1914, a statutory scheme has provided the exclusive method of acquiring appropriation rights through the California State Water Resources Control Board . The modern system of prior appropriation water rights followed by California is characterized by five principles: Exclusive right is given to the original appropriator, and all following rights are conditional upon precedent rights. All rights are conditional upon beneficial use. Water may be used on riparian lands or non-riparian lands (i.e. water may be used on the land next to the water source, or on land removed from the water source) Diversion is permitted, regardless of the shrinkage of the river or stream. The right may be lost through non-use. Beneficial use is defined as agricultural, industrial, or urban use. Environmental uses, such as maintaining body of water and the wildlife that use it, were not initially regarded as beneficial uses in some states but have been accepted in some areas. Every water right is parameterized by an annual yield and an appropriation date. When a water right is sold, it maintains its original appropriation date. Water reserved by the United States ( edit ) Lands reserved by the United States government are accompanied by a corresponding reservation of water rights for as much water is needed to fulfill the purpose for which the reservation was made. Such reservations were made on behalf of Native American tribes, national parks, monuments and forests. Water rights reserved by the United States are defined by and controlled by federal law. And because reserved water rights are not riparian nor appropriative, they may conflict with state law. Area of origin watershed rights ( edit ) California provides communities and other water users within watersheds senior status over appropriative water rights in limited circumstances. California area of origin laws include The County of Origin Law (1931), The Water Protection Statute (1933), and The Delta Protection Act (1959). Area of origin water rights parallel pueblo water rights. In both cases, water is reserved for future growth of the local community. In other words, appropriations may be subject to a water rights claim from people/government in the area of origin. That later claim would be senior despite its temporal disconnect. As a result of its pueblo rights, Los Angeles has rights to all or almost all water from the Los Angeles River. In the same way, communities along major water sources such as the Sacramento River theoretically have senior water rights to support growth despite a downstream user holding otherwise senior appropriative water rights. Area of origin laws were passed in reaction to the controversies related to Los Angeles diverting water from the Owens Valley. Despite being on the books for generations, the area of origin statutes were not used until 2000. In addition, there currently are no court opinions regarding area of origin watershed rights. Adjudication ( edit ) Since under the law, landowners can extract as much groundwater from their property as they can put to beneficial use, adjudication was used to determine who had the right to pump how much and to audit such usage. The courts appoint water masters to audit usage and otherwise enforce water rights, who are often management boards, the United States Department of the Interior , the California Department of Water Resources , or an individual. Disputes and controversies ( edit ) Dust blowing in the bed of Owens Lake in 2008. The lake went dry after diversions of its water to Los Angeles in the 1910s-- 20s. The California Water Wars , a struggle between Los Angeles and certain parties within the Owens Valley, for water rights is but one example of the alleged wrongdoings of municipalities and people in securing adequate water supplies. The city of Los Angeles bought 300,000 acres (1,200 km ) of land from residents of the Owens Valley and the water rights attached with them, for a fair price. The diverting of this water from the valley, transformed it from an agricultural valley into a dust bowl. The electricity produced by the hydroelectric plants drawing their water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir became the subject of controversy when it was reported by the San Francisco Bay Guardian that the city of San Francisco sold roughly 500 megawatts of power to PG&E , supposedly in violation of the Raker Act , which specifies that because the source of water and power was on public land, no private profit could be gained from such sales. Whether or not the Raker Act is indeed being violated is still a matter of controversy. The creation of so many dams in California in order to enact a pragmatic water supply program has been met with criticism from some environmentalists, who have decried the negative effects of dams on ecosystems, particularly on migratory fish populations. Predicted need for increased water supplies ( edit ) This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2013) It is projected that California's population will grow to almost 50 million by 2050. If the prediction comes true and there is no action to increase the water supply, the difference between water demand and supply would be between 2.0-- 6.0 million acre feet (2.5-- 7.4 km ) in the year 2020. Over the past five years California voters have approved $3 billion in bonds for water development and management. Many of these projects are incorporated in the CALFED Bay-Delta program, a federal-state program designed to reduce water supply conflicts. In August 2000 the state and federal governments approved the CALFED plan for water quality, water conservation and recycling, watershed administration, ecosystem re-establishment, delta levees, surface and groundwater storage, water transportation, and science. The plan has a thirty-year implementation period and was designed to incorporate changes in conditions and knowledge about the effects of specific projects. Stage 1 was initiated in 2000 and was designed as a seven-year program. The cost is estimated to be $8.7 billion. Stage 1 water yield within the next seven to ten years is estimated to be 2.9 million acre feet (3.6 km ) per year. As part of Stage 1, an Environmental Water Account was established through the purchase of 0.35 million acre feet (0.43 km ) of water. The EWA is used to protect fish and other wildlife without reducing water allocations to farms and municipalities. A $7.5 billion water bond was approved in November 2014 with a 2 to 1 ratio. The bond-financing, which has been contentiously debated by the legislature and Governor Jerry Brown for the past few years, was said to improve the water quality, supply and infrastructure, if passed by voters. Natural disasters and California water ( edit ) 2000-- 2016 Percent Area in U.S. Drought Monitor Categories Status of drought in California in October 2014; map shows a condition of `` exceptional drought'' over 58% of the state Major droughts in California history since 1900 ( edit ) See also: California drought and California drought manipulation conspiracy theory 1917-- 21 1922-- 26 1928-- 37 1943-- 51 1959-- 62 1976-- 77 1987-- 92 2007-- 09 2012-- 15 Archives relating to California water ( edit ) The California Water Documents collection in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library is a valuable online resource of archived materials related to California's water history. Additionally, the collection has digitized materials relating to the creation and operation of both the Central Valley Project and the California State Water Project as well as their component units. The items represented in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library are part of a larger collection entitled the Water Resources Collection in Special Collections at Claremont Colleges' Honnold/Mudd Library. The Water Resources Collection was started in the 1930s by Librarian Willis Holmes Kerr and Librarian and Claremont Colleges' Trustee John Treanor. These librarians' interest in California's water problem led them to start collecting a variety of documents related to water history and usage from around the state. It includes reports of engineers, annual reports and minute books of boards of directors of water companies, documents of federal and state governments, promotional pamphlets, and newspaper clippings. Most of the documents focus on the water history from the first half of the 20th century, but there are additional, more recent publications included, which have been donated by Claremont Graduate University Professor Merrill Goodall. The California Water Documents collection is currently a work in progress at the Claremont Colleges Digital Library. The Water Resources Collections and Archives is located at the University of California, Riverside and features a comprehensive collection of water-resource related documents. See also ( edit ) California Water Fix and Eco Restore plan Groundwater-related subsidence List of lakes in California List of largest reservoirs of California Newlands Reclamation Act , a 1902 federal law that funded irrigation projects for 20 western states Sustainable Groundwater Management Act Water-energy nexus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Riparian Rights'' . Water Education Foundation . Retrieved 2018-05-10 . Jump up ^ Hundley, N. (2001). The great thirst: Californians and water . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Jump up ^ Jenkins, Marion W.; Lund, Jay R.; Howitt, Richard E.; Draper, Andrew J.; Msangi, Siwa M.; Tanaka, Stacy K.; Ritzema, Randall S.; Marques, Guilherme F. (2004). `` Optimization of California's Water Supply System: Results and Insights'' . Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management . 130 (4): 271-- 280. doi : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:4(271) . ^ Jump up to: Carle (2004) , p. 60. Jump up ^ City of Pasadena v. City of Alhambra , 33 Cal.2d 908 (Cal. 1949). Jump up ^ Alley, William M.; Healy, Richard W.; LaBaugh, James W.; Reilly, Thomas E. (2002). `` Flow and Storage in Groundwater Systems'' . Science . 296 (5575): 1985. doi : 10.1126/science.1067123 . Jump up ^ Moores, Eldridge M. (1999). Classic Cordilleran Concepts: A View from California . Geological Society of America. Jump up ^ `` NASA's GRACE Sees a Drying California'' . Photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov . NASA . June 2014 . Retrieved October 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenneth W. Umbach (August 1997). `` A Statistical Tour of California's Great Central Valley'' . Archived from the original on 2017-04-04. ^ Jump up to: `` California State Water Project-- Sacramento San Joaquin Delta'' . Water.ca.gov . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California's Three Traditionally Wettest Months End With Statewide Snowpack Water Content Less than Average'' (PDF) . Water.ca.gov . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome -- California Water Plan'' . Waterplan.water.ca.gov . State of California . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California'' . Crwua.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Carle (2004) . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Data by Water Year'' . California Data Exchange Center . California Department of Water Resources . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooley, Heather; Gleick, Peter; Hartman Wolff, Gary (2006). Desalination, with a grain of salt a California perspective . Oakland, Ca: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. pp. 39-- 68. ISBN 1-893790-13-4 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Desal Plant'' . Poseidon Water . Retrieved 2017-07-30 . Jump up ^ `` Seawater Desalination'' . Sdcwa.org . Retrieved 2017-07-30 . Jump up ^ `` Existing and Proposed Seawater Desalination Plants in California -- Pacific Institute'' . Pacific Institute . Retrieved 2017-07-30 . Jump up ^ `` Suggestions for sustainable sanitation'' . issuu . Retrieved 2017-04-08 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Mount; Emma Freeman; Jay Lund. `` Water Use in California'' . PPIC . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Water-- Who uses how much?'' . Californiawaterblog.com. 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Salinity'' . Water Education Foundation . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Heather Hacking. `` Releases from Lake Oroville increased to keep salt water out of the delta'' . Chico Enterprise-Record . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Association of California Water Agencies. General Facts About California's Water Jump up ^ `` U.S. Geological Survey'' (PDF) . Pubs.usgs.gov . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Volume 5 - Technical'' . California Water Plan . State of California. 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-04-10 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: David Pierson (8 June 2014). `` U.S. farmers making hay with alfalfa exports to China'' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Weiser, Matt (8 March 2016). `` Saudi Arabia moves farming venture to drought-stricken California'' . Newspaper . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California Rice at a Glance'' (PDF) . Calrice.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice Production in the United States Jump up ^ Mekonnen, M.M. ; Hoekstra, A.Y. (2011). `` The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products'' . Hydrology and Earth Systems Science . 15 (15): 1577-- 1600. Bibcode : 2011HESS...15.1577M . doi : 10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011 . Jump up ^ Buchanan, Larry; Keller, Josh; Park, Haeyoun (21 May 2015). `` Your Contribution to the California Drought'' . New York Times . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Madison (24 August 2011). `` Horses among us,'' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Gussow, Joan Dye. This Organic Life: Confessions of a Suburban Homesteader. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub., 2001. Print. Jump up ^ `` USGS: Livestock Water Use in the United States'' . water.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2018-03-04 . Jump up ^ `` California Single Family Water Use Efficiency Study'' (PDF) . Irwd.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Water Do Californians Use and What Does A 20 Percent Cut Look Like?'' . KQED News. 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Outdoor Water Conservation'' . Green Cities California . Archived from the original on 2015-04-05. ^ Jump up to: Rogers, Paul & Nicholas St. Fleur (7 February 2014). `` California Drought: Database Shows Big Difference between Water Guzzlers and Sippers'' . San Jose Mercury News . Jump up ^ Buck, Steven; Nemati, Mehdi; Sunding, David (2016). `` The Welfare Consequences of the 2015 California Drought Mandate: Evidence from New Results on Monthly Water Demand'' (PDF) . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California State Water Project Overview'' . Department of Water Resources . Retrieved November 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ Carle (2004) , p. 92. Jump up ^ Oroville Dam. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA Jump up ^ Dickinson, Ann (June 5, 2008). `` Where Water Runs Uphill'' . Quest Community Science Blog . KQED. Jump up ^ About Our Valley . California, Central Valley, and San Joaquin Valley Agriculture. Jump up ^ Bureau of Reclamation. Central Valley Project: General Overview. Jump up ^ `` Leaky Water Law'' . Los Angeles Times . 1987-04-15. ISSN 0458-3035 . Retrieved 2017-10-17 . Jump up ^ Stene, Eric A. `` The Central Valley Project'' . Bureau of Reclamation: Reclamation Project Histories . Jump up ^ Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. California's Colorado River Allocation. ^ Jump up to: Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert : The American West and its Disappearing Water . Penguin. ISBN 0140178244 . Jump up ^ Carle (2004) , pp. 113-- 114. Jump up ^ `` The L.A. Aqueduct at 100'' . graphics.latimes.com . Retrieved 2017-10-17 . Jump up ^ `` State Decision Offers Good News for Mono Lake'' . Monolake.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultra-Low Flush Toilet Distribution Program'' . Monolake.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hetch Hetchy Water and Power : Financial Statements 2013/14'' . Stwater.org . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Null, Sarah E. (2003). Re-Assembling Hetch Hetchy: Water Supply Implications for Removing O'Shaughnessy Dam (M.A. thesis). Davis: University of California. Jump up ^ `` Flint's Water Is a Tiny Part of America's Huge Drinking Problem, Says Study'' . Inverse . Retrieved 2018-03-13 . Jump up ^ `` Systemic Failure: Why 1 Million Californians Lack Safe Drinking Water'' . Water . Retrieved 2018-03-06 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hot spots' of water quality violations: Problems more frequent in low-income, rural areas of the nation'' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 2018-03-13 . Jump up ^ Fram, Miranda S.; Belitz, Kenneth (August 2011). `` Occurrence and concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds in groundwater used for public drinking-water supply in California'' . Science of The Total Environment. 409 (18): 3409-- 3417. doi : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.053 . ISSN 0048-9697 . Jump up ^ `` California Water Plan Update 2013'' . California Department of Water Resources . Retrieved Oct 30, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California Water Plan'' . UC Davis Library . Retrieved Oct 25, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of Legislative Requirements'' . Waterplan.water.ca.gov . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` List of US State Water Plans'' . Circleofblue.org . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Water Action Plan'' . Waterplan.water.ca.gov . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Environmental Defense Fund v. East Bay Municipal Utility Dist. 26 Cal.3d 183, 605 P.2d 1 Jump up ^ National Audubon Society v. Superior Court 33 Cal.3d 419 , 189 Cal.Rptr. 346; 658 P.2d 709 (1983) Jump up ^ City of Los Angeles v. Pomeroy , 124 Cal. 597, 640-- 41 (1899) Jump up ^ Hooker v. City of Los Angeles , 188 U.S. 314, 319-- 20 (1903) Jump up ^ City of Los Angeles v. City of San Fernando , 14 Cal.3d 199 (1978) ^ Jump up to: San Diego v. Cuyamaca Water Co , 209 Cal. 105 (1930). Jump up ^ Text of State of New Mexico, ex rel. Eluid L. Martinez, State Engineer, Plaintiff-- Respondent, v. City of Las Vegas, Defendant-- Petitioner. No. 22,283 is available from: Findlaw Jump up ^ United States v. State Water Res. Control Bd. , 182 Cal.App.3d 82 (1986) (citing Miller & Lux v. Enterprise Canal & Land Co. , 169 Cal. 415 (1915)). ^ Jump up to: United States v. State Water Res. Control Bd. , 182 Cal.App.3d 82 (1986) Jump up ^ Chief Justice Lucien Shaw , Development of the Law of Waters in the West , 10 Cal. L. Rev. 443 (1922) . Jump up ^ Brian Gray, A primer on California Water Transfer Law , 31 Ariz. L. Rev. 745 (1989). Jump up ^ Clay, Karen, and Gavin Wright. Order without law? Property rights during the California gold rush. Explorations in Economic History 42 (2005): 155-- 183. See also Jennison v. Kirk , 98 U.S. 453 (1878). Jump up ^ Brian Gray, In Search of Bigfoot: The Common Law Origins of Article X, Section 2 of the California Constitution , 17 Hastings Const. L.Q. 225 (1989). Jump up ^ Eric Freyfogle, Context and Accommodation in Modern Property Law , 41 Stan. L. Rev. 1529 (1989), discussing In re Waters of Long Valley Creek Stream System, 25 Ca.3d 339 (1979) . Jump up ^ United States v. State Water Res. Control Bd. , 182 Cal.App.3d 82 (1986) (citing Meridian, Ltd. v. San Francisco 13 Cal.2d 424, 445-- 447 (1939)). Jump up ^ United States v. State Water Res. Control Bd. , 182 Cal.App.3d 82 (1986) (citing Irwin v. Phillips , 5 Cal. 140, 147 (1855)). Jump up ^ United States v. State Water Res. Control Bd. , 182 Cal.App.3d 82 (1986) (citing People v. Shirokow , 26 Cal.3d 301, 308 (1980)) Jump up ^ Gopalakrishnan, Chennat (1973). `` The Doctrine of Prior Appropriation and Its Impact on Water Development: A Critical Survey'' . American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 32 (1). pp. 61-- 72. Jump up ^ (1) ^ Jump up to: Cappaert v. United States , 426 U.S. 128 (1976) Jump up ^ Winters v. United States , 207 U.S. 564 (1908) Jump up ^ Arizona v. California , 373 U.S. 546 (1963) Jump up ^ California Water Code 10505 (provides a general area of origin right); California Water Code 10505.5 (inserts general area of origin right into all appropriative water rights); California Water Code 11460-63 (provides area of origin protection from the Central Valley Project and State Water Project) Jump up ^ Wilson, Craig. `` California's Area of Origin Laws'' (PDF) . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Green 2007 , pp. 23-- 24. Jump up ^ Green 2007 , pp. 83-- 84. Jump up ^ Green 2007 , p. 56. Jump up ^ Byrne, Peter. `` Delusions of Power'' . SF Weekly . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California Salmon Could Be Harmed By More Dams'' . Science Daily . September 27, 2007 . Retrieved November 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California's Housing Future: Challenges and Opportunities. Public Draft -- Statewide Housing Assessment 2025'' (PDF) . January 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Chung, Francis; Kelly, Katherine; Guivetchi, Kamyar (2002). `` Averting a California Water Crisis'' . Journal of Water Resources Planning & Management . 128 (4): 237-- 239. doi : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2002)128:4(237) . Jump up ^ (2) Jump up ^ `` California Proposition 1, Water Bond (2014)'' . Ballotpedia.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Respaut, Robin. `` Californian voters support water bond two-to-one, poll finds'' . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drought background'' . California Department of Water Resources . Retrieved October 26, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Major Floods and Droughts in California'' . USGS. Jump up ^ (3) ^ Jump up to: Colleges, Special Collections at the Libraries of The Claremont. `` Water Resources Collection -- Special Collections at the Libraries of The Claremont Colleges'' . Libraries.claremont.edu . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Carle, David (2004). Introduction to Water in California . Berkeley: University of California Press. Green, Dorothy (2007). Managing Water: Avoiding Crisis in California . University of California Press . ISBN 978-0-520-25326-1 . OCLC 85692856 . Warner, Richard E.; Hendrix, Kathleen M. (1984). California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation, and Productive Management . University of California Press. p. 1035. ISBN 9780520050358 . External links ( edit ) California State Department of Water Resources United States Geological Survey, California Water Science Center California's Water Infrastructure Systems California Water Documents in Claremont Colleges Digital Library Water Resources Collection in Special Collections at Claremont Colleges' Honnold/Mudd Library Water Resources Collections and Archives in the University of California, Riverside Libraries List of water research centers (archived 2016) at the UCs and CSUs California State University, San Bernardino, Water Resources Institute University of California, California Institute for Water Resources hide Water in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_in_California&oldid=843027856 '' Categories : Water in California Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 Articles with obsolete information from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2018 Articles with obsolete information from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 11:00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -9196599201055895577 |
family of trees and shrubs of order ericales | Family Actinidiaceae ( kiwifruit family ) Family Balsaminaceae ( balsam family ) Impatiens balsamina from the Balsaminaceae Family Clethraceae ( clethra family ) Family Cyrillaceae ( cyrilla family ) Family Diapensiaceae Family Ebenaceae ( ebony and persimmon family ) Family Ericaceae ( heath , rhododendron , and blueberry family ) Family Fouquieriaceae ( ocotillo family ) Family Lecythidaceae ( Brazil nut family ) Family Marcgraviaceae Family Mitrastemonaceae Family Pentaphylacaceae Family Polemoniaceae ( phlox family ) Family Primulaceae ( primrose and snowbell family ) Primula rosea from the Primulaceae Family Roridulaceae Family Sapotaceae ( sapodilla family ) Family Sarraceniaceae ( American pitcher plant family ) Family Sladeniaceae Family Styracaceae ( silverbell family ) Family Symplocaceae ( sapphireberry family ) Family Tetrameristaceae Family Theaceae ( tea and camellia family ) | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Ericales Rhododendron simsii Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order : Ericales Bercht. & J. Presl Families Actinidiaceae Balsaminaceae Clethraceae Cyrillaceae Diapensiaceae Ebenaceae Ericaceae Fouquieriaceae Lecythidaceae Marcgraviaceae Mitrastemonaceae Pentaphylacaceae Polemoniaceae Primulaceae Roridulaceae Sapotaceae Sarraceniaceae Sladeniaceae Styracaceae Symplocaceae Tetrameristaceae Theaceae Theophrastaceae",
"Ericales",
"Rhododendron simsii",
"Scientific classification",
"Kingdom : Plantae",
"Clade : Angiosperms",
"Clade : Eudicots",
"Clade : Asterids",
"Order : Ericales Bercht. & J. Presl",
"Families",
"Actinidiaceae Balsaminaceae Clethraceae Cyrillaceae Diapensiaceae Ebenaceae Ericaceae Fouquieriaceae Lecythidaceae Marcgraviaceae Mitrastemonaceae Pentaphylacaceae Polemoniaceae Primulaceae Roridulaceae Sapotaceae Sarraceniaceae Sladeniaceae Styracaceae Symplocaceae Tetrameristaceae Theaceae Theophrastaceae",
"Actinidiaceae Balsaminaceae Clethraceae Cyrillaceae Diapensiaceae Ebenaceae Ericaceae Fouquieriaceae Lecythidaceae Marcgraviaceae Mitrastemonaceae Pentaphylacaceae Polemoniaceae Primulaceae Roridulaceae Sapotaceae Sarraceniaceae Sladeniaceae Styracaceae Symplocaceae Tetrameristaceae Theaceae Theophrastaceae",
"The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons , including , for example , tea , persimmon , blueberry , Brazil nut , and azalea . The order includes trees , bushes , lianas , and herbaceous plants . Together with ordinary autophytic plants , the Ericales include chlorophyll - deficient mycoheterotrophic plants ( e.g. , Sarcodes sanguinea ) and carnivorous plants ( e.g. , genus Sarracenia ) .",
"Many species have five petals , often grown together . Fusion of the petals as a trait was traditionally used to place the order in the subclass Sympetalae .",
"Mycorrhiza is an interesting property , frequently associated with the Ericales . Indeed , symbiosis with root fungi is quite common among the order representatives , and three kinds of it can be found exclusively among Ericales ( namely , ericoid , arbutoid and monotropoid mycorrhiza ) . In addition , some families among the order are notable for their exceptional ability to accumulate aluminum .",
"Ericales are a cosmopolitan order . Areas of distribution of families vary largely - while some are restricted to tropics , others exist mainly in Arctic or temperate regions . The entire order contains over 8,000 species , of which the Ericaceae account for 2,000 - 4,000 species ( by various estimates ) .",
"The most commercially used plant in the order is tea ( Camellia sinensis ) from the Theaceae family . The order also includes some edible fruits , including kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa ) , persimmon ( genus Diospyros ) , blueberry , huckleberry , cranberry , Brazil nut , and Mamey sapote . The order also includes shea ( Vitellaria paradoxa ) , which is the major dietary lipid source for millions of sub-Saharan Africans . Many Ericales species are cultivated for their showy flowers : well - known examples are azalea , rhododendron , camellia , heather , polyanthus , cyclamen , phlox , and busy Lizzie .",
"These families are recognized in the APG III system as members of the Ericales :",
"Family Actinidiaceae ( kiwifruit family ) Family Balsaminaceae ( balsam family ) Impatiens balsamina from the Balsaminaceae Family Clethraceae ( clethra family ) Family Cyrillaceae ( cyrilla family ) Family Diapensiaceae Family Ebenaceae ( ebony and persimmon family ) Family Ericaceae ( heath , rhododendron , and blueberry family ) Family Fouquieriaceae ( ocotillo family ) Family Lecythidaceae ( Brazil nut family ) Family Marcgraviaceae Family Mitrastemonaceae Family Pentaphylacaceae Family Polemoniaceae ( phlox family ) Family Primulaceae ( primrose and snowbell family ) Primula rosea from the Primulaceae Family Roridulaceae Family Sapotaceae ( sapodilla family ) Family Sarraceniaceae ( American pitcher plant family ) Family Sladeniaceae Family Styracaceae ( silverbell family ) Family Symplocaceae ( sapphireberry family ) Family Tetrameristaceae Family Theaceae ( tea and camellia family )",
"Family Actinidiaceae ( kiwifruit family )",
"Family Balsaminaceae ( balsam family ) Impatiens balsamina from the Balsaminaceae",
"Family Clethraceae ( clethra family )",
"Family Cyrillaceae ( cyrilla family )",
"Family Ebenaceae ( ebony and persimmon family )",
"Family Ericaceae ( heath , rhododendron , and blueberry family )",
"Family Fouquieriaceae ( ocotillo family )",
"Family Lecythidaceae ( Brazil nut family )",
"Family Polemoniaceae ( phlox family )",
"Family Primulaceae ( primrose and snowbell family ) Primula rosea from the Primulaceae",
"Family Sapotaceae ( sapodilla family )",
"Family Sarraceniaceae ( American pitcher plant family )",
"Family Styracaceae ( silverbell family )",
"Family Symplocaceae ( sapphireberry family )",
"Family Theaceae ( tea and camellia family )",
"These families are not recognized in the APG III system but have been in common use in the recent past :",
"Family Myrsinaceae ( cyclamen and scarlet pimpernel family ) → Primulaceae Family Pellicieraceae → Tetrameristaceae Family Maesaceae → Primulaceae Family Ternstroemiaceae → Pentaphylacaceae Family Theophrastaceae → Primulaceae",
"Family Myrsinaceae ( cyclamen and scarlet pimpernel family ) → Primulaceae",
"Family Pellicieraceae → Tetrameristaceae",
"Family Maesaceae → Primulaceae",
"Family Ternstroemiaceae → Pentaphylacaceae",
"Family Theophrastaceae → Primulaceae",
"These make up a basal group of asterids . Under the Cronquist system , the Ericales included a smaller group of plants , which were placed among the Dilleniidae :",
"Family Ericaceae Family Cyrillaceae Family Clethraceae Family Grubbiaceae Family Empetraceae Family Epacridaceae Family Pyrolaceae Family Monotropaceae"
] | Ericales - wikipedia Ericales Jump to: navigation , search Ericales Rhododendron simsii Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order: Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl Families Actinidiaceae Balsaminaceae Clethraceae Cyrillaceae Diapensiaceae Ebenaceae Ericaceae Fouquieriaceae Lecythidaceae Marcgraviaceae Mitrastemonaceae Pentaphylacaceae Polemoniaceae Primulaceae Roridulaceae Sapotaceae Sarraceniaceae Sladeniaceae Styracaceae Symplocaceae Tetrameristaceae Theaceae Theophrastaceae The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons , including, for example, tea , persimmon , blueberry , Brazil nut , and azalea . The order includes trees , bushes , lianas , and herbaceous plants. Together with ordinary autophytic plants, the Ericales include chlorophyll -deficient mycoheterotrophic plants (e.g., Sarcodes sanguinea ) and carnivorous plants (e.g., genus Sarracenia ). Many species have five petals, often grown together. Fusion of the petals as a trait was traditionally used to place the order in the subclass Sympetalae . Mycorrhiza is an interesting property, frequently associated with the Ericales. Indeed, symbiosis with root fungi is quite common among the order representatives, and three kinds of it can be found exclusively among Ericales (namely, ericoid, arbutoid and monotropoid mycorrhiza). In addition, some families among the order are notable for their exceptional ability to accumulate aluminum . Ericales are a cosmopolitan order. Areas of distribution of families vary largely - while some are restricted to tropics, others exist mainly in Arctic or temperate regions. The entire order contains over 8,000 species, of which the Ericaceae account for 2,000-4,000 species (by various estimates). Contents ( hide ) 1 Economic importance 2 Classification 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Economic importance ( Edit ) The most commercially used plant in the order is tea ( Camellia sinensis ) from the Theaceae family. The order also includes some edible fruits, including kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa ), persimmon (genus Diospyros ), blueberry , huckleberry , cranberry , Brazil nut , and Mamey sapote . The order also includes shea ( Vitellaria paradoxa ), which is the major dietary lipid source for millions of sub-Saharan Africans. Many Ericales species are cultivated for their showy flowers: well-known examples are azalea , rhododendron , camellia , heather , polyanthus , cyclamen , phlox , and busy Lizzie . Classification ( Edit ) These families are recognized in the APG III system as members of the Ericales: Family Actinidiaceae ( kiwifruit family) Family Balsaminaceae ( balsam family) Impatiens balsamina from the Balsaminaceae Family Clethraceae ( clethra family) Family Cyrillaceae ( cyrilla family) Family Diapensiaceae Family Ebenaceae ( ebony and persimmon family) Family Ericaceae ( heath , rhododendron , and blueberry family) Family Fouquieriaceae ( ocotillo family) Family Lecythidaceae ( Brazil nut family) Family Marcgraviaceae Family Mitrastemonaceae Family Pentaphylacaceae Family Polemoniaceae ( phlox family) Family Primulaceae ( primrose and snowbell family) Primula rosea from the Primulaceae Family Roridulaceae Family Sapotaceae ( sapodilla family) Family Sarraceniaceae (American pitcher plant family) Family Sladeniaceae Family Styracaceae ( silverbell family) Family Symplocaceae (sapphireberry family) Family Tetrameristaceae Family Theaceae ( tea and camellia family) These families are not recognized in the APG III system but have been in common use in the recent past: Family Myrsinaceae ( cyclamen and scarlet pimpernel family) → Primulaceae Family Pellicieraceae → Tetrameristaceae Family Maesaceae → Primulaceae Family Ternstroemiaceae → Pentaphylacaceae Family Theophrastaceae → Primulaceae These make up a basal group of asterids . Under the Cronquist system , the Ericales included a smaller group of plants, which were placed among the Dilleniidae : Family Ericaceae Family Cyrillaceae Family Clethraceae Family Grubbiaceae Family Empetraceae Family Epacridaceae Family Pyrolaceae Family Monotropaceae See also ( edit ) Paradinandra References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to: Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). `` An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III'' (PDF) . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 161 (2): 105-- 121. doi : 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x . Retrieved 2013-07-06 . Jump up ^ Robyns, W. (31 December 1972). `` Outline of a New System of Orders and Families of Sympetalae'' . Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National Belgique. 42 : 363-- 372. doi : 10.2307/3667661 . JSTOR 3667661 . Jump up ^ (Jansen et al., 2004). Jump up ^ Bremer, Birgitta; Kåre Bremera; Nahid Heidaria; Per Erixona; Richard G. Olmsteadb; Arne A. Anderbergc; Mari Källersjöd ; Edit Barkhordarian (August 2002). `` Phylogenetics of asterids based on 3 coding and 3 non-coding chloroplast DNA markers and the utility of non-coding DNA at higher taxonomic levels'' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 24 (2): 274-- 301. doi : 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00240-3 . PMID 12144762 . Bibliography ( Edit ) B.C.J. du Mortier (1829). Analyse des Familles de Plantes : avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent , 28. Imprimerie de J. Casterman, Tournay. S. Jansen, T. Watanabe, P. Caris, K. Geuten, F. Lens, N. Pyck, E. Smets (2004). The Distribution and Phylogeny of Aluminium Accumulating Plants in the Ericales. Plant Biology (Stuttgart) 6 , 498-505. Thieme, Stuttgart. (Available online: DOI Abstract ) W.S. Judd, C.S. Campbell, E.A. Kellogg, P.F. Stevens, M.J. Donoghue (2002). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition. pp. 425-- 436 (Ericales). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-87893-403-0 . E. Smets, N. Pyck (Feb 2003). Ericales (Rhododendron). In: Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences . Nature Publishing Group, London. (Available online: ELS Site ) Arne A. Anderberg; Bertil Stahl; Mari Kallersjo (May 2000). `` Maesaceae, a New Primuloid Family in the Order Ericales s.l.'' . Taxon . International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). 49 (2): 183-- 187. doi : 10.2307/1223834 . JSTOR 1223834 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ericales . Wikispecies has information related to Ericales Taxon identifiers Wd : Q21737 EoL : 4186 EPPO : 1ERIO GBIF : 1353 ITIS : 23443 NCBI : 41945 VASCAN: 27 WoRMS : 413965 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ericales&oldid=826032889 '' Categories : Ericales Angiosperm orders Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles with ' species' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018, at 20:32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 2449310140447193955 |
levels of prevention and their application in health management | The preventive care services mainly focuses on chronic disease , the Congressional Budget Office has provided guidance that further research in the area of the economic impacts of obesity in the US before the CBO can estimate budgetary consequences . A bipartisan report published in May 2015 , recognizes that the potential of the preventive care to improve patients health at individual and population levels while decreasing the healthcare expenditure . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Preventive healthcare ( alternately preventive medicine or prophylaxis ) consists of measures taken for disease prevention , as opposed to disease treatment . Just as health encompasses a variety of physical and mental states , so do disease and disability , which are affected by environmental factors , genetic predisposition , disease agents , and lifestyle choices . Health , disease , and disability are dynamic processes which begin before individuals realize they are affected . Disease prevention relies on anticipatory actions that can be categorized as primal , primary , secondary , and tertiary prevention .",
"Each year , millions of people die of preventable deaths . A 2004 study showed that about half of all deaths in the United States in 2000 were due to preventable behaviors and exposures . Leading causes included cardiovascular disease , chronic respiratory disease , unintentional injuries , diabetes , and certain infectious diseases . This same study estimates that 400,000 people die each year in the United States due to poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle . According to estimates made by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , about 55 million people died worldwide in 2011 , two thirds of this group from non-communicable diseases , including cancer , diabetes , and chronic cardiovascular and lung diseases . This is an increase from the year 2000 , during which 60 % of deaths were attributed to these diseases . Preventive healthcare is especially important given the worldwide rise in prevalence of chronic diseases and deaths from these diseases .",
"There are many methods for prevention of disease . It is recommended that adults and children aim to visit their doctor for regular check - ups , even if they feel healthy , to perform disease screening , identify risk factors for disease , discuss tips for a healthy and balanced lifestyle , stay up to date with immunizations and boosters , and maintain a good relationship with a healthcare provider . Some common disease screenings include checking for hypertension ( high blood pressure ) , hyperglycemia ( high blood sugar , a risk factor for diabetes mellitus ) , hypercholesterolemia ( high blood cholesterol ) , screening for colon cancer , depression , HIV and other common types of sexually transmitted disease such as chlamydia , syphilis , and gonorrhea , mammography ( to screen for breast cancer ) , colorectal cancer screening , a pap test ( to check for cervical cancer ) , and screening for osteoporosis . Genetic testing can also be performed to screen for mutations that cause genetic disorders or predisposition to certain diseases such as breast or ovarian cancer . However , these measures are not affordable for every individual and the cost effectiveness of preventive healthcare is still a topic of debate .",
"Preventive healthcare strategies are described as taking place at the primal , primary , secondary , and tertiary prevention levels . In the 1940s , Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark coined the term primary prevention . They worked at the Harvard and Columbia University Schools of Public Health , respectively , and later expanded the levels to include secondary and tertiary prevention . Goldston ( 1987 ) notes that these levels might be better described as `` prevention , treatment , and rehabilitation '' , though the terms primary , secondary , and tertiary prevention are still in use today . The concept of primal prevention has been created much more recently , in relation to the new developments in molecular biology over the last fifty years , more particularly in epigenetics , which point to the paramount importance of environmental conditions - both physical and affective - on the organism during its fetal and newborn life ( or so - called primal life ) .",
"Level Definition Primal and primordial prevention Any measure aimed at helping future parents provide their upcoming child with adequate attention , as well as secure physical and affective environments from conception to first birthday ( i.e. , over the child 's primal period of life ) . Primordial prevention refers to measures designed to avoid the development of risk factors in the first place , early in life . Primary prevention Methods to avoid occurrence of disease either through eliminating disease agents or increasing resistance to disease . Examples include immunization against disease , maintaining a healthy diet and exercise regimen , and avoiding smoking . Secondary prevention Methods to detect and address an existing disease prior to the appearance of symptoms . Examples include treatment of hypertension ( a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases ) , cancer screenings Tertiary prevention Methods to reduce the harm of symptomatic disease , such as disability or death , through rehabilitation and treatment . Examples include surgical procedures that halt the spread or progression of disease Quaternary prevention Methods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system",
"Level Definition",
"Primal and primordial prevention Any measure aimed at helping future parents provide their upcoming child with adequate attention , as well as secure physical and affective environments from conception to first birthday ( i.e. , over the child 's primal period of life ) . Primordial prevention refers to measures designed to avoid the development of risk factors in the first place , early in life .",
"Primordial prevention refers to measures designed to avoid the development of risk factors in the first place , early in life .",
"Primary prevention Methods to avoid occurrence of disease either through eliminating disease agents or increasing resistance to disease . Examples include immunization against disease , maintaining a healthy diet and exercise regimen , and avoiding smoking .",
"Secondary prevention Methods to detect and address an existing disease prior to the appearance of symptoms . Examples include treatment of hypertension ( a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases ) , cancer screenings",
"Tertiary prevention Methods to reduce the harm of symptomatic disease , such as disability or death , through rehabilitation and treatment . Examples include surgical procedures that halt the spread or progression of disease",
"Quaternary prevention Methods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system",
"A separate category of `` health promotion '' has recently been propounded . This health promotion par excellence is based on the ' new knowledge ' in molecular biology , in particular on epigenetic knowledge , which points to how much affective - as well as physical - environment during fetal and newborn life may determine each and every aspect of adult health . This new way of promoting health is now commonly called primal prevention . It consists mainly in providing future parents with pertinent , unbiased information on primal health and supporting them during their child 's primal period of life ( i.e. , `` from conception to first anniversary '' according to definition by the Primal Health Research Centre , London ) . This includes adequate parental leave - ideally for both parents - with kin caregiving and financial help where needed .",
"Another related concept is primordial prevention which to refers to all measures designed to prevent the development of risk factors in the first place , early in life .",
"Primary prevention consists of traditional `` health promotion '' and `` specific protection . '' Health promotion activities are current , non-clinical life choices . For example , eating nutritious meals and exercising daily , that both prevent disease and create a sense of overall well - being . Preventing disease and creating overall well - being , prolongs our life expectancy . Health - promotional activities do not target a specific disease or condition but rather promote health and well - being on a very general level . On the other hand , specific protection targets a type or group of diseases and complements the goals of health promotion . In the case of a sexually transmitted disease such as syphilis health promotion activities would include avoiding microorganisms by maintaining personal hygiene , routine check - up appointments with the doctor , general sex education , etc. whereas specific protective measures would be using prophylactics ( such as condoms ) during sex and avoiding sexual promiscuity .",
"Food is very much the most basic tool in preventive health care . The 2011 National Health Interview Survey performed by the Centers for Disease Control was the first national survey to include questions about ability to pay for food . Difficulty with paying for food , medicine , or both is a problem facing 1 out of 3 Americans . If better food options were available through food banks , soup kitchens , and other resources for low - income people , obesity and the chronic conditions that come along with it would be better controlled A `` food desert '' is an area with restricted access to healthy foods due to a lack of supermarkets within a reasonable distance . These are often low - income neighborhoods with the majority of residents lacking transportation . There have been several grassroots movements in the past 20 years to encourage urban gardening , such as the GreenThumb organization in New York City . Urban gardening uses vacant lots to grow food for a neighborhood and is cultivated by the local residents . Mobile fresh markets are another resource for residents in a `` food desert '' , which are specially outfitted buses bringing affordable fresh fruits and vegetables to low - income neighborhoods . These programs often hold educational events as well such as cooking and nutrition guidance . Programs such as these are helping to provide healthy , affordable foods to the people who need them the most .",
"Scientific advancements in genetics have significantly contributed to the knowledge of hereditary diseases and have facilitated great progress in specific protective measures in individuals who are carriers of a disease gene or have an increased predisposition to a specific disease . Genetic testing has allowed physicians to make quicker and more accurate diagnoses and has allowed for tailored treatments or personalized medicine . Similarly , specific protective measures such as water purification , sewage treatment , and the development of personal hygienic routines ( such as regular hand - washing ) became mainstream upon the discovery of infectious disease agents such as bacteria . These discoveries have been instrumental in decreasing the rates of communicable diseases that are often spread in unsanitary conditions .",
"Secondary prevention deals with latent diseases and attempts to prevent an asymptomatic disease from progressing to symptomatic disease . Certain diseases can be classified as primary or secondary . This depends on definitions of what constitutes a disease , though , in general , primary prevention addresses the root cause of a disease or injury whereas secondary prevention aims to detect and treat a disease early on . Secondary prevention consists of `` early diagnosis and prompt treatment '' to contain the disease and prevent its spread to other individuals , and `` disability limitation '' to prevent potential future complications and disabilities from the disease . For example , early diagnosis and prompt treatment for a syphilis patient would include a course of antibiotics to destroy the pathogen and screening and treatment of any infants born to syphilitic mothers . Disability limitation for syphilitic patients includes continued check - ups on the heart , cerebrospinal fluid , and central nervous system of patients to curb any damaging effects such as blindness or paralysis .",
"Finally , tertiary prevention attempts to reduce the damage caused by symptomatic disease by focusing on mental , physical , and social rehabilitation . Unlike secondary prevention , which aims to prevent disability , the objective of tertiary prevention is to maximize the remaining capabilities and functions of an already disabled patient . Goals of tertiary prevention include : preventing pain and damage , halting progression and complications from disease , and restoring the health and functions of the individuals affected by disease . For syphilitic patients , rehabilitation includes measures to prevent complete disability from the disease , such as implementing work - place adjustments for the blind and paralyzed or providing counseling to restore normal daily functions to the greatest extent possible .",
"The leading cause of death in the United States was tobacco . However , poor diet and lack of exercise may soon surpass tobacco as a leading cause of death . These behaviors are modifiable and public health and prevention efforts could make a difference to reduce these deaths .",
"Leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States in the year 2000 Cause Deaths caused % of all deaths Tobacco smoking 435,000 18.1 Poor diet and physical inactivity 400,000 16.6 Alcohol consumption 85,000 3.5 Infectious diseases 75,000 3.1 Toxicants 55,000 2.3 Traffic collisions 43,000 1.8 Firearm incidents 29,000 1.2 Sexually transmitted infections 20,000 0.8 Drug abuse 17,000 0.7",
"Cause Deaths caused % of all deaths",
"Tobacco smoking 435,000 18.1",
"Poor diet and physical inactivity 400,000 16.6",
"Alcohol consumption 85,000 3.5",
"Infectious diseases 75,000 3.1",
"Toxicants 55,000 2.3",
"Traffic collisions 43,000 1.8",
"Firearm incidents 29,000 1.2",
"Sexually transmitted infections 20,000 0.8",
"Drug abuse 17,000 0.7",
"The leading causes of preventable death worldwide share similar trends to the United States . There are a few differences between the two , such as malnutrition , pollution , and unsafe sanitation , that reflect health disparities between the developing and developed world .",
"Leading causes of preventable death worldwide as of the year 2001 Cause Deaths caused ( millions per year ) Hypertension 7.8 Smoking 5.0 High cholesterol 3.9 Malnutrition 3.8 Sexually transmitted infections 3.0 Poor diet 2.8 Overweight and obesity 2.5 Physical inactivity 2.0 Alcohol 1.9 Indoor air pollution from solid fuels 1.8 Unsafe water and poor sanitation 1.6",
"Cause Deaths caused ( millions per year )",
"Hypertension 7.8",
"Smoking 5.0",
"High cholesterol 3.9",
"Malnutrition 3.8",
"Sexually transmitted infections 3.0",
"Poor diet 2.8",
"Overweight and obesity 2.5",
"Physical inactivity 2.0",
"Alcohol 1.9",
"Indoor air pollution from solid fuels 1.8",
"Unsafe water and poor sanitation 1.6",
"In 2010 , 7.6 million children died before reaching the age of 5 . While this is a decrease from 9.6 million in the year 2000 , it is still far from the fourth Millennium Development Goal to decrease child mortality by two - thirds by the year 2015 . Of these deaths , about 64 % were due to infection ( including diarrhea , pneumonia , and malaria ) . About 40 % of these deaths occurred in neonates ( children ages 1 -- 28 days ) due to pre-term birth complications . The highest number of child deaths occurred in Africa and Southeast Asia . In Africa , almost no progress has been made in reducing neonatal death since 1990 . India , Nigeria , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Pakistan , and China contributed to almost 50 % of global child deaths in 2010 . Targeting efforts in these countries is essential to reducing the global child death rate .",
"Child mortality is caused by a variety of factors including poverty , environmental hazards , and lack of maternal education . The World Health Organization created a list of interventions in the following table that were judged economically and operationally `` feasible , '' based on the healthcare resources and infrastructure in 42 nations that contribute to 90 % of all infant and child deaths . The table indicates how many infant and child deaths could have been prevented in the year 2000 , assuming universal healthcare coverage .",
"Leading preventive interventions that reduce deaths in children 0 -- 5 years old worldwide Intervention Percent of all child deaths preventable Breastfeeding 13 Insecticide - treated materials 7 Complementary feeding 6 Zinc Clean delivery Hib vaccine Water , sanitation , hygiene Antenatal steroids Newborn temperature management Vitamin A Tetanus toxoid Nevirapine and replacement feeding Antibiotics for premature rupture of membranes Measles vaccine Antimalarial intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy < 1 %",
"Intervention Percent of all child deaths preventable",
"Breastfeeding 13",
"Insecticide - treated materials 7",
"Complementary feeding 6",
"Zinc",
"Clean delivery",
"Hib vaccine",
"Water , sanitation , hygiene",
"Antenatal steroids",
"Newborn temperature management",
"Vitamin A",
"Tetanus toxoid",
"Nevirapine and replacement feeding",
"Antibiotics for premature rupture of membranes",
"Measles vaccine",
"Antimalarial intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy < 1 %",
"Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide variety of conditions including cardiovascular diseases , hypertension , certain cancers , and type 2 diabetes . In order to prevent obesity , it is recommended that individuals adhere to a consistent exercise regimen as well as a nutritious and balanced diet . A healthy individual should aim for acquiring 10 % of their energy from proteins , 15 - 20 % from fat , and over 50 % from complex carbohydrates , while avoiding alcohol as well as foods high in fat , salt , and sugar . Sedentary adults should aim for at least half an hour of moderate - level daily physical activity and eventually increase to include at least 20 minutes of intense exercise , three times a week . Preventive health care offers many benefits to those that chose to participate in taking an active role in the culture . The medical system in our society is geared toward curing acute symptoms of disease after the fact that they have brought us into the emergency room . An ongoing epidemic within American culture is the prevalence of obesity . Eating healthier and routinely exercising plays a huge role in reducing an individuals risk for type 2 diabetes . About 23.6 million people in the United States have diabetes . Of those , 17.9 million are diagnosed and 5.7 million are undiagnosed . Ninety to 95 percent of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes . Diabetes is the main cause of kidney failure , limb amputation , and new - onset blindness in American adults .",
"STIs are common both in history and in today 's society . STIs can be asymptomatic or cause a range of symptoms . Condom and other barrier use reduces the risk of acquiring some STIs . STI prophylaxis includes : condom use , abstinence , testing and screening a partner , regular health check - ups , and certain medications such as Truvada .",
"Thrombosis is a serious circulatory disease affecting thousands , usually older persons undergoing surgical procedures , women taking oral contraceptives and travelers . Consequences of thrombosis can be heart attacks and strokes . Prevention can include : exercise , anti-embolism stockings , pneumatic devices , and pharmacological treatments .",
"In recent years , cancer has become a global problem . Low and middle income countries share a majority of the cancer burden largely due to exposure to carcinogens resulting from industrialization and globalization . However , primary prevention of cancer and knowledge of cancer risk factors can reduce over one third of all cancer cases . Primary prevention of cancer can also prevent other diseases , both communicable and non-communicable , that share common risk factors with cancer .",
"Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer - related deaths in the United States and Europe and is a major cause of death in other countries . Tobacco is an environmental carcinogen and the major underlying cause of lung cancer . Between 25 % and 40 % of all cancer deaths and about 90 % of lung cancer cases are associated with tobacco use . Other carcinogens include asbestos and radioactive materials . Both smoking and second - hand exposure from other smokers can lead to lung cancer and eventually death . Therefore , prevention of tobacco use is paramount to prevention of lung cancer .",
"Individual , community , and statewide interventions can prevent or cease tobacco use . 90 % of adults in the US who have ever smoked did so prior to the age of 20 . In - school prevention / educational programs , as well as counseling resources , can help prevent and cease adolescent smoking . Other cessation techniques include group support programs , nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) , hypnosis , and self - motivated behavioral change . Studies have shown long term success rates ( > 1 year ) of 20 % for hypnosis and 10 % - 20 % for group therapy .",
"Cancer screening programs serve as effective sources of secondary prevention . The Mayo Clinic , Johns Hopkins , and Memorial Sloan - Kettering hospitals conducted annual x-ray screenings and sputum cytology tests and found that lung cancer was detected at higher rates , earlier stages , and had more favorable treatment outcomes , which supports widespread investment in such programs .",
"Legislation can also affect smoking prevention and cessation . In 1992 , Massachusetts ( United States ) voters passed a bill adding an extra 25 cent tax to each pack of cigarettes , despite intense lobbying and a $7.3 million spent by the tobacco industry to oppose this bill . Tax revenue goes toward tobacco education and control programs and has led to a decline of tobacco use in the state .",
"Lung cancer and tobacco smoking are increasing worldwide , especially in China . China is responsible for about one - third of the global consumption and production of tobacco products . Tobacco control policies have been ineffective as China is home to 350 million regular smokers and 750 million passive smokers and the annual death toll is over 1 million . Recommended actions to reduce tobacco use include : decreasing tobacco supply , increasing tobacco taxes , widespread educational campaigns , decreasing advertising from the tobacco industry , and increasing tobacco cessation support resources . In Wuhan , China , a 1998 school - based program , implemented an anti-tobacco curriculum for adolescents and reduced the number of regular smokers , though it did not significantly decrease the number of adolescents who initiated smoking . This program was therefore effective in secondary but not primary prevention and shows that school - based programs have the potential to reduce tobacco use .",
"Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States . The most lethal form of skin cancer , melanoma , leads to over 50,000 annual deaths in the United States . Childhood prevention is particularly important because a significant portion of ultraviolet radiation exposure from the sun occurs during childhood and adolescence and can subsequently lead to skin cancer in adulthood . Furthermore , childhood prevention can lead to the development of healthy habits that continue to prevent cancer for a lifetime .",
"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) recommends several primary prevention methods including : limiting sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM , when the sun is strongest , wearing tighter - weave natural cotton clothing , wide - brim hats , and sunglasses as protective covers , using sunscreens that protect against both UV - A and UV - B rays , and avoiding tanning salons . Sunscreen should be reapplied after sweating , exposure to water ( through swimming for example ) or after several hours of sun exposure . Since skin cancer is very preventable , the CDC recommends school - level prevention programs including preventive curricula , family involvement , participation and support from the school 's health services , and partnership with community , state , and national agencies and organizations to keep children away from excessive UV radiation exposure .",
"Most skin cancer and sun protection data comes from Australia and the United States . An international study reported that Australians tended to demonstrate higher knowledge of sun protection and skin cancer knowledge , compared to other countries . Of children , adolescents , and adults , sunscreen was the most commonly used skin protection . However , many adolescents purposely used sunscreen with a low sun protection factor ( SPF ) in order to get a tan . Various Australian studies have shown that many adults failed to use sunscreen correctly ; many applied sunscreen well after their initial sun exposure and / or failed to reapply when necessary . A 2002 case - control study in Brazil showed that only 3 % of case participants and 11 % of control participants used sunscreen with SPF > 15 .",
"Cervical cancer ranks among the top three most common cancers among women in Latin America , sub-Saharan Africa , and parts of Asia . Cervical cytology screening aims to detect abnormal lesions in the cervix so that women can undergo treatment prior to the development of cancer . Given that high quality screening and follow - up care has been shown to reduce cervical cancer rates by up to 80 % , most developed countries now encourage sexually active women to undergo a pap test every 3 -- 5 years . Finland and Iceland have developed effective organized programs with routine monitoring and have managed to significantly reduce cervical cancer mortality while using fewer resources than unorganized , opportunistic programs such as those in the United States or Canada .",
"In developing nations in Latin America , such as Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , and Cuba , both public and privately organized programs have offered women routine cytological screening since the 1970s . However , these efforts have not resulted in a significant change in cervical cancer incidence or mortality in these nations . This is likely due to low quality , inefficient testing . However , Puerto Rico , which has offered early screening since the 1960s , has witnessed an almost a 50 % decline in cervical cancer incidence and almost a four-fold decrease in mortality between 1950 and 1990 . Brazil , Peru , India , and several high - risk nations in sub-Saharan Africa which lack organized screening programs , have a high incidence of cervical cancer .",
"Colorectal cancer is globally the second most common cancer in women and the third-most common in men , and the fourth most common cause of cancer death after lung , stomach , and liver cancer , having caused 715,000 deaths in 2010 .",
"It is also highly preventable ; about 80 percent of colorectal cancers begin as benign growths , commonly called polyps , which can be easily detected and removed during a colonoscopy . Other methods of screening for polyps and cancers include fecal occult blood testing . Lifestyle changes that may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer include increasing consumption of whole grains , fruits and vegetables , and reducing consumption of red meat ( see Colorectal cancer ) .",
"Access to healthcare and preventive health services is unequal , as is the quality of care received . A study conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) revealed health disparities in the United States . In the United States , elderly adults ( > 65 years old ) received worse care and had less access to care than their younger counterparts . The same trends are seen when comparing all racial minorities ( black , Hispanic , Asian ) to white patients , and low - income people to high - income people . Common barriers to accessing and utilizing healthcare resources included lack of income and education , language barriers , and lack of health insurance . Minorities were less likely than whites to possess health insurance , as were individuals who completed less education . These disparities made it more difficult for the disadvantaged groups to have regular access to a primary care provider , receive immunizations , or receive other types of medical care . Additionally , uninsured people tend to not seek care until their diseases progress to chronic and serious states and they are also more likely to forgo necessary tests , treatments , and filling prescription medications .",
"These sorts of disparities and barriers exist worldwide as well . Oftentimes there are decades of gaps in life expectancy between developing and developed countries . For example , Japan has an average life expectancy that is 36 years greater than that in Malawi . Low - income countries also tend to have fewer physicians than high - income countries . In Nigeria and Myanmar , there are fewer than 4 physicians per 100,000 people while Norway and Switzerland have a ratio that is ten-fold higher . Common barriers worldwide include lack of availability of health services and healthcare providers in the region , great physical distance between the home and health service facilities , high transportation costs , high treatment costs , and social norms and stigma toward accessing certain health services .",
"With lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise rising to the top of preventable death statistics , the economics of healthy lifestyle is a growing concern . There is little question that positive lifestyle choices provide an investment in health throughout life . To gauge success , traditional measures such as the quality years of life method ( QALY ) , show great value . However , that method does not account for the cost of chronic conditions or future lost earnings because of poor health . Developing future economic models that would guide both private and public investments as well as drive future policy to evaluate the efficacy of positive lifestyle choices on health is a major topic for economists globally .",
"Americans spend over three trillion a year on health care but have a higher rate of infant mortality , shorter life expectancies , and a higher rate of diabetes than other high - income nations because of negative lifestyle choices . Despite these large costs , very little is spent on prevention for lifestyle - caused conditions in comparison . The Journal of American Medical Association estimates that $101 billion was spent in 2013 on the preventable disease of diabetes , and another $88 billion was spent on heart disease . In an effort to encourage healthy lifestyle choices , workplace wellness programs are on the rise ; but the economics and effectiveness data are still continuing to evolve and develop .",
"Health insurance coverage impacts lifestyle choices . In a study by Sudano and Baker , even intermittent loss of coverage has negative effects on healthy choices . The potential repeal of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) could significantly impact coverage for many Americans , as well as `` The Prevention and Public Health Fund '' which is our nation 's first and only mandatory funding stream dedicated to improving the public 's health . Also covered in the ACA is counseling on lifestyle prevention issues , such as weight management , alcohol use , and treatment for depression . Policy makers can have substantial effects on the lifestyle choices made by Americans .",
"Because chronic illnesses predominate as a cause of death in the US and pathways for treating chronic illnesses are complex and multifaceted , prevention is a best practice approach to chronic disease when possible . In many cases , prevention requires mapping complex pathways to determine the ideal point for intervention . In addition to efficacy , prevention is considered a cost - saving measure . Cost - effectiveness analysis of prevention is achievable , but impacted by the length of time it takes to see effects / outcomes of intervention . This makes prevention efforts difficult to fund -- particularly in strained financial contexts . Prevention potentially creates other costs as well , due to extending the lifespan and thereby increasing opportunities for illness . In order to establish reliable economics of prevention for illnesses that are complicated in origin , knowing how best to assess prevention efforts , i.e. developing useful measures and appropriate scope , is required .",
"There is no general consensus as to whether or not preventive healthcare measures are cost - effective , but they increase the quality of life dramatically . There are varying views on what constitutes a `` good investment . '' Some argue that preventive health measures should save more money than they cost , when factoring in treatment costs in the absence of such measures . Others argue in favor of `` good value '' or conferring significant health benefits even if the measures do not save money Furthermore , preventive health services are often described as one entity though they comprise a myriad of different services , each of which can individually lead to net costs , savings , or neither . Greater differentiation of these services is necessary to fully understand both the financial and health effects .",
"A 2010 study reported that in the United States , vaccinating children , cessation of smoking , daily prophylactic use of aspirin , and screening of breast and colorectal cancers had the most potential to prevent premature death . Preventive health measures that resulted in savings included vaccinating children and adults , smoking cessation , daily use of aspirin , and screening for issues with alcoholism , obesity , and vision failure . These authors estimated that if usage of these services in the United States increased to 90 % of the population , there would be net savings of $3.7 billion , which comprised only about - 0.2 % of the total 2006 United States healthcare expenditure . Despite the potential for decreasing healthcare spending , utilization of healthcare resources in the United States still remains low , especially among Latinos and African - Americans . Overall , preventive services are difficult to implement because healthcare providers have limited time with patients and must integrate a variety of preventive health measures from different sources .",
"While these specific services bring about small net savings not every preventive health measure saves more than it costs . A 1970s study showed that preventing heart attacks by treating hypertension early on with drugs actually did not save money in the long run . The money saved by evading treatment from heart attack and stroke only amounted to about a quarter of the cost of the drugs . Similarly , it was found that the cost of drugs or dietary changes to decrease high blood cholesterol exceeded the cost of subsequent heart disease treatment . Due to these findings , some argue that rather than focusing healthcare reform efforts exclusively on preventive care , the interventions that bring about the highest level of health should be prioritized .",
"Cohen et al. ( 2008 ) outline a few arguments made by skeptics of preventive healthcare . Many argue that preventive measures only cost less than future treatment when the proportion of the population that would become ill in the absence of prevention is fairly large . The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group conducted a 2012 study evaluating the costs and benefits ( in quality - adjusted life - years or QALY 's ) of lifestyle changes versus taking the drug metformin . They found that neither method brought about financial savings , but were cost - effective nonetheless because they brought about an increase in QALY 's . In addition to scrutinizing costs , preventive healthcare skeptics also examine efficiency of interventions . They argue that while many treatments of existing diseases involve use of advanced equipment and technology , in some cases , this is a more efficient use of resources than attempts to prevent the disease . Cohen et al. ( 2008 ) suggest that the preventive measures most worth exploring and investing in are those that could benefit a large portion of the population to bring about cumulative and widespread health benefits at a reasonable cost .",
"Cost - Effectiveness of Childhood Obesity Interventions",
"Cost - Effectiveness of Childhood Obesity Interventions",
"There are at least four nationally implemented childhood obesity interventions in the United States : the Sugar - Sweetened Beverage excise tax ( SSB ) , the TV AD program , active physical education ( Active PE ) policies , and early care and education ( ECE ) policies . They each have similar goals of reducing childhood obesity . The effects of these interventions on BMI have been studied , and the cost - effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) has led to a better understanding of projected cost reductions and improved health outcomes . The Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost - Effectiveness Study ( CHOICES ) was conducted to evaluate and compare the CEA of these four interventions .",
"Gortmaker , S.L. et al. ( 2015 ) states : `` The four initial interventions were selected by the investigators to represent a broad range of nationally scalable strategies to reduce childhood obesity using a mix of both policy and programmatic strategies ... 1 . an excise tax of $0.01 per ounce of sweetened beverages , applied nationally and administered at the state level ( SSB ) , 2 . elimination of the tax deductibility of advertising costs of TV advertisements for `` nutritionally poor '' foods and beverages seen by children and adolescents ( TV AD ) , 3 . state policy requiring all public elementary schools in which physical education ( PE ) is currently provided to devote ≥ 50 % of PE class time to moderate and vigorous physical activity ( Active PE ) , and 4 . state policy to make early child educational settings healthier by increasing physical activity , improving nutrition , and reducing screen time ( ECE ) . ''",
"The CHOICES found that SSB , TV AD , and ECE led to net cost savings . Both SSB and TV AD increased quality adjusted life years and produced yearly tax revenue of 12.5 billion US dollars and 80 million US dollars , respectively .",
"Some challenges with evaluating the effectiveness of child obesity interventions include :",
"The economic consequences of childhood obesity are both short and long term . In the short term , obesity impairs cognitive achievement and academic performance . Some believe this is secondary to negative effects on mood or energy , but others suggest there may be physiological factors involved . Furthermore , obese children have increased health care expenses ( e.g. medications , acute care visits ) . In the long term , obese children tend to become obese adults with associated increased risk for a chronic condition such as diabetes or hypertension . Any effect on their cognitive development may also affect their contributions to society and socioeconomic status . In the CHOICES , it was noted that translating the effects of these interventions may in fact differ among communities throughout the nation . In addition it was suggested that limited outcomes are studied and these interventions may have an additional effect that is not fully appreciated . Modeling outcomes in such interventions in children over the long term is challenging because advances in medicine and medical technology are unpredictable . The projections from cost - effective analysis may need to be reassessed more frequently .",
"The economic consequences of childhood obesity are both short and long term . In the short term , obesity impairs cognitive achievement and academic performance . Some believe this is secondary to negative effects on mood or energy , but others suggest there may be physiological factors involved . Furthermore , obese children have increased health care expenses ( e.g. medications , acute care visits ) . In the long term , obese children tend to become obese adults with associated increased risk for a chronic condition such as diabetes or hypertension . Any effect on their cognitive development may also affect their contributions to society and socioeconomic status .",
"In the CHOICES , it was noted that translating the effects of these interventions may in fact differ among communities throughout the nation . In addition it was suggested that limited outcomes are studied and these interventions may have an additional effect that is not fully appreciated .",
"Modeling outcomes in such interventions in children over the long term is challenging because advances in medicine and medical technology are unpredictable . The projections from cost - effective analysis may need to be reassessed more frequently .",
"The Economics of Preventive Care in the US",
"The Economics of Preventive Care in the US",
"The cost - effectiveness of preventive care is a highly debated topic . While some economists argue that preventive care is valuable and potentially cost saving , others believe it is an inefficient waste of resources . Preventive care is composed of a variety of clinical services and programs including annual doctor 's check - ups , annual immunizations , and wellness programs .",
"Clinical Preventive Services & Programs",
"Research on preventive care addresses the question of whether it is cost saving or cost effective and whether there is an economics evidence base for health promotion and disease prevention . The need for and interest in preventive care is driven by the imperative to reduce health care costs while improving quality of care and the patient experience . Preventive care can lead to improved health outcomes and cost savings potential . Services such as health assessments / screenings , prenatal care , and telehealth and telemedicine can reduce morbidity or mortality with low cost or cost savings . Specifically , health assessments / screenings have cost savings potential , with varied cost - effectiveness based on screening and assessment type . Inadequate prenatal care can lead to an increased risk of prematurity , stillbirth , and infant death . Time is the ultimate resource and preventive care can help mitigate the time costs . Telehealth and telemedicine is one option that has gained consumer interest , acceptance and confidence and can improve quality of care and patient satisfaction .",
"Understanding the Economics for Investment",
"There are benefits and trade - offs when considering investment in preventive care versus other types of clinical services . Preventive care can be a good investment as supported by the evidence base and can drive population health management objectives . The concepts of cost saving and cost - effectiveness are different and both are relevant to preventive care . For example , preventive care that may not save money may still provide health benefits . Thus , there is a need to compare interventions relative to impact on health and cost .",
"Preventive care transcends demographics and is applicable to people of every age . The Health Capital Theory underpins the importance of preventive care across the lifecycle and provides a framework for understanding the variances in health and health care that are experienced . It treats health as a stock that provides direct utility . Health depreciates with age and the aging process can be countered through health investments . The theory further supports that individuals demand good health , that the demand for health investment is a derived demand ( i.e. investment is health is due to the underlying demand for good health ) , and the efficiency of the health investment process increases with knowledge ( i.e. it is assumed that the more educated are more efficient consumers and producers of health ) .",
"The prevalence elasticity of demand for prevention can also provide insights into the economics . Demand for preventive care can alter the prevalence rate of a given disease and further reduce or even reverse any further growth of prevalence . Reduction in prevalence subsequently leads to reduction in costs .",
"Economics for Policy Action",
"There are a number of organizations and policy actions that are relevant when discussing wthe economics of preventive care services . The evidence base , viewpoints , and policy briefs from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and efforts by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force ( USPSTF ) all provide examples that improve the health and well - being of populations ( e.g. preventive health assessments / screenings , prenatal care , and telehealth / telemedicine ) . The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA , ACA ) has major influence on the provision of preventive care services , although it is currently under heavy scrutiny and review by the new administration . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , the ACA makes preventive care affordable and accessible through mandatory coverage of preventive services without a deductible , copayment , coinsurance , or other cost sharing .",
"The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force ( USPSTF ) , a panel of national experts in prevention and evidence - based medicine , works to improve health of Americans by making evidence - based recommendations about clinical preventive services . They do not consider the cost of a preventive service when determining a recommendation . Each year , the organization delivers a report to Congress that identifies critical evidence gaps in research and recommends priority areas for further review .",
"The National Network of Perinatal Quality Collaboratives ( NNPQC ) , sponsored by the CDC , supports state - based perinatal quality collaboratives ( PQCs ) in measuring and improving upon health care and health outcomes for mothers and babies . These PQCs have contributed to improvements such as reduction in deliveries before 39 weeks , reductions in healthcare associated blood stream infections , and improvements in the utilization of antenatal corticosteroids .",
"Telehealth and telemedicine has realized significant growth and development recently . The Center for Connected Health Policy ( The National Telehealth Policy Resource Center ) has produced multiple reports and policy briefs on the topic of Telehealth and Telemedicine and how they contribute to preventive services .",
"Policy actions and provision of preventive services do not guarantee utilization . Reimbursement has remained a significant barrier to adoption due to variances in payer and state level reimbursement policies and guidelines through government and commercial payers . Americans use preventive services at about half the recommended rate and cost - sharing , such as deductibles , co-insurance , or copayments , also reduce the likelihood that preventive services will be used . Further , despite the ACA 's enhancement of Medicare benefits and preventive services , there were no effects on preventive service utilization , calling out the fact that other fundamental barriers exist .",
"The Affordable Care Act and Preventive Healthcare",
"The Affordable Care Act and Preventive Healthcare",
"The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act also known as just the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare was passed and became law in the United States on March 23 , 2010 . The finalized and newly ratified law was to address many issues in the U.S. healthcare system , which included expansion of coverage , insurance market reforms , better quality , and the forecast of efficiency and costs . Under the insurance market reforms the act required that insurance companies no longer exclude people with pre-existing conditions , allow for children to be covered on their parents plan until the age of 26 , expand appeals that dealt with reimbursement denials . The Affordable Care Act also banned the limited coverage imposed by health insurances and insurance companies were to include coverage for preventive health care services . The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has categorized and rated preventive health services as either ' '' A '' or `` B '' , as to which insurance companies must comply and present full coverage . Not only has the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force provided graded preventive health services that are appropriate for coverage they have also provided many recommendations to clinicians and insurers to promote better preventive care to ultimately provide better quality of care and lower the burden of costs .",
"Health insurance and Preventive Care Healthcare insurance companies are willing to pay for preventive care despite the fact that patients are not acutely sick in hope that it will prevent them from developing a chronic disease later on in life . Today , health insurance plans offered through the Marketplace , mandated by the Affordable Care Act are required to provide certain preventive care services free of charge to patients . Section 2713 of the Affordable Care Act , specifies that all private Marketplace and all employer - sponsored private plans ( except those grandfathered in ) are required to cover preventive care services that are ranked A or B by the US Preventive Services Task Force free of charge to patients . For example , UnitedHealthcare insurance company has published patient guidelines at the beginning of the year explaining their preventive care coverage .",
"Evaluating Incremental Benefits of Preventive Care Evaluating the incremental benefits of preventive care requires longer period of time when compared to acute ill patients . Inputs into the model such as , discounting rate and time horizon can have significant effects of the results . One controversial subject is use of 10 - year time frame to assess cost effectiveness of diabetes preventive services by the Congressional Budget Office .",
"The preventive care services mainly focuses on chronic disease , the Congressional Budget Office has provided guidance that further research in the area of the economic impacts of obesity in the US before the CBO can estimate budgetary consequences . A bipartisan report published in May 2015 , recognizes that the potential of the preventive care to improve patients health at individual and population levels while decreasing the healthcare expenditure ."
] | Preventive healthcare - wikipedia Preventive healthcare Jump to: navigation , search `` Preventive Medicine'' redirects here. For the peer-reviewed journal, see Preventive Medicine (journal) . Preventive healthcare (alternately preventive medicine or prophylaxis ) consists of measures taken for disease prevention, as opposed to disease treatment. Just as health encompasses a variety of physical and mental states, so do disease and disability, which are affected by environmental factors , genetic predisposition , disease agents, and lifestyle choices. Health, disease, and disability are dynamic processes which begin before individuals realize they are affected. Disease prevention relies on anticipatory actions that can be categorized as primal, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Each year, millions of people die of preventable deaths. A 2004 study showed that about half of all deaths in the United States in 2000 were due to preventable behaviors and exposures. Leading causes included cardiovascular disease , chronic respiratory disease , unintentional injuries, diabetes , and certain infectious diseases. This same study estimates that 400,000 people die each year in the United States due to poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle . According to estimates made by the World Health Organization (WHO), about 55 million people died worldwide in 2011, two thirds of this group from non-communicable diseases, including cancer , diabetes , and chronic cardiovascular and lung diseases . This is an increase from the year 2000, during which 60% of deaths were attributed to these diseases. Preventive healthcare is especially important given the worldwide rise in prevalence of chronic diseases and deaths from these diseases. There are many methods for prevention of disease. It is recommended that adults and children aim to visit their doctor for regular check-ups, even if they feel healthy, to perform disease screening , identify risk factors for disease, discuss tips for a healthy and balanced lifestyle, stay up to date with immunizations and boosters, and maintain a good relationship with a healthcare provider. Some common disease screenings include checking for hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar, a risk factor for diabetes mellitus ), hypercholesterolemia (high blood cholesterol), screening for colon cancer , depression , HIV and other common types of sexually transmitted disease such as chlamydia , syphilis , and gonorrhea , mammography (to screen for breast cancer ), colorectal cancer screening, a pap test (to check for cervical cancer ), and screening for osteoporosis . Genetic testing can also be performed to screen for mutations that cause genetic disorders or predisposition to certain diseases such as breast or ovarian cancer . However, these measures are not affordable for every individual and the cost effectiveness of preventive healthcare is still a topic of debate. Contents ( hide ) 1 Levels of prevention 1.1 Primal and primordial prevention 1.2 Primary prevention 1.3 Secondary prevention 1.4 Tertiary prevention 2 Leading causes of preventable death 2.1 United States 2.2 Worldwide 3 Child mortality 4 Preventive methods 4.1 Obesity 4.2 Sexually transmitted infections 4.3 Thrombosis 4.4 Cancer 4.4.1 Lung cancer 4.4.2 Skin cancer 4.4.3 Cervical cancer 4.4.4 Colorectal cancer 5 Health disparities and barriers to accessing care 6 Economics of lifestyle-based prevention 7 Effectiveness 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Levels of prevention ( edit ) Preventive healthcare strategies are described as taking place at the primal, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels. In the 1940s, Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark coined the term primary prevention. They worked at the Harvard and Columbia University Schools of Public Health, respectively, and later expanded the levels to include secondary and tertiary prevention. Goldston (1987) notes that these levels might be better described as `` prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation'' , though the terms primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention are still in use today. The concept of primal prevention has been created much more recently, in relation to the new developments in molecular biology over the last fifty years, more particularly in epigenetics, which point to the paramount importance of environmental conditions - both physical and affective - on the organism during its fetal and newborn life (or so-called primal life). Level Definition Primal and primordial prevention Any measure aimed at helping future parents provide their upcoming child with adequate attention, as well as secure physical and affective environments from conception to first birthday (i.e., over the child's primal period of life ). Primordial prevention refers to measures designed to avoid the development of risk factors in the first place, early in life. Primary prevention Methods to avoid occurrence of disease either through eliminating disease agents or increasing resistance to disease. Examples include immunization against disease, maintaining a healthy diet and exercise regimen, and avoiding smoking . Secondary prevention Methods to detect and address an existing disease prior to the appearance of symptoms. Examples include treatment of hypertension (a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases), cancer screenings Tertiary prevention Methods to reduce the harm of symptomatic disease, such as disability or death, through rehabilitation and treatment. Examples include surgical procedures that halt the spread or progression of disease Quaternary prevention Methods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system Primal and primordial prevention ( edit ) A separate category of `` health promotion '' has recently been propounded. This health promotion par excellence is based on the ' new knowledge' in molecular biology, in particular on epigenetic knowledge, which points to how much affective - as well as physical - environment during fetal and newborn life may determine each and every aspect of adult health. This new way of promoting health is now commonly called primal prevention. It consists mainly in providing future parents with pertinent, unbiased information on primal health and supporting them during their child's primal period of life (i.e., `` from conception to first anniversary'' according to definition by the Primal Health Research Centre, London). This includes adequate parental leave - ideally for both parents - with kin caregiving and financial help where needed. Another related concept is primordial prevention which to refers to all measures designed to prevent the development of risk factors in the first place, early in life. Primary prevention ( edit ) Primary prevention consists of traditional `` health promotion '' and `` specific protection.'' Health promotion activities are current, non-clinical life choices. For example, eating nutritious meals and exercising daily, that both prevent disease and create a sense of overall well-being. Preventing disease and creating overall well-being, prolongs our life expectancy. Health-promotional activities do not target a specific disease or condition but rather promote health and well-being on a very general level. On the other hand, specific protection targets a type or group of diseases and complements the goals of health promotion. In the case of a sexually transmitted disease such as syphilis health promotion activities would include avoiding microorganisms by maintaining personal hygiene, routine check-up appointments with the doctor, general sex education, etc. whereas specific protective measures would be using prophylactics (such as condoms) during sex and avoiding sexual promiscuity . Food is very much the most basic tool in preventive health care. The 2011 National Health Interview Survey performed by the Centers for Disease Control was the first national survey to include questions about ability to pay for food. Difficulty with paying for food, medicine, or both is a problem facing 1 out of 3 Americans. If better food options were available through food banks, soup kitchens, and other resources for low-income people, obesity and the chronic conditions that come along with it would be better controlled A `` food desert'' is an area with restricted access to healthy foods due to a lack of supermarkets within a reasonable distance. These are often low-income neighborhoods with the majority of residents lacking transportation . There have been several grassroots movements in the past 20 years to encourage urban gardening, such as the GreenThumb organization in New York City. Urban gardening uses vacant lots to grow food for a neighborhood and is cultivated by the local residents. Mobile fresh markets are another resource for residents in a `` food desert'' , which are specially outfitted buses bringing affordable fresh fruits and vegetables to low-income neighborhoods. These programs often hold educational events as well such as cooking and nutrition guidance. Programs such as these are helping to provide healthy, affordable foods to the people who need them the most. Scientific advancements in genetics have significantly contributed to the knowledge of hereditary diseases and have facilitated great progress in specific protective measures in individuals who are carriers of a disease gene or have an increased predisposition to a specific disease. Genetic testing has allowed physicians to make quicker and more accurate diagnoses and has allowed for tailored treatments or personalized medicine . Similarly, specific protective measures such as water purification, sewage treatment, and the development of personal hygienic routines (such as regular hand-washing) became mainstream upon the discovery of infectious disease agents such as bacteria. These discoveries have been instrumental in decreasing the rates of communicable diseases that are often spread in unsanitary conditions. Secondary prevention ( edit ) Secondary prevention deals with latent diseases and attempts to prevent an asymptomatic disease from progressing to symptomatic disease. Certain diseases can be classified as primary or secondary. This depends on definitions of what constitutes a disease, though, in general, primary prevention addresses the root cause of a disease or injury whereas secondary prevention aims to detect and treat a disease early on. Secondary prevention consists of `` early diagnosis and prompt treatment'' to contain the disease and prevent its spread to other individuals, and `` disability limitation'' to prevent potential future complications and disabilities from the disease. For example, early diagnosis and prompt treatment for a syphilis patient would include a course of antibiotics to destroy the pathogen and screening and treatment of any infants born to syphilitic mothers. Disability limitation for syphilitic patients includes continued check-ups on the heart, cerebrospinal fluid, and central nervous system of patients to curb any damaging effects such as blindness or paralysis. Tertiary prevention ( edit ) Finally, tertiary prevention attempts to reduce the damage caused by symptomatic disease by focusing on mental, physical, and social rehabilitation. Unlike secondary prevention, which aims to prevent disability, the objective of tertiary prevention is to maximize the remaining capabilities and functions of an already disabled patient. Goals of tertiary prevention include: preventing pain and damage, halting progression and complications from disease, and restoring the health and functions of the individuals affected by disease. For syphilitic patients, rehabilitation includes measures to prevent complete disability from the disease, such as implementing work-place adjustments for the blind and paralyzed or providing counseling to restore normal daily functions to the greatest extent possible. Leading causes of preventable death ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The leading cause of death in the United States was tobacco. However, poor diet and lack of exercise may soon surpass tobacco as a leading cause of death. These behaviors are modifiable and public health and prevention efforts could make a difference to reduce these deaths. Leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States in the year 2000 Cause Deaths caused % of all deaths Tobacco smoking 435,000 18.1 Poor diet and physical inactivity 400,000 16.6 Alcohol consumption 85,000 3.5 Infectious diseases 75,000 3.1 Toxicants 55,000 2.3 Traffic collisions 43,000 1.8 Firearm incidents 29,000 1.2 Sexually transmitted infections 20,000 0.8 Drug abuse 17,000 0.7 Worldwide ( edit ) The leading causes of preventable death worldwide share similar trends to the United States . There are a few differences between the two, such as malnutrition, pollution, and unsafe sanitation, that reflect health disparities between the developing and developed world. Leading causes of preventable death worldwide as of the year 2001 Cause Deaths caused (millions per year) Hypertension 7.8 Smoking 5.0 High cholesterol 3.9 Malnutrition 3.8 Sexually transmitted infections 3.0 Poor diet 2.8 Overweight and obesity 2.5 Physical inactivity 2.0 Alcohol 1.9 Indoor air pollution from solid fuels 1.8 Unsafe water and poor sanitation 1.6 Child mortality ( edit ) In 2010, 7.6 million children died before reaching the age of 5. While this is a decrease from 9.6 million in the year 2000, it is still far from the fourth Millennium Development Goal to decrease child mortality by two-thirds by the year 2015. Of these deaths, about 64% were due to infection (including diarrhea , pneumonia , and malaria ). About 40% of these deaths occurred in neonates (children ages 1-- 28 days) due to pre-term birth complications. The highest number of child deaths occurred in Africa and Southeast Asia. In Africa, almost no progress has been made in reducing neonatal death since 1990. India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, and China contributed to almost 50% of global child deaths in 2010. Targeting efforts in these countries is essential to reducing the global child death rate. Child mortality is caused by a variety of factors including poverty, environmental hazards, and lack of maternal education. The World Health Organization created a list of interventions in the following table that were judged economically and operationally `` feasible,'' based on the healthcare resources and infrastructure in 42 nations that contribute to 90% of all infant and child deaths. The table indicates how many infant and child deaths could have been prevented in the year 2000, assuming universal healthcare coverage. Leading preventive interventions that reduce deaths in children 0-- 5 years old worldwide Intervention Percent of all child deaths preventable Breastfeeding 13 Insecticide-treated materials 7 Complementary feeding 6 Zinc Clean delivery Hib vaccine Water, sanitation, hygiene Antenatal steroids Newborn temperature management Vitamin A Tetanus toxoid Nevirapine and replacement feeding Antibiotics for premature rupture of membranes Measles vaccine Antimalarial intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy < 1% Preventive methods ( edit ) Obesity ( edit ) Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide variety of conditions including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, certain cancers, and type 2 diabetes. In order to prevent obesity, it is recommended that individuals adhere to a consistent exercise regimen as well as a nutritious and balanced diet. A healthy individual should aim for acquiring 10% of their energy from proteins, 15-20% from fat, and over 50% from complex carbohydrates, while avoiding alcohol as well as foods high in fat, salt, and sugar. Sedentary adults should aim for at least half an hour of moderate-level daily physical activity and eventually increase to include at least 20 minutes of intense exercise, three times a week. Preventive health care offers many benefits to those that chose to participate in taking an active role in the culture. The medical system in our society is geared toward curing acute symptoms of disease after the fact that they have brought us into the emergency room. An ongoing epidemic within American culture is the prevalence of obesity. Eating healthier and routinely exercising plays a huge role in reducing an individuals risk for type 2 diabetes. About 23.6 million people in the United States have diabetes. Of those, 17.9 million are diagnosed and 5.7 million are undiagnosed. Ninety to 95 percent of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is the main cause of kidney failure, limb amputation, and new-onset blindness in American adults. Sexually transmitted infections ( edit ) STIs are common both in history and in today's society. STIs can be asymptomatic or cause a range of symptoms. Condom and other barrier use reduces the risk of acquiring some STIs. STI prophylaxis includes: condom use, abstinence, testing and screening a partner, regular health check-ups, and certain medications such as Truvada . Thrombosis ( edit ) Main article: Thrombosis prophylaxis Thrombosis is a serious circulatory disease affecting thousands, usually older persons undergoing surgical procedures, women taking oral contraceptives and travelers. Consequences of thrombosis can be heart attacks and strokes. Prevention can include: exercise, anti-embolism stockings, pneumatic devices, and pharmacological treatments. Cancer ( edit ) In recent years, cancer has become a global problem. Low and middle income countries share a majority of the cancer burden largely due to exposure to carcinogens resulting from industrialization and globalization. However, primary prevention of cancer and knowledge of cancer risk factors can reduce over one third of all cancer cases. Primary prevention of cancer can also prevent other diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, that share common risk factors with cancer. Lung cancer ( edit ) Distribution of lung cancer in the United States Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and Europe and is a major cause of death in other countries. Tobacco is an environmental carcinogen and the major underlying cause of lung cancer. Between 25% and 40% of all cancer deaths and about 90% of lung cancer cases are associated with tobacco use. Other carcinogens include asbestos and radioactive materials. Both smoking and second-hand exposure from other smokers can lead to lung cancer and eventually death. Therefore, prevention of tobacco use is paramount to prevention of lung cancer. Individual, community, and statewide interventions can prevent or cease tobacco use. 90% of adults in the US who have ever smoked did so prior to the age of 20. In-school prevention/educational programs, as well as counseling resources, can help prevent and cease adolescent smoking. Other cessation techniques include group support programs, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), hypnosis, and self-motivated behavioral change. Studies have shown long term success rates (> 1 year) of 20% for hypnosis and 10%-20% for group therapy. Cancer screening programs serve as effective sources of secondary prevention. The Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering hospitals conducted annual x-ray screenings and sputum cytology tests and found that lung cancer was detected at higher rates, earlier stages, and had more favorable treatment outcomes, which supports widespread investment in such programs. Legislation can also affect smoking prevention and cessation. In 1992, Massachusetts (United States) voters passed a bill adding an extra 25 cent tax to each pack of cigarettes, despite intense lobbying and a $7.3 million spent by the tobacco industry to oppose this bill. Tax revenue goes toward tobacco education and control programs and has led to a decline of tobacco use in the state. Lung cancer and tobacco smoking are increasing worldwide, especially in China. China is responsible for about one-third of the global consumption and production of tobacco products. Tobacco control policies have been ineffective as China is home to 350 million regular smokers and 750 million passive smokers and the annual death toll is over 1 million. Recommended actions to reduce tobacco use include: decreasing tobacco supply, increasing tobacco taxes, widespread educational campaigns, decreasing advertising from the tobacco industry, and increasing tobacco cessation support resources. In Wuhan, China, a 1998 school-based program, implemented an anti-tobacco curriculum for adolescents and reduced the number of regular smokers, though it did not significantly decrease the number of adolescents who initiated smoking. This program was therefore effective in secondary but not primary prevention and shows that school-based programs have the potential to reduce tobacco use. Skin cancer ( edit ) An image of melanoma, one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. The most lethal form of skin cancer, melanoma, leads to over 50,000 annual deaths in the United States. Childhood prevention is particularly important because a significant portion of ultraviolet radiation exposure from the sun occurs during childhood and adolescence and can subsequently lead to skin cancer in adulthood. Furthermore, childhood prevention can lead to the development of healthy habits that continue to prevent cancer for a lifetime. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends several primary prevention methods including: limiting sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM, when the sun is strongest, wearing tighter-weave natural cotton clothing, wide-brim hats, and sunglasses as protective covers, using sunscreens that protect against both UV-A and UV-B rays, and avoiding tanning salons. Sunscreen should be reapplied after sweating, exposure to water (through swimming for example) or after several hours of sun exposure. Since skin cancer is very preventable, the CDC recommends school-level prevention programs including preventive curricula, family involvement, participation and support from the school's health services, and partnership with community, state, and national agencies and organizations to keep children away from excessive UV radiation exposure. Most skin cancer and sun protection data comes from Australia and the United States. An international study reported that Australians tended to demonstrate higher knowledge of sun protection and skin cancer knowledge, compared to other countries. Of children, adolescents, and adults, sunscreen was the most commonly used skin protection. However, many adolescents purposely used sunscreen with a low sun protection factor (SPF)in order to get a tan. Various Australian studies have shown that many adults failed to use sunscreen correctly; many applied sunscreen well after their initial sun exposure and/or failed to reapply when necessary. A 2002 case-control study in Brazil showed that only 3% of case participants and 11% of control participants used sunscreen with SPF > 15. Cervical cancer ( edit ) The presence of cancer (adenocarcinoma) detected on a pap test Cervical cancer ranks among the top three most common cancers among women in Latin America , sub-Saharan Africa , and parts of Asia . Cervical cytology screening aims to detect abnormal lesions in the cervix so that women can undergo treatment prior to the development of cancer. Given that high quality screening and follow-up care has been shown to reduce cervical cancer rates by up to 80%, most developed countries now encourage sexually active women to undergo a pap test every 3-- 5 years. Finland and Iceland have developed effective organized programs with routine monitoring and have managed to significantly reduce cervical cancer mortality while using fewer resources than unorganized, opportunistic programs such as those in the United States or Canada. In developing nations in Latin America, such as Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Cuba, both public and privately organized programs have offered women routine cytological screening since the 1970s. However, these efforts have not resulted in a significant change in cervical cancer incidence or mortality in these nations. This is likely due to low quality, inefficient testing. However, Puerto Rico, which has offered early screening since the 1960s, has witnessed an almost a 50% decline in cervical cancer incidence and almost a four-fold decrease in mortality between 1950 and 1990. Brazil, Peru, India, and several high-risk nations in sub-Saharan Africa which lack organized screening programs, have a high incidence of cervical cancer. Colorectal cancer ( edit ) Colorectal cancer is globally the second most common cancer in women and the third-most common in men, and the fourth most common cause of cancer death after lung , stomach , and liver cancer , having caused 715,000 deaths in 2010. It is also highly preventable; about 80 percent of colorectal cancers begin as benign growths , commonly called polyps , which can be easily detected and removed during a colonoscopy . Other methods of screening for polyps and cancers include fecal occult blood testing. Lifestyle changes that may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer include increasing consumption of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and reducing consumption of red meat (see Colorectal cancer ). Health disparities and barriers to accessing care ( edit ) Access to healthcare and preventive health services is unequal, as is the quality of care received. A study conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)revealed health disparities in the United States. In the United States, elderly adults (> 65 years old)received worse care and had less access to care than their younger counterparts. The same trends are seen when comparing all racial minorities (black, Hispanic, Asian) to white patients, and low-income people to high-income people. Common barriers to accessing and utilizing healthcare resources included lack of income and education, language barriers, and lack of health insurance. Minorities were less likely than whites to possess health insurance, as were individuals who completed less education. These disparities made it more difficult for the disadvantaged groups to have regular access to a primary care provider, receive immunizations, or receive other types of medical care. Additionally, uninsured people tend to not seek care until their diseases progress to chronic and serious states and they are also more likely to forgo necessary tests, treatments, and filling prescription medications. These sorts of disparities and barriers exist worldwide as well. Oftentimes there are decades of gaps in life expectancy between developing and developed countries. For example, Japan has an average life expectancy that is 36 years greater than that in Malawi. Low-income countries also tend to have fewer physicians than high-income countries. In Nigeria and Myanmar, there are fewer than 4 physicians per 100,000 people while Norway and Switzerland have a ratio that is ten-fold higher. Common barriers worldwide include lack of availability of health services and healthcare providers in the region, great physical distance between the home and health service facilities, high transportation costs, high treatment costs, and social norms and stigma toward accessing certain health services. Economics of lifestyle-based prevention ( edit ) With lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise rising to the top of preventable death statistics, the economics of healthy lifestyle is a growing concern. There is little question that positive lifestyle choices provide an investment in health throughout life. To gauge success, traditional measures such as the quality years of life method (QALY), show great value. However, that method does not account for the cost of chronic conditions or future lost earnings because of poor health. Developing future economic models that would guide both private and public investments as well as drive future policy to evaluate the efficacy of positive lifestyle choices on health is a major topic for economists globally. Americans spend over three trillion a year on health care but have a higher rate of infant mortality , shorter life expectancies , and a higher rate of diabetes than other high-income nations because of negative lifestyle choices. Despite these large costs, very little is spent on prevention for lifestyle-caused conditions in comparison. The Journal of American Medical Association estimates that $101 billion was spent in 2013 on the preventable disease of diabetes , and another $88 billion was spent on heart disease . In an effort to encourage healthy lifestyle choices, workplace wellness programs are on the rise; but the economics and effectiveness data are still continuing to evolve and develop. Health insurance coverage impacts lifestyle choices. In a study by Sudano and Baker, even intermittent loss of coverage has negative effects on healthy choices. The potential repeal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) could significantly impact coverage for many Americans, as well as `` The Prevention and Public Health Fund'' which is our nation's first and only mandatory funding stream dedicated to improving the public's health. Also covered in the ACA is counseling on lifestyle prevention issues, such as weight management, alcohol use, and treatment for depression . Policy makers can have substantial effects on the lifestyle choices made by Americans. Because chronic illnesses predominate as a cause of death in the US and pathways for treating chronic illnesses are complex and multifaceted, prevention is a best practice approach to chronic disease when possible. In many cases, prevention requires mapping complex pathways to determine the ideal point for intervention. In addition to efficacy, prevention is considered a cost-saving measure. Cost-effectiveness analysis of prevention is achievable, but impacted by the length of time it takes to see effects/outcomes of intervention. This makes prevention efforts difficult to fund-- particularly in strained financial contexts. Prevention potentially creates other costs as well, due to extending the lifespan and thereby increasing opportunities for illness. In order to establish reliable economics of prevention for illnesses that are complicated in origin, knowing how best to assess prevention efforts, i.e. developing useful measures and appropriate scope, is required. Effectiveness ( edit ) Overview There is no general consensus as to whether or not preventive healthcare measures are cost-effective, but they increase the quality of life dramatically. There are varying views on what constitutes a `` good investment.'' Some argue that preventive health measures should save more money than they cost, when factoring in treatment costs in the absence of such measures. Others argue in favor of `` good value'' or conferring significant health benefits even if the measures do not save money Furthermore, preventive health services are often described as one entity though they comprise a myriad of different services, each of which can individually lead to net costs, savings, or neither. Greater differentiation of these services is necessary to fully understand both the financial and health effects. A 2010 study reported that in the United States, vaccinating children, cessation of smoking, daily prophylactic use of aspirin, and screening of breast and colorectal cancers had the most potential to prevent premature death. Preventive health measures that resulted in savings included vaccinating children and adults, smoking cessation, daily use of aspirin, and screening for issues with alcoholism, obesity, and vision failure. These authors estimated that if usage of these services in the United States increased to 90% of the population, there would be net savings of $3.7 billion, which comprised only about -0.2% of the total 2006 United States healthcare expenditure. Despite the potential for decreasing healthcare spending, utilization of healthcare resources in the United States still remains low, especially among Latinos and African-Americans. Overall, preventive services are difficult to implement because healthcare providers have limited time with patients and must integrate a variety of preventive health measures from different sources. While these specific services bring about small net savings not every preventive health measure saves more than it costs. A 1970s study showed that preventing heart attacks by treating hypertension early on with drugs actually did not save money in the long run. The money saved by evading treatment from heart attack and stroke only amounted to about a quarter of the cost of the drugs. Similarly, it was found that the cost of drugs or dietary changes to decrease high blood cholesterol exceeded the cost of subsequent heart disease treatment. Due to these findings, some argue that rather than focusing healthcare reform efforts exclusively on preventive care, the interventions that bring about the highest level of health should be prioritized. Cohen et al. (2008) outline a few arguments made by skeptics of preventive healthcare. Many argue that preventive measures only cost less than future treatment when the proportion of the population that would become ill in the absence of prevention is fairly large. The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group conducted a 2012 study evaluating the costs and benefits (in quality-adjusted life-years or QALY's ) of lifestyle changes versus taking the drug metformin. They found that neither method brought about financial savings, but were cost-effective nonetheless because they brought about an increase in QALY's . In addition to scrutinizing costs, preventive healthcare skeptics also examine efficiency of interventions. They argue that while many treatments of existing diseases involve use of advanced equipment and technology, in some cases, this is a more efficient use of resources than attempts to prevent the disease. Cohen et al. (2008) suggest that the preventive measures most worth exploring and investing in are those that could benefit a large portion of the population to bring about cumulative and widespread health benefits at a reasonable cost. Cost-Effectiveness of Childhood Obesity Interventions There are at least four nationally implemented childhood obesity interventions in the United States: the Sugar-Sweetened Beverage excise tax (SSB), the TV AD program, active physical education (Active PE) policies, and early care and education (ECE) policies. They each have similar goals of reducing childhood obesity. The effects of these interventions on BMI have been studied, and the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) has led to a better understanding of projected cost reductions and improved health outcomes. The Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost-Effectiveness Study (CHOICES) was conducted to evaluate and compare the CEA of these four interventions. Gortmaker, S.L. et al. (2015) states: `` The four initial interventions were selected by the investigators to represent a broad range of nationally scalable strategies to reduce childhood obesity using a mix of both policy and programmatic strategies... 1. an excise tax of $0.01 per ounce of sweetened beverages , applied nationally and administered at the state level (SSB), 2. elimination of the tax deductibility of advertising costs of TV advertisements for `` nutritionally poor'' foods and beverages seen by children and adolescents (TV AD), 3. state policy requiring all public elementary schools in which physical education (PE) is currently provided to devote ≥ 50% of PE class time to moderate and vigorous physical activity (Active PE), and 4. state policy to make early child educational settings healthier by increasing physical activity, improving nutrition, and reducing screen time (ECE).'' The CHOICES found that SSB, TV AD, and ECE led to net cost savings. Both SSB and TV AD increased quality adjusted life years and produced yearly tax revenue of 12.5 billion US dollars and 80 million US dollars, respectively. Some challenges with evaluating the effectiveness of child obesity interventions include: The economic consequences of childhood obesity are both short and long term. In the short term, obesity impairs cognitive achievement and academic performance. Some believe this is secondary to negative effects on mood or energy, but others suggest there may be physiological factors involved. Furthermore, obese children have increased health care expenses (e.g. medications, acute care visits). In the long term, obese children tend to become obese adults with associated increased risk for a chronic condition such as diabetes or hypertension. Any effect on their cognitive development may also affect their contributions to society and socioeconomic status. In the CHOICES, it was noted that translating the effects of these interventions may in fact differ among communities throughout the nation. In addition it was suggested that limited outcomes are studied and these interventions may have an additional effect that is not fully appreciated. Modeling outcomes in such interventions in children over the long term is challenging because advances in medicine and medical technology are unpredictable. The projections from cost-effective analysis may need to be reassessed more frequently. The Economics of Preventive Care in the US The cost-effectiveness of preventive care is a highly debated topic. While some economists argue that preventive care is valuable and potentially cost saving, others believe it is an inefficient waste of resources. Preventive care is composed of a variety of clinical services and programs including annual doctor's check-ups, annual immunizations, and wellness programs. Clinical Preventive Services & Programs Research on preventive care addresses the question of whether it is cost saving or cost effective and whether there is an economics evidence base for health promotion and disease prevention. The need for and interest in preventive care is driven by the imperative to reduce health care costs while improving quality of care and the patient experience. Preventive care can lead to improved health outcomes and cost savings potential. Services such as health assessments /screenings, prenatal care , and telehealth and telemedicine can reduce morbidity or mortality with low cost or cost savings. Specifically, health assessments/screenings have cost savings potential, with varied cost-effectiveness based on screening and assessment type. Inadequate prenatal care can lead to an increased risk of prematurity, stillbirth, and infant death. Time is the ultimate resource and preventive care can help mitigate the time costs. Telehealth and telemedicine is one option that has gained consumer interest, acceptance and confidence and can improve quality of care and patient satisfaction. Understanding the Economics for Investment There are benefits and trade-offs when considering investment in preventive care versus other types of clinical services. Preventive care can be a good investment as supported by the evidence base and can drive population health management objectives. The concepts of cost saving and cost-effectiveness are different and both are relevant to preventive care. For example, preventive care that may not save money may still provide health benefits. Thus, there is a need to compare interventions relative to impact on health and cost. Preventive care transcends demographics and is applicable to people of every age. The Health Capital Theory underpins the importance of preventive care across the lifecycle and provides a framework for understanding the variances in health and health care that are experienced. It treats health as a stock that provides direct utility. Health depreciates with age and the aging process can be countered through health investments. The theory further supports that individuals demand good health, that the demand for health investment is a derived demand (i.e. investment is health is due to the underlying demand for good health), and the efficiency of the health investment process increases with knowledge (i.e. it is assumed that the more educated are more efficient consumers and producers of health). The prevalence elasticity of demand for prevention can also provide insights into the economics. Demand for preventive care can alter the prevalence rate of a given disease and further reduce or even reverse any further growth of prevalence. Reduction in prevalence subsequently leads to reduction in costs. Economics for Policy Action There are a number of organizations and policy actions that are relevant when discussing wthe economics of preventive care services. The evidence base, viewpoints, and policy briefs from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) , and efforts by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) all provide examples that improve the health and well-being of populations (e.g. preventive health assessments/screenings, prenatal care, and telehealth/telemedicine). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, ACA) has major influence on the provision of preventive care services, although it is currently under heavy scrutiny and review by the new administration. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , the ACA makes preventive care affordable and accessible through mandatory coverage of preventive services without a deductible, copayment, coinsurance, or other cost sharing. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), a panel of national experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine, works to improve health of Americans by making evidence-based recommendations about clinical preventive services. They do not consider the cost of a preventive service when determining a recommendation. Each year, the organization delivers a report to Congress that identifies critical evidence gaps in research and recommends priority areas for further review. The National Network of Perinatal Quality Collaboratives (NNPQC), sponsored by the CDC, supports state-based perinatal quality collaboratives (PQCs) in measuring and improving upon health care and health outcomes for mothers and babies. These PQCs have contributed to improvements such as reduction in deliveries before 39 weeks, reductions in healthcare associated blood stream infections, and improvements in the utilization of antenatal corticosteroids. Telehealth and telemedicine has realized significant growth and development recently. The Center for Connected Health Policy (The National Telehealth Policy Resource Center) has produced multiple reports and policy briefs on the topic of Telehealth and Telemedicine and how they contribute to preventive services. Policy actions and provision of preventive services do not guarantee utilization. Reimbursement has remained a significant barrier to adoption due to variances in payer and state level reimbursement policies and guidelines through government and commercial payers. Americans use preventive services at about half the recommended rate and cost-sharing, such as deductibles, co-insurance, or copayments, also reduce the likelihood that preventive services will be used. Further, despite the ACA's enhancement of Medicare benefits and preventive services, there were no effects on preventive service utilization, calling out the fact that other fundamental barriers exist. The Affordable Care Act and Preventive Healthcare The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act also known as just the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare was passed and became law in the United States on March 23, 2010. The finalized and newly ratified law was to address many issues in the U.S. healthcare system, which included expansion of coverage, insurance market reforms, better quality, and the forecast of efficiency and costs. Under the insurance market reforms the act required that insurance companies no longer exclude people with pre-existing conditions, allow for children to be covered on their parents plan until the age of 26, expand appeals that dealt with reimbursement denials. The Affordable Care Act also banned the limited coverage imposed by health insurances and insurance companies were to include coverage for preventive health care services. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has categorized and rated preventive health services as either ' '' A'' or `` B'' , as to which insurance companies must comply and present full coverage. Not only has the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force provided graded preventive health services that are appropriate for coverage they have also provided many recommendations to clinicians and insurers to promote better preventive care to ultimately provide better quality of care and lower the burden of costs. Health insurance and Preventive Care Healthcare insurance companies are willing to pay for preventive care despite the fact that patients are not acutely sick in hope that it will prevent them from developing a chronic disease later on in life. Today, health insurance plans offered through the Marketplace, mandated by the Affordable Care Act are required to provide certain preventive care services free of charge to patients. Section 2713 of the Affordable Care Act, specifies that all private Marketplace and all employer-sponsored private plans (except those grandfathered in) are required to cover preventive care services that are ranked A or B by the US Preventive Services Task Force free of charge to patients. For example, UnitedHealthcare insurance company has published patient guidelines at the beginning of the year explaining their preventive care coverage. Evaluating Incremental Benefits of Preventive Care Evaluating the incremental benefits of preventive care requires longer period of time when compared to acute ill patients. Inputs into the model such as, discounting rate and time horizon can have significant effects of the results. One controversial subject is use of 10-year time frame to assess cost effectiveness of diabetes preventive services by the Congressional Budget Office. The preventive care services mainly focuses on chronic disease, the Congressional Budget Office has provided guidance that further research in the area of the economic impacts of obesity in the US before the CBO can estimate budgetary consequences. A bipartisan report published in May 2015, recognizes that the potential of the preventive care to improve patients health at individual and population levels while decreasing the healthcare expenditure. See also ( edit ) Medicine portal Nursing portal Health portal American Board of Preventive Medicine American Journal of Preventive Medicine American Osteopathic Board of Preventive Medicine Mental illness prevention Pre-exposure prophylaxis Preventive Medicine (journal) Primary Health Care Screening (medicine) United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark as `` the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency. Leavell, H.R. , & Clark, E.G. (1979). Preventive Medicine for the Doctor in his Community (3rd ed.). Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company. Jump up ^ http://primalprevention.org Jump up ^ Primal Health Research Database, on http://www.birthworks.org/primalhealth ^ Jump up to: Mokdad, A.H. , Marks, J.S. , Stroup, D.F. , & Gerberding, J.L. (2004). Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000. Journal of the American Medical Association,291(10), 1238-1245. ^ Jump up to: The Top 10 Causes of Death. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2014, from World Health Organization website: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index2.html ^ Jump up to: Vorvick, L. (2013). Preventive health care. In D. Zieve, D.R. Eltz, S. Slon, & N. Wang (Eds.), The A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html ^ Jump up to: Michael V. Maciosek, Ashley B. Coffield, Thomas J. Flottemesch, Nichol M. Edwards and Leif I. Solberg. Greater Use Of Preventive Services In U.S. Health Care Could Save Lives At Little Or No Cost. Health Affairs, 29, no.9 (2010):1656-1660. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2008.0701. ^ Jump up to: Cohen, J.T. , Neumann, P.J. , & Weinstein, M.C. (2008, February 14). Does Preventive Care Save Money? Health Economics and the Presidential Candidates. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358(7), 661-663. ^ Jump up to: Goldston, S.E. (Ed.). (1987). Concepts of primary prevention: A framework for program development . Sacramento, California Department of Mental Health Jump up ^ Darnell, James, RNA, Life's Indispensable Molecule , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2011) Jump up ^ Odent, M., Primal Health Research Database of the Primal Health Research Centre (London), on http://www.birthworks.org/primalhealth Jump up ^ see http://www.birthworks.org/primalhealth ^ Jump up to: Gillman MW. Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2015;131:599-601 ^ Jump up to: Chiolero A et al. The pseudo-high-risk prevention strategy. Int J Epidemiol (2015) 44 (5): 1469-1473. ^ Jump up to: Katz, D., & Ather, A. (2009). Preventive Medicine, Integrative Medicine & The Health of The Public. Commissioned for the IOM Summit on Integrative Medicine and the Health of the Public. Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Quality/IntegrativeMed/Preventive%20Medicine%20Integrative%20Medicine%20and%20the%20Health%20of%20the%20Public.pdf ^ Jump up to: Patterson, C., & Chambers, L.W. (1995). Preventive health care. The Lancet, 345, 1611-1615. Jump up ^ Gofrit ON, Shemer J, Leibovici D, Modan B, Shapira SC. Quaternary prevention: a new look at an old challenge. Isr Med Assoc J. 2000;2(7):498-500. Jump up ^ Effect of In Utero and Early-Life Conditions on Adult Health and Disease , Peter D. Gluckman et al., The New England Journal of Medicine, 359;1(2008) Jump up ^ Scherrer et al., Systemic and Pulmonary Vascular Dysfunction in Children Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technologies , Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Bern, CH; Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biologia, Tarapaca, Arica, Chile: Hirslander Group, Lausanne, CH; Botnar Cemter for Extreme Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, CHUV, Lausanne, CH, and Centre de Procréation Médicalement Assistée , Lausanne, CH(2012) Jump up ^ Impact of Early-Life Exposures on Immune Maturation and Susceptibility to Disease , Gollwitzer, Eva S., Marsland, Benjamin J., Published Online: October 20 (2015), Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc. Jump up ^ see: http://www.primalprevention.org Jump up ^ Garcia, Patricia, Why Silicon Valley's Paid Leave Policies Need to Go Viral , Vogue, culture, opinion (2015) Jump up ^ see: Third-Type Kin Caregivers? Jump up ^ Marucs, Erin. `` Access to Good Food as Preventive Medicine'' . The Atlantic . Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Food Deserts'' . Food is Power.org . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GreenThumb'' . NYC Parks . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It's a Market on a Bus'' . Twin Cities Mobile Market . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Module 13: Levels of Disease Prevention. (2007, April 24). Retrieved March 16, 2014, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: https://www.cdc.gov/excite/skincancer/mod13.htm ^ Jump up to: Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (May 2006). `` Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data'' . Lancet 367 (9524): 1747-- 57. ^ Jump up to: Liu, L., Johnson, H.L. , Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J.E. , ... Black, R.E. (2012). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2151-- 2161. ^ Jump up to: Countdown to 2015, decade report (2000-- 10)-- taking stock of maternal, newborn and child survival WHO, Geneva (2010) ^ Jump up to: Jones G, Steketee R, Black R, Bhutta Z, Morris S, and the Bellagio Child Survival Study Group* (5 July 2003). `` How many child deaths can we prevent this year?'' . Lancet 362 (9524): 1747-- 57. Jump up ^ Kumanyika, S., Jeffery, R.W. , Morabia, A., Ritenbaugh, C., & Antipatis, V.J. (2002). Obesity prevention: the case for action. International Journal of Obesity, 26, 425-436. Jump up ^ `` Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).'' Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). US Department of Health and Human Services, Oct. 2008. Web. 23 Apr. 2016. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-areas/diabetes/diabetes-prevention-program-dpp/Pages/default.aspx Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. 2013 Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats13/syphilis.htm ^ Jump up to: Vineis, P., & Wild, C.P. (2014). Global cancer patterns: causes and prevention. The Lancet, 383(9916), 487. ^ Jump up to: Goodman, G.E. (2000). Prevention of lung cancer. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 33(3), 187-197. ^ Jump up to: Risser, N.L. (1996). Prevention of Lung Cancer: The Key Is to Stop Smoking . Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 12, 260-269. Jump up ^ Koh, H.K. (1996). An analysis of the successful 1992 Massachusetts tobacco tax initiative. Tobacco Control, 5, 220-225. ^ Jump up to: Zhang, J., Ou, J., & Bai, C. (2011). Tobacco smoking in China: Prevalence, disease burden, challenges and future strategies. Respirology, 16(8), 1165-1172. Jump up ^ Chou, C.P. , Li, Y., Unger, J.B. , Xia, J., Sun, P., Guo, Q., ... Johnson, C.A. (2006). A randomized intervention of smoking for adolescents in urban Wuhan, China. Preventive Medicine, 42(4), 280-285. ^ Jump up to: MMWR. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control (2002, 51(RR-4):1-18) ^ Jump up to: Stanton, W.R. , Janda, M., Baade, P.D. , & Anderson, P. (2004). Primary prevention of skin cancer: a review of sun protection in Australia and internationally. Health Promotion International, 19(3), 369-378 Jump up ^ Broadstock, M. (1991) Sun protection at cricket. Medical Journal of Australia, 154, 430. Jump up ^ Pincus, M.W. , Rollings, P.K. , Craft, A.B. and Green, B. (1991) Sunscreen use on Queenslands beaches. Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 32, 21-- 25. Jump up ^ Hill, D., White, V., Marks, R., Theobald, T., Borland, R. and Roy, C. (1992) Melanoma prevention: behavioural and non-behavioural factors in sunburn among and Australian urban population. Preventive Medicine, 21, 654-- 669. Jump up ^ Bakos, L., Wagner, M., Bakos, R.M. , Leite, C.S.M. , Sperhacke, C.L. , Dzekaniak, K.S. et al. (2002) Sunburn, sunscreens, and phenotypes: some risk factors for cutaneous melanoma in southern Brazil. International Journal of Dermatology, 41, 557-- 562. ^ Jump up to: Sankaranarayanan, R., Budukh, A.M. , & Rajkumar, R. (2001). Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(10), 954-962. Jump up ^ World Cancer Report 2014 . International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 978-92-832-0432-9 . Jump up ^ `` Cancer'' . World Health Organization. February 2010 . Retrieved January 5, 2011 . Jump up ^ Lozano R; Naghavi M; Foreman K; et al. (December 2012). `` Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010'' . Lancet . 380 (9859): 2095-- 128. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 . PMID 23245604 . Jump up ^ Carol A. Burke & Laura K. Bianchi. `` Colorectal Neoplasia'' . Cleveland Clinic . Retrieved January 12, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Disparities in Healthcare Quality Among Racial and Ethnic Groups: Selected Findings from the 2011 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports. Fact Sheet. AHRQ Publication No. 12-0006-1-EF, September 2012. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhqrdr11/nhqrdrminority11.htm Jump up ^ J. Emilio Carrillo. and Victor A. Carrillo. and Hector R. Perez. and Debbie Salas-Lopez. and Ana Natale-Pereira. and Alex T. Byron. `` Defining and Targeting Health Care Access Barriers.'' Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 22.2 (2011): 562-575. Project MUSE. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. < http://muse.jhu.edu/ > . ^ Jump up to: Fact file on health inequities. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2014, from World Health Organization website: http://www.who.int/sdhconference/background/news/facts/en/ Jump up ^ Jacobs, B., Ir, P., Bigdeli, M., Annear, P.L. , & Damme, W.V. (2011). Addressing access barriers to health services: an analytical framework for selecting appropriate interventions in low-income Asian countries. Health Policy and Planning, 1-13. Jump up ^ Medicine, Institute of Medicine (US) Roundtable on Evidence-Based; Yong, Pierre L.; Saunders, Robert S.; Olsen, LeighAnne (2010-01-01). Missed Prevention Opportunities . National Academies Press (US). Jump up ^ Haninger, K (2013). `` A Review and Analysis of Economic Models of Prevention Benefits'' (PDF) . NORC at University of Chicago . Jump up ^ Frist, B (May 28, 2015). `` US Healthcare reform should focus on prevention efforts to cut skyrocketing costs'' . US News and World Report . Retrieved 2016-03-24 . Jump up ^ Dieleman, Joseph L.; Baral, Ranju; Birger, Maxwell; Bui, Anthony L.; Bulchis, Anne; Chapin, Abigail; Hamavid, Hannah; Horst, Cody; Johnson, Elizabeth K. (2016-12-27). `` US Spending on Personal Health Care and Public Health, 1996-2013'' . JAMA. 316 (24): 2627-- 2646. doi : 10.1001/jama.2016.16885 . ISSN 0098-7484 . Jump up ^ Baicker, Katherine; Cutler, David; Song, Zirui (2010-02-01). `` Workplace Wellness Programs Can Generate Savings'' . Health Affairs . 29 (2): 304-- 311. doi : 10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0626 . ISSN 0278-2715 . PMID 20075081 . Jump up ^ Sudano, Joseph J.; Baker, David W. (2003-01-01). `` Intermittent Lack of Health Insurance Coverage and Use of Preventive Services'' . American Journal of Public Health . 93 (1): 130-- 137. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.93.1.130 . ISSN 0090-0036 . Jump up ^ `` Prevention and Public Health Fund'' . American Public Health Association . Retrieved 2017-03-24 . Jump up ^ (ASPA), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (2013-06-10). `` Preventive Care'' . HHS.gov . Retrieved 2017-03-24 . Jump up ^ Schorr, L.B. (2007). Pathway to the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect . http://www.childsworld.ca.gov/res/pdf/Pathway.pdf : Harvard University. Jump up ^ `` Obesity and the Economics of Prevention OECD READ edition'' . OECD iLibrary . Retrieved 2017-03-27 . ^ Jump up to: The role of prevention in health reform. N Engl J Med 1993;329:352-354 ^ Jump up to: Maciosek MV, Coffield AB, Edwards NM, Flottemesch TJ, Goodman MJ, Solberg LI. Priorities among effective clinical preventive services: results of a systematic review and analysis. Am J Prev Med 2006;31:52-61 Jump up ^ Weinstein MC, Stason WB. Hypertension: a policy perspective. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976. Jump up ^ Weinstein MC, Stason WB. Economic considerations in the management of mild hypertension. Ann NY Acad Sci 1978;304:424-440 Jump up ^ Taylor WC, Pass TM, Shepard DS, Komaroff AL. Cost effectiveness of cholesterol reduction for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease in men. In: Goldbloom RB, Lawrence RS, eds. Preventing disease: beyond the rhetoric. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990:437-41. Jump up ^ Goldman L, Weinstein MC, Goldman PA, Williams LW. Cost-effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1991;265:1145-1151 Jump up ^ The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2012). The 10-Year Cost-Effectiveness of Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin for Diabetes Prevention. Diabetes Care, 35, 723-730. ^ Jump up to: Gortmaker, Steven L.; Long, Michael W.; Resch, Stephen C.; Ward, Zachary J.; Cradock, Angie L.; Barrett, Jessica L.; Wright, Davene R.; Sonneville, Kendrin R.; Giles, Catherine M. `` Cost Effectiveness of Childhood Obesity Interventions'' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 49 (1): 102-- 111. doi : 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.032 . Jump up ^ Barrett, Jessica L.; Gortmaker, Steven L.; Long, Michael W.; Ward, Zachary J.; Resch, Stephen C.; Moodie, Marj L.; Carter, Rob; Sacks, Gary; Swinburn, Boyd A. `` Cost Effectiveness of an Elementary School Active Physical Education Policy'' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 49 (1): 148-- 159. doi : 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.005 . Jump up ^ Wright, Davene R.; Kenney, Erica L.; Giles, Catherine M.; Long, Michael W.; Ward, Zachary J.; Resch, Stephen C.; Moodie, Marj L.; Carter, Robert C.; Wang, Y. Claire. `` Modeling the Cost Effectiveness of Child Care Policy Changes in the U.S'' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 49 (1): 135-- 147. doi : 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.016 . Jump up ^ Black, Nicole; Johnston, David W.; Peeters, Anna (2015-09-01). `` Childhood Obesity and Cognitive Achievement'' . Health Economics . 24 (9): 1082-- 1100. doi : 10.1002/hec.3211 . ISSN 1099-1050 . Jump up ^ Schmeiser, Maximilian D. (2012-04-01). `` The impact of long-term participation in the supplemental nutrition assistance program on child obesity'' . Health Economics . 21 (4): 386-- 404. doi : 10.1002/hec.1714 . ISSN 1099-1050 . Jump up ^ Serdula, M.K. ; Ivery, D.; Coates, R.J. ; Freedman, D.S. ; Williamson, D.F. ; Byers, T. (1993-03-01). `` Do Obese Children Become Obese Adults? A Review of the Literature'' . Preventive Medicine . 22 (2): 167-- 177. doi : 10.1006/pmed.1993.1014 . Jump up ^ Cohen, Joshua. `` The cost savings and cost-effectiveness of clinical preventative care. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation'' . THE SYNTHESIS PROJECT . Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Merkur, S., Sassi, F., & McDaid, D. (2013). Promoting health, preventing disease: Is there an economic case? European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/55659/ ^ Jump up to: David,, McDaid,; F.,, Sassi,; Sherry,, Merkur,; iLibrary., OECD. Promoting health, preventing disease : the economic case . ISBN 9780335262267 . OCLC 973090310 . Jump up ^ Hackl, F., Halla, M., Hummer, M., & Pruckner, G.J. (2015). The Effectiveness of Health Screening. Health Economics,24 , 913 -935. Jump up ^ Partridge, S., Balayla, J., Holcroft, C.A., & Abenhaim, H.A. (2012). Inadequate Prenatal Care Utilization and Risks of Infant Mortality and Poor Birth Outcome: A Retrospective Analysis of 28,729,765 U.S. Deliveries over 8 Years. American Journal of Perinatology, 29 (10), 787-794. ^ Jump up to: Folland, S., Goodman, A., & Stano, M. (2013). The economics of health and health care. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Jump up ^ American Hospital Association. (2015, Jan). The Promise of Telehealth for Hospitals, Health Systems and Their Communities. Retrieved from http://www.aha.org/research/reports/tw/15jan-tw-telehealth.pdf Jump up ^ Cohen, J.T., Neumann, P.J., & Weinstein, M.C. (2008). Does Preventive Care Save Money? Health Economics and the Presidential Candidates. New England Journal of Medicine , 358 (7), 661 -- 663. Jump up ^ Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2009). The cost savings and cost-effectiveness of clinical preventive care. The Synthesis Project: New Insights from Research Results. Research Synthesis Report No. 18. Jump up ^ Galama, T.J. , & van Kippersluis, H. (2013). Health Inequalities through the Lens of Health Capital Theory: Issues, Solutions, and Future Directions. Research on Economic Inequality , 21 , 263-- 284. http://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021013 Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Preventive Health Care. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/toolstemplates/entertainmented/tips/preventivehealth.html Jump up ^ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). (2017, Jan). USPSTF A and B Recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/uspstf-a-and-b-recommendations/ Jump up ^ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). (2016, Dec). Reports to Congress. Retrieved from https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/reports-to-congress Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, Feb. 27). Perinatal Quality Collaboratives. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pqc.htm Jump up ^ Center for Connected Health Policy. The National Telehealth Policy Resource Center. Reports and Policy Briefs. Retrieved from http://www.telehealthpolicy.us/reports-and-policy-briefs Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Preventive Health Care. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/toolstemplates/entertainmented/tips/preventivehealth.html Jump up ^ Jensen, G.A., Salloum, R.G., Hu, J., Ferdows, N.B., & Tarraf, W. (2015). A slow start: Use of preventive services among seniors following the Affordable Care Act's enhancement of Medicare benefits in the U.S. Preventive Medicine (76) 7, 37 -- 42. Jump up ^ Fein, Oliver (1 January 2010). `` Keep the Single Payer Vision'' . Medical Care . 48 (9): 759-- 760. Jump up ^ Harrington, Scott E. (1 January 2010). `` U.S. Health-care Reform: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act'' . The Journal of Risk and Insurance . 77 (3): 703-- 708. Jump up ^ Rosenbaum, Sara (1 January 2011). `` THE PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY AND PRACTICE'' . Public Health Reports (1974-) . 126 (1): 130-- 135. Jump up ^ `` Health Plan Implementation of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force A and B Recommendations -- Colorado, 2010'' . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 60 (39): 1348-- 1350. 1 January 2011. Jump up ^ Folland, S (2010). The economics of health and health care . Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Jump up ^ `` ACA: Preventive Care Coverage Requirements -- Compliancedashboard: Interactive Web-Based Compliance Tool'' . complianceadministrators.com . Retrieved 2016-03-25 . Jump up ^ `` Preventive Services Covered by Private Health Plans under the Affordable Care Act'' . kff.org . Retrieved 2016-03-25 . Jump up ^ `` Preventative care services'' . UnitedHealthcare . Retrieved March 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , M. `` Health-Care Cost Projections for Diabetes and other Chronic Diseases: The Current Context and Potential Enhancement'' (PDF) . Fight Chronic D\isease . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Estimating the Effects of Federal Policies Targeting Obesity: Challenges and Research Needs'' . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved 2016-03-25 . Jump up ^ `` A prevention prescription for improving health and health care in America'' (PDF) . Bipartisan policy center . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . External links ( edit ) United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Health care Economics Equipment Guidelines Industry Philosophy Policy Providers Ranking Reform System Professions Medicine Nursing Healthcare science Dentistry Allied health professions Pharmacy Health information management Settings Assisted living Clinic Hospital Nursing home Medical school ( Academic health science centre , Teaching hospital ) Care Acute Chronic End-of-life Hospice Overutilization Palliative Primary Self Total Skills / Training Bedside manner Cultural competence Diagnosis Education Universal precautions Category Public health General Auxology Biological hazard Chief Medical Officer Cultural competence Deviance Environmental health Euthenics Genomics Globalization and disease Health economics Health literacy Health policy Health system Health care reform Public health law Maternal health Medical anthropology Medical sociology Mental health Pharmaceutical policy Public health laboratory Reproductive health Social psychology Sociology of health and illness Preventive healthcare Behavior change Theories Family planning Health promotion Human nutrition Preventive nutrition Hygiene Food safety Hand washing Infection control Oral hygiene Occupational safety and health Human factors and ergonomics Hygiene Injury prevention Medicine Nursing Patient safety Organization Pharmacovigilance Safe sex Sanitation Emergency Fecal-- oral transmission Open defecation Sanitary sewer Waterborne diseases Smoking cessation Vaccination Vector control Population health Biostatistics Child mortality Community health Epidemiology Global health Health impact assessment Health system Infant mortality Open-source healthcare software Public health informatics Social determinants of health Health equity Race and health Social medicine Biological and epidemiological statistics Case-control study Randomized controlled trial Relative risk Statistical hypothesis testing Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Regression analysis ROC curve Student's t -test Z -test Statistical software Infectious and epidemic disease prevention Asymptomatic carrier Epidemics List Notifiable diseases List Public health surveillance Disease surveillance Quarantine Sexually transmitted infection Tropical disease Vaccine trial Food hygiene and safety management Food Additive Chemistry Engineering Microbiology Processing Safety Safety scandals Genetically modified food Good agricultural practice Good manufacturing practice HACCP ISO 22000 Health behavioral sciences Diffusion of innovations Health belief model Health communication Health psychology Positive deviance PRECEDE-PROCEED model Social cognitive theory Social norms approach Theory of planned behavior Transtheoretical model Organizations, education and history Organizations Europe Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention City and county health departments Council on Education for Public Health Public Health Service World Health Organization World Toilet Organization Education Health education Higher education Bachelor of Science in Public Health Doctor of Public Health Professional degrees of public health Schools of public health History Sara Josephine Baker Samuel Jay Crumbine Carl Rogers Darnall Joseph Lister Margaret Sanger John Snow Typhoid Mary Germ theory of disease Social hygiene movement Category Commons WikiProject Medicine Outline History Specialties and subspecialties Surgery Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Colorectal surgery Eye surgery General surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology (ENT) Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Thoracic surgery Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery Internal medicine Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious disease Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Obstetrics and gynaecology Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal-- fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology Diagnostic Radiology Interventional radiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical pathology Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Clinical immunology Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine Other specialties Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass-gathering medicine Family medicine General practice Hospital medicine Intensive-care medicine Medical genetics Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Occupational medicine Ophthalmology Oral medicine Pain management Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R ) Preventive medicine Psychiatry Public health Radiation oncology Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Sleep medicine Sports medicine Transplantation medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine Venereology Medical education Medical school Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD-- PhD Related topics Allied health Dentistry Podiatry Physiotherapy Nanomedicine Molecular oncology Personalized medicine Veterinary medicine Physician Chief physician History of medicine Book Nursing Levels of practice Generalists Student nurse Clinical nurse leader Licensed practical nurse Registered nurse Graduate nurse Advanced practice APRNs by role Clinical nurse specialist Nurse anesthetist Nurse midwife Nurse practitioner NPs by Population Family Adult-Gerontology Pediatrics Women's health Neonatal Psych/Mental health Education and licensure Associate of Science in Nursing Bachelor of Science in Nursing Diploma in Nursing Doctor of Nursing Practice Master of Science in Nursing Board of nursing Nurse Licensure Compact Nursing credentials and certifications Nursing school Nurse registry NCLEX TEAS Specialties and areas of practice Ambulatory care Cardiac Critical care Education Emergency Faith community Flight Forensic Geriatrics Holistic Home health Hyperbaric Legal consultation Management Matron Medical-surgical Midwifery Military Neonatal Nursing informatics Obstetrics Occupational health Oncology Orthopedics Pediatrics Perianesthesia Perioperative Psychiatric and mental health Private duty Public health School Space Telenursing WOCN Nursing process Nursing assessment Nursing diagnosis Nursing care plan Nursing theory Classification systems NANDA Nursing Interventions Classification Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) Nursing Outcomes Classification By country Australia ( timeline ) Canada Germany Hong Kong India Japan Kenya New Zealand ( timeline ) Pakistan Philippines Republic of Ireland South Africa Taiwan United Kingdom ( history ) United States ( history ) Category Commons Portal WikiProject NDL : 00574254 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preventive_healthcare&oldid=810146338 '' Categories : Prevention Medical terminology Preventive medicine Nursing specialties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 16:16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -2999585768300351330 |
set control for the heart of the sun | `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd . It appeared on their second album , A Saucerful of Secrets ( 1968 ) . It was written by Roger Waters and features a drum part by Nick Mason played with timpani mallets . The track was planned for release as a single , with `` Scream Thy Last Scream '' , on 8 September , before it was vetoed by the band 's record company , EMI . The song was regularly performed between 1967 and 1973 and can be heard on the live disc of the 1969 album Ummagumma and seen in the 1972 movie Pink Floyd : Live at Pompeii . It also appears on the 2001 compilation album Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd . It is the only song recorded by Pink Floyd to feature material from all five band members , as there are several different guitar parts recorded by both David Gilmour and Syd Barrett . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' Song by Pink Floyd from the album A Saucerful of Secrets Published Magdalene Music Released 29 June 1968 ( UK ) 27 July 1968 ( US ) Recorded 7 -- 8 August , October 1967 , January 1968 Abbey Road Studios , London Genre Space rock avant - garde Length 5 : 27 ( A Saucerful of Secrets version ) 9 : 27 ( Ummagumma live version ) Label EMI Columbia ( UK ) Tower ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Roger Waters Producer ( s ) Norman Smith Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd track listing 26 tracks Disc one `` Astronomy Domine '' `` See Emily Play '' `` The Happiest Days of Our Lives '' `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part 2 ) '' `` Echoes '' `` Hey You '' `` Marooned '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` Money '' `` Keep Talking '' `` Sheep '' `` Sorrow '' Disc two `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- VII ) '' `` Time '' `` The Fletcher Memorial Home '' `` Comfortably Numb '' `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' `` One of These Days '' `` Us and Them '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Arnold Layne '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Jugband Blues '' `` High Hopes '' `` Bike ''",
"`` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun ''",
"Song by Pink Floyd",
"from the album A Saucerful of Secrets",
"Published Magdalene Music",
"Released 29 June 1968 ( UK ) 27 July 1968 ( US )",
"Recorded 7 -- 8 August , October 1967 , January 1968 Abbey Road Studios , London",
"Genre Space rock avant - garde",
"Space rock avant - garde",
"avant - garde",
"Length 5 : 27 ( A Saucerful of Secrets version ) 9 : 27 ( Ummagumma live version )",
"Label EMI Columbia ( UK ) Tower ( US )",
"Songwriter ( s ) Roger Waters",
"Producer ( s ) Norman Smith",
"Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd track listing",
"26 tracks Disc one `` Astronomy Domine '' `` See Emily Play '' `` The Happiest Days of Our Lives '' `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part 2 ) '' `` Echoes '' `` Hey You '' `` Marooned '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` Money '' `` Keep Talking '' `` Sheep '' `` Sorrow '' Disc two `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- VII ) '' `` Time '' `` The Fletcher Memorial Home '' `` Comfortably Numb '' `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' `` One of These Days '' `` Us and Them '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Arnold Layne '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Jugband Blues '' `` High Hopes '' `` Bike ''",
"Disc one",
"`` Astronomy Domine '' `` See Emily Play '' `` The Happiest Days of Our Lives '' `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part 2 ) '' `` Echoes '' `` Hey You '' `` Marooned '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` Money '' `` Keep Talking '' `` Sheep '' `` Sorrow ''",
"`` Astronomy Domine ''",
"`` See Emily Play ''",
"`` The Happiest Days of Our Lives ''",
"`` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part 2 ) ''",
"`` Echoes ''",
"`` Hey You ''",
"`` Marooned ''",
"`` The Great Gig in the Sky ''",
"`` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun ''",
"`` Money ''",
"`` Keep Talking ''",
"`` Sheep ''",
"`` Sorrow ''",
"Disc two",
"`` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- VII ) '' `` Time '' `` The Fletcher Memorial Home '' `` Comfortably Numb '' `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' `` One of These Days '' `` Us and Them '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Arnold Layne '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Jugband Blues '' `` High Hopes '' `` Bike ''",
"`` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- VII ) ''",
"`` Time ''",
"`` The Fletcher Memorial Home ''",
"`` Comfortably Numb ''",
"`` When the Tigers Broke Free ''",
"`` One of These Days ''",
"`` Us and Them ''",
"`` Learning to Fly ''",
"`` Arnold Layne ''",
"`` Wish You Were Here ''",
"`` Jugband Blues ''",
"`` High Hopes ''",
"`` Bike ''",
"`` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd . It appeared on their second album , A Saucerful of Secrets ( 1968 ) . It was written by Roger Waters and features a drum part by Nick Mason played with timpani mallets . The track was planned for release as a single , with `` Scream Thy Last Scream '' , on 8 September , before it was vetoed by the band 's record company , EMI . The song was regularly performed between 1967 and 1973 and can be heard on the live disc of the 1969 album Ummagumma and seen in the 1972 movie Pink Floyd : Live at Pompeii . It also appears on the 2001 compilation album Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd . It is the only song recorded by Pink Floyd to feature material from all five band members , as there are several different guitar parts recorded by both David Gilmour and Syd Barrett .",
"According to an interview with Gilmour in the 2006 documentary Which One 's Pink ? , the studio version of the song contained minor guitar work both from Gilmour and Barrett , making `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' the only Pink Floyd song that features all five band members , though some listeners may not fully discern the guitar tracks as they largely blend in with Richard Wright 's keyboards and organs .",
"The song 's recording commenced in August 1967 , with overdubs recorded in October of that year and in January 1968 . In an article reprinted in the Bruno McDonald book Pink Floyd -- Through the Eyes of ... , Waters borrowed the lyrics from a book of Chinese poetry from the Tang Dynasty ( which was later identified as the book Poems of the late T'ang , translated by A.C. Graham ) .",
"Among the borrowed lines from Chinese poetry ( as translated by Graham ) were those written by Li He , whose poem `` Do n't Go Out of the Door '' contains the line `` Witness the man who raved at the wall as he wrote his questions to Heaven '' , and Li Shangyin , whose poetry contained the lines `` watch little by little the night turns around '' , `` countless the twigs which tremble in dawn '' and `` one inch of love is one inch of ashes . ''",
"In a negative review for A Saucerful of Secrets , Jim Miller of Rolling Stone described `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' , along with `` Let There Be More Light '' , as `` boring melodically , harmonically , and lyrically . '' Miller further described the production work as `` not as glittery as the first album 's , and the instrumental work is shoddy and routine . Miller also described the track as too long .",
"Roger Waters -- vocals , bass guitar , gong Richard Wright -- Farfisa organ , vibraphone , celesta Nick Mason -- drums ( played with timpani mallets ) Syd Barrett -- electric guitar David Gilmour -- electric guitar",
"Roger Waters -- vocals , bass guitar , gong",
"Richard Wright -- Farfisa organ , vibraphone , celesta",
"Nick Mason -- drums ( played with timpani mallets )",
"Syd Barrett -- electric guitar",
"David Gilmour -- electric guitar",
"Pink Floyd performed the song from 1967 to 1973 . A performance on 9 September 1967 featured Barrett and Waters switching guitars . The last ever performance of the song by Pink Floyd took place on 13 October 1973 at the Stadthalle , Vienna , during the Dark Side of the Moon tour. . Live versions of the song appear on the 1969 Ummagumma album and the 1972 Live at Pompeii music film . During these live performances , the song was significantly extended with a wide range of dynamics , including a white noise middle section .",
"The song has been a staple in Waters ' solo tours . Beginning with the 1984 -- 1985 tours , `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' was presented in a radically rearranged rendition - with female backing vocals , saxophone solos and a guitar solo ( and even a shakuhachi solo in 1985 ) . A truncated version ( just the three verses ) of the song featuring a simple acoustic guitar part was performed on a handful of occasions during the Radio K.A.O.S tour of 1987 . The song was included in the setlist for his 1999 -- 2002 In the Flesh tour , featuring stills from the promotional videos of `` Arnold Layne '' and `` The Scarecrow '' projected on large screens . This version featured a psychedelic guitar solo by Snowy White , as well as a sax solo , and this version appears on his 2000 In the Flesh -- Live DVD and live album . In June 2002 , Waters ' former Pink Floyd bandmate Nick Mason performed as guest drummer on the track for two nights at London 's Wembley Arena , the first indication of a reconciliation following the acrimonious split of the mid-1980s . It was also performed at Waters ' 2006 -- 2008 tour .",
"In 2016 , Waters performed the song again on his concerts at the Zocalo Square and Foro Sol in Mexico , as well as the Desert Trip festival in the United States , but it was dropped from the setlist of his 2017 Us + Them Tour .",
"1989 : Red Temple Spirits covered the song on their album If Tomorrow I Were Leaving for Lhasa , I Would n't Stay a Minute More ... 1990 : The debut album by Bassomatic , Set the Controls for the Heart of the Bass , contained a likewise titled track , as written by Waters , Laurie Mayer and William Orbit . 1994 : Finnish ambient techno band Nemesis included a version as the closing track of their debut album Xcelsior . 1994 : On Erasure 's single `` Run to the Sun '' , a remix by Chris and Cosey was titled the `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun Mix '' . 1995 : Sludge metal band Nightstick covered the song on their album Blotter . 1996 : Experimental group Psychic TV recorded a cover of the song for their album Trip / Reset . 2000 : A cover version was done by indie band , Mira Ceti , and published by Sony BMG . 2003 : A cover version was done by prog metal supergroup OSI , included on the bonus disc of their debut album OSI . 2003 : Drone / sludge metal band 5ive recorded the track `` The Hemophiliac Dream , Pt. 1 '' for an EP of the same name . It served as a tribute to `` Set the Controls ... '' : Its tonal progression was similar to its parent song , the lyric `` Set the controls '' appeared once early in the song , and a chant of `` The heart of the sun '' served as a quasi-chorus . 2007 : German gothic rock band the House of Usher recorded a version as the title theme for the audiobook edition of Stephen Baxter 's science fiction novel Titan . 2008 : The Smashing Pumpkins played a 20 - minute live version of the song on the final leg of their 2008 tour . 2008 : Finnish experimental electronic artist Mika Vainio released a cover version titled `` Set the Controls to the Heart of the Sun '' on his album Oleva . 2009 : Black metal band 1349 recorded a cover version which appeared on their album Revelations of the Black Flame . 2009 : Brazilian psychedelic rock band Violeta de Outono covered the song on their live video Seventh Brings Return : A Tribute to Syd Barrett , originally recorded in 2006 . 2013 : A piano version was performed by Ayşedeniz Gökçin on her self - released 2013 album Pink Floyd Classical Concepts . 2016 : German atmospheric black metal band the Ruins of Beverast covered and extended the song to 11 : 48 for their EP Takitum Tootem ! . Australian band the Titanics did two versions , one in their usual indie pop style , and a second using traditional Indian instruments for the television show John Safran 's Music Jamboree . The LCD Soundsystem song `` All My Friends '' includes the lyric `` we set controls for the heart of the sun '' . Sludge metal band Kylesa have performed a version of the song in their live set . A version of the song was done by Israeli doom / death band Salem .",
"1989 : Red Temple Spirits covered the song on their album If Tomorrow I Were Leaving for Lhasa , I Would n't Stay a Minute More ...",
"1990 : The debut album by Bassomatic , Set the Controls for the Heart of the Bass , contained a likewise titled track , as written by Waters , Laurie Mayer and William Orbit .",
"1994 : Finnish ambient techno band Nemesis included a version as the closing track of their debut album Xcelsior .",
"1994 : On Erasure 's single `` Run to the Sun '' , a remix by Chris and Cosey was titled the `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun Mix '' .",
"1995 : Sludge metal band Nightstick covered the song on their album Blotter .",
"1996 : Experimental group Psychic TV recorded a cover of the song for their album Trip / Reset .",
"2000 : A cover version was done by indie band , Mira Ceti , and published by Sony BMG .",
"2003 : A cover version was done by prog metal supergroup OSI , included on the bonus disc of their debut album OSI .",
"2003 : Drone / sludge metal band 5ive recorded the track `` The Hemophiliac Dream , Pt. 1 '' for an EP of the same name . It served as a tribute to `` Set the Controls ... '' : Its tonal progression was similar to its parent song , the lyric `` Set the controls '' appeared once early in the song , and a chant of `` The heart of the sun '' served as a quasi-chorus .",
"2007 : German gothic rock band the House of Usher recorded a version as the title theme for the audiobook edition of Stephen Baxter 's science fiction novel Titan .",
"2008 : The Smashing Pumpkins played a 20 - minute live version of the song on the final leg of their 2008 tour .",
"2008 : Finnish experimental electronic artist Mika Vainio released a cover version titled `` Set the Controls to the Heart of the Sun '' on his album Oleva .",
"2009 : Black metal band 1349 recorded a cover version which appeared on their album Revelations of the Black Flame .",
"2009 : Brazilian psychedelic rock band Violeta de Outono covered the song on their live video Seventh Brings Return : A Tribute to Syd Barrett , originally recorded in 2006 .",
"2013 : A piano version was performed by Ayşedeniz Gökçin on her self - released 2013 album Pink Floyd Classical Concepts .",
"2016 : German atmospheric black metal band the Ruins of Beverast covered and extended the song to 11 : 48 for their EP Takitum Tootem ! .",
"Australian band the Titanics did two versions , one in their usual indie pop style , and a second using traditional Indian instruments for the television show John Safran 's Music Jamboree .",
"The LCD Soundsystem song `` All My Friends '' includes the lyric `` we set controls for the heart of the sun '' .",
"Sludge metal band Kylesa have performed a version of the song in their live set .",
"A version of the song was done by Israeli doom / death band Salem ."
] | Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun - wikipedia Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun Jump to: navigation , search `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun'' Song by Pink Floyd from the album A Saucerful of Secrets Published Magdalene Music Released 29 June 1968 (UK) 27 July 1968 (US) Recorded 7-- 8 August, October 1967, January 1968 Abbey Road Studios , London Genre Space rock avant-garde Length 5 : 27 ( A Saucerful of Secrets version) 9:27 ( Ummagumma live version) Label EMI Columbia (UK) Tower (US) Songwriter(s) Roger Waters Producer(s) Norman Smith Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd track listing 26 tracks Disc one `` Astronomy Domine '' `` See Emily Play '' `` The Happiest Days of Our Lives '' `` Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2) '' `` Echoes '' `` Hey You '' `` Marooned '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` Money '' `` Keep Talking '' `` Sheep '' `` Sorrow '' Disc two `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts I-- VII) '' `` Time '' `` The Fletcher Memorial Home '' `` Comfortably Numb '' `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' `` One of These Days '' `` Us and Them '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Arnold Layne '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Jugband Blues '' `` High Hopes '' `` Bike '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd . It appeared on their second album, A Saucerful of Secrets (1968). It was written by Roger Waters and features a drum part by Nick Mason played with timpani mallets . The track was planned for release as a single, with `` Scream Thy Last Scream '' , on 8 September, before it was vetoed by the band's record company, EMI . The song was regularly performed between 1967 and 1973 and can be heard on the live disc of the 1969 album Ummagumma and seen in the 1972 movie Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii . It also appears on the 2001 compilation album Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd . It is the only song recorded by Pink Floyd to feature material from all five band members, as there are several different guitar parts recorded by both David Gilmour and Syd Barrett . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics and music 2 Reception 3 Personnel 4 Alternative and live versions 5 Cover versions 6 References 7 External links Lyrics and Music ( edit ) According to an interview with Gilmour in the 2006 documentary Which One's Pink? , the studio version of the song contained minor guitar work both from Gilmour and Barrett, making `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun'' the only Pink Floyd song that features all five band members, though some listeners may not fully discern the guitar tracks as they largely blend in with Richard Wright 's keyboards and organs. The song's recording commenced in August 1967, with overdubs recorded in October of that year and in January 1968. In an article reprinted in the Bruno McDonald book Pink Floyd -- Through the Eyes of ... , Waters borrowed the lyrics from a book of Chinese poetry from the Tang Dynasty (which was later identified as the book Poems of the late T'ang , translated by A.C. Graham ). Among the borrowed lines from Chinese poetry (as translated by Graham) were those written by Li He , whose poem `` Don't Go Out of the Door'' contains the line `` Witness the man who raved at the wall as he wrote his questions to Heaven '' , and Li Shangyin , whose poetry contained the lines `` watch little by little the night turns around'' , `` countless the twigs which tremble in dawn'' and `` one inch of love is one inch of ashes.'' Reception ( edit ) In a negative review for A Saucerful of Secrets , Jim Miller of Rolling Stone described `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun'' , along with `` Let There Be More Light '' , as `` boring melodically, harmonically, and lyrically.'' Miller further described the production work as `` not as glittery as the first album's , and the instrumental work is shoddy and routine. Miller also described the track as too long. Personnel ( edit ) Roger Waters -- vocals, bass guitar, gong Richard Wright -- Farfisa organ , vibraphone , celesta Nick Mason -- drums (played with timpani mallets ) Syd Barrett -- electric guitar David Gilmour -- electric guitar Alternative and live versions ( edit ) Pink Floyd performed the song from 1967 to 1973. A performance on 9 September 1967 featured Barrett and Waters switching guitars. The last ever performance of the song by Pink Floyd took place on 13 October 1973 at the Stadthalle , Vienna , during the Dark Side of the Moon tour. . Live versions of the song appear on the 1969 Ummagumma album and the 1972 Live at Pompeii music film. During these live performances, the song was significantly extended with a wide range of dynamics, including a white noise middle section. Waters performing the track on his The Dark Side of the Moon Live tour The song has been a staple in Waters' solo tours. Beginning with the 1984-- 1985 tours, `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun'' was presented in a radically rearranged rendition - with female backing vocals, saxophone solos and a guitar solo (and even a shakuhachi solo in 1985). A truncated version (just the three verses) of the song featuring a simple acoustic guitar part was performed on a handful of occasions during the Radio K.A.O.S tour of 1987. The song was included in the setlist for his 1999-- 2002 In the Flesh tour , featuring stills from the promotional videos of `` Arnold Layne '' and `` The Scarecrow '' projected on large screens. This version featured a psychedelic guitar solo by Snowy White , as well as a sax solo, and this version appears on his 2000 In the Flesh -- Live DVD and live album. In June 2002, Waters' former Pink Floyd bandmate Nick Mason performed as guest drummer on the track for two nights at London 's Wembley Arena , the first indication of a reconciliation following the acrimonious split of the mid-1980s. It was also performed at Waters' 2006-- 2008 tour . In 2016, Waters performed the song again on his concerts at the Zocalo Square and Foro Sol in Mexico, as well as the Desert Trip festival in the United States , but it was dropped from the setlist of his 2017 Us + Them Tour . Cover versions ( edit ) 1989: Red Temple Spirits covered the song on their album If Tomorrow I Were Leaving for Lhasa, I Wouldn't Stay a Minute More... 1990: The debut album by Bassomatic , Set the Controls for the Heart of the Bass , contained a likewise titled track, as written by Waters, Laurie Mayer and William Orbit . 1994: Finnish ambient techno band Nemesis included a version as the closing track of their debut album Xcelsior . 1994: On Erasure 's single `` Run to the Sun '' , a remix by Chris and Cosey was titled the `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun Mix'' . 1995: Sludge metal band Nightstick covered the song on their album Blotter . 1996: Experimental group Psychic TV recorded a cover of the song for their album Trip/Reset . 2000: A cover version was done by indie band, Mira Ceti, and published by Sony BMG . 2003: A cover version was done by prog metal supergroup OSI , included on the bonus disc of their debut album OSI . 2003: Drone /sludge metal band 5ive recorded the track `` The Hemophiliac Dream, Pt. 1'' for an EP of the same name. It served as a tribute to `` Set the Controls...'' : Its tonal progression was similar to its parent song, the lyric `` Set the controls'' appeared once early in the song, and a chant of `` The heart of the sun'' served as a quasi-chorus. 2007: German gothic rock band the House of Usher recorded a version as the title theme for the audiobook edition of Stephen Baxter 's science fiction novel Titan . 2008: The Smashing Pumpkins played a 20-minute live version of the song on the final leg of their 2008 tour. 2008: Finnish experimental electronic artist Mika Vainio released a cover version titled `` Set the Controls to the Heart of the Sun'' on his album Oleva . 2009: Black metal band 1349 recorded a cover version which appeared on their album Revelations of the Black Flame . 2009: Brazilian psychedelic rock band Violeta de Outono covered the song on their live video Seventh Brings Return: A Tribute to Syd Barrett , originally recorded in 2006. 2013: A piano version was performed by Ayşedeniz Gökçin on her self-released 2013 album Pink Floyd Classical Concepts . 2016: German atmospheric black metal band the Ruins of Beverast covered and extended the song to 11:48 for their EP Takitum Tootem! . Australian band the Titanics did two versions, one in their usual indie pop style, and a second using traditional Indian instruments for the television show John Safran's Music Jamboree . The LCD Soundsystem song `` All My Friends '' includes the lyric `` we set controls for the heart of the sun'' . Sludge metal band Kylesa have performed a version of the song in their live set. A version of the song was done by Israeli doom/death band Salem . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun Review'' . Stewart Mason . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Gulla, Bob (2009). `` David Gilmour'' . Guitar Gods: The 25 Players Who Made Rock History . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-313-35806-0 . ^ Jump up to: Mabbett, Andy (1995). The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London: Omnibus,. ISBN 0-7119-4301-X . Jump up ^ Palacios, Julian (1998). `` ' Like Summer Tempests Came His Tears' (July 1967-- January 1968)'' . Lost in the Woods: Syd Barrett and the Pink Floyd . London: Boxtree. p. 180. ISBN 0-7522-2328-3 . Jump up ^ `` Echoes: the album credits'' . Pink Floyd. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Allusions to Classical Chinese poetry in Pink Floyd Jump up ^ Palacios, Julian (2010). Syd Barrett & Pink Floyd: Dark globe . London: Plexus. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-85965-431-9 . Waters borrows a succinct line from 9th-century poet Li He's ' Don't Go Out of the Door' , which appeared in the original poem as: ' Witness the man who raved at the wall as he wrote his questions to Heaven.' ^ Jump up to: Miller, Jim (26 October 1968). `` A Saucerful of Secrets'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Palacios, Julian (2010). `` Summer Tempests'' . Syd Barrett & Pink Floyd: Dark Globe (Rev. ed.). London: Plexus. p. 271. ISBN 0-85965-431-1 . Jump up ^ Manning, Toby (2006). `` The Albums'' . The Rough Guide to Pink Floyd (1st ed.). London: Rough Guides. p. 160. ISBN 1-84353-575-0 . Jump up ^ Mason, Stewart. `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun - Pink Floyd : Listen, Appearances, Song Review'' . AllMusic . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Sweeting, Adam (20 May 2008). `` Roger Waters: set the controls for the heart of the Floyd'' . Telegraph . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Temple Spirits: If Tomorrow I Were Leavin' for Lhasa, I wouldn't Stay a Minute More > Overview'' . Allmusic . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Bass - Bassomatic Songs, Reviews, Credits AllMusic'' . AllMusic . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nemesis (9) - Xcelsior'' . Discogs . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nightstick - Blotter'' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Psychic TV - Trip Reset'' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQIEkudscrA Jump up ^ `` OSI - Office Of Strategic Influence'' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ø - Oleva'' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revelations of the Black Flame - 1349 Songs, Reviews, Credits AllMusic'' . AllMusic . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AyseDeniz Gokcin - Pink Floyd Classical Concept'' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QNnFPqBhHw Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmWdbuE-mwg&t=1376 Jump up ^ `` The melancholy greatness of `` All My Friends '' `` . Slate. 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Saucerful of Secrets Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics A Saucerful of Secrets Songs Side one `` Let There Be More Light '' `` Remember a Day '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` Corporal Clegg '' Side two `` A Saucerful of Secrets '' `` See-Saw '' `` Jugband Blues '' Related articles Pink Floyd World Tour 1968 `` Scream Thy Last Scream '' `` Vegetable Man '' `` Apples and Oranges '' `` Have You Got It Yet? '' The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Ummagumma Songs Live disc Side one `` Astronomy Domine '' `` Careful with That Axe, Eugene '' Side two `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` A Saucerful of Secrets '' Studio disc Side three `` Sysyphus'' `` Grantchester Meadows '' `` Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict '' Side four `` The Narrow Way '' `` The Grand Vizier's Garden Party '' Related articles The Man and The Journey The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Pink Floyd Nick Mason Roger Waters Richard Wright Syd Barrett David Gilmour Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980-- 81 Singles `` Arnold Layne '' / `` Candy and a Currant Bun '' `` See Emily Play '' / `` The Scarecrow '' `` Flaming '' / `` The Gnome '' (US) `` Apples and Oranges '' / `` Paint Box '' (UK) `` It Would Be So Nice '' / `` Julia Dream '' `` Let There Be More Light '' / `` Remember a Day '' (US) `` Point Me at the Sky '' / `` Careful with That Axe, Eugene '' (UK) `` One of These Days '' / `` Fearless '' (US) `` Free Four '' `` Money '' / `` Any Colour You Like '' (US) `` Time '' / `` Us and Them '' (US) `` Have a Cigar '' / `` Welcome to the Machine '' (US) or `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I '' (Europe) `` Another Brick in the Wall (Part II) '' / `` One of My Turns '' `` Run Like Hell '' / `` Don't Leave Me Now '' (Europe/some US) or `` Comfortably Numb '' (later US) `` Comfortably Numb '' / `` Hey You '' (US) `` Pink Floyd The Wall - Music From The Film '' (`` When the Tigers Broke Free '' / `` Bring the Boys Back Home '' ) `` Not Now John '' / `` The Hero's Return (Parts 1 and 2) '' `` Learning to Fly '' / `` Terminal Frost '' and/or `` One Slip '' `` On the Turning Away '' / `` Run Like Hell (live) '' (UK) `` One Slip '' / `` Terminal Frost '' / `` The Dogs of War '' (UK) `` Take It Back '' / `` Astronomy Domine (live) '' (US) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' / `` Marooned '' `` Wish You Were Here (Live) '' / `` Coming Back to Life (live) / `` Keep Talking (live) '' (UK) `` Louder than Words '' Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd / Masters of Rock Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works 1967: The First Three Singles Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd: A Foot in the Door 1965: Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh, by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965-- 1972 Films Concerts London ' 66-- ' 67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall The Final Cut Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London ' 66-- ' 67 The Story of Wish You Were Here Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point Obscured by Clouds Pink Floyd -- The Wall La Carrera Panamericana Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Atom Heart Mother World Tour Meddle Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour The Division Bell Tour Related media and tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Barn Jams Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo `` Embryo '' Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Pinkfloydia `` Proper Education '' Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Other topics Discography Videography Song list Unreleased material Members Bootleg recordings Pink Floyd live performances The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios Dark Side of the Rainbow EMS Synthi A Games for May Midsummer High Weekend Pink Floyd pigs Publius Enigma Why Pink Floyd...? Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set_the_Controls_for_the_Heart_of_the_Sun&oldid=823963479 '' Categories : 1968 songs Pink Floyd songs Experimental rock songs Songs written by Roger Waters Hidden categories: Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018, at 14:20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -5790584799183943558 |
who sings if i were a rich man | `` If I Were a Rich Man '' is a show tune from the 1964 musical Fiddler on the Roof . It was written by Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock . The song is performed by Tevye , the main character in the musical , and reflects his dreams of glory . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` If I Were a Rich Man '' is a show tune from the 1964 musical Fiddler on the Roof . It was written by Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock . The song is performed by Tevye , the main character in the musical , and reflects his dreams of glory .",
"The title is inspired by a 1902 monologue by Sholem Aleichem in Yiddish , Ven ikh bin a Rothschild ( If I were a Rothschild ) , a reference to the wealth of the Rothschild family , although the content is quite different . The lyric is based in part on passages from Sholem Aleichem 's 1899 short story `` The Bubble Bursts . '' Both stories appeared in English in the 1949 collection of stories Tevye 's Daughters .",
"The Oxford Companion to the American Musical wrote that the song has `` cantor - like chanting '' , and is `` the most revealing of the many character numbers '' . The Broadway Musical : A Critical and Musical Survey explained that the song contained the most number of Jewish `` commonplaces '' than any other number in the score ; it added the song does twofold : it `` offers such a strong dose of idiom early in the show ( which ) is good for the overall unity '' , and the `` important dramatic function '' of introducing the central character of Tevye through song . History of the Literary Cultures of East - Central Europe argues the song is based on a poem entitled `` If I were Rothschild '' , in reference to a famous and wealthy Jewish entrepreneur . Leading Your Family to Water notes that given a wealthy existence , interestingly Tevye says he would use the time not spent working to `` learn more about his faith '' . The Grammar Devotional likens the phrase `` if I were a rich man '' to the Cowardly Lion 's `` if I were king of the forest '' in The Wizard of Oz in the context of imagining a scenario . The song is inspired by a Hasidic folk song .",
"The song is broken into four verses , with a bridge between the third and fourth and a chorus sung at the beginning of the song , and after the second and fourth verses .",
"Musically , it is written in a Jewish klezmer style .",
"Through the first two verses , Tevye dreams of the material comforts that wealth would bring him . Sung boisterously and comedically , Tevye first considers the enormous house he would buy and the needless luxuries he would fill it with , including a third staircase `` leading nowhere , just for show , '' then the poultry he would buy to fill his yard .",
"Tevye switches his attention to the luxuries in which he would shower his wife , Golde , in the third verse . He talks of servants to alleviate her workload , fancy clothes for her pleasure , and mountains of food . The song is sung in the same boisterous , comedic style .",
"The music and vocals intensify during the bridge , when Tevye starts lamenting his place in the community as a lowly milkman , and considers the esteem and importance that wealth would bring him .",
"In the final verse , Tevye softens as he further considers his devotion to God . He expresses his sorrow that the long working hours he keeps prevents him from spending as much time in the synagogue as he would like , and how wealth would allow him to spend less time working and more time praying and studying the Torah , and finally asking God if `` it would spoil a vast eternal plan '' if he were wealthy .",
"A repeated phrase throughout the song , `` all day long I 'd bidi - bidi - bum , '' is often misunderstood to refer to Tevye 's desire not to have to work . However , in an interview with Terry Gross , Sheldon Harnick said he basically made up syllables that he thought would give the effect of Chassidic chanting . The first person to play Tevye , Zero Mostel , then replaced the syllables Harnick had written with ones that Mostel thought would be more authentic .",
"The Hebrew version lyrics ( first released in 1965 ) are taken directly from the original Sholem Aleichem story . The title and chorus are `` לו הייתי רוטשילד '' Lu hayiti Rotshild : ' If I were Rothschild ' . In 1966 , Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass recorded an instrumental version for their album What Now My Love . In September 1967 Bill and Boyd 's version peaked at No. 24 on the Go - Set National Top 40 in Australia . In 1967 , Chaim Topol recorded a version , billed as Topol and also credited as ' From the London cast production `` Fiddler On The Roof '' ' ( CBS 202651 ) , it entered the U.K. singles chart on 20 April 1967 where it remained for 20 consecutive weeks peaking at 9 . In 1967 , Ronnie Hilton recorded a version . In 1967 , Roger Whittaker recorded a version . In 1967 , Rolf Harris recorded a version . In 1967 , Herschel Bernardi charted with his version ( Billboard `` Bubbling Under The Top 100 '' , Record World `` Non-Rock '' surveys ) . In 1968 , Sergio Franchi recorded this song in his show - stopping English / Hebrew version in a medly with `` To Life / Le Chaim '' on his RCA album Wine and Song . In 1968 , the song was covered in `` Ah ! Si j'étais riche , '' by Ivan Rebroff , and `` Si j'avais des millions , '' with lyrics by Charles Aznavour and sung by Dalida . In 1968 , Lasse Mårtenson covered the song in Finnish : `` Rikas mies jos oisin '' . Big Boss and Winsome made a new French version : `` Ah ! Si j'étais riche '' , which was different from Ivan Rebroff 's version . In 1970 , Romanian rock band Mondial released a cover of the song on an EP featuring singer Gică Petrescu , together with `` The Impossible Dream '' ( previously recorded by Jack Jones in 1966 ) and another two covers . Only the chorus and first couplet can be heard on this recording , mainly because of the timing limitations a single disc carries . In 1970 , Turkish version Ah Bir Zengin Olsam lyrics written by `` Y . Taşer '' and performed by Tanju Okan . In the 1980s Frankie Vaughan recorded his version for his album Love Hits and High Kicks . In 1999 , Lady Saw covered the song . In 2001 the Australian punk band Yidcore recorded the song for their self - titled debut album . Indie band The Magnetic Fields covered the song on the Fiddler on the Roof tribute album , Knitting on the Roof . In 2013 , French baritone David Serero recorded a French version which he modernized on a videoclip .",
"The Hebrew version lyrics ( first released in 1965 ) are taken directly from the original Sholem Aleichem story . The title and chorus are `` לו הייתי רוטשילד '' Lu hayiti Rotshild : ' If I were Rothschild ' .",
"In 1966 , Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass recorded an instrumental version for their album What Now My Love .",
"In September 1967 Bill and Boyd 's version peaked at No. 24 on the Go - Set National Top 40 in Australia .",
"In 1967 , Chaim Topol recorded a version , billed as Topol and also credited as ' From the London cast production `` Fiddler On The Roof '' ' ( CBS 202651 ) , it entered the U.K. singles chart on 20 April 1967 where it remained for 20 consecutive weeks peaking at 9 .",
"In 1967 , Ronnie Hilton recorded a version .",
"In 1967 , Roger Whittaker recorded a version .",
"In 1967 , Rolf Harris recorded a version .",
"In 1967 , Herschel Bernardi charted with his version ( Billboard `` Bubbling Under The Top 100 '' , Record World `` Non-Rock '' surveys ) .",
"In 1968 , Sergio Franchi recorded this song in his show - stopping English / Hebrew version in a medly with `` To Life / Le Chaim '' on his RCA album Wine and Song .",
"In 1968 , the song was covered in `` Ah ! Si j'étais riche , '' by Ivan Rebroff , and `` Si j'avais des millions , '' with lyrics by Charles Aznavour and sung by Dalida .",
"In 1968 , Lasse Mårtenson covered the song in Finnish : `` Rikas mies jos oisin '' .",
"Big Boss and Winsome made a new French version : `` Ah ! Si j'étais riche '' , which was different from Ivan Rebroff 's version .",
"In 1970 , Romanian rock band Mondial released a cover of the song on an EP featuring singer Gică Petrescu , together with `` The Impossible Dream '' ( previously recorded by Jack Jones in 1966 ) and another two covers . Only the chorus and first couplet can be heard on this recording , mainly because of the timing limitations a single disc carries .",
"In 1970 , Turkish version Ah Bir Zengin Olsam lyrics written by `` Y . Taşer '' and performed by Tanju Okan .",
"In the 1980s Frankie Vaughan recorded his version for his album Love Hits and High Kicks .",
"In 1999 , Lady Saw covered the song .",
"In 2001 the Australian punk band Yidcore recorded the song for their self - titled debut album .",
"Indie band The Magnetic Fields covered the song on the Fiddler on the Roof tribute album , Knitting on the Roof .",
"In 2013 , French baritone David Serero recorded a French version which he modernized on a videoclip .",
"In 1991 , it was sampled on Massive Attack 's song Daydreaming , from their debut album Blue Lines . In 1993 , it was interpolated for the song `` Rich Girl '' by Louchie Lou & Michie One . This version would later be remade in 2004 by Gwen Stefani and Eve under the same name for Stefani 's debut solo album Love . Angel . Music . Baby ...",
"In 1991 , it was sampled on Massive Attack 's song Daydreaming , from their debut album Blue Lines .",
"In 1993 , it was interpolated for the song `` Rich Girl '' by Louchie Lou & Michie One . This version would later be remade in 2004 by Gwen Stefani and Eve under the same name for Stefani 's debut solo album Love . Angel . Music . Baby ...",
"The song was parodied in an episode of The Man Show , which featured Jimmy Kimmel as a little person , accompanied by a song titled `` If I Were a Midget . '' Allan Sherman sang a satire on the song as `` If I were a Tishman '' about building structures in the big cities , from his album `` Together '' . In the parody musical A Shoggoth on the Roof , based on the works of H.P. Lovecraft , the character Obed Marsh sings a parody of the song titled `` If I were a Deep One '' . In the Animaniacs episode `` Pigeon on the roof '' , which is exactly a spoof of the film , the song was parodied by Pesto Goodfeather , entitled as `` If I Were The Godpigeon '' . In a World AIDS Day benefit , the original cast of Avenue Q and the cast of a recent Broadway revival of Fiddler On The Roof presented a 10 - minute performance that was essentially a spoof of Fiddler and Avenue Q called `` Avenue Jew '' ; Shprintze falls for Jewish - American Princeton , but Tevye forbids their union because he is a puppet , even when he tells Princeton he likes him . Princeton only says `` I know , I know . If I were a human ... '' The January 1973 issue of Mad Magazine featured a parody of the then - recent film adaptation of Fiddler titled Antenna on the Roof and recasting the characters as the affluent Jewish descendants of the original characters , living in a modern American suburb . The patriarch recites `` If I Were a Poor Man '' , describing in ironic terms the problems of wealth . Sesame Street spoofs the song as `` If I Were the Letter B '' .",
"The song was parodied in an episode of The Man Show , which featured Jimmy Kimmel as a little person , accompanied by a song titled `` If I Were a Midget . ''",
"Allan Sherman sang a satire on the song as `` If I were a Tishman '' about building structures in the big cities , from his album `` Together '' .",
"In the parody musical A Shoggoth on the Roof , based on the works of H.P. Lovecraft , the character Obed Marsh sings a parody of the song titled `` If I were a Deep One '' .",
"In the Animaniacs episode `` Pigeon on the roof '' , which is exactly a spoof of the film , the song was parodied by Pesto Goodfeather , entitled as `` If I Were The Godpigeon '' .",
"In a World AIDS Day benefit , the original cast of Avenue Q and the cast of a recent Broadway revival of Fiddler On The Roof presented a 10 - minute performance that was essentially a spoof of Fiddler and Avenue Q called `` Avenue Jew '' ; Shprintze falls for Jewish - American Princeton , but Tevye forbids their union because he is a puppet , even when he tells Princeton he likes him . Princeton only says `` I know , I know . If I were a human ... ''",
"The January 1973 issue of Mad Magazine featured a parody of the then - recent film adaptation of Fiddler titled Antenna on the Roof and recasting the characters as the affluent Jewish descendants of the original characters , living in a modern American suburb . The patriarch recites `` If I Were a Poor Man '' , describing in ironic terms the problems of wealth .",
"Sesame Street spoofs the song as `` If I Were the Letter B '' .",
"In 1983 , Matthew Smith used it as the background music in the seminal ZX Spectrum game Jet Set Willy . In a season 4 episode of the 1980s sitcom Perfect Strangers , Balki Bartokomous , in his hopes of winning , sang part of the song after buying a lottery ticket . An easter egg on the DVD of the 2004 film Spider - Man 2 features Doctor Octopus ( Alfred Molina ) singing the song . Molina had played the role of Tevye on Broadway . In the Red Dwarf episode `` Timeslides '' , Arnold Rimmer sings a portion of the song 's chorus after he believes he has successfully altered history to make himself rich and famous . In the Seinfeld episode The Limo , George Costanza can be heard absent - mindedly whistling the song in a limo full of members of the Aryan Union . The song was heard in the King of Queens episode `` Hi - Def Jam '' . Part of the song is also heard being hummed by some guards in the first game of the series Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell . John Safran sings the song to various Palestinians including leaders of Hamas and the Palestinian Liberation Organization on the third episode of his show John Safran 's Race Relations . In a season 3 episode of ' Til Death , a Jewish man sings the song to Brad Garrett 's character Eddie Stark .",
"In 1983 , Matthew Smith used it as the background music in the seminal ZX Spectrum game Jet Set Willy .",
"In a season 4 episode of the 1980s sitcom Perfect Strangers , Balki Bartokomous , in his hopes of winning , sang part of the song after buying a lottery ticket .",
"An easter egg on the DVD of the 2004 film Spider - Man 2 features Doctor Octopus ( Alfred Molina ) singing the song . Molina had played the role of Tevye on Broadway .",
"In the Red Dwarf episode `` Timeslides '' , Arnold Rimmer sings a portion of the song 's chorus after he believes he has successfully altered history to make himself rich and famous .",
"In the Seinfeld episode The Limo , George Costanza can be heard absent - mindedly whistling the song in a limo full of members of the Aryan Union .",
"The song was heard in the King of Queens episode `` Hi - Def Jam '' .",
"Part of the song is also heard being hummed by some guards in the first game of the series Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell .",
"John Safran sings the song to various Palestinians including leaders of Hamas and the Palestinian Liberation Organization on the third episode of his show John Safran 's Race Relations .",
"In a season 3 episode of ' Til Death , a Jewish man sings the song to Brad Garrett 's character Eddie Stark ."
] | If I were a rich Man (song) - wikipedia If I were a rich Man (song) Jump to: navigation , search `` If I Were a Rich Man '' is a show tune from the 1964 musical Fiddler on the Roof . It was written by Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock . The song is performed by Tevye , the main character in the musical, and reflects his dreams of glory. The title is inspired by a 1902 monologue by Sholem Aleichem in Yiddish , Ven ikh bin a Rothschild (If I were a Rothschild), a reference to the wealth of the Rothschild family , although the content is quite different. The lyric is based in part on passages from Sholem Aleichem's 1899 short story `` The Bubble Bursts.'' Both stories appeared in English in the 1949 collection of stories Tevye's Daughters. Contents ( hide ) 1 Analysis 2 Lyrics and style 3 Cover versions and translations 4 Sampling 5 Parodies 6 Appearances in other media 7 References 8 External links Analysis ( edit ) The Oxford Companion to the American Musical wrote that the song has `` cantor-like chanting'' , and is `` the most revealing of the many character numbers'' . The Broadway Musical: A Critical and Musical Survey explained that the song contained the most number of Jewish `` commonplaces'' than any other number in the score; it added the song does twofold: it `` offers such a strong dose of idiom early in the show (which) is good for the overall unity'' , and the `` important dramatic function'' of introducing the central character of Tevye through song. History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe argues the song is based on a poem entitled `` If I were Rothschild'' , in reference to a famous and wealthy Jewish entrepreneur. Leading Your Family to Water notes that given a wealthy existence, interestingly Tevye says he would use the time not spent working to `` learn more about his faith'' . The Grammar Devotional likens the phrase `` if I were a rich man'' to the Cowardly Lion's `` if I were king of the forest'' in The Wizard of Oz in the context of imagining a scenario. The song is inspired by a Hasidic folk song. Lyrics and style ( edit ) The song is broken into four verses, with a bridge between the third and fourth and a chorus sung at the beginning of the song, and after the second and fourth verses. Musically, it is written in a Jewish klezmer style. Through the first two verses, Tevye dreams of the material comforts that wealth would bring him. Sung boisterously and comedically, Tevye first considers the enormous house he would buy and the needless luxuries he would fill it with, including a third staircase `` leading nowhere, just for show,'' then the poultry he would buy to fill his yard. Tevye switches his attention to the luxuries in which he would shower his wife, Golde, in the third verse. He talks of servants to alleviate her workload, fancy clothes for her pleasure, and mountains of food. The song is sung in the same boisterous, comedic style. The music and vocals intensify during the bridge, when Tevye starts lamenting his place in the community as a lowly milkman, and considers the esteem and importance that wealth would bring him. In the final verse, Tevye softens as he further considers his devotion to God. He expresses his sorrow that the long working hours he keeps prevents him from spending as much time in the synagogue as he would like, and how wealth would allow him to spend less time working and more time praying and studying the Torah , and finally asking God if `` it would spoil a vast eternal plan'' if he were wealthy. A repeated phrase throughout the song, `` all day long I'd bidi-bidi-bum,'' is often misunderstood to refer to Tevye's desire not to have to work. However, in an interview with Terry Gross, Sheldon Harnick said he basically made up syllables that he thought would give the effect of Chassidic chanting. The first person to play Tevye, Zero Mostel , then replaced the syllables Harnick had written with ones that Mostel thought would be more authentic. Cover versions and translations ( edit ) The Hebrew version lyrics (first released in 1965) are taken directly from the original Sholem Aleichem story. The title and chorus are `` לו הייתי רוטשילד '' Lu hayiti Rotshild : ' If I were Rothschild' . In 1966, Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass recorded an instrumental version for their album What Now My Love . In September 1967 Bill and Boyd 's version peaked at No. 24 on the Go-Set National Top 40 in Australia. In 1967, Chaim Topol recorded a version, billed as Topol and also credited as ' From the London cast production `` Fiddler On The Roof'' ' (CBS 202651), it entered the U.K. singles chart on 20 April 1967 where it remained for 20 consecutive weeks peaking at 9. In 1967, Ronnie Hilton recorded a version. In 1967, Roger Whittaker recorded a version. In 1967, Rolf Harris recorded a version. In 1967, Herschel Bernardi charted with his version (Billboard `` Bubbling Under The Top 100'' , Record World `` Non-Rock'' surveys). In 1968, Sergio Franchi recorded this song in his show-stopping English/Hebrew version in a medly with `` To Life/Le Chaim'' on his RCA album Wine and Song . In 1968, the song was covered in `` Ah! Si j'étais riche,'' by Ivan Rebroff , and `` Si j'avais des millions,'' with lyrics by Charles Aznavour and sung by Dalida . In 1968, Lasse Mårtenson covered the song in Finnish : `` Rikas mies jos oisin'' . Big Boss and Winsome made a new French version: `` Ah! Si j'étais riche'' , which was different from Ivan Rebroff 's version. In 1970, Romanian rock band Mondial released a cover of the song on an EP featuring singer Gică Petrescu , together with `` The Impossible Dream '' (previously recorded by Jack Jones in 1966) and another two covers. Only the chorus and first couplet can be heard on this recording, mainly because of the timing limitations a single disc carries. In 1970, Turkish version Ah Bir Zengin Olsam lyrics written by `` Y. Taşer '' and performed by Tanju Okan . In the 1980s Frankie Vaughan recorded his version for his album Love Hits and High Kicks . In 1999, Lady Saw covered the song. In 2001 the Australian punk band Yidcore recorded the song for their self-titled debut album. Indie band The Magnetic Fields covered the song on the Fiddler on the Roof tribute album, Knitting on the Roof . In 2013, French baritone David Serero recorded a French version which he modernized on a videoclip. Sampling ( edit ) In 1991, it was sampled on Massive Attack 's song Daydreaming, from their debut album Blue Lines . In 1993, it was interpolated for the song `` Rich Girl'' by Louchie Lou & Michie One . This version would later be remade in 2004 by Gwen Stefani and Eve under the same name for Stefani's debut solo album Love. Angel. Music. Baby... Parodies ( edit ) The song was parodied in an episode of The Man Show , which featured Jimmy Kimmel as a little person, accompanied by a song titled `` If I Were a Midget.'' Allan Sherman sang a satire on the song as `` If I were a Tishman '' about building structures in the big cities, from his album `` Together'' . In the parody musical A Shoggoth on the Roof , based on the works of H.P. Lovecraft , the character Obed Marsh sings a parody of the song titled `` If I were a Deep One '' . In the Animaniacs episode `` Pigeon on the roof'' , which is exactly a spoof of the film, the song was parodied by Pesto Goodfeather, entitled as `` If I Were The Godpigeon'' . In a World AIDS Day benefit, the original cast of Avenue Q and the cast of a recent Broadway revival of Fiddler On The Roof presented a 10-minute performance that was essentially a spoof of Fiddler and Avenue Q called `` Avenue Jew'' ; Shprintze falls for Jewish-American Princeton, but Tevye forbids their union because he is a puppet, even when he tells Princeton he likes him. Princeton only says `` I know, I know. If I were a human...'' The January 1973 issue of Mad Magazine featured a parody of the then-recent film adaptation of Fiddler titled Antenna on the Roof and recasting the characters as the affluent Jewish descendants of the original characters, living in a modern American suburb. The patriarch recites `` If I Were a Poor Man'' , describing in ironic terms the problems of wealth. Sesame Street spoofs the song as `` If I Were the Letter B'' . Appearances in other media ( edit ) In 1983, Matthew Smith used it as the background music in the seminal ZX Spectrum game Jet Set Willy . In a season 4 episode of the 1980s sitcom Perfect Strangers , Balki Bartokomous, in his hopes of winning, sang part of the song after buying a lottery ticket. An easter egg on the DVD of the 2004 film Spider-Man 2 features Doctor Octopus ( Alfred Molina ) singing the song. Molina had played the role of Tevye on Broadway. In the Red Dwarf episode `` Timeslides '' , Arnold Rimmer sings a portion of the song's chorus after he believes he has successfully altered history to make himself rich and famous. In the Seinfeld episode The Limo , George Costanza can be heard absent-mindedly whistling the song in a limo full of members of the Aryan Union. The song was heard in the King of Queens episode `` Hi-Def Jam'' . Part of the song is also heard being hummed by some guards in the first game of the series Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell . John Safran sings the song to various Palestinians including leaders of Hamas and the Palestinian Liberation Organization on the third episode of his show John Safran's Race Relations . In a season 3 episode of ' Til Death , a Jewish man sings the song to Brad Garrett's character Eddie Stark. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Fiddler On The Roof - Tradition Lyrics'' . www.lyricsmania.com . Jump up ^ Tevye's Daughters , by Sholom Aleichem, translated by Frances Butwin (1949). `` The Bubble Bursts'' appears on pages 1-- 15, `` If I Were Rothschild'' on pages 16-- 19. Jump up ^ Hischak, Thomas (2008). `` The Oxford Companion to the American Musical'' . google.com.au . Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ Swain, Joseph (2002). `` The Broadway Musical: A Critical and Musical Survey'' . google.com.au . Scarecrow Press. Jump up ^ Wolitz, Seth (2006). Cornis-Pope, Marcel; Neubauer, John, eds. `` Ashkenaz or the Jewish Presence in East-Central Europe'' . History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries, Volume 2 . John Benjamins Publishing. Jump up ^ `` Leading Your Family to Water'' . google.com.au . Jump up ^ `` The Grammar Devotional'' . google.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Available'' . google.com.au . Jump up ^ `` tefilla - Meaning of `` bidi-bidi-bum'' - Mi Yodeya`` . stackexchange.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Fiddler' Composer Jerry Bock, 1928-2010'' . NPR.org. 5 November 2010. Jump up ^ Nimmervoll, Ed (6 September 1967). `` National Top 40'' . Go-Set . Waverley Press . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice, Tim; Rice, Jo; Gambaccini, Paul; Read, Mike (1985). Guinness British Hit Singles (5th ed.). Guinness Superlatives Limited. ISBN 0-85112-429-1 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com Archived 2012-04-21 at the Wayback Machine . Sergio Franchi Jump up ^ Yidcore - If I Were A Rich Man (Video) 's channel on YouTube Jump up ^ David Serero - Ah! Si J'étais Riche . YouTube . 5 August 2014. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of French versions Midifile (original version) Ven ikh bin Rothschild (full text in Yiddish) ( hide ) Fiddler on the Roof Characters Tevye Inspiration Sholem Aleichem 's Tevye and his Daughters Adaptations Fiddler on the Roof (1964 musical) Fiddler on the Roof (1971 film) Songs Act 1 Tradition Matchmaker, Matchmaker If I Were a Rich Man Sabbath Prayer To Life Miracle of Miracles Tevye's Dream Sunrise, Sunset Act 2 Now I Have Everything Do You Love Me? The Rumor/I Just Heard Far From the Home I Love Chavaleh (Little Bird) Anatevka Any Day Now Miscellaneous List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof A Shoggoth on the Roof (parody musical) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Were_a_Rich_Man_(song)&oldid=833953371 '' Categories : 1964 songs Songs from musicals Songs written by Sheldon Harnick Songs written by Jerry Bock Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Finnish-language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 05:05. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 1784298097855622581 |
when do premium bond prize draws take place | Winners of the jackpot are told on the first working day of the month , although the actual date of the draw varies . The online prize finder is updated by the third or fourth working day of the month . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"A Premium Bond is a lottery bond issued by the United Kingdom government 's National Savings and Investments agency . The bonds are entered in a regular prize draw and the government promises to buy them back , on request , for their original price . The bonds were introduced by Harold Macmillan in 1956 .",
"The government pays interest on the bond ( 1.40 % per year as at December 2017 ) . Interest is paid into a fund from which a monthly lottery distributes tax - free prizes to bondholders whose numbers are selected randomly . The machine that generates numbers is ERNIE , for Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment . Prizes range from £ 25 to £ 1,000,000 . Between 2005 and 2009 , there were two £ 1m prizes each month and the minimum prize was £ 50 , but prizes were reduced after the 2009 drop in interest rates . A second £ 1m prize was reintroduced in August 2014 .",
"Investors can buy bonds at any time ; they have to be held for a calendar month before they qualify for a prize . Numbers are entered in the draw each month , with an equal chance of winning , until the bond is cashed .",
"Winners of the jackpot are told on the first working day of the month , although the actual date of the draw varies . The online prize finder is updated by the third or fourth working day of the month .",
"From 1 January 2009 the odds of winning a prize for each £ 1 of bond was 36,000 to 1 . In October 2009 , the odds returned to 24,000 to 1 with the prize fund interest rate increase . The odds reached 26,000 to 1 by October 2013 . As of July 2016 , each person may own bonds up to £ 50,000 . Bonds can be bought in units of £ 1 after the first £ 100 , with a value of £ 1 per bond and a minimum purchase of 100 bonds ( or 50 bonds when paying by standing order ) . When introduced in 1957 they were popular -- the only other similar games were football pools ; the National Lottery did not exist until 1994 . In Ireland , the Prize Bond originated in early 1957 .",
"Premium Bonds were introduced by Harold Macmillan in his Budget of 17 April 1956 , to control inflation and encourage people to save . On 1 November 1956 , in front of the Royal Exchange in the City of London , the Lord Mayor of London , Alderman Sir Cuthbert Ackroyd , bought the first bond from the Postmaster - General , Dr Charles Hill , for £ 1 . Councillor William Crook , the mayor of Lytham St Anne 's , bought the second . The Premium Bonds office was based in St Annes - on - Sea until it moved to Blackpool in 1978 .",
"In December 2008 , NS&I dropped the interest rate ( and therefore the odds of winning ) due to the drop in the Bank of England base rate during the credit crunch , leading to criticism from members of Parliament , financial experts and holders of bonds ; many claimed Premium Bonds were now `` worthless '' , and somebody with £ 30,000 invested and `` average luck '' would win only 10 prizes a year compared to 15 the previous year . Investors with smaller although significant amounts would possibly win nothing .",
"Based on odds as of June 2015 of 1 / 26000 , the expected number of prizes for the maximum £ 50,000 worth of bonds is 23 per year . The calculation is 1 / 26000 x 12 ( draws per year ) x 50,000 ( number of bonds held ) .",
"According to the Premium Bond Probability Calculator on MoneySavingExpert.com , which updates odds each month , the odds of a prize as of February 2014 are :",
"Hold £ 100 over a year and the chance of winning anything is 4.51 % . Hold £ 1,000 over a year and the chance of winning anything is 37 % . Hold £ 10,000 over a year and the chance of winning anything is 99 % .",
"Hold £ 100 over a year and the chance of winning anything is 4.51 % .",
"Hold £ 1,000 over a year and the chance of winning anything is 37 % .",
"Hold £ 10,000 over a year and the chance of winning anything is 99 % .",
"The prize fund is equal to one month 's interest on all bonds eligible for the draw . The annual interest is set by NS&I and was 1.40 % as of December 2017 . The following table lists the distribution of prizes on offer in the December 2017 draw .",
"Prize band Prize value Estimated number of prizes each month Higher value £ 1,000,000 5 % of the prize fund £ 100,000 £ 50,000 9 £ 25,000 18 £ 10,000 42 £ 5,000 87 Medium value £ 1,000 1,660 5 % of the prize fund £ 500 4,980 Low value £ 100 22,792 90 % of the prize fund £ 50 22,792 £ 25 2,853,919 Total value ( December 2017 - estimated ) £ 83.1 m 2,906,305",
"Prize band Prize value Estimated number of prizes each month",
"Higher value £ 1,000,000",
"5 % of the prize fund £ 100,000",
"£ 50,000 9",
"£ 25,000 18",
"£ 10,000 42",
"£ 5,000 87",
"Medium value £ 1,000 1,660",
"5 % of the prize fund £ 500 4,980",
"Low value £ 100 22,792",
"90 % of the prize fund £ 50 22,792",
"£ 25 2,853,919",
"Total value ( December 2017 - estimated ) £ 83.1 m 2,906,305",
"ERNIE is a hardware random number generator . The first ERNIE was built at the Post Office Research Station by a team led by Sidney Broadhurst . The designers were Tommy Flowers and Harry Fensom and it is based on Colossus , the world 's first digital computer . It was introduced in 1957 , and generated bond numbers based on the signal noise created by neon tubes . ERNIE 1 is in the collections of the Science Museum in London and was on display between 2008 and 2015 . ERNIE is an acronym for `` Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment ''",
"ERNIE 2 replaced the first ERNIE in 1972 .",
"ERNIE 3 in 1988 was the size of a personal computer ; at the end of its life it took five and a half hours to complete its monthly draw .",
"In August 2004 ERNIE 4 was brought into service in anticipation of an increase in prizes each month from September 2004 . Developed by LogicaCMG , it is 500 times faster than the original and generates a million numbers an hour ; these are checked against a list of valid bonds . By comparison , the original ERNIE generated 2,000 numbers an hour and was the size of a van .",
"ERNIE 4 uses thermal noise in transistors as its source of randomness to generate true random numbers ; the original ERNIE used a gas neon diode . In contrast , pseudorandom numbers , although sometimes simply referred to as random , are produced deterministically by the algorithm used to generate them . The randomness of ERNIE 's numbers derives from random statistical fluctuations in the physical processes involved . ERNIE 's output is independently tested each month by the Government Actuary 's Department , and the draw is only valid if it is certified to be statistically consistent with randomness .",
"ERNIE , anthropomorphised in early advertising , receives Valentine cards , Christmas cards and letters from the public . It is the subject of the song `` E.R.N.I.E. '' by Madness , from the 1980 album Absolutely .",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Premium Bonds under various names exist or have existed in various countries . Common variations compared to UK Premium Bonds include :",
"In some countries , Premium Bonds have an official end date 5 , 10 , 30 or more years after issue , when the principal will be repaid by the debtor ( government ) , until then , the bond can be bought and sold like any liquid security through banks and stock exchanges . Some countries have `` extended '' the end date , generally by offering that bond holders can choose to collect the principal or let it ride for an additional 10 - year period . In some countries , the prizes and chances , and hence the average interest rate , is a fixed property of the bond from issue until it is redeemed , making them more predictable as investments . When the prizes and chances of each bond are fixed , redeemed bonds stay in the lottery , but the issuer gets to keep prizes drawn to redeemed or unsold bonds . In some systems , holders of bonds with consecutive serial numbers are guaranteed that they will win at least one prize for every N bonds . One of several ways to do this is that for example , the lowest prize in a given month could be drawn to go to all bonds with serial numbers ending in 42 or 92 , so anyone with 50 consecutive bonds gets a prize . This way also simplifies the draw itself as just one number needs to be drawn to hand out thousands of the small prizes . In some countries , the payments are not tax free , or are taxed at a reduced rate compared to regular income .",
"In some countries , Premium Bonds have an official end date 5 , 10 , 30 or more years after issue , when the principal will be repaid by the debtor ( government ) , until then , the bond can be bought and sold like any liquid security through banks and stock exchanges . Some countries have `` extended '' the end date , generally by offering that bond holders can choose to collect the principal or let it ride for an additional 10 - year period .",
"In some countries , the prizes and chances , and hence the average interest rate , is a fixed property of the bond from issue until it is redeemed , making them more predictable as investments . When the prizes and chances of each bond are fixed , redeemed bonds stay in the lottery , but the issuer gets to keep prizes drawn to redeemed or unsold bonds .",
"In some systems , holders of bonds with consecutive serial numbers are guaranteed that they will win at least one prize for every N bonds . One of several ways to do this is that for example , the lowest prize in a given month could be drawn to go to all bonds with serial numbers ending in 42 or 92 , so anyone with 50 consecutive bonds gets a prize . This way also simplifies the draw itself as just one number needs to be drawn to hand out thousands of the small prizes .",
"In some countries , the payments are not tax free , or are taxed at a reduced rate compared to regular income .",
"Notes on specific countries :",
"In the United Kingdom , Premium Bonds function as described in the rest of this article . In Republic of Ireland , they are called Prize Bonds and also originated in early 1957 . In Sweden , they are called `` Premieobligationer '' , they usually run for five years and are traded on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm , the unit ( one Bond ) is generally 1000 SKr. or 5000 SKr . Holders of 10 or 50 consecutive bonds starting at 1 + N * 10 or 50 are guaranteed one winning per year . Outstanding bonds currently ( Sep 2013 ) add up to around 28.9 billion SKr . In Denmark , they were also called `` Premieobligationer '' and usually ran for five or 10 years with a fixed prize list printed on the physical bonds . They were physical bearer bonds and most series were extended one or more times by another 5 or 10 years . The last Danish Premium Bond series have now ended and must be redeemed for their principal cash within 10 years of the final ending dates . Danish Premium Bonds were generally identified by their color , for instance the blue premium bonds were issued in 1948 , and were redeemed in 1998 ( 10 years + 4 x 10 years extension ) . The first 200 DKr. of each prize was tax free , the rest taxed by only 15 % ( compared to 30 % or more for regular income ) . An image of an Indian Premium Bond is shown higher up in the article .",
"In the United Kingdom , Premium Bonds function as described in the rest of this article .",
"In Republic of Ireland , they are called Prize Bonds and also originated in early 1957 .",
"In Sweden , they are called `` Premieobligationer '' , they usually run for five years and are traded on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm , the unit ( one Bond ) is generally 1000 SKr. or 5000 SKr . Holders of 10 or 50 consecutive bonds starting at 1 + N * 10 or 50 are guaranteed one winning per year . Outstanding bonds currently ( Sep 2013 ) add up to around 28.9 billion SKr .",
"In Denmark , they were also called `` Premieobligationer '' and usually ran for five or 10 years with a fixed prize list printed on the physical bonds . They were physical bearer bonds and most series were extended one or more times by another 5 or 10 years . The last Danish Premium Bond series have now ended and must be redeemed for their principal cash within 10 years of the final ending dates . Danish Premium Bonds were generally identified by their color , for instance the blue premium bonds were issued in 1948 , and were redeemed in 1998 ( 10 years + 4 x 10 years extension ) . The first 200 DKr. of each prize was tax free , the rest taxed by only 15 % ( compared to 30 % or more for regular income ) .",
"An image of an Indian Premium Bond is shown higher up in the article .",
"Two financial economists , Lobe and Hoelzl , have analysed the main driving factors for the immense marketing success of Premium Bonds . One in three Britons invest in Premium Bonds . The thrill of gambling is significantly boosted by enhancing the skewness of the prize distribution . However , using data collected over the past fifty years , they found that the bond bears relatively low risk compared to many other investments .",
"Aaron Brown discusses Premium Bonds in comparison with equity - linked , commodity - linked and other `` added risk '' bonds . His conclusion is that it makes little difference , either to a retail investor or from a theoretical finance perspective , whether the added risk comes from a random number generator or from fluctuations in financial markets .",
"Bond holders can check whether they have won any prizes on the National Savings & Investment Premium Bond Prize Checker website , which provides lists of winning bond numbers for the past 6 months . Older winning numbers ( more than 18 months old ) can also be checked in the London Gazette Premium Bonds Unclaimed Prizes Supplement ."
] | Premium bond - wikipedia Premium bond Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An ERNIE money box. A Premium Bond is a lottery bond issued by the United Kingdom government's National Savings and Investments agency. The bonds are entered in a regular prize draw and the government promises to buy them back, on request, for their original price. The bonds were introduced by Harold Macmillan in 1956. The government pays interest on the bond (1.40% per year as at December 2017 ). Interest is paid into a fund from which a monthly lottery distributes tax-free prizes to bondholders whose numbers are selected randomly. The machine that generates numbers is ERNIE , for Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment . Prizes range from £ 25 to £ 1,000,000. Between 2005 and 2009, there were two £ 1m prizes each month and the minimum prize was £ 50, but prizes were reduced after the 2009 drop in interest rates. A second £ 1m prize was reintroduced in August 2014. Investors can buy bonds at any time; they have to be held for a calendar month before they qualify for a prize. Numbers are entered in the draw each month, with an equal chance of winning, until the bond is cashed. Winners of the jackpot are told on the first working day of the month, although the actual date of the draw varies. The online prize finder is updated by the third or fourth working day of the month. From 1 January 2009 the odds of winning a prize for each £ 1 of bond was 36,000 to 1. In October 2009, the odds returned to 24,000 to 1 with the prize fund interest rate increase. The odds reached 26,000 to 1 by October 2013. As of July 2016, each person may own bonds up to £ 50,000. Bonds can be bought in units of £ 1 after the first £ 100, with a value of £ 1 per bond and a minimum purchase of 100 bonds (or 50 bonds when paying by standing order ). When introduced in 1957 they were popular -- the only other similar games were football pools ; the National Lottery did not exist until 1994. In Ireland, the Prize Bond originated in early 1957. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Premium Bond odds 3 Prize fund distribution 4 ERNIE 5 Premium Bonds in other countries 6 Scientific evidence 7 Winning 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Premium Bonds were introduced by Harold Macmillan in his Budget of 17 April 1956, to control inflation and encourage people to save. On 1 November 1956, in front of the Royal Exchange in the City of London, the Lord Mayor of London , Alderman Sir Cuthbert Ackroyd, bought the first bond from the Postmaster-General, Dr Charles Hill, for £ 1. Councillor William Crook, the mayor of Lytham St Anne's , bought the second. The Premium Bonds office was based in St Annes-on-Sea until it moved to Blackpool in 1978. Premium bond odds ( edit ) In December 2008, NS&I dropped the interest rate (and therefore the odds of winning) due to the drop in the Bank of England base rate during the credit crunch , leading to criticism from members of Parliament, financial experts and holders of bonds; many claimed Premium Bonds were now `` worthless'' , and somebody with £ 30,000 invested and `` average luck'' would win only 10 prizes a year compared to 15 the previous year. Investors with smaller although significant amounts would possibly win nothing. Based on odds as of June 2015 of 1/26000, the expected number of prizes for the maximum £ 50,000 worth of bonds is 23 per year. The calculation is 1/26000 x 12 (draws per year) x 50,000 (number of bonds held). According to the Premium Bond Probability Calculator on MoneySavingExpert.com , which updates odds each month, the odds of a prize as of February 2014 are: Hold £ 100 over a year and the chance of winning anything is 4.51%. Hold £ 1,000 over a year and the chance of winning anything is 37%. Hold £ 10,000 over a year and the chance of winning anything is 99%. Prize fund distribution ( edit ) Similar prize schemes operate in other countries, for instance this Premium Prize Bond certificate from India. The prize fund is equal to one month's interest on all bonds eligible for the draw. The annual interest is set by NS&I and was 1.40% as of December 2017 . The following table lists the distribution of prizes on offer in the December 2017 draw. Prize band Prize value Estimated number of prizes each month Higher value £ 1,000,000 5% of the prize fund £ 100,000 £ 50,000 9 £ 25,000 18 £ 10,000 42 £ 5,000 87 Medium value £ 1,000 1,660 5% of the prize fund £ 500 4,980 Low value £ 100 22,792 90% of the prize fund £ 50 22,792 £ 25 2,853,919 Total value (December 2017 - estimated) £ 83.1m 2,906,305 ERNIE ( edit ) ERNIE 1. ERNIE is a hardware random number generator . The first ERNIE was built at the Post Office Research Station by a team led by Sidney Broadhurst. The designers were Tommy Flowers and Harry Fensom and it is based on Colossus , the world's first digital computer. It was introduced in 1957, and generated bond numbers based on the signal noise created by neon tubes. ERNIE 1 is in the collections of the Science Museum in London and was on display between 2008 and 2015. ERNIE is an acronym for `` Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment'' ERNIE 2 replaced the first ERNIE in 1972. ERNIE 3 in 1988 was the size of a personal computer; at the end of its life it took five and a half hours to complete its monthly draw. In August 2004 ERNIE 4 was brought into service in anticipation of an increase in prizes each month from September 2004. Developed by LogicaCMG , it is 500 times faster than the original and generates a million numbers an hour; these are checked against a list of valid bonds. By comparison, the original ERNIE generated 2,000 numbers an hour and was the size of a van. ERNIE 4 uses thermal noise in transistors as its source of randomness to generate true random numbers; the original ERNIE used a gas neon diode. In contrast, pseudorandom numbers , although sometimes simply referred to as random, are produced deterministically by the algorithm used to generate them. The randomness of ERNIE's numbers derives from random statistical fluctuations in the physical processes involved. ERNIE's output is independently tested each month by the Government Actuary's Department , and the draw is only valid if it is certified to be statistically consistent with randomness. ERNIE, anthropomorphised in early advertising, receives Valentine cards, Christmas cards and letters from the public. It is the subject of the song `` E.R.N.I.E.'' by Madness , from the 1980 album Absolutely . Premium bonds in other countries ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Premium Bonds under various names exist or have existed in various countries. Common variations compared to UK Premium Bonds include: In some countries, Premium Bonds have an official end date 5, 10, 30 or more years after issue, when the principal will be repaid by the debtor (government), until then, the bond can be bought and sold like any liquid security through banks and stock exchanges. Some countries have `` extended'' the end date, generally by offering that bond holders can choose to collect the principal or let it ride for an additional 10-year period. In some countries, the prizes and chances, and hence the average interest rate, is a fixed property of the bond from issue until it is redeemed, making them more predictable as investments. When the prizes and chances of each bond are fixed, redeemed bonds stay in the lottery, but the issuer gets to keep prizes drawn to redeemed or unsold bonds. In some systems, holders of bonds with consecutive serial numbers are guaranteed that they will win at least one prize for every N bonds. One of several ways to do this is that for example, the lowest prize in a given month could be drawn to go to all bonds with serial numbers ending in 42 or 92, so anyone with 50 consecutive bonds gets a prize. This way also simplifies the draw itself as just one number needs to be drawn to hand out thousands of the small prizes. In some countries, the payments are not tax free, or are taxed at a reduced rate compared to regular income. Notes on specific countries: In the United Kingdom, Premium Bonds function as described in the rest of this article. In Republic of Ireland, they are called Prize Bonds and also originated in early 1957. In Sweden , they are called `` Premieobligationer'' , they usually run for five years and are traded on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm, the unit (one Bond) is generally 1000 SKr. or 5000 SKr. Holders of 10 or 50 consecutive bonds starting at 1 + N * 10 or 50 are guaranteed one winning per year. Outstanding bonds currently (Sep 2013) add up to around 28.9 billion SKr. In Denmark , they were also called `` Premieobligationer'' and usually ran for five or 10 years with a fixed prize list printed on the physical bonds. They were physical bearer bonds and most series were extended one or more times by another 5 or 10 years. The last Danish Premium Bond series have now ended and must be redeemed for their principal cash within 10 years of the final ending dates. Danish Premium Bonds were generally identified by their color, for instance the blue premium bonds were issued in 1948, and were redeemed in 1998 (10 years + 4 x 10 years extension). The first 200 DKr. of each prize was tax free, the rest taxed by only 15% (compared to 30% or more for regular income). An image of an Indian Premium Bond is shown higher up in the article. Scientific evidence ( edit ) Two financial economists, Lobe and Hoelzl, have analysed the main driving factors for the immense marketing success of Premium Bonds. One in three Britons invest in Premium Bonds. The thrill of gambling is significantly boosted by enhancing the skewness of the prize distribution. However, using data collected over the past fifty years, they found that the bond bears relatively low risk compared to many other investments. Aaron Brown discusses Premium Bonds in comparison with equity-linked, commodity-linked and other `` added risk'' bonds. His conclusion is that it makes little difference, either to a retail investor or from a theoretical finance perspective, whether the added risk comes from a random number generator or from fluctuations in financial markets. Winning ( edit ) Bond holders can check whether they have won any prizes on the National Savings & Investment Premium Bond Prize Checker website, which provides lists of winning bond numbers for the past 6 months. Older winning numbers (more than 18 months old) can also be checked in the London Gazette Premium Bonds Unclaimed Prizes Supplement . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interest Rates'' . National Savings and Investments . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Meet ERNIE'' . National Savings and Investments . Retrieved 27 Jul 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premium Bonds prize checker'' . National Savings and Investments . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Higher payouts from Premium Bonds'' . BBC News. 16 September 2009 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Premium Bonds investment limit rises'' . Jump up ^ Horne, Alistair (1989). Macmillan 1894-- 1956, volume I. London: Macmillan. p. 383. ISBN 0-333-27691-4 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty years of Premium Bonds'' . This Is Money . Associated Northcliffe Digital Ltd . Retrieved 19 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Premium Bonds'' . This Is Money . Associated Northcliffe Digital Ltd. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The history of Premium Bonds'' . NS&I . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 April 2009 . CS1 maint: Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Butterworth, Myra; Wallop, Harry (5 December 2008). `` Savings'' . London: Telegraph . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones, Rupert (6 December 2008). `` Now bond prizes are at a premium Money'' . London: The Guardian . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NS&I Premium Bonds'' . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Premium Bond Calculator'' . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NS&I Premium Bond prize draw details'' . Nsandi.com . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Inside Out -- Premium Bonds'' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Colossus: the secrets of Bletchley ... -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Schofield, Jack (13 June 2008). `` First ERNIE computer picked for Science Museum'' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2015-07-27 . Jump up ^ For sources, refer to the main Prize Bond article Jump up ^ `` Swedish premium bonds, English summary'' . Swedish Government . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of outstanding Swedish Premium bond series'' . Swedish Government . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redeeming of Premium Bonds (in Danish)'' . Danish Government. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation on renewal of two State Premium Bond Loans'' . Danish Minister of Finance. 18 December 1987 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Law authorizing the issue of domestic state loans'' . Queen of Denmark and Danish Parliament. 28 March 1984 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SSRN-Why are British Premium Bonds so Successful? The Effect of Saving With a Thrill by Sebastian Lobe, Alexander Hölzl '' . Papers.ssrn.com. 19 March 2008. SSRN 992794 . Jump up ^ Aaron Brown , The Poker Face of Wall Street , John Wiley & Sons, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Premium Bond Prize Checker'' . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` London Gazette Unclaimed Prizes supplement'' . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) National Savings & Investments website BBC News story on ERNIE 4 BBC News story mentioning ERNIE's use in selecting Premium Bonds BBC News: Are Premium Bonds worth it? Q&A : Premium Bonds National Savings & Investments Premium Bond Prize Checker Swedish Premium Bonds ERNIE 1 in the Science Museum's collections Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premium_Bond&oldid=841200334 '' Categories : Companies based in Blackpool Fylde (borough) Government bonds issued by the United Kingdom 1956 introductions Personal finance Public finance of the United Kingdom Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Unfit url EngvarB from August 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018, at 15:42. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 3378463467439027496 |
who plays john in the aurora teagarden movies | Bruce Dawson as John Queensland , an active member of the Real Murders Club who shares Aurora 's passion to solve murders and later starts dating Aurora 's mother | [
[
"John Queensland"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Aurora Teagarden is a fictional character created by author Charlaine Harris , in a series of eleven crime novels written from 1990 to 2017 .",
"In the first book of the series , twenty - eight - year - old Aurora ( Roe ) Teagarden is a professional librarian and belongs to the Real Murders club , a group of 12 enthusiasts who gather monthly to study famous baffling or unsolved crimes in the town of Lawrenceton , Georgia .",
"Real Murders ( 1990 ) A Bone to Pick ( 1992 ) Three Bedrooms , One Corpse ( 1994 ) The Julius House ( 1995 ) Dead over Heels ( 1996 ) `` Deeply Dead '' in Murder , They Wrote ( 1997 ) A Fool and His Honey ( 1999 ) Last Scene Alive ( 2002 ) Poppy Done to Death ( 2003 ) All the Little Liars ( 2016 ) Sleep Like a Baby ( 2017 )",
"Real Murders ( 1990 )",
"A Bone to Pick ( 1992 )",
"Three Bedrooms , One Corpse ( 1994 )",
"The Julius House ( 1995 )",
"Dead over Heels ( 1996 )",
"`` Deeply Dead '' in Murder , They Wrote ( 1997 )",
"A Fool and His Honey ( 1999 )",
"Last Scene Alive ( 2002 )",
"Poppy Done to Death ( 2003 )",
"All the Little Liars ( 2016 )",
"Sleep Like a Baby ( 2017 )",
"On June 4 , 2014 , author Charlaine Harris announced on her Facebook page that the Aurora Teagarden books would be adapted into a series of two - hour films , starring Candace Cameron Bure and would air on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel .",
"Candace Cameron Bure as Aurora ' Roe ' Teagarden , a librarian in the small town of Lawrenceton who runs the Real Murders Club Lexa Doig as Sally Allison , a reporter with the local newspaper , Aurora 's best friend , and a member of the Real Murders Club Marilu Henner as Aida Teagarden , the town 's real estate agent and Aurora 's mother who disapproves of her daughter 's involvement in solving murders Bruce Dawson as John Queensland , an active member of the Real Murders Club who shares Aurora 's passion to solve murders and later starts dating Aurora 's mother Miranda Frigon as Lynn Smith , a detective with the homicide division of the police force ( later chief ) who often finds Aurora annoyingly in the middle of her investigations Peter Benson as Arthur Smith , a detective with the burglary division of the police force who is married to Lynn Smith and briefly dated Aurora Yannick Bisson as Martin Bartell , a former CIA agent who moves to town , falls in love with Aurora , and goes on to date her",
"Candace Cameron Bure as Aurora ' Roe ' Teagarden , a librarian in the small town of Lawrenceton who runs the Real Murders Club",
"Lexa Doig as Sally Allison , a reporter with the local newspaper , Aurora 's best friend , and a member of the Real Murders Club",
"Marilu Henner as Aida Teagarden , the town 's real estate agent and Aurora 's mother who disapproves of her daughter 's involvement in solving murders",
"Bruce Dawson as John Queensland , an active member of the Real Murders Club who shares Aurora 's passion to solve murders and later starts dating Aurora 's mother",
"Miranda Frigon as Lynn Smith , a detective with the homicide division of the police force ( later chief ) who often finds Aurora annoyingly in the middle of her investigations",
"Peter Benson as Arthur Smith , a detective with the burglary division of the police force who is married to Lynn Smith and briefly dated Aurora",
"Yannick Bisson as Martin Bartell , a former CIA agent who moves to town , falls in love with Aurora , and goes on to date her",
"A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film .",
"A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film .",
"Character Title A Bone To Pick Real Murders Three Bedrooms , One Corpse The Julius House Dead Over Heels A Bundle of Trouble Last Scene Alive Reap What You Sew The Disappearing Game Aurora Teagarden Candace Cameron Bure Sally Allison Lexa Doig Lexa Doig Aida Teagarden Marilu Henner John Queensland Bruce Dawson Arthur Smith Peter Benson Lynn Liggett - Smith Miranda Frigon Macon Turner David Ingram David Ingram Dean Marshall LeMaster Cane Daniel Bacon Julian Christopher Lillian Tibbett Ellie Harvie Captain Burns Craig March Bubba Rankart Dave Collette Dave Collette Dave Collette Maisie Schlumper Darla Fay Darla Fay Robin Daniels Robin Dunne Robin Dunne Perry Dell Scott Lyster Scott Lyster Officer Heard Brad Harder Brad Harder Brad Harder Martin Bartell Yannick Bisson Terry Sternholtz Catherine Lough Haggquist Catherine Lough Haggquist Larry Devon Alexander Devon Alexander Jason Dell Keenan Tracey James Rittinger",
"Character Title",
"A Bone To Pick Real Murders Three Bedrooms , One Corpse The Julius House Dead Over Heels A Bundle of Trouble Last Scene Alive Reap What You Sew The Disappearing Game",
"Aurora Teagarden Candace Cameron Bure",
"Sally Allison Lexa Doig Lexa Doig",
"Aida Teagarden Marilu Henner",
"John Queensland Bruce Dawson",
"Arthur Smith Peter Benson",
"Lynn Liggett - Smith Miranda Frigon",
"Macon Turner David Ingram David Ingram Dean Marshall",
"LeMaster Cane Daniel Bacon Julian Christopher",
"Lillian Tibbett Ellie Harvie",
"Captain Burns Craig March",
"Bubba Rankart Dave Collette Dave Collette Dave Collette",
"Maisie Schlumper Darla Fay Darla Fay",
"Robin Daniels Robin Dunne Robin Dunne",
"Perry Dell Scott Lyster Scott Lyster",
"Officer Heard Brad Harder Brad Harder Brad Harder",
"Martin Bartell Yannick Bisson",
"Terry Sternholtz Catherine Lough Haggquist Catherine Lough Haggquist",
"Larry Devon Alexander Devon Alexander",
"Jason Dell Keenan Tracey James Rittinger",
"No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Aurora Teagarden Mystery : A Bone to Pick '' Martin Wood Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) Having inherited a large estate from a member of the now defunct Real Murders Club , Aurora Teagarden is mystified by a mere acquaintance 's gift of money , jewelry , and a two bedroom house with a skull hidden in the couch . Did the old lady kill someone and leave Aurora to solve the mystery or was she being framed ? Aurora must figure it all out before her ex-boyfriend Arthur , the police detective , and her new love interest Aubrey , the episcopal priest , figure out what she 's up to . `` Real Murders : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Martin Wood Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) Local crime buffs meet monthly in the small town of Lawrenceton , Georgia to analyze famous murder cases . In this Real Murders Club , they get all too close a look as one of their members is bludgeoned in exactly the same manner as the crime to be discussed that night . Aurora Teagarden , the town librarian , is not only a member of the club , a suspect in the murder but also a potential victim as other murders follow - each mimicking a famous crime . Aurora must work quickly to discover which of her fellow sleuths is the killer . `` Three Bedrooms , One Corpse : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Lynne Stopkewich Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) While Aurora Teagarden searches for her piece of the American dream , she decides to test the waters of the family business - real estate sales . Only thing is there 's a dead body in the first house she shows to a businessman , Martin Bartell ( Yannick Bisson ) who is moving to town . When a second body shows up in another home , Aurora realizes there 's more to the murders than she thought . Worried that the murderer could be one of the local real estate agents , Aurora recruits fellow Real Murders Club members John and Perry to help her with what turns into a case of art theft . She soon finds herself attracted to Martin who has also become a prime suspect on the police 's list . `` The Julius House : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Terry Ingram Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) Ever since she got a sizable inheritance from an acquaintance , Aurora has wanted to buy a house . Her mother , Aida Teagarden , is her real estate agent . Against Aida 's advice , Aurora finds what she believes is the perfect house in the country , five miles outside of Lawrenceton . It is the infamous Julius House where the family of three ( father , mother , and their teenage daughter ) had disappeared into thin air four years ago . As she begins moving in , Aurora is drawn to the mysterious disappearance of the family and starts searching for clues in the house . `` Dead Over Heels : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Terry Ingram Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) Aurora and Captain Jack Burns never saw eye to eye but when he winds up murdered , she ca n't help but get involved despite being told by several people to stay away . The Captain 's wife , Bess Burns ( Leah Cairns ) is suspiciously composed in the aftermath while new detective Pete Lambert ( Jim Thorburn ) thinks Martin is involved in Burns ' death . Aurora finds Bess ' sister and her colleague at the library , Lillian , attacked in the library and suspects that Captain Burns was on a case that got him murdered . As Aurora begins digging into the murder , her house is broken into and someone mysteriously leaves her flowers and then a kitten . Tensions also rise between Aurora and Martin as they near one year of being together . Meanwhile , Aurora tries to set up Sally with Tim Prentiss ( Jeremy Guilbaut ) , Martin 's colleague from the CIA who has recently moved to town . 6 `` A Bundle of Trouble : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Kevin Fair Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) Regina , the long - lost niece of Aurora 's boyfriend , Martin , turns up with a baby . Before Martin has a chance to reconnect with Regina , she disappears leaving a dead husband , Craig , on Aurora 's balcony and her baby , Hayden , hidden in Aurora 's bathtub . Aurora and Martin 's investigation leads them to Regina and Craig 's home in the neighboring town of Corinth , where Craig 's parents and Regina 's neighbors express bewilderment when told of Regina 's newborn baby . Aurora works on balancing her relationship with Martin with her efforts to solve the murder of the baby 's father and the disappearance of his mother . 7 `` Last Scene Alive : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Martin Wood Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) Aurora 's friend and mystery author , Robin Daniels , is back in town because his book is being made into a film . The lead character is based on Aurora herself , but the actress playing her , Celia Shaw , is found murdered in her trailer . Martin is suspicious of Robin who dated Celia Shaw briefly . Several others involved with the movie had their own problems with Celia . The plot thickens when the police find out that Celia was both poisoned and then clubbed since that made it obvious someone wanted to make sure she was dead . Meanwhile , since Jon moved away to be closer to his grandchildren , Aida gets friendly with the movie director . Another subplot has Martin preoccupied by the disappearance of his CIA partner , Rex , and leaves for South America at the end of the film to look for him . 8 `` Reap What You Sew : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Terry Ingram Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) When an old family friend , Poppy Wilson , returns to Lawrenceton , not everyone is happy . When Poppy is murdered , Aurora must face uncomfortable truths in order to get to the truth of who killed her . 9 `` Aurora Teagarden Mysteries : The Disappearing Game '' Martin Wood TBA July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) The disappearance of her nephew and his roommate , following the suspicious death of the roommate 's girlfriend , spur Aurora on to investigate . As well as enlisting the help of her friends , she is also assisted by handsome college professor Nick Miller , who has recently moved in across the street .",
"No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date",
"`` Aurora Teagarden Mystery : A Bone to Pick '' Martin Wood Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 )",
"Having inherited a large estate from a member of the now defunct Real Murders Club , Aurora Teagarden is mystified by a mere acquaintance 's gift of money , jewelry , and a two bedroom house with a skull hidden in the couch . Did the old lady kill someone and leave Aurora to solve the mystery or was she being framed ? Aurora must figure it all out before her ex-boyfriend Arthur , the police detective , and her new love interest Aubrey , the episcopal priest , figure out what she 's up to .",
"`` Real Murders : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Martin Wood Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 )",
"Local crime buffs meet monthly in the small town of Lawrenceton , Georgia to analyze famous murder cases . In this Real Murders Club , they get all too close a look as one of their members is bludgeoned in exactly the same manner as the crime to be discussed that night . Aurora Teagarden , the town librarian , is not only a member of the club , a suspect in the murder but also a potential victim as other murders follow - each mimicking a famous crime . Aurora must work quickly to discover which of her fellow sleuths is the killer .",
"`` Three Bedrooms , One Corpse : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Lynne Stopkewich Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 )",
"While Aurora Teagarden searches for her piece of the American dream , she decides to test the waters of the family business - real estate sales . Only thing is there 's a dead body in the first house she shows to a businessman , Martin Bartell ( Yannick Bisson ) who is moving to town . When a second body shows up in another home , Aurora realizes there 's more to the murders than she thought . Worried that the murderer could be one of the local real estate agents , Aurora recruits fellow Real Murders Club members John and Perry to help her with what turns into a case of art theft . She soon finds herself attracted to Martin who has also become a prime suspect on the police 's list .",
"`` The Julius House : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Terry Ingram Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 )",
"Ever since she got a sizable inheritance from an acquaintance , Aurora has wanted to buy a house . Her mother , Aida Teagarden , is her real estate agent . Against Aida 's advice , Aurora finds what she believes is the perfect house in the country , five miles outside of Lawrenceton . It is the infamous Julius House where the family of three ( father , mother , and their teenage daughter ) had disappeared into thin air four years ago . As she begins moving in , Aurora is drawn to the mysterious disappearance of the family and starts searching for clues in the house .",
"`` Dead Over Heels : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Terry Ingram Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 )",
"Aurora and Captain Jack Burns never saw eye to eye but when he winds up murdered , she ca n't help but get involved despite being told by several people to stay away . The Captain 's wife , Bess Burns ( Leah Cairns ) is suspiciously composed in the aftermath while new detective Pete Lambert ( Jim Thorburn ) thinks Martin is involved in Burns ' death . Aurora finds Bess ' sister and her colleague at the library , Lillian , attacked in the library and suspects that Captain Burns was on a case that got him murdered . As Aurora begins digging into the murder , her house is broken into and someone mysteriously leaves her flowers and then a kitten . Tensions also rise between Aurora and Martin as they near one year of being together . Meanwhile , Aurora tries to set up Sally with Tim Prentiss ( Jeremy Guilbaut ) , Martin 's colleague from the CIA who has recently moved to town .",
"6 `` A Bundle of Trouble : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Kevin Fair Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 )",
"Regina , the long - lost niece of Aurora 's boyfriend , Martin , turns up with a baby . Before Martin has a chance to reconnect with Regina , she disappears leaving a dead husband , Craig , on Aurora 's balcony and her baby , Hayden , hidden in Aurora 's bathtub . Aurora and Martin 's investigation leads them to Regina and Craig 's home in the neighboring town of Corinth , where Craig 's parents and Regina 's neighbors express bewilderment when told of Regina 's newborn baby . Aurora works on balancing her relationship with Martin with her efforts to solve the murder of the baby 's father and the disappearance of his mother .",
"7 `` Last Scene Alive : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Martin Wood Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 )",
"Aurora 's friend and mystery author , Robin Daniels , is back in town because his book is being made into a film . The lead character is based on Aurora herself , but the actress playing her , Celia Shaw , is found murdered in her trailer . Martin is suspicious of Robin who dated Celia Shaw briefly . Several others involved with the movie had their own problems with Celia . The plot thickens when the police find out that Celia was both poisoned and then clubbed since that made it obvious someone wanted to make sure she was dead . Meanwhile , since Jon moved away to be closer to his grandchildren , Aida gets friendly with the movie director . Another subplot has Martin preoccupied by the disappearance of his CIA partner , Rex , and leaves for South America at the end of the film to look for him .",
"8 `` Reap What You Sew : An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Terry Ingram Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 )",
"When an old family friend , Poppy Wilson , returns to Lawrenceton , not everyone is happy . When Poppy is murdered , Aurora must face uncomfortable truths in order to get to the truth of who killed her .",
"9 `` Aurora Teagarden Mysteries : The Disappearing Game '' Martin Wood TBA July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 )",
"The disappearance of her nephew and his roommate , following the suspicious death of the roommate 's girlfriend , spur Aurora on to investigate . As well as enlisting the help of her friends , she is also assisted by handsome college professor Nick Miller , who has recently moved in across the street .",
"The films in the series have been shot largely in Vancouver , British Columbia .",
"The films are broadcast in the USA on Hallmark Movies & Mysteries . Channel 5 took over the broadcast rights for the series in the UK ."
] | Aurora Teagarden - wikipedia Aurora Teagarden Jump to: navigation , search Aurora Teagarden is a fictional character created by author Charlaine Harris , in a series of eleven crime novels written from 1990 to 2017 . In the first book of the series, twenty-eight-year-old Aurora (Roe) Teagarden is a professional librarian and belongs to the Real Murders club, a group of 12 enthusiasts who gather monthly to study famous baffling or unsolved crimes in the town of Lawrenceton, Georgia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aurora Teagarden book series 2 TV Adaptation 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Characters 2.3 TV Films 2.4 Filming and Broadcast 3 References 4 External links Aurora Teagarden book series ( edit ) Real Murders (1990) A Bone to Pick (1992) Three Bedrooms, One Corpse (1994) The Julius House (1995) Dead over Heels (1996) `` Deeply Dead'' in Murder, They Wrote (1997) A Fool and His Honey (1999) Last Scene Alive (2002) Poppy Done to Death (2003) All the Little Liars (2016) Sleep Like a Baby (2017) Tv adaptation ( edit ) On June 4, 2014, author Charlaine Harris announced on her Facebook page that the Aurora Teagarden books would be adapted into a series of two-hour films, starring Candace Cameron Bure and would air on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel. Main cast ( edit ) Candace Cameron Bure as Aurora ' Roe' Teagarden, a librarian in the small town of Lawrenceton who runs the Real Murders Club Lexa Doig as Sally Allison, a reporter with the local newspaper, Aurora's best friend, and a member of the Real Murders Club Marilu Henner as Aida Teagarden, the town's real estate agent and Aurora's mother who disapproves of her daughter's involvement in solving murders Bruce Dawson as John Queensland, an active member of the Real Murders Club who shares Aurora's passion to solve murders and later starts dating Aurora's mother Miranda Frigon as Lynn Smith, a detective with the homicide division of the police force (later chief) who often finds Aurora annoyingly in the middle of her investigations Peter Benson as Arthur Smith, a detective with the burglary division of the police force who is married to Lynn Smith and briefly dated Aurora Yannick Bisson as Martin Bartell, a former CIA agent who moves to town, falls in love with Aurora, and goes on to date her Characters ( edit ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film. Character Title A Bone To Pick Real Murders Three Bedrooms, One Corpse The Julius House Dead Over Heels A Bundle of Trouble Last Scene Alive Reap What You Sew The Disappearing Game Aurora Teagarden Candace Cameron Bure Sally Allison Lexa Doig Lexa Doig Aida Teagarden Marilu Henner John Queensland Bruce Dawson Arthur Smith Peter Benson Lynn Liggett-Smith Miranda Frigon Macon Turner David Ingram David Ingram Dean Marshall LeMaster Cane Daniel Bacon Julian Christopher Lillian Tibbett Ellie Harvie Captain Burns Craig March Bubba Rankart Dave Collette Dave Collette Dave Collette Maisie Schlumper Darla Fay Darla Fay Robin Daniels Robin Dunne Robin Dunne Perry Dell Scott Lyster Scott Lyster Officer Heard Brad Harder Brad Harder Brad Harder Martin Bartell Yannick Bisson Terry Sternholtz Catherine Lough Haggquist Catherine Lough Haggquist Larry Devon Alexander Devon Alexander Jason Dell Keenan Tracey James Rittinger Tv films ( edit ) No. Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Aurora Teagarden Mystery: A Bone to Pick '' Martin Wood Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth April 4, 2015 ( 2015-04-04 ) Having inherited a large estate from a member of the now defunct Real Murders Club, Aurora Teagarden is mystified by a mere acquaintance's gift of money, jewelry, and a two bedroom house with a skull hidden in the couch. Did the old lady kill someone and leave Aurora to solve the mystery or was she being framed? Aurora must figure it all out before her ex-boyfriend Arthur, the police detective, and her new love interest Aubrey, the episcopal priest , figure out what she's up to. `` Real Murders: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Martin Wood Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth July 26, 2015 ( 2015-07-26 ) Local crime buffs meet monthly in the small town of Lawrenceton, Georgia to analyze famous murder cases. In this Real Murders Club, they get all too close a look as one of their members is bludgeoned in exactly the same manner as the crime to be discussed that night. Aurora Teagarden, the town librarian, is not only a member of the club, a suspect in the murder but also a potential victim as other murders follow - each mimicking a famous crime. Aurora must work quickly to discover which of her fellow sleuths is the killer. `` Three Bedrooms, One Corpse: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Lynne Stopkewich Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth June 12, 2016 ( 2016-06-12 ) While Aurora Teagarden searches for her piece of the American dream, she decides to test the waters of the family business - real estate sales. Only thing is there's a dead body in the first house she shows to a businessman, Martin Bartell ( Yannick Bisson ) who is moving to town. When a second body shows up in another home, Aurora realizes there's more to the murders than she thought. Worried that the murderer could be one of the local real estate agents, Aurora recruits fellow Real Murders Club members John and Perry to help her with what turns into a case of art theft. She soon finds herself attracted to Martin who has also become a prime suspect on the police's list. `` The Julius House: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Terry Ingram Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth August 16, 2016 ( 2016-08-16 ) Ever since she got a sizable inheritance from an acquaintance, Aurora has wanted to buy a house. Her mother, Aida Teagarden, is her real estate agent. Against Aida's advice, Aurora finds what she believes is the perfect house in the country, five miles outside of Lawrenceton. It is the infamous Julius House where the family of three (father, mother, and their teenage daughter) had disappeared into thin air four years ago. As she begins moving in, Aurora is drawn to the mysterious disappearance of the family and starts searching for clues in the house. `` Dead Over Heels: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Terry Ingram Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth March 19, 2017 ( 2017-03-19 ) Aurora and Captain Jack Burns never saw eye to eye but when he winds up murdered, she can't help but get involved despite being told by several people to stay away. The Captain's wife, Bess Burns ( Leah Cairns ) is suspiciously composed in the aftermath while new detective Pete Lambert (Jim Thorburn) thinks Martin is involved in Burns' death. Aurora finds Bess' sister and her colleague at the library, Lillian, attacked in the library and suspects that Captain Burns was on a case that got him murdered. As Aurora begins digging into the murder, her house is broken into and someone mysteriously leaves her flowers and then a kitten. Tensions also rise between Aurora and Martin as they near one year of being together. Meanwhile, Aurora tries to set up Sally with Tim Prentiss ( Jeremy Guilbaut ), Martin's colleague from the CIA who has recently moved to town. 6 `` A Bundle of Trouble: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Kevin Fair Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth May 21, 2017 ( 2017-05-21 ) Regina, the long-lost niece of Aurora's boyfriend, Martin, turns up with a baby. Before Martin has a chance to reconnect with Regina, she disappears leaving a dead husband, Craig, on Aurora's balcony and her baby, Hayden, hidden in Aurora's bathtub. Aurora and Martin's investigation leads them to Regina and Craig's home in the neighboring town of Corinth, where Craig's parents and Regina's neighbors express bewilderment when told of Regina's newborn baby. Aurora works on balancing her relationship with Martin with her efforts to solve the murder of the baby's father and the disappearance of his mother. 7 `` Last Scene Alive: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Martin Wood Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth January 7, 2018 ( 2018-01-07 ) Aurora's friend and mystery author, Robin Daniels, is back in town because his book is being made into a film. The lead character is based on Aurora herself, but the actress playing her, Celia Shaw, is found murdered in her trailer. Martin is suspicious of Robin who dated Celia Shaw briefly. Several others involved with the movie had their own problems with Celia. The plot thickens when the police find out that Celia was both poisoned and then clubbed since that made it obvious someone wanted to make sure she was dead. Meanwhile, since Jon moved away to be closer to his grandchildren, Aida gets friendly with the movie director. Another subplot has Martin preoccupied by the disappearance of his CIA partner, Rex, and leaves for South America at the end of the film to look for him. 8 `` Reap What You Sew: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery '' Terry Ingram Charlaine Harris and Teena Booth April 15, 2018 ( 2018-04-15 ) When an old family friend, Poppy Wilson, returns to Lawrenceton, not everyone is happy. When Poppy is murdered, Aurora must face uncomfortable truths in order to get to the truth of who killed her. 9 `` Aurora Teagarden Mysteries: The Disappearing Game '' Martin Wood TBA July 29, 2018 ( 2018-07-29 ) The disappearance of her nephew and his roommate, following the suspicious death of the roommate's girlfriend, spur Aurora on to investigate. As well as enlisting the help of her friends, she is also assisted by handsome college professor Nick Miller, who has recently moved in across the street. Filming and broadcast ( edit ) The films in the series have been shot largely in Vancouver , British Columbia . The films are broadcast in the USA on Hallmark Movies & Mysteries . Channel 5 took over the broadcast rights for the series in the UK. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-8027-5769-3 , reprint 2007, paperback ISBN 978-042521871-6 , 1992, UK paperback, ISBN 0-373-26104-7 , 1991, paperback ISBN 0-7927-0752-4 . Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-8027-1245-2 , reprint 2008, paperback, ISBN 978-0-425-21979-9 , 1992, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26136-5 . Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-684-19643-3 , reprint 2008, ISBN 978-0-425-22052-8 , 1995, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26177-2 . Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-684-19640-9 , 1996, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26217-5 . Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-684-80429-8 , reprint 2008, paperback, ISBN 978-0-425-22303-1 , 1998, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26260-4 . Jump up ^ ISBN 1-57297-194-0 . Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-312-20306-3 , 2001, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26384-8 . Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-312-26246-9 , reprint 2006, paperback, 978-0778323648, 2003, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26476-3 . Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-312-27764-4 , 2004, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26504-2 . Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 9781250090034 , 2016 Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 9781250090065 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Charlaine Harris on Facebook'' . Retrieved July 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' True Blood' Author's ' Aurora Teagarden' Franchise Coming to Hallmark (Exclusive)'' . Hollywood Reporter. 8 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Charlaine Harris' Aurora Teagarden to Be Adapted on Hallmark'' . Movie News Guide . 10 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aurora Teagarden returns for another Hallmark mystery in ' Real Murders ' '' . Daily Herald. 24 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Full House star Candace Cameron Bure likes to play it straight'' . The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Candace Cameron Stars in Hallmark Original Movie REAL MURDERS: AN AURORA TEAGARDEN MYSTERY Tonight'' . Broadwayworld.com. 26 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Real Murders: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery' review: Candace Cameron Bure movie's just right for Hallmark'' . NYDailynews.com. 25 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Last Scene Alive: Aurora Teagarden Mystery' Hallmark Movies Premiere: Cast, Trailer, Synopsis'' . ibtimes.com. 7 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Reap What You Sew: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery'' . `` Hallmark'' . Retrieved March 12, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aurora Teagarden Mysteries:The Disappearing Game'' . `` Hallmark'' . Retrieved May 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Television series features Montour Falls scene'' . ObserverReview.com. 9 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Channel 5, Movies 24 Take UK Rights To ' The Aurora Teagarden Mysteries' & ' The Gourmet Detective Mysteries ' '' . TVWise.com. 16 September 2015. External links ( edit ) Author's site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aurora_Teagarden&oldid=843178729 '' Categories : Fictional librarians Characters in American novels of the 20th century Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters introduced in 1990 American television films American mystery films American films Canadian television films Canadian mystery films Canadian films Films set in Washington (state) Films shot in British Columbia Hallmark Channel original films Hidden categories: Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 12:16. About Wikipedia | -8472935704746541927 |
when did we find out samus was a girl | The series ' co-creator Yoshio Sakamoto recalled , `` We were partway through the development process when one of the staff members said ' Hey , would n't that be kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman ? ' '' The developers voted on the concept , and it passed . The game 's instruction manual refers to Samus as if she were male to obscure her real sex until the end of the game . Sakamoto noted that during the course of the Metroid series , developers constantly try to express Samus ' femininity without sexually objectifying her . Samus ' image was based on actress Sigourney Weaver in her role as Ellen Ripley from Aliens , and actress Kim Basinger from 91⁄2 Weeks and My Stepmother Is an Alien . Sakamoto and Kiyotake said that the character 's last name `` Aran '' was taken from Edson Arantes do Nascimento , the birth name of the famous soccer player Pelé . | [
[
"the end of the game"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Samus Aran Metroid character Samus Aran in her Varia Suit , as she appears in Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption . First game Metroid ( 1986 ) Created by Makoto Kano Designed by Hiroji Kiyotake Voiced by ( English ) Jennifer Hale ( Metroid Prime series ) Alésia Glidewell ( Super Smash Bros. series ) Jessica Martin ( Metroid : Other M ) Voiced by ( Japanese ) Ai Kobayashi ( Metroid : Other M ) Portrayed by Chisato Morishita ( Metroid : Zero Mission commercial )",
"Samus Aran",
"Metroid character",
"Samus Aran in her Varia Suit , as she appears in Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption .",
"First game Metroid ( 1986 )",
"Created by Makoto Kano",
"Designed by Hiroji Kiyotake",
"Voiced by ( English ) Jennifer Hale ( Metroid Prime series ) Alésia Glidewell ( Super Smash Bros. series ) Jessica Martin ( Metroid : Other M )",
"Jennifer Hale ( Metroid Prime series ) Alésia Glidewell ( Super Smash Bros. series ) Jessica Martin ( Metroid : Other M )",
"Jennifer Hale ( Metroid Prime series )",
"Alésia Glidewell ( Super Smash Bros. series )",
"Jessica Martin ( Metroid : Other M )",
"Voiced by ( Japanese ) Ai Kobayashi ( Metroid : Other M )",
"Portrayed by Chisato Morishita ( Metroid : Zero Mission commercial )",
"Samus Aran ( Japanese : サムス ・ アラン , Hepburn : Samusu Aran ) is the protagonist of the Metroid science fiction action - adventure game series by Nintendo . She was introduced in the 1986 video game Metroid .",
"Samus Aran is an ex-soldier of the Galactic Federation who turned into a galactic bounty hunter , usually fitted with a powered exoskeleton that is equipped with weapons such as directed - energy weapons and missiles . Throughout the series , she executes missions given to her by the Galactic Federation while hunting the antagonistic Space Pirates and their leader Ridley , along with the parasitic energy - draining organisms called Metroids .",
"Samus has appeared in every Metroid video game and has also been featured in media outside of the series , including in the Super Smash Bros. series and in the comic book version of Captain N : The Game Master . She is well known as one of the earliest female protagonists in video game history and has remained a popular character over thirty years after her first appearance .",
"Samus Aran is typically seen wearing the Power Suit , a powered exoskeleton which protects her from most dangers she encounters and can be enhanced by power - ups collected during gameplay . In regard to offense , the Power Suit boasts the Arm Cannon , which can fire various energy beams , charge beams to shoot an extra-powerful blast , or launch a limited number of missiles . The Power Suit can also be reconfigured into a small , spherical form called the Morph Ball , which allows her to roll through tight areas , such as tunnels , and use Bombs . The Power Suit is also equipped with a Grapple Beam , which can be used to tether onto objects to cross large distances , such as chasms . Additionally , its visor can be used to scan objects to learn more about them , a feature that has been used since Metroid Prime . Aside from her Power Suit , Samus is also in possession of a Gunship , which is used in the games to save progress and restore her health and ammunition .",
"Instances of Samus appearing without the Power Suit occur mainly in cutscenes , most notably post-game screenshots featuring her in more revealing clothing , which are unlocked depending on difficulty level , game completion , and / or play time . Metroid : Zero Mission also introduced the Zero Suit , a form - fitting jumpsuit that she dons beneath the Power Suit . In Metroid : Other M , the Zero Suit is revealed to be capable of almost instantly materializing the Power Suit from within itself . Although the Super Metroid Player 's Guide describes Samus as a muscular woman who is 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) tall and weighs 198 pounds ( 90 kg ) without her Power Suit , her height and weight were slightly mistranslated . In actuality , these measurements are while she is wearing her Power Suit , as confirmed by an official Nintendo page detailing her Power Suit 's capabilities . Other games that feature Samus without her Power Suit , such as Metroid Fusion , Metroid : Zero Mission , and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , reaffirm her aforementioned musculature , albeit lean instead of bulky .",
"The Metroid e-manga covers Samus ' origins . She was born and raised on the Earth mining colony K - 2L , and when she was a child , the planet was raided by Space Pirates led by Ridley in an attack that killed her parents and destroyed the colony . The orphaned Samus was then found by a bird - like alien race known as the Chozo , who brought her to their home planet , Zebes . To preserve her life and ensure that her status as the `` Protector of the Galaxy '' would come to pass , the Chozo infused their DNA within Samus , which granted her superhuman athleticism and a strong resistance to foreign environments . In addition , they trained her in combat by equipping her with one of their artifacts , the Power Suit . Upon completing her training and being granted the Power Suit by the Chozo , Samus then enlisted in the Galactic Federation at an unknown point after leaving the Chozo , but left over disagreements with her commanding officer , Adam Malkovich . Samus then started working as a freelance bounty hunter , and has since been called on by the Galactic Federation to execute missions `` because of her superior skills and sense of justice . '' Most of her missions revolve around the galaxy whilst getting rid of unsavory elements , most notably the enigmatic organisms known as the Metroids , which can drain life energy and are frequently sought after as biological weapons due to their extreme durability .",
"The style for the original Metroid game was designed to be a cross between the side - scrolling gameplay of the Super Mario series , the exploration and puzzle - solving aspects of The Legend of Zelda series , and inspiration from science fiction , particularly Ridley Scott 's film Alien . The game 's characters were conceived by Makoto Kano , while Hiroji Kiyotake designed the main protagonist Samus Aran . Samus ' signature ability to collapse into a ball to travel through tight areas was initially called the Maru Mari ( meaning `` round ball '' in Japanese ) in before it was later rechristened as the Morph Ball in Super Metroid . The Morph Ball was conceived by the developers because it required less effort to animate than `` a cyborg crawling on all fours '' , and the producer for Metroid , Gunpei Yokoi , took advantage of this shortcut .",
"The series ' co-creator Yoshio Sakamoto recalled , `` We were partway through the development process when one of the staff members said ' Hey , would n't that be kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman ? ' '' The developers voted on the concept , and it passed . The game 's instruction manual refers to Samus as if she were male to obscure her real sex until the end of the game . Sakamoto noted that during the course of the Metroid series , developers constantly try to express Samus ' femininity without sexually objectifying her . Samus ' image was based on actress Sigourney Weaver in her role as Ellen Ripley from Aliens , and actress Kim Basinger from 91⁄2 Weeks and My Stepmother Is an Alien . Sakamoto and Kiyotake said that the character 's last name `` Aran '' was taken from Edson Arantes do Nascimento , the birth name of the famous soccer player Pelé .",
"Metroid story chronology Metroid ( Zero Mission ) Metroid Prime Hunters Echoes Corruption Federation Force Return of Samus ( Samus Returns ) Super Metroid Other M Fusion",
"Metroid story chronology",
"Metroid ( Zero Mission ) Metroid Prime Hunters Echoes Corruption Federation Force Return of Samus ( Samus Returns ) Super Metroid Other M Fusion",
"Metroid ( Zero Mission ) Metroid Prime Hunters Echoes Corruption Federation Force Return of Samus ( Samus Returns ) Super Metroid Other M Fusion",
"Metroid ( Zero Mission )",
"Return of Samus ( Samus Returns )",
"",
"",
"In Metroid , the Galactic Federation sends Samus to track down the Space Pirates on their home planet of Zebes . Deep within their base , she battles Mother Brain , the organism that controls the base 's defenses , and she escapes just as the base self - destructs .",
"The Metroid Prime sub-series , which takes place between Metroid and Metroid II : Return of Samus , has its titular installment feature Samus traveling to the planet Tallon IV , which contains a Chozo colony in ruins and a Space Pirate base . There she learns of Phazon , a mysterious mutagen that can alter the genetic material of any organism . Samus is eventually able to access the source of the planet 's Phazon contamination , a meteor impact crater , where she defeats the Phazon - infused creature Metroid Prime . In Metroid Prime Hunters , Samus competes against six rival bounty hunters in a race to recover an alien ultimate weapon . In Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes , Samus is sent to the planet Aether , a Phazon meteor - ravaged planet split into light and dark dimensions . There she battles the Ing , creatures that are able to possess other organisms , and Dark Samus , an evil doppelgänger of herself formed from the remains of her Phazon Suit and Metroid Prime itself . In Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption , Dark Samus infects Samus with Phazon , which slowly corrupts her and further forces her to prevent it from spreading to other planets . By the end of the game , she renders all Phazon inert by destroying its original source , the planet Phaaze , and permanently destroys Dark Samus . In Metroid Prime : Federation Force , Samus is tasked by the Galactic Federation to investigate the Space Pirates ' presence in the Bermuda System and provide intelligence to the Federation Force . However , after the Force abruptly loses contact with her , they later discover that she had been captured by the Pirates and is brainwashed into fighting them while in her Morph Ball form . After the Federation Force reluctantly defeat her , they proceed to help their fleet destroy the Pirates ' massive battleship before narrowly escaping death with the help of a recovered Samus .",
"In Metroid II : Return of Samus , the Galactic Federation commissions Samus to exterminate all Metroid creatures on the planet SR388 . She travels deep into the planet 's caverns . After dispatching a Metroid Queen , Samus discovers a small Metroid hatchling , which imprints on her , thinking she is its mother . She spares its life and takes it back to her gunship .",
"In Super Metroid , just after giving the hatchling to a Federation research station , Samus tracks the hatchling ( stolen by Ridley ) to a newly rebuilt Space Pirate base on Zebes . She travels deep underground , eventually finding the now - fully - grown Metroid , then battling a newly rebuilt and more powerful Mother Brain . The Metroid hatchling sacrifices itself to save Samus , and Samus in turn defeats Mother Brain and escapes as the entire planet is destroyed .",
"Metroid : Other M provides more information about Samus ' backstory and expands on her emotional scope , such as her brief motherly connection to the Metroid hatchling , the deep respect for her former commanding officer and father figure Adam Malkovich , her reignited feud with Mother Brain in the form of the android MB and overcoming a posttraumatic episode upon once again encountering her arch - nemesis Ridley .",
"In Metroid Fusion , Samus returns to SR388 , where a parasitic organism infects and nearly kills her . Galactic Federation scientists surgically remove large portions of her corrupted Power Suit and inject her with the Metroid hatchling 's DNA to save her . To prevent the now - dubbed X Parasites from spreading beyond SR388 and the space station orbiting above it , Samus sets the station to crash into the planet , during which she contends with the SA - X , an X Parasite that was born from her infected Power Suit pieces and possesses all of her abilities .",
"Samus was featured in a series of comic books called Captain N : The Game Master , published by Valiant Comics in 1990 , based on the animated series of the same name , despite Samus never appearing in the cartoon version . In the comics , Samus is depicted as brash , money - hungry , and fiercely independent . 1UP.com described Samus in the Captain N comics as `` rambunctious , reckless , and gets into fighting contests with Lana over Kevin 's affections , which makes for some of the most entertaining situations in the series . '' Comic book and manga adaptations of Metroid games were also developed .",
"Samus is a playable character throughout the Super Smash Bros. series of multiplayer fighting games , where she can use her array of weapons in combat against characters from other Nintendo franchises . Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U also feature an alternate form of Samus called Zero Suit Samus , in which she wears her Zero Suit instead of her Power Suit , which in turn grants her a significantly different set of movements , attacks and even a separate final smash .",
"Samus makes cameo appearances in the games Galactic Pinball ( 1995 ) , Super Mario RPG ( 1996 ) , Kirby Super Star ( 1996 ) , and Kirby 's Dream Land 3 ( 1997 ) , and also makes a non-playable appearance in Dead or Alive : Dimensions by Metroid : Other M co-developers Team Ninja .",
"Many various figures based on the character were produced by various manufacturers . First 4 Figures built 2,500 Varia Suit Samus figures , selling all of them . Good Smile Company produced a figma and a statue of Samus based on the Other M Samus . Samus also launched as one of the twelve original Amiibo in November 2014 .",
"Samus was one of the first major female protagonists in a video game . Although Toby Masuyo ( `` Kissy '' ) from Namco 's Alien Sector ( Baraduke ) predates her by one year as a female protagonist , 2013 's Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition declared Samus as `` the first playable human female character in a mainstream videogame '' , and as being `` enduringly '' popular , noting that sales of the Metroid series has exceeded 17.44 million copies as of September 2012 . As a woman in a male - dominated role , Samus has been widely considered a breakthrough for female characters in video games .",
"In 2009 , GameDaily called Samus the video game industry 's `` first dominant female , a femme de force that did n't rely on a man to save her , '' also ranking her number one on a list of the top Nintendo characters of all time . In 2010 , James Hawkins of Joystick Division ranked her as number one top `` badass lady '' in video games , adding that she `` made every other character on this list possible , '' while UGO.com ranked her as 20th in a list of top heroes of all - time . In 2011 , Nintendo Power listed Samus as their third - favourite hero , citing her bravery in the face of dangerous situations , while UGO.com also included her on the list of video game characters who need their own movies . That same year , Empire ranked her as the 26th - greatest video game character , adding , `` whether you see her as a breakthrough for feminism or just another faceless sci - fi warrior , 1986 's unexpected reveal that showed women could be more in gaming lore than eye candy for geeky boys was a refreshing and unforgettable moment . '' In 2012 , GamesRadar ranked her as the `` fifth-most memorable , influential , and badass '' protagonist in video games , adding : `` Whether she 's 2D or 3D , in a sidescroller or FPS , her strength and determination always shine through , allowing her the power to defeat floating aliens and space pirates alike . '' In 2013 , Complex ranked her as the `` 11th-most badass '' video game character of all time , as well as the greatest heroine in video game history , and the third - greatest soldier in video games .",
"Samus ' reveal in the original Metroid , which UGO.com called the original `` jaw - dropping moment '' in gaming , was named as the greatest twist in video games by Game Informer in 2007 and as the greatest moment in Nintendo 's history by GameDaily in 2008 . The Irish Times found it refreshing to learn that the series ' protagonist , who is `` well disguised under the suit of heavy armour '' , is female , but Rupert Goodwins of The Independent wrote that the `` Transformer - like suit she wears could just as easily contain a large centipede ; it 's hardly a breakthrough for feminism . '' According to the 2007 book Gaming Lives in the Twenty - First Century : Literate Connections , Samus was perhaps the most nonsexualized female video game character ever , a belief shared by Steve Rabin in Introduction to Game Development , which also considered Samus as one of Nintendo 's most popular video game mascots . In 2002 , Justin Hoeger of The Sacramento Bee opined that `` unlike most other female video game characters , Samus is n't some husky - voiced bimbo in tight leather included only for sex appeal . Samus is tough , silent , heavily armed and spends most of her time in a bulky suit of high - tech Power Armor . '' That same year , however , an article in the Toronto Star retorted that the `` sexual politics '' surrounding Samus and the Metroid series needed to stop , arguing that the original `` big crazy shock to the gaming public '' was `` some seriously misspent energy '' as she `` is not a woman for the benefit of the sweaty / excited crowd , and neither is she a standard - bearer nor a courageous leader in the struggle for video game civil rights . She is a supremely talented action figure , and in the closeups on her helmet you can kind of see that she wears mascara , but that is all . '' UGO.com included Samus ' one - piece bathing swimsuit on the list of the best alternate costumes and IGN chose `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' by Aerosmith as Samus ' theme song because she `` spends her time running around in a manly battle suit blasting first and taking names later . '' Featuring her in their 2004 list of `` top ten forces of good '' ( one section on their list of top 50 `` retro '' game characters ) , Retro Gamer opined she has remained `` a distinct female character , not relying on cheap thrills to capture the attention of gamers , which is more than can be said for some . ''",
"Nevertheless , much of her media reception came from her sex appeal . GameTrailers named Samus number one on a 2006 list of the top ten women of gaming , and number three among top ten `` gamer babes '' in 2007 . GameDaily ranked Samus seventh on a list of the top `` hottest game babes '' , describing her as `` a refreshing change of pace , a tough , no - nonsense warrior that is n't afraid to remove her famous orange and yellow power suit and let her hair down , especially to reveal her skin - tight clothing . '' She was also listed on GameDaily 's list of `` hottest '' blondes in video games , described as both one of Nintendo 's most famous protagonists as well as a `` curvaceous , drop - dead - gorgeous woman , '' and used to illustrate the `` smart and sexy heroine '' concept on their list of top video game archetypes . In 2008 , Spike placed Samus on the top of their list of `` video game vixen '' as `` a foxy broad that conceals her curves inside a weapon of death and destruction , '' while MSN India listed her as one of `` the best - looking game characters with perfect figures . '' In 2009 , UGO.com ranked Samus as 11th on a list of the top `` girls of gaming '' and as the `` eighth - hottest sci - fi girl '' , also including her in the 2011 list of 50 video game `` hotties '' . Her Zero Suit was ranked by ScrewAttack as fourth on their 2010 list of the top 10 sexiest outfits in games on GameTrailers , while Sarah Warn of AfterEllen ranked Samus as the `` tenth - hottest '' female video game character . In 2011 , GameFront featured her twice on the list of the `` best boobs in video game history '' , at 40th spot for her reveal in the original game and at sixth place for her modern appearance in `` a ridiculously form - fitting jumpsuit . '' That same year , Lisa Foiles of The Escapist ranked the Zero Suit Samus as number one `` hottest blonde chick '' in video games . In 2012 , Complex ranked her as the `` 24th - hottest '' video game character , also ranking her as the fourth - top `` hot female killer '' from video games , while Nixie Pixel from Revision3 placed Samus on top of her sexiest `` game girls '' list . In 2013 , Steve Jenkins of CheatCodes.com declared Samus the `` tenth - hottest video game girl '' of all time . Thanh Niên ranked her as the tenth-most sexy female character in 2015 , in particular for her Zero Suit .",
"Samus has been well received by the video game community . In 2001 , IGN remarked that Samus has a cult following greater than most other female video game characters . She was chosen by the users of IGN as the most requested character who should have her own movie franchise by the website 's users , the staff remarking that her tragic past makes her a perfect candidate for a movie , especially the loss of both her parents to the Space Pirates . Among their list of voted characters , IGN considered Samus to be the video game character that `` could lead the pack of video game adaptations that actually manage to live up to the source material . '' Samus appeared in multiple GameFAQs `` Character Battle '' contests , winning the `` Character Battle V '' in 2006 . In 2009 , GameSpot featured her in their poll `` All - Time Greatest Game Hero '' , in which she lost to Mario in the semi-finals . Paul O'Connor , the lead game designer for Sammy Studios and a fan of the Metroid series , remarked that players empathize and identify with Samus because she is often rewarded for indulging in her curiosity . The book Videogames and Art noted that in the original Metroid the player is not briefed on Samus 's past or future ; the only interaction that they have with the character is by being her through gameplay , while bits of information can be gleaned from the handbook and through concept art , adding , `` Samus is very rare for the character intimacy gained solely through game play and for her stasis and then drastic change , '' referring to the revelation that she is a woman . MMA and actress Ronda Rousey told GameSpot in a 2016 interview that she `` always wanted to be Samus '' if a live - action Metroid film is made .",
"In his review of Super Smash Bros. , GameSpot 's Jeff Gerstmann called Samus one of the characters that made Nintendo `` what it is today . '' Samus was ranked fifth on GameDaily 's 2009 list of top characters in the Smash Bros. series , while IGN ranked her as the third - best character for Super Smash Bros. Her controversial portrayal in Metroid : Other M received mixed reactions . Unlike other Metroid games , where Samus took full advantage of weapons and abilities available , she deactivated most of them until Commander Adam Malkovich authorized their use , despite obvious uses for them . G4 TV considered the portrayal of Samus as `` sexist '' , stating that as she `` can not possibly wield the amount of power she possesses unless directed to by a man '' and that her anxiety attack can not be reconciled with her previous portrayals . The A.V. Club echoed the misgivings about Samus 's immaturity , petulant behavior , and misguided loyalty . According to GamePro , while the story and Samus ' monologues did not compel them , `` it helped contextualize her entire existence '' which developed the character to `` an actual human being who 's using the vastness of space to try and put some distance between herself and the past . '' 1UP. com 's Justin Hayward found the portrayal `` lifeless and boring '' and `` nonsensical '' . GamesRadar wrote that Other M painted Samus , widely considered a strong female lead character , as `` an unsure , insecure woman who desperately wants the approval of her former ( male ) commanding officer . '' Game Informer listed her 1st on their list of the top ten `` dorks '' of 2010 , citing her `` lame backstory '' in Other M ."
] | Samus Aran - wikipedia Samus Aran Jump to: navigation , search `` Samus'' redirects here. For other uses, see Samus (disambiguation) . Samus Aran Metroid character Samus Aran in her Varia Suit, as she appears in Metroid Prime 3: Corruption . First game Metroid (1986) Created by Makoto Kano Designed by Hiroji Kiyotake Voiced by (English) Jennifer Hale ( Metroid Prime series ) Alésia Glidewell ( Super Smash Bros. series) Jessica Martin ( Metroid: Other M ) Voiced by (Japanese) Ai Kobayashi ( Metroid: Other M ) Portrayed by Chisato Morishita ( Metroid: Zero Mission commercial) Samus Aran ( Japanese : サムス ・ アラン , Hepburn : Samusu Aran ) is the protagonist of the Metroid science fiction action-adventure game series by Nintendo . She was introduced in the 1986 video game Metroid . Samus Aran is an ex-soldier of the Galactic Federation who turned into a galactic bounty hunter , usually fitted with a powered exoskeleton that is equipped with weapons such as directed-energy weapons and missiles. Throughout the series, she executes missions given to her by the Galactic Federation while hunting the antagonistic Space Pirates and their leader Ridley , along with the parasitic energy-draining organisms called Metroids . Samus has appeared in every Metroid video game and has also been featured in media outside of the series, including in the Super Smash Bros. series and in the comic book version of Captain N: The Game Master . She is well known as one of the earliest female protagonists in video game history and has remained a popular character over thirty years after her first appearance. Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Conception and development 2 Appearances 2.1 In Metroid games 2.2 Other appearances 3 Reception and cultural impact 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Character ( edit ) Samus Aran wearing the Zero Suit, as she appears in Metroid: Other M . Samus Aran is typically seen wearing the Power Suit, a powered exoskeleton which protects her from most dangers she encounters and can be enhanced by power-ups collected during gameplay. In regard to offense, the Power Suit boasts the Arm Cannon, which can fire various energy beams, charge beams to shoot an extra-powerful blast, or launch a limited number of missiles. The Power Suit can also be reconfigured into a small, spherical form called the Morph Ball, which allows her to roll through tight areas, such as tunnels, and use Bombs. The Power Suit is also equipped with a Grapple Beam, which can be used to tether onto objects to cross large distances, such as chasms. Additionally, its visor can be used to scan objects to learn more about them, a feature that has been used since Metroid Prime . Aside from her Power Suit, Samus is also in possession of a Gunship, which is used in the games to save progress and restore her health and ammunition. Instances of Samus appearing without the Power Suit occur mainly in cutscenes, most notably post-game screenshots featuring her in more revealing clothing, which are unlocked depending on difficulty level, game completion, and/or play time. Metroid: Zero Mission also introduced the Zero Suit, a form-fitting jumpsuit that she dons beneath the Power Suit. In Metroid: Other M , the Zero Suit is revealed to be capable of almost instantly materializing the Power Suit from within itself. Although the Super Metroid Player's Guide describes Samus as a muscular woman who is 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) tall and weighs 198 pounds (90 kg) without her Power Suit, her height and weight were slightly mistranslated. In actuality, these measurements are while she is wearing her Power Suit, as confirmed by an official Nintendo page detailing her Power Suit's capabilities. Other games that feature Samus without her Power Suit, such as Metroid Fusion , Metroid: Zero Mission , and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , reaffirm her aforementioned musculature, albeit lean instead of bulky. The Metroid e-manga covers Samus' origins. She was born and raised on the Earth mining colony K-2L, and when she was a child, the planet was raided by Space Pirates led by Ridley in an attack that killed her parents and destroyed the colony. The orphaned Samus was then found by a bird-like alien race known as the Chozo , who brought her to their home planet, Zebes. To preserve her life and ensure that her status as the `` Protector of the Galaxy'' would come to pass, the Chozo infused their DNA within Samus, which granted her superhuman athleticism and a strong resistance to foreign environments. In addition, they trained her in combat by equipping her with one of their artifacts, the Power Suit. Upon completing her training and being granted the Power Suit by the Chozo, Samus then enlisted in the Galactic Federation at an unknown point after leaving the Chozo, but left over disagreements with her commanding officer, Adam Malkovich. Samus then started working as a freelance bounty hunter, and has since been called on by the Galactic Federation to execute missions `` because of her superior skills and sense of justice.'' Most of her missions revolve around the galaxy whilst getting rid of unsavory elements, most notably the enigmatic organisms known as the Metroids, which can drain life energy and are frequently sought after as biological weapons due to their extreme durability. Conception and Development ( edit ) The style for the original Metroid game was designed to be a cross between the side-scrolling gameplay of the Super Mario series, the exploration and puzzle-solving aspects of The Legend of Zelda series, and inspiration from science fiction , particularly Ridley Scott 's film Alien . The game's characters were conceived by Makoto Kano , while Hiroji Kiyotake designed the main protagonist Samus Aran. Samus' signature ability to collapse into a ball to travel through tight areas was initially called the Maru Mari (meaning `` round ball'' in Japanese) in before it was later rechristened as the Morph Ball in Super Metroid . The Morph Ball was conceived by the developers because it required less effort to animate than `` a cyborg crawling on all fours'' , and the producer for Metroid , Gunpei Yokoi , took advantage of this shortcut. The series' co-creator Yoshio Sakamoto recalled, `` We were partway through the development process when one of the staff members said ' Hey, wouldn't that be kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman?' '' The developers voted on the concept, and it passed. The game's instruction manual refers to Samus as if she were male to obscure her real sex until the end of the game. Sakamoto noted that during the course of the Metroid series, developers constantly try to express Samus' femininity without sexually objectifying her. Samus' image was based on actress Sigourney Weaver in her role as Ellen Ripley from Aliens , and actress Kim Basinger from 91⁄2Weeks and My Stepmother Is an Alien . Sakamoto and Kiyotake said that the character's last name `` Aran'' was taken from Edson Arantes do Nascimento, the birth name of the famous soccer player Pelé . Appearances ( edit ) In Metroid games ( edit ) Metroid story chronology Metroid ( Zero Mission ) Metroid Prime Hunters Echoes Corruption Federation Force Return of Samus ( Samus Returns ) Super Metroid Other M Fusion In Metroid , the Galactic Federation sends Samus to track down the Space Pirates on their home planet of Zebes. Deep within their base, she battles Mother Brain, the organism that controls the base's defenses, and she escapes just as the base self-destructs. The Metroid Prime sub-series, which takes place between Metroid and Metroid II: Return of Samus , has its titular installment feature Samus traveling to the planet Tallon IV, which contains a Chozo colony in ruins and a Space Pirate base. There she learns of Phazon, a mysterious mutagen that can alter the genetic material of any organism. Samus is eventually able to access the source of the planet's Phazon contamination, a meteor impact crater, where she defeats the Phazon-infused creature Metroid Prime. In Metroid Prime Hunters , Samus competes against six rival bounty hunters in a race to recover an alien ultimate weapon. In Metroid Prime 2: Echoes , Samus is sent to the planet Aether, a Phazon meteor-ravaged planet split into light and dark dimensions . There she battles the Ing, creatures that are able to possess other organisms, and Dark Samus, an evil doppelgänger of herself formed from the remains of her Phazon Suit and Metroid Prime itself. In Metroid Prime 3: Corruption , Dark Samus infects Samus with Phazon, which slowly corrupts her and further forces her to prevent it from spreading to other planets. By the end of the game, she renders all Phazon inert by destroying its original source, the planet Phaaze, and permanently destroys Dark Samus. In Metroid Prime: Federation Force , Samus is tasked by the Galactic Federation to investigate the Space Pirates' presence in the Bermuda System and provide intelligence to the Federation Force. However, after the Force abruptly loses contact with her, they later discover that she had been captured by the Pirates and is brainwashed into fighting them while in her Morph Ball form. After the Federation Force reluctantly defeat her, they proceed to help their fleet destroy the Pirates' massive battleship before narrowly escaping death with the help of a recovered Samus. In Metroid II: Return of Samus , the Galactic Federation commissions Samus to exterminate all Metroid creatures on the planet SR388. She travels deep into the planet's caverns. After dispatching a Metroid Queen, Samus discovers a small Metroid hatchling, which imprints on her, thinking she is its mother. She spares its life and takes it back to her gunship. In Super Metroid , just after giving the hatchling to a Federation research station, Samus tracks the hatchling (stolen by Ridley) to a newly rebuilt Space Pirate base on Zebes. She travels deep underground, eventually finding the now-fully-grown Metroid, then battling a newly rebuilt and more powerful Mother Brain. The Metroid hatchling sacrifices itself to save Samus, and Samus in turn defeats Mother Brain and escapes as the entire planet is destroyed. Metroid: Other M provides more information about Samus' backstory and expands on her emotional scope, such as her brief motherly connection to the Metroid hatchling, the deep respect for her former commanding officer and father figure Adam Malkovich, her reignited feud with Mother Brain in the form of the android MB and overcoming a posttraumatic episode upon once again encountering her arch-nemesis Ridley. In Metroid Fusion , Samus returns to SR388, where a parasitic organism infects and nearly kills her. Galactic Federation scientists surgically remove large portions of her corrupted Power Suit and inject her with the Metroid hatchling's DNA to save her. To prevent the now-dubbed X Parasites from spreading beyond SR388 and the space station orbiting above it, Samus sets the station to crash into the planet, during which she contends with the SA-X, an X Parasite that was born from her infected Power Suit pieces and possesses all of her abilities. Other appearances ( edit ) See also: List of Metroid media Promotional models for Samus and Link from The Legend of Zelda at IgroMir 2012. Samus was featured in a series of comic books called Captain N: The Game Master , published by Valiant Comics in 1990, based on the animated series of the same name, despite Samus never appearing in the cartoon version. In the comics, Samus is depicted as brash, money-hungry, and fiercely independent. 1UP.com described Samus in the Captain N comics as `` rambunctious, reckless, and gets into fighting contests with Lana over Kevin's affections, which makes for some of the most entertaining situations in the series.'' Comic book and manga adaptations of Metroid games were also developed. Samus is a playable character throughout the Super Smash Bros. series of multiplayer fighting games , where she can use her array of weapons in combat against characters from other Nintendo franchises. Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U also feature an alternate form of Samus called Zero Suit Samus, in which she wears her Zero Suit instead of her Power Suit, which in turn grants her a significantly different set of movements, attacks and even a separate final smash. Samus makes cameo appearances in the games Galactic Pinball (1995), Super Mario RPG (1996), Kirby Super Star (1996), and Kirby's Dream Land 3 (1997), and also makes a non-playable appearance in Dead or Alive: Dimensions by Metroid: Other M co-developers Team Ninja . Many various figures based on the character were produced by various manufacturers. First 4 Figures built 2,500 Varia Suit Samus figures, selling all of them. Good Smile Company produced a figma and a statue of Samus based on the Other M Samus. Samus also launched as one of the twelve original Amiibo in November 2014. Reception and cultural impact ( edit ) Samus was one of the first major female protagonists in a video game. Although Toby Masuyo (`` Kissy'' ) from Namco 's Alien Sector ( Baraduke ) predates her by one year as a female protagonist, 2013's Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition declared Samus as `` the first playable human female character in a mainstream videogame'' , and as being `` enduringly'' popular, noting that sales of the Metroid series has exceeded 17.44 million copies as of September 2012. As a woman in a male-dominated role, Samus has been widely considered a breakthrough for female characters in video games. In 2009, GameDaily called Samus the video game industry's `` first dominant female, a femme de force that didn't rely on a man to save her,'' also ranking her number one on a list of the top Nintendo characters of all time. In 2010, James Hawkins of Joystick Division ranked her as number one top `` badass lady'' in video games, adding that she `` made every other character on this list possible,'' while UGO.com ranked her as 20th in a list of top heroes of all-time. In 2011, Nintendo Power listed Samus as their third-favourite hero, citing her bravery in the face of dangerous situations, while UGO.com also included her on the list of video game characters who need their own movies. That same year, Empire ranked her as the 26th-greatest video game character, adding, `` whether you see her as a breakthrough for feminism or just another faceless sci-fi warrior, 1986's unexpected reveal that showed women could be more in gaming lore than eye candy for geeky boys was a refreshing and unforgettable moment.'' In 2012, GamesRadar ranked her as the `` fifth-most memorable, influential, and badass'' protagonist in video games, adding: `` Whether she's 2D or 3D, in a sidescroller or FPS , her strength and determination always shine through, allowing her the power to defeat floating aliens and space pirates alike.'' In 2013, Complex ranked her as the `` 11th-most badass'' video game character of all time, as well as the greatest heroine in video game history, and the third-greatest soldier in video games. The famous scene where Samus is revealed to be female at the end of 1986's Metroid . Samus' reveal in the original Metroid , which UGO.com called the original `` jaw-dropping moment'' in gaming, was named as the greatest twist in video games by Game Informer in 2007 and as the greatest moment in Nintendo's history by GameDaily in 2008. The Irish Times found it refreshing to learn that the series' protagonist, who is `` well disguised under the suit of heavy armour'' , is female, but Rupert Goodwins of The Independent wrote that the `` Transformer -like suit she wears could just as easily contain a large centipede; it's hardly a breakthrough for feminism.'' According to the 2007 book Gaming Lives in the Twenty-First Century: Literate Connections , Samus was perhaps the most nonsexualized female video game character ever, a belief shared by Steve Rabin in Introduction to Game Development , which also considered Samus as one of Nintendo's most popular video game mascots. In 2002, Justin Hoeger of The Sacramento Bee opined that `` unlike most other female video game characters, Samus isn't some husky-voiced bimbo in tight leather included only for sex appeal. Samus is tough, silent, heavily armed and spends most of her time in a bulky suit of high-tech Power Armor.'' That same year, however, an article in the Toronto Star retorted that the `` sexual politics'' surrounding Samus and the Metroid series needed to stop, arguing that the original `` big crazy shock to the gaming public'' was `` some seriously misspent energy'' as she `` is not a woman for the benefit of the sweaty/excited crowd, and neither is she a standard-bearer nor a courageous leader in the struggle for video game civil rights. She is a supremely talented action figure, and in the closeups on her helmet you can kind of see that she wears mascara, but that is all.'' UGO.com included Samus' one-piece bathing swimsuit on the list of the best alternate costumes and IGN chose `` Dude (Looks Like a Lady) '' by Aerosmith as Samus' theme song because she `` spends her time running around in a manly battle suit blasting first and taking names later.'' Featuring her in their 2004 list of `` top ten forces of good'' (one section on their list of top 50 `` retro'' game characters), Retro Gamer opined she has remained `` a distinct female character, not relying on cheap thrills to capture the attention of gamers, which is more than can be said for some.'' Nevertheless, much of her media reception came from her sex appeal . GameTrailers named Samus number one on a 2006 list of the top ten women of gaming, and number three among top ten `` gamer babes'' in 2007. GameDaily ranked Samus seventh on a list of the top `` hottest game babes'' , describing her as `` a refreshing change of pace, a tough, no-nonsense warrior that isn't afraid to remove her famous orange and yellow power suit and let her hair down, especially to reveal her skin-tight clothing.'' She was also listed on GameDaily's list of `` hottest'' blondes in video games, described as both one of Nintendo's most famous protagonists as well as a `` curvaceous, drop-dead-gorgeous woman,'' and used to illustrate the `` smart and sexy heroine'' concept on their list of top video game archetypes. In 2008, Spike placed Samus on the top of their list of `` video game vixen'' as `` a foxy broad that conceals her curves inside a weapon of death and destruction,'' while MSN India listed her as one of `` the best-looking game characters with perfect figures.'' In 2009, UGO.com ranked Samus as 11th on a list of the top `` girls of gaming'' and as the `` eighth-hottest sci-fi girl'' , also including her in the 2011 list of 50 video game `` hotties'' . Her Zero Suit was ranked by ScrewAttack as fourth on their 2010 list of the top 10 sexiest outfits in games on GameTrailers, while Sarah Warn of AfterEllen ranked Samus as the `` tenth-hottest'' female video game character. In 2011, GameFront featured her twice on the list of the `` best boobs in video game history'' , at 40th spot for her reveal in the original game and at sixth place for her modern appearance in `` a ridiculously form-fitting jumpsuit.'' That same year, Lisa Foiles of The Escapist ranked the Zero Suit Samus as number one `` hottest blonde chick'' in video games. In 2012, Complex ranked her as the `` 24th-hottest'' video game character, also ranking her as the fourth-top `` hot female killer'' from video games, while Nixie Pixel from Revision3 placed Samus on top of her sexiest `` game girls'' list. In 2013, Steve Jenkins of CheatCodes.com declared Samus the `` tenth-hottest video game girl'' of all time. Thanh Niên ranked her as the tenth-most sexy female character in 2015, in particular for her Zero Suit. Samus has been well received by the video game community. In 2001, IGN remarked that Samus has a cult following greater than most other female video game characters. She was chosen by the users of IGN as the most requested character who should have her own movie franchise by the website's users, the staff remarking that her tragic past makes her a perfect candidate for a movie, especially the loss of both her parents to the Space Pirates. Among their list of voted characters, IGN considered Samus to be the video game character that `` could lead the pack of video game adaptations that actually manage to live up to the source material.'' Samus appeared in multiple GameFAQs `` Character Battle'' contests, winning the `` Character Battle V'' in 2006. In 2009, GameSpot featured her in their poll `` All-Time Greatest Game Hero'' , in which she lost to Mario in the semi-finals. Paul O'Connor , the lead game designer for Sammy Studios and a fan of the Metroid series, remarked that players empathize and identify with Samus because she is often rewarded for indulging in her curiosity. The book Videogames and Art noted that in the original Metroid the player is not briefed on Samus's past or future; the only interaction that they have with the character is by being her through gameplay, while bits of information can be gleaned from the handbook and through concept art, adding, `` Samus is very rare for the character intimacy gained solely through game play and for her stasis and then drastic change,'' referring to the revelation that she is a woman. MMA and actress Ronda Rousey told GameSpot in a 2016 interview that she `` always wanted to be Samus'' if a live-action Metroid film is made. In his review of Super Smash Bros. , GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann called Samus one of the characters that made Nintendo `` what it is today.'' Samus was ranked fifth on GameDaily's 2009 list of top characters in the Smash Bros. series, while IGN ranked her as the third-best character for Super Smash Bros. Her controversial portrayal in Metroid: Other M received mixed reactions. Unlike other Metroid games, where Samus took full advantage of weapons and abilities available, she deactivated most of them until Commander Adam Malkovich authorized their use, despite obvious uses for them. G4 TV considered the portrayal of Samus as `` sexist '' , stating that as she `` cannot possibly wield the amount of power she possesses unless directed to by a man'' and that her anxiety attack cannot be reconciled with her previous portrayals. The A.V. Club echoed the misgivings about Samus's immaturity, petulant behavior, and misguided loyalty. According to GamePro , while the story and Samus' monologues did not compel them, `` it helped contextualize her entire existence'' which developed the character to `` an actual human being who's using the vastness of space to try and put some distance between herself and the past.'' 1UP.com's Justin Hayward found the portrayal `` lifeless and boring'' and `` nonsensical'' . GamesRadar wrote that Other M painted Samus, widely considered a strong female lead character, as `` an unsure, insecure woman who desperately wants the approval of her former (male) commanding officer.'' Game Informer listed her 1st on their list of the top ten `` dorks'' of 2010, citing her `` lame backstory'' in Other M . See also ( edit ) Gender representation in video games List of female action heroes Women warriors in literature and culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Samus Aran'' . IGN . Ziff Davis . September 12, 2007 . Retrieved August 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Nintendo Power staff (May 2009). `` Power Profiles 26: Jennifer Hale'' . Nintendo Power (241): 76-- 78. Jump up ^ `` Bio - Alésia Glidewell - Voice Over Artist'' . Alésia Glidewell . Retrieved February 26, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Voice of Samus Interview'' . GameTrailers. November 8, 2010 . Retrieved December 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ Nintendo; Team Ninja; D-Rockets (September 2, 2010). Metroid: Other M (in Japanese). Wii . Nintendo. Scene: Theater Mode: Chapter 26/Staff credits. Japanese Voice (...) Samus Aran: AI KOBAYASHI ^ Jump up to: `` The History of Metroid - Part One'' . Computer and Video Games . October 15, 2007 . Retrieved March 4, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: Schedeen, Jesse (February 12, 2008). `` Stars: Icons - Samus Aran'' . IGN . Retrieved February 24, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: McLaughlin, Rus (August 24, 2007). `` IGN Presents The History of Metroid'' . IGN . Retrieved February 24, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gunship -- (It was given to her after her outstanding work on Zebes) The Gunship after being attacked by an X parasite in Metroid Fusion, crashes into an asteroid belt and destroys the craft ejecting Samus before impact. After that, the Galactic Federation provides her with a new starship.'' --> Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008). (In-game description of the `` Gunship'' trophy.) Jump up ^ `` Secrets - Metroid: Zero Mission Wiki Guide - IGN'' . Jump up ^ Thomas, Lucas M. (July 11, 2011). `` Six Things You Didn't Know About Metroid's Samus Aran'' . IGN . Retrieved February 24, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Metroid Other M All Movie Cutscenes'' . Jump up ^ `` Samus Aran at Full Power / Without the Power Suit'' . Jump up ^ Scott Pelland; Leslie Swan; Jeff Bafus, eds. (1994). Super Metroid Player's Guide . Nintendo of America, Inc. p. 18. PERSONAL DATA -- HEIGHT 6'3 '' / WEIGHT 198 lbs. Jump up ^ `` Samus and her Power Suit's official statistics'' . ^ Jump up to: Oxford, Nadia (August 7, 2006). `` One Girl vs. the Galaxy'' . 1UP.com . Retrieved February 24, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: やれ ば やる ほど ディスク システム インタビュー (前編 ) . Nintendo Dream (in Japanese). Mainichi Communications Inc. (118): 96-- 103. August 6, 2004. ^ Jump up to: Harris, Craig (January 30, 2004). `` Metroid: Zero Mission Director Roundtable'' . IGN . Retrieved February 24, 2009 . Jump up ^ Super Metroid strategy guide (in Japanese). Nintendo. Jump up ^ Buchanan, Levi (June 2, 2009). `` E3 2009: Metroid: Other M Unveiled'' . IGN . Retrieved June 2, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PTSD or Weakness: Real Experts on Why Samus Didn't Shoot - News'' . Jump up ^ Oxford, Nadia (August 7, 2006). `` One Girl vs. the Galaxy'' . 1UP.com. p. 3 . Retrieved February 24, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Funny Pages . 1UP.COM. 1 . Retrieved October 16, 2008. Jump up ^ Oxford, Nadia (September 30, 2004). `` Funny Pages: Games as Comics, Past and Present'' . 1UP.com . Retrieved January 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Metroid Prime '' . Nintendo Power . Dreamwave Productions (164-- 167). January-- March 2003. ISSN 1041-9551 . ^ Jump up to: `` Smash Profile: Samus Aran'' . IGN. July 13, 2001 . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ Segers, André . `` Super Smash Bros. Brawl Characters: Samus Aran'' . IGN . Retrieved April 10, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Samus Aran'' . Smash Bros Dojo!! . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zero Suit Samus'' . Super Smash Bros. 4 Official Site . Retrieved April 9, 2014 . Jump up ^ HAL Laboratory (November 27, 1997). Kirby's Dream Land 3 . Super NES. Nintendo. Jump up ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (January 24, 2011). `` Samus Not Playable in Dead or Alive 3DS'' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 3, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Samus - Varia Suit'' . First 4 Figures . Retrieved July 26, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` figma Samus Aran'' . Goodsmile.info . Retrieved August 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Kurt Kalata. `` Obscure Namco characters'' . Hardcore Gaming 101 . Retrieved October 6, 2013 . Jump up ^ Sean Aaron. `` Nintendo Download: 13-14 October 2009 (Japan)'' . nintendolife.com . Retrieved October 6, 2013 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2013: Gamer's Edition . Guinness World Records Ltd. 2012. p. 154. ISBN 9781904994954 . Jump up ^ `` Babe of the Week: Samus Aran'' . GameDaily. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008 . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gallery and Images - GameDaily'' . Web.archive.org. August 22, 2008. Archived from the original on November 15, 2010 . Retrieved July 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ James Hawkins, The Top Ten Badass Ladies in Video Game History , Joystick Division, May 20, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Best Heroes of All Time'' . UGO.com. January 21, 2010. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011 . Retrieved July 29, 2010 . Jump up ^ Nintendo Power 250th issue! . Future US. 2010. pp. 40, 41. Jump up ^ Marissa Meli, Video Game Characters - Video Game Movies Archived December 7, 2012, at WebCite , UGO.com, July 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Video Game Characters 26. Samus Aran Empire'' . www.empireonline.com . Retrieved July 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ 100 best heroes in video games , GamesRadar, October 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Drea Avellan, The 50 Most Badass Video Game Characters Of All Time , Complex.com, February 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Rougeau, Michael (March 4, 2013). `` 50 Greatest Heroines In Video Game History'' . Complex . Retrieved March 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ Chad Hunter, Michael Rougeau, The 50 Greatest Soldiers In Video Games , Complex.com, May 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Salute to Heroines -- Samus Aran'' . UGO.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff (April 2007). `` The Top 10 Video Game Twists'' . Game Informer (168): 20. Jump up ^ Workman, Robert (December 12, 2008). `` Top 25 Nintendo Moments'' . GameDaily. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008 . Retrieved December 28, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Metroid'' . The Irish Times . August 13, 1994. p. 11. Jump up ^ Goodwins, Rupert (August 2, 1994). `` Samus it ever was'' . The Independent . p. 22. Jump up ^ Hawisher, Gail E.; Selfe, Cynthia L.; Gee, James Paul (March 6, 2007). Gaming Lives in the Twenty-First Century: Literate Connections . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-4039-7220-0 . Jump up ^ Rabin, Steve (June 26, 2009). Introduction to Game Development . Charles River Media. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-58450-679-9 . Jump up ^ Hoeger, Justin (December 6, 2002). `` Samus Aran returns in two new games'' . The Sacramento Bee . Jump up ^ `` A prime example of an action figure'' . Toronto Star . December 3, 2002. p. D04. Jump up ^ Swimsuit Samus - The Most Stylin' Alternate Costumes , UGO.com, February 27, 2011. Jump up ^ Collura, Scott; D., Spence (May 23, 2008). `` Every Hero Needs a Theme Song'' . IGN . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ Retro Gamer 2, p. 37. Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Women of Gaming'' . GameTrailers. August 11, 2006 . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Axe's Top Ten Gamer Babes'' . GameTrailers. October 8, 2007 . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Hottest Game Babes on Trial'' . GameDaily. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008 . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ Workman, Robert (January 16, 2009). `` Babe of the Week: Hottest Blondes'' . GameDaily . Retrieved December 28, 2009 . Jump up ^ Buffa, Chris (January 23, 2009). `` Top 25 Game Archetypes'' . GameDaily . Retrieved December 28, 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff (November 10, 2008). Top 10 Video Game Vixens . Spike . Retrieved on December 14, 2008. Jump up ^ Game Goddesses: Dressed to Kill Archived October 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. , MSN India, June 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Top 11 Girls of Gaming -- Samus Aran'' . UGO.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009 . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Hottest Sci-Fi Girls -- Samus Aran'' . UGO.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008 . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ Video Game Hotties: Who's The Hottest? , UGO.com, October 27, 2011. Jump up ^ ScrewAttack, Top 10: Sexiest Outfits , ScrewAttack's Top 10 , GameTrailers.com, August 12, 2010. Jump up ^ Warn, Sarah (June 21, 2012). `` 25 Hottest Female Video Game Characters AfterEllen.com'' . Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Boobs In Video Game History (Gallery)'' . Gamefront.com . Retrieved July 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa Foiles. `` Top 5 Hottest Blonde Chicks Top 5 with Lisa Foiles Video Gallery The Escapist'' . Escapistmagazine.com . Retrieved June 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Larry Hester, The 50 Hottest Video Game Characters , Complex.com, June 27, 2012. Jump up ^ 10 Hot Female Killers From Video Games , Complex.com, June 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Nixie Pixel, The 7 Sexiest Video Game Girls , Revision3, September 27, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Hottest Video Game Girls of All Time Page 17 of 26 CheatCodes.com Extra'' . Cheatcodes.com. October 21, 2013 . Retrieved November 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 25 nhân vật nữ khiến các game thủ nam `` mất tập trung'' nhất Đánh giá - Phóng sự Thanh Niên Game`` . Game.thanhnien.com.vn . Retrieved July 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen, Jesse (April 16, 2008). `` Franchise Players 2: Reader's Choice'' . IGN . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2006: The Great GameFAQs Character Battle V'' . GameFAQs . Retrieved September 23, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Greatest Game Hero - The Standings'' . GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009 . Retrieved September 15, 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Paul. `` Deepening Emotional Involvement With First-Person Video Game Heroes'' . GameDaily . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ Clarke, Andy; Mitchell, Grethe (2007). Videogames and art . Intellect Books. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-84150-142-0 . Jump up ^ Rousey, Ronda (February 19, 2016). `` Ronda Rousey Interview: `` I've Always Wanted to Be Samus '' `` . GameSpot (Interview). Interview with Mat Paget. CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 24, 2016 . Retrieved February 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Smash Bros. Review for Nintendo 64'' . GameSpot.com. February 19, 1999 . Retrieved May 11, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Smash Bros. Characters - Page 6'' . GameDaily. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008 . Retrieved August 7, 2009 . Jump up ^ Pirrello, Phil; Bozon (January 10, 2008). `` Super Smash Bros. Veterans' Day'' . IGN . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris, Craig (August 27, 2010). `` Metroid: Other M Review'' . IGN . Retrieved October 23, 2010 . Jump up ^ Heppe, Abbie (August 27, 2010). `` Metroid: Other M Review'' . G4 Media, Inc. Retrieved September 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolinsky, David (September 6, 2010). `` Metroid: Other M'' . The Onion . Retrieved October 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim, Tae K. (August 27, 2010). `` GamePro Metroid: Other M review'' . GamePro. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010 . Retrieved August 27, 2010 . Jump up ^ Haywald, Justin (August 27, 2010). `` Metroid Other M Review'' . 1UP.com . Retrieved March 25, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Anti-Awards 2010'' . GamesRadar. January 5, 2011 . Retrieved March 25, 2011 . Jump up ^ Game Informer , February 2011, page 31 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samus Aran . Samus Aran on IMDb ( hide ) Metroid series Main series Metroid Metroid: Zero Mission Metroid II: Return of Samus Metroid: Samus Returns Super Metroid Metroid Fusion Metroid: Other M Metroid Prime series Main Metroid Prime Metroid Prime 2: Echoes Metroid Prime 3: Corruption Other Metroid Prime Pinball Metroid Prime Hunters Metroid Prime: Trilogy Metroid Prime: Federation Force Characters Samus Aran Ridley Mother Brain Related AM2R Metroid Dread Metroidvania Super Smash Bros. List of media Book:Metroid series Category:Metroid Nintendo portal Video games portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samus_Aran&oldid=801808088 '' Categories : Adoptee characters in video games Bodyguard characters in video games Characters designed by Hiroji Kiyotake Explorer characters in video games Extraterrestrial-- human hybrids in video games Female characters in video games Fictional bounty hunters Fictional characters with posttraumatic stress disorder Fictional government agents Fictional super soldiers First-person shooter characters Genetically engineered characters in video games Intelligent Systems characters Martial artists characters in video games Metroid characters Nintendo protagonists Orphan characters in video games Police officer characters in video games Soldier characters in video games Super Smash Bros. fighters Video game characters in comics Video game characters introduced in 1986 Video game characters who can move at superhuman speeds Video game characters with superhuman strength Video game mascots Woman soldier and warrior characters in video games Hidden categories: CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2012 Webarchive template webcite links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from July 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese-language text Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Íslenska Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017, at 00:19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. AboutWikipedia | 6930292264336105667 |
what is the biggest states in the us | Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,694.74 423,967 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 % | [
[
"Alaska",
"Texas",
"California"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area .",
"Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,694.74 423,967 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 %",
"Total area Land area Water",
"State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water",
"Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 %",
"Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 %",
"California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,694.74 423,967 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 %",
"Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 %",
"New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 %",
"Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 %",
"Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 %",
"Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 %",
"Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 %",
"Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 %",
"Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 %",
"Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 %",
"Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 %",
"Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 %",
"Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 %",
"Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 %",
"South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 %",
"Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 %",
"North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 %",
"Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 %",
"Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 %",
"Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 %",
"Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 %",
"Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 %",
"Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 %",
"Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 %",
"New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 %",
"North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 %",
"Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 %",
"Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 %",
"Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 %",
"Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 %",
"Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 %",
"Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 %",
"Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 %",
"Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 %",
"Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 %",
"Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 %",
"Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 %",
"South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 %",
"West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 %",
"Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 %",
"Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 %",
"Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 %",
"Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 %",
"New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 %",
"New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 %",
"Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 %",
"Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 %",
"Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 %",
"District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 %",
"Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 %",
"Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 %",
"United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 %",
"American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 %",
"Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 %",
"Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- --",
"Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 %",
"50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 %",
"All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 %",
"All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau .",
"Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174",
"Total area Land area Water",
"Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water",
"East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427",
"East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247",
"Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181",
"Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196",
"New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086",
"Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296",
"South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334",
"West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985",
"West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174",
"All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau .",
"Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492",
"Total area Land area Water",
"Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water",
"Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412",
"Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267",
"South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753",
"West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492",
"U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world . The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined . Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage",
"U.S. states by total area",
"U.S. states by total area",
"U.S. states by land area",
"U.S. states by land area",
"U.S. states by water area",
"U.S. states by water area",
"U.S. states by water percentage",
"U.S. states by water percentage",
"Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world .",
"Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world .",
"The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States",
"The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States",
"The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska",
"The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska",
"Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area",
"Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area",
"San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined .",
"San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined .",
"Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage",
"Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage",
"Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage",
"Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage"
] | List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by area Jump to: navigation , search Image shows the 50 states by area. Check the legend for more details. Note that the sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset. This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area. Contents ( hide ) 1 Area by state/territory 2 Area by division 3 Area by region 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Area by state/territory ( edit ) Total area Land area Water State/territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000♠ 85.76% 7000100000000000000♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000♠ 14.24% Texas 7000200000000000000♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000♠ 97.26% 7000800000000000000♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000♠ 2.74% California 7000300000000000000♠ 3 163,694.74 423,967 7000300000000000000♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000♠ 95.16% 7000600000000000000♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000♠ 4.84% Montana 7000400000000000000♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000♠ 98.98% 7001260000000000000♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000♠ 1.02% New Mexico 7000500000000000000♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000♠ 99.76% 7001490000000000000♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000♠ 0.24% Arizona 7000600000000000000♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000♠ 99.65% 7001480000000000000♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000♠ 0.35% Nevada 7000700000000000000♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000♠ 99.28% 7001360000000000000♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000♠ 0.72% Colorado 7000800000000000000♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999♠ 99.57% 7001440000000000000♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000♠ 0.43% Oregon 7000900000000000000♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999♠ 97.57% 7001200000000000000♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000♠ 2.43% Wyoming 7001100000000000000♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000♠ 99.26% 7001370000000000000♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000♠ 0.74% Michigan 7001110000000000000♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000♠ 58.46% 7000200000000000000♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000♠ 41.54% Minnesota 7001120000000000000♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000♠ 91.59% 7000900000000000000♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000♠ 8.41% Utah 7001130000000000000♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000♠ 96.79% 7001170000000000000♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000♠ 3.21% Idaho 7001140000000000000♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000♠ 98.89% 7001330000000000000♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000♠ 1.11% Kansas 7001150000000000000♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000♠ 99.37% 7001420000000000000♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000♠ 0.63% Nebraska 7001160000000000000♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999♠ 99.32% 7001410000000000000♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000♠ 0.68% South Dakota 7001170000000000000♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000♠ 98.31% 7001290000000000000♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000♠ 1.69% Washington 7001180000000000000♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999♠ 93.21% 7001110000000000000♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000♠ 6.79% North Dakota 7001190000000000000♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000♠ 97.60% 7001240000000000000♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000♠ 2.40% Oklahoma 7001200000000000000♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000♠ 98.13% 7001300000000000000♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000♠ 1.87% Missouri 7001210000000000000♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000♠ 98.61% 7001320000000000000♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999♠ 1.39% Florida 7001220000000000000♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000♠ 81.55% 7000300000000000000♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000♠ 18.45% Wisconsin 7001230000000000000♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000♠ 82.69% 7000400000000000000♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000♠ 17.31% Georgia 7001240000000000000♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000♠ 96.78% 7001220000000000000♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000♠ 3.22% Illinois 7001250000000000000♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000♠ 95.87% 7001190000000000000♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000♠ 4.13% Iowa 7001260000000000000♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000♠ 99.26% 7001450000000000000♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000♠ 0.74% New York 7001270000000000000♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000♠ 86.38% 7000700000000000000♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999♠ 13.62% North Carolina 7001280000000000000♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000♠ 90.34% 7001100000000000000♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000♠ 9.66% Arkansas 7001290000000000000♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000♠ 97.85% 7001310000000000000♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000♠ 2.15% Alabama 7001300000000000000♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000♠ 96.61% 7001230000000000000♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000♠ 3.39% Louisiana 7001310000000000000♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000♠ 82.48% 7000500000000000000♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000♠ 17.52% Mississippi 7001320000000000000♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000♠ 96.89% 7001250000000000000♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000♠ 3.11% Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000♠ 97.15% 7001280000000000000♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000♠ 2.85% Ohio 7001340000000000000♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000♠ 91.15% 7001140000000000000♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000♠ 8.85% Virginia 7001350000000000000♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999♠ 92.32% 7001150000000000000♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000♠ 7.68% Tennessee 7001360000000000000♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000♠ 97.84% 7001350000000000000♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000♠ 2.16% Kentucky 7001370000000000000♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000♠ 97.72% 7001340000000000000♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999♠ 2.28% Indiana 7001380000000000000♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000♠ 98.37% 7001390000000000000♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000♠ 1.63% Maine 7001390000000000000♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000♠ 87.18% 7001120000000000000♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000♠ 12.82% South Carolina 7001400000000000000♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000♠ 93.88% 7001210000000000000♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000♠ 6.12% West Virginia 7001410000000000000♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999♠ 99.21% 7001500000000000000♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000♠ 0.79% Maryland 7001420000000000000♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000♠ 78.25% 7001180000000000000♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000♠ 21.75% Hawaii 7001430000000000000♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000♠ 58.75% 7001130000000000000♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000♠ 41.25% Massachusetts 7001440000000000000♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000♠ 73.90% 7001160000000000000♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000♠ 26.10% Vermont 7001450000000000000♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000♠ 95.84% 7001460000000000000♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000♠ 4.16% New Hampshire 7001460000000000000♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000♠ 95.76% 7001470000000000000♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000♠ 4.24% New Jersey 7001470000000000000♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000♠ 84.31% 7001270000000000000♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000♠ 15.69% Connecticut 7001480000000000000♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000♠ 87.35% 7001380000000000000♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000♠ 12.65% Delaware 7001490000000000000♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000♠ 78.29% 7001400000000000000♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000♠ 21.71% Rhode Island 7001500000000000000♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000♠ 66.92% 7001430000000000000♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000♠ 33.08% District of Columbia 7002100000000000000♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000♠ 89.33% 7002100000000000000♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000♠ 10.67% Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000♠ 64.30% 7002100000000000000♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000♠ 35.70% Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000♠ 9.23% 7002100000000000000♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000♠ 90.77% United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999♠ 18.33% 7002100000000000000♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000♠ 81.67% American Samoa 7002100000000000000♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000♠ 13.16% 7002100000000000000♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000♠ 86.84% Guam 7002100000000000000♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000♠ 36.77% 7002100000000000000♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000♠ 63.23% Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000♠ 94.69% 7002100000000000000♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999♠ 5.31% 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000♠ 93.02% 7002100000000000000♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000♠ 6.98% All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000♠ 92.91% 7002100000000000000♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000♠ 7.09% Area by division ( edit ) All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174 Area by region ( edit ) All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492 U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world. The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000♠ 18% of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000♠ 21% of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state, Texas , is only 7001400000000000000♠ 40% of the total area of the largest state, Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states; it is larger than the four smallest states combined. Michigan is second (after Alaska) in water area, and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula, and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage See also ( edit ) United States portal List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census, unlike previous years, as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts , Census 2000 Geography Glossary, U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed 2007-07-10 ^ Jump up to: `` United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing'' (PDF) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012. pp. V-- 2, 1 & 41 (Tables 1 & 18) . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2000 Census of Population and Housing'' (PDF) . United States Census Bureau. April 2004. p. 1 (Table 1) . Retrieved February 10, 2014 . United States state-related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Hispanic and Latino Spanish-speaking Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Forest Geographic centers Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same-sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self-representation Smoking bans Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area&oldid=801499161 '' Categories : Geography of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States Lists of states of the United States Lists by area Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017, at 01:18. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 4638169473328128223 |
when does season 5 of the blacklist end | The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 27 , 2017 , with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10 : 00 PM to Wednesday at 8 : 00 PM . The season was produced by Davis Entertainment , Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television , and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp , John Davis , John Eisendrath , John Fox , and Joe Carnahan . The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on May 16 , 2018 . The season aired the series 100th episode . | [
[
"May 16, 2018"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The Blacklist ( season 5 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of The Blacklist episodes",
"The Blacklist ( season 5 )",
"Country of origin United States",
"No. of episodes 22",
"Release",
"Original network NBC",
"Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 )",
"Season chronology",
"← Previous Season 4",
"List of The Blacklist episodes",
"The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 27 , 2017 , with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10 : 00 PM to Wednesday at 8 : 00 PM . The season was produced by Davis Entertainment , Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television , and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp , John Davis , John Eisendrath , John Fox , and Joe Carnahan . The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on May 16 , 2018 . The season aired the series 100th episode .",
"James Spader as Raymond `` Red '' Reddington Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma",
"James Spader as Raymond `` Red '' Reddington",
"Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen",
"Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler",
"Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen",
"Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper",
"Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai",
"Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi",
"Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma",
"No . overall No. in season Title Blacklist guide Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 90 `` Smokey Putnum '' No. 30 Bill Roe Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 6.39 Following Mr. Kaplan 's death , Reddington 's criminal empire is in ruins and enlists newly discovered daughter Liz Keen to help him build it back up by finding the next blacklister named Smokey Putnum . Meanwhile , Ressler puts himself in an awkward position following Hitchin 's death . Aram and Samar 's romance escalates . Also , Tom Keen returns with a mysterious briefcase with a skeleton in it . 91 `` Greyson Blaise '' No. 37 Don Thorin Lukas Reiter & Jon Bokenkamp October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 5.87 Reddington enlists Liz and the task force to track down a blacklister named Greyson Blaise , a self - made billionaire who moonlights as a high - end thief to help Reddingtion with his crumbled empire . Meanwhile , Tom hits roadblocks when trying to identify the remains in the suitcase without Liz or Reddington finding out . 92 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall '' No. 76 Adam Weisinger Jonathan Shapiro & Taylor Martin October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 5.79 Reddington enlists help from Tom to establish a plan to help rebuild his criminal empire . Meanwhile , the task force investigates a series of suspicious police shootings and tracks down a blacklister named Rebecca Thrall who encourages police officers to do such crimes . 93 `` The Endling '' No. 44 Michael Watkins Noah Schechter October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 5.46 Liz and the task force investigates a blacklister who is trying to destroy the world to get to her ailing son to seek treatment . Meanwhile , Reddington seeks an opportunity to regain revenue for his criminal empire . Also , Tom hits a major roadblock when identifying the remains . Nick , after helping Red and Liz with a medical procedure for The Endling and determining that he never wants to be contacted again by either Red or Liz , is killed and the suitcase with the remains , is taken . 94 5 `` Ilyas Surkov '' No. 54 Kurt Kuenne Brandon Margolis & Brandon Sonnier October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 5.23 Liz and the task force collide with the CIA when tracking down a blacklister who is an international terrorist , but Cooper finds out that the ones that have identified themselves as CIA are imposters . Meanwhile , Reddington sets out on a new business venture while working on Nick 's murder . Also , Tom sets out on a new quest to discover information on the remains in the suitcase . Aram requests Cooper for his operational training . Reddington traces a connection with the suitcase to Tom . 95 6 `` The Travel Agency '' No. 90 Terrence O'Hara Carla Kettner November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 5.25 Cooper enlists help from Reddington on a personal mission . Meanwhile , Ressler is acting Director and leads the task force into a blacklister who are former murder for hire gang . Also , Tom continues his quest in into the remains in the suitcase , but runs into Red who knows he has it . After closing an emotional case , Liz decides that she wants to marry Tom and they rush to the courthouse . 96 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation '' No. 48 Jean de Segonzac Lukas Reiter November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 5.04 After dozens of immigrants die off the Carolina coast , Reddington and the task force put Dembe undercover to stop a human smuggling operation . When Red confronts the elder Kilgannon about the deaths and the conditions , he then confronts his son about and the clash is fatal . This later complicates Dembe , putting him in a life or death situation as the task forces loses track of him . Tom is tracking whom he believes killed Nick as they were involved in trying to figure out the contents of the suitcase and discovers that there are others at play . Tom 's life is put at risk when others discover the suitcase and that it 's important to Reddington . 97 8 `` Ian Garvey '' No. 13 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 5.89 Tom finds trouble while searching for answers in both Nick 's death and the infamous suitcase mystery , as the task force searches for him . Tom 's desperate escape reunites him with Red and they escape momentarily . Liz gets pulled into the middle of the tug of war over the contents of the suitcase which leaves her and Tom hospitalized , having fought for their lives . After being in a coma for 10 months , Liz wakes up while Reddington is reading to her , and , when asked , he informs her that Tom died from his injuries . 98 9 `` Ruin '' N / A Michael Caracciolo Sean Hennen January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 6.02 Liz escapes to a cabin in Alaska living under an alias to mourn Tom 's death . She leaves Agnes in the care of an exonerated Scottie Hargrave . During an ice storm she finds a critically injured man in the woods and soon after four other men arrive claiming they were all in a plane crash . Instantly sensing trouble , Liz is forced into a cat and mouse game to survive and save the injured man who turns out to be a federally protected witness . After killing the four men , Liz returns to her home leaving no trace of herself in Alaska . Returning to Red she tells him she only wants revenge for Tom 's death . 99 10 `` The Informant '' No. 118 Paul Holahan Noah Schechter January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 6.16 Liz comes out of hiding to continue her quest to find Tom 's killers . Meanwhile , Reddington directs the task force to find a blacklister with classified and sensitive information . Prescot is killed . Liz learns more about Nik and Tom . 100 11 `` Abraham Stern '' No. 100 Andrew McCarthy Teleplay by : Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath Story by : Dave Metzger & Jon Bokenkamp January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 6.49 As Reddington begins his quest for a legendary treasure , he is robbed of an antique penny . Reddington steers the task force into tracking down a blacklister known for manipulating and stealing priceless treasures . Meanwhile , Liz looks into old cases when tracking down Tom 's killers . 101 12 `` The Cook '' No. 56 Solvan `` Slick '' Naim Peter Noah January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 6.11 Liz continues to search for clues into finding Tom 's killers with Reddington 's help . Meanwhile , the task force is forced to work with a former arsonist to catch another arsonist . 102 13 `` The Invisible Hand '' No. 63 Andrew McCarthy Jonathan Shapiro & Lukas Reiter February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 6.35 Reddington pushes the task force into finding a group of blacklisters named : `` The Invisible Hand , '' a group of people who kill victims and leave them abandoned in the Woods . Meanwhile , Reddington lends a hand to an old associate and Liz discovers a secret into Tom 's investigation . 103 14 `` Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III '' No. 51 Christine Gee Kelli Johnson February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 5.68 Reddington steers the task force into finding a blacklister who creates identical criminals for murderous clients . Meanwhile , Liz begins to see a therapist following Tom 's death in order to get reinstated as an FBI - agent . 104 15 `` Pattie Sue Edwards '' No. 68 Donald Thorin , Jr . Carla Kettner March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 5.69 The task force investigates a blacklister who creates and uses a biochemical weapon in order to gain revenge on people responsible for the death of her husband . Meanwhile , Reddington deals with a tax deal to help with his money laundering empire . 105 16 `` The Capricorn Killer '' No. 19 Bill Roe Taylor Martin March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 5.55 The task force grows closer into the investigation into finding Tom 's killers . Meanwhile , Liz continues her therapy with looking into cold cases while as a Profiler . Also , Reddington draws closer into finding Ian Garvey . 106 17 `` Anna - Gracia Duerte '' No. 25 Michael Caracciolo Lukas Reiter & Jonathan Shapiro April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 5.38 When an associate of the Nash Syndicate is murdered , Red sets Liz and the Task Force on the case in order to recover evidence crucial to bringing down Ian Garvey . Aram considers a step forward in his relationship with Samar . 107 18 `` Zarak Mosadek '' No. 23 Terrence O'Hara Sean Hennen April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 5.15 In an attempt to apply pressure to Ian Garvey , Red and the Task Force head to Paris to track down a prominent heroin supplier for the Nash Syndicate . Distrustful of Red 's agenda , Liz takes her own path in going after Garvey . 108 19 `` Ian Garvey : Conclusion '' No. 13 Cort Hessler Carla Kettner & Katie Bockes April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 5.24 Liz discovers that she has a long lost sister whose father is also Reddington . Meanwhile , Liz and her sister work together with the task force to finally capture Ian Garvey once and for all and find out what got Tom killed . 109 20 `` Nicholas T. Moore '' No. 110 Solvan `` Slick '' Naim Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 5.54 The task force investigates the reappearance of a young girl in a cult found in a forest . Their chase leads to Samar being kidnapped . Meanwhile , Reddington recovers from being shot by Ian Garvey and looks into finding the duffel bag with his long lost daughter . 110 21 `` Lawrence Dane Devlin '' No. 26 Bethany Rooney Carla Kettner & Sean Hennen May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 4.96 Aram and the task force search for Samar whose life is in danger from a prolific killer for hire . Red 's search for the duffel bag leads him to an underground auction where he discovers Garvey had met with a man Red believed to be dead - Sutton Ross . Liz reveals that she had been following Red and vows to recover the bag before him . 111 22 `` Sutton Ross '' No. 17 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 5.18 Liz is kidnapped by Sutton Ross in an effort to force Reddington to reveal the truth about the duffle bag . Though Ross is killed before Reddington can reveal the truth and the bones burned , Liz is revealed to have been working with Ross and Jennifer Reddington all along to learn the truth about the bones : they belong to the real Raymond Reddington . The man known as Raymond Reddington is in fact an imposter .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Blacklist guide Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"90 `` Smokey Putnum '' No. 30 Bill Roe Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 6.39",
"Following Mr. Kaplan 's death , Reddington 's criminal empire is in ruins and enlists newly discovered daughter Liz Keen to help him build it back up by finding the next blacklister named Smokey Putnum . Meanwhile , Ressler puts himself in an awkward position following Hitchin 's death . Aram and Samar 's romance escalates . Also , Tom Keen returns with a mysterious briefcase with a skeleton in it .",
"91 `` Greyson Blaise '' No. 37 Don Thorin Lukas Reiter & Jon Bokenkamp October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 5.87",
"Reddington enlists Liz and the task force to track down a blacklister named Greyson Blaise , a self - made billionaire who moonlights as a high - end thief to help Reddingtion with his crumbled empire . Meanwhile , Tom hits roadblocks when trying to identify the remains in the suitcase without Liz or Reddington finding out .",
"92 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall '' No. 76 Adam Weisinger Jonathan Shapiro & Taylor Martin October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 5.79",
"Reddington enlists help from Tom to establish a plan to help rebuild his criminal empire . Meanwhile , the task force investigates a series of suspicious police shootings and tracks down a blacklister named Rebecca Thrall who encourages police officers to do such crimes .",
"93 `` The Endling '' No. 44 Michael Watkins Noah Schechter October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 5.46",
"Liz and the task force investigates a blacklister who is trying to destroy the world to get to her ailing son to seek treatment . Meanwhile , Reddington seeks an opportunity to regain revenue for his criminal empire . Also , Tom hits a major roadblock when identifying the remains . Nick , after helping Red and Liz with a medical procedure for The Endling and determining that he never wants to be contacted again by either Red or Liz , is killed and the suitcase with the remains , is taken .",
"94 5 `` Ilyas Surkov '' No. 54 Kurt Kuenne Brandon Margolis & Brandon Sonnier October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 5.23",
"Liz and the task force collide with the CIA when tracking down a blacklister who is an international terrorist , but Cooper finds out that the ones that have identified themselves as CIA are imposters . Meanwhile , Reddington sets out on a new business venture while working on Nick 's murder . Also , Tom sets out on a new quest to discover information on the remains in the suitcase . Aram requests Cooper for his operational training . Reddington traces a connection with the suitcase to Tom .",
"95 6 `` The Travel Agency '' No. 90 Terrence O'Hara Carla Kettner November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 5.25",
"Cooper enlists help from Reddington on a personal mission . Meanwhile , Ressler is acting Director and leads the task force into a blacklister who are former murder for hire gang . Also , Tom continues his quest in into the remains in the suitcase , but runs into Red who knows he has it . After closing an emotional case , Liz decides that she wants to marry Tom and they rush to the courthouse .",
"96 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation '' No. 48 Jean de Segonzac Lukas Reiter November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 5.04",
"After dozens of immigrants die off the Carolina coast , Reddington and the task force put Dembe undercover to stop a human smuggling operation . When Red confronts the elder Kilgannon about the deaths and the conditions , he then confronts his son about and the clash is fatal . This later complicates Dembe , putting him in a life or death situation as the task forces loses track of him . Tom is tracking whom he believes killed Nick as they were involved in trying to figure out the contents of the suitcase and discovers that there are others at play . Tom 's life is put at risk when others discover the suitcase and that it 's important to Reddington .",
"97 8 `` Ian Garvey '' No. 13 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 5.89",
"Tom finds trouble while searching for answers in both Nick 's death and the infamous suitcase mystery , as the task force searches for him . Tom 's desperate escape reunites him with Red and they escape momentarily . Liz gets pulled into the middle of the tug of war over the contents of the suitcase which leaves her and Tom hospitalized , having fought for their lives . After being in a coma for 10 months , Liz wakes up while Reddington is reading to her , and , when asked , he informs her that Tom died from his injuries .",
"98 9 `` Ruin '' N / A Michael Caracciolo Sean Hennen January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 6.02",
"Liz escapes to a cabin in Alaska living under an alias to mourn Tom 's death . She leaves Agnes in the care of an exonerated Scottie Hargrave . During an ice storm she finds a critically injured man in the woods and soon after four other men arrive claiming they were all in a plane crash . Instantly sensing trouble , Liz is forced into a cat and mouse game to survive and save the injured man who turns out to be a federally protected witness . After killing the four men , Liz returns to her home leaving no trace of herself in Alaska . Returning to Red she tells him she only wants revenge for Tom 's death .",
"99 10 `` The Informant '' No. 118 Paul Holahan Noah Schechter January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 6.16",
"Liz comes out of hiding to continue her quest to find Tom 's killers . Meanwhile , Reddington directs the task force to find a blacklister with classified and sensitive information . Prescot is killed . Liz learns more about Nik and Tom .",
"100 11 `` Abraham Stern '' No. 100 Andrew McCarthy Teleplay by : Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath Story by : Dave Metzger & Jon Bokenkamp January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 6.49",
"As Reddington begins his quest for a legendary treasure , he is robbed of an antique penny . Reddington steers the task force into tracking down a blacklister known for manipulating and stealing priceless treasures . Meanwhile , Liz looks into old cases when tracking down Tom 's killers .",
"101 12 `` The Cook '' No. 56 Solvan `` Slick '' Naim Peter Noah January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 6.11",
"Liz continues to search for clues into finding Tom 's killers with Reddington 's help . Meanwhile , the task force is forced to work with a former arsonist to catch another arsonist .",
"102 13 `` The Invisible Hand '' No. 63 Andrew McCarthy Jonathan Shapiro & Lukas Reiter February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 6.35",
"Reddington pushes the task force into finding a group of blacklisters named : `` The Invisible Hand , '' a group of people who kill victims and leave them abandoned in the Woods . Meanwhile , Reddington lends a hand to an old associate and Liz discovers a secret into Tom 's investigation .",
"103 14 `` Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III '' No. 51 Christine Gee Kelli Johnson February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 5.68",
"Reddington steers the task force into finding a blacklister who creates identical criminals for murderous clients . Meanwhile , Liz begins to see a therapist following Tom 's death in order to get reinstated as an FBI - agent .",
"104 15 `` Pattie Sue Edwards '' No. 68 Donald Thorin , Jr . Carla Kettner March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 5.69",
"The task force investigates a blacklister who creates and uses a biochemical weapon in order to gain revenge on people responsible for the death of her husband . Meanwhile , Reddington deals with a tax deal to help with his money laundering empire .",
"105 16 `` The Capricorn Killer '' No. 19 Bill Roe Taylor Martin March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 5.55",
"The task force grows closer into the investigation into finding Tom 's killers . Meanwhile , Liz continues her therapy with looking into cold cases while as a Profiler . Also , Reddington draws closer into finding Ian Garvey .",
"106 17 `` Anna - Gracia Duerte '' No. 25 Michael Caracciolo Lukas Reiter & Jonathan Shapiro April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 5.38",
"When an associate of the Nash Syndicate is murdered , Red sets Liz and the Task Force on the case in order to recover evidence crucial to bringing down Ian Garvey . Aram considers a step forward in his relationship with Samar .",
"107 18 `` Zarak Mosadek '' No. 23 Terrence O'Hara Sean Hennen April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 5.15",
"In an attempt to apply pressure to Ian Garvey , Red and the Task Force head to Paris to track down a prominent heroin supplier for the Nash Syndicate . Distrustful of Red 's agenda , Liz takes her own path in going after Garvey .",
"108 19 `` Ian Garvey : Conclusion '' No. 13 Cort Hessler Carla Kettner & Katie Bockes April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 5.24",
"Liz discovers that she has a long lost sister whose father is also Reddington . Meanwhile , Liz and her sister work together with the task force to finally capture Ian Garvey once and for all and find out what got Tom killed .",
"109 20 `` Nicholas T. Moore '' No. 110 Solvan `` Slick '' Naim Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 5.54",
"The task force investigates the reappearance of a young girl in a cult found in a forest . Their chase leads to Samar being kidnapped . Meanwhile , Reddington recovers from being shot by Ian Garvey and looks into finding the duffel bag with his long lost daughter .",
"110 21 `` Lawrence Dane Devlin '' No. 26 Bethany Rooney Carla Kettner & Sean Hennen May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 4.96",
"Aram and the task force search for Samar whose life is in danger from a prolific killer for hire . Red 's search for the duffel bag leads him to an underground auction where he discovers Garvey had met with a man Red believed to be dead - Sutton Ross . Liz reveals that she had been following Red and vows to recover the bag before him .",
"111 22 `` Sutton Ross '' No. 17 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 5.18",
"Liz is kidnapped by Sutton Ross in an effort to force Reddington to reveal the truth about the duffle bag . Though Ross is killed before Reddington can reveal the truth and the bones burned , Liz is revealed to have been working with Ross and Jennifer Reddington all along to learn the truth about the bones : they belong to the real Raymond Reddington . The man known as Raymond Reddington is in fact an imposter .",
"No . Title Air date Ratings / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers ( millions ) `` Smokey Putnum ( No. 30 ) '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1.1 / 4 6.39 0.8 3.322 1.9 9.710 `` Greyson Blaise ( No. 37 ) '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.0 / 4 5.87 0.7 3.221 1.7 9.093 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall ( No. 76 ) '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.0 / 4 5.79 0.7 3.047 1.7 8.839 `` The Endling ( No. 44 ) '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.9 / 3 5.46 0.8 3.102 1.7 8.565 5 `` Ilyas Surkov ( No. 54 ) '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.7 3.061 1.5 8.292 6 `` The Travel Agency ( No. 90 ) '' November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.9 / 3 5.25 0.7 2.855 1.5 8.015 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation ( No. 48 ) '' November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.9 / 3 5.04 N / A 3.130 N / A 8.171 8 `` Ian Garvey ( No. 13 ) '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.9 / 4 5.89 0.7 2.903 1.6 8.796 9 `` Ruin '' January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1.0 / 4 6.02 N / A 2.951 N / A 8.975 10 `` The Informant ( No. 118 ) '' January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1.0 / 4 6.16 0.8 3.216 1.8 9.372 11 `` Abraham Stern ( No. 100 ) '' January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1.1 / 4 6.49 0.7 3.029 1.8 9.517 12 `` The Cook ( No. 56 ) '' January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1.0 / 4 6.11 0.9 3.248 1.9 9.350 13 `` The Invisible Hand ( No. 63 ) '' February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 1.0 / 4 6.35 0.7 3.032 1.7 9.384 14 `` Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III ( No. 51 ) '' February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 0.9 / 4 5.68 0.8 3.322 1.7 9.008 15 `` Pattie Sue Edwards ( No. 68 ) '' March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1.0 / 4 5.69 0.7 3.098 1.7 8.797 16 `` The Capricorn Killer ( No. 19 ) '' March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 0.9 / 4 5.55 0.6 2.948 1.5 8.495 17 `` Anna - Gracia Duerte ( No. 25 ) '' April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 0.9 / 4 5.38 0.6 2.887 1.5 8.271 18 `` Zarak Mosadek ( No. 23 ) '' April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 0.8 / 4 5.15 0.6 2.964 1.4 8.116 19 `` Ian Garvey : Conclusion ( No. 13 ) '' April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 0.8 / 3 5.24 0.5 2.681 1.3 7.922 20 `` Nicholas T. Moore ( No. 110 ) '' May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 0.8 / 4 5.54 N / A 2.690 N / A 8.214 21 `` Lawrence Dane Devlin ( No. 26 ) '' May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 0.8 / 3 4.96 0.6 2.546 1.4 7.502 22 `` Sutton Ross ( No. 17 ) '' May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 0.8 / 3 5.18",
"No . Title Air date Ratings / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers ( millions )",
"`` Smokey Putnum ( No. 30 ) '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1.1 / 4 6.39 0.8 3.322 1.9 9.710",
"`` Greyson Blaise ( No. 37 ) '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.0 / 4 5.87 0.7 3.221 1.7 9.093",
"`` Miss Rebecca Thrall ( No. 76 ) '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.0 / 4 5.79 0.7 3.047 1.7 8.839",
"`` The Endling ( No. 44 ) '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.9 / 3 5.46 0.8 3.102 1.7 8.565",
"5 `` Ilyas Surkov ( No. 54 ) '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.7 3.061 1.5 8.292",
"6 `` The Travel Agency ( No. 90 ) '' November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.9 / 3 5.25 0.7 2.855 1.5 8.015",
"7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation ( No. 48 ) '' November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.9 / 3 5.04 N / A 3.130 N / A 8.171",
"8 `` Ian Garvey ( No. 13 ) '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.9 / 4 5.89 0.7 2.903 1.6 8.796",
"9 `` Ruin '' January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1.0 / 4 6.02 N / A 2.951 N / A 8.975",
"10 `` The Informant ( No. 118 ) '' January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1.0 / 4 6.16 0.8 3.216 1.8 9.372",
"11 `` Abraham Stern ( No. 100 ) '' January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1.1 / 4 6.49 0.7 3.029 1.8 9.517",
"12 `` The Cook ( No. 56 ) '' January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1.0 / 4 6.11 0.9 3.248 1.9 9.350",
"13 `` The Invisible Hand ( No. 63 ) '' February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 1.0 / 4 6.35 0.7 3.032 1.7 9.384",
"14 `` Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III ( No. 51 ) '' February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 0.9 / 4 5.68 0.8 3.322 1.7 9.008",
"15 `` Pattie Sue Edwards ( No. 68 ) '' March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1.0 / 4 5.69 0.7 3.098 1.7 8.797",
"16 `` The Capricorn Killer ( No. 19 ) '' March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 0.9 / 4 5.55 0.6 2.948 1.5 8.495",
"17 `` Anna - Gracia Duerte ( No. 25 ) '' April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 0.9 / 4 5.38 0.6 2.887 1.5 8.271",
"18 `` Zarak Mosadek ( No. 23 ) '' April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 0.8 / 4 5.15 0.6 2.964 1.4 8.116",
"19 `` Ian Garvey : Conclusion ( No. 13 ) '' April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 0.8 / 3 5.24 0.5 2.681 1.3 7.922",
"20 `` Nicholas T. Moore ( No. 110 ) '' May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 0.8 / 4 5.54 N / A 2.690 N / A 8.214",
"21 `` Lawrence Dane Devlin ( No. 26 ) '' May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 0.8 / 3 4.96 0.6 2.546 1.4 7.502",
"22 `` Sutton Ross ( No. 17 ) '' May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 0.8 / 3 5.18",
"The fifth season of The Blacklist received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating based on five reviews , with an average score of 8.5 / 10 ."
] | The Blacklist (season 5) - wikipedia The Blacklist (season 5) Jump to: navigation , search The Blacklist (season 5) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network NBC Original release September 27, 2017 ( 2017-09-27 ) -- May 16, 2018 ( 2018-05-16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of The Blacklist episodes The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 27, 2017, with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 PM to Wednesday at 8:00 PM. The season was produced by Davis Entertainment , Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television , and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp , John Davis , John Eisendrath , John Fox, and Joe Carnahan . The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on May 16, 2018. The season aired the series 100th episode. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 3.1 Critical response 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) See also: List of The Blacklist characters Main cast ( edit ) James Spader as Raymond `` Red'' Reddington Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma Episodes ( edit ) See also: List of The Blacklist episodes No. overall No. in season Title Blacklist guide Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) 90 `` Smokey Putnum'' No. 30 Bill Roe Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath September 27, 2017 ( 2017-09-27 ) 6.39 Following Mr. Kaplan's death, Reddington's criminal empire is in ruins and enlists newly discovered daughter Liz Keen to help him build it back up by finding the next blacklister named Smokey Putnum. Meanwhile, Ressler puts himself in an awkward position following Hitchin's death. Aram and Samar's romance escalates. Also, Tom Keen returns with a mysterious briefcase with a skeleton in it. 91 `` Greyson Blaise'' No. 37 Don Thorin Lukas Reiter & Jon Bokenkamp October 4, 2017 ( 2017-10-04 ) 5.87 Reddington enlists Liz and the task force to track down a blacklister named Greyson Blaise, a self-made billionaire who moonlights as a high-end thief to help Reddingtion with his crumbled empire. Meanwhile, Tom hits roadblocks when trying to identify the remains in the suitcase without Liz or Reddington finding out. 92 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall'' No. 76 Adam Weisinger Jonathan Shapiro & Taylor Martin October 11, 2017 ( 2017-10-11 ) 5.79 Reddington enlists help from Tom to establish a plan to help rebuild his criminal empire. Meanwhile, the task force investigates a series of suspicious police shootings and tracks down a blacklister named Rebecca Thrall who encourages police officers to do such crimes. 93 `` The Endling'' No. 44 Michael Watkins Noah Schechter October 18, 2017 ( 2017-10-18 ) 5.46 Liz and the task force investigates a blacklister who is trying to destroy the world to get to her ailing son to seek treatment. Meanwhile, Reddington seeks an opportunity to regain revenue for his criminal empire. Also, Tom hits a major roadblock when identifying the remains. Nick, after helping Red and Liz with a medical procedure for The Endling and determining that he never wants to be contacted again by either Red or Liz, is killed and the suitcase with the remains, is taken. 94 5 `` Ilyas Surkov'' No. 54 Kurt Kuenne Brandon Margolis & Brandon Sonnier October 25, 2017 ( 2017-10-25 ) 5.23 Liz and the task force collide with the CIA when tracking down a blacklister who is an international terrorist, but Cooper finds out that the ones that have identified themselves as CIA are imposters. Meanwhile, Reddington sets out on a new business venture while working on Nick's murder. Also, Tom sets out on a new quest to discover information on the remains in the suitcase. Aram requests Cooper for his operational training. Reddington traces a connection with the suitcase to Tom. 95 6 `` The Travel Agency'' No. 90 Terrence O'Hara Carla Kettner November 1, 2017 ( 2017-11-01 ) 5.25 Cooper enlists help from Reddington on a personal mission. Meanwhile, Ressler is acting Director and leads the task force into a blacklister who are former murder for hire gang. Also, Tom continues his quest in into the remains in the suitcase, but runs into Red who knows he has it. After closing an emotional case, Liz decides that she wants to marry Tom and they rush to the courthouse. 96 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation'' No. 48 Jean de Segonzac Lukas Reiter November 8, 2017 ( 2017-11-08 ) 5.04 After dozens of immigrants die off the Carolina coast, Reddington and the task force put Dembe undercover to stop a human smuggling operation. When Red confronts the elder Kilgannon about the deaths and the conditions, he then confronts his son about and the clash is fatal. This later complicates Dembe, putting him in a life or death situation as the task forces loses track of him. Tom is tracking whom he believes killed Nick as they were involved in trying to figure out the contents of the suitcase and discovers that there are others at play. Tom's life is put at risk when others discover the suitcase and that it's important to Reddington. 97 8 `` Ian Garvey'' No. 13 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp November 15, 2017 ( 2017-11-15 ) 5.89 Tom finds trouble while searching for answers in both Nick's death and the infamous suitcase mystery, as the task force searches for him. Tom's desperate escape reunites him with Red and they escape momentarily. Liz gets pulled into the middle of the tug of war over the contents of the suitcase which leaves her and Tom hospitalized, having fought for their lives. After being in a coma for 10 months, Liz wakes up while Reddington is reading to her, and, when asked, he informs her that Tom died from his injuries. 98 9 `` Ruin'' N/A Michael Caracciolo Sean Hennen January 3, 2018 ( 2018-01-03 ) 6.02 Liz escapes to a cabin in Alaska living under an alias to mourn Tom's death. She leaves Agnes in the care of an exonerated Scottie Hargrave. During an ice storm she finds a critically injured man in the woods and soon after four other men arrive claiming they were all in a plane crash. Instantly sensing trouble, Liz is forced into a cat and mouse game to survive and save the injured man who turns out to be a federally protected witness. After killing the four men, Liz returns to her home leaving no trace of herself in Alaska. Returning to Red she tells him she only wants revenge for Tom's death. 99 10 `` The Informant'' No. 118 Paul Holahan Noah Schechter January 10, 2018 ( 2018-01-10 ) 6.16 Liz comes out of hiding to continue her quest to find Tom's killers. Meanwhile, Reddington directs the task force to find a blacklister with classified and sensitive information. Prescot is killed. Liz learns more about Nik and Tom. 100 11 `` Abraham Stern'' No. 100 Andrew McCarthy Teleplay by: Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath Story by: Dave Metzger & Jon Bokenkamp January 17, 2018 ( 2018-01-17 ) 6.49 As Reddington begins his quest for a legendary treasure, he is robbed of an antique penny. Reddington steers the task force into tracking down a blacklister known for manipulating and stealing priceless treasures. Meanwhile, Liz looks into old cases when tracking down Tom's killers. 101 12 `` The Cook'' No. 56 Solvan `` Slick'' Naim Peter Noah January 31, 2018 ( 2018-01-31 ) 6.11 Liz continues to search for clues into finding Tom's killers with Reddington's help. Meanwhile, the task force is forced to work with a former arsonist to catch another arsonist. 102 13 `` The Invisible Hand'' No. 63 Andrew McCarthy Jonathan Shapiro & Lukas Reiter February 7, 2018 ( 2018-02-07 ) 6.35 Reddington pushes the task force into finding a group of blacklisters named: `` The Invisible Hand,'' a group of people who kill victims and leave them abandoned in the Woods. Meanwhile, Reddington lends a hand to an old associate and Liz discovers a secret into Tom's investigation. 103 14 `` Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III'' No. 51 Christine Gee Kelli Johnson February 28, 2018 ( 2018-02-28 ) 5.68 Reddington steers the task force into finding a blacklister who creates identical criminals for murderous clients. Meanwhile, Liz begins to see a therapist following Tom's death in order to get reinstated as an FBI-agent. 104 15 `` Pattie Sue Edwards'' No. 68 Donald Thorin, Jr. Carla Kettner March 7, 2018 ( 2018-03-07 ) 5.69 The task force investigates a blacklister who creates and uses a biochemical weapon in order to gain revenge on people responsible for the death of her husband. Meanwhile, Reddington deals with a tax deal to help with his money laundering empire. 105 16 `` The Capricorn Killer'' No. 19 Bill Roe Taylor Martin March 14, 2018 ( 2018-03-14 ) 5.55 The task force grows closer into the investigation into finding Tom's killers. Meanwhile, Liz continues her therapy with looking into cold cases while as a Profiler. Also, Reddington draws closer into finding Ian Garvey. 106 17 `` Anna-Gracia Duerte'' No. 25 Michael Caracciolo Lukas Reiter & Jonathan Shapiro April 4, 2018 ( 2018-04-04 ) 5.38 When an associate of the Nash Syndicate is murdered, Red sets Liz and the Task Force on the case in order to recover evidence crucial to bringing down Ian Garvey. Aram considers a step forward in his relationship with Samar. 107 18 `` Zarak Mosadek'' No. 23 Terrence O'Hara Sean Hennen April 11, 2018 ( 2018-04-11 ) 5.15 In an attempt to apply pressure to Ian Garvey, Red and the Task Force head to Paris to track down a prominent heroin supplier for the Nash Syndicate. Distrustful of Red's agenda, Liz takes her own path in going after Garvey. 108 19 `` Ian Garvey: Conclusion'' No. 13 Cort Hessler Carla Kettner & Katie Bockes April 25, 2018 ( 2018-04-25 ) 5.24 Liz discovers that she has a long lost sister whose father is also Reddington. Meanwhile, Liz and her sister work together with the task force to finally capture Ian Garvey once and for all and find out what got Tom killed. 109 20 `` Nicholas T. Moore'' No. 110 Solvan `` Slick'' Naim Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter May 2, 2018 ( 2018-05-02 ) 5.54 The task force investigates the reappearance of a young girl in a cult found in a forest. Their chase leads to Samar being kidnapped. Meanwhile, Reddington recovers from being shot by Ian Garvey and looks into finding the duffel bag with his long lost daughter. 110 21 `` Lawrence Dane Devlin'' No. 26 Bethany Rooney Carla Kettner & Sean Hennen May 9, 2018 ( 2018-05-09 ) 4.96 Aram and the task force search for Samar whose life is in danger from a prolific killer for hire. Red's search for the duffel bag leads him to an underground auction where he discovers Garvey had met with a man Red believed to be dead - Sutton Ross. Liz reveals that she had been following Red and vows to recover the bag before him. 111 22 `` Sutton Ross'' No. 17 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter May 16, 2018 ( 2018-05-16 ) 5.18 Liz is kidnapped by Sutton Ross in an effort to force Reddington to reveal the truth about the duffle bag. Though Ross is killed before Reddington can reveal the truth and the bones burned, Liz is revealed to have been working with Ross and Jennifer Reddington all along to learn the truth about the bones: they belong to the real Raymond Reddington. The man known as Raymond Reddington is in fact an imposter. Ratings ( edit ) No. Title Air date Ratings/Share (18-- 49) Viewers (millions) DVR 18-- 49 DVR Viewers (millions) Total 18-- 49 Total viewers (millions) `` Smokey Putnum (No. 30)'' September 27, 2017 ( 2017-09-27 ) 1.1/4 6.39 0.8 3.322 1.9 9.710 `` Greyson Blaise (No. 37)'' October 4, 2017 ( 2017-10-04 ) 1.0/4 5.87 0.7 3.221 1.7 9.093 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall (No. 76)'' October 11, 2017 ( 2017-10-11 ) 1.0/4 5.79 0.7 3.047 1.7 8.839 `` The Endling (No. 44)'' October 18, 2017 ( 2017-10-18 ) 0.9/3 5.46 0.8 3.102 1.7 8.565 5 `` Ilyas Surkov (No. 54)'' October 25, 2017 ( 2017-10-25 ) 0.8/3 5.23 0.7 3.061 1.5 8.292 6 `` The Travel Agency (No. 90)'' November 1, 2017 ( 2017-11-01 ) 0.9/3 5.25 0.7 2.855 1.5 8.015 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation (No. 48)'' November 8, 2017 ( 2017-11-08 ) 0.9/3 5.04 N/A 3.130 N/A 8.171 8 `` Ian Garvey (No. 13)'' November 15, 2017 ( 2017-11-15 ) 0.9/4 5.89 0.7 2.903 1.6 8.796 9 `` Ruin'' January 3, 2018 ( 2018-01-03 ) 1.0/4 6.02 N/A 2.951 N/A 8.975 10 `` The Informant (No. 118)'' January 10, 2018 ( 2018-01-10 ) 1.0/4 6.16 0.8 3.216 1.8 9.372 11 `` Abraham Stern (No. 100)'' January 17, 2018 ( 2018-01-17 ) 1.1/4 6.49 0.7 3.029 1.8 9.517 12 `` The Cook (No. 56)'' January 31, 2018 ( 2018-01-31 ) 1.0/4 6.11 0.9 3.248 1.9 9.350 13 `` The Invisible Hand (No. 63)'' February 7, 2018 ( 2018-02-07 ) 1.0/4 6.35 0.7 3.032 1.7 9.384 14 `` Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III (No. 51)'' February 28, 2018 ( 2018-02-28 ) 0.9/4 5.68 0.8 3.322 1.7 9.008 15 `` Pattie Sue Edwards (No. 68)'' March 7, 2018 ( 2018-03-07 ) 1.0/4 5.69 0.7 3.098 1.7 8.797 16 `` The Capricorn Killer (No. 19)'' March 14, 2018 ( 2018-03-14 ) 0.9/4 5.55 0.6 2.948 1.5 8.495 17 `` Anna-Gracia Duerte (No. 25)'' April 4, 2018 ( 2018-04-04 ) 0.9/4 5.38 0.6 2.887 1.5 8.271 18 `` Zarak Mosadek (No. 23)'' April 11, 2018 ( 2018-04-11 ) 0.8/4 5.15 0.6 2.964 1.4 8.116 19 `` Ian Garvey: Conclusion (No. 13)'' April 25, 2018 ( 2018-04-25 ) 0.8/3 5.24 0.5 2.681 1.3 7.922 20 `` Nicholas T. Moore (No. 110)'' May 2, 2018 ( 2018-05-02 ) 0.8/4 5.54 N/A 2.690 N/A 8.214 21 `` Lawrence Dane Devlin (No. 26)'' May 9, 2018 ( 2018-05-09 ) 0.8/3 4.96 0.6 2.546 1.4 7.502 22 `` Sutton Ross (No. 17)'' May 16, 2018 ( 2018-05-16 ) 0.8/3 5.18 Critical response ( edit ) The fifth season of The Blacklist received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100% approval rating based on five reviews, with an average score of 8.5/10. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 31, 2017). `` NBC Tweaks Fall Rollout: Good Place Gets Early Talent-Boosted Premiere, The Blacklist Return Moved Up'' . TVLine . Retrieved August 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - Blacklist, the on NBC'' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (September 28, 2017). `` ' Survivor' premiere adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 5, 2017). `` ' SEAL Team,' ' Law & Order: SVU' and everything else unchanged: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 12, 2017). `` ' Empire,' ' Survivor,' ' Goldbergs,' ' Blacklist' adjust up, ' Dynasty' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 19, 2017). `` ' Survivor,' ' Goldbergs,' ' SEAL Team' adjust up, ' Criminal Minds' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 26, 2017). `` ' The Blacklist' and ' Designated Survivor' adjust down, final World Series numbers: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). `` World Series ends big, ' Survivor,' ' Goldbergs,' ' Blacklist,' ' Speechless' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings'' . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). `` ' Empire,' ' SVU,' CMAs and others unchanged: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 16, 2017). `` ' The Goldbergs' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (January 5, 2018). `` ' Chicago PD' adjusts up, ' The X-Files' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (January 11, 2018). `` ' Speechless' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (January 19, 2018). `` ' Riverdale,' ' X-Files' and everything else unchanged: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). `` ' The Amazing Race' adjusts up, ' The Blacklist' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). `` ' Riverdale' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (March 1, 2018). `` ' Speechless' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (March 8, 2018). `` ' The Goldbergs' and Riverdale' adjust up, ' Chicago PD' and ' Life Sentence' down: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). `` ' The X-Files' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (April 5, 2018). `` ' Empire,' ' Survivor,' ' Goldbergs' adjust up, ' Designated Survivor' & ' Life Sentence' down: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (April 12, 2018). `` ' Empire,' ' Survivor,' ' Goldbergs' adjust up, CW adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). `` ' Empire' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (May 3, 2018). `` ' Modern Family' adjusts down to series low: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). `` ' The Blacklist' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (May 17, 2018). `` ' Survivor' and ' The Blacklist' finale adjust up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' and ' The Good Doctor' score big in premiere week broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). `` ' The Orville,' ' Once Upon a Time,' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). `` ' Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 27, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). `` ' Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Delayed Viewing Ratings: ' Big Bang Theory' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong'' . Variety . January 22, 2018 . Retrieved January 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). `` ' The Brave' goes from low to... less low: Week 16 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). `` ' This Is Us,' ' The Good Doctor' both double in week 17 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 15, 2018). `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us' : Week 19 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 22, 2018). `` ' The Good Doctor' and ' This Is Us' on top again: Week 20 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). `` ' Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). `` ' This Is Us' leads the week 24 broadcast Live +7 ratings -- by quite a bit'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). `` ' This Is Us' goes out on top: Week 25 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). `` ' Will & Grace' finale, 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). `` ' New Girl' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). `` ' Agents of SHIELD,' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12, 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (May 21, 2018). `` Delayed Viewing Ratings: ' Roseanne' Returns on Top'' . Variety . Retrieved May 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 24, 2018). `` ' Chicago PD' wins the Windy City battle in week 33's broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . Variety . Retrieved May 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Blacklist S05 reviews'' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8, 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Blacklist on IMDb ( hide ) The Blacklist Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Freelancer '' `` Wujing '' `` The Stewmaker '' `` The Courier '' `` Gina Zanetakos '' `` Frederick Barnes '' `` General Ludd '' `` Anslo Garrick '' `` Anslo Garrick Conclusion '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` The Alchemist '' `` The Cyprus Agency '' `` Madeline Pratt '' `` The Judge '' `` Mako Tanida '' `` Ivan '' `` Milton Bobbit '' `` The Pavlovich Brothers '' `` The Kingmaker '' `` Berlin '' `` Berlin Conclusion '' Season 2 `` Lord Baltimore '' `` Monarch Douglas Bank '' `` Dr. James Covington '' `` Dr. Linus Creel '' `` The Front '' `` The Mombasa Cartel '' `` The Scimitar '' `` The Decembrist '' `` Luther Braxton '' `` Luther Braxton Conclusion '' `` Ruslan Denisov '' `` The Kenyon Family '' `` The Deer Hunter '' `` T. Earl King VI '' `` The Major '' `` Tom Keen '' `` The Longevity Initiative '' `` Vanessa Cruz '' `` Leonard Caul '' `` Quon Zhang '' `` Karakurt '' `` Tom Connolly '' Season 3 `` The Troll Farmer '' Season 4 Season 5 Related Characters The Blacklist: Redemption Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blacklist_(season_5)&oldid=842860527 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Blacklist (TV series) seasons Hidden categories: Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 04:52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -1186907498670550741 |
do irish passport holders need a visa for oman | Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Reciprocity Afghanistan Visa required √ Albania Visa not required 90 days X Algeria Visa required √ Andorra Visa not required √ Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa are then issued with a visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period . X Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month √ Argentina Visa not required 90 days √ Armenia Visa not required 180 days X Australia eVisitor 90 days eVisitor , if granted , allows 90 day stay per visit for 12 months . eVisitor is issued free of charge . X Austria Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days X Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible . √ Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visa on arrival is single entry , subject to a fee . Multiple entry visa available on arrival for 1 month stay . Irish citizens can also apply for eVisas as an alternative . X Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visitors can apply to extend their stay when in the country . X Barbados Visa not required 6 months Visitors must have proof of onward travel , whereby their final destination is their country of residence or origin . √ Belarus Visa not required 30 days Travellers must arrive via Minsk International Airport to avail of visa - free access . Travellers must also depart from Minsk International Airport , to a destination outside of Belarus and Russia . Visa on arrival is not available to tourists travelling from Russia . X Belgium Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Belize Visa not required 1 month √ Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . X Bhutan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Visitors are required to book with a registered tour operator in Bhutan . √ Bolivia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any year period √ Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 - month period X Botswana Visa not required 90 days Extension to the visa - free period must be applied for in advance . √ Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible . √ Brunei Visa not required 90 days √ Bulgaria Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month X Burundi Visa required Passengers holding an entry authorisation letter from the authorities may obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 1 month . √ Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . Visitors are not permitted to make day - trips to Cambodia ( except in certain circumstances ) . X Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . √ Cape Verde Visa on arrival X Central African Republic Visa required √ Chad Visa required Visitors holding an ' entry authorisation ' letter can pick up a visa on arrival . √ Chile Visa not required 90 days Visitors are issued an immigration card on arrival and will be prevented from leaving Chile without it . √ China Visa required 72 - hour visit without a visa when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing Capital International Airport , Dalian , Hangzhou , Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in Hebei , Nanjing , Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport , Shanghai Railway Station and the Port of Shanghai ) ; Shenyang and Tianjin Binhai International Airport Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours visa - free visit transit policy . √ Colombia Visa not required 90 days Visitors may only enter Colombia for up to 180 days in any calendar year . X Comoros Visa on arrival 45 days X Republic of the Congo Visa required √ Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required √ Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days √ Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport X Croatia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Cuba Tourist Card required √ Cyprus Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Czech Republic Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Denmark Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Djibouti eVisa 31 days X Dominica Visa not required 6 months √ Dominican Republic Visa not required X Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible . X Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days X El Salvador Visa not required 3 months √ Equatorial Guinea Visa required √ Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Estonia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Only available at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport X Fiji Visa not required 4 months √ Finland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ France Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . X Gambia Visa not required 90 days X Georgia Visa not required 1 year X Germany Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Greece Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Grenada Visa not required 3 months √ Guatemala Visa not required 90 days √ Guinea Visa required √ Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days X Guyana Visa not required 3 months √ Haiti Visa not required 90 days X Honduras Visa not required 3 months √ Hungary Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Iceland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year . X Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Not available at all entry points . X Iran Visa on arrival 30 days A visa on arrival is only available at Qeshm , Kish , Mashhad , Isfahan , Shiraz , Tabriz and Tehran . Extension of stay is possible . Women will be refused entry if not wearing Islamic head cover , scarf , long sleeves or stockings . All foreigners must report to the Iranian police within 8 days of arrival . Visa on arrival excludes all reporters , journalists , photographers and cameramen , who must obtain a visa prior to entering Iran . A visa on arrival for business travellers is available if holding a letter of invitation from a government agency which is issued at least 2 days prior to arrival . X Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival is available at Sulaimaniyah and Erbil airports and stays are limited to 15 days , with an extension of stay possible . √ Israel Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible . √ Italy Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Jamaica Visa not required 90 days X Japan Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible . √ Jordan Free visa on arrival 6 months A free visa on arrival may be obtained only when travel is organised through an authorised tour operator in Jordan . The tour group must not consist of less than 5 people and there must be a minimum 2 night stay in Jordan . A return ticket must be presented to avail of this visa option . All other passengers who are not travelling as part of a tour group may obtain a visa on arrival , subject to a fee . The visa on arrival has a maximum validity of 6 months . Visa fees may be waived for those in possession of a Jordan Pass depending on the length of their visit to the kingdom . X Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days X Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months X Kiribati Visa not required 30 days √ North Korea Visa required √ South Korea Visa not required 90 days √ Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months X Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days X Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply . Available at international airports Luangphabang , Pakse , Savannakhet and Vientiane , and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge , and at 13 border crossings as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkai , Thailand . Entry points Lalai , Lantui , Meuang mom , Pakxan , and Phoudou are open only to visa holders . Extendable up to 60 days . X Latvia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Lebanon Free visa on arrival 1 month Free visa on arrival can be granted whenever a telephone number and address in Lebanon is provided . Visa can be extended for an additional two months . X Lesotho Visa not required 90 days √ Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival , subject to conditions . √ Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Passengers arriving in Libya must hold a non-objection form issued by the Libyan Immigration Authorities . All travellers arriving in Libya for tourism must convert $1000 USD in freely convertible currency , or debit the amount from a credit card upon arrival in the country . √ Liechtenstein Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Lithuania Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Luxembourg Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Macedonia Visa not required 90 days X Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days A visa on arrival is only granted for those who have a return ticket . X Malawi Visa on arrival 90 days A residence permit must be obtained for those wishing to stay beyond 90 days . X Malaysia Visa not required 3 months If no return ticket is held , one must be purchased at the border or entry will be refused . √ Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days X Mali Visa required √ Malta Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Marshall Islands Free visa on arrival 90 days X Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . X Mauritius Visa not required 90 days 180 days maximum stay in any one calendar year . X Mexico Visa not required 180 days √ Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Extension of stay is possible . X Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period X Monaco Visa not required √ Mongolia Visa required √ Montenegro Visa not required 90 days X Morocco Visa not required 90 days X Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points . Extension of stay is possible . X Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports . √ Namibia Visa not required 3 months X Nauru Visa required Visa requirement waived for holders of an Entry Permit letter . X Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Extension of stay is possible of up to 150 days . Business travellers can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 5 years , subject to a fee and a license issued by the Ministry of Industry . X Netherlands Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) √ New Zealand Visa not required 3 months √ Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Tourist card must be obtained on arrival , subject to a fee . Extension of stay is possible . √ Niger Visa required √ Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Norway Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Oman eVisa 30 days A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from the Emirate of Dubai who have a visa or an entrance stamp from Dubai , whereby the visa must be valid for 21 days at least upon arrival in Oman . A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from Qatar , whereby the visa must state as being valid for Oman and must be valid for at least one month on arrival . X Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . √ Palau Free visa on arrival 30 days Extension is possible for a fee . X Panama Visa not required 180 days √ Papua New Guinea Free visa on arrival 60 days Visa on arrival available at Port Moresby and Rabaul . Tourists can obtain a visa on arrival free of charge , whilst those travelling on business must pay in cash . X Paraguay Visa not required 90 days √ Peru Visa not required 183 days X Philippines Visa not required 30 days A visa on arrival is available for a maximum stay of 59 days . Extension of stay is only possible for those who obtained a visa on arrival , to a maximum of 1 year . X Poland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Portugal Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Qatar Visa not required 30 days Visa waiver available for Irish citizens with a 30 day extension available . X Romania Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Russia Visa required Visa waiver available for passengers arriving by cruise only who are staying in Russia for a maximum of 72 hours . √ Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days X Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible . √ Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Extension of stay is possible . √ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Extension of stay is possible . √ Samoa Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Extension of stay is possible . √ San Marino Visa not required √ São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days X Saudi Arabia Visa required Muslim female passengers are subject to restrictions when arriving for Umrah or Hajj . √ Senegal Visa not required 90 days X Serbia Visa not required 90 days Irish citizens may stay in Serbia for 90 days within any 6 - month period . Extension is possible . X Seychelles Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Irish citizens can extend their stay for three months , up to a maximum of 12 months . Visitor 's permit is issued free of charge , subject to documentation being provided at the entry point . √ Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Singapore Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay possible . √ Slovakia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Slovenia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Solomon Islands Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months √ Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso Airport , Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport . X South Africa Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days . √ South Sudan Visa required √ Spain Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 150 days for Irish citizens . X Sudan Visa required √ Suriname Visa required Visa on arrival is available to countries without Suriname representation for a maximum of 2 months , subject to prearranged approval . √ Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Extension of stay possible for a maximum of 90 days in total . √ Sweden Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Switzerland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Syria Visa required √ Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . X Tanzania Visa on arrival Fee payable in USD at border . X Thailand Visa not required 30 days ACMECS Single Visa issued by Cambodia and Thailand are valid for 90 days from the date of issue and are valid for a stay of 60 days in Thailand . Extension of stay is possible . Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air . X Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Extension of stay possible for up to 90 days . X Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days , subject to a fee . X Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Extension of stay for a further 5 months is possible . X Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days √ Tunisia Visa not required 3 months X Turkey eVisa 3 months X Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month X Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Must be applied for online before travel . An East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda can also be used for entry . X Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period . X United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is free of charge to Irish citizens . Extension of stay is possible for a further 30 days . X United Kingdom Visa not required Freedom of movement ( in Constituent countries ) √ United States Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship . ESTA is valid for two years when issued . Holders of non-biometric passports must obtain a visa for the United States as they are ineligible to apply for an ESTA . Leaving the United States and re-entering from Canada or Mexico will not reset the original 90 day maximum stay . You can only reset the timer by leaving North America . √ Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days . √ Uzbekistan eVisa 30 days 5 - day visa free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country . X Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days √ Vatican City Visa not required √ Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days . X Vietnam eVisa 30 days A single entry eVisa is available . Fee payable . X Yemen Visa required √ Zambia Visa not required 90 days For those travelling to Zambia for business , the maximum stay is 30 days in any one - year period . Tourists are allowed 90 days in any one - year period . X Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months For those travelling to Zimbabwe for business , a visa on arrival can also be issued for a maximum stay of 30 days . X | [
[]
] | [
1
] | [
"Visa requirements for Irish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Ireland . As of May 2018 , Irish citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 185 countries and territories , ranking the Irish passport 5th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Belgian , Canadian , Danish and Swiss passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index .",
"Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Reciprocity Afghanistan Visa required √ Albania Visa not required 90 days X Algeria Visa required √ Andorra Visa not required √ Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa are then issued with a visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period . X Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month √ Argentina Visa not required 90 days √ Armenia Visa not required 180 days X Australia eVisitor 90 days eVisitor , if granted , allows 90 day stay per visit for 12 months . eVisitor is issued free of charge . X Austria Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days X Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible . √ Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visa on arrival is single entry , subject to a fee . Multiple entry visa available on arrival for 1 month stay . Irish citizens can also apply for eVisas as an alternative . X Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visitors can apply to extend their stay when in the country . X Barbados Visa not required 6 months Visitors must have proof of onward travel , whereby their final destination is their country of residence or origin . √ Belarus Visa not required 30 days Travellers must arrive via Minsk International Airport to avail of visa - free access . Travellers must also depart from Minsk International Airport , to a destination outside of Belarus and Russia . Visa on arrival is not available to tourists travelling from Russia . X Belgium Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Belize Visa not required 1 month √ Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . X Bhutan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Visitors are required to book with a registered tour operator in Bhutan . √ Bolivia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any year period √ Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 - month period X Botswana Visa not required 90 days Extension to the visa - free period must be applied for in advance . √ Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible . √ Brunei Visa not required 90 days √ Bulgaria Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month X Burundi Visa required Passengers holding an entry authorisation letter from the authorities may obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 1 month . √ Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . Visitors are not permitted to make day - trips to Cambodia ( except in certain circumstances ) . X Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . √ Cape Verde Visa on arrival X Central African Republic Visa required √ Chad Visa required Visitors holding an ' entry authorisation ' letter can pick up a visa on arrival . √ Chile Visa not required 90 days Visitors are issued an immigration card on arrival and will be prevented from leaving Chile without it . √ China Visa required 72 - hour visit without a visa when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing Capital International Airport , Dalian , Hangzhou , Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in Hebei , Nanjing , Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport , Shanghai Railway Station and the Port of Shanghai ) ; Shenyang and Tianjin Binhai International Airport Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours visa - free visit transit policy . √ Colombia Visa not required 90 days Visitors may only enter Colombia for up to 180 days in any calendar year . X Comoros Visa on arrival 45 days X Republic of the Congo Visa required √ Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required √ Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days √ Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport X Croatia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Cuba Tourist Card required √ Cyprus Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Czech Republic Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Denmark Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Djibouti eVisa 31 days X Dominica Visa not required 6 months √ Dominican Republic Visa not required X Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible . X Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days X El Salvador Visa not required 3 months √ Equatorial Guinea Visa required √ Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Estonia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Only available at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport X Fiji Visa not required 4 months √ Finland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ France Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . X Gambia Visa not required 90 days X Georgia Visa not required 1 year X Germany Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Greece Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Grenada Visa not required 3 months √ Guatemala Visa not required 90 days √ Guinea Visa required √ Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days X Guyana Visa not required 3 months √ Haiti Visa not required 90 days X Honduras Visa not required 3 months √ Hungary Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Iceland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year . X Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Not available at all entry points . X Iran Visa on arrival 30 days A visa on arrival is only available at Qeshm , Kish , Mashhad , Isfahan , Shiraz , Tabriz and Tehran . Extension of stay is possible . Women will be refused entry if not wearing Islamic head cover , scarf , long sleeves or stockings . All foreigners must report to the Iranian police within 8 days of arrival . Visa on arrival excludes all reporters , journalists , photographers and cameramen , who must obtain a visa prior to entering Iran . A visa on arrival for business travellers is available if holding a letter of invitation from a government agency which is issued at least 2 days prior to arrival . X Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival is available at Sulaimaniyah and Erbil airports and stays are limited to 15 days , with an extension of stay possible . √ Israel Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible . √ Italy Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Jamaica Visa not required 90 days X Japan Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible . √ Jordan Free visa on arrival 6 months A free visa on arrival may be obtained only when travel is organised through an authorised tour operator in Jordan . The tour group must not consist of less than 5 people and there must be a minimum 2 night stay in Jordan . A return ticket must be presented to avail of this visa option . All other passengers who are not travelling as part of a tour group may obtain a visa on arrival , subject to a fee . The visa on arrival has a maximum validity of 6 months . Visa fees may be waived for those in possession of a Jordan Pass depending on the length of their visit to the kingdom . X Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days X Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months X Kiribati Visa not required 30 days √ North Korea Visa required √ South Korea Visa not required 90 days √ Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months X Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days X Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply . Available at international airports Luangphabang , Pakse , Savannakhet and Vientiane , and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge , and at 13 border crossings as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkai , Thailand . Entry points Lalai , Lantui , Meuang mom , Pakxan , and Phoudou are open only to visa holders . Extendable up to 60 days . X Latvia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Lebanon Free visa on arrival 1 month Free visa on arrival can be granted whenever a telephone number and address in Lebanon is provided . Visa can be extended for an additional two months . X Lesotho Visa not required 90 days √ Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival , subject to conditions . √ Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Passengers arriving in Libya must hold a non-objection form issued by the Libyan Immigration Authorities . All travellers arriving in Libya for tourism must convert $1000 USD in freely convertible currency , or debit the amount from a credit card upon arrival in the country . √ Liechtenstein Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Lithuania Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Luxembourg Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Macedonia Visa not required 90 days X Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days A visa on arrival is only granted for those who have a return ticket . X Malawi Visa on arrival 90 days A residence permit must be obtained for those wishing to stay beyond 90 days . X Malaysia Visa not required 3 months If no return ticket is held , one must be purchased at the border or entry will be refused . √ Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days X Mali Visa required √ Malta Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Marshall Islands Free visa on arrival 90 days X Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . X Mauritius Visa not required 90 days 180 days maximum stay in any one calendar year . X Mexico Visa not required 180 days √ Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Extension of stay is possible . X Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period X Monaco Visa not required √ Mongolia Visa required √ Montenegro Visa not required 90 days X Morocco Visa not required 90 days X Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points . Extension of stay is possible . X Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports . √ Namibia Visa not required 3 months X Nauru Visa required Visa requirement waived for holders of an Entry Permit letter . X Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Extension of stay is possible of up to 150 days . Business travellers can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 5 years , subject to a fee and a license issued by the Ministry of Industry . X Netherlands Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) √ New Zealand Visa not required 3 months √ Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Tourist card must be obtained on arrival , subject to a fee . Extension of stay is possible . √ Niger Visa required √ Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Norway Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Oman eVisa 30 days A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from the Emirate of Dubai who have a visa or an entrance stamp from Dubai , whereby the visa must be valid for 21 days at least upon arrival in Oman . A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from Qatar , whereby the visa must state as being valid for Oman and must be valid for at least one month on arrival . X Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . √ Palau Free visa on arrival 30 days Extension is possible for a fee . X Panama Visa not required 180 days √ Papua New Guinea Free visa on arrival 60 days Visa on arrival available at Port Moresby and Rabaul . Tourists can obtain a visa on arrival free of charge , whilst those travelling on business must pay in cash . X Paraguay Visa not required 90 days √ Peru Visa not required 183 days X Philippines Visa not required 30 days A visa on arrival is available for a maximum stay of 59 days . Extension of stay is only possible for those who obtained a visa on arrival , to a maximum of 1 year . X Poland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Portugal Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Qatar Visa not required 30 days Visa waiver available for Irish citizens with a 30 day extension available . X Romania Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Russia Visa required Visa waiver available for passengers arriving by cruise only who are staying in Russia for a maximum of 72 hours . √ Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days X Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible . √ Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Extension of stay is possible . √ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Extension of stay is possible . √ Samoa Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Extension of stay is possible . √ San Marino Visa not required √ São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days X Saudi Arabia Visa required Muslim female passengers are subject to restrictions when arriving for Umrah or Hajj . √ Senegal Visa not required 90 days X Serbia Visa not required 90 days Irish citizens may stay in Serbia for 90 days within any 6 - month period . Extension is possible . X Seychelles Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Irish citizens can extend their stay for three months , up to a maximum of 12 months . Visitor 's permit is issued free of charge , subject to documentation being provided at the entry point . √ Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Singapore Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay possible . √ Slovakia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Slovenia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Solomon Islands Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months √ Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso Airport , Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport . X South Africa Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days . √ South Sudan Visa required √ Spain Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 150 days for Irish citizens . X Sudan Visa required √ Suriname Visa required Visa on arrival is available to countries without Suriname representation for a maximum of 2 months , subject to prearranged approval . √ Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Extension of stay possible for a maximum of 90 days in total . √ Sweden Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Switzerland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Syria Visa required √ Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . X Tanzania Visa on arrival Fee payable in USD at border . X Thailand Visa not required 30 days ACMECS Single Visa issued by Cambodia and Thailand are valid for 90 days from the date of issue and are valid for a stay of 60 days in Thailand . Extension of stay is possible . Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air . X Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Extension of stay possible for up to 90 days . X Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days , subject to a fee . X Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Extension of stay for a further 5 months is possible . X Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days √ Tunisia Visa not required 3 months X Turkey eVisa 3 months X Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √ Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month X Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Must be applied for online before travel . An East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda can also be used for entry . X Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period . X United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is free of charge to Irish citizens . Extension of stay is possible for a further 30 days . X United Kingdom Visa not required Freedom of movement ( in Constituent countries ) √ United States Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship . ESTA is valid for two years when issued . Holders of non-biometric passports must obtain a visa for the United States as they are ineligible to apply for an ESTA . Leaving the United States and re-entering from Canada or Mexico will not reset the original 90 day maximum stay . You can only reset the timer by leaving North America . √ Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days . √ Uzbekistan eVisa 30 days 5 - day visa free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country . X Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days √ Vatican City Visa not required √ Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days . X Vietnam eVisa 30 days A single entry eVisa is available . Fee payable . X Yemen Visa required √ Zambia Visa not required 90 days For those travelling to Zambia for business , the maximum stay is 30 days in any one - year period . Tourists are allowed 90 days in any one - year period . X Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months For those travelling to Zimbabwe for business , a visa on arrival can also be issued for a maximum stay of 30 days . X",
"Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Reciprocity",
"Afghanistan Visa required √",
"Albania Visa not required 90 days X",
"Algeria Visa required √",
"Andorra Visa not required √",
"Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa are then issued with a visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period . X",
"Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa are then issued with a visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period .",
"Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa are then issued with a visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport .",
"For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period .",
"Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month √",
"Argentina Visa not required 90 days √",
"Armenia Visa not required 180 days X",
"Australia eVisitor 90 days eVisitor , if granted , allows 90 day stay per visit for 12 months . eVisitor is issued free of charge . X",
"eVisitor , if granted , allows 90 day stay per visit for 12 months . eVisitor is issued free of charge .",
"eVisitor , if granted , allows 90 day stay per visit for 12 months .",
"eVisitor is issued free of charge .",
"Austria Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days X",
"Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible . √",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visa on arrival is single entry , subject to a fee . Multiple entry visa available on arrival for 1 month stay . Irish citizens can also apply for eVisas as an alternative . X",
"Visa on arrival is single entry , subject to a fee . Multiple entry visa available on arrival for 1 month stay . Irish citizens can also apply for eVisas as an alternative .",
"Visa on arrival is single entry , subject to a fee .",
"Multiple entry visa available on arrival for 1 month stay .",
"Irish citizens can also apply for eVisas as an alternative .",
"Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visitors can apply to extend their stay when in the country . X",
"Visitors can apply to extend their stay when in the country .",
"Visitors can apply to extend their stay when in the country .",
"Barbados Visa not required 6 months Visitors must have proof of onward travel , whereby their final destination is their country of residence or origin . √",
"Visitors must have proof of onward travel , whereby their final destination is their country of residence or origin .",
"Visitors must have proof of onward travel , whereby their final destination is their country of residence or origin .",
"Belarus Visa not required 30 days Travellers must arrive via Minsk International Airport to avail of visa - free access . Travellers must also depart from Minsk International Airport , to a destination outside of Belarus and Russia . Visa on arrival is not available to tourists travelling from Russia . X",
"Travellers must arrive via Minsk International Airport to avail of visa - free access . Travellers must also depart from Minsk International Airport , to a destination outside of Belarus and Russia . Visa on arrival is not available to tourists travelling from Russia .",
"Travellers must arrive via Minsk International Airport to avail of visa - free access .",
"Travellers must also depart from Minsk International Airport , to a destination outside of Belarus and Russia .",
"Visa on arrival is not available to tourists travelling from Russia .",
"Belgium Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Belize Visa not required 1 month √",
"Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . X",
"Must have an international vaccination certificate .",
"Must have an international vaccination certificate .",
"Bhutan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Visitors are required to book with a registered tour operator in Bhutan . √",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Visitors are required to book with a registered tour operator in Bhutan .",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Visitors are required to book with a registered tour operator in Bhutan .",
"Bolivia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any year period √",
"90 days within any year period",
"90 days within any year period",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 - month period X",
"90 days within any 6 - month period",
"90 days within any 6 - month period",
"Botswana Visa not required 90 days Extension to the visa - free period must be applied for in advance . √",
"Extension to the visa - free period must be applied for in advance .",
"Extension to the visa - free period must be applied for in advance .",
"Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible . √",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Brunei Visa not required 90 days √",
"Bulgaria Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month X",
"Burundi Visa required Passengers holding an entry authorisation letter from the authorities may obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 1 month . √",
"Passengers holding an entry authorisation letter from the authorities may obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 1 month .",
"Passengers holding an entry authorisation letter from the authorities may obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 1 month .",
"Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . Visitors are not permitted to make day - trips to Cambodia ( except in certain circumstances ) . X",
"Visa is also obtainable online . Visitors are not permitted to make day - trips to Cambodia ( except in certain circumstances ) .",
"Visa is also obtainable online .",
"Visitors are not permitted to make day - trips to Cambodia ( except in certain circumstances ) .",
"Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . √",
"eTA required if arriving by air .",
"eTA required if arriving by air .",
"Cape Verde Visa on arrival X",
"Central African Republic Visa required √",
"Chad Visa required Visitors holding an ' entry authorisation ' letter can pick up a visa on arrival . √",
"Visitors holding an ' entry authorisation ' letter can pick up a visa on arrival .",
"Visitors holding an ' entry authorisation ' letter can pick up a visa on arrival .",
"Chile Visa not required 90 days Visitors are issued an immigration card on arrival and will be prevented from leaving Chile without it . √",
"Visitors are issued an immigration card on arrival and will be prevented from leaving Chile without it .",
"Visitors are issued an immigration card on arrival and will be prevented from leaving Chile without it .",
"China Visa required 72 - hour visit without a visa when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing Capital International Airport , Dalian , Hangzhou , Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in Hebei , Nanjing , Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport , Shanghai Railway Station and the Port of Shanghai ) ; Shenyang and Tianjin Binhai International Airport Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours visa - free visit transit policy . √",
"72 - hour visit without a visa when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing Capital International Airport , Dalian , Hangzhou , Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in Hebei , Nanjing , Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport , Shanghai Railway Station and the Port of Shanghai ) ; Shenyang and Tianjin Binhai International Airport Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours visa - free visit transit policy .",
"72 - hour visit without a visa when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing Capital International Airport , Dalian , Hangzhou , Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in Hebei , Nanjing , Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport , Shanghai Railway Station and the Port of Shanghai ) ; Shenyang and Tianjin Binhai International Airport Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours visa - free visit transit policy .",
"Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours visa - free visit transit policy .",
"Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours visa - free visit transit policy .",
"Colombia Visa not required 90 days Visitors may only enter Colombia for up to 180 days in any calendar year . X",
"Visitors may only enter Colombia for up to 180 days in any calendar year .",
"Visitors may only enter Colombia for up to 180 days in any calendar year .",
"Comoros Visa on arrival 45 days X",
"Republic of the Congo Visa required √",
"Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required √",
"Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days √",
"Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport X",
"eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport",
"eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport",
"Croatia Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Cuba Tourist Card required √",
"Cyprus Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Czech Republic Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Denmark Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Djibouti eVisa 31 days X",
"Dominica Visa not required 6 months √",
"Dominican Republic Visa not required X",
"Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible . X",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days X",
"El Salvador Visa not required 3 months √",
"Equatorial Guinea Visa required √",
"Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Estonia Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Only available at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport X",
"Only available at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport",
"Only available at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport",
"Fiji Visa not required 4 months √",
"Finland Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"France Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . X",
"Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport .",
"Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport .",
"Gambia Visa not required 90 days X",
"Georgia Visa not required 1 year X",
"Germany Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Greece Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Grenada Visa not required 3 months √",
"Guatemala Visa not required 90 days √",
"Guinea Visa required √",
"Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days X",
"Guyana Visa not required 3 months √",
"Haiti Visa not required 90 days X",
"Honduras Visa not required 3 months √",
"Hungary Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Iceland Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year . X",
"e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year .",
"e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports .",
"An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year .",
"Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Not available at all entry points . X",
"Not available at all entry points .",
"Not available at all entry points .",
"Iran Visa on arrival 30 days A visa on arrival is only available at Qeshm , Kish , Mashhad , Isfahan , Shiraz , Tabriz and Tehran . Extension of stay is possible . Women will be refused entry if not wearing Islamic head cover , scarf , long sleeves or stockings . All foreigners must report to the Iranian police within 8 days of arrival . Visa on arrival excludes all reporters , journalists , photographers and cameramen , who must obtain a visa prior to entering Iran . A visa on arrival for business travellers is available if holding a letter of invitation from a government agency which is issued at least 2 days prior to arrival . X",
"A visa on arrival is only available at Qeshm , Kish , Mashhad , Isfahan , Shiraz , Tabriz and Tehran . Extension of stay is possible . Women will be refused entry if not wearing Islamic head cover , scarf , long sleeves or stockings . All foreigners must report to the Iranian police within 8 days of arrival . Visa on arrival excludes all reporters , journalists , photographers and cameramen , who must obtain a visa prior to entering Iran . A visa on arrival for business travellers is available if holding a letter of invitation from a government agency which is issued at least 2 days prior to arrival .",
"A visa on arrival is only available at Qeshm , Kish , Mashhad , Isfahan , Shiraz , Tabriz and Tehran .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Women will be refused entry if not wearing Islamic head cover , scarf , long sleeves or stockings .",
"All foreigners must report to the Iranian police within 8 days of arrival .",
"Visa on arrival excludes all reporters , journalists , photographers and cameramen , who must obtain a visa prior to entering Iran .",
"A visa on arrival for business travellers is available if holding a letter of invitation from a government agency which is issued at least 2 days prior to arrival .",
"Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival is available at Sulaimaniyah and Erbil airports and stays are limited to 15 days , with an extension of stay possible . √",
"Visa on arrival is available at Sulaimaniyah and Erbil airports and stays are limited to 15 days , with an extension of stay possible .",
"Visa on arrival is available at Sulaimaniyah and Erbil airports and stays are limited to 15 days , with an extension of stay possible .",
"Israel Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible . √",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Italy Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Jamaica Visa not required 90 days X",
"Japan Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible . √",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Jordan Free visa on arrival 6 months A free visa on arrival may be obtained only when travel is organised through an authorised tour operator in Jordan . The tour group must not consist of less than 5 people and there must be a minimum 2 night stay in Jordan . A return ticket must be presented to avail of this visa option . All other passengers who are not travelling as part of a tour group may obtain a visa on arrival , subject to a fee . The visa on arrival has a maximum validity of 6 months . Visa fees may be waived for those in possession of a Jordan Pass depending on the length of their visit to the kingdom . X",
"A free visa on arrival may be obtained only when travel is organised through an authorised tour operator in Jordan . The tour group must not consist of less than 5 people and there must be a minimum 2 night stay in Jordan . A return ticket must be presented to avail of this visa option . All other passengers who are not travelling as part of a tour group may obtain a visa on arrival , subject to a fee . The visa on arrival has a maximum validity of 6 months . Visa fees may be waived for those in possession of a Jordan Pass depending on the length of their visit to the kingdom .",
"A free visa on arrival may be obtained only when travel is organised through an authorised tour operator in Jordan . The tour group must not consist of less than 5 people and there must be a minimum 2 night stay in Jordan . A return ticket must be presented to avail of this visa option .",
"All other passengers who are not travelling as part of a tour group may obtain a visa on arrival , subject to a fee . The visa on arrival has a maximum validity of 6 months .",
"Visa fees may be waived for those in possession of a Jordan Pass depending on the length of their visit to the kingdom .",
"Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days X",
"Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months X",
"Kiribati Visa not required 30 days √",
"North Korea Visa required √",
"South Korea Visa not required 90 days √",
"Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months X",
"Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days X",
"Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply . Available at international airports Luangphabang , Pakse , Savannakhet and Vientiane , and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge , and at 13 border crossings as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkai , Thailand . Entry points Lalai , Lantui , Meuang mom , Pakxan , and Phoudou are open only to visa holders . Extendable up to 60 days . X",
"Conditions apply . Available at international airports Luangphabang , Pakse , Savannakhet and Vientiane , and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge , and at 13 border crossings as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkai , Thailand . Entry points Lalai , Lantui , Meuang mom , Pakxan , and Phoudou are open only to visa holders . Extendable up to 60 days .",
"Conditions apply .",
"Available at international airports Luangphabang , Pakse , Savannakhet and Vientiane , and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge , and at 13 border crossings as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkai , Thailand .",
"Entry points Lalai , Lantui , Meuang mom , Pakxan , and Phoudou are open only to visa holders .",
"Extendable up to 60 days .",
"Latvia Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Lebanon Free visa on arrival 1 month Free visa on arrival can be granted whenever a telephone number and address in Lebanon is provided . Visa can be extended for an additional two months . X",
"Free visa on arrival can be granted whenever a telephone number and address in Lebanon is provided . Visa can be extended for an additional two months .",
"Free visa on arrival can be granted whenever a telephone number and address in Lebanon is provided .",
"Visa can be extended for an additional two months .",
"Lesotho Visa not required 90 days √",
"Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival , subject to conditions . √",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival , subject to conditions .",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival , subject to conditions .",
"Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Passengers arriving in Libya must hold a non-objection form issued by the Libyan Immigration Authorities . All travellers arriving in Libya for tourism must convert $1000 USD in freely convertible currency , or debit the amount from a credit card upon arrival in the country . √",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Passengers arriving in Libya must hold a non-objection form issued by the Libyan Immigration Authorities . All travellers arriving in Libya for tourism must convert $1000 USD in freely convertible currency , or debit the amount from a credit card upon arrival in the country .",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Passengers arriving in Libya must hold a non-objection form issued by the Libyan Immigration Authorities .",
"All travellers arriving in Libya for tourism must convert $1000 USD in freely convertible currency , or debit the amount from a credit card upon arrival in the country .",
"Liechtenstein Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Lithuania Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Luxembourg Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Macedonia Visa not required 90 days X",
"Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days A visa on arrival is only granted for those who have a return ticket . X",
"A visa on arrival is only granted for those who have a return ticket .",
"A visa on arrival is only granted for those who have a return ticket .",
"Malawi Visa on arrival 90 days A residence permit must be obtained for those wishing to stay beyond 90 days . X",
"A residence permit must be obtained for those wishing to stay beyond 90 days .",
"A residence permit must be obtained for those wishing to stay beyond 90 days .",
"Malaysia Visa not required 3 months If no return ticket is held , one must be purchased at the border or entry will be refused . √",
"If no return ticket is held , one must be purchased at the border or entry will be refused .",
"If no return ticket is held , one must be purchased at the border or entry will be refused .",
"Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days X",
"Mali Visa required √",
"Malta Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Marshall Islands Free visa on arrival 90 days X",
"Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . X",
"Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport .",
"Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport .",
"Mauritius Visa not required 90 days 180 days maximum stay in any one calendar year . X",
"180 days maximum stay in any one calendar year .",
"180 days maximum stay in any one calendar year .",
"Mexico Visa not required 180 days √",
"Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Extension of stay is possible . X",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period X",
"90 days within any 180 day period",
"90 days within any 180 day period",
"Monaco Visa not required √",
"Mongolia Visa required √",
"Montenegro Visa not required 90 days X",
"Morocco Visa not required 90 days X",
"Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points . Extension of stay is possible . X",
"Not available at all entry points . Extension of stay is possible .",
"Not available at all entry points .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports . √",
"eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports .",
"eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports .",
"Namibia Visa not required 3 months X",
"Nauru Visa required Visa requirement waived for holders of an Entry Permit letter . X",
"Visa requirement waived for holders of an Entry Permit letter .",
"Visa requirement waived for holders of an Entry Permit letter .",
"Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Extension of stay is possible of up to 150 days . Business travellers can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 5 years , subject to a fee and a license issued by the Ministry of Industry . X",
"Extension of stay is possible of up to 150 days . Business travellers can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 5 years , subject to a fee and a license issued by the Ministry of Industry .",
"Extension of stay is possible of up to 150 days .",
"Business travellers can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 5 years , subject to a fee and a license issued by the Ministry of Industry .",
"Netherlands Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) √",
"Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands )",
"Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands )",
"New Zealand Visa not required 3 months √",
"Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Tourist card must be obtained on arrival , subject to a fee . Extension of stay is possible . √",
"Tourist card must be obtained on arrival , subject to a fee . Extension of stay is possible .",
"Tourist card must be obtained on arrival , subject to a fee .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Niger Visa required √",
"Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Norway Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Oman eVisa 30 days A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from the Emirate of Dubai who have a visa or an entrance stamp from Dubai , whereby the visa must be valid for 21 days at least upon arrival in Oman . A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from Qatar , whereby the visa must state as being valid for Oman and must be valid for at least one month on arrival . X",
"A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from the Emirate of Dubai who have a visa or an entrance stamp from Dubai , whereby the visa must be valid for 21 days at least upon arrival in Oman . A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from Qatar , whereby the visa must state as being valid for Oman and must be valid for at least one month on arrival .",
"A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from the Emirate of Dubai who have a visa or an entrance stamp from Dubai , whereby the visa must be valid for 21 days at least upon arrival in Oman .",
"A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from Qatar , whereby the visa must state as being valid for Oman and must be valid for at least one month on arrival .",
"Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . √",
"Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply .",
"Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply .",
"Palau Free visa on arrival 30 days Extension is possible for a fee . X",
"Extension is possible for a fee .",
"Extension is possible for a fee .",
"Panama Visa not required 180 days √",
"Papua New Guinea Free visa on arrival 60 days Visa on arrival available at Port Moresby and Rabaul . Tourists can obtain a visa on arrival free of charge , whilst those travelling on business must pay in cash . X",
"Visa on arrival available at Port Moresby and Rabaul . Tourists can obtain a visa on arrival free of charge , whilst those travelling on business must pay in cash .",
"Visa on arrival available at Port Moresby and Rabaul .",
"Tourists can obtain a visa on arrival free of charge , whilst those travelling on business must pay in cash .",
"Paraguay Visa not required 90 days √",
"Peru Visa not required 183 days X",
"Philippines Visa not required 30 days A visa on arrival is available for a maximum stay of 59 days . Extension of stay is only possible for those who obtained a visa on arrival , to a maximum of 1 year . X",
"A visa on arrival is available for a maximum stay of 59 days . Extension of stay is only possible for those who obtained a visa on arrival , to a maximum of 1 year .",
"A visa on arrival is available for a maximum stay of 59 days .",
"Extension of stay is only possible for those who obtained a visa on arrival , to a maximum of 1 year .",
"Poland Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Portugal Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Qatar Visa not required 30 days Visa waiver available for Irish citizens with a 30 day extension available . X",
"Visa waiver available for Irish citizens with a 30 day extension available .",
"Visa waiver available for Irish citizens with a 30 day extension available .",
"Romania Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Russia Visa required Visa waiver available for passengers arriving by cruise only who are staying in Russia for a maximum of 72 hours . √",
"Visa waiver available for passengers arriving by cruise only who are staying in Russia for a maximum of 72 hours .",
"Visa waiver available for passengers arriving by cruise only who are staying in Russia for a maximum of 72 hours .",
"Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days X",
"Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible . √",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Extension of stay is possible . √",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Extension of stay is possible . √",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Samoa Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Extension of stay is possible . √",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"San Marino Visa not required √",
"São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days X",
"Saudi Arabia Visa required Muslim female passengers are subject to restrictions when arriving for Umrah or Hajj . √",
"Muslim female passengers are subject to restrictions when arriving for Umrah or Hajj .",
"Muslim female passengers are subject to restrictions when arriving for Umrah or Hajj .",
"Senegal Visa not required 90 days X",
"Serbia Visa not required 90 days Irish citizens may stay in Serbia for 90 days within any 6 - month period . Extension is possible . X",
"Irish citizens may stay in Serbia for 90 days within any 6 - month period . Extension is possible .",
"Irish citizens may stay in Serbia for 90 days within any 6 - month period .",
"Extension is possible .",
"Seychelles Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Irish citizens can extend their stay for three months , up to a maximum of 12 months . Visitor 's permit is issued free of charge , subject to documentation being provided at the entry point . √",
"Irish citizens can extend their stay for three months , up to a maximum of 12 months . Visitor 's permit is issued free of charge , subject to documentation being provided at the entry point .",
"Irish citizens can extend their stay for three months , up to a maximum of 12 months .",
"Visitor 's permit is issued free of charge , subject to documentation being provided at the entry point .",
"Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Singapore Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay possible . √",
"Extension of stay possible .",
"Extension of stay possible .",
"Slovakia Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Slovenia Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Solomon Islands Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months √",
"Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso Airport , Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport . X",
"Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso Airport , Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport .",
"Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports .",
"30 days , available at Bosaso Airport , Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport .",
"South Africa Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days . √",
"Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days .",
"Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days .",
"South Sudan Visa required √",
"Spain Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 150 days for Irish citizens . X",
"Extension of stay possible for an additional 150 days for Irish citizens .",
"Extension of stay possible for an additional 150 days for Irish citizens .",
"Sudan Visa required √",
"Suriname Visa required Visa on arrival is available to countries without Suriname representation for a maximum of 2 months , subject to prearranged approval . √",
"Visa on arrival is available to countries without Suriname representation for a maximum of 2 months , subject to prearranged approval .",
"Visa on arrival is available to countries without Suriname representation for a maximum of 2 months , subject to prearranged approval .",
"Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Extension of stay possible for a maximum of 90 days in total . √",
"Extension of stay possible for a maximum of 90 days in total .",
"Extension of stay possible for a maximum of 90 days in total .",
"Sweden Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Switzerland Visa not required Freedom of movement √",
"Freedom of movement",
"Freedom of movement",
"Syria Visa required √",
"Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . X",
"Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points .",
"Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points .",
"Tanzania Visa on arrival Fee payable in USD at border . X",
"Fee payable in USD at border .",
"Fee payable in USD at border .",
"Thailand Visa not required 30 days ACMECS Single Visa issued by Cambodia and Thailand are valid for 90 days from the date of issue and are valid for a stay of 60 days in Thailand . Extension of stay is possible . Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air . X",
"ACMECS Single Visa issued by Cambodia and Thailand are valid for 90 days from the date of issue and are valid for a stay of 60 days in Thailand . Extension of stay is possible . Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air .",
"ACMECS Single Visa issued by Cambodia and Thailand are valid for 90 days from the date of issue and are valid for a stay of 60 days in Thailand .",
"Extension of stay is possible .",
"Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air .",
"Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Extension of stay possible for up to 90 days . X",
"Extension of stay possible for up to 90 days .",
"Extension of stay possible for up to 90 days .",
"Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days , subject to a fee . X",
"Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days , subject to a fee .",
"Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days , subject to a fee .",
"Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Extension of stay for a further 5 months is possible . X",
"Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Extension of stay for a further 5 months is possible .",
"Visa on arrival is issued free of charge .",
"Extension of stay for a further 5 months is possible .",
"Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days √",
"Tunisia Visa not required 3 months X",
"Turkey eVisa 3 months X",
"Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . √",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival .",
"Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month X",
"Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Must be applied for online before travel . An East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda can also be used for entry . X",
"Must be applied for online before travel . An East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda can also be used for entry .",
"Must be applied for online before travel .",
"An East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda can also be used for entry .",
"Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period . X",
"90 days within any 180 day period .",
"90 days within any 180 day period .",
"United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is free of charge to Irish citizens . Extension of stay is possible for a further 30 days . X",
"Visa on arrival is free of charge to Irish citizens . Extension of stay is possible for a further 30 days .",
"Visa on arrival is free of charge to Irish citizens .",
"Extension of stay is possible for a further 30 days .",
"United Kingdom Visa not required Freedom of movement ( in Constituent countries ) √",
"Freedom of movement ( in Constituent countries )",
"Freedom of movement ( in Constituent countries )",
"United States Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship . ESTA is valid for two years when issued . Holders of non-biometric passports must obtain a visa for the United States as they are ineligible to apply for an ESTA . Leaving the United States and re-entering from Canada or Mexico will not reset the original 90 day maximum stay . You can only reset the timer by leaving North America . √",
"ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship . ESTA is valid for two years when issued . Holders of non-biometric passports must obtain a visa for the United States as they are ineligible to apply for an ESTA . Leaving the United States and re-entering from Canada or Mexico will not reset the original 90 day maximum stay . You can only reset the timer by leaving North America .",
"ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship .",
"ESTA is valid for two years when issued .",
"Holders of non-biometric passports must obtain a visa for the United States as they are ineligible to apply for an ESTA .",
"Leaving the United States and re-entering from Canada or Mexico will not reset the original 90 day maximum stay . You can only reset the timer by leaving North America .",
"Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days . √",
"Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days .",
"Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days .",
"Uzbekistan eVisa 30 days 5 - day visa free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country . X",
"5 - day visa free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country .",
"5 - day visa free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country .",
"Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days √",
"Vatican City Visa not required √",
"Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days . X",
"Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days .",
"Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days .",
"Vietnam eVisa 30 days A single entry eVisa is available . Fee payable . X",
"A single entry eVisa is available . Fee payable .",
"A single entry eVisa is available .",
"Fee payable .",
"Yemen Visa required √",
"Zambia Visa not required 90 days For those travelling to Zambia for business , the maximum stay is 30 days in any one - year period . Tourists are allowed 90 days in any one - year period . X",
"For those travelling to Zambia for business , the maximum stay is 30 days in any one - year period . Tourists are allowed 90 days in any one - year period .",
"For those travelling to Zambia for business , the maximum stay is 30 days in any one - year period .",
"Tourists are allowed 90 days in any one - year period .",
"Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months For those travelling to Zimbabwe for business , a visa on arrival can also be issued for a maximum stay of 30 days . X",
"For those travelling to Zimbabwe for business , a visa on arrival can also be issued for a maximum stay of 30 days .",
"For those travelling to Zimbabwe for business , a visa on arrival can also be issued for a maximum stay of 30 days .",
"Visa requirements for Irish citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries and restricted zones :",
"Europe",
"Abkhazia -- Visa required . Artsakh -- Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Mount Athos -- Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno -- Visa not required for 10 days . Crimea -- Visa issued by Russia is required . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus -- Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus -- Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands -- Visa not required . Gibraltar -- Visa not required . Guernsey -- Visa not required . Alderney -- Visa not required . Sark -- Visa not required . Isle of Man -- Visa not required . Jan Mayen -- permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Jersey -- Visa not required . Kosovo -- visa free for 90 days . Closed cities and regions in Russia -- special authorization required . South Ossetia -- Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria -- Visa free . Registration required after 24h .",
"Abkhazia -- Visa required .",
"Artsakh -- Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan .",
"Mount Athos -- Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed .",
"Brest and Grodno -- Visa not required for 10 days .",
"Crimea -- Visa issued by Russia is required .",
"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus -- Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required .",
"UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus -- Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas .",
"Faroe Islands -- Visa not required .",
"Gibraltar -- Visa not required .",
"Guernsey -- Visa not required .",
"Alderney -- Visa not required .",
"Sark -- Visa not required .",
"Isle of Man -- Visa not required .",
"Jan Mayen -- permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours .",
"Jersey -- Visa not required .",
"Kosovo -- visa free for 90 days .",
"Closed cities and regions in Russia -- special authorization required .",
"South Ossetia -- Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia .",
"Transnistria -- Visa free . Registration required after 24h .",
"Africa",
"Eritrea ( outside Asmara ) -- visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Western Sahara controlled territory ) -- Visa not required up to 3 months . Somaliland -- Visa issued on arrival ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . Sudan -- All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur -- Separate travel permit is required .",
"Eritrea ( outside Asmara ) -- visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) .",
"Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Western Sahara controlled territory ) -- Visa not required up to 3 months .",
"Somaliland -- Visa issued on arrival ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) .",
"Sudan -- All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit .",
"Darfur -- Separate travel permit is required .",
"Asia",
"Hong Kong -- Visa not required for 90 days . India -- Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iraqi Kurdistan -- Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Kazakhstan -- Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island -- Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao -- Visa not required for 90 days . Sabah and Sarawak -- These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives -- With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang -- People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving )",
"Hong Kong -- Visa not required for 90 days .",
"India -- Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year .",
"Iraqi Kurdistan -- Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports .",
"Kazakhstan -- Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty .",
"Kish Island -- Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa .",
"Macao -- Visa not required for 90 days .",
"Sabah and Sarawak -- These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies .",
"Maldives -- With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives .",
"North Korea outside Pyongyang -- People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving )",
"Palestine -- Visa not required . Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan -- Visa not required for 90 days . Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province -- OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Turkmenistan -- A special permit , issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Tibet Autonomous Region -- Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Korean Demilitarized Zone -- restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar -- restricted zones . Phú Quốc -- can visit without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen -- Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden .",
"Palestine -- Visa not required . Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed .",
"Taiwan -- Visa not required for 90 days .",
"Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province -- OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez .",
"Turkmenistan -- A special permit , issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat .",
"Tibet Autonomous Region -- Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) .",
"Korean Demilitarized Zone -- restricted zone .",
"UNDOF Zone and Ghajar -- restricted zones .",
"Phú Quốc -- can visit without a visa for up to 30 days .",
"Yemen -- Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden .",
"Caribbean and North Atlantic",
"Caribbean and North Atlantic",
"Anguilla -- Visa not required for 3 months . Aruba -- Visa not required for 30 days . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba -- Visa not required for 3 months . Bermuda -- Visa not required for 21 days ( extendable ) . British Virgin Islands -- Visa not required for 1 month ( extendable ) . Cayman Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months . Colombia -- Visitors arriving at San Andrés and Leticia must buy tourist cards on arrival . Curacao -- Visa not required for 3 months . Montserrat -- Visa not required for 6 months . Greenland -- Visa not required . Margarita Island -- All visitors are fingerprinted . Puerto Rico -- Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Saint Pierre and Miquelon -- Visa not required . Sint Maarten -- Visa not required for 3 months . Turks and Caicos Islands -- Visa not required for 90 days . U.S. Virgin Islands -- Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required .",
"Anguilla -- Visa not required for 3 months .",
"Aruba -- Visa not required for 30 days .",
"Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba -- Visa not required for 3 months .",
"Bermuda -- Visa not required for 21 days ( extendable ) .",
"British Virgin Islands -- Visa not required for 1 month ( extendable ) .",
"Cayman Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months .",
"Colombia -- Visitors arriving at San Andrés and Leticia must buy tourist cards on arrival .",
"Curacao -- Visa not required for 3 months .",
"Montserrat -- Visa not required for 6 months .",
"Greenland -- Visa not required .",
"Margarita Island -- All visitors are fingerprinted .",
"Puerto Rico -- Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required .",
"Saint Pierre and Miquelon -- Visa not required .",
"Sint Maarten -- Visa not required for 3 months .",
"Turks and Caicos Islands -- Visa not required for 90 days .",
"U.S. Virgin Islands -- Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required .",
"Oceania",
"American Samoa -- Visa required ( entry permit ) . Ashmore and Cartier Islands -- special authorisation required . Clipperton Island -- special permit required . Cook Islands -- Visa free access for 31 days . Lau Province -- Special permission required . French Polynesia -- Visa not required . Guam -- Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . New Caledonia -- Visa not required for 3 months . Niue -- Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands -- Visa not required . Pitcairn Islands -- 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . Tokelau -- Entry permit required . United States Minor Outlying Islands -- special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Wallis and Futuna -- Visa not required .",
"American Samoa -- Visa required ( entry permit ) .",
"Ashmore and Cartier Islands -- special authorisation required .",
"Clipperton Island -- special permit required .",
"Cook Islands -- Visa free access for 31 days .",
"Lau Province -- Special permission required .",
"French Polynesia -- Visa not required .",
"Guam -- Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required .",
"New Caledonia -- Visa not required for 3 months .",
"Niue -- Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge .",
"Northern Mariana Islands -- Visa not required .",
"Pitcairn Islands -- 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore .",
"Tokelau -- Entry permit required .",
"United States Minor Outlying Islands -- special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island .",
"Wallis and Futuna -- Visa not required .",
"South America",
"Galápagos -- Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure .",
"Galápagos -- Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure .",
"South Atlantic and Antarctica",
"South Atlantic and Antarctica",
"Falkland Islands -- Visitor Permit valid for 4 weeks is issued on arrival . Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena -- Entry Permit ( £ 25 ) for 183 days is issued on arrival . Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -- Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica and adjacent islands -- special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency .",
"Falkland Islands -- Visitor Permit valid for 4 weeks is issued on arrival .",
"Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena -- Entry Permit ( £ 25 ) for 183 days is issued on arrival . Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands .",
"Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena -- Entry Permit ( £ 25 ) for 183 days is issued on arrival . Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands .",
"Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) .",
"Saint Helena -- Entry Permit ( £ 25 ) for 183 days is issued on arrival .",
"Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands .",
"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -- Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) .",
"Antarctica and adjacent islands -- special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency .",
"Holders of diplomatic or official passports of Ireland have additional visa - free access to Kuwait . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa - free access to Cape Verde , Ethiopia , Mali and Zimbabwe .",
"Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption . Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes .",
"In the absence of specific bilateral agreements , countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cape Verde , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Costa Rica , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Haiti , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Kuwait , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Maldives , Marshall Islands , Mongolia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nepal , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Rwanda , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela and Vietnam .",
"Turkey requires passports to be valid for at least 150 days upon entry .",
"Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia .",
"Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months beyond the period of intended stay include European Union countries ( except the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom ) , Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway and Switzerland ( and always excepting EU / EEA / Swiss nationals ) , Azerbaijan , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Nauru , Moldova , New Zealand and 3 months validity on arrival in Albania , Honduras , Macedonia , Panama , Qatar and Senegal .",
"Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry .",
"Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the period of intended stay include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Lebanon , Macao and South Africa .",
"Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other 's citizens or even accept passports that have already expired ( but not been cancelled ) .",
"Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Endorsement pages , which often appear after the visa pages , are not counted as being available .",
"Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia , require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination .",
"Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has recently visited one .",
"Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt .",
"To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead that reads : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan .",
"Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old .",
"Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) .",
"Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons .",
"Upon request , the authorities of the largely unrecognized Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country .",
"Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States and Fiji ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record .",
"The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel .",
"Several countries mandate that all travellers , or all foreign travellers , be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest those travellers that refuse to comply . In some countries , such as the United States , this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside .",
"Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan , Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , China when entering through Shenzhen airport , Ethiopia , Ghana , India , Japan , Malaysia upon entry and departure , Paraguay , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea , and Taiwan .",
"Additionally , the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors that need to apply for a visa .",
"The Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , together with its Crown Dependencies of Guernsey , Jersey and the Isle of Man make up a Common Travel Area where :",
"No ID is required for travel by land for British or Irish citizens Only photographic ID is required for travel by air or sea for British or Irish citizens ( but some airlines - such as Ryanair - may mandate passports for all",
"No ID is required for travel by land for British or Irish citizens",
"Only photographic ID is required for travel by air or sea for British or Irish citizens ( but some airlines - such as Ryanair - may mandate passports for all",
"However , there are occasionally checks on coaches and trains moving between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . Citizens of third countries must have passports and , if required , visas to travel between the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland .",
"British visas do n't enable travel to Ireland for people without agreement with Ireland , and vice versa . ( Although both the UK and the Republic are members of the European Union , neither are members of the Schengen Area so Schengen visas are not valid for travel to the Common Travel Area . Air and sea passengers travelling between the Common Travel Area and the Schengen Area are subject to systematic passport / identity checks . )",
"As citizens of the European Union , all Irish citizens have the right to seek consular assistance and protection from embassies of fellow EU member states when they are in a non-EU country without an Irish embassy .",
"See also List of diplomatic missions of Ireland ."
] | Visa requirements for Irish citizens - Wikipedia Visa requirements for Irish citizens An Irish passport Visa requirements for Irish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Ireland . As of May 2018, Irish citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 185 countries and territories, ranking the Irish passport 5th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Belgian, Canadian, Danish and Swiss passports) according to the Henley Passport Index . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Territories 4 Non-ordinary passports 5 Non-visa restrictions 5.1 Passport validity length 5.2 Blank passport pages 5.3 Vaccination 5.4 Israeli stamps 5.5 Armenian ethnicity 5.6 Criminal record 5.7 Persona non grata 5.8 Fingerprinting 6 Common Travel Area 7 Right to consular protection in non-EU countries 8 See also 9 References and Notes Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Irish citizens Ireland Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees) Reciprocity Afghanistan Visa required √ Albania Visa not required 90 days X Algeria Visa required √ Andorra Visa not required √ Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa are then issued with a visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period. X Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month √ Argentina Visa not required 90 days √ Armenia Visa not required 180 days X Australia eVisitor 90 days eVisitor, if granted, allows 90 day stay per visit for 12 months. eVisitor is issued free of charge. X Austria Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days X Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible. √ Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visa on arrival is single entry, subject to a fee. Multiple entry visa available on arrival for 1 month stay. Irish citizens can also apply for eVisas as an alternative. X Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visitors can apply to extend their stay when in the country. X Barbados Visa not required 6 months Visitors must have proof of onward travel, whereby their final destination is their country of residence or origin. √ Belarus Visa not required 30 days Travellers must arrive via Minsk International Airport to avail of visa-free access. Travellers must also depart from Minsk International Airport , to a destination outside of Belarus and Russia. Visa on arrival is not available to tourists travelling from Russia. X Belgium Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Belize Visa not required 1 month √ Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate. X Bhutan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival. Visitors are required to book with a registered tour operator in Bhutan. √ Bolivia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any year period √ Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6-month period X Botswana Visa not required 90 days Extension to the visa-free period must be applied for in advance. √ Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible. √ Brunei Visa not required 90 days √ Bulgaria Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month X Burundi Visa required Passengers holding an entry authorisation letter from the authorities may obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 1 month. √ Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online. Visitors are not permitted to make day-trips to Cambodia (except in certain circumstances). X Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival. √ Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air. √ Cape Verde Visa on arrival X Central African Republic Visa required √ Chad Visa required Visitors holding an ' entry authorisation' letter can pick up a visa on arrival. √ Chile Visa not required 90 days Visitors are issued an immigration card on arrival and will be prevented from leaving Chile without it. √ China Visa required 72-hour visit without a visa when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144-hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing Capital International Airport , Dalian , Hangzhou , Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in Hebei , Nanjing , Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport , Shanghai Railway Station and the Port of Shanghai ); Shenyang and Tianjin Binhai International Airport Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144-hours visa-free visit transit policy. √ Colombia Visa not required 90 days Visitors may only enter Colombia for up to 180 days in any calendar year. X Comoros Visa on arrival 45 days X Republic of the Congo Visa required √ Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required √ Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days √ Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport X Croatia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Cuba Tourist Card required √ Cyprus Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Czech Republic Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Denmark Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Djibouti eVisa 31 days X Dominica Visa not required 6 months √ Dominican Republic Visa not required X Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible. X Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days X El Salvador Visa not required 3 months √ Equatorial Guinea Visa required √ Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival. √ Estonia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Only available at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport X Fiji Visa not required 4 months √ Finland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ France Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . X Gambia Visa not required 90 days X Georgia Visa not required 1 year X Germany Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival. √ Greece Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Grenada Visa not required 3 months √ Guatemala Visa not required 90 days √ Guinea Visa required √ Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days X Guyana Visa not required 3 months √ Haiti Visa not required 90 days X Honduras Visa not required 3 months √ Hungary Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Iceland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports. An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year. X Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Not available at all entry points. X Iran Visa on arrival 30 days A visa on arrival is only available at Qeshm , Kish , Mashhad , Isfahan , Shiraz , Tabriz and Tehran . Extension of stay is possible. Women will be refused entry if not wearing Islamic head cover, scarf, long sleeves or stockings. All foreigners must report to the Iranian police within 8 days of arrival. Visa on arrival excludes all reporters, journalists, photographers and cameramen, who must obtain a visa prior to entering Iran. A visa on arrival for business travellers is available if holding a letter of invitation from a government agency which is issued at least 2 days prior to arrival. X Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival is available at Sulaimaniyah and Erbil airports and stays are limited to 15 days, with an extension of stay possible. √ Israel Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible. √ Italy Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Jamaica Visa not required 90 days X Japan Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible. √ Jordan Free visa on arrival 6 months A free visa on arrival may be obtained only when travel is organised through an authorised tour operator in Jordan. The tour group must not consist of less than 5 people and there must be a minimum 2 night stay in Jordan. A return ticket must be presented to avail of this visa option. All other passengers who are not travelling as part of a tour group may obtain a visa on arrival, subject to a fee. The visa on arrival has a maximum validity of 6 months. Visa fees may be waived for those in possession of a Jordan Pass depending on the length of their visit to the kingdom. X Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days X Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months X Kiribati Visa not required 30 days √ North Korea Visa required √ South Korea Visa not required 90 days √ Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months X Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days X Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply. Available at international airports Luangphabang , Pakse , Savannakhet and Vientiane , and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge, and at 13 border crossings as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkai, Thailand. Entry points Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou are open only to visa holders. Extendable up to 60 days. X Latvia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Lebanon Free visa on arrival 1 month Free visa on arrival can be granted whenever a telephone number and address in Lebanon is provided. Visa can be extended for an additional two months. X Lesotho Visa not required 90 days √ Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival, subject to conditions. √ Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival. Passengers arriving in Libya must hold a non-objection form issued by the Libyan Immigration Authorities. All travellers arriving in Libya for tourism must convert $1000 USD in freely convertible currency, or debit the amount from a credit card upon arrival in the country. √ Liechtenstein Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Lithuania Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Luxembourg Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Macedonia Visa not required 90 days X Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days A visa on arrival is only granted for those who have a return ticket. X Malawi Visa on arrival 90 days A residence permit must be obtained for those wishing to stay beyond 90 days. X Malaysia Visa not required 3 months If no return ticket is held, one must be purchased at the border or entry will be refused. √ Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days X Mali Visa required √ Malta Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Marshall Islands Free visa on arrival 90 days X Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott-- Oumtounsy International Airport . X Mauritius Visa not required 90 days 180 days maximum stay in any one calendar year. X Mexico Visa not required 180 days √ Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Extension of stay is possible. X Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period X Monaco Visa not required √ Mongolia Visa required √ Montenegro Visa not required 90 days X Morocco Visa not required 90 days X Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points. Extension of stay is possible. X Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports. √ Namibia Visa not required 3 months X Nauru Visa required Visa requirement waived for holders of an Entry Permit letter. X Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Extension of stay is possible of up to 150 days. Business travellers can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 5 years, subject to a fee and a license issued by the Ministry of Industry. X Netherlands Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) √ New Zealand Visa not required 3 months √ Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Tourist card must be obtained on arrival, subject to a fee. Extension of stay is possible. √ Niger Visa required √ Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival. √ Norway Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Oman eVisa 30 days A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from the Emirate of Dubai who have a visa or an entrance stamp from Dubai, whereby the visa must be valid for 21 days at least upon arrival in Oman. A visa waiver is in place for travellers who are arriving directly from Qatar, whereby the visa must state as being valid for Oman and must be valid for at least one month on arrival. X Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days. Conditions apply. √ Palau Free visa on arrival 30 days Extension is possible for a fee. X Panama Visa not required 180 days √ Papua New Guinea Free visa on arrival 60 days Visa on arrival available at Port Moresby and Rabaul. Tourists can obtain a visa on arrival free of charge, whilst those travelling on business must pay in cash. X Paraguay Visa not required 90 days √ Peru Visa not required 183 days X Philippines Visa not required 30 days A visa on arrival is available for a maximum stay of 59 days. Extension of stay is only possible for those who obtained a visa on arrival, to a maximum of 1 year. X Poland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Portugal Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Qatar Visa not required 30 days Visa waiver available for Irish citizens with a 30 day extension available. X Romania Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Russia Visa required Visa waiver available for passengers arriving by cruise only who are staying in Russia for a maximum of 72 hours. √ Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days X Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Extension of stay is possible. √ Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Extension of stay is possible. √ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Extension of stay is possible. √ Samoa Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Extension of stay is possible. √ San Marino Visa not required √ São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days X Saudi Arabia Visa required Muslim female passengers are subject to restrictions when arriving for Umrah or Hajj. √ Senegal Visa not required 90 days X Serbia Visa not required 90 days Irish citizens may stay in Serbia for 90 days within any 6-month period. Extension is possible. X Seychelles Free Visitor's Permit on arrival 3 months Irish citizens can extend their stay for three months, up to a maximum of 12 months. Visitor's permit is issued free of charge, subject to documentation being provided at the entry point. √ Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival. √ Singapore Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay possible. √ Slovakia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Slovenia Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Solomon Islands Free Visitor's permit on arrival 3 months √ Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports. 30 days, available at Bosaso Airport , Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport . X South Africa Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days. √ South Sudan Visa required √ Spain Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 150 days for Irish citizens. X Sudan Visa required √ Suriname Visa required Visa on arrival is available to countries without Suriname representation for a maximum of 2 months, subject to prearranged approval. √ Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Extension of stay possible for a maximum of 90 days in total. √ Sweden Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Switzerland Visa not required Freedom of movement √ Syria Visa required √ Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days Visa also available online. E-visa holders can enter through all border points. X Tanzania Visa on arrival Fee payable in USD at border. X Thailand Visa not required 30 days ACMECS Single Visa issued by Cambodia and Thailand are valid for 90 days from the date of issue and are valid for a stay of 60 days in Thailand. Extension of stay is possible. Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air. X Timor-Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Extension of stay possible for up to 90 days. X Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Extension of stay possible for an additional 90 days, subject to a fee. X Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge. Extension of stay for a further 5 months is possible. X Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days √ Tunisia Visa not required 3 months X Turkey eVisa 3 months X Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival. √ Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month X Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Must be applied for online before travel. An East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda can also be used for entry. X Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period. X United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is free of charge to Irish citizens. Extension of stay is possible for a further 30 days. X United Kingdom Visa not required Freedom of movement (in Constituent countries ) √ United States Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship. ESTA is valid for two years when issued. Holders of non-biometric passports must obtain a visa for the United States as they are ineligible to apply for an ESTA. Leaving the United States and re-entering from Canada or Mexico will not reset the original 90 day maximum stay. You can only reset the timer by leaving North America. √ Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days. √ Uzbekistan eVisa 30 days 5-day visa free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country. X Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days √ Vatican City Visa not required √ Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Extension of stay is possible for a further 90 days. X Vietnam eVisa 30 days A single entry eVisa is available. Fee payable. X Yemen Visa required √ Zambia Visa not required 90 days For those travelling to Zambia for business, the maximum stay is 30 days in any one-year period. Tourists are allowed 90 days in any one-year period. X Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months For those travelling to Zimbabwe for business, a visa on arrival can also be issued for a maximum stay of 30 days. X Territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for Irish citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones: Europe Abkhazia -- Visa required. Artsakh -- Visa required (issued for single entry for 21 days/1/2/3 months or multiple entry visa for 1/2/3 months). Travellers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Mount Athos -- Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed. Brest and Grodno -- Visa not required for 10 days. Crimea -- Visa issued by Russia is required. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus -- Visa free access for 3 months. Passport required. UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus -- Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas. Faroe Islands -- Visa not required. Gibraltar -- Visa not required. Guernsey -- Visa not required. Alderney -- Visa not required. Sark -- Visa not required. Isle of Man -- Visa not required. Jan Mayen -- permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours. Jersey -- Visa not required. Kosovo -- visa free for 90 days. Closed cities and regions in Russia -- special authorization required. South Ossetia -- Visa free. Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia. Transnistria -- Visa free. Registration required after 24h. Africa Eritrea (outside Asmara ) -- visa covers Asmara only; to travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa ). Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Western Sahara controlled territory ) -- Visa not required up to 3 months. Somaliland -- Visa issued on arrival (30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival). Sudan -- All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit. Darfur -- Separate travel permit is required. Asia Hong Kong -- Visa not required for 90 days. India -- Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year. Iraqi Kurdistan -- Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports. Kazakhstan -- Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island -- Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa. Macao -- Visa not required for 90 days. Sabah and Sarawak -- These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies. Maldives -- With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives. North Korea outside Pyongyang -- People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving) Palestine -- Visa not required. Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed. Taiwan -- Visa not required for 90 days. Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province -- OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez . Turkmenistan -- A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Tibet Autonomous Region -- Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars ). Korean Demilitarized Zone -- restricted zone. UNDOF Zone and Ghajar -- restricted zones. Phú Quốc -- can visit without a visa for up to 30 days. Yemen -- Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Anguilla -- Visa not required for 3 months. Aruba -- Visa not required for 30 days. Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba -- Visa not required for 3 months. Bermuda -- Visa not required for 21 days (extendable). British Virgin Islands -- Visa not required for 1 month (extendable). Cayman Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months. Colombia -- Visitors arriving at San Andrés and Leticia must buy tourist cards on arrival. Curacao -- Visa not required for 3 months. Montserrat -- Visa not required for 6 months. Greenland -- Visa not required. Margarita Island -- All visitors are fingerprinted. Puerto Rico -- Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required. Saint Pierre and Miquelon -- Visa not required. Sint Maarten -- Visa not required for 3 months. Turks and Caicos Islands -- Visa not required for 90 days. U.S. Virgin Islands -- Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required. Oceania American Samoa -- Visa required (entry permit). Ashmore and Cartier Islands -- special authorisation required. Clipperton Island -- special permit required. Cook Islands -- Visa free access for 31 days. Lau Province -- Special permission required. French Polynesia -- Visa not required. Guam -- Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required. New Caledonia -- Visa not required for 3 months. Niue -- Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge. Northern Mariana Islands -- Visa not required. Pitcairn Islands -- 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore. Tokelau -- Entry permit required. United States Minor Outlying Islands -- special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Wallis and Futuna -- Visa not required. South America Galápagos -- Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure. South Atlantic and Antarctica Falkland Islands -- Visitor Permit valid for 4 weeks is issued on arrival. Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling , single/double entry). Saint Helena -- Entry Permit (£ 25) for 183 days is issued on arrival. Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -- Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling ). Antarctica and adjacent islands -- special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-ordinary passports ( edit ) Holders of diplomatic or official passports of Ireland have additional visa-free access to Kuwait . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa-free access to Cape Verde , Ethiopia , Mali and Zimbabwe . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes. Passport validity length ( edit ) In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cape Verde , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Costa Rica , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Haiti , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Kuwait , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Maldives , Marshall Islands , Mongolia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nepal , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Rwanda , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor-Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela and Vietnam . Turkey requires passports to be valid for at least 150 days upon entry. Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months beyond the period of intended stay include European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom), Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway and Switzerland (and always excepting EU/ EEA /Swiss nationals), Azerbaijan , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Nauru , Moldova , New Zealand and 3 months validity on arrival in Albania , Honduras , Macedonia , Panama , Qatar and Senegal . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry. Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the period of intended stay include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Lebanon , Macao and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled). Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages. Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available. Vaccination ( edit ) An International Certificate of Vaccination required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever Main article: Carte Jaune Many African countries, including Angola, Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon, Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana, Guinea , Liberia, Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal, Sierra Leone , Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has recently visited one. Israeli stamps ( edit ) Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport) Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead that reads: `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.'' Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan. Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old. Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Main article: Armenia-- Azerbaijan relations Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan (although there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan). Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ), its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons. Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognized Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country. Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries (for example, Canada and the United States and Fiji ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity. Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10-year ban on entering Israel. Fingerprinting ( edit ) Main article: Countries applying biometrics Iris recognition biometric systems apply mathematical pattern-recognition techniques to images of the irises of an individual's eyes. Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest those travellers that refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside . Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan, Argentina, Brunei , Cambodia , China when entering through Shenzhen airport, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Japan, Malaysia upon entry and departure, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Additionally, the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors that need to apply for a visa. Common travel Area ( edit ) Main article: Common Travel Area The Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, together with its Crown Dependencies of Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man make up a Common Travel Area where: No ID is required for travel by land for British or Irish citizens Only photographic ID is required for travel by air or sea for British or Irish citizens (but some airlines - such as Ryanair - may mandate passports for all However, there are occasionally checks on coaches and trains moving between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Citizens of third countries must have passports and, if required, visas to travel between the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. British visas don't enable travel to Ireland for people without agreement with Ireland, and vice versa. (Although both the UK and the Republic are members of the European Union, neither are members of the Schengen Area so Schengen visas are not valid for travel to the Common Travel Area. Air and sea passengers travelling between the Common Travel Area and the Schengen Area are subject to systematic passport/identity checks.) Right to consular protection in non-EU countries ( edit ) As citizens of the European Union, all Irish citizens have the right to seek consular assistance and protection from embassies of fellow EU member states when they are in a non-EU country without an Irish embassy. See also List of diplomatic missions of Ireland . Countries with Irish diplomatic missions See also ( edit ) Ireland portal European Union portal Visa policy of Ireland Visa requirements for the European Union citizens Irish passport References and notes ( edit ) References ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018'' (PDF) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan. ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra. ^ SME E-VISA ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ SME E-VISA ^ Angola: Migration Service to Speed Up Visa Exemption Procedure ^ SME cria condições para isenção e simplificação de vistos ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda. ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina (in Spanish) . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia. ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia. ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria. ^ Countries with visa-free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan (in Azerbaijani) . ^ Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas, 18 February 2014. ^ https://www.evisa.gov.bh/image/114.pdf ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados, 3 June 2009. ^ Visa-free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus. ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium. ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize, September 2016. ^ Extendable length of stay. ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin. ^ eVisa Benin ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan. ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia (in Spanish) . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana. ^ Visas to travel to Brazil , Ministry of External Relations of Brazil (in Portuguese and English). ^ Country category for visa application , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei.BN ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ canada.ca/eTA ^ Entry requirements by country:Visa-exempt ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ `` 144小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Visa at International Airport Felix Houphouet Boigny in Abidjan ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus. ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, 13 July 2017. ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa-free countries , Danish Immigration Service, 8 December 2017. ^ eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ `` Egypt e-Visa Portal'' . Ministry of Interior (Egypt) . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia, 2 November 2017. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France, January 2016. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Overview of visa requirements/exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, 13 June 2017. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary. ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland. ^ `` Indian e-Visa'' . Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. ^ e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Iran extends airport visa validity to 30 days ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 May 2017. ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ (1) ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Republic of Kenya - eCitizen portal ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Kuwait eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ `` The Department Of Immigration. Checkpoints'' . The Department Of Immigration Of Lao People's Democratic Republic . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, 9 October 2017. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein (in German) . ^ Do I need a visa? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, 30 August 2017. ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Who requires a visa? , Identity Malta. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Short-stay Schengen visa (90 days or less) , Government of the Netherlands. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration. ^ Sultanate of Oman - Royal Oman Police - eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Business Visa. Ministry of Interior of Pakistan ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Visa-free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland. ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Do I need a visa? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Border formalities , San Marino Tourism Board. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Consular information and travel visa , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia. ^ Visa regimes and visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain. ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden , Government of Sweden. ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality , State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland. ^ (2) ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ https://www.evisa.tj ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Uganda Electronic Visa/Permit Application System ^ (3) ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ UK visa requirements: list for carriers , Government of the United Kingdom, 2 October 2017. ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State. ^ (4) ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ `` OFFICIAL ELECTRONIC VISA PORTAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN'' . mfa.uz . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ `` ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН О ДАЛЬНЕЙШИХ МЕРАХ ПО ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ ПОРЯДКА ВЪЕЗДА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ГРАЖДАН В РЕСПУБЛИКУ УЗБЕКИСТАН '' . lex.uz. 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ E-visa ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA). ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ (5) ^ (6) ^ (7) ^ (8) ^ (9) ^ (10) ^ Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea ^ (11) (12) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . ^ (13) ^ Visas and immigration , Government of Gibraltar. ^ (14) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 13 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ (15) ^ (16) ^ (17) ^ (18) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ (19) ^ (20) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2007 . ^ (21) ^ (22) ^ (23) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 17 November 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Visit visa / entry permit requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Immigration Department of Hong Kong, April 2017. ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ (24) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ (25) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Entry and exit of non-residents , Public Security Police Force of Macau. ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 May 2017. ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Visa , Bureau of Consular Affairs of Taiwan. ^ (26) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ (27) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . ^ (28) ^ (29) ^ (30) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Visa requirements for Anguilla , Government of Anguilla, October 2016. ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom? , Government of the Netherlands. ^ (31) ^ Bermuda entry visas , Government of Bermuda. ^ (32) ^ Visas , Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands. ^ (33) ^ Visa-free and visa-required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands. ^ (34) ^ Timatic ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom? , Government of the Netherlands. ^ Countries not requiring a visa , Immigration Department of Montserrat. ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State. ^ (35) ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom? , Government of the Netherlands. ^ Requirements to obtain a Turks and Caicos visitor's visa , Ministry of Border Control and Employment of the Turks and Caicos Islands. ^ (36) ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State. ^ General information , American Samoa Visitors Bureau. ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ (37) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ (38) ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State. ^ (39) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State. ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ (40) ^ (41) ^ (42) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ (43) ^ (44) ^ (45) ^ (46) ^ (47) ^ (48) ^ (49) ^ (50) ^ `` Sistema de Calificación y Control de Residencia - Consejo de Gobierno de Galápagos '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ (51) ^ (52) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . ^ (53) ^ (54) ^ (55) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 12 April 2008 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ (56) ^ (57) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ (58) ^ (59) ^ (60) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ (61) ^ (62) ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ (63) ^ (64) ^ ) https://www.evisa.gov.bh/VisaBhr5En.html ) ^ (65) ^ Timatic ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual, 9 FAM 403.9-3(B)(2) f'' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ `` How long should my passport be valid when traveling to the United States?'' (PDF) . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ `` Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports'' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Republic of Turkey. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports: 1. Germany -- Passports expired within the last year / ID's expired within the last year, 2. Belgium - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 3. France - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 4. Spain - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 5. Switzerland - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 6. Luxemburg - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 7. Portugal - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 8. Bulgaria -- Valid ordinary passport ^ `` Country Information'' . Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations; and malaria situation; and other vaccination requirement ^ `` Travel Report - Kuwait'' . Voyage.gc.ca. 2012-11-16 . Retrieved 2013-07-01 . ^ Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine . and Lebanese Ministry of Tourism Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade'' . Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22 . Retrieved 2013-07-01 . ^ Michael Freund, Canada defends Saudi policy of shunning tourists who visited Israel , 2008-12-07, Jerusalem Post ^ `` Travel Advice for Sudan - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade'' . Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2013-07-05 . Retrieved 2013-07-01 . ^ Travel Advice for Syria - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine . and Syrian Ministry of Tourism ^ `` Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade'' . Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2011-08-20 . Retrieved 2013-07-01 . ^ `` Israel travel advice - GOV.UK'' . www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2015-12-17. ^ Azerbaijan Country Page Archived 2009-03-08 at the Wayback Machine ... NCSJ : Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia. Accessed 23 May 2010. ^ Azerbaijan doesn't allow Armenians in the country - Panarmenian.net ^ `` Azerbaijan Country Page of the NCSJ (advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia) accessed 23 May 2010'' . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 2010-05-26 . ^ `` Warning for the foreign nationals wishing to travel to the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan'' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ `` List of foreign citizens illegally visited occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan'' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ Government of Canada -- Overcome criminal convictions ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2014-04-13 . Retrieved 2014-04-10 . ^ Calder, Simon (24 April 2017). `` Airline lobbying for a relaxation of draconian rules for London-Auckland travellers'' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for travellers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently `` strict requirements for travellers'' in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration. ^ `` How to enter Afghanistan. The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports'' . Countryreports.org . ^ Nordland, Rod (19 November 2011). `` In Afghanistan, Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data'' . Nytimes.com . ^ `` Argentina strengthens migratory control'' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. ^ `` Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements'' . Us-passport-information.com . ^ `` China to require fingerprints of all foreign visitors as new security step'' . Boing Boing. 8 Feb 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . The fingerprinting of foreigners will be introduced at Shenzhen airport in the south from Friday, and it will then be gradually rolled out at other entry points around the country, the ministry said in a statement. All foreign passport holders aged 14-70 will have to give their fingerprints, it said, without saying if other biometric data would also be collected. The ministry said the regulation would strengthen immigration controls and increase efficiency. ^ `` Äthiopien : Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise'' . Auswaertiges-amt.de . ^ `` Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move'' . 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 -- via Reuters. ^ `` Anger as Japan moves to fingerprint foreigners - World'' . Theage.com.au . ^ `` Malaysia'' . CountryReports . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews'' . secureidnews.com . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ F_161. `` S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People's Daily Online'' . peopledaily.com.cn . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ `` 404 - Page Not Found'' . travel.state.gov . Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. ^ `` Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport'' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. ^ `` Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE'' . SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system. Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore Vientiane Savannakhet Khammuan Bokeo Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam) Samliemkham - (Thailand and Myanmar) Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam) Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam) Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam) Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam) Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia) Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand) Boten - Bo han (China) Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand) Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand) Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam) Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam) Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao , Sint Maarten) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan (Republic of China) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ASEAN : Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other: East Timor Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union/EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here. Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries. Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe. Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized. Unincorporated territory of the United States. Part of Norway, not part of the Schengen Area , special open-border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea-Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN(O) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The vast majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has a small part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized. Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Irish_citizens&oldid=857084371 '' Categories : Human migration Visas Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Spanish-language external links Articles with Azerbaijani-language external links Articles with German-language external links Webarchive template wayback links Use Irish English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use dmy dates from June 2018 EngvarB from June 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 13:24 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -472484022435968772 |
the bags we don't need the english lyrics | `` We Will Bury You '' - Life is Beautiful , So Why Not Eat Health Foods compilation ( New Underground Records , 1983 ) | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Bags Also known as Alice Bag Band Origin Los Angeles Genres Punk rock Years active 1977 -- 1981 Labels Dangerhouse Associated acts The Gun Club , Castration Squad , 45 Grave , The Damned Past members Alice Armandariz Patricia Morrison Craig Lee † Rob Ritter † Terry Graham",
"Bags",
"Also known as Alice Bag Band",
"Origin Los Angeles",
"Genres Punk rock",
"Years active 1977 -- 1981",
"Labels Dangerhouse",
"Associated acts The Gun Club , Castration Squad , 45 Grave , The Damned",
"Past members Alice Armandariz Patricia Morrison Craig Lee † Rob Ritter † Terry Graham",
"The Bags were an American punk rock band formed in 1977 . They were one of the first generation of punk rock bands to emerge from Los Angeles , California .",
"The Bags were formed by Alicia Armendariz and Patricia Morrison , who had met at an audition for Venus and the Razorblades , Kim Fowley 's next attempt at creating a band after The Runaways had left him . Armandariz and Morrison decided to form their own band and from this the Bags were born . They took the band 's name and their stage names `` Alice Bag '' and `` Pat Bag '' from a gimmick that the band used during early performances where they performed with grocery bags over their heads ( the practice did not last , in part due to an incident where Darby Crash of the Germs ran up on stage and ripped the bag off Alice 's head ) . Alice Bag was the vocalist and Pat Bag played bass . The band was rounded out by guitar players Craig Lee and Rob Ritter , and Terry Graham on drums .",
"The Bags played their first concert at The Masque on September 10 , 1977 . Their concerts were riotous affairs including altercations with celebrities , such as one between singer Tom Waits and drummer Nicky Beat at The Troubadour .",
"By 1978 , they had released their only record during the band 's lifetime , a single called `` Survive '' , backed with `` Babylonian Gorgon '' , released by independent record label Dangerhouse Records . `` We Do n't Need The English '' was included on the Yes L.A. punk compilation album released by the same label .",
"After this , Pat Bag left the band . In 1980 the group , minus Pat Bag , was filmed by Penelope Spheeris for the seminal documentary film The Decline of Western Civilization , which also featured the Germs , Black Flag , Catholic Discipline , X and other prominent L.A. punk bands . However , at the release of the film in 1981 the producers billed the group as `` Alice Bag Band '' to avoid any conflict with ex-member Pat . By then , however , the band had broken up .",
"Craig Lee also played with Catholic Discipline , and he and co-member Phranc performed together occasionally when she embarked on her subsequent solo career . However , Lee is best known as a writer and critic for publications such as Flipside fanzine , among many others , and as co-author of the book Hardcore California : A History Of Punk and New Wave . He died , as a result of AIDS in 1991 .",
"Terry Graham went on to play drums for The Gun Club . Pat , now known as Patricia Morrison , also joined The Gun Club soon after . Once she left The Gun Club she joined The Sisters of Mercy and then The Damned , one of the original British punk bands ( and the one that was often credited with sparking the L.A. scene ) , for which she plays bass . She married Dave Vanian , the Damned 's lead singer .",
"Rob Ritter also joined The Gun Club , and appeared on their first LP Fire Of Love , but left , changing his name to Rob Graves and forming the seminal death rock band 45 Grave , with Dinah Cancer , Don Bolles , previously of the Germs and Nervous Gender , Paul Roessler of The Screamers and Nervous Gender and Paul Cutler . 45 Grave was influential in the creation of goth rock . Graves died in 1990 of a heroin overdose .",
"Alice Bag joined the deathrock band Castration Squad , which included Phranc and Dinah Cancer among its many members . In the 1990s , she formed Cholita ! with punk rock drag queen Vaginal Davis and the band released several videos . After this , she performed with Las Tres and then formed Stay at Home Bomb , her most recent musical project . According to her official website , since the deaths of Lee and Ritter and her estrangement from Morrison , she considers the Bags to be permanently disbanded , and has refused to perform Bags songs in public .",
"A collection of recordings from the group has been released on Artifix Records as well as a reissue of the original Dangerhouse single .",
"At the 2008 exhibit `` Vexing : Female Voices From East L.A. Punk '' at the Claremont Museum of Art , Armandariz performed punk versions of mariachi music ( and some Bags songs too ) .",
"In 2011 Alice Bag published her memoir , Violence Girl and embarked on a reading and performance tour across the United States .",
"`` Survive '' / `` Babylonian Gorgon '' 7 '' single ( Dangerhouse Records , 1978 ) All Bagged Up ... The Collected Works 1977 - 1980 ( 2007 ) `` Survive '' 02 : 48 `` Babylonian Gorgon '' 02 : 35 `` We Do n't Need the English '' 01 : 14 `` We Will Bury You '' 01 : 52 `` TV Dinner '' 01 : 49 `` Violent Girl '' 02 : 17 `` Animal Call '' 02 : 21 `` Chainsaw '' 01 : 16 `` 7 and 7 Is ( written by Arthur Lee ) '' 01 : 52 `` 1 , 2 , 3 '' 01 : 26 `` Gluttony '' 02 : 23 `` In Love With Romance '' 01 : 35 `` Survive '' 02 : 48 `` Car Hell '' 02 : 52 `` Real Emotions '' 01 : 57 `` Bag Bondage '' 01 : 20 `` Disco 's Dead '' 02 : 11 `` Prowlers in the Night '' 02 : 57 `` Nothing 's Going on in Here '' 02 : 33 `` We Do n't Need the English '' - Yes L.A. compilation ( Dangerhouse Records , 1979 ) `` Gluttony '' - The Decline of Western Civilization soundtrack ( Slash Records , 1980 ) `` We Will Bury You '' - Life is Beautiful , So Why Not Eat Health Foods compilation ( New Underground Records , 1983 )",
"`` Survive '' / `` Babylonian Gorgon '' 7 '' single ( Dangerhouse Records , 1978 )",
"All Bagged Up ... The Collected Works 1977 - 1980 ( 2007 ) `` Survive '' 02 : 48 `` Babylonian Gorgon '' 02 : 35 `` We Do n't Need the English '' 01 : 14 `` We Will Bury You '' 01 : 52 `` TV Dinner '' 01 : 49 `` Violent Girl '' 02 : 17 `` Animal Call '' 02 : 21 `` Chainsaw '' 01 : 16 `` 7 and 7 Is ( written by Arthur Lee ) '' 01 : 52 `` 1 , 2 , 3 '' 01 : 26 `` Gluttony '' 02 : 23 `` In Love With Romance '' 01 : 35 `` Survive '' 02 : 48 `` Car Hell '' 02 : 52 `` Real Emotions '' 01 : 57 `` Bag Bondage '' 01 : 20 `` Disco 's Dead '' 02 : 11 `` Prowlers in the Night '' 02 : 57 `` Nothing 's Going on in Here '' 02 : 33",
"`` Survive '' 02 : 48 `` Babylonian Gorgon '' 02 : 35 `` We Do n't Need the English '' 01 : 14 `` We Will Bury You '' 01 : 52 `` TV Dinner '' 01 : 49 `` Violent Girl '' 02 : 17 `` Animal Call '' 02 : 21 `` Chainsaw '' 01 : 16 `` 7 and 7 Is ( written by Arthur Lee ) '' 01 : 52 `` 1 , 2 , 3 '' 01 : 26 `` Gluttony '' 02 : 23 `` In Love With Romance '' 01 : 35 `` Survive '' 02 : 48 `` Car Hell '' 02 : 52 `` Real Emotions '' 01 : 57 `` Bag Bondage '' 01 : 20 `` Disco 's Dead '' 02 : 11 `` Prowlers in the Night '' 02 : 57 `` Nothing 's Going on in Here '' 02 : 33",
"`` Survive '' 02 : 48",
"`` Babylonian Gorgon '' 02 : 35",
"`` We Do n't Need the English '' 01 : 14",
"`` We Will Bury You '' 01 : 52",
"`` TV Dinner '' 01 : 49",
"`` Violent Girl '' 02 : 17",
"`` Animal Call '' 02 : 21",
"`` Chainsaw '' 01 : 16",
"`` 7 and 7 Is ( written by Arthur Lee ) '' 01 : 52",
"`` 1 , 2 , 3 '' 01 : 26",
"`` Gluttony '' 02 : 23",
"`` In Love With Romance '' 01 : 35",
"`` Survive '' 02 : 48",
"`` Car Hell '' 02 : 52",
"`` Real Emotions '' 01 : 57",
"`` Bag Bondage '' 01 : 20",
"`` Disco 's Dead '' 02 : 11",
"`` Prowlers in the Night '' 02 : 57",
"`` Nothing 's Going on in Here '' 02 : 33",
"`` We Do n't Need the English '' - Yes L.A. compilation ( Dangerhouse Records , 1979 )",
"`` Gluttony '' - The Decline of Western Civilization soundtrack ( Slash Records , 1980 )",
"`` We Will Bury You '' - Life is Beautiful , So Why Not Eat Health Foods compilation ( New Underground Records , 1983 )"
] | Bags (Los Angeles band) - wikipedia Bags (Los Angeles band) hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2007) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bags Also known as Alice Bag Band Origin Los Angeles Genres Punk rock Years active 1977-- 1981 Labels Dangerhouse Associated acts The Gun Club , Castration Squad, 45 Grave , The Damned Past members Alice Armandariz Patricia Morrison Craig Lee † Rob Ritter † Terry Graham The Bags were an American punk rock band formed in 1977. They were one of the first generation of punk rock bands to emerge from Los Angeles , California. Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Discography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) The Bags were formed by Alicia Armendariz and Patricia Morrison , who had met at an audition for Venus and the Razorblades , Kim Fowley 's next attempt at creating a band after The Runaways had left him. Armandariz and Morrison decided to form their own band and from this the Bags were born. They took the band's name and their stage names `` Alice Bag'' and `` Pat Bag'' from a gimmick that the band used during early performances where they performed with grocery bags over their heads (the practice did not last, in part due to an incident where Darby Crash of the Germs ran up on stage and ripped the bag off Alice's head). Alice Bag was the vocalist and Pat Bag played bass. The band was rounded out by guitar players Craig Lee and Rob Ritter , and Terry Graham on drums. The Bags played their first concert at The Masque on September 10, 1977. Their concerts were riotous affairs including altercations with celebrities, such as one between singer Tom Waits and drummer Nicky Beat at The Troubadour . By 1978, they had released their only record during the band's lifetime, a single called `` Survive'' , backed with `` Babylonian Gorgon'' , released by independent record label Dangerhouse Records . `` We Don't Need The English'' was included on the Yes L.A. punk compilation album released by the same label. After this, Pat Bag left the band. In 1980 the group, minus Pat Bag, was filmed by Penelope Spheeris for the seminal documentary film The Decline of Western Civilization , which also featured the Germs, Black Flag , Catholic Discipline , X and other prominent L.A. punk bands. However, at the release of the film in 1981 the producers billed the group as `` Alice Bag Band'' to avoid any conflict with ex-member Pat. By then, however, the band had broken up. Craig Lee also played with Catholic Discipline , and he and co-member Phranc performed together occasionally when she embarked on her subsequent solo career. However, Lee is best known as a writer and critic for publications such as Flipside fanzine , among many others, and as co-author of the book Hardcore California: A History Of Punk and New Wave . He died, as a result of AIDS in 1991. Terry Graham went on to play drums for The Gun Club . Pat, now known as Patricia Morrison , also joined The Gun Club soon after. Once she left The Gun Club she joined The Sisters of Mercy and then The Damned , one of the original British punk bands (and the one that was often credited with sparking the L.A. scene), for which she plays bass. She married Dave Vanian , the Damned's lead singer. Rob Ritter also joined The Gun Club, and appeared on their first LP Fire Of Love , but left, changing his name to Rob Graves and forming the seminal death rock band 45 Grave , with Dinah Cancer , Don Bolles , previously of the Germs and Nervous Gender , Paul Roessler of The Screamers and Nervous Gender and Paul Cutler . 45 Grave was influential in the creation of goth rock . Graves died in 1990 of a heroin overdose. Alice Bag joined the deathrock band Castration Squad, which included Phranc and Dinah Cancer among its many members. In the 1990s, she formed Cholita! with punk rock drag queen Vaginal Davis and the band released several videos. After this, she performed with Las Tres and then formed Stay at Home Bomb, her most recent musical project. According to her official website, since the deaths of Lee and Ritter and her estrangement from Morrison, she considers the Bags to be permanently disbanded, and has refused to perform Bags songs in public. A collection of recordings from the group has been released on Artifix Records as well as a reissue of the original Dangerhouse single. At the 2008 exhibit `` Vexing: Female Voices From East L.A. Punk'' at the Claremont Museum of Art, Armandariz performed punk versions of mariachi music (and some Bags songs too). In 2011 Alice Bag published her memoir, Violence Girl and embarked on a reading and performance tour across the United States. Discography ( edit ) `` Survive'' /`` Babylonian Gorgon'' 7'' single ( Dangerhouse Records , 1978) All Bagged Up... The Collected Works 1977-1980 (2007) `` Survive'' 02:48 `` Babylonian Gorgon'' 02:35 `` We Don't Need the English'' 01:14 `` We Will Bury You'' 01:52 `` TV Dinner'' 01:49 `` Violent Girl'' 02:17 `` Animal Call'' 02:21 `` Chainsaw'' 01:16 `` 7 and 7 Is (written by Arthur Lee )'' 01:52 `` 1,2,3'' 01:26 `` Gluttony'' 02:23 `` In Love With Romance'' 01:35 `` Survive'' 02:48 `` Car Hell'' 02:52 `` Real Emotions'' 01:57 `` Bag Bondage'' 01:20 `` Disco's Dead'' 02:11 `` Prowlers in the Night'' 02:57 `` Nothing's Going on in Here'' 02:33 `` We Don't Need the English'' - Yes L.A. compilation (Dangerhouse Records, 1979) `` Gluttony'' - The Decline of Western Civilization soundtrack ( Slash Records , 1980) `` We Will Bury You'' - Life is Beautiful, So Why Not Eat Health Foods compilation (New Underground Records, 1983) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Waits Library'' . Archived from the original on 2010-02-18. Jump up ^ Gurza, Agustin (2008-05-10), `` Museum showcases female punk scene'' , Los Angeles Times , retrieved 2009-08-30 External links ( edit ) Full original article Official Alice Bag Site Artifix Records Bags page A page dedicated to Craig Lee LCCN : no2009082969 MusicBrainz : 41996ba1-ffdd-403c-96d6-d89d994a121c VIAF : 142294573 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bags_(Los_Angeles_band)&oldid=838660658 '' Categories : 1977 establishments in California 1981 disestablishments in California Punk rock groups from California Musical groups disestablished in 1981 Musical groups established in 1977 Musical groups from Los Angeles Dangerhouse Records artists Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2007 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018, at 13:11 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 8571071123693697215 |
where is stonehenge located when was it built who built it | `` Stonehenge '' , a 2013 song by Ylvis | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Stonehenge Stonehenge in 2007 Map of Wiltshire showing the location of Stonehenge Location Wiltshire , England Coordinates 51 ° 10 ′ 43.84 '' N 1 ° 49 ′ 34.28 '' W / 51.1788444 ° N 1.8261889 ° W / 51.1788444 ; - 1.8261889 Coordinates : 51 ° 10 ′ 43.84 '' N 1 ° 49 ′ 34.28 '' W / 51.1788444 ° N 1.8261889 ° W / 51.1788444 ; - 1.8261889 Type Monument Height Each standing stone was around 13 foot ( 4.1 metres ) high History Material sarsen , bluestone Founded Bronze Age UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iii Designated 1986 ( 10th session ) Reference no . 373 Region Europe and North America",
"Stonehenge in 2007",
"Map of Wiltshire showing the location of Stonehenge",
"Location Wiltshire , England",
"Coordinates 51 ° 10 ′ 43.84 '' N 1 ° 49 ′ 34.28 '' W / 51.1788444 ° N 1.8261889 ° W / 51.1788444 ; - 1.8261889 Coordinates : 51 ° 10 ′ 43.84 '' N 1 ° 49 ′ 34.28 '' W / 51.1788444 ° N 1.8261889 ° W / 51.1788444 ; - 1.8261889",
"Type Monument",
"Height Each standing stone was around 13 foot ( 4.1 metres ) high",
"History",
"Material sarsen , bluestone",
"Founded Bronze Age",
"UNESCO World Heritage Site",
"Official name Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites",
"Type Cultural",
"Criteria i , ii , iii",
"Designated 1986 ( 10th session )",
"Reference no . 373",
"Region Europe and North America",
"Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire , England , 2 miles ( 3 km ) west of Amesbury and 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Salisbury . It consists of a ring of standing stones , with each standing stone around 13 ft ( 4.1 metres ) high , 6 ft 11 in ( 2.1 metres ) wide and weighing around 25 tons . The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England , including several hundred burial mounds .",
"Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC . The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch , which constitute the earliest phase of the monument , have been dated to about 3100 BC . Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC , although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC .",
"One of the most famous landmarks in the UK , Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon . It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain . The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 . Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage ; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust .",
"Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings . Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC , when the ditch and bank were first dug , and continued for at least another five hundred years .",
"The Oxford English Dictionary cites Ælfric 's tenth - century glossary , in which henge - cliff is given the meaning `` precipice '' , or stone , thus the stanenges or Stanheng `` not far from Salisbury '' recorded by eleventh - century writers are `` supported stones '' . William Stukeley in 1740 notes , `` Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire ... I doubt not , Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones . '' Christopher Chippindale 's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English words stān meaning `` stone '' , and either hencg meaning `` hinge '' ( because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones ) or hen ( c ) en meaning `` hang '' or `` gallows '' or `` instrument of torture '' ( though elsewhere in his book , Chippindale cites the `` suspended stones '' etymology ) . Like Stonehenge 's trilithons , medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them , rather than the inverted L - shape more familiar today .",
"The `` henge '' portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henges . Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch . As often happens in archaeological terminology , this is a holdover from antiquarian use , and Stonehenge is not truly a henge site as its bank is inside its ditch . Despite being contemporary with true Neolithic henges and stone circles , Stonehenge is in many ways atypical -- for example , at more than 7.3 metres ( 24 ft ) tall , its extant trilithons supporting lintels held in place with mortise and tenon joints , make it unique .",
"Mike Parker Pearson , leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project based at Durrington Walls , noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence :",
"Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge 's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument 's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead .",
"Stonehenge evolved in several construction phases spanning at least 1500 years . There is evidence of large - scale construction on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape 's time frame to 6500 years . Dating and understanding the various phases of activity is complicated by disturbance of the natural chalk by periglacial effects and animal burrowing , poor quality early excavation records , and a lack of accurate , scientifically verified dates . The modern phasing most generally agreed to by archaeologists is detailed below . Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan , right .",
"Archaeologists have found four , or possibly five , large Mesolithic postholes ( one may have been a natural tree throw ) , which date to around 8000 BC , beneath the nearby modern tourist car - park . These held pine posts around 0.75 metres ( 2 ft 6 in ) in diameter , which were erected and eventually rotted in situ . Three of the posts ( and possibly four ) were in an east - west alignment which may have had ritual significance . Another Mesolithic astronomical site from Britain is the Warren Field site in Aberdeenshire , which is considered the worlds oldest Lunar calendar corrected yearly by observing the midwinter solstice . Similar but later sites have been found in Scandinavia . A settlement that may have been contemporaneous with the posts has been found at Blick Mead , a reliable year - round spring 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) from Stonehenge .",
"Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later , during the earlier Neolithic , people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood 's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape . In approximately 3500 BC , a Stonehenge Cursus was built 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area . A number of other adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds , previously overlooked , may date as far back as 4000 BC . Charcoal from the ' Blick Mead ' camp 2.4 kilometres ( 1.5 mi ) from Stonehenge ( near the Vespasian 's Camp site ) has been dated to 4000 BC . The University of Buckingham 's Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here over a period of several millennia , making it potentially `` one of the pivotal places in the history of the Stonehenge landscape . ''",
"The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous ( Santonian Age ) Seaford Chalk , measuring about 110 metres ( 360 ft ) in diameter , with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south . It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot . The builders placed the bones of deer and oxen in the bottom of the ditch , as well as some worked flint tools . The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch , and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial . The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections , like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area . The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank . This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC , after which the ditch began to silt up naturally . Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits , each about a metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) in diameter , known as the Aubrey holes after John Aubrey , the seventeenth - century antiquarian who was thought to have first identified them . The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a timber circle , although there is no excavated evidence of them . A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle . If this were the case , it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years . A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period .",
"In 2013 a team of archaeologists , led by Mike Parker Pearson , excavated more than 50,000 cremated bones of 63 individuals buried at Stonehenge . These remains had originally been buried individually in the Aubrey holes , exhumed during a previous excavation conducted by William Hawley in 1920 , been considered unimportant by him , and subsequently re-interred together in one hole , Aubrey Hole 7 , in 1935 . Physical and chemical analysis of the remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and women , and included some children . As there was evidence of the underlying chalk beneath the graves being crushed by substantial weight , the team concluded that the first bluestones brought from Wales were probably used as grave markers . Radiocarbon dating of the remains has put the date of the site 500 years earlier than previously estimated , to around 3000 BC .",
"Analysis of animal teeth found at nearby Durrington Walls , thought to be the ' builders camp ' , suggests that as many as 4,000 people gathered at the site for the mid-winter and mid-summer festivals ; the evidence showed that the animals had been slaughtered around 9 months or 15 months after their spring birth . Strontium isotope analysis of the animal teeth showed that some had been brought from as far afield as the Scottish Highlands for the celebrations .",
"Evidence of the second phase is no longer visible . The number of postholes dating to the early 3rd millennium BC suggest that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period . Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance , and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance . The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes , being only around 0.4 metres ( 16 in ) in diameter , and are much less regularly spaced . The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up . At least twenty - five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later , intrusive , cremation burials dating to the two centuries after the monument 's inception . It seems that whatever the holes ' initial function , it changed to become a funerary one during Phase 2 . Thirty further cremations were placed in the enclosure 's ditch and at other points within the monument , mostly in the eastern half . Stonehenge is therefore interpreted as functioning as an enclosed cremation cemetery at this time , the earliest known cremation cemetery in the British Isles . Fragments of unburnt human bone have also been found in the ditch - fill . Dating evidence is provided by the late Neolithic grooved ware pottery that has been found in connection with the features from this phase .",
"Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC , the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes ( the Q and R Holes ) in the centre of the site . These stone sockets are only partly known ( hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming ' crescents ' ) ; however , they could be the remains of a double ring . Again , there is little firm dating evidence for this phase . The holes held up to 80 standing stones ( shown blue on the plan ) , only 43 of which can be traced today . It is generally accepted that the bluestones ( some of which are made of dolerite , an igneous rock ) , were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills , 150 miles ( 240 km ) away in modern - day Pembrokeshire in Wales . Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England .",
"The long distance human transport theory was bolstered in 2011 by the discovery of a megalithic bluestone quarry at Craig Rhos - y - felin , near Crymych in Pembrokeshire , which is the most likely place for some of the stones to have been obtained . Other standing stones may well have been small sarsens ( sandstone ) , used later as lintels . The stones , which weighed about two tons , could have been moved by lifting and carrying them on rows of poles and rectangular frameworks of poles , as recorded in China , Japan and India . It is not known whether the stones were taken directly from their quarries to Salisbury Plain or were the result of the removal of a venerated stone circle from Preseli to Salisbury Plain to `` merge two sacred centres into one , to unify two politically separate regions , or to legitimise the ancestral identity of migrants moving from one region to another '' . Each monolith measures around 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) in height , between 1 and 1.5 m ( 3.3 and 4.9 ft ) wide and around 0.8 metres ( 2.6 ft ) thick . What was to become known as the Altar Stone is almost certainly derived from the Senni Beds , perhaps from 50 miles ( 80 kilometres ) east of Mynydd Preseli in the Brecon Beacons .",
"The north - eastern entrance was widened at this time , with the result that it precisely matched the direction of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset of the period . This phase of the monument was abandoned unfinished , however ; the small standing stones were apparently removed and the Q and R holes purposefully backfilled . Even so , the monument appears to have eclipsed the site at Avebury in importance towards the end of this phase .",
"The Heelstone , a Tertiary sandstone , may also have been erected outside the north - eastern entrance during this period . It can not be accurately dated and may have been installed at any time during phase 3 . At first it was accompanied by a second stone , which is no longer visible . Two , or possibly three , large portal stones were set up just inside the north - eastern entrance , of which only one , the fallen Slaughter Stone , 4.9 metres ( 16 ft ) long , now remains . Other features , loosely dated to phase 3 , include the four Station Stones , two of which stood atop mounds . The mounds are known as `` barrows '' although they do not contain burials . Stonehenge Avenue , a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 2 miles ( 3 km ) to the River Avon , was also added . Two ditches similar to Heelstone Ditch circling the Heelstone ( which was by then reduced to a single monolith ) were later dug around the Station Stones .",
"During the next major phase of activity , 30 enormous Oligocene - Miocene sarsen stones ( shown grey on the plan ) were brought to the site . They may have come from a quarry around 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Stonehenge on the Marlborough Downs , or they may have been collected from a `` litter '' of sarsens on the chalk downs , closer to hand . The stones were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before 30 were erected as a 33 metres ( 108 ft ) diameter circle of standing stones , with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top . The lintels were fitted to one another using another woodworking method , the tongue and groove joint . Each standing stone was around 4.1 metres ( 13 ft ) high , 2.1 metres ( 6 ft 11 in ) wide and weighed around 25 tons . Each had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind ; the orthostats widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground , while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument .",
"The inward - facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces . The average thickness of the stones is 1.1 metres ( 3 ft 7 in ) and the average distance between them is 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) . A total of 75 stones would have been needed to complete the circle ( 60 stones ) and the trilithon horseshoe ( 15 stones ) . It was thought the ring might have been left incomplete , but an exceptionally dry summer in 2013 revealed patches of parched grass which may correspond to the location of removed sarsens . The lintel stones are each around 3.2 metres ( 10 ft ) long , 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) wide and 0.8 metres ( 2 ft 7 in ) thick . The tops of the lintels are 4.9 metres ( 16 ft ) above the ground .",
"Within this circle stood five trilithons of dressed sarsen stone arranged in a horseshoe shape 13.7 metres ( 45 ft ) across , with its open end facing north east . These huge stones , ten uprights and five lintels , weigh up to 50 tons each . They were linked using complex jointing . They are arranged symmetrically . The smallest pair of trilithons were around 6 metres ( 20 ft ) tall , the next pair a little higher , and the largest , single trilithon in the south west corner would have been 7.3 metres ( 24 ft ) tall . Only one upright from the Great Trilithon still stands , of which 6.7 metres ( 22 ft ) is visible and a further 2.4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) is below ground . The images of a ' dagger ' and 14 ' axeheads ' have been carved on one of the sarsens , known as stone 53 ; further carvings of axeheads have been seen on the outer faces of stones 3 , 4 , and 5 . The carvings are difficult to date , but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons . early 21st - century laser scanning of the carvings supports this interpretation . The pair of trilithons in the north east are smallest , measuring around 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in height ; the largest , which is in the south west of the horseshoe , is almost 7.5 metres ( 25 ft ) tall .",
"This ambitious phase has been radiocarbon dated to between 2600 and 2400 BC , slightly earlier than the Stonehenge Archer , discovered in the outer ditch of the monument in 1978 , and the two sets of burials , known as the Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen , discovered 3 miles ( 5 km ) to the west . At about the same time , a large timber circle and a second avenue were constructed 2 miles ( 3 km ) away at Durrington Walls overlooking the River Avon . The timber circle was oriented towards the rising sun on the midwinter solstice , opposing the solar alignments at Stonehenge . The avenue was aligned with the setting sun on the summer solstice and led from the river to the timber circle . Evidence of huge fires on the banks of the Avon between the two avenues also suggests that both circles were linked . They were perhaps used as a procession route on the longest and shortest days of the year . Parker Pearson speculates that the wooden circle at Durrington Walls was the centre of a ' land of the living ' , whilst the stone circle represented a ' land of the dead ' , with the Avon serving as a journey between the two .",
"Later in the Bronze Age , although the exact details of activities during this period are still unclear , the bluestones appear to have been re-erected . They were placed within the outer sarsen circle and may have been trimmed in some way . Like the sarsens , a few have timber - working style cuts in them suggesting that , during this phase , they may have been linked with lintels and were part of a larger structure .",
"This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones . They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring . Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales . All the stones formed well - spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III . The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically . Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work , Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors , as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well - founded and began to fall over . However , only minor changes were made after this phase .",
"Soon afterwards , the north eastern section of the Phase 3 IV bluestone circle was removed , creating a horseshoe - shaped setting ( the Bluestone Horseshoe ) which mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons . This phase is contemporary with the Seahenge site in Norfolk .",
"The Y and Z Holes are the last known construction at Stonehenge , built about 1600 BC , and the last usage of it was probably during the Iron Age . Roman coins and medieval artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout British prehistory and beyond , or exactly how it would have been used . Notable is the massive Iron Age hillfort Vespasian 's Camp built alongside the Avenue near the Avon . A decapitated seventh century Saxon man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923 . The site was known to scholars during the Middle Ages and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups .",
"Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records . Many aspects of Stonehenge , such as how it was built and which purposes it was used for , remain subject to debate . A number of myths surround the stones . The site , specifically the great trilithon , the encompassing horseshoe arrangement of the five central trilithons , the heel stone , and the embanked avenue , are aligned to the sunset of the winter solstice and the opposing sunrise of the summer solstice . A natural landform at the monument 's location followed this line , and may have inspired its construction . The excavated remains of culled animal bones suggest that people may have gathered at the site for the winter rather than the summer . Further astronomical associations , and the precise astronomical significance of the site for its people , are a matter of speculation and debate .",
"There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders . Over the years , various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used , usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise due to their massive size . However , conventional techniques , using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs , have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size . How the stones could be transported by a prehistoric people without the aid of the wheel or a pulley system is not known . The most common theory of how prehistoric people moved megaliths has them creating a track of logs on which the large stones were rolled along . Another megalith transport theory involves the use of a type of sleigh running on a track greased with animal fat . Such an experiment with a sleigh carrying a 40 - ton slab of stone was successful near Stonehenge in 1995 . A dedicated team of more than 100 workers managed to push and pull the slab along the 18 - mile ( 29 km ) journey from Marlborough Downs . Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site .",
"More recently two major new theories have been proposed . Professor Geoffrey Wainwright , president of the Society of Antiquaries of London , and Timothy Darvill , of Bournemouth University , have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing -- the primeval equivalent of Lourdes . They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves . However , they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well . Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions . A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea ; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the `` Amesbury Archer '' grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany ; and the `` Boscombe Bowmen '' probably arrived from Wales or Brittany , France .",
"On the other hand , Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon . He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living , whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead . A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death , to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased . Both explanations were first mooted in the twelfth century by Geoffrey of Monmouth , who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument . Whatever religious , mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge , its design includes a celestial observatory function , which might have allowed prediction of eclipse , solstice , equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion .",
"There are other hypotheses and theories . According to a team of British researchers led by Mike Parker Pearson of the University of Sheffield , Stonehenge may have been built as a symbol of `` peace and unity '' , indicated in part by the fact that at the time of its construction , Britain 's Neolithic people were experiencing a period of cultural unification .",
"Another idea has to do with a quality of the stones themselves . Researchers from the Royal College of Art in London have discovered that some of the monument 's stones possess `` unusual acoustic properties '' -- when they are struck they respond with a `` loud clanging noise '' . According to Paul Devereux , editor of the journal Time and Mind : The Journal of Archaeology , Consciousness and Culture , this idea could explain why certain bluestones were hauled nearly 200 miles ( 320 km ) -- a major technical accomplishment at the time . In certain ancient cultures rocks that ring out , known as lithophones , were believed to contain mystic or healing powers , and Stonehenge has a history of association with rituals . The presence of these `` ringing rocks '' seems to support the hypothesis that Stonehenge was a `` place for healing '' , as has been pointed out by Bournemouth University archaeologist Timothy Darvill , who consulted with the researchers . Some of the stones of Stonehenge were brought from near a town in Wales called Maenclochog , a name which means `` ringing rock '' .",
"The Heel Stone lies north east of the sarsen circle , beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue . It is a rough stone , 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) above ground , leaning inwards towards the stone circle . It has been known by many names in the past , including `` Friar 's Heel '' and `` Sun - stone '' . At summer solstice an observer standing within the stone circle , looking north - east through the entrance , would see the Sun rise in the approximate direction of the heel stone , and the sun has often been photographed over it .",
"A folk tale relates the origin of the Friar 's Heel reference .",
"The Devil bought the stones from a woman in Ireland , wrapped them up , and brought them to Salisbury plain . One of the stones fell into the Avon , the rest were carried to the plain . The Devil then cried out , `` No - one will ever find out how these stones came here ! '' A friar replied , `` That 's what you think ! '' , whereupon the Devil threw one of the stones at him and struck him on the heel . The stone stuck in the ground and is still there . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable attributes this tale to Geoffrey of Monmouth , but though book eight of Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae does describe how Stonehenge was built , the two stories are entirely different .",
"The Devil bought the stones from a woman in Ireland , wrapped them up , and brought them to Salisbury plain . One of the stones fell into the Avon , the rest were carried to the plain . The Devil then cried out , `` No - one will ever find out how these stones came here ! '' A friar replied , `` That 's what you think ! '' , whereupon the Devil threw one of the stones at him and struck him on the heel . The stone stuck in the ground and is still there . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable attributes this tale to Geoffrey of Monmouth , but though book eight of Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae does describe how Stonehenge was built , the two stories are entirely different .",
"The name is not unique ; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the nineteenth century by antiquarian Charles Warne at Long Bredy in Dorset .",
"In the twelfth century , Geoffrey of Monmouth included a fanciful story in his Historia Regum Britanniae ( `` History of the Kings of Britain '' ) that attributed the monument 's construction to the wizard Merlin . Geoffrey 's story spread widely , appearing in more and less elaborate form in adaptations of his work such as Wace 's Norman French Roman de Brut , Layamon 's Middle English Brut , and the Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd .",
"According to Geoffrey the rocks of Stonehenge were healing rocks , called the Giant 's dance , which Giants had brought from Africa to Ireland for their healing properties . The fifth - century king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to erect a memorial to 3,000 nobles slain in battle against the Saxons and buried at Salisbury , and at Merlin 's advice chose Stonehenge . The king sent Merlin , Uther Pendragon ( King Arthur 's father ) , and 15,000 knights , to remove it from Ireland , where it had been constructed on Mount Killaraus by the Giants . They slew 7,000 Irish but , as the knights tried to move the rocks with ropes and force , they failed . Then Merlin , using `` gear '' and skill , easily dismantled the stones and sent them over to Britain , where Stonehenge was dedicated . After it had been rebuilt near Amesbury , Geoffrey further narrates how first Ambrosius Aurelianus , then Uther Pendragon , and finally Constantine III , were buried inside the `` Giants ' Ring of Stonehenge '' .",
"In another legend of Saxons and Britons , in 472 the invading king Hengist invited Brythonic warriors to a feast , but treacherously ordered his men to draw their weapons from concealment and fall upon the guests , killing 420 of them . Hengist erected the stone monument -- Stonehenge -- on the site to show his remorse for the deed .",
"Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since King Henry VIII acquired Amesbury Abbey and its surrounding lands . In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the Earl of Hertford . It subsequently passed to Lord Carleton and then the Marquess of Queensberry . The Antrobus family of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824 . During World War I an aerodrome ( Royal Flying Corps `` No. 1 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping '' ) was built on the downs just to the west of the circle and , in the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom , a main road junction was built , along with several cottages and a cafe . The Antrobus family sold the site after their last heir was killed in the fighting in France . The auction by Knight Frank & Rutley estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included `` Lot 15 . Stonehenge with about 30 acres , 2 rods , 37 perches ( 12.44 ha ) of adjoining downland . ''",
"Cecil Chubb bought the site for £ 6,600 and gave it to the nation three years later . Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of -- or even as a present for -- his wife , in fact he bought it on a whim , as he believed a local man should be the new owner .",
"In the late 1920s a nationwide appeal was launched to save Stonehenge from the encroachment of the modern buildings that had begun to rise around it . By 1928 the land around the monument had been purchased with the appeal donations , and given to the National Trust to preserve . The buildings were removed ( although the roads were not ) , and the land returned to agriculture . More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme , returning the surrounding fields to native chalk grassland .",
"During the twentieth century , Stonehenge began to revive as a place of religious significance , this time by adherents of Neopaganism and New Age beliefs , particularly the Neo-druids . The historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that `` it was a great , and potentially uncomfortable , irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it . '' The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids , who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905 , in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation . This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press , who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards .",
"Between 1972 and 1984 , Stonehenge was the site of the Stonehenge Free Festival . After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985 , this use of the site was stopped for several years and ritual use of Stonehenge is now heavily restricted . Some Druids have arranged an assembling of monuments styled on Stonehenge in other parts of the world as a form of Druidist worship .",
"When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones , but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion . Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones , but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away . English Heritage does , however , permit access during the summer and winter solstice , and the spring and autumn equinox . Additionally , visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year .",
"The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism , highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey . In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites , 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations , declaring it to be `` in moderate trouble '' .",
"As motorised traffic increased , the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side -- the A344 to Shrewton on the north side , and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south . Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site . However , the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions . On 6 December 2007 , it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors ' centre had been cancelled .",
"On 13 May 2009 , the government gave approval for a £ 25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors ' centre and close the A344 , although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent . On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre 2.4 km ( 1.5 miles ) to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available , supported by a £ 10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund . On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and replacing it with grass . The centre , designed by Denton Corker Marshall , opened to the public on 18 December 2013 .",
"The earlier rituals were augmented by the Stonehenge Free Festival , loosely organised by the Politantric Circle , held between 1972 and 1984 , during which time the number of midsummer visitors had risen to around 30,000 . However , in 1985 the site was closed to festivalgoers by English Heritage and the National Trust . A consequence of the end of the festival in 1985 was the violent confrontation between the police and New Age travellers that became known as the Battle of the Beanfield when police blockaded a convoy of travellers to prevent them from approaching Stonehenge . Beginning in 1985 , the year of the Battle of the Beanfield , no access was allowed into the stones at Stonehenge for any religious reason . This ' exclusion zone ' policy continued for almost fifteen years and until just before the arrival of the twenty - first century , visitors were not allowed to go into the stones at times of religious significance : the two Solstices ( Winter and Summer ) and two Equinoxes ( Vernal and Autumnal ) .",
"However , now due to the Roundtable process and the ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings gained by picketing by campaigners such as Brian `` Viziondanz '' Felstein and King Arthur Pendragon , some access had been gained four times a year . The ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings recognises that members of any genuine religion have a right to worship in their own church , and Stonehenge is a place of worship to Neo-Druids , Pagans and other ' Earth based ' or ' old ' religions . The Roundtable meetings include members of the Wiltshire Police force , National Trust , English Heritage , Pagans , Druids , Spiritualists and others .",
"At the Summer Solstice 2003 which fell over a weekend over 30,000 people attended a gathering at and in the stones . The 2004 gathering was smaller ( around 21,000 people ) .",
"( ( ( annotations ) ) )",
"Throughout recorded history , Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from antiquarians and archaeologists . John Aubrey was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666 , and recorded in his plan of the monument the pits that now bear his name . William Stukeley continued Aubrey 's work in the early eighteenth century , but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well , identifying ( somewhat incorrectly ) the Cursus and the Avenue . He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area , and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the Druids . Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named Disc Barrows as Druids ' Barrows . The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect John Wood in 1740 . His original annotated survey has recently been computer redrawn and published . Importantly Wood 's plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon , which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958 .",
"William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early nineteenth century . He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood , animal bones , pottery and urns . He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood . Richard Colt Hoare supported Cunnington 's work and excavated some 379 barrows on Salisbury Plain including on some 200 in the area around the Stones , some excavated in conjunction with William Coxe . To alert future diggers to their work they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened . Cunnington 's finds are displayed at the Wiltshire Museum . In 1877 Charles Darwin dabbled in archaeology at the stones , experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth for his book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms .",
"William Gowland oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901 which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling . In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position . Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date , revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done . During the 1920 restoration William Hawley , who had excavated nearby Old Sarum , excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch . He also located a bottle of port in the Slaughter Stone socket left by Cunnington , helped to rediscover Aubrey 's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the Y and Z Holes .",
"Richard Atkinson , Stuart Piggott and John F.S. Stone re-excavated much of Hawley 's work in the 1940s and 1950s , and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones . Atkinson 's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument 's construction .",
"In 1958 the stones were restored again , when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases . The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over . It was again re-erected , and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones . Later archaeologists , including Christopher Chippindale of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology , University of Cambridge and Brian Edwards of the University of the West of England , campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and in 2004 English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book Stonehenge : A History in Photographs .",
"In 1966 and 1967 , in advance of a new car park being built at the site , the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher . They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC , as well as a 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) length of a palisade ditch -- a V - cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away . Subsequent aerial archaeology suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge , near the avenue .",
"Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans during which they discovered the remains of the Stonehenge Archer in the outer ditch , and in 1979 rescue archaeology was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable - laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside , revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone .",
"In the early 1980s Julian Richards led the Stonehenge Environs Project , a detailed study of the surrounding landscape . The project was able to successfully date such features as the Lesser Cursus , Coneybury Henge and several other smaller features .",
"In 1993 the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called ' a national disgrace ' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee . Part of English Heritage 's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date . This two - year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph Stonehenge in its landscape , which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site . It presented a rephasing of the monument .",
"More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the Stonehenge Riverside Project , led by Mike Parker Pearson . This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones -- notably Durrington Walls , where another `` Avenue '' leading to the River Avon was discovered . The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated , and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones , most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue . In April 2008 Tim Darvill of the University of Bournemouth and Geoff Wainwright of the Society of Antiquaries , began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve dateable fragments of the original bluestone pillars . They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC , although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge . They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC , which , along with the Mesolithic postholes , adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started . In August and September 2008 , as part of the Riverside Project , Julian Richards and Mike Pitts excavated Aubrey Hole 7 , removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s , and re-interred in 1935 . A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the Ministry of Justice in May 2008 , in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008 . One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely , privately and decently .",
"A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009 . A shallow mound , rising to about 40 cm ( 16 inches ) was identified between stones 54 ( inner circle ) and 10 ( outer circle ) , clearly separated from the natural slope . It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth - and nineteenth - century illustrations . Indeed , there is some evidence that , as an uncommon geological feature , it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset . A circular , shallow bank , little more than 10 cm ( 4 inches ) high , was found between the Y and Z hole circles , with a further bank lying inside the `` Z '' circle . These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes , or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within .",
"In July 2010 , the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a `` henge - like '' monument less than 1 km ( 0.62 miles ) away from the main site . This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located `` at the site of Amesbury 50 '' , a round barrow in the Cursus Barrows group .",
"On 26 November 2011 , archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the Stonehenge Cursus pathway , aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone . The new discovery is part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010 . The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape . According to team leader Vince Gaffney , this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge .",
"On 18 December 2011 , geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the exact source of some of the rhyolite fragments found in the Stonehenge debitage . These fragments do not seem to match any of the standing stones or bluestone stumps . The researchers have identified the source as a 70 - metre ( 230 ft ) long rock outcrop called Craig Rhos - y - Felin ( 51 ° 59 ′ 30.07 '' N 4 ° 44 ′ 40.85 '' W / 51.9916861 ° N 4.7446806 ° W / 51.9916861 ; - 4.7446806 ( Craig Rhos - y - Felin ) ) , near Pont Saeson in north Pembrokeshire , located 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) from Stonehenge .",
"On 10 September 2014 the University of Birmingham announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds , overlooked previously , that may date as far back as 4000 BC . An area extending to 12 square kilometres ( 1,200 ha ) was studied to a depth of three metres with ground - penetrating radar equipment . As many as seventeen new monuments , revealed nearby , may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge . The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments . Also included in the discovery is that the cursus track is terminated by two five - meter wide extremely deep pits , whose purpose is still a mystery .",
"`` Stonehenge '' from mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap `` Stonehenge '' , a 2013 song by Ylvis",
"`` Stonehenge '' from mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap",
"`` Stonehenge '' , a 2013 song by Ylvis"
] | Stonehenge - wikipedia Stonehenge Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Stonehenge (disambiguation) . Stonehenge Stonehenge in 2007 Map of Wiltshire showing the location of Stonehenge Location Wiltshire , England Coordinates 51° 10′ 43.84'' N 1° 49′ 34.28'' W / 51.1788444° N 1.8261889° W / 51.1788444; -1.8261889 Coordinates : 51° 10′ 43.84'' N 1° 49′ 34.28'' W / 51.1788444° N 1.8261889° W / 51.1788444; -1.8261889 Type Monument Height Each standing stone was around 13 foot (4.1 metres) high History Material sarsen , bluestone Founded Bronze Age UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites Type Cultural Criteria i, ii, iii Designated 1986 (10th session ) Reference no. 373 Region Europe and North America Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire , England, 2 miles (3 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury . It consists of a ring of standing stones , with each standing stone around 13 ft (4.1 metres) high, 6 ft 11 in (2.1 metres) wide and weighing around 25 tons. The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds . Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC, although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC. One of the most famous landmarks in the UK, Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon . It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain. The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986. Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage ; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust . Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings. Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC, when the ditch and bank were first dug, and continued for at least another five hundred years. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Early history 2.1 Before the monument (8000 BC forward) 2.2 Stonehenge 1 (ca. 3100 BC) 2.3 Stonehenge 2 (ca. 3000 BC) 2.4 Stonehenge 3 I (ca. 2,600 BC) 2.5 Stonehenge 3 II (2600 BC to 2400 BC) 2.6 Stonehenge 3 III (2400 BC to 2280 BC) 2.7 Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC) 2.8 Stonehenge 3 V (1930 BC to 1600 BC) 2.9 After the monument (1600 BC on) 3 Function and construction 4 Modern history 4.1 Folklore 4.1.1 `` Heel Stone'' , `` Friar's Heel'' , or `` Sun-Stone'' 4.1.2 Arthurian legend 4.2 Sixteenth century to present 4.2.1 Neopaganism 4.2.2 Setting and access 4.2.3 Stonehenge Roundtable Access 4.3 Archaeological research and restoration 4.3.1 1600-- 1900 4.3.2 1900-- 2000 4.3.3 2000s 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Videography 10 External links Etymology The Oxford English Dictionary cites Ælfric 's tenth-century glossary, in which henge-cliff is given the meaning `` precipice'' , or stone, thus the stanenges or Stanheng `` not far from Salisbury'' recorded by eleventh-century writers are `` supported stones'' . William Stukeley in 1740 notes, `` Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire...I doubt not, Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones.'' Christopher Chippindale 's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English words stān meaning `` stone'' , and either hencg meaning `` hinge '' (because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones) or hen(c)en meaning `` hang '' or `` gallows '' or `` instrument of torture'' (though elsewhere in his book, Chippindale cites the `` suspended stones'' etymology). Like Stonehenge's trilithons , medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them, rather than the inverted L-shape more familiar today. The `` henge'' portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henges . Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch. As often happens in archaeological terminology, this is a holdover from antiquarian use, and Stonehenge is not truly a henge site as its bank is inside its ditch. Despite being contemporary with true Neolithic henges and stone circles , Stonehenge is in many ways atypical-- for example, at more than 7.3 metres (24 ft) tall, its extant trilithons supporting lintels held in place with mortise and tenon joints, make it unique. Early History Plan of Stonehenge in 2004. After Cleal et al. and Pitts. Italicised numbers in the text refer to the labels on this plan. Trilithon lintels omitted for clarity. Holes that no longer, or never, contained stones are shown as open circles. Stones visible today are shown coloured Mike Parker Pearson , leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project based at Durrington Walls , noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence: Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead. -- Mike Parker Pearson Stonehenge evolved in several construction phases spanning at least 1500 years. There is evidence of large-scale construction on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape's time frame to 6500 years. Dating and understanding the various phases of activity is complicated by disturbance of the natural chalk by periglacial effects and animal burrowing, poor quality early excavation records, and a lack of accurate, scientifically verified dates. The modern phasing most generally agreed to by archaeologists is detailed below. Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan, right. Before the monument (8000 BC forward) Archaeologists have found four, or possibly five, large Mesolithic postholes (one may have been a natural tree throw ), which date to around 8000 BC, beneath the nearby modern tourist car-park. These held pine posts around 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) in diameter, which were erected and eventually rotted in situ . Three of the posts (and possibly four) were in an east-west alignment which may have had ritual significance. Another Mesolithic astronomical site from Britain is the Warren Field site in Aberdeenshire , which is considered the worlds oldest Lunar calendar corrected yearly by observing the midwinter solstice . Similar but later sites have been found in Scandinavia . A settlement that may have been contemporaneous with the posts has been found at Blick Mead , a reliable year-round spring 1 mile (1.6 km) from Stonehenge. Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later, during the earlier Neolithic, people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape. In approximately 3500 BC, a Stonehenge Cursus was built 700 metres (2,300 ft) north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area. A number of other adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds, previously overlooked, may date as far back as 4000 BC. Charcoal from the ' Blick Mead' camp 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) from Stonehenge (near the Vespasian's Camp site) has been dated to 4000 BC. The University of Buckingham 's Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here over a period of several millennia, making it potentially `` one of the pivotal places in the history of the Stonehenge landscape.'' Stonehenge 1 (ca. 3100 BC) Stonehenge 1. After Cleal et al. The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous ( Santonian Age) Seaford Chalk , measuring about 110 metres (360 ft) in diameter, with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south. It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot. The builders placed the bones of deer and oxen in the bottom of the ditch, as well as some worked flint tools. The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch, and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial. The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections, like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area. The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank. This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC, after which the ditch began to silt up naturally. Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits, each about a metre (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, known as the Aubrey holes after John Aubrey , the seventeenth-century antiquarian who was thought to have first identified them. The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a timber circle , although there is no excavated evidence of them. A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle. If this were the case, it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years. A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period. In 2013 a team of archaeologists, led by Mike Parker Pearson , excavated more than 50,000 cremated bones of 63 individuals buried at Stonehenge. These remains had originally been buried individually in the Aubrey holes, exhumed during a previous excavation conducted by William Hawley in 1920, been considered unimportant by him, and subsequently re-interred together in one hole, Aubrey Hole 7, in 1935. Physical and chemical analysis of the remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and women, and included some children. As there was evidence of the underlying chalk beneath the graves being crushed by substantial weight, the team concluded that the first bluestones brought from Wales were probably used as grave markers. Radiocarbon dating of the remains has put the date of the site 500 years earlier than previously estimated, to around 3000 BC. Analysis of animal teeth found at nearby Durrington Walls , thought to be the ' builders camp' , suggests that as many as 4,000 people gathered at the site for the mid-winter and mid-summer festivals; the evidence showed that the animals had been slaughtered around 9 months or 15 months after their spring birth. Strontium isotope analysis of the animal teeth showed that some had been brought from as far afield as the Scottish Highlands for the celebrations. Stonehenge 2 (ca. 3000 BC) Evidence of the second phase is no longer visible. The number of postholes dating to the early 3rd millennium BC suggest that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period. Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance, and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance. The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes, being only around 0.4 metres (16 in) in diameter, and are much less regularly spaced. The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up. At least twenty-five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later, intrusive, cremation burials dating to the two centuries after the monument's inception. It seems that whatever the holes' initial function, it changed to become a funerary one during Phase 2. Thirty further cremations were placed in the enclosure's ditch and at other points within the monument, mostly in the eastern half. Stonehenge is therefore interpreted as functioning as an enclosed cremation cemetery at this time, the earliest known cremation cemetery in the British Isles. Fragments of unburnt human bone have also been found in the ditch-fill. Dating evidence is provided by the late Neolithic grooved ware pottery that has been found in connection with the features from this phase. Stonehenge 3 I (ca. 2,600 BC) Graffiti on the sarsen stones include ancient carvings of a dagger and an axe Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC, the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes (the Q and R Holes ) in the centre of the site. These stone sockets are only partly known (hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming ' crescents' ); however, they could be the remains of a double ring. Again, there is little firm dating evidence for this phase. The holes held up to 80 standing stones (shown blue on the plan), only 43 of which can be traced today. It is generally accepted that the bluestones (some of which are made of dolerite , an igneous rock), were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills , 150 miles (240 km) away in modern-day Pembrokeshire in Wales. Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England. The long distance human transport theory was bolstered in 2011 by the discovery of a megalithic bluestone quarry at Craig Rhos-y-felin , near Crymych in Pembrokeshire, which is the most likely place for some of the stones to have been obtained. Other standing stones may well have been small sarsens (sandstone), used later as lintels. The stones, which weighed about two tons, could have been moved by lifting and carrying them on rows of poles and rectangular frameworks of poles, as recorded in China, Japan and India. It is not known whether the stones were taken directly from their quarries to Salisbury Plain or were the result of the removal of a venerated stone circle from Preseli to Salisbury Plain to `` merge two sacred centres into one, to unify two politically separate regions, or to legitimise the ancestral identity of migrants moving from one region to another'' . Each monolith measures around 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height, between 1 and 1.5 m (3.3 and 4.9 ft) wide and around 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) thick. What was to become known as the Altar Stone is almost certainly derived from the Senni Beds , perhaps from 50 miles (80 kilometres) east of Mynydd Preseli in the Brecon Beacons. The north-eastern entrance was widened at this time, with the result that it precisely matched the direction of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset of the period. This phase of the monument was abandoned unfinished, however; the small standing stones were apparently removed and the Q and R holes purposefully backfilled. Even so, the monument appears to have eclipsed the site at Avebury in importance towards the end of this phase. The Heelstone , a Tertiary sandstone, may also have been erected outside the north-eastern entrance during this period. It cannot be accurately dated and may have been installed at any time during phase 3. At first it was accompanied by a second stone, which is no longer visible. Two, or possibly three, large portal stones were set up just inside the north-eastern entrance, of which only one, the fallen Slaughter Stone, 4.9 metres (16 ft) long, now remains. Other features, loosely dated to phase 3, include the four Station Stones , two of which stood atop mounds. The mounds are known as `` barrows '' although they do not contain burials. Stonehenge Avenue , a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 2 miles (3 km) to the River Avon , was also added. Two ditches similar to Heelstone Ditch circling the Heelstone (which was by then reduced to a single monolith) were later dug around the Station Stones. Stonehenge 3 ii (2600 BC to 2400 BC) Plan of the central stone structure today; after Johnson 2008 During the next major phase of activity, 30 enormous Oligocene - Miocene sarsen stones (shown grey on the plan) were brought to the site. They may have come from a quarry around 25 miles (40 km) north of Stonehenge on the Marlborough Downs , or they may have been collected from a `` litter'' of sarsens on the chalk downs, closer to hand. The stones were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before 30 were erected as a 33 metres (108 ft) diameter circle of standing stones, with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top. The lintels were fitted to one another using another woodworking method, the tongue and groove joint. Each standing stone was around 4.1 metres (13 ft) high, 2.1 metres (6 ft 11 in) wide and weighed around 25 tons. Each had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind; the orthostats widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground, while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument. The inward-facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces. The average thickness of the stones is 1.1 metres (3 ft 7 in) and the average distance between them is 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). A total of 75 stones would have been needed to complete the circle (60 stones) and the trilithon horseshoe (15 stones). It was thought the ring might have been left incomplete, but an exceptionally dry summer in 2013 revealed patches of parched grass which may correspond to the location of removed sarsens. The lintel stones are each around 3.2 metres (10 ft) long, 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide and 0.8 metres (2 ft 7 in) thick. The tops of the lintels are 4.9 metres (16 ft) above the ground. Within this circle stood five trilithons of dressed sarsen stone arranged in a horseshoe shape 13.7 metres (45 ft) across, with its open end facing north east. These huge stones, ten uprights and five lintels, weigh up to 50 tons each. They were linked using complex jointing. They are arranged symmetrically. The smallest pair of trilithons were around 6 metres (20 ft) tall, the next pair a little higher, and the largest, single trilithon in the south west corner would have been 7.3 metres (24 ft) tall. Only one upright from the Great Trilithon still stands, of which 6.7 metres (22 ft) is visible and a further 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) is below ground. The images of a ' dagger' and 14 ' axeheads' have been carved on one of the sarsens, known as stone 53; further carvings of axeheads have been seen on the outer faces of stones 3, 4, and 5. The carvings are difficult to date, but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons. early 21st-century laser scanning of the carvings supports this interpretation. The pair of trilithons in the north east are smallest, measuring around 6 metres (20 ft) in height; the largest, which is in the south west of the horseshoe, is almost 7.5 metres (25 ft) tall. This ambitious phase has been radiocarbon dated to between 2600 and 2400 BC, slightly earlier than the Stonehenge Archer , discovered in the outer ditch of the monument in 1978, and the two sets of burials, known as the Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen , discovered 3 miles (5 km) to the west. At about the same time, a large timber circle and a second avenue were constructed 2 miles (3 km) away at Durrington Walls overlooking the River Avon . The timber circle was oriented towards the rising sun on the midwinter solstice , opposing the solar alignments at Stonehenge. The avenue was aligned with the setting sun on the summer solstice and led from the river to the timber circle. Evidence of huge fires on the banks of the Avon between the two avenues also suggests that both circles were linked. They were perhaps used as a procession route on the longest and shortest days of the year. Parker Pearson speculates that the wooden circle at Durrington Walls was the centre of a ' land of the living' , whilst the stone circle represented a ' land of the dead' , with the Avon serving as a journey between the two. Stonehenge 3 III (2400 BC to 2280 BC) Later in the Bronze Age, although the exact details of activities during this period are still unclear, the bluestones appear to have been re-erected. They were placed within the outer sarsen circle and may have been trimmed in some way. Like the sarsens, a few have timber-working style cuts in them suggesting that, during this phase, they may have been linked with lintels and were part of a larger structure. Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC) This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones. They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring. Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales. All the stones formed well-spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III. The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically. Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work, Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors, as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well-founded and began to fall over. However, only minor changes were made after this phase. Stonehenge 3 V.(1930 BC to 1600 BC) Soon afterwards, the north eastern section of the Phase 3 IV bluestone circle was removed, creating a horseshoe-shaped setting (the Bluestone Horseshoe) which mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons. This phase is contemporary with the Seahenge site in Norfolk. After the monument (1600 BC on) Computer rendering of the overall site The Y and Z Holes are the last known construction at Stonehenge, built about 1600 BC, and the last usage of it was probably during the Iron Age . Roman coins and medieval artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout British prehistory and beyond, or exactly how it would have been used. Notable is the massive Iron Age hillfort Vespasian's Camp built alongside the Avenue near the Avon. A decapitated seventh century Saxon man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923. The site was known to scholars during the Middle Ages and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups. Function and construction Main article: Theories about Stonehenge See also: Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records. Many aspects of Stonehenge, such as how it was built and which purposes it was used for, remain subject to debate. A number of myths surround the stones. The site, specifically the great trilithon, the encompassing horseshoe arrangement of the five central trilithons, the heel stone, and the embanked avenue, are aligned to the sunset of the winter solstice and the opposing sunrise of the summer solstice. A natural landform at the monument's location followed this line, and may have inspired its construction. The excavated remains of culled animal bones suggest that people may have gathered at the site for the winter rather than the summer. Further astronomical associations, and the precise astronomical significance of the site for its people, are a matter of speculation and debate. There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. Over the years, various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used, usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise due to their massive size. However, conventional techniques, using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs , have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size. How the stones could be transported by a prehistoric people without the aid of the wheel or a pulley system is not known. The most common theory of how prehistoric people moved megaliths has them creating a track of logs on which the large stones were rolled along. Another megalith transport theory involves the use of a type of sleigh running on a track greased with animal fat. Such an experiment with a sleigh carrying a 40-ton slab of stone was successful near Stonehenge in 1995. A dedicated team of more than 100 workers managed to push and pull the slab along the 18-mile (29 km) journey from Marlborough Downs. Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site. More recently two major new theories have been proposed. Professor Geoffrey Wainwright , president of the Society of Antiquaries of London , and Timothy Darvill , of Bournemouth University , have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing-- the primeval equivalent of Lourdes . They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves. However, they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well. Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions. A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the `` Amesbury Archer'' grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany; and the `` Boscombe Bowmen'' probably arrived from Wales or Brittany, France. On the other hand, Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon. He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living, whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead. A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death, to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased. Both explanations were first mooted in the twelfth century by Geoffrey of Monmouth , who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument. Whatever religious, mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge, its design includes a celestial observatory function, which might have allowed prediction of eclipse, solstice, equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion. There are other hypotheses and theories. According to a team of British researchers led by Mike Parker Pearson of the University of Sheffield, Stonehenge may have been built as a symbol of `` peace and unity'' , indicated in part by the fact that at the time of its construction, Britain's Neolithic people were experiencing a period of cultural unification. Another idea has to do with a quality of the stones themselves. Researchers from the Royal College of Art in London have discovered that some of the monument's stones possess `` unusual acoustic properties'' -- when they are struck they respond with a `` loud clanging noise'' . According to Paul Devereux, editor of the journal Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture , this idea could explain why certain bluestones were hauled nearly 200 miles (320 km)-- a major technical accomplishment at the time. In certain ancient cultures rocks that ring out, known as lithophones , were believed to contain mystic or healing powers, and Stonehenge has a history of association with rituals. The presence of these `` ringing rocks'' seems to support the hypothesis that Stonehenge was a `` place for healing'' , as has been pointed out by Bournemouth University archaeologist Timothy Darvill, who consulted with the researchers. Some of the stones of Stonehenge were brought from near a town in Wales called Maenclochog, a name which means `` ringing rock'' . Modern History Folklore The Heel Stone `` Heel stone'' , `` Friar's Heel'' , or `` sun-stone'' The Heel Stone lies north east of the sarsen circle, beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue. It is a rough stone, 16 feet (4.9 m) above ground, leaning inwards towards the stone circle. It has been known by many names in the past, including `` Friar's Heel'' and `` Sun-stone'' . At summer solstice an observer standing within the stone circle, looking north-east through the entrance, would see the Sun rise in the approximate direction of the heel stone, and the sun has often been photographed over it. A folk tale relates the origin of the Friar's Heel reference. The Devil bought the stones from a woman in Ireland, wrapped them up, and brought them to Salisbury plain. One of the stones fell into the Avon , the rest were carried to the plain. The Devil then cried out, `` No-one will ever find out how these stones came here!'' A friar replied, `` That's what you think!'' , whereupon the Devil threw one of the stones at him and struck him on the heel. The stone stuck in the ground and is still there. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable attributes this tale to Geoffrey of Monmouth, but though book eight of Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae does describe how Stonehenge was built, the two stories are entirely different. The name is not unique; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the nineteenth century by antiquarian Charles Warne at Long Bredy in Dorset. Arthurian legend A giant helps Merlin build Stonehenge. From a manuscript of the Roman de Brut by Wace in the British Library (Egerton 3028). Dating back to the second quarter of the 14th century, this is the oldest known depiction of Stonehenge. In the twelfth century, Geoffrey of Monmouth included a fanciful story in his Historia Regum Britanniae (`` History of the Kings of Britain'' ) that attributed the monument's construction to the wizard Merlin . Geoffrey's story spread widely, appearing in more and less elaborate form in adaptations of his work such as Wace 's Norman French Roman de Brut , Layamon 's Middle English Brut , and the Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd . According to Geoffrey the rocks of Stonehenge were healing rocks, called the Giant's dance, which Giants had brought from Africa to Ireland for their healing properties. The fifth-century king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to erect a memorial to 3,000 nobles slain in battle against the Saxons and buried at Salisbury, and at Merlin's advice chose Stonehenge. The king sent Merlin, Uther Pendragon ( King Arthur 's father), and 15,000 knights, to remove it from Ireland, where it had been constructed on Mount Killaraus by the Giants. They slew 7,000 Irish but, as the knights tried to move the rocks with ropes and force, they failed. Then Merlin, using `` gear'' and skill, easily dismantled the stones and sent them over to Britain, where Stonehenge was dedicated. After it had been rebuilt near Amesbury, Geoffrey further narrates how first Ambrosius Aurelianus, then Uther Pendragon, and finally Constantine III , were buried inside the `` Giants' Ring of Stonehenge'' . In another legend of Saxons and Britons, in 472 the invading king Hengist invited Brythonic warriors to a feast, but treacherously ordered his men to draw their weapons from concealment and fall upon the guests, killing 420 of them. Hengist erected the stone monument-- Stonehenge-- on the site to show his remorse for the deed. Sixteenth century to present Farm carts near the site, ca. 1885 Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since King Henry VIII acquired Amesbury Abbey and its surrounding lands. In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the Earl of Hertford . It subsequently passed to Lord Carleton and then the Marquess of Queensberry . The Antrobus family of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824. During World War I an aerodrome ( Royal Flying Corps `` No. 1 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping'' ) was built on the downs just to the west of the circle and, in the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom, a main road junction was built, along with several cottages and a cafe. The Antrobus family sold the site after their last heir was killed in the fighting in France. The auction by Knight Frank & Rutley estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included `` Lot 15. Stonehenge with about 30 acres, 2 rods, 37 perches (12.44 ha) of adjoining downland.'' Sunrise at Stonehenge on the summer solstice , 21 June 2005 Cecil Chubb bought the site for £ 6,600 and gave it to the nation three years later. Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of-- or even as a present for-- his wife, in fact he bought it on a whim, as he believed a local man should be the new owner. In the late 1920s a nationwide appeal was launched to save Stonehenge from the encroachment of the modern buildings that had begun to rise around it. By 1928 the land around the monument had been purchased with the appeal donations, and given to the National Trust to preserve. The buildings were removed (although the roads were not), and the land returned to agriculture. More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme, returning the surrounding fields to native chalk grassland . Neopaganism 10th Battalion, CEF marches past the site, winter 1914-- 15 ( WW I ); Background: Preservation work on stones, propped up by timbers During the twentieth century, Stonehenge began to revive as a place of religious significance, this time by adherents of Neopaganism and New Age beliefs, particularly the Neo-druids . The historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that `` it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it.'' The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids , who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905, in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation. This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press, who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards. Between 1972 and 1984, Stonehenge was the site of the Stonehenge Free Festival . After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985, this use of the site was stopped for several years and ritual use of Stonehenge is now heavily restricted. Some Druids have arranged an assembling of monuments styled on Stonehenge in other parts of the world as a form of Druidist worship. Setting and access Stonehenge at sunset When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion. Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones, but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away. English Heritage does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox. Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year. The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism, highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey. In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be `` in moderate trouble'' . As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side-- the A344 to Shrewton on the north side, and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south. Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site. However, the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions. On 6 December 2007, it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors' centre had been cancelled. The visitors centre at Stonehenge On 13 May 2009, the government gave approval for a £ 25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent. On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre 2.4 km (1.5 miles) to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £ 10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund . On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and replacing it with grass. The centre, designed by Denton Corker Marshall , opened to the public on 18 December 2013. Stonehenge Roundtable access Dancing inside the stones, 1984 Stonehenge Free Festival The earlier rituals were augmented by the Stonehenge Free Festival , loosely organised by the Politantric Circle , held between 1972 and 1984, during which time the number of midsummer visitors had risen to around 30,000. However, in 1985 the site was closed to festivalgoers by English Heritage and the National Trust. A consequence of the end of the festival in 1985 was the violent confrontation between the police and New Age travellers that became known as the Battle of the Beanfield when police blockaded a convoy of travellers to prevent them from approaching Stonehenge. Beginning in 1985, the year of the Battle of the Beanfield , no access was allowed into the stones at Stonehenge for any religious reason. This ' exclusion zone' policy continued for almost fifteen years and until just before the arrival of the twenty-first century, visitors were not allowed to go into the stones at times of religious significance: the two Solstices ( Winter and Summer ) and two Equinoxes (Vernal and Autumnal). However, now due to the Roundtable process and the ' Court of Human Rights' rulings gained by picketing by campaigners such as Brian `` Viziondanz'' Felstein and King Arthur Pendragon, some access had been gained four times a year. The ' Court of Human Rights' rulings recognises that members of any genuine religion have a right to worship in their own church, and Stonehenge is a place of worship to Neo-Druids , Pagans and other ' Earth based' or ' old' religions. The Roundtable meetings include members of the Wiltshire Police force, National Trust , English Heritage , Pagans , Druids , Spiritualists and others. At the Summer Solstice 2003 which fell over a weekend over 30,000 people attended a gathering at and in the stones. The 2004 gathering was smaller (around 21,000 people). Archaeological research and restoration (((annotations))) Post-World War I aerial photograph Seventeenth century depiction of Stonehenge from the Atlas van Loon 1600-- 1900 Throughout recorded history, Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from antiquarians and archaeologists . John Aubrey was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666, and recorded in his plan of the monument the pits that now bear his name . William Stukeley continued Aubrey's work in the early eighteenth century, but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well, identifying (somewhat incorrectly) the Cursus and the Avenue. He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area, and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the Druids . Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named Disc Barrows as Druids' Barrows. The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect John Wood in 1740. His original annotated survey has recently been computer redrawn and published. Importantly Wood's plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon, which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958. William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early nineteenth century. He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood, animal bones, pottery and urns. He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood. Richard Colt Hoare supported Cunnington's work and excavated some 379 barrows on Salisbury Plain including on some 200 in the area around the Stones, some excavated in conjunction with William Coxe . To alert future diggers to their work they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened. Cunnington's finds are displayed at the Wiltshire Museum . In 1877 Charles Darwin dabbled in archaeology at the stones, experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth for his book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms . An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877 The monument from a similar angle in 2008 showing the extent of reconstruction A contemporary newspaper depiction of the 1920 restoration 1900-- 2000 William Gowland oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901 which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling. In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position. Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date, revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done. During the 1920 restoration William Hawley , who had excavated nearby Old Sarum , excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch. He also located a bottle of port in the Slaughter Stone socket left by Cunnington, helped to rediscover Aubrey's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the Y and Z Holes . Richard Atkinson , Stuart Piggott and John F.S. Stone re-excavated much of Hawley's work in the 1940s and 1950s, and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones. Atkinson's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument's construction. In 1958 the stones were restored again, when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases. The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over. It was again re-erected, and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones. Later archaeologists, including Christopher Chippindale of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge and Brian Edwards of the University of the West of England , campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and in 2004 English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book Stonehenge: A History in Photographs . In 1966 and 1967, in advance of a new car park being built at the site, the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher . They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC, as well as a 10-metre (33 ft) length of a palisade ditch -- a V-cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away. Subsequent aerial archaeology suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge, near the avenue. Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans during which they discovered the remains of the Stonehenge Archer in the outer ditch, and in 1979 rescue archaeology was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable-laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside, revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone. In the early 1980s Julian Richards led the Stonehenge Environs Project , a detailed study of the surrounding landscape. The project was able to successfully date such features as the Lesser Cursus , Coneybury Henge and several other smaller features. In 1993 the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called ' a national disgrace' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. Part of English Heritage's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date. This two-year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph Stonehenge in its landscape , which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site. It presented a rephasing of the monument. 2000s More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the Stonehenge Riverside Project , led by Mike Parker Pearson. This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones -- notably Durrington Walls, where another `` Avenue'' leading to the River Avon was discovered. The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated, and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones, most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue. In April 2008 Tim Darvill of the University of Bournemouth and Geoff Wainwright of the Society of Antiquaries, began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve dateable fragments of the original bluestone pillars. They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC, although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge. They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC, which, along with the Mesolithic postholes, adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started. In August and September 2008, as part of the Riverside Project, Julian Richards and Mike Pitts excavated Aubrey Hole 7, removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s, and re-interred in 1935. A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the Ministry of Justice in May 2008, in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008. One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely, privately and decently. A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009. A shallow mound, rising to about 40 cm (16 inches) was identified between stones 54 (inner circle) and 10 (outer circle), clearly separated from the natural slope. It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century illustrations. Indeed, there is some evidence that, as an uncommon geological feature, it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset. A circular, shallow bank, little more than 10 cm (4 inches) high, was found between the Y and Z hole circles, with a further bank lying inside the `` Z'' circle. These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes, or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within. In July 2010, the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a `` henge-like'' monument less than 1 km (0.62 miles) away from the main site. This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located `` at the site of Amesbury 50'' , a round barrow in the Cursus Barrows group. On 26 November 2011, archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the Stonehenge Cursus pathway, aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone. The new discovery is part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010. The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape. According to team leader Vince Gaffney, this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge. On 18 December 2011, geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the exact source of some of the rhyolite fragments found in the Stonehenge debitage . These fragments do not seem to match any of the standing stones or bluestone stumps. The researchers have identified the source as a 70-metre (230 ft) long rock outcrop called Craig Rhos-y-Felin ( 51° 59′ 30.07'' N 4° 44′ 40.85'' W / 51.9916861° N 4.7446806° W / 51.9916861; -4.7446806 ( Craig Rhos-y-Felin ) ), near Pont Saeson in north Pembrokeshire , located 220 kilometres (140 mi) from Stonehenge. On 10 September 2014 the University of Birmingham announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds, overlooked previously, that may date as far back as 4000 BC. An area extending to 12 square kilometres (1,200 ha) was studied to a depth of three metres with ground-penetrating radar equipment. As many as seventeen new monuments, revealed nearby, may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge. The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments. Also included in the discovery is that the cursus track is terminated by two five-meter wide extremely deep pits, whose purpose is still a mystery. In popular culture See also: Cultural depictions of Stonehenge `` Stonehenge '' from mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap `` Stonehenge'' , a 2013 song by Ylvis See also Historical context Prehistoric Britain Other monuments in the Stonehenge ritual landscape Bluestonehenge Bush Barrow Normanton Down Barrows Woodhenge About Stonehenge and replicas of Stonehenge Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge Cultural depictions of Stonehenge Excavations at Stonehenge Manhattanhenge Stonehenge replicas and derivatives Stonehenge Free Festival Stonehenge Landscape Fiction Stonehenge (novel) Similar sites See also: Stonehenge replicas and derivatives Almendres Cromlech Arkaim Cahokia Carhenge Goloring Goseck circle List of largest monoliths in the world Maryhill Stonehenge Medicine wheel Newgrange Ring of Brodgar Zorats Karer Sites with similar sunrise or sunset alignments Manhattanhenge MIThenge Museums with collections from the World Heritage Site Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Wiltshire Museum References Jump up ^ Christopher Young, Amanda Chadburn, Isabelle Bedu (July 2008). `` Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan'' . UNESCO : 18. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to: Morgan, James (21 September 2008). `` Dig pinpoints Stonehenge origins'' . BBC . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Kennedy, Maev (9 March 2013). `` Stonehenge may have been burial site for Stone Age elite, say archaeologists'' . The Guardian . London: Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Legge, James (9 March 2012). `` Stonehenge: new study suggests landmark started life as a graveyard for the ' prehistoric elite ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` Stonehenge builders travelled from far, say researchers'' . BBC News . 9 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott, Julie; Selwyn, Tom (2010). Thinking Through Tourism . Berg. p. 191. Jump up ^ `` History of Stonehenge'' . English Heritage . Retrieved 2016-06-07 . The monument remained in private ownership until 1918 when Cecil Chubb, a local man who had purchased Stonehenge from the Atrobus family at an auction three years previously, gave it to the nation. Thereafter, the duty to conserve the monument fell to the state, today a role performed on its behalf by English Heritage. Jump up ^ `` Ancient ceremonial landscape of great archaeological and wildlife interest'' . Stonehenge Landscape . National Trust . Retrieved 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Pitts, Mike (8 August 2008). `` Stonehenge: one of our largest excavations draws to a close'' . British Archaeology . York, England: Council for British Archaeology (102): 13. ISSN 1357-4442 . ^ Jump up to: Schmid, Randolph E. (29 May 2008). `` Study: Stonehenge was a burial site for centuries'' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Stonehenge; henge '' . Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989. Jump up ^ See the English Heritage definition Archived 16 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Anon. `` Stonehenge : Wiltshire England What is it?'' . Megalithic Europe . The Bradshaw Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Alexander, Caroline. `` If the Stones Could Speak: Searching for the Meaning of Stonehenge'' . National Geographic Magazine . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The New Discoveries at Blick Mead: the Key to the Stonehenge Landscape'' . www.buckingham.ac.uk . University of Buckingham . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . Jump up ^ Professor David Jacques FSA (21 September 2016). `` ' The Cradle of Stonehenge' ? Blick Mead - a Mesolithic Site in the Stonehenge Landscape -Lecture Transcript'' . www.gresham.ac.uk . Gresham College . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ Jump up to: Siciliano, Leon; et al. (10 September 2014). `` Technology unearths 17 new monuments at Stonehenge'' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarah Knapton (19 December 2014). `` Stonehenge discovery could rewrite British pre-history'' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The New Discoveries at Blick Mead: the Key to the Stonehenge Landscape'' . University of Buckingham . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Field, David; et al. (March 2010). `` Introducing Stonehedge'' . British Archaeology . York, England: Council for British Archaeology (111): 32-- 35. ISSN 1357-4442 . Jump up ^ Parker Pearson, Mike; Richards, Julian; Pitts, Mike (9 October 2008). `` Stonehenge ' older than believed ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Mike Parker Pearson (20 August 2008). `` The Stonehenge Riverside Project'' . Sheffield University. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ John, Brian (26 February 2011). `` Stonehenge: glacial transport of bluestones now confirmed?'' (PDF) (Press release). University of Leicester . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Parker Pearson, Michael; et al. (December 2015). `` Craig Rhos-y-felin: a Welsh bluestone megalith quarry for Stonehenge'' . Antiquity . Antiquity Publications Ltd,. 89 (348): 1331-- 1352. doi : 10.15184/aqy.2015.177 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Banton, Simon; Bowden, Mark; Daw, Tim; Grady, Damian; Soutar, Sharon (July 2013). `` Patchmarks at Stonehenge'' . Antiquity. 88 (341): 733-- 739. Jump up ^ Pearson, Mike; Cleal, Ros; Marshall, Peter; Needham, Stuart; Pollard, Josh; Richards, Colin; Ruggles, Clive; Sheridan, Alison; Thomas, Julian ; Tilley, Chris; Welham, Kate; Chamberlain, Andrew; Chenery, Carolyn; Evans, Jane; Knüsel , Chris (September 2007). `` The Age of Stonehenge'' . Antiquity. 811 (313): 617-- 639. ^ Jump up to: Pearson, M. Parker (2005). Bronze Age Britain . pp. 63-- 67. ISBN 0-7134-8849-2 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton unearthed at Stonehenge was decapitated'' , BBC News (9 June 2000), ABCE News (13 June 2000), Fox News (14 June 2000), New Scientist (17 June 2000), Archeo News (2 July 2000) ^ Jump up to: `` Stonehenge a monument to unity, new theory claims -- CBS News'' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Stonehenge: Two Explanations'' . DNews . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Schombert. `` Stonehenge revealed: Why Stones Were a `` Special Place '' `` . University of Oregon . Jump up ^ Alberge, Dalya (8 September 2013). `` Stonehenge was built on solstice axis, dig confirms'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Pearson. `` Stonehenge'' . ^ Jump up to: Author not listed (2003). `` Stonehenge'' . Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained . USA . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Satter, Raphael (2008-09-27). `` UK experts say Stonehenge was place of healing'' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015-10-01 . Jump up ^ Maev Kennedy (23 September 2008). `` The magic of Stonehenge: new dig finds clues to power of bluestones'' . Guardian . UK . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge boy ' was from the Med ' '' . BBC News. 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawkins, GS (1966). Stonehenge Decoded . ISBN 978-0-88029-147-7 . Jump up ^ Williams, Thomas; Koriech, Hana (2012). `` Interview with Mike Parker Pearson'' . Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 22 : 39-- 47. doi : 10.5334/pia.401 . Jump up ^ Quenqua, Douglas. `` Older than the Rolling Stones'' . The New York Times . 17 June 2014. (1) ^ Jump up to: Stanford, Peter (2011). The Extra Mile: A 21st century Pilgrimage . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 20. Jump up ^ Stevens, Edward (July 1866). `` Stonehenge and Abury'' . The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review . Vol. 11. London: Bradbury, Evans & Co. p. 69 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Measuring Time: Teacher's Guide . Burlington, NC: National Academy of Sciences. 1994. p. 173. ISBN 0892787074 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Oliver, ed. (1972). `` July 1776'' . The Journal of Samuel Curwen,loyalist. 1 . Harvard University Press,. p. 190. ISBN 0674483804 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeffery of Monmouth's Account of Stonehenge'' . A Description of Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain . Salisbury: J Easton. 1809. p. 5 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham . Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 380 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Warne, Charles , 1872, Ancient Dorset . Bournemouth. Jump up ^ Historia Regum Britanniae , Book 8, ch. 10. Jump up ^ Drawing on the writings of Nennius , the tale is noted in Spenser 's Faerie Queene , and given further circulation in William Dugdale 's Monasticon Anglicanum of 1655. Source: The illustrated guide to Old Sarum and Stonehenge . Salisbury, England: Brown and Company. 1868. pp. 35-- 39. OCLC 181860648 . Jump up ^ Francis Stewart Briggs, S.H. Harris, `` Joysticks and Fiddlesticks: (the Unofficial History of a Flying Kangaroo) Or, The Flying Kangaroo'' , Hutchinson & Company Limited , 1938. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ Jump up to: Heffernan, T.H.J. `` The man who bought Stonehenge'' . This is Amesbury . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Jump up ^ The London Mercury Vol. XVII No.98 1927 Jump up ^ `` The Future of Stonehenge: Public consultation'' (PDF) . English Heritage. 2008. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutton 2009 . p. 323. Jump up ^ Hutton 2009 . p. 321-322. Jump up ^ MacLeod, Nicola E.; Aitchison, Cara ; Shaw, Stephen Joseph (2000). Leisure and tourism landscapes: social and cultural geographies . New York: Routledge. pp. 103-- 104. ISBN 0-415-27166-5 . Jump up ^ LA air force pagans retrieved 12 October 2012 Jump up ^ Proposals for a tunnel at Stonehenge: an assessment of the alternatives Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... The World Archaeological Congress Jump up ^ Planning Your Visit to Stonehenge . English Heritage Jump up ^ Milmo, Cahal (3 November 2006). `` Troubled Stonehenge ' lacks magic ' '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Jump up ^ A303 Stonehenge Road Scheme Hansard report of proceedings in the House of Commons 6 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge Centre gets Go-Ahead'' . BBC News . 13 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Morris, Steven (19 November 2010). `` Stonehenge development saved by lottery's £ 10m'' . The Guardian . UK. p. 14. Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge permanent road closure work begins'' . UK: BBC. 24 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` End in sight after ' decades of dithering' as Government steps in to help secure future for Stonehenge'' (Press release). Department of Culture, Media and Sport. 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge Visitor Centre by Denton Corker Marshall opens tomorrow'' . dezeen. 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivers, Julian (2010). The Law of Organized Religions: Between Establishment and Secularism . Oxford University Press. p. 231. Jump up ^ Hallett, Emma (20 June 2014). `` Summer solstice: How the Stonehenge battles faded'' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Stukeley, William, 1740, Stonehenge A Temple Restor'd to the British Druids . London Jump up ^ Wood, John, 1747, Choir Guare, Vulgarly called Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain . Oxford ^ Jump up to: Johnson, Anthony (2008). Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma . Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05155-9 . ^ Jump up to: Cleal, Rosamund; et al. (1995). `` Y and Z holes'' . Archaeometry and Stonehenge . English Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Young, Emma. `` Concrete Evidence'' . New Scientist . No. 9 January 2001 . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Taverner, Roger (8 January 2001). `` How they rebuilt Stonehenge'' . Western Daily Press , quoted in Cosmic Conspiracies: How they rebuilt Stonehenge . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards, Julian C. (2004). Stonehenge: A History in Photographs . London: English Heritage. ISBN 1-85074-895-0 . Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge execution revealed'' . BBC News . 9 June 2000 . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Whittle, Alasdair (1996). `` Eternal stones: Stonehenge completed'' . Antiquity (70): 463-- 465. Jump up ^ Anon (29 September 2009). `` StonehengeBones -- epetition response'' . The prime minister's office epetitions . Crown copyright:Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Anon (April 2008). `` Statement on burial law and archaeology'' (PDF) . Review of Burial Legislation . Crown copyright:Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A new ' henge' discovered at Stonehenge'' . University of Birmingham . 22 July 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaffney, C.; Gaffney, V.; Neubauer, W.; Baldwin, E.; Chapman, H.; Garwood, P.; Moulden, H.; Sparrow, T.; Bates, R.; Löcker , K.; Hinterleitner, A.; Trinks, I.; Nau, E.; Zitz, T.; Floery, S.; Verhoeven, G.; Doneus, M. (2012). `` The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project'' . Archaeological Prospection. 19 (2): 147. doi : 10.1002/arp.1422 . Jump up ^ Boyle, Alan, Pits Add to Stonehgenge Mystery Archived 1 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , msnbc.com Cosmic Log , 28 November 2011 ^ Jump up to: Discoveries Provide Evidence of a Celestial Procession at Stonehenge , University of Birmingham Press Release, 26 November 2011 Jump up ^ Birmingham Archaeologists Turn Back Clock at Stonehenge , University of Birmingham Press Release, 5 July 2010 Jump up ^ Keys, David (18 December 2011). `` Scientists discover source of rock used in Stonehenge's first circle'' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Discovery in Stonehenge Bluestone Mystery'' . National Museum of Wales . Jump up ^ `` What Lies Beneath Stonehenge?'' . Smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Stonehenge on YouTube , 13 December 2013 Bibliography Atkinson , RJC , Stonehenge (Penguin Books, 1956) Bender, B, Stonehenge: Making Space (Berg Publishers, 1998) Burl, A , Great Stone Circles (Yale University Press, 1999) Aubrey Burl, Prehistoric Stone Circles (Shire, 2001) (In Burl's Stonehenge (Constable, 2006), he notes, cf. the meaning of the name in paragraph two above, that `` the Saxons called the ring ' the hanging stones' , as though they were gibbets.'' ) Chippindale, C , Stonehenge Complete (Thames and Hudson, London, 2004) ISBN 0-500-28467-9 Chippindale, C, et al., Who owns Stonehenge? (BT Batsford Ltd, 1990) Cleal, R.M.J. , Walker, K.E. & Montague, R., Stonehenge in its landscape (English Heritage, London, 1995) Cunliffe, B , & Renfrew, C , Science and Stonehenge (The British Academy 92, Oxford University Press, 1997) Godsell, Andrew `` Stonehenge: Older Than the Centuries'' in `` Legends of British History'' (2008) Hall, R, Leather, K, & Dobson, G, Stonehenge Aotearoa (Awa Press, 2005) Hawley, Lt-Col W , The Excavations at Stonehenge. (The Antiquaries Journal 1, Oxford University Press, 19-- 41). 1921. Hawley, Lt-Col W, Second Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge. (The Antiquaries Journal 2, Oxford University Press, 1922) Hawley, Lt-Col W, Third Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge. (The Antiquaries Journal 3, Oxford University Press, 1923) Hawley, Lt-Col W, Fourth Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge. (The Antiquaries Journal 4, Oxford University Press, 1923) Hawley, Lt-Col W, Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1923. (The Antiquaries Journal 5, Oxford University Press, 1925) Hawley, Lt-Col W, Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1924. (The Antiquaries Journal 6, Oxford University Press, 1926) Hawley, Lt-Col W, Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during 1925 and 1926. (The Antiquaries Journal 8, Oxford University Press, 1928) Hutton, R , From Universal Bond to Public Free For All (British Archaeology 83, 2005) John, Brian, `` The Bluestone Enigma: Stonehenge, Preseli and the Ice Age'' (Greencroft Books, 2008) ISBN 978-0-905559-89-6 Johnson, Anthony, Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma (Thames & Hudson, 2008) ISBN 978-0-500-05155-9 Legg, Rodney, `` Stonehenge Antiquaries'' (Dorset Publishing Company, 1986) Mooney, J, Encyclopedia of the Bizarre (Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2002) Newall, RS , Stonehenge, Wiltshire -Ancient monuments and historic buildings- (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1959) North, J, Stonehenge: Ritual Origins and Astronomy (HarperCollins, 1997) Pitts, M, Hengeworld (Arrow, London, 2001) Pitts, MW , On the Road to Stonehenge: Report on Investigations beside the A344 in 1968, 1979 and 1980 (Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48, 1982) Richards, J , English Heritage Book of Stonehenge (BT Batsford Ltd, 1991) Julian Richards Stonehenge: A History in Photographs (English Heritage, London, 2004) Stone, JFS , Wessex Before the Celts (Frederick A Praeger Publishers, 1958) Worthington, A, Stonehenge: Celebration and Subversion (Alternative Albion, 2004) English Heritage: Stonehenge: Historical Background Videography SPENCER, Christopher (dir.)`` Stonehenge decoded'' , New York City : National Geographic, 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stonehenge . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Stonehenge Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article Stonehenge . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Stonehenge . Stonehenge English Heritage official site: access and visiting information; research; future plans 360° panoramic English Heritage: A stunning interactive view from the center. Stonehenge Landscape The National Trust -- Information about the surrounding area. Stonehenge Today and Yesterday By Frank Stevens, at Project Gutenberg . The History of Stonehenge BBC animation of the monument's construction. Stonehenge, a Temple Restor'd to the British Druids By William Stukeley, at Sacred Texts . Stonehenge, and Other British Monuments Astronomically Considered By Norman Lockyer, at Sacred Texts . Stonehenge Laser Scans English Heritage report about the evidence of stone-working and carvings revealed after scanning of the stones. Glaciers and the bluestones of Wales British Archaeology essay about the bluestones as glacial deposits. Stonehenge Twentieth Century Excavations Databases An English Heritage commissioned report by Wessex Archaeology on the twentieth century excavations. Stonehenge: Stones being repositioned during restoration work in 1914 Reconstruction work in the 1950s World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom England Bath Blenheim Palace Canterbury Cathedral , St. Augustine's Abbey and St. Martin's Church Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Derwent Valley Mills Durham Castle and Cathedral Frontiers of the Roman Empire Hadrian's Wall Ironbridge Gorge Jurassic Coast Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Lake District Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City Maritime Greenwich Saltaire Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey Tower of London Westminster Palace , Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church Scotland Edinburgh Old Town and New Town Forth Bridge Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall Heart of Neolithic Orkney New Lanark St. Kilda Wales Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Northern Ireland Giant's Causeway British Overseas Territories Gorham's Cave Complex Gough Island Inaccessible Island Henderson Island Town of St. George and Related Fortifications European megaliths Armenia Metsamor Zorats Karer Azerbaijan Gobustan Rocks Bulgaria Beglik Tash Garlo England Arbor Low Avebury Barbrook One Birkrigg Boscawen-Un Boskednan Brown Willy Cairns The Bull Ring Burnmoor stone circles Castlerigg Craddock Moor Devil's Arrows Doll Tor Drizzlecombe Duloe Fernacre Gardom's Edge Goodaver Grey Wethers Hoarstones Hordron Edge Hurlers Leper Stone Long Meg and Her Daughters Mên -an-Tol The Merry Maidens Mitchell's Fold Nine Ladies Nine Stones, Altarnun Pipers Rollright Rudston Monolith Scorhill Stannon Stanton Drew Stonehenge Stripple Swinside Trippet France Barnenez Tumulus of Bougon Caixa de Rotllan Carnac Menhir de Champ-Dolent Dolmen de Bagneux Broken Menhir of Er Grah Filitosa Gallardet Dolmen Gavrinis Harrespil Kerzerho Locmariaquer megaliths Mane Braz Paddaghju Peyre-Brune Tremeca Verziau of Gargantua Germany Altendorf Denghoog Fraubillen cross Harhoog Lancken-Granitz dolmens Lohra Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Niedertiefenbach Oldendorfer Totenstatt Riesenstein Route of Megalithic Culture Sieben Steinhäuser Wotanstein Züschen Ireland Ardgroom Beltany stone circle Bohonagh Brownshill Dolmen Brú na Bóinne Carrigagulla Carrowmore Castlestrange stone Creevykeel Court Tomb Drombeg Gaulstown Portal Tomb Glantane East Grange stone circle High cross Knocknakilla Meehambee Dolmen Piper's Stones Poulnabrone dolmen Reask Templebryan Stone Circle Turoe stone Uragh Stone Circle Jersey Jersey Dolmens La Hougue Bie Malta Megalithic Temples ( Borġ l-Imramma Borġ in-Nadur Buġibba Debdieba Ġgantija Ħaġar Qim Ħal -Ġinwi Kordin Mnajdra Qortin l-Imdawwar Santa Verna Skorba Ta' Ħaġrat Ta' Marżiena Ta' Raddiena Tal-Qadi Tarxien Tas-Silġ Xemxija Xrobb l-Għaġin ) Hypogeum of Ħal -Saflieni Xagħra Stone Circle Netherlands Hunebed Northern Ireland Aughlish Ballynoe Beaghmore Corick Drumskinny Legananny Giant's Ring Poland Brąchnówko Grzybnica Odry Węsiory Portugal Almendres Cromlech Anta Grande do Zambujeiro Cunha Baixa Dolmen Russia Dolmens of North Caucasus Thunder Stone Megaliths in the Urals Russian Geoglyph Scandinavia Picture stones Runestones Stone circles Stone ships Scotland Balquhain Callanish II III IV VIII X Carlin Cat Stane Clach an Trushal Colmeallie Drybridge Easter Aquhorthies Lochmaben Stone Pictish Ring of Brodgar Sheldon Stenness Steinacleit Strichen Yonder Bognie Ukraine Boundary stones Wales Barclodiad y Gawres Bedd Arthur Bedd Taliesin Bodowyr Bryn Cader Faner Bryn Celli Ddu Bryn Gwyn stones Capel Garmon Carreg Coetan Arthur Carreg Samson Coetan Arthur Foel Chwern Llanfechell Lligwy Burial Chamber Maen Llia Maen Madoc Meini Hirion Moel Tŷ Uchaf Parc Cwm long cairn Penrhos Feilw Pentre Ifan St Lythans burial chamber Trefignath Tinkinswood Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber Whetstones General articles Standing stone Dolmen Henge Menhir Stone circle Stone row Concentric stone circle Recumbent stone circle Chambered cairn Harrespil Photographs of stone circles Middle Eastern megaliths Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern-stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear-thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared-core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire-saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern-stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn-Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism VIAF : 137120591 LCCN : sh85128337 GND : 4057736-3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stonehenge&oldid=806681598 '' Categories : Stonehenge 4th-millennium BC architecture Archaeological sites in Wiltshire Bronze Age sites in England Bronze Age sites in Wiltshire Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Buildings and structures in Wiltshire English Heritage sites in Wiltshire Henges History of Wiltshire Locations associated with Arthurian legend Locations in Celtic mythology Megalithic monuments in England National Trust properties in Wiltshire Ruins in Wiltshire Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Wiltshire Stone Age sites in England Stone circles in England Tourist attractions in Wiltshire World Heritage Sites in England Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Ænglisc অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 /Hak-kâ -ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel' Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links Thispagewaslasteditedon23October2017,at14:42.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -1929321585910030703 |
what is a meeting for discussion especially among friends or colleagues | Ad - hoc meeting , a meeting called for a special purpose Board meeting , a meeting of the board of directors of an organization Breakfast meeting Committee meeting , a coming - together of a defined subset of an organization Flying meeting ( Russian : летучий митинг , translit . letuchij miting ) , a hastily - called brief meeting Investigative meeting , generally when conducting a pre-interview , exit interview or a meeting among the investigator and representative Kickoff meeting , the first meeting with a project team and the client of the project to discuss the role of each team - member Management meeting , a meeting among managers Off - site meeting , also called `` offsite retreat '' and known as an Awayday meeting in the UK , which takes place off - site and away from the participants ' regular office or other surroundings One - on - one meeting , between two individuals , such as a manager and an employee Pre-Bid Meeting , a meeting of various competitors and or contractors to visually inspect a jobsite for a future project . The meeting is normally hosted by the future customer or engineer who wrote the project specification to ensure all bidders are aware of the details and services expected of them . Attendance at a Pre-Bid Meeting may be mandatory . Failure to attend usually results in a rejected bid . Protest meeting , a gathering dedicated to opposing or abolishing something Staff meeting , typically a meeting between a manager and those that report to that manager Stand - up meeting , a meeting with attendees typically standing . The discomfort of standing for long periods helps to keep the meetings short . Team meeting , in project contexts - a meeting among colleagues working on various aspects of a team project Town hall meeting , an informal public gathering Work meeting , which produces a product or intangible result such as a decision ; compare working group | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article was considered for deletion , and requires cleanup according to the discussion . Please improve this article if you can ; the deletion discussion may suggest necessary improvements . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article was considered for deletion , and requires cleanup according to the discussion . Please improve this article if you can ; the deletion discussion may suggest necessary improvements . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"A meeting is when two or more people come together to discuss one or more topics , often in a formal or business setting , but meetings also occur in a variety of other environments . Many various types of meetings exist .",
"A meeting is a gathering of two or more people that has been convened for the purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal interaction , such as sharing information or reaching agreement . Meetings may occur face - to - face or virtually , as mediated by communications technology , such as a telephone conference call , a skyped conference call or a videoconference . One Merriam - Webster dictionary defines a meeting as `` an act or process of coming together '' - for example `` as ( ... ) an assembly for a common purpose ( ... ) '' .",
"Meeting planners and other meeting professionals may use the term `` meeting '' to denote an event booked at a hotel , convention center or any other venue dedicated to such gatherings . In this sense , the term `` meeting '' covers a lecture ( one presentation ) , seminar ( typically several presentations , small audience , one day ) , conference ( mid-size , one or more days ) , congress ( large , several days ) , exhibition or trade show ( with manned stands being visited by passers - by ) , workshop ( smaller , with active participants ) , training course , team - building session and kick - off event .",
"One can distinguish a meeting from other gatherings , such as a chance , unplanned encounter , a sports game or a concert ( verbal interaction is incidental ) , a party or the company of friends ( no common goal is to be achieved ) and a demonstration ( whose common goal is achieved mainly through the number of demonstrators present , not through verbal interaction ) .",
"Common types of meeting include :",
"Ad - hoc meeting , a meeting called for a special purpose Board meeting , a meeting of the board of directors of an organization Breakfast meeting Committee meeting , a coming - together of a defined subset of an organization Flying meeting ( Russian : летучий митинг , translit . letuchij miting ) , a hastily - called brief meeting Investigative meeting , generally when conducting a pre-interview , exit interview or a meeting among the investigator and representative Kickoff meeting , the first meeting with a project team and the client of the project to discuss the role of each team - member Management meeting , a meeting among managers Off - site meeting , also called `` offsite retreat '' and known as an Awayday meeting in the UK , which takes place off - site and away from the participants ' regular office or other surroundings One - on - one meeting , between two individuals , such as a manager and an employee Pre-Bid Meeting , a meeting of various competitors and or contractors to visually inspect a jobsite for a future project . The meeting is normally hosted by the future customer or engineer who wrote the project specification to ensure all bidders are aware of the details and services expected of them . Attendance at a Pre-Bid Meeting may be mandatory . Failure to attend usually results in a rejected bid . Protest meeting , a gathering dedicated to opposing or abolishing something Staff meeting , typically a meeting between a manager and those that report to that manager Stand - up meeting , a meeting with attendees typically standing . The discomfort of standing for long periods helps to keep the meetings short . Team meeting , in project contexts - a meeting among colleagues working on various aspects of a team project Town hall meeting , an informal public gathering Work meeting , which produces a product or intangible result such as a decision ; compare working group",
"Ad - hoc meeting , a meeting called for a special purpose",
"Board meeting , a meeting of the board of directors of an organization",
"Committee meeting , a coming - together of a defined subset of an organization",
"Flying meeting ( Russian : летучий митинг , translit . letuchij miting ) , a hastily - called brief meeting",
"Investigative meeting , generally when conducting a pre-interview , exit interview or a meeting among the investigator and representative",
"Kickoff meeting , the first meeting with a project team and the client of the project to discuss the role of each team - member",
"Management meeting , a meeting among managers",
"Off - site meeting , also called `` offsite retreat '' and known as an Awayday meeting in the UK , which takes place off - site and away from the participants ' regular office or other surroundings",
"One - on - one meeting , between two individuals , such as a manager and an employee",
"Pre-Bid Meeting , a meeting of various competitors and or contractors to visually inspect a jobsite for a future project . The meeting is normally hosted by the future customer or engineer who wrote the project specification to ensure all bidders are aware of the details and services expected of them . Attendance at a Pre-Bid Meeting may be mandatory . Failure to attend usually results in a rejected bid .",
"Protest meeting , a gathering dedicated to opposing or abolishing something",
"Staff meeting , typically a meeting between a manager and those that report to that manager",
"Stand - up meeting , a meeting with attendees typically standing . The discomfort of standing for long periods helps to keep the meetings short .",
"Team meeting , in project contexts - a meeting among colleagues working on various aspects of a team project",
"Town hall meeting , an informal public gathering",
"Work meeting , which produces a product or intangible result such as a decision ; compare working group",
"Since a meeting can be held once or often , the meeting organizer has to determine the repetition and frequency of occurrence of the meeting . Options generally include the following :",
"A one - time meeting is the most common meeting type and covers events that are self - contained . While they may repeat often , the individual meeting is the entirety of the event . This can include a 2006 conference . The 2007 version of the conference is a stand - alone meeting event . A recurring meeting is a meeting that recurs periodically , such as an every Monday staff meeting from 9 : 00AM to 9 : 30 AM . The meeting organizer wants the participants to be at the meeting on a constant and repetitive basis . A recurring meeting can be ongoing , such as a weekly team meeting , or have an end date , such as a 5 - week training meeting , held every Friday afternoon . A series meeting is like a recurring meeting , but the details differ from meeting to meeting . One example of a series meeting is a monthly `` lunch and learn '' event at a company , church , club or organization . The placeholder is the same , but the agenda and topics to be covered vary . This is more of a recurring meeting with the details to be determined .",
"A one - time meeting is the most common meeting type and covers events that are self - contained . While they may repeat often , the individual meeting is the entirety of the event . This can include a 2006 conference . The 2007 version of the conference is a stand - alone meeting event .",
"A recurring meeting is a meeting that recurs periodically , such as an every Monday staff meeting from 9 : 00AM to 9 : 30 AM . The meeting organizer wants the participants to be at the meeting on a constant and repetitive basis . A recurring meeting can be ongoing , such as a weekly team meeting , or have an end date , such as a 5 - week training meeting , held every Friday afternoon .",
"A series meeting is like a recurring meeting , but the details differ from meeting to meeting . One example of a series meeting is a monthly `` lunch and learn '' event at a company , church , club or organization . The placeholder is the same , but the agenda and topics to be covered vary . This is more of a recurring meeting with the details to be determined .",
"Meetings come in many forms . It is not a case of one - size - fits - all . Size , organization , partcipants , use of terrain , agenda and preparation all interplay . Even the shape of the table can hinder or help . Meetings can be an effective method to building teamwork ."
] | Meeting - wikipedia Meeting This article is about meetings in general. For meetings in organizations that use parliamentary procedure, see Meeting (parliamentary procedure) . For multi-event athletic competitions, see Track and field § Meetings . This article was considered for deletion , and requires cleanup according to the discussion . Please improve this article if you can; the deletion discussion may suggest necessary improvements. (October 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meetings are sometimes held around conference tables . A meeting is when two or more people come together to discuss one or more topics, often in a formal or business setting, but meetings also occur in a variety of other environments. Many various types of meetings exist. Contents 1 Overview 2 Types of meetings 3 Frequency 4 Effective use 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Overview ( edit ) A modern videoconferencing system A meeting is a gathering of two or more people that has been convened for the purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal interaction, such as sharing information or reaching agreement. Meetings may occur face-to-face or virtually, as mediated by communications technology, such as a telephone conference call , a skyped conference call or a videoconference . One Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a meeting as `` an act or process of coming together'' - for example `` as (...) an assembly for a common purpose (...)'' . Meeting planners and other meeting professionals may use the term `` meeting'' to denote an event booked at a hotel, convention center or any other venue dedicated to such gatherings. In this sense, the term `` meeting'' covers a lecture (one presentation), seminar (typically several presentations, small audience, one day), conference (mid-size, one or more days), congress (large, several days), exhibition or trade show (with manned stands being visited by passers-by), workshop (smaller, with active participants), training course , team-building session and kick-off event . One can distinguish a meeting from other gatherings, such as a chance, unplanned encounter, a sports game or a concert (verbal interaction is incidental), a party or the company of friends (no common goal is to be achieved) and a demonstration (whose common goal is achieved mainly through the number of demonstrators present, not through verbal interaction). Types of meetings ( edit ) Meetings sometimes take place in conference rooms First staff meeting of a new executive Training meeting about sustainable design . The photo shows a training meeting with factory workers in a stainless-steel ecodesign company in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Common types of meeting include: Ad-hoc meeting, a meeting called for a special purpose Board meeting, a meeting of the board of directors of an organization Breakfast meeting Committee meeting, a coming-together of a defined subset of an organization Flying meeting ( Russian : летучий митинг , translit. letuchij miting ), a hastily-called brief meeting Investigative meeting, generally when conducting a pre-interview, exit interview or a meeting among the investigator and representative Kickoff meeting , the first meeting with a project team and the client of the project to discuss the role of each team-member Management meeting, a meeting among managers Off-site meeting, also called `` offsite retreat'' and known as an Awayday meeting in the UK, which takes place off-site and away from the participants' regular office or other surroundings One-on-one meeting, between two individuals, such as a manager and an employee Pre-Bid Meeting, a meeting of various competitors and or contractors to visually inspect a jobsite for a future project. The meeting is normally hosted by the future customer or engineer who wrote the project specification to ensure all bidders are aware of the details and services expected of them. Attendance at a Pre-Bid Meeting may be mandatory. Failure to attend usually results in a rejected bid. Protest meeting, a gathering dedicated to opposing or abolishing something Staff meeting, typically a meeting between a manager and those that report to that manager Stand-up meeting , a meeting with attendees typically standing. The discomfort of standing for long periods helps to keep the meetings short. Team meeting, in project contexts - a meeting among colleagues working on various aspects of a team project Town hall meeting , an informal public gathering Work meeting, which produces a product or intangible result such as a decision ; compare working group Frequency ( edit ) Since a meeting can be held once or often, the meeting organizer has to determine the repetition and frequency of occurrence of the meeting. Options generally include the following: A one-time meeting is the most common meeting type and covers events that are self-contained. While they may repeat often, the individual meeting is the entirety of the event. This can include a 2006 conference. The 2007 version of the conference is a stand-alone meeting event. A recurring meeting is a meeting that recurs periodically, such as an every Monday staff meeting from 9:00AM to 9:30 AM. The meeting organizer wants the participants to be at the meeting on a constant and repetitive basis. A recurring meeting can be ongoing, such as a weekly team meeting, or have an end date, such as a 5-week training meeting, held every Friday afternoon. A series meeting is like a recurring meeting, but the details differ from meeting to meeting. One example of a series meeting is a monthly `` lunch and learn'' event at a company, church, club or organization. The placeholder is the same, but the agenda and topics to be covered vary. This is more of a recurring meeting with the details to be determined. Effective use ( edit ) Meetings come in many forms. It is not a case of one-size-fits-all. Size, organization, partcipants, use of terrain, agenda and preparation all interplay. Even the shape of the table can hinder or help. Meetings can be an effective method to building teamwork . See also ( edit ) Business portal Social science portal Action item Agenda Online diary planner BarCamp Conference room Event management Facilitation (business) International Congress Calendar Meeting point Meeting scheduling tool Minutes Official trip Organizational development Parliamentary procedure Quaker meeting for worship Robert's Rules of Order Scientific meeting Town meeting Task list Unconference References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Meeting and Convention Planners . (2009, December 17). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved April 21, 2010. Jump up ^ Meeting -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary . (n.d.). Dictionary and Thesaurus -- Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved 2016-02-04. Jump up ^ Montgomery, Rhonda J.; Strick, Sandra K. (1994). Meetings, Conventions, and Expositions: An Introduction to the Industry . New York: Wiley . ISBN 9780471284390 . Retrieved 2016-02-04 . Jump up ^ Chaney, L.H.; Martin, J.S. (2007). The Essential Guide to Business Etiquette . Praeger . p. 114. ISBN 978-0-275-99714-4 . Retrieved October 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Mokiyenko, Valeri; Nikitina, Tatjana (1998). `` митинг '' . Толковый словарь языка Совдепии ( Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Sovdepia ) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Фолио -Пресс . ISBN 5-7627-0103-4 . Retrieved 2018-09-21 . Летучий митинг (:) Экстренно собранный непродолжительный митинг . Jump up ^ Sullivant, J. (2007). Strategies for Protecting National Critical Infrastructure Assets: A Focus on Problem-Solving . Wiley. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-470-22836-4 . Retrieved October 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Huston, Cate; Huston, Cate (September 1, 2018). `` How to run an effective meeting: avoid process performances'' . Quartz . Retrieved October 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Note examples of usage of the phrase `` protest meeting'' at The Free Dictionary: link Jump up ^ Widdicombe, Catherine (March 28, 2013). Meetings that Work: A Practical Guide to Teamwork in Different Groups (2nd, Kindle ed.). Cambridge: Lutterworth Press . ASIN B00QFPXY02 . ISBN 978-0718830014 . ISBN 0718830016 . Further reading ( edit ) Look up meeting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meetings . Olson, Gary M.; Olson, Judith S.; Carter, Mark R. `` Small group design meetings: an analysis of collaboration'' . Human-Computer Interaction. 7 (4): 347-- 374. doi : 10.1207/s15327051hci0704_1 . ISSN 0737-0024 . Retrieved October 1, 2018 . Johansen, Robert; Vallee, Jacques; Spangler, Kathleen. `` Electronic Meetings: Technical Alternatives'' . ACM Digital Library . Retrieved October 1, 2018 . Effective Meetings at Work . Taylor & Francis . 2007. ISBN 978-1-136-40844-1 . Retrieved October 1, 2018 . 112 pages. GND : 4032055-8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meeting&oldid=866326656 '' Categories : Meetings Parliamentary procedure Hidden categories: CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Pages using ISBN magic links Articles needing cleanup from October 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing Russian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018, at 17:58 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 5360076543777650206 |
what is the difference between csmt and cstm | The station was heavily featured on the BBC Two show World 's Busiest Railway 2015 . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Railway Station Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Railway Station on the eve of republic day in 2016 General information Architectural style Indo - Saracenic Town or city Mumbai , Maharashtra Country India Coordinates 18 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 08 '' E / 18.9398208 ° N 72.83546760000002 ° E / 18.9398208 ; 72.83546760000002 Coordinates : 18 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 08 '' E / 18.9398208 ° N 72.83546760000002 ° E / 18.9398208 ; 72.83546760000002 Construction started May 1878 ; 140 years ago ( 1878 - 05 ) Completed May 1888 ; 130 years ago ( 1888 - 05 ) Cost ₹ 1,614,000 ( US $25,000 ) ( at that time ) Now , ₹ 2,013.4 million ( US $31 million ) Client Great Indian Peninsula Railway Design and construction Architect Frederick William Stevens , Axel Haig Engineer Wilson Bell UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ii , iv Reference 945 Inscription 2004 ( 28th Session )",
"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Railway Station",
"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Railway Station on the eve of republic day in 2016",
"General information",
"Architectural style Indo - Saracenic",
"Town or city Mumbai , Maharashtra",
"Country India",
"Coordinates 18 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 08 '' E / 18.9398208 ° N 72.83546760000002 ° E / 18.9398208 ; 72.83546760000002 Coordinates : 18 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 08 '' E / 18.9398208 ° N 72.83546760000002 ° E / 18.9398208 ; 72.83546760000002",
"Construction started May 1878 ; 140 years ago ( 1878 - 05 )",
"Completed May 1888 ; 130 years ago ( 1888 - 05 )",
"Cost ₹ 1,614,000 ( US $25,000 ) ( at that time ) Now , ₹ 2,013.4 million ( US $31 million )",
"Client Great Indian Peninsula Railway",
"Design and construction",
"Architect Frederick William Stevens , Axel Haig",
"Engineer Wilson Bell",
"UNESCO World Heritage Site",
"Criteria Cultural : ii , iv",
"Reference 945",
"Inscription 2004 ( 28th Session )",
"Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj Terminus railway station Coordinates 18 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 08 '' E / 18.9398 ° N 72.8355 ° E / 18.9398 ; 72.8355 Owned by Indian Railways Operated by Central Railway zone Line ( s ) Howrah - Nagpur - Mumbai line Mumbai - Chennai line Platforms 18 Tracks Multiple Connections Construction Structure type At - grade Platform levels 01 Parking Yes Other information Station code CSMT Zone ( s ) Central Railway zone Division ( s ) Mumbai CR History Opened May 1853 ; 165 years ago ( 1853 - 05 ) Rebuilt May 1888 ; 130 years ago ( 1888 - 05 ) Electrified 25 kV AC 50 Hz Previous names Victoria Terminus Railway Station Bori Bunder railway station Location Mumbai CST Location within Mumbai",
"Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj Terminus railway station",
"Coordinates 18 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 08 '' E / 18.9398 ° N 72.8355 ° E / 18.9398 ; 72.8355",
"Owned by Indian Railways",
"Operated by Central Railway zone",
"Line ( s ) Howrah - Nagpur - Mumbai line Mumbai - Chennai line",
"Platforms 18",
"Tracks Multiple",
"Connections",
"Construction",
"Structure type At - grade",
"Platform levels 01",
"Parking Yes",
"Other information",
"Station code CSMT",
"Zone ( s ) Central Railway zone",
"Division ( s ) Mumbai CR",
"History",
"Opened May 1853 ; 165 years ago ( 1853 - 05 )",
"Rebuilt May 1888 ; 130 years ago ( 1888 - 05 )",
"Electrified 25 kV AC 50 Hz",
"Previous names Victoria Terminus Railway Station Bori Bunder railway station",
"Location",
"Mumbai CST Location within Mumbai",
"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus ( CSMT ) formerly known as Victoria Terminus is a historic railway station and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai , Maharashtra , India which serves as the headquarters of the Central Railways . The station was designed by Frederick William Stevens according to the concept of Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and meant to be a similar revival of Indian Goth ( classical era ) architecture . The station was built in 1887 in the Bori Bunder area of Mumbai to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria . The new railway station was built to the south of the old Bori Bunder railway station . It is one of the busiest railway stations in India , serving as a terminal for both long - distance trains and commuter trains . The station 's name was changed from Victoria Terminus ( code BB ) to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus ( code CST ) in March 1996 in honour of Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji , founder of the Maratha Empire . In 2017 , the station was again renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus ( code became CSMT ) .",
"Bori Bunder ( alternatively `` Bori Bandar '' ) was a tract of land along the Eastern shore line of Mumbai , India . Before the construction of the terminus , a warehouse used to exist which was used to store goods imported to Mumbai and exported from Mumbai . The name of the tract of land is derived from two words - Bori and Bandar . Bori means sack and Bandar means port or haven ( in Marathi ) ; So , the literal meaning of Bori Bunder is a port where sacks are stored . In 1853 , the Great Indian Peninsula Railway built its railway terminus in the tract of land where the warehouse stood . Based on the location , the station was named as Bori Bunder railway station . On 16 April 1853 the Great Indian Peninsula Railway operated the first passenger train in India from Bori Bunder to Thane covering a distance of 34 km ( 21 mi ) . The time taken by the train to complete its journey from Bori Bunder railway station to Thane was fifty - seven minutes .",
"The station was then rebuilt as the Victoria Terminus , named after the then reigning Queen Victoria . The station was designed by the consulting British architect Frederick William Stevens ( 1848 -- 1900 ) . Work began in 1878 . He received ₹ 1,614,000 ( US $25,000 ) as the payment for his services . Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman Axel Haig . The final design bears some resemblance to St Pancras railway station in London . GG Scott 's plans for Berlin 's parliament building had been published four years before , and also has marked similarities to the station 's design . The station took ten years to complete , the longest for any building of that era in Bombay . This famous architectural landmark in a Gothic - revival style was built as the headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway . Since then , the station came to be known as Bombay VT. ( Railway code - BBVT ) Originally intended only to house the main station and the administrative offices of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway , a number of ancillary buildings have been added subsequently , all designed so as to harmonise with the main structure . The original number of platforms were nine ( from platform number 1 to platform number 9 ) . As the Harbour line was being extended from its previous terminus at Dockyard road to VT , congestion at the railway station was imminent . To prevent congestion , a new mainline concourse with four new platforms ( from platform number 10 to platform number 13 ) was constructed in 1929 to the east of the existing suburban concourse to handle main line traffic . The original building is still in use to handle suburban traffic and is used by over three million commuters daily . It is also the administrative headquarters of the Central Railway . The station was renamed as Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus ( CST ) in 1996 . The station was named after the great 17th - century Maratha warrior king Chhatrapati Shivaji . The station was again renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in 2015 .",
"The station has been renamed four times . It was originally known as Bori Bunder from 1853 - 1888 . It was rebuilt as Victoria Terminus to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria . In 1996 , the name of the station was again changed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in honour of Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji , founder of the Maratha Empire . In December 2016 , the resolution to change the name to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus was passed in the Maharashtra Assembly and in May 2017 , home ministry officially sent a letter to the state government denoting the name change , following which the station was yet again renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus .",
"On 26 November 2008 , two terrorists entered the passenger hall of the CST , opened fire and threw grenades at people . The terrorists were armed with AK - 47 rifles . One of the terrorists , Ajmal Kasab , was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses . The others did not survive . The attacks began around 21 : 30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire , The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others , their assault ending at about 22 : 45 after they exited the station via the North FOB towards the west to Cama hospital back entrance . This despite the fact that Central Railway RPF Headquarters being located near Platform 13 overlooking the central passenger hall . The CCTV evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab , who was a terrorist . In 2010 , Kasab was sentenced to death for his role in the attack , and in 2012 he was hanged .",
"The station building is designed in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture . The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture . The skyline , turrets , pointed arches , and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture . Externally , the wood carving , tiles , ornamental iron and brass railings , grills for the ticket offices , the balustrades for the grand staircases and other ornaments were the work of students at the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art . The station stands as an example of 19th century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions . The CST was constructed using a high level of engineering both in terms of railway and civil engineering . It is one of the first and finest products of the use of industrial technology , merged with the Gothic Revival style in India . The centrally domed office structure has a 330 foot long platform connected to a 1,200 foot long train shed , and its outline provides the skeleton plan for the building . CST 's dome of dovetailed ribs , built without centering , was considered as a novel achievement of the era . The interior of the building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings . It is a utilitarian building and has had various changes required by the users , not always sympathetic . It has a C - shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east - west axis . All the sides of the building are given equal value in the design . It is crowned by a high central dome , which acts as the focal point . The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with a colossal female figure symbolizing Progress , holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand . The side wings enclose the courtyard , which opens on to the street . The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners , which balance and frame the central dome . The façades present the appearance of well proportioned rows of windows and arches . The ornamentation in the form of statuary , bas - reliefs , and friezes is exuberant yet well controlled . The columns of the entrance gates are crowned by figures of a lion ( representing Great Britain ) and a tiger ( representing India ) . The main structure is built from a blend of India sandstone and limestone , while high - quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements . The main interiors are also decorated : the ground floor of the North Wing , known as the Star Chamber , which is still used as the booking office , is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone . The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and grotesques . Internally , the ceiling of the booking hall was originally painted blue , gold and strong red on a ground of rich blue with gold stars . Its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by Maw & Co of Britain . Outside , there are statues representing Commerce , Agriculture , Engineering and Science , with a statue representing Progress on the central dome of the station . A statue of Queen Victoria beneath the central dome has been removed .",
"CSMT has a total of 18 platforms -- seven platforms are for suburban trains and eleven platforms ( Platform 8 to Platform 18 ) are for inter city trains . Duranto , Garib Rath and Tejas Express leaves from Platform 18 . Air - conditioned dormitories were inaugurated at CSMT on 16 April 2013 . The facility has 58 beds for men and 20 for women .",
"Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station Mumbai Suburban Railway station Coordinates 18 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 08 '' E / 18.9398 ° N 72.8355 ° E / 18.9398 ; 72.8355 Owned by Indian Railways Line ( s ) Central Line , Harbour Line Platforms 18 Tracks Multiple Connections Construction Structure type At - grade Platform levels 01 Parking Yes Other information Station code CSTM Zone ( s ) Central Railway zone Division ( s ) Mumbai CR Fare zone Central Railway zone History Opened 1853 ; 165 years ago ( 1853 ) Rebuilt 1887 ; 131 years ago ( 1887 ) Electrified 25 kV AC 50 Hz Previous names Victoria Terminus railway station Bori Bunder railway station Services Preceding station MSR Following station Terminus Central Line Main Line Masjid toward Kalyan Terminus Harbour Line Masjid toward Andheri or Panvel",
"Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station",
"Mumbai Suburban Railway station",
"Coordinates 18 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 08 '' E / 18.9398 ° N 72.8355 ° E / 18.9398 ; 72.8355",
"Owned by Indian Railways",
"Line ( s ) Central Line , Harbour Line",
"Platforms 18",
"Tracks Multiple",
"Connections",
"Construction",
"Structure type At - grade",
"Platform levels 01",
"Parking Yes",
"Other information",
"Station code CSTM",
"Zone ( s ) Central Railway zone",
"Division ( s ) Mumbai CR",
"Fare zone Central Railway zone",
"History",
"Opened 1853 ; 165 years ago ( 1853 )",
"Rebuilt 1887 ; 131 years ago ( 1887 )",
"Electrified 25 kV AC 50 Hz",
"Previous names Victoria Terminus railway station Bori Bunder railway station",
"Services",
"Preceding station MSR Following station Terminus Central Line Main Line Masjid toward Kalyan Terminus Harbour Line Masjid toward Andheri or Panvel",
"Preceding station MSR Following station Terminus Central Line Main Line Masjid toward Kalyan Terminus Harbour Line Masjid toward Andheri or Panvel",
"Preceding station MSR Following station",
"Terminus Central Line Main Line Masjid toward Kalyan",
"Terminus Harbour Line Masjid toward Andheri or Panvel",
"Central Line Legend to Bhusawal -- Kalyan section Kasara Umbermali Khardi Thansit Atgaon Asangaon Vasind Bhatsa River Khadavli Kalu River Titwala Ambivli Ulhas River Shahad Waldhuni River Kalyan Vithalwadi Thakurli Ulhasnagar Dombivli Ambarnath to Ahmedabad - Mumbai Main Line Badlapur Western Line Vasai Road Vangani Juchandra Shelu Kaman Road Neral to Matheran Kharbao Bhivpuri Road Bhiwandi Road Karjat Junction Ulhas River to Panvel Junction Kopar Palasdari Diva Junction to Mumbai Dadar -- Solapur section Dativali Kelavli Nilaje Dolavli Taloja Lowjee Navade Road Khopoli Kalamboli Mumbra to Karjat Kalwa Panvel Harbour Line to Trans - Harbour Line Somtane Thane Creek Rasayani Thane Apta Trans - Harbour Line Jite Mulund Hamrapur Nahur Pen Bhandup Kasu Kanjurmarg Nagothane Vikhroli Nidi Line 1 to Versova Ghatkopar Roha Vidyavihar to Konkan Railway Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Harbour Line Kurla Harbour Line to Andheri Sion Western Line \\ Matunga Dadar planned Monorail Prabhadevi Western Line to Churchgate Parel Currey Road Chinchpokli Byculla Harbour Line Sandhurst Road Masjid Line 3 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus This diagram : view talk edit",
"Central Line",
"Legend",
"to Bhusawal -- Kalyan section Kasara Umbermali Khardi Thansit Atgaon Asangaon Vasind Bhatsa River Khadavli Kalu River Titwala Ambivli Ulhas River Shahad Waldhuni River Kalyan Vithalwadi Thakurli Ulhasnagar Dombivli Ambarnath to Ahmedabad - Mumbai Main Line Badlapur Western Line Vasai Road Vangani Juchandra Shelu Kaman Road Neral to Matheran Kharbao Bhivpuri Road Bhiwandi Road Karjat Junction Ulhas River to Panvel Junction Kopar Palasdari Diva Junction to Mumbai Dadar -- Solapur section Dativali Kelavli Nilaje Dolavli Taloja Lowjee Navade Road Khopoli Kalamboli Mumbra to Karjat Kalwa Panvel Harbour Line to Trans - Harbour Line Somtane Thane Creek Rasayani Thane Apta Trans - Harbour Line Jite Mulund Hamrapur Nahur Pen Bhandup Kasu Kanjurmarg Nagothane Vikhroli Nidi Line 1 to Versova Ghatkopar Roha Vidyavihar to Konkan Railway Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Harbour Line Kurla Harbour Line to Andheri Sion Western Line \\ Matunga Dadar planned Monorail Prabhadevi Western Line to Churchgate Parel Currey Road Chinchpokli Byculla Harbour Line Sandhurst Road Masjid Line 3 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus",
"to Bhusawal -- Kalyan section Kasara Umbermali Khardi Thansit Atgaon Asangaon Vasind Bhatsa River Khadavli Kalu River Titwala Ambivli Ulhas River Shahad Waldhuni River Kalyan Vithalwadi Thakurli Ulhasnagar Dombivli Ambarnath to Ahmedabad - Mumbai Main Line Badlapur Western Line Vasai Road Vangani Juchandra Shelu Kaman Road Neral to Matheran Kharbao Bhivpuri Road Bhiwandi Road Karjat Junction Ulhas River to Panvel Junction Kopar Palasdari Diva Junction to Mumbai Dadar -- Solapur section Dativali Kelavli Nilaje Dolavli Taloja Lowjee Navade Road Khopoli Kalamboli Mumbra to Karjat Kalwa Panvel Harbour Line to Trans - Harbour Line Somtane Thane Creek Rasayani Thane Apta Trans - Harbour Line Jite Mulund Hamrapur Nahur Pen Bhandup Kasu Kanjurmarg Nagothane Vikhroli Nidi Line 1 to Versova Ghatkopar Roha Vidyavihar to Konkan Railway Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Harbour Line Kurla Harbour Line to Andheri Sion Western Line \\ Matunga Dadar planned Monorail Prabhadevi Western Line to Churchgate Parel Currey Road Chinchpokli Byculla Harbour Line Sandhurst Road Masjid Line 3 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus",
"to Bhusawal -- Kalyan section",
"",
"Bhusawal -- Kalyan section",
"Bhusawal -- Kalyan",
"section",
"Kasara",
"",
"Umbermali",
"",
"Khardi",
"",
"Thansit",
"",
"Atgaon",
"",
"Asangaon",
"",
"Vasind",
"",
"Bhatsa River",
"",
"Khadavli",
"",
"Kalu River",
"",
"Titwala",
"",
"Ambivli",
"",
"Ulhas River",
"",
"Shahad",
"",
"Waldhuni River",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"Kalyan Vithalwadi",
"",
"",
"Thakurli Ulhasnagar",
"",
"",
"Dombivli Ambarnath",
"",
"",
"to Ahmedabad - Mumbai Main Line Badlapur",
"Ahmedabad - Mumbai Main Line",
"Ahmedabad - Mumbai",
"Main Line",
"",
"",
"Western Line Vasai Road Vangani",
"Western Line",
"Western",
"Line",
"",
"",
"Juchandra Shelu",
"",
"",
"Kaman Road Neral to Matheran",
"",
"",
"Kharbao Bhivpuri Road",
"",
"",
"Bhiwandi Road Karjat Junction",
"",
"",
"Ulhas River",
"",
"",
"to Panvel Junction",
"",
"",
"Kopar Palasdari",
"",
"",
"Diva Junction to Mumbai Dadar -- Solapur section",
"",
"",
"Mumbai Dadar -- Solapur section",
"Mumbai Dadar --",
"Solapur section",
"Dativali Kelavli",
"",
"",
"Nilaje Dolavli",
"",
"",
"Taloja Lowjee",
"",
"",
"Navade Road Khopoli",
"",
"",
"Kalamboli",
"",
"",
"Mumbra to Karjat",
"",
"",
"Kalwa Panvel Harbour Line",
"",
"",
"to Trans - Harbour Line Somtane",
"",
"",
"Thane Creek Rasayani",
"",
"",
"Thane Apta",
"",
"",
"Trans - Harbour Line Jite",
"",
"",
"Mulund Hamrapur",
"",
"",
"Nahur Pen",
"",
"",
"Bhandup Kasu",
"",
"",
"Kanjurmarg Nagothane",
"",
"",
"Vikhroli Nidi",
"",
"",
"Line 1 to Versova Ghatkopar Roha",
"Line 1 to Versova",
"Line 1",
"to Versova",
"",
"",
"Vidyavihar to Konkan Railway",
"",
"",
"Lokmanya Tilak Terminus",
"",
"",
"Lokmanya Tilak Terminus",
"Lokmanya Tilak",
"Terminus",
"Harbour Line",
"",
"",
"Kurla",
"",
"",
"Harbour Line to Andheri Sion",
"Harbour Line to Andheri",
"Harbour Line",
"to Andheri",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"Western Line \\ Matunga",
"",
"",
"Dadar planned Monorail",
"",
"",
"planned Monorail",
"planned",
"Monorail",
"Prabhadevi",
"",
"",
"Western Line to Churchgate Parel",
"Western Line to Churchgate",
"Western Line",
"to Churchgate",
"",
"",
"Currey Road",
"",
"Chinchpokli",
"",
"Byculla",
"",
"Harbour Line",
"",
"",
"Sandhurst Road",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"Masjid",
"",
"Line 3 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus",
"",
"Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus",
"Chhatrapati Shivaji",
"Terminus",
"",
"This diagram : view talk edit",
"view talk edit",
"Harbour line Legend Konkan Railway to Roha and Goa to Uran City Panvel Konkan Railway to Karjat and Vasai Road Khandeshwar Mansarovar Taloja River Kharghar CBD Belapur Nerul -- Uran line to Uran City Western Line to Dahanu Road Seawoods - Darave planned extension to Borivali Nerul Goregaon Juinagar Ram Mandir Trans - Harbour Line to Thane Jogeshwari Sanpada Line 1 Andheri Vashi Sahar Airport Vile Parle Thane Creek Sahar Airport Santacruz Mankhurd Khar Road Govandi Chembur Line 1 Bandra Tilak Nagar Mithi River Central Line to Thane and Karjat Mahim Kurla LTT Terminus Western Line to Churchgate Central line Chunabhatti King 's Circle Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar Line 1 Vadala Road Line 1 Sewri Cotton Green Reay Road Dockyard Road Central line Sandhurst Road Masjid Line 3 Mumbai CST",
"Harbour line",
"",
"Legend",
"Konkan Railway to Roha and Goa to Uran City Panvel Konkan Railway to Karjat and Vasai Road Khandeshwar Mansarovar Taloja River Kharghar CBD Belapur Nerul -- Uran line to Uran City Western Line to Dahanu Road Seawoods - Darave planned extension to Borivali Nerul Goregaon Juinagar Ram Mandir Trans - Harbour Line to Thane Jogeshwari Sanpada Line 1 Andheri Vashi Sahar Airport Vile Parle Thane Creek Sahar Airport Santacruz Mankhurd Khar Road Govandi Chembur Line 1 Bandra Tilak Nagar Mithi River Central Line to Thane and Karjat Mahim Kurla LTT Terminus Western Line to Churchgate Central line Chunabhatti King 's Circle Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar Line 1 Vadala Road Line 1 Sewri Cotton Green Reay Road Dockyard Road Central line Sandhurst Road Masjid Line 3 Mumbai CST",
"Konkan Railway to Roha and Goa to Uran City Panvel Konkan Railway to Karjat and Vasai Road Khandeshwar Mansarovar Taloja River Kharghar CBD Belapur Nerul -- Uran line to Uran City Western Line to Dahanu Road Seawoods - Darave planned extension to Borivali Nerul Goregaon Juinagar Ram Mandir Trans - Harbour Line to Thane Jogeshwari Sanpada Line 1 Andheri Vashi Sahar Airport Vile Parle Thane Creek Sahar Airport Santacruz Mankhurd Khar Road Govandi Chembur Line 1 Bandra Tilak Nagar Mithi River Central Line to Thane and Karjat Mahim Kurla LTT Terminus Western Line to Churchgate Central line Chunabhatti King 's Circle Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar Line 1 Vadala Road Line 1 Sewri Cotton Green Reay Road Dockyard Road Central line Sandhurst Road Masjid Line 3 Mumbai CST",
"Konkan Railway to Roha and Goa to Uran City",
"Konkan Railway to Roha and Goa",
"Konkan Railway",
"to Roha and Goa",
"",
"",
"Panvel",
"",
"",
"Konkan Railway to Karjat and Vasai Road",
"Konkan Railway to Karjat and Vasai Road",
"Konkan Railway",
"to Karjat and Vasai Road",
"",
"",
"Khandeshwar",
"",
"",
"Mansarovar",
"",
"",
"Taloja River",
"",
"",
"Kharghar",
"",
"",
"CBD Belapur",
"",
"",
"Nerul -- Uran line to Uran City",
"",
"",
"Nerul -- Uran line to Uran City",
"Nerul -- Uran line",
"to Uran City",
"Western Line to Dahanu Road Seawoods - Darave",
"Western Line to Dahanu Road",
"Western Line",
"to Dahanu Road",
"",
"",
"planned extension to Borivali Nerul",
"",
"",
"Goregaon Juinagar",
"",
"",
"Ram Mandir Trans - Harbour Line to Thane",
"",
"",
"Trans - Harbour Line to Thane",
"Trans - Harbour Line",
"to Thane",
"Jogeshwari Sanpada",
"",
"",
"Line 1 Andheri Vashi",
"",
"",
"Sahar Airport Vile Parle Thane Creek",
"",
"",
"Sahar Airport Santacruz Mankhurd",
"",
"",
"Khar Road Govandi",
"",
"",
"Chembur Line 1",
"",
"",
"Bandra Tilak Nagar",
"",
"",
"Mithi River Central Line to Thane and Karjat",
"",
"",
"Central Line to Thane and Karjat",
"Central Line",
"to Thane and Karjat",
"Mahim Kurla LTT Terminus",
"",
"",
"Western Line to Churchgate",
"Western Line to Churchgate",
"Western Line",
"to Churchgate",
"",
"",
"Central line Chunabhatti",
"",
"",
"King 's Circle Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar Line 1",
"",
"",
"Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar",
"Guru Tegh",
"Bahadur Nagar",
"",
"",
"",
"Vadala Road Line 1",
"",
"",
"Sewri",
"",
"",
"Cotton Green",
"",
"",
"Reay Road",
"",
"",
"Dockyard Road",
"",
"",
"Central line",
"",
"",
"Sandhurst Road",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"Masjid",
"",
"",
"Line 3 Mumbai CST",
"",
"",
"",
"The network of commuter or suburban trains ( locally known as locals , short for local trains ) radiating out from this station is instrumental in keeping Mumbai running . The station serves as a terminus for long - distance trains as well as two of the suburban lines , the Central Line and the Harbour line .",
"The station has been the location of filming the `` Jai Ho '' song in Slumdog Millionaire ; and Ra. One .",
"The station was heavily featured on the BBC Two show World 's Busiest Railway 2015 ."
] | Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station - Wikipedia Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station Jump to: navigation , search Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Railway Station Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Railway Station on the eve of republic day in 2016 General information Architectural style Indo-Saracenic Town or city Mumbai , Maharashtra Country India Coordinates 18° 56′ 23'' N 72° 50′ 08'' E / 18.9398208° N 72.83546760000002° E / 18.9398208; 72.83546760000002 Coordinates : 18° 56′ 23'' N 72° 50′ 08'' E / 18.9398208° N 72.83546760000002° E / 18.9398208; 72.83546760000002 Construction started May 1878 ; 140 years ago ( 1878-05 ) Completed May 1888 ; 130 years ago ( 1888-05 ) Cost ₹ 1,614,000 (US$25,000)(at that time) Now, ₹ 2,013.4 million (US$31 million) Client Great Indian Peninsula Railway Design and construction Architect Frederick William Stevens , Axel Haig Engineer Wilson Bell UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural: ii, iv Reference 945 Inscription 2004 (28th Session ) Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj Terminus railway station Coordinates 18° 56′ 23'' N 72° 50′ 08'' E / 18.9398° N 72.8355° E / 18.9398; 72.8355 Owned by Indian Railways Operated by Central Railway zone Line(s) Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line Mumbai-Chennai line Platforms 18 Tracks Multiple Connections Construction Structure type At-grade Platform levels 01 Parking Yes Other information Station code CSMT Zone(s) Central Railway zone Division(s) Mumbai CR History Opened May 1853 ; 165 years ago ( 1853-05 ) Rebuilt May 1888 ; 130 years ago ( 1888-05 ) Electrified 25 kV AC 50 Hz Previous names Victoria Terminus Railway Station Bori Bunder railway station Location Mumbai CST Location within Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus ( CSMT ) formerly known as Victoria Terminus is a historic railway station and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai , Maharashtra , India which serves as the headquarters of the Central Railways . The station was designed by Frederick William Stevens according to the concept of Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and meant to be a similar revival of Indian Goth (classical era) architecture. The station was built in 1887 in the Bori Bunder area of Mumbai to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria . The new railway station was built to the south of the old Bori Bunder railway station . It is one of the busiest railway stations in India, serving as a terminal for both long-distance trains and commuter trains. The station's name was changed from Victoria Terminus (code BB) to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (code CST) in March 1996 in honour of Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji , founder of the Maratha Empire . In 2017, the station was again renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (code became CSMT). Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First building 1.2 Second building 1.3 Renaming 1.4 2008 Mumbai attacks 2 Structure 3 Platforms 4 Suburban network 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) First building ( edit ) Bori Bunder (alternatively `` Bori Bandar'' ) was a tract of land along the Eastern shore line of Mumbai, India. Before the construction of the terminus, a warehouse used to exist which was used to store goods imported to Mumbai and exported from Mumbai. The name of the tract of land is derived from two words - Bori and Bandar . Bori means sack and Bandar means port or haven (in Marathi); So, the literal meaning of Bori Bunder is a port where sacks are stored. In 1853, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway built its railway terminus in the tract of land where the warehouse stood. Based on the location, the station was named as Bori Bunder railway station . On 16 April 1853 the Great Indian Peninsula Railway operated the first passenger train in India from Bori Bunder to Thane covering a distance of 34 km (21 mi). The time taken by the train to complete its journey from Bori Bunder railway station to Thane was fifty-seven minutes. Second building ( edit ) A 1903 stereographic image of the Victoria Terminus, Bombay which was completed in 1888. The station was then rebuilt as the Victoria Terminus, named after the then reigning Queen Victoria. The station was designed by the consulting British architect Frederick William Stevens (1848-- 1900). Work began in 1878. He received ₹ 1,614,000 (US$25,000) as the payment for his services. Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman Axel Haig . The final design bears some resemblance to St Pancras railway station in London . GG Scott's plans for Berlin's parliament building had been published four years before, and also has marked similarities to the station's design. The station took ten years to complete, the longest for any building of that era in Bombay. This famous architectural landmark in a Gothic-revival style was built as the headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway . Since then, the station came to be known as Bombay VT.(Railway code-BBVT) Originally intended only to house the main station and the administrative offices of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, a number of ancillary buildings have been added subsequently, all designed so as to harmonise with the main structure. The original number of platforms were nine (from platform number 1 to platform number 9). As the Harbour line was being extended from its previous terminus at Dockyard road to VT, congestion at the railway station was imminent. To prevent congestion, a new mainline concourse with four new platforms (from platform number 10 to platform number 13) was constructed in 1929 to the east of the existing suburban concourse to handle main line traffic. The original building is still in use to handle suburban traffic and is used by over three million commuters daily. It is also the administrative headquarters of the Central Railway. The station was renamed as Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) in 1996. The station was named after the great 17th-century Maratha warrior king Chhatrapati Shivaji . The station was again renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in 2015. Renaming ( edit ) The station has been renamed four times. It was originally known as Bori Bunder from 1853-1888. It was rebuilt as Victoria Terminus to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria . In 1996, the name of the station was again changed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in honour of Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji , founder of the Maratha Empire . In December 2016, the resolution to change the name to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus was passed in the Maharashtra Assembly and in May 2017, home ministry officially sent a letter to the state government denoting the name change, following which the station was yet again renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. 2008 Mumbai attacks ( edit ) Main article: 2008 Mumbai attacks On 26 November 2008, two terrorists entered the passenger hall of the CST, opened fire and threw grenades at people. The terrorists were armed with AK-47 rifles. One of the terrorists, Ajmal Kasab , was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The others did not survive. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire, The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others, their assault ending at about 22:45 after they exited the station via the North FOB towards the west to Cama hospital back entrance. This despite the fact that Central Railway RPF Headquarters being located near Platform 13 overlooking the central passenger hall. The CCTV evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab , who was a terrorist. In 2010, Kasab was sentenced to death for his role in the attack, and in 2012 he was hanged. Structure ( edit ) An evening view of Chhatrapati Shivaji Teminus, Mumbai The station building is designed in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture. The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture. Externally, the wood carving, tiles, ornamental iron and brass railings, grills for the ticket offices, the balustrades for the grand staircases and other ornaments were the work of students at the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art . The station stands as an example of 19th century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. The CST was constructed using a high level of engineering both in terms of railway and civil engineering. It is one of the first and finest products of the use of industrial technology, merged with the Gothic Revival style in India. The centrally domed office structure has a 330 foot long platform connected to a 1,200 foot long train shed, and its outline provides the skeleton plan for the building. CST's dome of dovetailed ribs, built without centering, was considered as a novel achievement of the era. The interior of the building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings. It is a utilitarian building and has had various changes required by the users, not always sympathetic. It has a C-shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east-west axis. All the sides of the building are given equal value in the design. It is crowned by a high central dome, which acts as the focal point. The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with a colossal female figure symbolizing Progress, holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand. The side wings enclose the courtyard, which opens on to the street. The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners, which balance and frame the central dome. The façades present the appearance of well proportioned rows of windows and arches. The ornamentation in the form of statuary, bas-reliefs, and friezes is exuberant yet well controlled. The columns of the entrance gates are crowned by figures of a lion (representing Great Britain) and a tiger (representing India). The main structure is built from a blend of India sandstone and limestone, while high-quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements. The main interiors are also decorated: the ground floor of the North Wing, known as the Star Chamber, which is still used as the booking office, is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone. The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and grotesques. Internally, the ceiling of the booking hall was originally painted blue, gold and strong red on a ground of rich blue with gold stars. Its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by Maw & Co of Britain. Outside, there are statues representing Commerce, Agriculture, Engineering and Science, with a statue representing Progress on the central dome of the station. A statue of Queen Victoria beneath the central dome has been removed. Platforms ( edit ) CSMT has a total of 18 platforms -- seven platforms are for suburban trains and eleven platforms (Platform 8 to Platform 18) are for inter city trains. Duranto, Garib Rath and Tejas Express leaves from Platform 18. Air-conditioned dormitories were inaugurated at CSMT on 16 April 2013. The facility has 58 beds for men and 20 for women. Suburban network ( edit ) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station Mumbai Suburban Railway station Coordinates 18° 56′ 23'' N 72° 50′ 08'' E / 18.9398° N 72.8355° E / 18.9398; 72.8355 Owned by Indian Railways Line(s) Central Line , Harbour Line Platforms 18 Tracks Multiple Connections Construction Structure type At-grade Platform levels 01 Parking Yes Other information Station code CSTM Zone(s) Central Railway zone Division(s) Mumbai CR Fare zone Central Railway zone History Opened 1853 ; 165 years ago ( 1853 ) Rebuilt 1887 ; 131 years ago ( 1887 ) Electrified 25 kV AC 50 Hz Previous names Victoria Terminus railway station Bori Bunder railway station Services Preceding station MSR Following station Terminus Central Line Main Line Masjid toward Kalyan Terminus Harbour Line Masjid toward Andheri or Panvel Central Line Legend to Bhusawal-- Kalyan section Kasara Umbermali Khardi Thansit Atgaon Asangaon Vasind Bhatsa River Khadavli Kalu River Titwala Ambivli Ulhas River Shahad Waldhuni River Kalyan Vithalwadi Thakurli Ulhasnagar Dombivli Ambarnath to Ahmedabad-Mumbai Main Line Badlapur Western Line Vasai Road Vangani Juchandra Shelu Kaman Road Neral to Matheran Kharbao Bhivpuri Road Bhiwandi Road Karjat Junction Ulhas River to Panvel Junction Kopar Palasdari Diva Junction to Mumbai Dadar-- Solapur section Dativali Kelavli Nilaje Dolavli Taloja Lowjee Navade Road Khopoli Kalamboli Mumbra to Karjat Kalwa Panvel Harbour Line to Trans-Harbour Line Somtane Thane Creek Rasayani Thane Apta Trans-Harbour Line Jite Mulund Hamrapur Nahur Pen Bhandup Kasu Kanjurmarg Nagothane Vikhroli Nidi Line 1 to Versova Ghatkopar Roha Vidyavihar to Konkan Railway Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Harbour Line Kurla Harbour Line to Andheri Sion Western Line \ Matunga Dadar planned Monorail Prabhadevi Western Line to Churchgate Parel Currey Road Chinchpokli Byculla Harbour Line Sandhurst Road Masjid Line 3 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus This diagram: view talk edit Harbour line Legend Konkan Railway to Roha and Goa to Uran City Panvel Konkan Railway to Karjat and Vasai Road Khandeshwar Mansarovar Taloja River Kharghar CBD Belapur Nerul-- Uran line to Uran City Western Line to Dahanu Road Seawoods-Darave planned extension to Borivali Nerul Goregaon Juinagar Ram Mandir Trans-Harbour Line to Thane Jogeshwari Sanpada Line 1 Andheri Vashi Sahar Airport Vile Parle Thane Creek Sahar Airport Santacruz Mankhurd Khar Road Govandi Chembur Line 1 Bandra Tilak Nagar Mithi River Central Line to Thane and Karjat Mahim Kurla LTT Terminus Western Line to Churchgate Central line Chunabhatti King's Circle Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar Line 1 Vadala Road Line 1 Sewri Cotton Green Reay Road Dockyard Road Central line Sandhurst Road Masjid Line 3 Mumbai CST The network of commuter or suburban trains (locally known as locals , short for local trains) radiating out from this station is instrumental in keeping Mumbai running. The station serves as a terminus for long-distance trains as well as two of the suburban lines, the Central Line and the Harbour line . In popular culture ( edit ) The station has been the location of filming the `` Jai Ho '' song in Slumdog Millionaire ; and Ra.One . The station was heavily featured on the BBC Two show World's Busiest Railway 2015 . See also ( edit ) Railways in India portal Bori Bunder railway station Timeline of Mumbai history References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Chhatrapati Shivaji Station'' . World Heritage Site . www.worldheritagesite.org . Retrieved 2008-12-03 . Jump up ^ File:India Mumbai Victor Grigas 2011-15.jpg Jump up ^ Aruṇa Ṭikekara , Aroon Tikekar (2006). The cloister's pale: a biography of the University of Mumbai . Popular Prakashan. p. 357. ISBN 81-7991-293-0 . Page 64 Jump up ^ `` India's impressive railway stations'' . Rediff.com. 13 October 2011 . Retrieved 2013-01-04 . ^ Jump up to: `` Advisory Body Evaluation: Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ Bombay Gothic by Christopher W London 2002 India Book House PVT Ltd ISBN 81-7508-329-8 Jump up ^ `` Suresh Kalmadi -- Work Profile'' . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Suresh Kalmadi -- In Conversation'' . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai travellers, CST is now Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus'' . Hindustan Times . 8 May 2017. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus - Times of India'' . indiatimes.com . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` 3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV footage'' . The Economic Times . India. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` Photographer recalls Mumbai attacks'' . The News International . 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - IND 945 AN.doc'' (PDF) . Retrieved 2013-03-26 . ^ Jump up to: W, Christopher (2002). Bombay Gothic . London: India Book House PVT Ltd. ISBN 81-7508-329-8 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai CSTM Station - 24 Train Departures CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry'' . indiarailinfo.com . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dormitories for women at CST, LTT get good response'' . Indian Express . 19 April 2013. Jump up ^ Outlook Publishing (6 October 2008). Outlook . Outlook Publishing. pp. 69-- . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3,500 VFX shots in RA.One'' . Mahiram . n.d . Retrieved 2011-11-07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) . Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on the UNESCO website Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai Google Satellite Map of Mumbai CST 360° Panorama Links to related articles Central Railway Headquarters - Mumbai Authority Ministry of Railways Railway Board Divisions Mumbai CR Bhusawal Nagpur CR Solapur Pune Railway stations Railway stations in Maharashtra Engine sheds Diesel Pune Kalyan Kurla Murtajapur Electric Kalyan Ajni Bhusawal Network Bhusawal-- Kalyan section Mumbai Suburban Central line Mumbai Dadar-- Solapur section Nagpur-- Bhusawal section Mumbai Suburban Railway Howrah-- Allahabad-- Mumbai line Howrah-- Nagpur-- Mumbai line Mumbai-- Chennai line Pune-- Miraj-- Londa line Pune Suburban Railway Udhna - Jalgaon line Vasai Road - Roha line Services Express Trains Fast Passenger Superfast/Mail Duronto Garib Rath Jan Shatabdi Express Premium train Shatabdi Express Sampark Kranti Express Templates Category Portal WikiProject Stations on the Central line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway Main Line ( Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus -- Kalyan ) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Masjid Sandhurst Road Byculla Chinchpokli Currey Road Parel Dadar Matunga Sion Kurla Vidyavihar Ghatkopar Vikhroli Kanjurmarg Bhandup Nahur Mulund Thane Kalwa Mumbra Diva Junction Kopar Dombivli Thakurli Kalyan Main line branch ( Kalyan -- Kasara ) Kalyan Shahad Ambivli Titwala Khadavli Vasind Asangaon Atgaon Thansit Khardi Oombermali (Umbermali) Kasara Main line branch ( Kalyan -- Khopoli ) Kalyan Vitthalwadi Ulhasnagar Ambarnath Badlapur Vangani Shelu Neral Bhivpuri Road Karjat Palasdari Kelavli Dolavli Lowjee Khopoli Vasai Road -- Diva -- Panvel - Roha Line Vasai Road Juchandra Kaman Road Kharbao Bhiwandi Kopar Diva Junction Dativali Nilaje Taloja Navade Road Kalamboli Panvel Somtane Rasayani Apta Jite Hamrapur Pen Kasu Nagothane Nidi Roha Stations on the Harbour Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus -- Andheri Route Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Masjid Sandhurst Road Dockyard Road Reay Road Cotton Green Sewri Wadala Road King's Circle Mahim Bandra Khar Road Santacruz Vile Parle Andheri Jogeshwari Ram Mandir Goregaon Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus -- Panvel Route Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Masjid Sandhurst Road Dockyard Road Reay Road Cotton Green Sewri Wadala Road Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar Chunabhatti Kurla Tilak Nagar Chembur Govandi Mankhurd Vashi Sanpada Juinagar Nerul Seawoods-- Darave CBD Belapur Kharghar Mansarovar Khandeshwar Panvel Thane -- Vashi Route Thane Airoli Rabale Ghansoli Kopar Khairane Turbhe Sanpada Vashi Thane -- Panvel Route Thane Airoli Rabale Ghansoli Kopar Khairane Turbhe Juinagar Nerul Seawoods-- Darave CBD Belapur Kharghar Mansarovar Khandeshwar Panvel Tourist attractions in Mumbai ( list ) Pre-colonial Elephanta Caves Kanheri Caves Worli Fort Mahim Fort Colonial Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus BMC Headquarters Hutatma Chowk Worli Fort David Sassoon Library Gateway of India Rajabai Tower Mount Mary's Church Bombay High Court Ballard Bunder Gatehouse South Mumbai St. Thomas Cathedral Beaches Aksa Beach Dadar Chowpatty Girgaum Chowpatty Juhu Beach Kalamb Beach Madh Island Marvé Beach Powai Lake Versova Places of worship Babulnath Cathedral of the Holy Name Haji Ali Jama Masjid Mahalaxmi Temple Mumba Devi Mandir Our Lady of the Mount Knesset Eliyahoo Magen David Synagogue Parsi Fire Temple Portuguese Church Mahim Church Shrine Of Don Bosco's Madonna St Peter's Church, Bandra St. Andrew's Church Siddhivinayak Temple Shitala Devi Temple Swaminarayan Mandir Walkeshwar Temple Cultural National Centre for the Performing Arts Experimental Theatre (NCPA) Jehangir Art Gallery Taraporewala Aquarium Asiatic Society of Mumbai Marine Drive Royal Opera House Regal Cinema Eros Cinema Metro Adlabs Nehru Science Centre Film City Capitol Cinema Liberty Cinema Boulevards Marine Drive Fashion Street Linking Road Nepean Sea Road Breach Candy Bandstand Promenade Worli Seaface Bandra-Worli Sea Link Carter Road Promenade Districts Western Suburbs Nariman Point Malabar Hill Kala Ghoda Colaba Bandra Kurla Complex Shopping Chor Bazaar Fashion Street Colaba Causeway Lamington Road Linking Road Buildings Bombay Stock Exchange Hutatma Chowk David Sassoon Library Taj Mahal Palace & Tower Nehru Planetarium India Government Mint Parks, zoos and stadia Bandra Kurla Complex Ground Brabourne Stadium Cross Maidan Essel World Gowalia Tank Hanging Gardens Horniman Circle Gardens Jijamata Udyaan Kamala Nehru Park Mahalaxmi Racecourse Middle Income Group Club Ground Sanjay Gandhi National Park Shivaji Park Wankhede Stadium Museums INS Vikrant Prince of Wales Museum Mani Bhavan National Gallery of Modern Art Forts Bassein Fort Belapur Fort Bombay Castle Castella de Aguada Dongri Fort Fort George Madh Fort Mahim Fort Mazagon Fort Riwa Fort Sewri Fort Sion Hillock Fort Worli Fort Restaurants & Bars Café Mondegar Leopold Cafe Mumbai topics History Timeline Silhara dynasty Bombay Presidency Seven Islands of Bombay Elephanta Caves Banganga Tank Old Bombay Worli Fort Girangaon Samyukta Maharashtra Movement Tanks Growth of Mumbai 1992-- 93 riots 1993 bombings 2008 attacks Terrorism Geography Powai Lake Vihar Lake Tulsi Lake Thane Creek Mahim Bay Back Bay Mithi River Ulhas River Gilbert Hill Malabar Hill Salsette Island Mumbai Harbour Middle Ground Climate Beaches Eastern Suburbs Western Suburbs South Mumbai Neighbourhoods Buildings Architecture of Mumbai Gateway of India Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Naval Dockyard Bombay Stock Exchange Hutatma Chowk General Post Office Shreepati Arcade Siddhivinayak Temple Regal Cinema Mount Mary's Church Haji Ali Dargah Flora Fountain David Sassoon Library Mumba Devi Temple Mahalaxmi Temple Prince of Wales Museum National Gallery of Modern Art Asiatic Society of Mumbai Jehangir Art Gallery Gowalia Tank Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Mahim Church Transport Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) Mumbai Suburban Railway Central Railway Western Railway Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Juhu Aerodrome Auto rickshaw Metro Monorail Skywalk Western railway elevated corridor Water transport Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System Mumbai Urban Transport Project Roads Airoli Bridge Altamount Road Bandra-- Worli Sea Link Carmichael Road Colaba Causeway Currey Road Bridge Dadabhai Naoroji Road Eastern Express Highway Eastern Freeway Fashion Street Hughes Road Jeejabai Bhosle Marg JVLR Linking Road Lady Jamshetjee Road LBS Marg Lamington Road Mahim Causeway Marine Drive MTHL Nepean Sea Road P D'Mello Road Pedder Road Princess Street SCLR SV Road Sahar Elevated Access Road Sion Panvel Highway Vashi Bridge Veera Desai Road Western Express Highway Economy Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange of India Reserve Bank of India Mint Dalal Street Nariman Point Education and Research Universities & Colleges University of Mumbai (MU) SNDT Women's University Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay (IIT-B) Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI) Mulund College of Commerce ICT (formerly UDCT) NITIE Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS) SP Jain Institute of Management and Research NMIMS St. Xavier's College Sathaye College Ramnarain Ruia College DG Ruparel College Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics V.G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce Schools Bombay Scottish School Campion School Cathedral and John Connon School Dhirubhai Ambani International School Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School Jamnabai Narsee School Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan King George High School, Dadar(E) St. Theresa's Boys High School Institutes for Science & Learning Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Nehru Planetarium Nehru Science Centre Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS) Civic Mayor Police Commissioner Municipal Commissioner Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Mumbai Police Wards Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport Demographics Water sources Bombay High Court Sheriff Culture Marathi Mumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya Dabbawalas Mumbaikar Street food Vada pav Bhelpuri Sevpuri Dahi puri Panipuri Ragda pattice Cultural centres Cinemas Kala Ghoda festival Mumbai Marathon Tourist attractions Little Bombay, Jersey City, USA Religion in Mumbai Jainism in Mumbai Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay History of the Jews in Mumbai List of churches in Mumbai Anglican Diocese of Bombay Mumbai Orthodox Diocese Other topics Bombay High Kamathipura Dharavi People from Mumbai Category Commons Mumbai portal Railway stations in Maharashtra Railway stations CR Mumbai CR Ambarnath Andheri Bhandup Bhiwandi Road Byculla CBD Belapur Chembur Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Dadar Central Diva Junction Dombivli Ghatkopar Igatpuri Kalyan Junction Badlapur Karjat Kasara Khandala Kurla Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Lonavala Matheran Matunga Mulund Neral Nerul Panvel Roha Thane Titwala Turbhe Ulhasnagar Uran City Vadala Road Vashi Vikhroli Bhusawal Akola Junction Amravati Badnera Junction Bhusaval Junction Chalisgaon Junction Devlali Dhule Jalamb Jalgaon Malkapur Manmad Junction Murtajapur Junction Nandgaon Nasik Road New Amravati Raver Yavatmal Nagpur CR Ajni Balharshah Junction Buti Bori Majri Junction Malkhed Nagpur Junction Pulgaon Sewagram Junction Wardha Junction Warud Orange City Solapur Ahmednagar Daund Junction Hotgi Junction Kopargaon Kurduvadi Junction Latur Osmanabad Sainagar Shirdi Solapur Pune Akurdi Begdewadi Chinchwad Dapodi Dehu Road Ghorawadi Hatkanangale Kamshet Kanhe Karad Kasarwadi Khadki Koregaon Malavli Miraj Junction Pimpri Pune Junction Shivajinagar Satara Sangli Talegaon Vadgaon SECR Nagpur SEC Bhandara Road Gondia Junction Itwari Kalamna Ramtek WR Mumbai WR Amalner Andheri Bandra Bandra Terminus Boisar Borivali Bhayandar Churchgate Dadar Western Dahanu Road Dahisar Goregaon Kandivali Malad Mira Road Mumbai Central Nala Sopara Nandurbar Santacruz Vasai Road Vile Parle Virar SCR Nanded Aurangabad Hazur Sahib Nanded Hingoli Deccan Mudkhed Nagarsol Purna Junction KR Ratnagiri Adavali Anjani Aravali Bhoke Chiplun Diwankhavati Goregaon Road Indapur Kamathe Kankavali Karanjadi Khed Kolad Kudal Madure Mangaon Nandgaon Road Nivasar Rajapur Road Ratnagiri Sangameshwar Road Sape Wamane Sawantwadi Road Sawarda Sindhudurg Ukshi Vaibhavwadi Road Veer Vilavade Vinhere Zarap Suburban railway Mumbai Central Line Harbour Line Trans-Harbour line Western Line Pune Pune Suburban Railway Railways in India World Heritage Sites in India North Agra Fort The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Fatehpur Sikri Great Himalayan National Park Humayun's Tomb Keoladeo National Park Khajuraho Group of Monuments Kalka-Shimla Railway Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Qutub Minar and its Monuments Red Fort Complex Taj Mahal East Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Kaziranga National Park Mahabodhi Temple Complex Nalanda Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Sun Temple at Konark Sundarbans National Park Khangchendzonga National Park South Great Living Chola Temples Group of Monuments at Hampi Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Nilgiri Mountain Railway Western Ghats West Historic City of Ahmadabad Ajanta Caves Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Churches and convents of Goa Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Hill Forts of Rajasthan Jantar Mantar of Jaipur Rani ki vav Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Western Ghats 2008 Mumbai attacks Main topics Timeline Reactions Aftermath Erroneous reporting Persons Attribution Ajmal Kasab David Headley Hafiz Muhammad Saeed Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi Sites Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Oberoi Trident Nariman House Cama Hospital Related Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism Terrorism in Mumbai Terrorism in India India-- Pakistan relations GND : 7696871-6 VIAF : 244798275 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_railway_station&oldid=839793946 '' Categories : Railway terminus in India Mumbai CR railway division Mumbai Suburban Railway stations Tourist attractions in Mumbai Railway stations opened in 1888 Railway stations in Mumbai City district Gothic Revival architecture in India Domes World Heritage Sites in India Rebuilt buildings and structures in India Monuments and memorials to Shivaji Hidden categories: Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using Infobox station with markup inside type Pages using BSsplit instead of BSsrws Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018, at 18:24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 1699526679654253234 |
where is the negative space in this well known image called the rubin vase look closely | The use of negative space in art may be analogous to silence in music , but only when it is juxtaposed with adjacent musical ideas . As such , there is a difference between inert and active silences in music , where the latter is more closely analogous to negative space in art . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Negative space , in art , is the space around and between the subject ( s ) of an image . Negative space may be most evident when the space around a subject , not the subject itself , forms an interesting or artistically relevant shape , and such space occasionally is used to artistic effect as the `` real '' subject of an image .",
"The use of negative space is a key element of artistic composition . The Japanese word `` ma '' is sometimes used for this concept , for example in garden design .",
"In a two - tone , black - and - white image , a subject is normally depicted in black and the space around it is left blank ( white ) , thereby forming a silhouette of the subject . Reversing the tones so that the space around the subject is printed black and the subject itself is left blank , however , causes the negative space to be apparent as it forms shapes around the subject . This is called figure - ground reversal .",
"In graphic design of printed or displayed materials , where effective communication is the objective , the use of negative space may be crucial . Not only within the typography , but in its placement in relation to the whole . It is the basis of why upper and lower case typography always is more legible than the use of all capital letters . Negative space varies around lower case letters , allowing the human eye to distinguish each word rapidly as one distinctive item , rather than having to parse out what the words are in a string of letters that all present the same overall profile as in all caps . The same judicious use of negative space drives the effectiveness of the entire design . Because of the long history of the use of black ink on white paper , `` white space '' is the term often used in graphics to identify the same separation .",
"Elements of an image that distract from the intended subject , or in the case of photography , objects in the same focal plane , are not considered negative space . Negative space may be used to depict a subject in a chosen medium by showing everything around the subject , but not the subject itself . Use of negative space will produce a silhouette of the subject . Most often , negative space is used as a neutral or contrasting background to draw attention to the main subject , which then is referred to as the positive space .",
"Considering and improving the balance between negative space and positive space in a composition is considered by many to enhance the design . This basic , but often overlooked , principle of design gives the eye a `` place to rest , '' increasing the appeal of a composition through subtle means .",
"The use of negative space in art may be analogous to silence in music , but only when it is juxtaposed with adjacent musical ideas . As such , there is a difference between inert and active silences in music , where the latter is more closely analogous to negative space in art ."
] | Negative space - wikipedia Negative space For the song by A Day to Remember, see Bad Vibrations . For the animated short film, see Negative Space (film) . Rubin's vase is an optical illusion in which the negative space around the vase forms the silhouettes of two faces in profile, a well-known example of figure-ground reversal by emphasizing that negative space FedEx logo displays an arrow between letters E and X. Not being in full silhouette, the effect is subtle and may not be noticed. Negative space , in art , is the space around and between the subject(s) of an image. Negative space may be most evident when the space around a subject, not the subject itself, forms an interesting or artistically relevant shape, and such space occasionally is used to artistic effect as the `` real'' subject of an image. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Use 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) The use of negative space is a key element of artistic composition. The Japanese word `` ma '' is sometimes used for this concept, for example in garden design . In a two-tone, black-and-white image, a subject is normally depicted in black and the space around it is left blank (white), thereby forming a silhouette of the subject. Reversing the tones so that the space around the subject is printed black and the subject itself is left blank, however, causes the negative space to be apparent as it forms shapes around the subject. This is called figure-ground reversal . In graphic design of printed or displayed materials, where effective communication is the objective, the use of negative space may be crucial. Not only within the typography , but in its placement in relation to the whole. It is the basis of why upper and lower case typography always is more legible than the use of all capital letters. Negative space varies around lower case letters, allowing the human eye to distinguish each word rapidly as one distinctive item, rather than having to parse out what the words are in a string of letters that all present the same overall profile as in all caps. The same judicious use of negative space drives the effectiveness of the entire design . Because of the long history of the use of black ink on white paper, `` white space '' is the term often used in graphics to identify the same separation. Elements of an image that distract from the intended subject, or in the case of photography , objects in the same focal plane , are not considered negative space. Negative space may be used to depict a subject in a chosen medium by showing everything around the subject, but not the subject itself. Use of negative space will produce a silhouette of the subject. Most often, negative space is used as a neutral or contrasting background to draw attention to the main subject, which then is referred to as the positive space. Use ( edit ) Considering and improving the balance between negative space and positive space in a composition is considered by many to enhance the design. This basic, but often overlooked, principle of design gives the eye a `` place to rest,'' increasing the appeal of a composition through subtle means. The use of negative space in art may be analogous to silence in music, but only when it is juxtaposed with adjacent musical ideas. As such, there is a difference between inert and active silences in music, where the latter is more closely analogous to negative space in art. See also ( edit ) Composition (visual arts) Figure-- ground (perception) Ma (negative space) Space (punctuation) White space (visual arts) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ: ' Ma' and ' Mu' - Japanese Gardens Forum - GardenWeb'' . Forums.gardenweb.com . Retrieved 2009-11-11 . Jump up ^ `` ArtLex's Ne-Nz page'' . Artlex.com. Archived from the original on 1999-05-04 . Retrieved 2009-11-11 . Jump up ^ `` A Note for MA: Space/Time in the Garden of Ryoan-Ji - Iimura'' . Mfj-online.org . Retrieved 2009-11-11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Negative space . Negative Space. The Art of Negative Space: An Attempt to Tell a Story Through Illustration. The Art of Negative Space: 15 Amazing Examples Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negative_space&oldid=839455349 '' Categories : Artistic techniques Composition in visual art Negative concepts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk فارسی Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018, at 15:04 (UTC) . About Wikipedia | -619645552002420866 |
who is bruce in the elo song don't bring me down | A common mondegreen in the song is the perception that , following the title line , Lynne shouts `` Bruce ! '' . In the liner notes of the ELO compilation Flashback and elsewhere , Lynne has explained that he is singing a made - up word , `` Grooss , '' which some have suggested sounds like the German expression `` Gruß . '' After the song 's release , so many people had misinterpreted the word as `` Bruce '' that Lynne actually began to sing the word as `` Bruce '' for fun at live shows . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` Do n't Bring Me Down '' Artwork for UK , Australian , and some other European vinyl releases Single by Electric Light Orchestra from the album Discovery B - side `` Dreaming of 4000 '' Released 1979 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 02 Label Jet Songwriter ( s ) Jeff Lynne Producer ( s ) Jeff Lynne Electric Light Orchestra singles chronology `` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' ( 1979 ) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' ( 1979 ) `` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' ( 1979 ) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' ( 1979 ) Audio sample file help Discovery track listing 9 tracks Side one `` Shine a Little Love '' `` Confusion '' `` Need Her Love '' `` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' Side two `` Last Train to London '' `` Midnight Blue '' `` On the Run '' `` Wishing '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' Music video `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' on YouTube",
"`` Do n't Bring Me Down ''",
"Artwork for UK , Australian , and some other European vinyl releases",
"Single by Electric Light Orchestra",
"from the album Discovery",
"B - side `` Dreaming of 4000 ''",
"Released 1979",
"Format 7 '' single",
"Genre Pop rock",
"Length 4 : 02",
"Label Jet",
"Songwriter ( s ) Jeff Lynne",
"Producer ( s ) Jeff Lynne",
"Electric Light Orchestra singles chronology",
"`` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' ( 1979 ) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' ( 1979 )",
"`` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' ( 1979 ) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' ( 1979 )",
"`` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' ( 1979 ) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' ( 1979 )",
"`` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' ( 1979 ) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' ( 1979 )",
"`` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' ( 1979 ) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' ( 1979 )",
"`` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' ( 1979 ) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' ( 1979 )",
"Audio sample",
"file help",
"file help",
"Discovery track listing",
"9 tracks Side one `` Shine a Little Love '' `` Confusion '' `` Need Her Love '' `` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' Side two `` Last Train to London '' `` Midnight Blue '' `` On the Run '' `` Wishing '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down ''",
"Side one",
"`` Shine a Little Love '' `` Confusion '' `` Need Her Love '' `` The Diary of Horace Wimp ''",
"`` Shine a Little Love ''",
"`` Confusion ''",
"`` Need Her Love ''",
"`` The Diary of Horace Wimp ''",
"Side two",
"`` Last Train to London '' `` Midnight Blue '' `` On the Run '' `` Wishing '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down ''",
"`` Last Train to London ''",
"`` Midnight Blue ''",
"`` On the Run ''",
"`` Wishing ''",
"`` Do n't Bring Me Down ''",
"Music video",
"`` Do n't Bring Me Down '' on YouTube",
"`` Do n't Bring Me Down '' is the ninth and final track on the English rock band the Electric Light Orchestra 's 1979 album Discovery . It is their highest charting hit in the United States to date .",
"`` It 's a great big galloping ball of distortion . I wrote it at the last minute , ' cos I felt there were n't enough loud ones on the album . This was just what I was after . '' -- Discovery remaster ( 2001 ) , Jeff Lynne",
"`` It 's a great big galloping ball of distortion . I wrote it at the last minute , ' cos I felt there were n't enough loud ones on the album . This was just what I was after . ''",
"-- Discovery remaster ( 2001 ) , Jeff Lynne",
"`` Do n't Bring Me Down '' is the band 's second highest charting hit in the UK where it peaked at number 3 and their biggest hit in the United States , peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also charted well in Canada ( number 1 ) and Australia ( number 6 ) . This was the first song by ELO not to include a string section .",
"The drum track is in fact a tape loop , coming from `` On the Run '' looped and slowed down .",
"The song ends with the sound of a door slamming . According to producer Jeff Lynne , this was a metal fire door at Musicland Studios where the song was recorded .",
"The song was dedicated to the NASA Skylab space station , which re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere and burned up over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on 11 July 1979 .",
"On 4 November 2007 , Lynne was awarded a BMI ( Broadcast Music , Inc ) Million - Air certificate for `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' for the song having reached two million airplays .",
"A common mondegreen in the song is the perception that , following the title line , Lynne shouts `` Bruce ! '' . In the liner notes of the ELO compilation Flashback and elsewhere , Lynne has explained that he is singing a made - up word , `` Grooss , '' which some have suggested sounds like the German expression `` Gruß . '' After the song 's release , so many people had misinterpreted the word as `` Bruce '' that Lynne actually began to sing the word as `` Bruce '' for fun at live shows .",
"A music video for the song was produced , which showed video of the band performing the song interspersed with various animations relating to the song 's subject matter , including big - bottomed majorettes and a pulsating neon frankfurter . The band 's three resident string players are depicted playing keyboards in the music video .",
"`` Do n't Bring Me Down '' Song by Electric Light Orchestra from the album Mr. Blue Sky : The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra Released 8 October 2012 Recorded 2001 -- 2012 Bungalow Palace Length 4 : 01 Label Frontiers Songwriter ( s ) Jeff Lynne Producer ( s ) Jeff Lynne Mr. Blue Sky : The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra track listing 12 tracks `` Mr. Blue Sky '' `` Evil Woman '' `` Strange Magic '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` Turn to Stone '' `` Showdown '' `` Telephone Line '' `` Livin ' Thing '' `` Do Ya '' `` Ca n't Get It Out of My Head '' `` 10538 Overture '' `` Point of No Return ''",
"`` Do n't Bring Me Down ''",
"Song by Electric Light Orchestra",
"from the album Mr. Blue Sky : The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra",
"Released 8 October 2012",
"Recorded 2001 -- 2012 Bungalow Palace",
"Length 4 : 01",
"Label Frontiers",
"Songwriter ( s ) Jeff Lynne",
"Producer ( s ) Jeff Lynne",
"Mr. Blue Sky : The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra track listing",
"12 tracks `` Mr. Blue Sky '' `` Evil Woman '' `` Strange Magic '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` Turn to Stone '' `` Showdown '' `` Telephone Line '' `` Livin ' Thing '' `` Do Ya '' `` Ca n't Get It Out of My Head '' `` 10538 Overture '' `` Point of No Return ''",
"`` Mr. Blue Sky '' `` Evil Woman '' `` Strange Magic '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` Turn to Stone '' `` Showdown '' `` Telephone Line '' `` Livin ' Thing '' `` Do Ya '' `` Ca n't Get It Out of My Head '' `` 10538 Overture '' `` Point of No Return ''",
"`` Mr. Blue Sky ''",
"`` Evil Woman ''",
"`` Strange Magic ''",
"`` Do n't Bring Me Down ''",
"`` Turn to Stone ''",
"`` Showdown ''",
"`` Telephone Line ''",
"`` Livin ' Thing ''",
"`` Do Ya ''",
"`` Ca n't Get It Out of My Head ''",
"`` 10538 Overture ''",
"`` Point of No Return ''",
"Jeff Lynne re-recorded the song in his own home studio . It was released in a compilation album with other re-recorded ELO songs and under the ELO name called Mr. Blue Sky : The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra .",
"Jeff Lynne -- vocals , guitar , piano , synthesizer Bev Bevan -- drums , percussion Richard Tandy -- grand piano , synthesizer , electric piano , clavinet Kelly Groucutt -- bass , vocals",
"Jeff Lynne -- vocals , guitar , piano , synthesizer",
"Bev Bevan -- drums , percussion",
"Richard Tandy -- grand piano , synthesizer , electric piano , clavinet",
"Kelly Groucutt -- bass , vocals",
"In 2012 , The Hives released a song called `` Go Right Ahead '' . Though not a direct cover , the main riff in the song is nearly identical to the one in `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' , and as a result Jeff Lynne was officially credited as a co-writer .",
"In 2012 , The Hives released a song called `` Go Right Ahead '' . Though not a direct cover , the main riff in the song is nearly identical to the one in `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' , and as a result Jeff Lynne was officially credited as a co-writer .",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9 Spain ( AFYVE ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 57 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 61 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 US Billboard Hot 100 81 US Cash Box 39 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9 Spain ( AFYVE ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 57 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 61 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 US Billboard Hot 100 81 US Cash Box 39 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9 Spain ( AFYVE ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World",
"Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position",
"Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6",
"Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 )",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5",
"Canada Top Singles ( RPM )",
"Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5",
"Ireland ( IRMA ) 6",
"Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5",
"Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6",
"South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9",
"Spain ( AFYVE ) 10",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )",
"US Billboard Hot 100",
"US Cash Box",
"US Record World",
"Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 57 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 61 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 US Billboard Hot 100 81 US Cash Box 39",
"Chart ( 1979 ) Rank",
"Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 34",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 57",
"Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 25",
"Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39",
"Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 61",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50",
"US Billboard Hot 100 81",
"US Cash Box 39",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales",
"United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000",
"United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000",
"sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone"
] | Don't Bring Me Down - wikipedia Don't Bring Me Down Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the Electric Light Orchestra song. For other uses, see Don't Bring Me Down (disambiguation) . `` Don't Bring Me Down'' Artwork for UK, Australian, and some other European vinyl releases Single by Electric Light Orchestra from the album Discovery B-side `` Dreaming of 4000'' Released 1979 Format 7'' single Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 02 Label Jet Songwriter(s) Jeff Lynne Producer(s) Jeff Lynne Electric Light Orchestra singles chronology `` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' (1979) `` Don't Bring Me Down '' (1979) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' (1979) `` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' (1979) `` Don't Bring Me Down '' (1979) `` Confusion / Last Train to London '' (1979) Audio sample file help Discovery track listing 9 tracks Side one `` Shine a Little Love '' `` Confusion '' `` Need Her Love'' `` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' Side two `` Last Train to London '' `` Midnight Blue'' `` On the Run'' `` Wishing'' `` Don't Bring Me Down '' Music video `` Don't Bring Me Down'' on YouTube `` Don't Bring Me Down '' is the ninth and final track on the English rock band the Electric Light Orchestra 's 1979 album Discovery . It is their highest charting hit in the United States to date. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Misheard lyric 3 Music video 4 Jeff Lynne version 5 Personnel 6 Cover versions, samplings and remixes 7 Chart and sales 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year-end charts 7.3 Sales and certifications 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) `` It's a great big galloping ball of distortion. I wrote it at the last minute, ' cos I felt there weren't enough loud ones on the album. This was just what I was after. '' -- Discovery remaster (2001), Jeff Lynne `` Don't Bring Me Down'' is the band's second highest charting hit in the UK where it peaked at number 3 and their biggest hit in the United States , peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also charted well in Canada (number 1) and Australia (number 6). This was the first song by ELO not to include a string section . The drum track is in fact a tape loop, coming from `` On the Run'' looped and slowed down. The song ends with the sound of a door slamming. According to producer Jeff Lynne, this was a metal fire door at Musicland Studios where the song was recorded. The song was dedicated to the NASA Skylab space station, which re-entered the Earth's atmosphere and burned up over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on 11 July 1979. On 4 November 2007, Lynne was awarded a BMI (Broadcast Music, Inc) Million-Air certificate for `` Don't Bring Me Down'' for the song having reached two million airplays. Misheard lyric ( edit ) A common mondegreen in the song is the perception that, following the title line, Lynne shouts `` Bruce!'' . In the liner notes of the ELO compilation Flashback and elsewhere, Lynne has explained that he is singing a made-up word, `` Grooss,'' which some have suggested sounds like the German expression `` Gruß .'' After the song's release, so many people had misinterpreted the word as `` Bruce'' that Lynne actually began to sing the word as `` Bruce'' for fun at live shows. Music video ( edit ) A music video for the song was produced, which showed video of the band performing the song interspersed with various animations relating to the song's subject matter, including big-bottomed majorettes and a pulsating neon frankfurter. The band's three resident string players are depicted playing keyboards in the music video. Jeff Lynne version ( edit ) `` Don't Bring Me Down'' Song by Electric Light Orchestra from the album Mr. Blue Sky: The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra Released 8 October 2012 Recorded 2001-- 2012 Bungalow Palace Length 4 : 01 Label Frontiers Songwriter(s) Jeff Lynne Producer(s) Jeff Lynne Mr. Blue Sky: The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra track listing 12 tracks `` Mr. Blue Sky '' `` Evil Woman '' `` Strange Magic '' `` Don't Bring Me Down '' `` Turn to Stone '' `` Showdown '' `` Telephone Line '' `` Livin' Thing '' `` Do Ya '' `` Can't Get It Out of My Head '' `` 10538 Overture '' `` Point of No Return'' Jeff Lynne re-recorded the song in his own home studio. It was released in a compilation album with other re-recorded ELO songs and under the ELO name called Mr. Blue Sky: The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra . Personnel ( edit ) Jeff Lynne -- vocals, guitar, piano, synthesizer Bev Bevan -- drums, percussion Richard Tandy -- grand piano, synthesizer, electric piano, clavinet Kelly Groucutt -- bass, vocals Cover versions, samplings and remixes ( edit ) In 2012, The Hives released a song called `` Go Right Ahead '' . Though not a direct cover, the main riff in the song is nearly identical to the one in `` Don't Bring Me Down'' , and as a result Jeff Lynne was officially credited as a co-writer. Chart and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1979) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9 Spain ( AFYVE ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles (Official Charts Company) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1979) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) 57 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 61 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 US Billboard Hot 100 81 US Cash Box 39 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number-one singles of 1979 (Canada) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guarisco, Donald A. `` Don't Bring Me Down -- Song Review'' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 March 2013. ^ Jump up to: `` Electric Light Orchestra -- Awards'' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Robert. `` Electric Light Orchestra and Jeff Lynne -- Don't Bring Me Down: An in-depth song analysis'' . Jefflynnesongs.com . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Wild, David. `` The Story of a Rock and Roll Band and the Pop Genius Who Dared to Go Baroque'' . Flashback (Media notes). Jump up ^ Sullivan, Caroline (15 October 2014). `` ELO's Jeff Lynne: ' All those hipsters with beards are copying me! ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Blue Sky -- The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra'' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2015... Jefflynneselo.com. Jump up ^ Johnston, Maura (27 March 2012). `` The Hives: Go Right Ahead'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-- 1992 . St Ives, N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Electric Light Orchestra -- Don't Bring Me Down'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Electric Light Orchestra -- Don't Bring Me Down'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles: Issue 6839a .'' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Electric Light Orchestra -- Don't Bring Me Down'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Don't Bring Me Down'' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 6 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Electric Light Orchestra - Don't Bring Me Down'' (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Electric Light Orchestra -- Don't Bring Me Down'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Electric Light Orchestra -- Don't Bring Me Down'' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts (E)'' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959-- 2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Electric Light Orchestra -- Don't Bring Me Down'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending SEPTEMBER 22, 1979'' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2011... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Record World Singles'' (PDF) . Record World . 15 September 1979. p. 29. ISSN 0034-1622 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1970s'' . Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1979'' (in Dutch). Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Top 200 Singles'' . RPM . Vol. 32 no. 13. 22 December 1979 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1979'' (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1979'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1979'' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1979'' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1979'' . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- ELO -- Don't Bring Me Down'' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Don't Bring Me Down in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Electric Light Orchestra -- Don_t Bring Me Down'' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) In-depth Song Analysis at the Jeff Lynne Song Database (jefflynnesongs.com) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Electric Light Orchestra singles discography 1970s 1972 `` 10538 Overture '' / `` First Movement (Jumping Biz)'' `` Mr. Radio '' (withdrawn) 1973 `` Roll Over Beethoven '' / `` Queen of the Hours'' `` Showdown '' / `` In Old England Town (Instrumental)'' `` Ma-Ma-Ma Belle '' / `` Daybreaker'' (US) `` Ma-Ma-Ma Belle '' / `` Oh No Not Susan'' (UK) `` Can't Get It Out of My Head '' / `` Illusions in G Major '' `` Boy Blue '' / `` Eldorado '' `` Evil Woman '' / `` 10538 Overture (live)'' 1976 `` Strange Magic '' / `` New World Rising'' (US) `` Nightrider '' / `` Daybreaker (live)'' `` Strange Magic '' / `` Showdown (live)'' (UK) `` Livin' Thing '' / `` Ma-Ma-Ma Belle'' (US) `` Livin' Thing '' / `` Fire On High '' (UK) 1977 `` Rockaria! '' / `` Poker'' `` Do Ya '' / `` Nightrider'' `` Telephone Line '' / `` Poor Boy (The Greenwood) '' (US) `` Telephone Line '' / `` Poor Boy (The Greenwood) '' and `` King of the Universe'' (UK) `` Turn to Stone '' / `` Mister Kingdom '' 1978 `` Mr. Blue Sky '' / `` One Summer Dream '' `` Sweet Talkin' Woman '' / `` Fire On High'' (US) `` Wild West Hero '' / `` Eldorado'' `` Sweet Talkin' Woman '' / `` Bluebird is Dead'' (UK) `` It's Over '' / `` The Whale'' The ELO EP 1979 `` Shine a Little Love '' / `` Jungle'' `` The Diary of Horace Wimp '' / `` Down Home Town'' `` Don't Bring Me Down '' / `` Dreaming of 4000'' `` Confusion '' /`` Last Train to London '' (UK) `` Confusion '' / `` Poker'' (US) `` Last Train to London '' / `` Down Home Town'' (US) 1980s 1980 `` I'm Alive '' / `` Drum Dreams'' `` Xanadu '' (duet with Olivia Newton-John ) / `` Fool Country'' (Olivia Newton-John) (UK) `` Xanadu '' (with Olivia Newton-John ) / `` Whenever You're Away from Me'' (Olivia Newton-John) (US) `` All Over the World '' / `` Midnight Blue'' (UK) `` All Over the World '' / `` Drum Dreams'' (US) `` Don't Walk Away '' / `` Across the Border'' 1981 `` Hold On Tight '' / `` When Time Stood Still'' `` Twilight '' / `` Julie Don't Live Here'' 1982 `` Here Is the News '' /`` Ticket to the Moon '' `` Rain Is Falling '' / `` Another Heart Breaks'' `` The Way Life's Meant to Be '' / `` Wishing'' `` Rock ' n' Roll Is King '' / `` After All'' `` Secret Messages '' / `` Buildings Have Eyes'' `` Four Little Diamonds '' / `` Letter from Spain'' `` Stranger '' / `` Train of Gold'' 1986 `` Calling America '' / `` Caught in a Trap'' `` So Serious '' / `` Endless Lies'' (US) `` So Serious '' / `` A Matter of Fact'' (UK) `` Getting to the Point '' / `` Secret Lives'' 1990s `` Destination Unknown'' (promo) 2000s `` Alright'' / `` Love Changes All'' / `` Do Ya'' (Unedited Alternative Mix) `` Moment in Paradise'' / `` Alright'' ( PBS 2001 Version ) / `` Mr. Blue Sky'' (PBS 2001 Version) / `` Livin' Thing'' (PBS 2001 Version) 2006 `` Surrender '' 2007 `` Latitude 88 North'' 2010s 2015 `` When I Was a Boy'' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Bring_Me_Down&oldid=826509104 '' Categories : 1979 songs 1979 singles Electric Light Orchestra songs British pop rock songs Jet Records singles RPM Top Singles number-one singles Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne Songs written by Jeff Lynne Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Use dmy dates from November 2013 Use British English from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with attributed pull quotes Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018, at 15:03. Text is available under the Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 4742716066903738625 |
where does the venus fly trap grow naturally | The Venus flytrap ( also referred to as Venus 's flytrap or Venus ' flytrap ) , Dionaea muscipula , is a carnivorous plant native to subtropical wetlands on the East Coast of the United States in North Carolina and South Carolina . It catches its prey -- chiefly insects and arachnids -- with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant 's leaves , which is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces . When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair , the trap prepares to close , snapping shut only if another contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike . The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value , and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption . | [
[
"North Carolina",
"North Carolina"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Venus flytrap Leaf Conservation status Vulnerable ( IUCN 2.3 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Order : Caryophyllales Family : Droseraceae Genus : Dionaea Sol . ex J. Ellis 1768 Species : D. muscipula Binomial name Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis Distribution Synonyms Dionea Raf. , spelling variant Dionaea corymbosa ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 ) Dionaea crinita Sol. ( 1990 ) as synonym Dionaea dentata D'Amato ( 1998 ) name published without description Dionaea heterodoxa D'Amato ( 1998 ) nom. nud . Dionaea muscicapa St. Hil. ( 1824 ) sphalm. typogr . Dionaea sensitiva Salisb. ( 1796 ) Dionaea sessiliflora ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 ) Dionaea uniflora ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 ) Drosera corymbosa Raf. ( 1833 ) Drosera sessiliflora Raf. ( 1833 ) Drosera uniflora Raf. ( 1833 )",
"Venus flytrap",
"Leaf",
"Conservation status",
"Vulnerable ( IUCN 2.3 )",
"Scientific classification",
"Kingdom : Plantae",
"Clade : Angiosperms",
"Clade : Eudicots",
"Order : Caryophyllales",
"Family : Droseraceae",
"Genus : Dionaea Sol . ex J. Ellis 1768",
"Species : D. muscipula",
"Binomial name",
"Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis",
"Distribution",
"Synonyms",
"Dionea Raf. , spelling variant Dionaea corymbosa ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 ) Dionaea crinita Sol. ( 1990 ) as synonym Dionaea dentata D'Amato ( 1998 ) name published without description Dionaea heterodoxa D'Amato ( 1998 ) nom. nud . Dionaea muscicapa St. Hil. ( 1824 ) sphalm. typogr . Dionaea sensitiva Salisb. ( 1796 ) Dionaea sessiliflora ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 ) Dionaea uniflora ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 ) Drosera corymbosa Raf. ( 1833 ) Drosera sessiliflora Raf. ( 1833 ) Drosera uniflora Raf. ( 1833 )",
"Dionea Raf. , spelling variant Dionaea corymbosa ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 ) Dionaea crinita Sol. ( 1990 ) as synonym Dionaea dentata D'Amato ( 1998 ) name published without description Dionaea heterodoxa D'Amato ( 1998 ) nom. nud . Dionaea muscicapa St. Hil. ( 1824 ) sphalm. typogr . Dionaea sensitiva Salisb. ( 1796 ) Dionaea sessiliflora ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 ) Dionaea uniflora ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 ) Drosera corymbosa Raf. ( 1833 ) Drosera sessiliflora Raf. ( 1833 ) Drosera uniflora Raf. ( 1833 )",
"Dionea Raf. , spelling variant",
"Dionaea corymbosa ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 )",
"Dionaea crinita Sol. ( 1990 ) as synonym",
"Dionaea dentata D'Amato ( 1998 ) name published without description",
"Dionaea heterodoxa D'Amato ( 1998 ) nom. nud .",
"Dionaea muscicapa St. Hil. ( 1824 ) sphalm. typogr .",
"Dionaea sensitiva Salisb. ( 1796 )",
"Dionaea sessiliflora ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 )",
"Dionaea uniflora ( Raf . ) Steud. ( 1840 )",
"Drosera corymbosa Raf. ( 1833 )",
"Drosera sessiliflora Raf. ( 1833 )",
"Drosera uniflora Raf. ( 1833 )",
"The Venus flytrap ( also referred to as Venus 's flytrap or Venus ' flytrap ) , Dionaea muscipula , is a carnivorous plant native to subtropical wetlands on the East Coast of the United States in North Carolina and South Carolina . It catches its prey -- chiefly insects and arachnids -- with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant 's leaves , which is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces . When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair , the trap prepares to close , snapping shut only if another contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike . The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value , and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption .",
"Dionaea is a monotypic genus closely related to the waterwheel plant ( Aldrovanda vesiculosa ) and sundews ( Drosera ) , all of which belong to the family Droseraceae .",
"In 1759 , the North Carolina colonial governor , Arthur Dobbs , penned the first written description of the plant to English botanist Peter Collinson . Brunswick , Jan. 24 , 1760 .",
"`` The great wonder of the vegetable kingdom is a very curious unknown species of Sensitive . It is a dwarf plant . The leaves are like a narrow segment of a sphere , consisting of two parts , like the cap of a spring purse , the concave part outwards , each of which falls back with indented edges ( like an iron spring fox - trap ) ; upon anything touching the leaves , or falling between them , they instantly close like a spring trap , and confine any insect or anything that falls between them . It bears a white flower . To this surprising plant I have given the name of Fly - trap Sensitive . ''",
"This seems to be the earliest notice of the plant and is before any letters from John Ellison on the subject .",
"The Venus flytrap is a small plant whose structure can be described as a rosette of four to seven leaves , which arise from a short subterranean stem that is actually a bulb - like object . Each stem reaches a maximum size of about three to ten centimeters , depending on the time of year ; longer leaves with robust traps are usually formed after flowering . Flytraps that have more than seven leaves are colonies formed by rosettes that have divided beneath the ground .",
"The leaf blade is divided into two regions : a flat , heart - shaped photosynthesis - capable petiole , and a pair of terminal lobes hinged at the midrib , forming the trap which is the true leaf . The upper surface of these lobes contains red anthocyanin pigments and its edges secrete mucilage . The lobes exhibit rapid plant movements , snapping shut when stimulated by prey . The trapping mechanism is tripped when prey contacts one of the three hair - like trichomes that are found on the upper surface of each of the lobes . The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli , such as falling raindrops ; two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in rapid succession , whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut , typically in about one - tenth of a second . The edges of the lobes are fringed by stiff hair - like protrusions or cilia , which mesh together and prevent large prey from escaping . These protrusions , and the trigger hairs ( also known as sensitive hairs ) are likely homologous with the tentacles found in this plant 's close relatives , the sundews . Scientists have concluded that the snap trap evolved from a fly - paper trap similar to that of Drosera .",
"The holes in the meshwork allow small prey to escape , presumably because the benefit that would be obtained from them would be less than the cost of digesting them . If the prey is too small and escapes , the trap will usually reopen within 12 hours . If the prey moves around in the trap , it tightens and digestion begins more quickly .",
"Speed of closing can vary depending on the amount of humidity , light , size of prey , and general growing conditions . The speed with which traps close can be used as an indicator of a plant 's general health . Venus flytraps are not as humidity - dependent as are some other carnivorous plants , such as Nepenthes , Cephalotus , most Heliamphora , and some Drosera .",
"The Venus flytrap exhibits variations in petiole shape and length and whether the leaf lies flat on the ground or extends up at an angle of about 40 -- 60 degrees . The four major forms are : ' typica ' , the most common , with broad decumbent petioles ; ' erecta ' , with leaves at a 45 - degree angle ; ' linearis ' , with narrow petioles and leaves at 45 degrees ; and ' filiformis ' , with extremely narrow or linear petioles . Except for ' filiformis ' , all of these can be stages in leaf production of any plant depending on season ( decumbent in summer versus short versus semi-erect in spring ) , length of photoperiod ( long petioles in spring versus short in summer ) , and intensity of light ( wide petioles in low light intensity versus narrow in brighter light ) .",
"Flowering venus flytrap showing its long flower stem Closeup of flower ( c. 20 mm in diameter ) The species produces small , shiny black seeds",
"Flowering venus flytrap showing its long flower stem Closeup of flower ( c. 20 mm in diameter ) The species produces small , shiny black seeds",
"Flowering venus flytrap showing its long flower stem",
"Flowering venus flytrap showing its long flower stem",
"Closeup of flower ( c. 20 mm in diameter )",
"Closeup of flower ( c. 20 mm in diameter )",
"The species produces small , shiny black seeds",
"The species produces small , shiny black seeds",
"The plant 's common name refers to Venus , the Roman goddess of love . The genus name , Dionaea ( `` daughter of Dione '' ) , refers to the Greek goddess Aphrodite , while the species name , muscipula , is Latin for `` mousetrap '' .",
"Historically , the plant was also known by the slang term `` tipitiwitchet '' or `` tippity twitchet '' , possibly an oblique reference to the plant 's resemblance to human female genitalia .",
"Most carnivorous plants selectively feed on specific prey . This selection is due to the available prey and the type of trap used by the organism . With the Venus flytrap , prey is limited to beetles , spiders and other crawling arthropods . In fact , the Dionaea diet is 33 % ants , 30 % spiders , 10 % beetles , and 10 % grasshoppers , with fewer than 5 % flying insects . Given that Dionaea evolved from an ancestral form of Drosera ( carnivorous plants that use a sticky trap instead of a snap trap ) the reason for this evolutionary branching becomes clear . Whilst Drosera consume smaller , aerial insects , Dionaea consume larger terrestrial bugs . Dionaea are able to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs . This gives Dionaea an evolutionary advantage over their ancestral sticky trap form .",
"The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants capable of rapid movement , such as Mimosa pudica , the Telegraph plant , sundews and bladderworts .",
"The mechanism by which the trap snaps shut involves a complex interaction between elasticity , turgor and growth . The trap only shuts when there have been two stimulations of the trigger hairs ; this is to avoid inadvertent triggering of the mechanism by dust and other wind - borne debris . In the open , untripped state , the lobes are convex ( bent outwards ) , but in the closed state , the lobes are concave ( forming a cavity ) . It is the rapid flipping of this bistable state that closes the trap , but the mechanism by which this occurs is still poorly understood . When the trigger hairs are stimulated , an action potential ( mostly involving calcium ions -- see calcium in biology ) is generated , which propagates across the lobes and stimulates cells in the lobes and in the midrib between them . It is hypothesized that there is a threshold of ion buildup for the Venus flytrap to react to stimulation . After closing , the flytrap counts additional stimulations of the trigger hairs , to five total , to start the production of digesting enzymes . The acid growth theory states that individual cells in the outer layers of the lobes and midrib rapidly move H ( hydrogen ions ) into their cell walls , lowering the pH and loosening the extracellular components , which allows them to swell rapidly by osmosis , thus elongating and changing the shape of the trap lobe . Alternatively , cells in the inner layers of the lobes and midrib may rapidly secrete other ions , allowing water to follow by osmosis , and the cells to collapse . Both of these mechanisms may play a role and have some experimental evidence to support them .",
"If the prey is unable to escape , it will continue to stimulate the inner surface of the lobes , and this causes a further growth response that forces the edges of the lobes together , eventually sealing the trap hermetically and forming a `` stomach '' in which digestion occurs . Release of the digestive enzymes is controlled by the hormone jasmonic acid , the same hormone that triggers the release of toxins as an anti-herbivore defense mechanism in non-carnivorous plants . ( See Evolution below ) Once the digestive glands in the leaf lobes have been activated , digestion is catalysed by hydrolase enzymes secreted by the glands .",
"Oxidative protein modification is likely to be a pre-digestive mechanism used by Dionaea muscipula . Aqueous leaf extracts have been found to contain quinones such as the naphthoquinone plumbagin that couples to different NADH - dependent diaphorases to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide upon autoxidation . Such oxidative modification could rupture animal cell membranes . Plumbagin is known to induce apoptosis , associated with the regulation of the Bcl - 2 family of proteins . When the Dionaea extracts were pre-incubated with diaphorases and NADH in the presence of serum albumin ( SA ) , subsequent tryptic digestion of SA was facilitated . Since the secretory glands of Droseraceae contain proteases and possibly other degradative enzymes , it may be that the presence of oxygen - activating redox cofactors function as extracellular pre-digestive oxidants to render membrane - bound proteins of the prey ( insects ) more susceptible to proteolytic attacks .",
"Digestion takes about ten days , after which the prey is reduced to a husk of chitin . The trap then reopens , and is ready for reuse .",
"Carnivory in plants is a very specialized form of foliar feeding , and is an adaptation found in several plants that grow in nutrient - poor soil . Carnivorous traps were naturally selected to allow these organisms to compensate for the nutrient deficiencies of their harsh environments by supplementing ordinary photosynthate with animal proteins .",
"The `` snap trap '' mechanism characteristic of Dionaea is shared with only one other carnivorous plant genus , Aldrovanda . For most of the 20th century , this relationship was thought to be coincidental , more precisely an example of convergent evolution . Some phylogenetic studies even suggested that the closest living relatives of Aldrovanda were the sundews . It was not until 2002 that a molecular evolutionary study , by analyzing combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences , indicated that Dionaea and Aldrovanda were closely related and that the snap trap mechanism evolved only once in a common ancestor of the two genera .",
"A 2009 study presented evidence for the evolution of snap traps of Dionaea and Aldrovanda from a flypaper trap like Drosera regia , based on molecular data . The molecular and physiological data imply that Dionaea and Aldrovanda snap traps evolved from the flypaper traps of a common ancestor with Drosera . Pre-adaptations to the evolution of snap traps were identified in several species of Drosera , such as rapid leaf and tentacle movement . The model proposes that plant carnivory by snap trap evolved from the flypaper traps , driven by increasing prey size . Bigger prey provides greater nutritional value , but large insects can easily escape the sticky mucilage of flypaper traps ; the evolution of snap traps would therefore prevent escape and kleptoparasitism ( theft of prey captured by the plant before it can derive benefit from it ) , and would also permit a more complete digestion .",
"In 2016 , a study of the expression of genes in the plant 's leaves as they captured and digested prey was published in the journal , Genome Research . The gene activation observed in the leaves of the plants gives support to the hypothesis that the carnivorous mechanisms present in the flytrap are a specially adapted version of mechanisms used by non-carnivorous plants to defend against herbivorous insects . In many non-carnivorous plants , jasmonic acid serves as a signaling molecule for the activation of defense mechanisms , such as the production of hydrolases , which can destroy chitin and other molecular components of insect and microbial pests . In the Venus flytrap , this same molecule has been found to be responsible for the activation of the plant 's digestive glands . A few hours after the capture of prey , another set of genes is activated inside the glands , the same set of genes that is active in the roots of other plants , allowing them to absorb nutrients . The use of similar biological pathways in the traps as non-carnivorous plants use for other purposes indicates that somewhere in its evolutionary history , the Venus flytrap repurposed these genes for the purpose of carnivory .",
"Carnivorous plants are generally herbs , and their traps the result of primary growth . They generally do not form readily fossilizable structures such as thick bark or wood . As a result , there is no fossil evidence of the steps that might link Dionaea and Aldrovanda , or either genus with their common ancestor , Drosera . Nevertheless , it is possible to infer an evolutionary history based on phylogenetic studies of both genera . Researchers have proposed a series of steps that would ultimately result in the complex snap - trap mechanism :",
"Larger insects usually walk over the plant , instead of flying to it , and are more likely to break free from sticky glands alone . Therefore , a plant with wider leaves , like Drosera falconeri , must have adapted to move the trap and its stalks in directions that maximized its chance of capturing and retaining such prey -- in this particular case , longitudinally . Once adequately `` wrapped '' , escape would be more difficult . Evolutionary pressure then selected for plants with shorter response time , in a manner similar to Drosera burmannii or Drosera glanduligera . The faster the closing , the less reliant on the flypaper model the plant would be . As the trap became more and more active , the energy required to `` wrap '' the prey increased . Plants that could somehow differentiate between actual insects and random detritus / rain droplets would have an advantage , thus explaining the specialization of inner tentacles into trigger hairs . Ultimately , as the plant relied more on closing around the insect rather than gluing them to the leaf surface , the tentacles so evident in Drosera would lose their original function altogether , becoming the `` teeth '' and trigger hairs -- an example of natural selection utilizing pre-existing structures for new functions . Completing the transition , the plant eventually developed the depressed digestive glands found inside the trap , rather than using the dews in the stalks , further differentiating it from genus Drosera .",
"Larger insects usually walk over the plant , instead of flying to it , and are more likely to break free from sticky glands alone . Therefore , a plant with wider leaves , like Drosera falconeri , must have adapted to move the trap and its stalks in directions that maximized its chance of capturing and retaining such prey -- in this particular case , longitudinally . Once adequately `` wrapped '' , escape would be more difficult .",
"Evolutionary pressure then selected for plants with shorter response time , in a manner similar to Drosera burmannii or Drosera glanduligera . The faster the closing , the less reliant on the flypaper model the plant would be .",
"As the trap became more and more active , the energy required to `` wrap '' the prey increased . Plants that could somehow differentiate between actual insects and random detritus / rain droplets would have an advantage , thus explaining the specialization of inner tentacles into trigger hairs .",
"Ultimately , as the plant relied more on closing around the insect rather than gluing them to the leaf surface , the tentacles so evident in Drosera would lose their original function altogether , becoming the `` teeth '' and trigger hairs -- an example of natural selection utilizing pre-existing structures for new functions .",
"Completing the transition , the plant eventually developed the depressed digestive glands found inside the trap , rather than using the dews in the stalks , further differentiating it from genus Drosera .",
"The Venus flytrap is found in nitrogen - and phosphorus - poor environments , such as bogs and wet savannahs . Small in stature and slow - growing , the Venus flytrap tolerates fire well , and depends on periodic burning to suppress its competition . Fire suppression threatens its future in the wild . It survives in wet sandy and peaty soils . Although it has been successfully transplanted and grown in many locales around the world , it is native only to the coastal bogs of North and South Carolina in the United States , specifically within a 60 - mile radius of Wilmington , North Carolina . One such place is North Carolina 's Green Swamp . There also appears to be a naturalized population of Venus flytraps in northern Florida as well as an introduced population in western Washington . The nutritional poverty of the soil is the reason that the plant relies on such elaborate traps : insect prey provide the nitrogen for protein formation that the soil can not . The Venus flytrap is not a tropical plant and can tolerate mild winters . In fact , Venus flytraps that do not go through a period of winter dormancy will weaken and die after a period of time .",
"Venus flytraps are popular as cultivated plants , but have a reputation for being difficult to grow . Successfully growing these specialized plants requires recreating a close approximation to the plant 's natural habitat .",
"Healthy Venus flytraps will produce scapes of white flowers in spring ; however , many growers remove the flowering stems early ( 2 -- 3 inches ) , as flowering consumes some of the plant 's energy and thereby reduces the rate of trap production . If healthy plants are allowed to flower , successful pollination will result in seeds .",
"Plants can be propagated by seed , taking around four to five years to reach maturity . More commonly , they are propagated by clonal division in spring or summer . Venus flytraps can also be propagated in vitro using plant tissue culture . Most Venus flytraps found for sale in nurseries garden centers have been produced using this method , as this is the most cost - effective way to propagate them on a large scale . Regardless of the propagation method used , the plants will live for 20 to 30 years if cultivated in the right conditions .",
"Venus flytraps are by far the most commonly recognized and cultivated carnivorous plant , and they are frequently sold as houseplants . Various cultivars ( cultivated varieties ) have come into the market through tissue culture of selected genetic mutations , and these plants are raised in large quantities for commercial markets .",
"The species is classified as `` vulnerable '' by the National Wildlife Federation . In 2015 , there were estimated to be fewer than 33,000 plants in the wild , all within 75 miles ( 121 km ) of the city of Wilmington , North Carolina , and all on sites owned by The Nature Conservancy , the North Carolina state government , or the US military .",
"In 2014 , the state of North Carolina passed Senate Bill 734 which classifies the theft of naturally growing Venus flytraps in the state as a felony . Tougher sanctions and penalties for the theft were also enacted in December 1 , 2014 in accordance with legislation .",
"Venus flytrap extract is available on the market as an herbal remedy , sometimes as the prime ingredient of a patent medicine named `` Carnivora '' . According to the American Cancer Society , these products are promoted in alternative medicine as a treatment for a variety of human ailments including HIV , Crohn 's disease and skin cancer , but `` available scientific evidence does not support the health claims made for Venus flytrap extract '' ."
] | Venus flytrap - wikipedia Venus flytrap Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the plant. For other uses, see Venus Flytrap (disambiguation) . Venus flytrap Leaf Conservation status Vulnerable ( IUCN 2.3 ) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Order: Caryophyllales Family: Droseraceae Genus: Dionaea Sol. ex J.Ellis 1768 Species: D. muscipula Binomial name Dionaea muscipula J.Ellis Distribution Synonyms Dionea Raf., spelling variant Dionaea corymbosa (Raf.) Steud. (1840) Dionaea crinita Sol. (1990) as synonym Dionaea dentata D'Amato (1998) name published without description Dionaea heterodoxa D'Amato (1998) nom.nud. Dionaea muscicapa St.Hil. (1824) sphalm.typogr. Dionaea sensitiva Salisb. (1796) Dionaea sessiliflora (Raf.) Steud. (1840) Dionaea uniflora (Raf.) Steud. (1840) Drosera corymbosa Raf. (1833) Drosera sessiliflora Raf. (1833) Drosera uniflora Raf. (1833) The Venus flytrap (also referred to as Venus's flytrap or Venus' flytrap ), Dionaea muscipula , is a carnivorous plant native to subtropical wetlands on the East Coast of the United States in North Carolina and South Carolina . It catches its prey-- chiefly insects and arachnids -- with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves, which is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces. When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap prepares to close, snapping shut only if another contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value, and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption. Dionaea is a monotypic genus closely related to the waterwheel plant ( Aldrovanda vesiculosa ) and sundews ( Drosera ), all of which belong to the family Droseraceae . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Etymology 3 Carnivory 3.1 Prey selectivity 3.2 Mechanism of trapping 3.3 Digestion 4 Evolution 4.1 Proposed evolutionary history 5 Habitat 6 Cultivation 6.1 Cultivars 7 Conservation 8 In alternative medicine 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Description In 1759, the North Carolina colonial governor , Arthur Dobbs , penned the first written description of the plant to English botanist Peter Collinson . Brunswick, Jan. 24, 1760. `` The great wonder of the vegetable kingdom is a very curious unknown species of Sensitive. It is a dwarf plant. The leaves are like a narrow segment of a sphere, consisting of two parts, like the cap of a spring purse, the concave part outwards, each of which falls back with indented edges (like an iron spring fox-trap); upon anything touching the leaves, or falling between them, they instantly close like a spring trap, and confine any insect or anything that falls between them. It bears a white flower. To this surprising plant I have given the name of Fly-trap Sensitive.'' This seems to be the earliest notice of the plant and is before any letters from John Ellison on the subject. The Venus flytrap is a small plant whose structure can be described as a rosette of four to seven leaves, which arise from a short subterranean stem that is actually a bulb-like object. Each stem reaches a maximum size of about three to ten centimeters, depending on the time of year; longer leaves with robust traps are usually formed after flowering. Flytraps that have more than seven leaves are colonies formed by rosettes that have divided beneath the ground. Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine by William Curtis (1746-- 1799) The leaf blade is divided into two regions: a flat, heart-shaped photosynthesis -capable petiole , and a pair of terminal lobes hinged at the midrib, forming the trap which is the true leaf. The upper surface of these lobes contains red anthocyanin pigments and its edges secrete mucilage . The lobes exhibit rapid plant movements , snapping shut when stimulated by prey. The trapping mechanism is tripped when prey contacts one of the three hair-like trichomes that are found on the upper surface of each of the lobes. The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli, such as falling raindrops; two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in rapid succession, whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut, typically in about one-tenth of a second. The edges of the lobes are fringed by stiff hair-like protrusions or cilia, which mesh together and prevent large prey from escaping. These protrusions, and the trigger hairs (also known as sensitive hairs) are likely homologous with the tentacles found in this plant's close relatives, the sundews . Scientists have concluded that the snap trap evolved from a fly-paper trap similar to that of Drosera . The holes in the meshwork allow small prey to escape, presumably because the benefit that would be obtained from them would be less than the cost of digesting them. If the prey is too small and escapes, the trap will usually reopen within 12 hours. If the prey moves around in the trap, it tightens and digestion begins more quickly. Speed of closing can vary depending on the amount of humidity, light, size of prey, and general growing conditions. The speed with which traps close can be used as an indicator of a plant's general health. Venus flytraps are not as humidity-dependent as are some other carnivorous plants, such as Nepenthes , Cephalotus , most Heliamphora , and some Drosera . The Venus flytrap exhibits variations in petiole shape and length and whether the leaf lies flat on the ground or extends up at an angle of about 40-- 60 degrees. The four major forms are: ' typica' , the most common, with broad decumbent petioles; ' erecta' , with leaves at a 45-degree angle; ' linearis' , with narrow petioles and leaves at 45 degrees; and ' filiformis' , with extremely narrow or linear petioles. Except for ' filiformis' , all of these can be stages in leaf production of any plant depending on season (decumbent in summer versus short versus semi-erect in spring), length of photoperiod (long petioles in spring versus short in summer), and intensity of light (wide petioles in low light intensity versus narrow in brighter light). Flowering venus flytrap showing its long flower stem Closeup of flower ( c. 20 mm in diameter) The species produces small, shiny black seeds Etymology The plant's common name refers to Venus , the Roman goddess of love. The genus name, Dionaea (`` daughter of Dione '' ), refers to the Greek goddess Aphrodite , while the species name, muscipula , is Latin for `` mousetrap'' . Historically, the plant was also known by the slang term `` tipitiwitchet'' or `` tippity twitchet'' , possibly an oblique reference to the plant's resemblance to human female genitalia. Carnivory A closing trap Prey selectivity Play media A time lapse showing Venus flytrap catching prey Most carnivorous plants selectively feed on specific prey. This selection is due to the available prey and the type of trap used by the organism. With the Venus flytrap, prey is limited to beetles, spiders and other crawling arthropods. In fact, the Dionaea diet is 33% ants, 30% spiders, 10% beetles, and 10% grasshoppers, with fewer than 5% flying insects. Given that Dionaea evolved from an ancestral form of Drosera (carnivorous plants that use a sticky trap instead of a snap trap) the reason for this evolutionary branching becomes clear. Whilst Drosera consume smaller, aerial insects, Dionaea consume larger terrestrial bugs. Dionaea are able to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs. This gives Dionaea an evolutionary advantage over their ancestral sticky trap form. Mechanism of trapping Closeup of one of the hinged trigger hairs The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants capable of rapid movement , such as Mimosa pudica , the Telegraph plant , sundews and bladderworts . The mechanism by which the trap snaps shut involves a complex interaction between elasticity , turgor and growth. The trap only shuts when there have been two stimulations of the trigger hairs; this is to avoid inadvertent triggering of the mechanism by dust and other wind-borne debris. In the open, untripped state, the lobes are convex (bent outwards), but in the closed state, the lobes are concave (forming a cavity). It is the rapid flipping of this bistable state that closes the trap, but the mechanism by which this occurs is still poorly understood. When the trigger hairs are stimulated, an action potential (mostly involving calcium ions-- see calcium in biology ) is generated, which propagates across the lobes and stimulates cells in the lobes and in the midrib between them. It is hypothesized that there is a threshold of ion buildup for the Venus flytrap to react to stimulation. After closing, the flytrap counts additional stimulations of the trigger hairs, to five total, to start the production of digesting enzymes. The acid growth theory states that individual cells in the outer layers of the lobes and midrib rapidly move H ( hydrogen ions ) into their cell walls, lowering the pH and loosening the extracellular components, which allows them to swell rapidly by osmosis , thus elongating and changing the shape of the trap lobe. Alternatively, cells in the inner layers of the lobes and midrib may rapidly secrete other ions , allowing water to follow by osmosis, and the cells to collapse. Both of these mechanisms may play a role and have some experimental evidence to support them. Digestion If the prey is unable to escape, it will continue to stimulate the inner surface of the lobes, and this causes a further growth response that forces the edges of the lobes together, eventually sealing the trap hermetically and forming a `` stomach'' in which digestion occurs. Release of the digestive enzymes is controlled by the hormone jasmonic acid , the same hormone that triggers the release of toxins as an anti-herbivore defense mechanism in non-carnivorous plants. (See Evolution below) Once the digestive glands in the leaf lobes have been activated, digestion is catalysed by hydrolase enzymes secreted by the glands. Oxidative protein modification is likely to be a pre-digestive mechanism used by Dionaea muscipula . Aqueous leaf extracts have been found to contain quinones such as the naphthoquinone plumbagin that couples to different NADH -dependent diaphorases to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide upon autoxidation . Such oxidative modification could rupture animal cell membranes. Plumbagin is known to induce apoptosis , associated with the regulation of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. When the Dionaea extracts were pre-incubated with diaphorases and NADH in the presence of serum albumin (SA), subsequent tryptic digestion of SA was facilitated. Since the secretory glands of Droseraceae contain proteases and possibly other degradative enzymes , it may be that the presence of oxygen-activating redox cofactors function as extracellular pre-digestive oxidants to render membrane-bound proteins of the prey ( insects ) more susceptible to proteolytic attacks. Digestion takes about ten days, after which the prey is reduced to a husk of chitin . The trap then reopens, and is ready for reuse. Evolution Drosera falconeri , with short, wide, sticky leaf traps Carnivory in plants is a very specialized form of foliar feeding , and is an adaptation found in several plants that grow in nutrient-poor soil. Carnivorous traps were naturally selected to allow these organisms to compensate for the nutrient deficiencies of their harsh environments by supplementing ordinary photosynthate with animal proteins. The `` snap trap'' mechanism characteristic of Dionaea is shared with only one other carnivorous plant genus, Aldrovanda . For most of the 20th century, this relationship was thought to be coincidental, more precisely an example of convergent evolution . Some phylogenetic studies even suggested that the closest living relatives of Aldrovanda were the sundews . It was not until 2002 that a molecular evolutionary study, by analyzing combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences, indicated that Dionaea and Aldrovanda were closely related and that the snap trap mechanism evolved only once in a common ancestor of the two genera. A 2009 study presented evidence for the evolution of snap traps of Dionaea and Aldrovanda from a flypaper trap like Drosera regia , based on molecular data . The molecular and physiological data imply that Dionaea and Aldrovanda snap traps evolved from the flypaper traps of a common ancestor with Drosera . Pre-adaptations to the evolution of snap traps were identified in several species of Drosera , such as rapid leaf and tentacle movement. The model proposes that plant carnivory by snap trap evolved from the flypaper traps, driven by increasing prey size. Bigger prey provides greater nutritional value, but large insects can easily escape the sticky mucilage of flypaper traps; the evolution of snap traps would therefore prevent escape and kleptoparasitism (theft of prey captured by the plant before it can derive benefit from it), and would also permit a more complete digestion. In 2016, a study of the expression of genes in the plant's leaves as they captured and digested prey was published in the journal, Genome Research . The gene activation observed in the leaves of the plants gives support to the hypothesis that the carnivorous mechanisms present in the flytrap are a specially adapted version of mechanisms used by non-carnivorous plants to defend against herbivorous insects. In many non-carnivorous plants, jasmonic acid serves as a signaling molecule for the activation of defense mechanisms, such as the production of hydrolases, which can destroy chitin and other molecular components of insect and microbial pests. In the Venus flytrap, this same molecule has been found to be responsible for the activation of the plant's digestive glands. A few hours after the capture of prey, another set of genes is activated inside the glands, the same set of genes that is active in the roots of other plants, allowing them to absorb nutrients. The use of similar biological pathways in the traps as non-carnivorous plants use for other purposes indicates that somewhere in its evolutionary history, the Venus flytrap repurposed these genes for the purpose of carnivory. Proposed evolutionary history Carnivorous plants are generally herbs, and their traps the result of primary growth . They generally do not form readily fossilizable structures such as thick bark or wood. As a result, there is no fossil evidence of the steps that might link Dionaea and Aldrovanda , or either genus with their common ancestor, Drosera . Nevertheless, it is possible to infer an evolutionary history based on phylogenetic studies of both genera. Researchers have proposed a series of steps that would ultimately result in the complex snap-trap mechanism: Larger insects usually walk over the plant, instead of flying to it, and are more likely to break free from sticky glands alone. Therefore, a plant with wider leaves, like Drosera falconeri , must have adapted to move the trap and its stalks in directions that maximized its chance of capturing and retaining such prey-- in this particular case, longitudinally. Once adequately `` wrapped'' , escape would be more difficult. Evolutionary pressure then selected for plants with shorter response time, in a manner similar to Drosera burmannii or Drosera glanduligera . The faster the closing, the less reliant on the flypaper model the plant would be. As the trap became more and more active, the energy required to `` wrap'' the prey increased. Plants that could somehow differentiate between actual insects and random detritus/rain droplets would have an advantage, thus explaining the specialization of inner tentacles into trigger hairs. Ultimately, as the plant relied more on closing around the insect rather than gluing them to the leaf surface, the tentacles so evident in Drosera would lose their original function altogether, becoming the `` teeth'' and trigger hairs-- an example of natural selection utilizing pre-existing structures for new functions. Completing the transition, the plant eventually developed the depressed digestive glands found inside the trap, rather than using the dews in the stalks, further differentiating it from genus Drosera . Habitat Map of the original distribution of the Venus flytrap The Venus flytrap is found in nitrogen - and phosphorus-poor environments, such as bogs and wet savannahs. Small in stature and slow-growing, the Venus flytrap tolerates fire well, and depends on periodic burning to suppress its competition. Fire suppression threatens its future in the wild. It survives in wet sandy and peaty soils. Although it has been successfully transplanted and grown in many locales around the world, it is native only to the coastal bogs of North and South Carolina in the United States, specifically within a 60-mile radius of Wilmington, North Carolina . One such place is North Carolina's Green Swamp . There also appears to be a naturalized population of Venus flytraps in northern Florida as well as an introduced population in western Washington . The nutritional poverty of the soil is the reason that the plant relies on such elaborate traps: insect prey provide the nitrogen for protein formation that the soil cannot. The Venus flytrap is not a tropical plant and can tolerate mild winters. In fact, Venus flytraps that do not go through a period of winter dormancy will weaken and die after a period of time. Cultivation Dionaea muscipula ' Akai Ryu' , Japanese for ' Red Dragon' , in cultivation Venus flytraps are popular as cultivated plants, but have a reputation for being difficult to grow. Successfully growing these specialized plants requires recreating a close approximation to the plant's natural habitat. Healthy Venus flytraps will produce scapes of white flowers in spring ; however, many growers remove the flowering stems early (2-- 3 inches), as flowering consumes some of the plant's energy and thereby reduces the rate of trap production. If healthy plants are allowed to flower, successful pollination will result in seeds. Plants can be propagated by seed, taking around four to five years to reach maturity. More commonly, they are propagated by clonal division in spring or summer. Venus flytraps can also be propagated in vitro using plant tissue culture . Most Venus flytraps found for sale in nurseries garden centers have been produced using this method, as this is the most cost-effective way to propagate them on a large scale. Regardless of the propagation method used, the plants will live for 20 to 30 years if cultivated in the right conditions. Cultivars Main article: List of Venus flytrap cultivars Venus flytraps are by far the most commonly recognized and cultivated carnivorous plant, and they are frequently sold as houseplants. Various cultivars (cultivated varieties) have come into the market through tissue culture of selected genetic mutations, and these plants are raised in large quantities for commercial markets. Conservation The species is classified as `` vulnerable'' by the National Wildlife Federation . In 2015, there were estimated to be fewer than 33,000 plants in the wild, all within 75 miles (121 km) of the city of Wilmington, North Carolina, and all on sites owned by The Nature Conservancy , the North Carolina state government, or the US military. In 2014, the state of North Carolina passed Senate Bill 734 which classifies the theft of naturally growing Venus flytraps in the state as a felony. Tougher sanctions and penalties for the theft were also enacted in December 1, 2014 in accordance with legislation. In alternative medicine Venus flytrap extract is available on the market as an herbal remedy , sometimes as the prime ingredient of a patent medicine named `` Carnivora'' . According to the American Cancer Society , these products are promoted in alternative medicine as a treatment for a variety of human ailments including HIV , Crohn's disease and skin cancer , but `` available scientific evidence does not support the health claims made for Venus flytrap extract'' . See also Carnivorous plants of North America List of ineffective cancer treatments References Jump up ^ Schnell, D.; Catling, P.; Folkerts, G.; Frost, C.; Gardner, R.; et al. (2000). `` Dionaea muscipula '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 11 May 2006 . Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1acd, B1+2c v2.3) Jump up ^ Schlauer, J. (N.d.) Dionaea muscipula . Carnivorous Plant Database. Jump up ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Jump up ^ Hortus Collinsonianus. An account of the plants cultivated by the late Peter Collinson - By Lewis Weston DILLWYN, Peter COLLINSON Jump up ^ Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist - Volumes 3-4 Jump up ^ The Nature Conservancy - Venus Flytrap Jump up ^ Directions for Bringing over Seeds and Plants, from the East Indies and Other Distant Countries, in a State of Vegetation : Together with a Catalogue of Such Foreign Plants as Are Worthy of Being Encouraged in Our American Colonies, for the Purposes of Medicine, Agriculture, and Commerce. To Which is Added, the Figure and Botanical Description of a New Sensitive Plant, Called Dionæa muscipula: or, Venus's Fly-trap - (London, printed and sold by L. Davis, 1770). ^ Jump up to: `` Venus flytraps'' . The Carnivorous Plant FAQ . Retrieved 2005-06-13 . ^ Jump up to: Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray Franklin; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2 . ^ Jump up to: Forterre, Yoël ; Skotheim, Jan M.; Dumais, Jacques; Mahadevan, L. (27 January 2005). `` How the Venus flytrap snaps'' (PDF) . Nature . 433 (7024): 421-- 425. PMID 15674293 . doi : 10.1038/nature03185 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2007. Jump up ^ Cameron, Kenneth M.; Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Jobson, Richard W. (2002). `` Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants'' . American Journal of Botany. 89 (9): 1503-- 1509. PMID 21665752 . doi : 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1503 . ^ Jump up to: `` Background Information on Venus Fly Traps-- Venus Fly Trap naming and history'' . FlyTrapCare.com. 2008-04-04. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Jump up ^ Rice, Barry (January 2007). `` How did the Venus flytrap get its name?'' . The Carnivorous Plant FAQ . Jump up ^ Ellison, DM; Gotelli, NJ (2009). `` Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants-- Darwin's ' Most Wonderful plants in the world ' '' (PDF) . Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (1): 19-- 42. PMID 19213724 . doi : 10.1093/jxb/ern179 . Jump up ^ Gibson, TC; Waller, DM (2009). `` Evolving Darwin's ' most wonderful' plant: ecological steps to a snap-trap'' . New Phytologist. 183 (1): 575-- 587. PMID 19573135 . doi : 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02935.x . Jump up ^ Hodick, Dieter; Sievers, Andreas (1989). `` The action potential of Dionaea muscipula Ellis'' . Planta. 174 (1): 8-- 18. doi : 10.1007/BF00394867 . Jump up ^ `` Press release: The Trap Snaps Shut'' (PDF) . Wiley ChemBioChem. January 2010. doi : 10.1002/(issn)1439-7633/asset/homepages/press/201001press.pdf . ^ Jump up to: Böhm , J.; Scherzer, S.; Krol, E.; Kreuzer, I.; von Meyer, K.; Lorey, C.; Mueller, T.D. ; Shabala, L.; Monte, I.; Solano, R.; Al-Rasheid, K.A.S. ; Rennenberg, H.; Shabala, S.; Neher, E.; Hedrich, R. (2016). `` The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake'' . Current Biology . 26 : 286-- 295. ISSN 0960-9822 . PMC 4751343 . PMID 26804557 . doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057 . Jump up ^ Williams, S.E. 2002. Comparative physiology of the Droseraceae sensu stricto -- How do tentacles bend and traps close? Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Society Conference. Tokyo, Japan. pp. 77-- 81. Jump up ^ Hodick, Dieter; Sievers, Andreas (1988). `` On the mechanism of closure of Venus flytrap ( Dionaea muscipula Ellis)'' . Planta. 179 (1): 32-- 42. PMID 24201419 . doi : 10.1007/BF00395768 . ^ Jump up to: Bemm, Felix; Becker, Dirk; Larisch, Christina; Kreuzer, Ines; Escalante-Perez, Maria; Schulze, Waltraud X.; Ankenbrand, Markus; Weyer, Anna-Lena Van de; Krol, Elzbieta; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.; Mithöfer , Axel; Weber, Andreas P.; Schultz, Jörg ; Hedrich, Rainer (4 May 2016). `` Venus flytrap carnivorous lifestyle builds on herbivore defense strategies'' . Genome Research . 26 : 812-- 825. ISSN 1088-9051 . PMC 4889972 . PMID 27197216 . doi : 10.1101/gr.202200.115 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Galek H, Osswald WF, Elstner EF (1990). `` Oxidative protein modification as predigestive mechanism of the carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula : an hypothesis based on in vitro experiments'' . Free Radic Biol Med. 9 (5): 427-- 34. PMID 2292436 . doi : 10.1016/0891-5849(90)90020-J . Jump up ^ Hsu YL, Cho CY, Kuo PL, Huang YT, Lin CC (Aug 2006). `` Plumbagin (5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in A549 Cells through p53 Accumulation via c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation at Serine 15 in Vitro and in Vivo'' . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 318 (2): 484-- 94. PMID 16632641 . doi : 10.1124/jpet.105.098863 . Jump up ^ Produced by Neil Lucas (2009-12-07). `` Plants'' . Life . BBC. BBC One. Jump up ^ AM Ellison (2006). `` Nutrient limitation and stoichiometry of carnivorous plants'' (PDF) . Biology . 8 : 740-- 747. doi : 10.1055/s-2006-923956 . ^ Jump up to: Gibson, T.C. ; Waller, D.M. (2009). `` Evolving Darwin's ' most wonderful' plant: ecological steps to a snap-trap'' (PDF) . New Phytologist. 183 (3): 575-- 587. PMID 19573135 . doi : 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02935.x . ^ Jump up to: Cameron, K.M. ; Wurdack, K.J. ; Jobson, R.W. (2002). `` Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants'' . American Journal of Botany. 89 (9): 1503-- 1509. PMID 21665752 . doi : 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1503 . Jump up ^ Rivadavia, F.; K. Kondo; M. Kato & M. Hasebe (2003). `` Phylogeny of the sundews, Drosera (Droseraceae), based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA Sequences'' . American Journal of Botany. 90 (1): 123-- 130. PMID 21659087 . doi : 10.3732/ajb.90.1.123 . Jump up ^ Stokstad, E. (12 May 2016). `` How the Venus flytrap acquired its taste for meat'' . Science . 352 (6287): 756-- 756. PMID 27174967 . doi : 10.1126/science.352.6287.756 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Turner, John G.; Ellis, Christine; Devoto, Alessandra (1 May 2002). `` The Jasmonate Signal Pathway'' . The Plant Cell. 14 (suppl 1): S153-- S164. ISSN 1532-298X . PMC 151253 . PMID 12045275 . doi : 10.1105/tpc.000679 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Venus flytrap origins uncovered'' . BBC News. 2009. Jump up ^ W. Schulze; E.D. Schulze; I. Schulze & R. Oren (2001). `` Quantification of insect nitrogen utilization by the venus fly trap Dionaea muscipula catching prey with highly variable isotope signatures'' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 52 (358): 1041-- 1049. PMID 11432920 . doi : 10.1093/jexbot/52.358.1041 . Jump up ^ Leege, Lissa. `` How does the Venus flytrap digest flies?'' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2008-08-20 . Jump up ^ Darwin, C.R. 1875. Insectivorous Plants . Jump up ^ Schnell, D.E. (2002). Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada (2nd ed.). Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-540-3 . Jump up ^ Giblin, D. Nd. Dionaea muscipula . Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Jump up ^ `` International Carnivorous Plant Society'' . Carnivorousplants.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 2013-08-26 . Jump up ^ Jang, Gi-Won; Kim, Kwang-Soo; Park, Ro-Dong (2003). `` Micropropagation of Venus fly trap by shoot culture'' . Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture . 72 (1): 95-- 98. doi : 10.1023/A:1021203811457 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Peter (1998). The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants . Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-915-6 . Jump up ^ `` Venus Flytrap'' . National Wildlife Federation . Retrieved 2015-07-10 . Jump up ^ John R. Platt (2015-01-22). `` Venus Flytraps Risk Extinction in the Wild at the Hands of Poachers'' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2015-07-10 . Jump up ^ Evans, Jon (September 18, 2014). `` Stealing Venus Flytrap plants now a felony'' . www.wect.com . Retrieved July 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venus Flytrap'' . American Cancer Society . November 2008. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . External links Wikispecies has information related to: Dionaea muscipula Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dionaea muscipula . Images and movies of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) at ARKive Venus Flytrap Growing Guide and Distribution Map The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Flytraps Venus flytrap origins uncovered - BBC The CP Photo Finder: `` Dionaea'' Dionaea muscipula - The Venus flytrap at Botanical Society of America Criminal Podcast Episode Five: Dropping Like Flies ( hide ) Carnivorous and protocarnivorous plants Carnivorous genera († extinct) Aldrovanda † Archaeamphora Brocchinia Byblis Catopsis Cephalotus Darlingtonia Dionaea Drosera † Droserapites † Droserapollis † Droseridites Drosophyllum † Fischeripollis Genlisea Heliamphora Nepenthes † Palaeoaldrovanda Philcoxia Pinguicula Roridula Sarracenia † Saxonipollis Triphyophyllum Utricularia Protocarnivorous genera Aracamunia Capsella Colura Dipsacus Drymocallis Geranium Ibicella Lathraea Paepalanthus Passiflora Plumbago Proboscidea Stylidium See also International Carnivorous Plant Society Insectivorous Plant Society List of carnivorous plants List of carnivorous plant periodicals Pitcher plant Taxon identifiers Wd : Q155825 EoL : 584643 FNA : 220004158 GBIF : 5421410 GRIN : 405268 iNaturalist : 52666 IPNI : 275898-2 ITIS : 22008 IUCN : 39636 NCBI : 4362 Plant List : kew-62109 PLANTS : DIMU4 Species+ : 21371 Tropicos : 11400032 NDL : 00907781 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus_flytrap&oldid=801100876 '' Categories : IUCN Red List vulnerable species Carnivorous plants of North America Dionaea Plants described in 1768 Vulnerable plants Flora of North Carolina Flora of South Carolina Plant cognition Hidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with ' species' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Use dmy dates from October 2010 Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 17:31. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. AboutWikipedia | -2633788536850051822 |
where does when calls the heart take place | When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 1 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . | [
[
"Coal Valley, a small coal-mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb, Alberta"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"When Calls the Heart Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Production location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows When Hope Calls ( spin off ) External links ( Official website Website )",
"When Calls the Heart",
"Genre Family Drama Western",
"Family Drama Western",
"Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke",
"Developed by Michael Landon Jr .",
"Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith",
"Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith",
"Country of origin Canada United States",
"Canada United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons 5",
"No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes )",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy",
"Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy",
"Michael Landon Jr .",
"Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm",
"Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm",
"Production location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada",
"Running time 42 -- 84 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films",
"Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films",
"Brad Krevoy Television",
"Release",
"Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada )",
"Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada )",
"Hallmark Channel ( U.S. )",
"Super Channel ( Canada )",
"Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV )",
"480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV )",
"480i ( SDTV )",
"1080i ( HDTV )",
"Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present )",
"Chronology",
"Related shows When Hope Calls ( spin off )",
"External links",
"( Official website Website )",
"When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada .",
"The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton .",
"On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season .",
"A spin off of the show named When Hope Calls was announced at Hallmark 's Television Critics Association summer press tour on July 26 , 2018 . When Hope Calls is expected to debut in 2019 on Hallmark Movies Now streaming service .",
"When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 1 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed .",
"Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher .",
"Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 5 10 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 )",
"Season Episodes Originally aired",
"First aired Last aired",
"12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 )",
"7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 )",
"New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 )",
"8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 )",
"Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 )",
"10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 )",
"The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 )",
"5 10 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 )",
"Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter",
"Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton",
"Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 )",
"Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton",
"Jack Wagner as Bill Avery",
"Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen",
"Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter",
"Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter",
"Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Weller Stanton Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Mike Hickam Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 )",
"Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd",
"Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter",
"Eva Bourne as Clara Weller Stanton",
"Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn",
"Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings",
"Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley",
"Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey",
"Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan",
"Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan",
"Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery",
"Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery",
"Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery",
"Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery",
"Ben Rosenbaum as Mike Hickam",
"Ava Grace Cooper as Opal",
"Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher",
"Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton",
"Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton",
"Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings",
"Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher",
"Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher",
"Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher",
"Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington",
"Josie Bissett as AJ Foster",
"Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock",
"Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery",
"Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan",
"Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson",
"Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar",
"Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar",
"Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves",
"Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 )",
"Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 )",
"This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth was in her mid-20's when she found herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Season 3 continues the love story of Jack and Elizabeth , all leading up to Jack 's marriage proposal in season 4 `` My Heart Will Go On . '' The two wed in season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours . '' Just days into their marriage , Jack is given a new assignment and leaves . He is killed ( offscreen ) in season 5 's `` In My Dreams . '' In the season 5 finale , `` Close to My Heart , '' Elizabeth finds out she is pregnant with Jack 's baby . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , Jack developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Jack proposes to Elizabeth in season 4 's `` My Heart Will Go On , '' the night before he leaves for a new Mountie assignment . In season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours , '' Jack and Elizabeth finally wed . Days into their new marriage , Jack receives a new assignment and leaves . He is killed ( offscreen ) in season 5 's `` In My Dreams , '' but his legacy will live on in his wife and their unborn child . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman whose husband and son died in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . In season 3 , Abigail takes in two orphans , Becky Hastings , and her younger brother Cody . In season 4 's `` Heart of A Fighter , '' Abigail legally adopts Becky and Cody . Abigail serves as one of Elizabeth 's matrons of honor in season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours . '' Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . In season 5 , however , Henry seems to be turning into a new man , coming to the aid of the town often and actually helping Bill catch a criminal red - handed in season 5 's `` In My Dreams . '' Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Rosemary is one of Elizabeth 's matrons of honor in season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours . '' Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laid back outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Lee returns the honor for Jack in season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours . '' In season 4 's `` Heart of A Fighter , '' we learn that Lee lost his brother Patrick at a young age . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship .",
"Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth was in her mid-20's when she found herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Season 3 continues the love story of Jack and Elizabeth , all leading up to Jack 's marriage proposal in season 4 `` My Heart Will Go On . '' The two wed in season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours . '' Just days into their marriage , Jack is given a new assignment and leaves . He is killed ( offscreen ) in season 5 's `` In My Dreams . '' In the season 5 finale , `` Close to My Heart , '' Elizabeth finds out she is pregnant with Jack 's baby .",
"Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , Jack developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Jack proposes to Elizabeth in season 4 's `` My Heart Will Go On , '' the night before he leaves for a new Mountie assignment . In season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours , '' Jack and Elizabeth finally wed . Days into their new marriage , Jack receives a new assignment and leaves . He is killed ( offscreen ) in season 5 's `` In My Dreams , '' but his legacy will live on in his wife and their unborn child .",
"Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman whose husband and son died in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . In season 3 , Abigail takes in two orphans , Becky Hastings , and her younger brother Cody . In season 4 's `` Heart of A Fighter , '' Abigail legally adopts Becky and Cody . Abigail serves as one of Elizabeth 's matrons of honor in season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours . ''",
"Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . ''",
"Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . In season 5 , however , Henry seems to be turning into a new man , coming to the aid of the town often and actually helping Bill catch a criminal red - handed in season 5 's `` In My Dreams . ''",
"Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Rosemary is one of Elizabeth 's matrons of honor in season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours . ''",
"Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laid back outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Lee returns the honor for Jack in season 5 's `` My Heart Is Yours . '' In season 4 's `` Heart of A Fighter , '' we learn that Lee lost his brother Patrick at a young age .",
"Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship .",
"Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief .",
"Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley .",
"Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town .",
"Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts .",
"Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship .",
"The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver .",
"The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season .",
"In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 .",
"Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 .",
"The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired all five seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 ."
] | When Calls the Heart - Wikipedia When Calls the Heart Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . When Calls the Heart Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr. Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Michael Landon Jr. Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer(s) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Production location(s) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42-- 84 minutes Production company(s) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films Release Original network Hallmark Channel (U.S.) Super Channel (Canada) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11, 2014 ( 2014-01-11 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows When Hope Calls (spin off) External links ( Official website Website) When Calls the Heart is a Canadian-American television drama series, inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series, and developed by Michael Landon Jr. The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11, 2014, and on April 16, 2014 on Super Channel in Canada. The series originally debuted as a two-hour television movie pilot in October 2013, starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney. In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece, whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher (played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ), and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton, with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton. On April 24, 2017, Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season, which premiered with a two-hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018, ending in April. On March 21, 2018, Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season. A spin off of the show named When Hope Calls was announced at Hallmark's Television Critics Association summer press tour on July 26, 2018. When Hope Calls is expected to debut in 2019 on Hallmark Movies Now streaming service. Contents 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Characters 5 Production 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ), a young teacher accustomed to her high-society life. She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley, a small coal-mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb, Alberta . There, life is simple-- but often fraught with challenges. Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley, except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ). He believes Thatcher's wealthy father has doomed the lawman's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate's daughter. The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 1, Season 2 after the coal mine was closed. Living in this 1910 coal town, Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own. Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton, whose husband, the foreman of the mine, and her only son-- along with 45 other miners-- have recently been killed in an explosion, which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen-- a result of the mining-company site manager's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine. The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads, food on the table, and compile a wage for the town's teacher. Episodes ( edit ) Main article: List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11, 2014 ( 2014-01-11 ) March 29, 2014 ( 2014-03-29 ) 7 April 25, 2015 ( 2015-04-25 ) June 13, 2015 ( 2015-06-13 ) New Year's Wish December 26, 2015 ( 2015-12-26 ) 8 February 21, 2016 ( 2016-02-21 ) April 10, 2016 ( 2016-04-10 ) Christmas December 25, 2016 ( 2016-12-25 ) 10 February 19, 2017 ( 2017-02-19 ) April 23, 2017 ( 2017-04-23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25, 2017 ( 2017-12-25 ) 5 10 February 18, 2018 ( 2018-02-18 ) April 22, 2018 ( 2018-04-22 ) Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton (Seasons 1-5) Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Weller Stanton Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Mike Hickam Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Max Lloyd-Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Will Verchere-Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell (season 4) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera (season 4) Characters ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy . (April 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent, strong-minded, passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city. The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher, Elizabeth has two sisters, older sister Viola and younger sister Julie. Elizabeth was in her mid-20's when she found herself in Coal Valley, a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live, lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family. She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him. However, over time they become good friends, and develop an obvious attraction to one another. In the final episode of season 1, `` Prelude to a Kiss'' (also titled as `` Final Adieu'' ), after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season, Jack tells Elizabeth `` You're the one, you're the only one'' and they share a kiss. Throughout season 2, Elizabeth's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low. Finally, in the season 2 finale, she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her. After being comforted both admitting that they love each other, Jack and Elizabeth kiss. Season 3 continues the love story of Jack and Elizabeth, all leading up to Jack's marriage proposal in season 4 `` My Heart Will Go On.'' The two wed in season 5's `` My Heart Is Yours.'' Just days into their marriage, Jack is given a new assignment and leaves. He is killed (offscreen) in season 5's `` In My Dreams.'' In the season 5 finale, `` Close to My Heart,'' Elizabeth finds out she is pregnant with Jack's baby. Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy. Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton. Jack has a younger brother, Tom (named after his father). As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity, he often finds himself protecting and saving people. In season 1's `` A Telling Silence,'' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip (after Rip Van Winkle) and takes home with him. A source of comfort and companion in the small town, Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult. In season 2's `` With All My Heart,'' Rip, who's afraid of thunder, hides in the mine shafts during a storm. Jack and Elizabeth search for him; in their search, their relationship grows stronger. Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth, Jack developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him. However, he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time. In `` Rules of Engagement'' (S.1), it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him. However, they have both changed and realize that they cannot have a relationship as they once did ever again. In `` Prelude to a Kiss'' (S.1), Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley. Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched, he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her, `` You're the one, you're the only one.'' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere'' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss. In season 2, Elizabeth and Jack share a hot-and-cold relationship until the finale, `` With All My Heart.'' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss. Jack's brother, Tom, is introduced season 2's `` Trials of the Heart,'' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together, Coming Apart.'' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him, but he wouldn't be proud of the way he was currently living. Both in tears, Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around. More recently, Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator, Lee Coulter. In season 3, Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good. In `` Hearts In Question,'' Jack's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly. She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her, but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is: a trustworthy, dedicated teacher. In the season finale, `` Prayers From The Heart,'' Jack is injured in a flood. But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee's best man at his wedding. Jack proposes to Elizabeth in season 4's `` My Heart Will Go On,'' the night before he leaves for a new Mountie assignment. In season 5's `` My Heart Is Yours,'' Jack and Elizabeth finally wed. Days into their new marriage, Jack receives a new assignment and leaves. He is killed (offscreen) in season 5's `` In My Dreams,'' but his legacy will live on in his wife and their unborn child. Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman whose husband and son died in the mining accident. Abigail is a very kind woman, and she stands strongly for the things she believes in. She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends. When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live. After being complimented on her cooking, Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley. Together, Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe. At the end of season 1, Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery, a Mountie, serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton's . In season 2, Abigail takes in her daughter-in-law, Clara, the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had. With Bill's past being revealed, Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor, Frank Hogan. Also, she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth. In season 3, Abigail takes in two orphans, Becky Hastings, and her younger brother Cody. In season 4's `` Heart of A Fighter,'' Abigail legally adopts Becky and Cody. Abigail serves as one of Elizabeth's matrons of honor in season 5's `` My Heart Is Yours.'' Bill Avery is a mysterious, quiet man. He first appears in season 1's `` Rules of Engagement,'' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen's wrongdoings. Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton. Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill's family and his wedding ring. He later tells her that his son died, as well as his wife. However, his wife, Nora, comes to confront him in season 2's `` Heart's Desire.'' Henry Gowen is a cold, cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine. After the mine was shut down, Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold, cynical presence whenever people are around him. Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town. He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants, which is never for the good of the town. In season 5, however, Henry seems to be turning into a new man, coming to the aid of the town often and actually helping Bill catch a criminal red-handed in season 5's `` In My Dreams.'' Rosemary `` Rosie'' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant, enthusiastic actress from New York. She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton, but they both realized that it wouldn't work out. Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition,'' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth, even if she has a hard time showing it. At the beginning of season 2, Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends. Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person. Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth, even if only on an acquaintance level. Truthfully, she cares about everyone in Hope Valley, especially Lee, with whom she shares an mutual attraction. When Rosie is not spending time with Lee, talking to Abigail, or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress, she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley's newspaper! In season 3, Rosemary's friendship with Elizabeth deepened. Instead of viewing her as an adversary, she finds a friend in Elizabeth. Throughout season 3, Rosemary's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic. In `` Heart Of A Hero,'' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs, Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre doesn't have to be built. He insists, but she says how important his job is. He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre, telling her that she is `` the best part of his life.'' The couple shares in their first kiss. In `` A Gentle Heart,'' Lee is injured. Thinking he is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to him, telling how much she loves him. In `` Heartbreak,'' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming. This has always been Rosemary's dream, to be an actress. Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best, but the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him. Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley, with Lee. Lee then tells her that he has another `` role'' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage. She happily accepts. In `` Hearts In Question,'' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding. The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart,'' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor. Rosemary is one of Elizabeth's matrons of honor in season 5's `` My Heart Is Yours.'' Leland `` Lee'' Coulter is a kind, laidback, patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley. When timber becomes Coal Valley's major source of natural resources, the town is renamed Hope Valley. He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her. When she declines his romantic intentions, Lee recruits his friend, Molly Sullivan, to make Rosemary jealous; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit, appreciating Lee's good qualities. Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality, Lee's compassion and patience never fails with her. With Rosemary's help, Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home.'' When not at work, Lee enjoys being with friends, including Jack Thornton, who shares Lee's simple and laid back outlook, allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice. In season 3, Lee's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside. Through Bill and Jack's investigation, they find the culprit. In season 3's `` Heart Of A Hero,'' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her. Lee promises that one day, he will build her the theatre at a time when he isn't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs. In `` A Gentle Heart,'' Lee is injured. Thinking Lee is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee, telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured. He however hears each and every word. She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her. In the episode `` Heartbreak,'' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood. When she gives up the movie, seeing her future in Hope Valley with him, he asks her to marry him. The couple weds in the season 3 finale, `` Prayers From The Heart.'' Jack serves the role of Lee's best man. Lee returns the honor for Jack in season 5's `` My Heart Is Yours.'' In season 4's `` Heart of A Fighter,'' we learn that Lee lost his brother Patrick at a young age. Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth's hopeless romantic younger sister. She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who aren't quite what they seem. In season 2 she gets involved with Jack's brother Tom, which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth's relationship. Cat Montgomery is a kind, encouraging woman in Coal Valley. She is a widow and mother of three: Gabe, Miles, and Emily. Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came. She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self-sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies.'' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement, Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist.'' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail. In `` These Games,'' she also helps Jack catch a thief. Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley. She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative, even in a very positive situation. In `` Heart and Home,'' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her, which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat, though she remains fairly outspoken. While not always likable, Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley. Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher. Molly's husband was killed in the mine disaster. She has a daughter Rosaleen. In season 1's `` A Telling Silence,'' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much. When she runs away, Elizabeth finds her in the mine, feeling guilty that she didn't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead. She fears her mother will blame her, but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself.'' Molly is reunited with her daughter, to the joy of the town's people. In season 2's `` With All My Heart,'' Lee feels it's time to `` play hard to get'' with Rosemary, so he enlists help from Molly. She pretends to be interested in him romantically. This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him. Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town. Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail's late son Peter, and is a sweet, quiet, and sensitive young woman. Abigail never knew she had a daughter-in-law until season 2's `` Trials of the Heart;'' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed. In `` Heart's Desire,'' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley, an offer that Clara accepts. Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton. He is interested in her, though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship. Production ( edit ) The series, originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards. The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013. Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set. The Thatcher home is the University Women's Club of Vancouver. The series was renewed for a second season, which aired from April 25 to June 13, 2015. Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season, which aired from February 21 to April 10, 2016, with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season. In mid-2016, it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two-hour special. On April 11, 2016, Lissing and Krakow announced via the series' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season, which aired from February 19 to April 23, 2017. Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22, 2017, and ended on December 21, 2017. Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015. The network has since aired all five seasons. The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Reiher, Andrea (January 11, 2014). `` ' When Calls the Heart' premiere: Will you return to the frontier?'' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box (blog) . Retrieved January 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart' features Aussie Mountie'' . Canadian Press , April 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast'' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014-02-28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart,'' Hallmark Channel's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2-Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5'' (Press release). Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016-01-11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team (June 12, 2013). `` Hallmark Channel's ' When Calls The Heart' Adds Cast; ' Cedar Cove' July Premiere Set'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014-01-13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart'' . April 24, 2017 . Retrieved April 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 31, 2017). `` ' When Calls The Heart' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 21, 2018). `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm, Net Makes Announcements, Including ' When Calls the Heart' Renewal, At Central Park Event'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21, 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 26, 2018). `` Good Witch Renewed for Season 5, When Calls the Heart Gets Spinoff'' . TVLine . Retrieved July 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series'' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014-02-28 . Jump up ^ Brioux, Bill (December 6, 2013). `` ' When Calls The Heart' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C.'' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7, 2013 . Retrieved February 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (May 1, 2015). `` TV Q&A : ' Grey's Anatomy,' ' Younger,' ' Bones' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor'' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 5, 2014). `` When Calls the Heart' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5, 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 28, 2015). `` ' When Calls The Heart' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos'' . Hallmark Channel. Jump up ^ McLennan, Cindy (April 11, 2016). `` When Calls the Heart: Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series'' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (April 15, 2016). `` ' When Calls The Heart' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi, Craig (August 21, 2017). `` Filming in Vancouver: Johnny Depp, When Calls the Heart, and Eggplant Emoji'' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow, Erin (@erinkrakow) (December 21, 2017). `` That's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth! It flew! Missing my Hope Valley friends already!'' (Tweet) . Retrieved December 25, 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC-TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British, Aussie fare'' . 680 News , May 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series, returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games'' . CBC Television . May 18, 2016 . Retrieved August 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017-18 Programming Slate'' . CBC Television . May 24, 2017 . Retrieved August 3, 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb Hallmark Channel original programming Current Home and Family (since 2012) When Calls the Heart (since 2014) Good Witch (since 2015) Chesapeake Shores (since 2016) Meet the Peetes (since 2018) Former Cedar Cove (2013-- 2015) Signed, Sealed, Delivered (2014) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=856960498 '' Categories : English-language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western (genre) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Television shows set in Alberta Hidden categories: Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 16:57 (UTC) . About Wikipedia | 6376608289769266657 |
the lithosphere of the earth is generally thinner at or near what type of plate boundaries | The oceanic crust displays a pattern of magnetic lines , parallel to the ocean ridges , frozen in the basalt . A symmetrical pattern of positive and negative magnetic lines emanates from the mid-ocean ridge . New rock is formed by magma at the mid-ocean ridges , and the ocean floor spreads out from this point . When the magma cools to form rock , its magnetic polarity is aligned with the then - current positions of the magnetic poles of the Earth . New magma then forces the older cooled magma away from the ridge . This process results in parallel sections of oceanic crust of alternating magnetic polarity . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate . The crust overlies the solidified and uppermost layer of the mantle . The crust and the solid mantle layer together constitute oceanic lithosphere .",
"Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks , or sima , which is rich in iron and magnesium . It is thinner than continental crust , or sial , generally less than 10 kilometers thick ; however it is denser , having a mean density of about 2.9 grams per cubic centimeter as opposed to continental crust which has a density of about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter .",
"The crust is the result of erupted mantle material originating from below the plate , cooled and in most instances , modified chemically by seawater . These eruptions occur mostly at mid-ocean ridges , but also at scattered hotspots , and also in rare but powerful occurrences known as flood basalt eruptions .",
"Although a complete section of oceanic crust has not yet been drilled , geologists have several pieces of evidence that help them understand the ocean floor . Estimations of composition are based on analyses of ophiolites ( sections of oceanic crust that are thrust onto and preserved on the continents ) , comparisons of the seismic structure of the oceanic crust with laboratory determinations of seismic velocities in known rock types , and samples recovered from the ocean floor by submersibles , dredging ( especially from ridge crests and fracture zones ) and drilling . Oceanic crust is significantly simpler than continental crust and generally can be divided in three layers . According to mineral physics experiments , at lower mantle pressures , oceanic crust becomes denser than the surrounding mantle .",
"Layer 1 is on an average 0.4 km thick . It consists of unconsolidated or semiconsolidated sediments , usually thin or even not present near the mid-ocean ridges but thickens farther away from the ridge . Near the continental margins sediment is terrigenous , meaning derived from the land , unlike deep sea sediments which are made of tiny shells of marine organisms , usually calcareous and siliceous , or it can be made of volcanic ash and terrigenous sediments transported by turbidity currents . Layer 2 could be divided into two parts : layer 2A -- 0.5 km thick uppermost volcanic layer of glassy to finely crystalline basalt usually in the form of pillow basalt , and layer 2B -- 1.5 km thick layer composed of diabase dikes . Layer 3 is formed by slow cooling of magma beneath the surface and consists of coarse grained gabbros and cumulate ultramafic rocks . It constitutes over two - thirds of oceanic crust volume with almost 5 km thickness .",
"Layer 1 is on an average 0.4 km thick . It consists of unconsolidated or semiconsolidated sediments , usually thin or even not present near the mid-ocean ridges but thickens farther away from the ridge . Near the continental margins sediment is terrigenous , meaning derived from the land , unlike deep sea sediments which are made of tiny shells of marine organisms , usually calcareous and siliceous , or it can be made of volcanic ash and terrigenous sediments transported by turbidity currents .",
"Layer 2 could be divided into two parts : layer 2A -- 0.5 km thick uppermost volcanic layer of glassy to finely crystalline basalt usually in the form of pillow basalt , and layer 2B -- 1.5 km thick layer composed of diabase dikes .",
"Layer 3 is formed by slow cooling of magma beneath the surface and consists of coarse grained gabbros and cumulate ultramafic rocks . It constitutes over two - thirds of oceanic crust volume with almost 5 km thickness .",
"The most voluminous volcanic rocks of the ocean floor are the mid-oceanic ridge basalts , which are derived from low - potassium tholeiitic magmas . These rocks have low concentrations of large ion lithophile elements ( LILE ) , light rare earth elements ( LREE ) , volatile elements and other highly incompatible elements . There can be found basalts enriched with incompatible elements , but they are rare and associated with mid-ocean ridge hot spots such as surroundings of Galapagos Islands , the Azores and Iceland .",
"Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges . As plates diverge at these ridges , magma rises into the upper mantle and crust . As it moves away from the ridge , the lithosphere becomes cooler and denser , and sediment gradually builds on top of it . The youngest oceanic lithosphere is at the oceanic ridges , and it gets progressively older away from the ridges .",
"As the mantle rises it cools and melts , as the pressure decreases and it crosses the solidus . The amount of melt produced depends only on the temperature of the mantle as it rises . Hence most oceanic crust is the same thickness ( 7 ± 1 km ) . Very slow spreading ridges ( < 1 cm yr half - rate ) produce thinner crust ( 4 -- 5 km thick ) as the mantle has a chance to cool on upwelling and so it crosses the solidus and melts at lesser depth , thereby producing less melt and thinner crust . An example of this is the Gakkel Ridge under the Arctic Ocean . Thicker than average crust is found above plumes as the mantle is hotter and hence it crosses the solidus and melts at a greater depth , creating more melt and a thicker crust . An example of this is Iceland which has crust of thickness ~ 20 km .",
"The age of the oceanic crust can be used to estimate the ( thermal ) thickness of the lithosphere , where young oceanic crust has not had enough time to cool the mantle beneath it , while older oceanic crust has thicker mantle lithosphere beneath it . The oceanic lithosphere subducts at what are known as convergent boundaries . These boundaries can exist between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and oceanic lithosphere on another , or between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and continental lithosphere on another . In the second situation , the oceanic lithosphere always subducts because the continental lithosphere is less dense . The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere , so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old . The process of super-continent formation and destruction via repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Wilson cycle .",
"The oldest large scale oceanic crust is in the west Pacific and north - west Atlantic - both are about up to 180 - 200 million years old . However , parts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea are remnants of the much older Tethys ocean , at about 270 and up to 340 million years old .",
"The oceanic crust displays a pattern of magnetic lines , parallel to the ocean ridges , frozen in the basalt . A symmetrical pattern of positive and negative magnetic lines emanates from the mid-ocean ridge . New rock is formed by magma at the mid-ocean ridges , and the ocean floor spreads out from this point . When the magma cools to form rock , its magnetic polarity is aligned with the then - current positions of the magnetic poles of the Earth . New magma then forces the older cooled magma away from the ridge . This process results in parallel sections of oceanic crust of alternating magnetic polarity ."
] | Oceanic crust - wikipedia Oceanic crust Jump to: navigation , search Colors indicate the age of oceanic crust, wherein red indicates the youngest age, and blue indicates the oldest age. The lines represent tectonic plate boundaries. Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate . The crust overlies the solidified and uppermost layer of the mantle . The crust and the solid mantle layer together constitute oceanic lithosphere . Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima , which is rich in iron and magnesium. It is thinner than continental crust , or sial , generally less than 10 kilometers thick; however it is denser, having a mean density of about 2.9 grams per cubic centimeter as opposed to continental crust which has a density of about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter. The crust is the result of erupted mantle material originating from below the plate, cooled and in most instances, modified chemically by seawater. These eruptions occur mostly at mid-ocean ridges, but also at scattered hotspots, and also in rare but powerful occurrences known as flood basalt eruptions. Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 1.1 Geochemistry 1.2 Life cycle 2 Magnetic anomalies 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Composition ( edit ) Although a complete section of oceanic crust has not yet been drilled, geologists have several pieces of evidence that help them understand the ocean floor. Estimations of composition are based on analyses of ophiolites (sections of oceanic crust that are thrust onto and preserved on the continents), comparisons of the seismic structure of the oceanic crust with laboratory determinations of seismic velocities in known rock types, and samples recovered from the ocean floor by submersibles , dredging (especially from ridge crests and fracture zones ) and drilling. Oceanic crust is significantly simpler than continental crust and generally can be divided in three layers. According to mineral physics experiments, at lower mantle pressures, oceanic crust becomes denser than the surrounding mantle. Layer 1 is on an average 0.4 km thick. It consists of unconsolidated or semiconsolidated sediments , usually thin or even not present near the mid-ocean ridges but thickens farther away from the ridge. Near the continental margins sediment is terrigenous, meaning derived from the land, unlike deep sea sediments which are made of tiny shells of marine organisms, usually calcareous and siliceous, or it can be made of volcanic ash and terrigenous sediments transported by turbidity currents . Layer 2 could be divided into two parts: layer 2A -- 0.5 km thick uppermost volcanic layer of glassy to finely crystalline basalt usually in the form of pillow basalt , and layer 2B -- 1.5 km thick layer composed of diabase dikes . Layer 3 is formed by slow cooling of magma beneath the surface and consists of coarse grained gabbros and cumulate ultramafic rocks. It constitutes over two-thirds of oceanic crust volume with almost 5 km thickness. Geochemistry ( edit ) The most voluminous volcanic rocks of the ocean floor are the mid-oceanic ridge basalts, which are derived from low- potassium tholeiitic magmas. These rocks have low concentrations of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), light rare earth elements (LREE), volatile elements and other highly incompatible elements . There can be found basalts enriched with incompatible elements, but they are rare and associated with mid-ocean ridge hot spots such as surroundings of Galapagos Islands , the Azores and Iceland . Life cycle ( edit ) Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges. As plates diverge at these ridges, magma rises into the upper mantle and crust. As it moves away from the ridge, the lithosphere becomes cooler and denser, and sediment gradually builds on top of it. The youngest oceanic lithosphere is at the oceanic ridges, and it gets progressively older away from the ridges. As the mantle rises it cools and melts, as the pressure decreases and it crosses the solidus . The amount of melt produced depends only on the temperature of the mantle as it rises. Hence most oceanic crust is the same thickness (7± 1 km). Very slow spreading ridges (< 1 cm yr half-rate) produce thinner crust (4-- 5 km thick) as the mantle has a chance to cool on upwelling and so it crosses the solidus and melts at lesser depth, thereby producing less melt and thinner crust. An example of this is the Gakkel Ridge under the Arctic Ocean . Thicker than average crust is found above plumes as the mantle is hotter and hence it crosses the solidus and melts at a greater depth, creating more melt and a thicker crust. An example of this is Iceland which has crust of thickness ~20 km. The age of the oceanic crust can be used to estimate the (thermal) thickness of the lithosphere, where young oceanic crust has not had enough time to cool the mantle beneath it, while older oceanic crust has thicker mantle lithosphere beneath it. The oceanic lithosphere subducts at what are known as convergent boundaries . These boundaries can exist between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and oceanic lithosphere on another, or between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and continental lithosphere on another. In the second situation, the oceanic lithosphere always subducts because the continental lithosphere is less dense. The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere, so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old. The process of super-continent formation and destruction via repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Wilson cycle . The oldest large scale oceanic crust is in the west Pacific and north-west Atlantic - both are about up to 180-200 million years old. However, parts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea are remnants of the much older Tethys ocean , at about 270 and up to 340 million years old. Magnetic anomalies ( edit ) Main article: Seafloor spreading The oceanic crust displays a pattern of magnetic lines, parallel to the ocean ridges, frozen in the basalt. A symmetrical pattern of positive and negative magnetic lines emanates from the mid-ocean ridge. New rock is formed by magma at the mid-ocean ridges, and the ocean floor spreads out from this point. When the magma cools to form rock, its magnetic polarity is aligned with the then-current positions of the magnetic poles of the Earth. New magma then forces the older cooled magma away from the ridge. This process results in parallel sections of oceanic crust of alternating magnetic polarity. See also ( edit ) Mohorovičić discontinuity Plate tectonics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rogers, N.; Blake, S.; Burton, K. An introduction to our dynamic planet . Cambridge University Press . p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521-49424-3 . Retrieved January 2008 . Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) Jump up ^ Cogley 1984 Jump up ^ H. Elderfield (2006). The Oceans and Marine Geochemistry. Elsevier. pp. 182-- . ISBN 978-0-08-045101-5 . Jump up ^ Kodaira, S., Noguchi, N., Takahashi, N., Ishizuka, O., & Kaneda, Y. (2010). Evolution from fore‐ arc oceanic crust to island arc crust: A seismic study along the Izu‐ Bonin fore arc. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 115 (B9), N/a. Jump up ^ Li, M., & McNamara, A. (2013). The difficulty for subducted oceanic crust to accumulate at the Earth's core‐ mantle boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118 (4), 1807-1816. Jump up ^ Peter Laznicka (2 September 2010). Giant Metallic Deposits: Future Sources of Industrial Metals. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 82-- . ISBN 978-3-642-12405-1 . Jump up ^ D.R. Bowes (1989) The Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology , Van Nostrand Reinhold ISBN 0-442-20623-2 Jump up ^ Yildirim Dilek (1 January 2000). Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and the Ocean Drilling Program. Geological Society of America. pp. 506-- . ISBN 978-0-8137-2349-5 . Jump up ^ Jon Erickson (14 May 2014). Plate Tectonics: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Earth. Infobase Publishing. pp. 83-- . ISBN 978-1-4381-0968-8 . Jump up ^ Clare P. Marshall, Rhodes W. Fairbridge (1999) Encyclopedia of Geochemistry , Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN 0-412-75500-9 Jump up ^ `` Understanding plate motions (This Dynamic Earth, USGS)'' . pubs.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2017-04-16 . Jump up ^ C.M.R. Fowler (2005) The Solid Earth (2nd Ed.) , Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-89307-0 Jump up ^ McKenzie, Dan; Jackson, James; Priestley, Keith (May 2005). `` Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere'' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . Elsevier . 233 (3-4). Jump up ^ Condie, K.C. 1997. Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution (4th Edition). 288 page, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Jump up ^ Müller , R. Dietmar (April 2008). `` Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust'' . Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems . American Geophysical Union . 9 (4). Jump up ^ Benson, Emily (15 August 2016). `` World's oldest ocean crust dates back to ancient supercontinent'' . www.newscientist.com . New Scientist . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Researcher uncovers 340 million year-old oceanic crust in the Mediterranean Sea using magnetic data'' . www.sciencedaily.com . Science Daily . 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pitman, W.C. ; Herron, E.M. ; Heirtzler, J.R. (1968-03-15). `` Magnetic anomalies in the Pacific and sea floor spreading'' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 73 (6): 2069-- 2085. doi : 10.1029/JB073i006p02069 . ISSN 2156-2202 . References ( edit ) Marshak, Stephen (2005) Earth: Portrait of a Planet (41-87) McDuff, Russell E.; Heath, G. Ross. `` Ocean 540: Oceanic Lithosphere; Plate Tectonics; Seafloor Topography'' . School of Oceanography, University of Washington . Retrieved August 2009 . Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin-- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke's variational principle Mild-slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby-gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave-- current interaction Waves and shallow water one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis-- Stokes force Craik-- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine-- Matthews-- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea-level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason-1 Jason-2 (Ocean Surface Topography Mission) Jason-3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_crust&oldid=811451717 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Oceanographical terminology Hidden categories: CS1 errors: dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Кыргызча Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017, at 18:20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -357725635326938533 |
what channel is cbs sports network on time warner cable | In addition to its own website , CBS Sports Network also operates athletics websites for many college athletics organizations under its CBSSports.com College Network service . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"CBS Sports Network Launched June 2002 ; 15 years ago ( June 2002 ) Owned by CBS Corporation Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV sets ) Slogan The 24 - Hour Home of CBS Sports Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Canada Headquarters New York City , New York Formerly called National College Sports Network ( 2002 -- 2003 ) College Sports Television ( 2003 -- 2008 ) CBS College Sports Network ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Sister channel ( s ) CBS CBSN Website CBSSportsNetwork.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 221 ( HD / SD ) Dish Network 158 ( HD / SD ) Cable Verizon FiOS 94 ( SD ) 594 ( HD ) Available on most other U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV Sky Angel 323 ( SD ) AT&T U-verse 643 ( SD ) 1643 ( HD ) Bell Fibe TV ( Canada ) 417 ( SD ) 1417 ( HD ) Streaming media DirecTV Now Internet Protocol Television YouTube TV Internet Protocol Television Hulu with Live TV Internet Protocol Television Fubo TV Internet Protocol Television",
"CBS Sports Network",
"Launched June 2002 ; 15 years ago ( June 2002 )",
"Owned by CBS Corporation",
"Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV sets )",
"Slogan The 24 - Hour Home of CBS Sports",
"Country United States",
"Language English",
"Broadcast area United States Canada",
"Headquarters New York City , New York",
"Formerly called National College Sports Network ( 2002 -- 2003 ) College Sports Television ( 2003 -- 2008 ) CBS College Sports Network ( 2008 -- 2011 )",
"Sister channel ( s ) CBS CBSN",
"Website CBSSportsNetwork.com",
"Availability",
"Satellite",
"DirecTV 221 ( HD / SD )",
"Dish Network 158 ( HD / SD )",
"Cable",
"Verizon FiOS 94 ( SD ) 594 ( HD )",
"Available on most other U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability",
"IPTV",
"Sky Angel 323 ( SD )",
"AT&T U-verse 643 ( SD ) 1643 ( HD )",
"Bell Fibe TV ( Canada ) 417 ( SD ) 1417 ( HD )",
"Streaming media",
"DirecTV Now Internet Protocol Television",
"YouTube TV Internet Protocol Television",
"Hulu with Live TV Internet Protocol Television",
"Fubo TV Internet Protocol Television",
"CBS Sports Network is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by the CBS Corporation . When it launched in 2002 as the National College Sports Network ( later College Sports Television also known as CSTV ) , it operated as a multi-platform media brand which also included its primary website , collegesports.com , and a network of websites operated for the athletic departments of 215 colleges and universities .",
"After CSTV was acquired by CBS in 2008 , the network was re-branded as the CBS College Sports Network . The network initially maintained its college sports focus , but in February 2011 , the service was re-branded as CBS Sports Network to re-position it as a mainstream sports service . The network continues to have a particular focus on college sports , along with coverage of smaller leagues and events , simulcasts of sports radio shows from CBS - owned stations and studio and analysis programming .",
"The network 's roots began in 1999 when Chris Bevilacqua approached the co-founders of the Classic Sports Network , Brian Bedol and Stephen D. Greenberg ( son of Hank Greenberg ) -- at that time , running Fusient Media Ventures , a New York - based sports and media company -- with the idea for a cable network featuring college sports 24 hours a day . Under the leadership of Bedol as CEO , the network was originally named the National College Sports Network in June 2002 , was subsequently renamed College Sports Television ( CSTV ) and launched on February 23 , 2003 . From their headquarters and studio operations at Chelsea Piers in New York City , CSTV was the first independent cable channel to be distributed nationwide , having been carried on satellite provider DirecTV at launch .",
"In November 2005 , College Sports Television was purchased by CBS Corporation ( which had just recently split from Viacom at the time ) for $325 million . On January 3 , 2008 , it was announced that CSTV would be integrated into CBS Sports , with the sports division 's executive vice president and executive producer , Tony Petitti , taking over day - to - day operational management of CSTV , which would be overseen by CBS News and Sports president Sean McManus . CSTV co-founder Brian Bedol would become a senior advisor to CBS Corporation president and CEO Leslie Moonves ( Petitti has since left CBS to take on the same role for the MLB Network ) .",
"In the fall of 2006 , CSTV launched more than 100 broadband channels dedicated to college sports , which feature more than 10,000 live events . The subscription / pay - per - view service , called CBS College Sports XXL , and its portfolio of broadband channels in its All - Access suite , include coverage of Notre Dame , Southern California , Kansas , Ohio State and North Carolina .",
"On February 12 , 2008 , CBS Corporation announced that , as part of the ongoing integration of CSTV into CBS Sports , that the network would be renamed the CBS College Sports Network on March 16 , coinciding with the start of CBS 's coverage of the NCAA 's basketball tournament . Studio shows moved from the original Chelsea Piers headquarters to the CBS Broadcast Center on West 57th Street in 2012 . As part of the relaunch , the network added a new news program , College Sports Tonight . That program was canceled in 2010 , however other studio shows ( including Inside College Football and Inside College Basketball ) still originate from the Chelsea Piers location .",
"On February 15 , 2011 , CBS announced that the network would be relaunched as CBS Sports Network on April 4 ( coinciding with the end of the 2011 NCAA basketball tournament ) , repositioning it as a mainstream sports network .",
"CBS Sports Network HD is a 1080i high definition simulcast feed of CBS Sports Network that launched in August 2008 . Prior to the launch of the feed , the two NCAA basketball tournament games that aired in March 2008 , which were presented in HD on CBS , were converted to a standard definition feed . CBS Sports Network uses the AFD # 10 broadcast flag to present programming on its standard definition feed in letterboxed widescreen for viewers watching on cable television through 4 : 3 television sets .",
"Since airing its first game , CBS Sports Network has televised thousands of hours of original programming , features , talk shows and documentaries as well as extensive women 's sports coverage . Its regular season and championship event coverage draws from every major collegiate athletic conference and division , in addition to nine NCAA championships . CBS Sports Network televises 35 men 's and women 's college sports including football , basketball , baseball , ultimate , hockey , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling and volleyball from every major conference . The network holds multi-media and marketing rights for the Mountain West Conference , the Atlantic 10 Conference , Conference USA , the Patriot League , Army football and Navy football .",
"In April 2006 , the network organized the first Collegiate Nationals , a festival of championships dedicated to crowning champions in a wide variety of collegiate action sports such as snowboarding , wakeboarding and beach volleyball . More than 1,000 competitors converged on Reno - Tahoe to compete , the largest number ever for an event of its kind . For its second installment in 2007 , the Collegiate Nationals added sports and other events such as national film and music competitions , as well as a second venue -- San Diego . The third year , 2008 , brought further changes , as the winter sports events were moved to the Keystone Resort near Boulder , Colorado and competitive eating was added .",
"In the fall of 2006 , CSTV and Comcast launched the MountainWest Sports Network ( colloquially known as The Mtn . ) , a network focusing exclusively on the Mountain West Conference . The relation with the network also gave CSTV exclusive online and broadcasting rights to Notre Dame 's game at Air Force on November 11 , 2006 -- which caused controversy since CSTV did not have carriage as widely distributed as other networks that have aired Notre Dame games . The Irish did not revisit a Mountain West team until a 2013 game at Air Force , which once again aired on CBSSN .",
"On April 3 , 2012 , CBS Sports Network premiered Rome , a sports news and talk program hosted by nationally syndicated radio host Jim Rome ; Rome had recently left ESPN and his previous show , Jim Rome Is Burning , after signing on a new contract with CBS Sports .",
"On June 7 , 2012 , CBS Sports Network began to air the remaining games of the American Hockey League 's 2012 Calder Cup Final between the Norfolk Admirals and the Toronto Marlies , starting with Game 3 . On July 26 , 2012 , the network signed a deal with the United Football League -- a second - tier professional football league that began play in October 2009 -- to televise its games for the 2012 season . The UFL paid for all production expenses and received no rights fee from CBS Sports Network for the broadcasts . The league lasted approximately four weeks on CBS Sports Network before suspending operations halfway through the season .",
"In September 2012 , CBS Sports Network introduced NFL Monday QB , a weekly NFL recap show . In September 2013 , the network expanded its supplemental NFL coverage with That Other Pre-Game Show , a four - hour `` fan - focused '' program positioned as an interactive , `` casual '' counterpart to other pre-game shows , hosted by Adam Schein , Bart Scott , Amy Trask , and Brandon Tierney . On April 26 , 2013 , the network announced that it had signed a deal with the GEICO Motorcycle AMA Pro Road Racing Series for the remainder of the 2013 and the 2014 seasons . The network will air flag to flag coverage for the races as well as live coverage for several of the races . The network broadcast the FIA WTCC Race of the United States from Sonoma Raceway on September 8 , 2013 .",
"On December 2 , 2013 , CBS Sports Network announced that it will begin simulcasting the Boomer and Carton morning show from co-owned sports talk radio station WFAN in New York City in January 2014 .",
"In August 2014 , CBS Sports Network announced a new talk show , We Need To Talk , which features an all - female panel .",
"In August 2015 , the network premiered Time to Schein , a new program hosted by Adam Schein .",
"In July 2017 , the network announced a new documentary series , Four Sides of the Story , which will examine notable moments in sports from four perspectives each ; the series premiere will focus on the Villanova Wildcats ' buzzer beater at the 2016 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game .",
"College Football on CBS Sports Network ( 2005 -- present ) Conference USA Mountain West Conference American Athletic Conference ( sublicensed from ESPN ) Mid-American Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN ) Army and Navy Cure Bowl ( 2015 -- present ) Arizona Bowl ( 2017 -- present ) College Basketball on CBS Sports Network ( 2006 -- present ) American Athletic Conference ( sublicensed from ESPN ) Atlantic 10 Conference Big East Conference ( sublicensed from Fox Sports ) Cancún Challenge College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament Conference USA Great Alaska Shootout Mid-American Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN ) Missouri Valley Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN ) Mountain West Conference Ohio Valley Conference Patriot League Southland Conference women 's basketball championship Women 's National Invitation Tournament NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament semi-final NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament semi-final and final Arena Football League ( 2013 -- present ) 14 regular season games AFL Playoffs Golf ( 2012 -- present ) PGA Championship on the Range ( 2012 -- present ) Masters on the Range ( 2013 -- present ) Professional Bull Riders ( 2012 -- present ) Weekly coverage College hockey ( 2002 -- present ) Weekly games NCHC Championship Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse ( 2012 -- present ) College lacrosse National Finals Rodeo ( 2014 -- present ) World 's Strongest Man ( 2013 -- present ) Full coverage of competitions , beginning in 2013 . Reruns of past World 's Strongest Man competitions World of Outlaws ( 2013 -- present ) Tape delayed coverage of the World of Outlaws Sprint Cars , World of Outlaws Late Model Series & Super DIRTcar Series Races televised in 2013 and 2014 include the National Open ( Sprint at Williams Grove ) , Syracuse 200 ( Super DiRTcar at NYSF ) and the World of Outlaws World Finals ( all three series at The Dirt Track at Charlotte ) ARCA Racing Series ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 3 races were shown live on CBS Sports Network in 2014 . Those races were Elko , Winchester & Madison . 3 races will be also shown live on the network in 2015 . Those races being Toledo , Winchester & Springfield . Torque.TV on CBSSN ( 2015 -- present ) Pirelli World Challenge ( will feature live coverage , only race known so far is Detroit ) Blancpain Endurance Series ( already was with the network in 2014 ) , ( Spa 24 Hours will be shown live in 2015 ) Blancpain Sprint Series ( already was with the network in 2014 ) British Touring Car Championship Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( already was with the network in 2014 ) MotoAmerica SKUSA Superkarts Supercars Championship Trans - Am Series ( 2015 -- present ) Speed Energy Formula Off - Road ( 2015 -- present ) Superkombat Fighting Championship ( 2017 -- present )",
"College Football on CBS Sports Network ( 2005 -- present ) Conference USA Mountain West Conference American Athletic Conference ( sublicensed from ESPN ) Mid-American Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN ) Army and Navy Cure Bowl ( 2015 -- present ) Arizona Bowl ( 2017 -- present )",
"Conference USA Mountain West Conference American Athletic Conference ( sublicensed from ESPN ) Mid-American Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN ) Army and Navy Cure Bowl ( 2015 -- present ) Arizona Bowl ( 2017 -- present )",
"Mountain West Conference",
"American Athletic Conference ( sublicensed from ESPN )",
"Mid-American Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN )",
"Army and Navy",
"Cure Bowl ( 2015 -- present )",
"Arizona Bowl ( 2017 -- present )",
"College Basketball on CBS Sports Network ( 2006 -- present ) American Athletic Conference ( sublicensed from ESPN ) Atlantic 10 Conference Big East Conference ( sublicensed from Fox Sports ) Cancún Challenge College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament Conference USA Great Alaska Shootout Mid-American Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN ) Missouri Valley Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN ) Mountain West Conference Ohio Valley Conference Patriot League Southland Conference women 's basketball championship Women 's National Invitation Tournament NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament semi-final NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament semi-final and final",
"American Athletic Conference ( sublicensed from ESPN ) Atlantic 10 Conference Big East Conference ( sublicensed from Fox Sports ) Cancún Challenge College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament Conference USA Great Alaska Shootout Mid-American Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN ) Missouri Valley Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN ) Mountain West Conference Ohio Valley Conference Patriot League Southland Conference women 's basketball championship Women 's National Invitation Tournament NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament semi-final NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament semi-final and final",
"American Athletic Conference ( sublicensed from ESPN )",
"Atlantic 10 Conference",
"Big East Conference ( sublicensed from Fox Sports )",
"College Basketball Invitational",
"CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament",
"Great Alaska Shootout",
"Mid-American Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN )",
"Missouri Valley Conference ( subliscensed from ESPN )",
"Mountain West Conference",
"Ohio Valley Conference",
"Southland Conference women 's basketball championship",
"Women 's National Invitation Tournament",
"NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament semi-final",
"NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament semi-final and final",
"Arena Football League ( 2013 -- present ) 14 regular season games AFL Playoffs",
"14 regular season games AFL Playoffs",
"14 regular season games",
"Golf ( 2012 -- present ) PGA Championship on the Range ( 2012 -- present ) Masters on the Range ( 2013 -- present )",
"PGA Championship on the Range ( 2012 -- present ) Masters on the Range ( 2013 -- present )",
"PGA Championship on the Range ( 2012 -- present )",
"Masters on the Range ( 2013 -- present )",
"Professional Bull Riders ( 2012 -- present ) Weekly coverage",
"Weekly coverage",
"College hockey ( 2002 -- present ) Weekly games NCHC Championship",
"Weekly games NCHC Championship",
"Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse ( 2012 -- present ) College lacrosse",
"Major League Lacrosse ( 2012 -- present ) College lacrosse",
"Major League Lacrosse ( 2012 -- present )",
"National Finals Rodeo ( 2014 -- present )",
"World 's Strongest Man ( 2013 -- present ) Full coverage of competitions , beginning in 2013 . Reruns of past World 's Strongest Man competitions",
"Full coverage of competitions , beginning in 2013 . Reruns of past World 's Strongest Man competitions",
"Full coverage of competitions , beginning in 2013 .",
"Reruns of past World 's Strongest Man competitions",
"World of Outlaws ( 2013 -- present ) Tape delayed coverage of the World of Outlaws Sprint Cars , World of Outlaws Late Model Series & Super DIRTcar Series Races televised in 2013 and 2014 include the National Open ( Sprint at Williams Grove ) , Syracuse 200 ( Super DiRTcar at NYSF ) and the World of Outlaws World Finals ( all three series at The Dirt Track at Charlotte )",
"Tape delayed coverage of the World of Outlaws Sprint Cars , World of Outlaws Late Model Series & Super DIRTcar Series Races televised in 2013 and 2014 include the National Open ( Sprint at Williams Grove ) , Syracuse 200 ( Super DiRTcar at NYSF ) and the World of Outlaws World Finals ( all three series at The Dirt Track at Charlotte )",
"Tape delayed coverage of the World of Outlaws Sprint Cars , World of Outlaws Late Model Series & Super DIRTcar Series",
"Races televised in 2013 and 2014 include the National Open ( Sprint at Williams Grove ) , Syracuse 200 ( Super DiRTcar at NYSF ) and the World of Outlaws World Finals ( all three series at The Dirt Track at Charlotte )",
"ARCA Racing Series ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 3 races were shown live on CBS Sports Network in 2014 . Those races were Elko , Winchester & Madison . 3 races will be also shown live on the network in 2015 . Those races being Toledo , Winchester & Springfield .",
"3 races were shown live on CBS Sports Network in 2014 . Those races were Elko , Winchester & Madison . 3 races will be also shown live on the network in 2015 . Those races being Toledo , Winchester & Springfield .",
"3 races were shown live on CBS Sports Network in 2014 . Those races were Elko , Winchester & Madison .",
"3 races will be also shown live on the network in 2015 . Those races being Toledo , Winchester & Springfield .",
"Torque.TV on CBSSN ( 2015 -- present ) Pirelli World Challenge ( will feature live coverage , only race known so far is Detroit ) Blancpain Endurance Series ( already was with the network in 2014 ) , ( Spa 24 Hours will be shown live in 2015 ) Blancpain Sprint Series ( already was with the network in 2014 ) British Touring Car Championship Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( already was with the network in 2014 ) MotoAmerica SKUSA Superkarts Supercars Championship",
"Pirelli World Challenge ( will feature live coverage , only race known so far is Detroit ) Blancpain Endurance Series ( already was with the network in 2014 ) , ( Spa 24 Hours will be shown live in 2015 ) Blancpain Sprint Series ( already was with the network in 2014 ) British Touring Car Championship Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( already was with the network in 2014 ) MotoAmerica SKUSA Superkarts Supercars Championship",
"Pirelli World Challenge ( will feature live coverage , only race known so far is Detroit )",
"Blancpain Endurance Series ( already was with the network in 2014 ) , ( Spa 24 Hours will be shown live in 2015 )",
"Blancpain Sprint Series ( already was with the network in 2014 )",
"British Touring Car Championship",
"Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( already was with the network in 2014 )",
"Trans - Am Series ( 2015 -- present )",
"Speed Energy Formula Off - Road ( 2015 -- present )",
"Superkombat Fighting Championship ( 2017 -- present )",
"CBS Sports Network is available nationally on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network , and regionally on fiber optic television provider Verizon FiOS , and cable providers such as Comcast , Time Warner Cable , Cox Communications , Cablevision , Charter Communications , Insight Communications , Bright House Networks , Blue Ridge Communications , Mediacom , RCN Corporation , Advanced Cable Communications and Bresnan .",
"In Canada , Rogers Cable began carrying CBS Sports Network on October 9 , 2008 . Satellite provider Bell TV started carrying the channel on September 3 , 2009 and stopped on August 21 , 2014 ( they subsequently brought the channel back August 2015 ) . Certain programs aired by the network ( particularly NFL and NCAA basketball tournament related programs and other programs whose rights are owned by other broadcasters ) are blacked out in Canada , and replaced with reruns of other events or studio programs . CBS Sports Network is the only U.S. - based mainstream sports service that is carried on pay television in Canada .",
"In late February 2009 , CBS Sports Network reached a new carriage agreement with DirecTV , which allowed the satellite provider to move the channel from its add on `` Sports Pack '' to its `` Choice Xtra '' base package ; the move became effective on February 25 , 2009 , expanding the channel 's distribution to 30 million subscribers .",
"On July 7 , 2009 , Cox Communications announced that it would add the channel to its systems in Orange County , California and Arizona on August 1 , 2009 . AT&T U-verse added the network on February 17 , 2010 . On August 1 , 2011 , Cable One added the network in select markets .",
"Brad Nessler -- play - by - play ( 2016 -- present ) Adam Zucker - host ( 2003 -- present ) Tracy Wolfson - host and reporter ( 2003 -- present ) Brent Stover - host ( 2003 -- present ) Grant Boone - reporter ( 2011 -- present ) Dave Ryan - play - by - play ( 2006 -- present ) Jason Knapp - play - by - play ( 2008 -- present ) Tom McCarthy - host ( 2012 -- present ) Matt Shepard - play - by - play ( 2008 -- present ) Krista Blunk - reporter ( 2008 -- present ) Lauren Gardner - reporter ( 2008 -- present ) Ben Holden - play - by - play ( 2008 -- present ) Jim Rome - host ( 2012 -- present ) John Sadak - play - by - play ( 2012 -- present ) Carter Blackburn - play - by - play ( 2014 -- present ) Ron Pitts - play - by - play ( 2014 -- present ) Andrew Catalon - play - by - play ( 2009 -- present ) Brad Johansen - play - by - play ( 2012 -- present ) Allie LaForce - host and reporter ( 2012 -- present ) Adam Schein - host ( 2012 -- present )",
"Brad Nessler -- play - by - play ( 2016 -- present )",
"Adam Zucker - host ( 2003 -- present )",
"Tracy Wolfson - host and reporter ( 2003 -- present )",
"Brent Stover - host ( 2003 -- present )",
"Grant Boone - reporter ( 2011 -- present )",
"Dave Ryan - play - by - play ( 2006 -- present )",
"Jason Knapp - play - by - play ( 2008 -- present )",
"Tom McCarthy - host ( 2012 -- present )",
"Matt Shepard - play - by - play ( 2008 -- present )",
"Krista Blunk - reporter ( 2008 -- present )",
"Lauren Gardner - reporter ( 2008 -- present )",
"Ben Holden - play - by - play ( 2008 -- present )",
"Jim Rome - host ( 2012 -- present )",
"John Sadak - play - by - play ( 2012 -- present )",
"Carter Blackburn - play - by - play ( 2014 -- present )",
"Ron Pitts - play - by - play ( 2014 -- present )",
"Andrew Catalon - play - by - play ( 2009 -- present )",
"Brad Johansen - play - by - play ( 2012 -- present )",
"Allie LaForce - host and reporter ( 2012 -- present )",
"Adam Schein - host ( 2012 -- present )",
"Doug Chapman - analyst ( 2003 -- present ) Randy Cross - analyst ( 2008 -- present ) Brian Jones - analyst ( 2003 -- present ) Tom Lemming - analyst ( 2010 -- present ) Houston Nutt - analyst ( 2011 -- present ) Brian Jones - analyst ( 2003 -- present ) Aaron Taylor - analyst ( 2009 -- present ) Ron Zook - analyst ( 2008 -- present )",
"Doug Chapman - analyst ( 2003 -- present )",
"Randy Cross - analyst ( 2008 -- present )",
"Brian Jones - analyst ( 2003 -- present )",
"Tom Lemming - analyst ( 2010 -- present )",
"Houston Nutt - analyst ( 2011 -- present )",
"Brian Jones - analyst ( 2003 -- present )",
"Aaron Taylor - analyst ( 2009 -- present )",
"Ron Zook - analyst ( 2008 -- present )",
"Mateen Cleaves - analyst ( 2008 -- present ) Seth Davis - analyst ( 2003 -- present ) Pete Gillen - analyst ( 2008 -- present ) Doug Gottlieb - analyst ( 2011 -- present ) Steve Lappas - analyst ( 2008 -- present ) Jon Rothstein - analyst ( 2003 -- present ) Wally Szczerbiak - analyst ( 2003 -- present ) Alaa Abdelnaby - analyst ( 2012 -- present ) Danny Granger - analyst ( 2017 -- present )",
"Mateen Cleaves - analyst ( 2008 -- present )",
"Seth Davis - analyst ( 2003 -- present )",
"Pete Gillen - analyst ( 2008 -- present )",
"Doug Gottlieb - analyst ( 2011 -- present )",
"Steve Lappas - analyst ( 2008 -- present )",
"Jon Rothstein - analyst ( 2003 -- present )",
"Wally Szczerbiak - analyst ( 2003 -- present )",
"Alaa Abdelnaby - analyst ( 2012 -- present )",
"Danny Granger - analyst ( 2017 -- present )",
"In addition to its own website , CBS Sports Network also operates athletics websites for many college athletics organizations under its CBSSports.com College Network service ."
] | CBS Sports Network - wikipedia CBS Sports Network Jump to: navigation , search CBS Sports Network Launched June 2002 ; 15 years ago ( June 2002 ) Owned by CBS Corporation Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) (HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV sets) Slogan The 24-Hour Home of CBS Sports Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Canada Headquarters New York City, New York Formerly called National College Sports Network (2002-- 2003) College Sports Television (2003-- 2008) CBS College Sports Network (2008-- 2011) Sister channel(s) CBS CBSN Website CBSSportsNetwork.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 221 (HD/SD) Dish Network 158 (HD/SD) Cable Verizon FiOS 94 (SD) 594 (HD) Available on most other U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV Sky Angel 323 (SD) AT&T U-verse 643 (SD) 1643 (HD) Bell Fibe TV (Canada) 417 (SD) 1417 (HD) Streaming media DirecTV Now Internet Protocol Television YouTube TV Internet Protocol Television Hulu with Live TV Internet Protocol Television Fubo TV Internet Protocol Television CBS Sports Network is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by the CBS Corporation . When it launched in 2002 as the National College Sports Network (later College Sports Television also known as CSTV ), it operated as a multi-platform media brand which also included its primary website, collegesports.com, and a network of websites operated for the athletic departments of 215 colleges and universities. After CSTV was acquired by CBS in 2008, the network was re-branded as the CBS College Sports Network . The network initially maintained its college sports focus, but in February 2011, the service was re-branded as CBS Sports Network to re-position it as a mainstream sports service. The network continues to have a particular focus on college sports, along with coverage of smaller leagues and events, simulcasts of sports radio shows from CBS-owned stations and studio and analysis programming. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 CBS reorganization 2 High definition 3 Programming 3.1 Sports broadcast rights 4 Carriage 5 On-air staff 5.1 Announcers, reporters and hosts 5.2 Football 5.3 Basketball 6 Official athletic partnerships 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Logo used from 2011 to 2016 The network's roots began in 1999 when Chris Bevilacqua approached the co-founders of the Classic Sports Network , Brian Bedol and Stephen D. Greenberg (son of Hank Greenberg ) -- at that time, running Fusient Media Ventures, a New York-based sports and media company -- with the idea for a cable network featuring college sports 24 hours a day. Under the leadership of Bedol as CEO, the network was originally named the National College Sports Network in June 2002, was subsequently renamed College Sports Television (CSTV) and launched on February 23, 2003. From their headquarters and studio operations at Chelsea Piers in New York City, CSTV was the first independent cable channel to be distributed nationwide, having been carried on satellite provider DirecTV at launch. In November 2005, College Sports Television was purchased by CBS Corporation (which had just recently split from Viacom at the time) for $325 million. On January 3, 2008, it was announced that CSTV would be integrated into CBS Sports , with the sports division's executive vice president and executive producer, Tony Petitti , taking over day-to-day operational management of CSTV, which would be overseen by CBS News and Sports president Sean McManus . CSTV co-founder Brian Bedol would become a senior advisor to CBS Corporation president and CEO Leslie Moonves (Petitti has since left CBS to take on the same role for the MLB Network ). In the fall of 2006, CSTV launched more than 100 broadband channels dedicated to college sports, which feature more than 10,000 live events. The subscription/pay-per-view service, called CBS College Sports XXL, and its portfolio of broadband channels in its All-Access suite, include coverage of Notre Dame , Southern California , Kansas , Ohio State and North Carolina . CBS reorganization ( edit ) On February 12, 2008, CBS Corporation announced that, as part of the ongoing integration of CSTV into CBS Sports, that the network would be renamed the CBS College Sports Network on March 16, coinciding with the start of CBS 's coverage of the NCAA's basketball tournament . Studio shows moved from the original Chelsea Piers headquarters to the CBS Broadcast Center on West 57th Street in 2012. As part of the relaunch, the network added a new news program, College Sports Tonight . That program was canceled in 2010, however other studio shows (including Inside College Football and Inside College Basketball ) still originate from the Chelsea Piers location. On February 15, 2011, CBS announced that the network would be relaunched as CBS Sports Network on April 4 (coinciding with the end of the 2011 NCAA basketball tournament ), repositioning it as a mainstream sports network. High definition ( edit ) CBS Sports Network HD is a 1080i high definition simulcast feed of CBS Sports Network that launched in August 2008. Prior to the launch of the feed, the two NCAA basketball tournament games that aired in March 2008, which were presented in HD on CBS, were converted to a standard definition feed. CBS Sports Network uses the AFD #10 broadcast flag to present programming on its standard definition feed in letterboxed widescreen for viewers watching on cable television through 4:3 television sets. Programming ( edit ) Since airing its first game, CBS Sports Network has televised thousands of hours of original programming, features, talk shows and documentaries as well as extensive women's sports coverage. Its regular season and championship event coverage draws from every major collegiate athletic conference and division, in addition to nine NCAA championships. CBS Sports Network televises 35 men's and women's college sports including football , basketball , baseball , ultimate , hockey , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling and volleyball from every major conference. The network holds multi-media and marketing rights for the Mountain West Conference , the Atlantic 10 Conference , Conference USA , the Patriot League , Army football and Navy football . In April 2006, the network organized the first Collegiate Nationals , a festival of championships dedicated to crowning champions in a wide variety of collegiate action sports such as snowboarding , wakeboarding and beach volleyball . More than 1,000 competitors converged on Reno - Tahoe to compete, the largest number ever for an event of its kind. For its second installment in 2007, the Collegiate Nationals added sports and other events such as national film and music competitions, as well as a second venue -- San Diego . The third year, 2008, brought further changes, as the winter sports events were moved to the Keystone Resort near Boulder, Colorado and competitive eating was added. In the fall of 2006, CSTV and Comcast launched the MountainWest Sports Network (colloquially known as The Mtn. ), a network focusing exclusively on the Mountain West Conference . The relation with the network also gave CSTV exclusive online and broadcasting rights to Notre Dame 's game at Air Force on November 11, 2006 -- which caused controversy since CSTV did not have carriage as widely distributed as other networks that have aired Notre Dame games. The Irish did not revisit a Mountain West team until a 2013 game at Air Force, which once again aired on CBSSN. On April 3, 2012, CBS Sports Network premiered Rome , a sports news and talk program hosted by nationally syndicated radio host Jim Rome ; Rome had recently left ESPN and his previous show, Jim Rome Is Burning , after signing on a new contract with CBS Sports. On June 7, 2012, CBS Sports Network began to air the remaining games of the American Hockey League 's 2012 Calder Cup Final between the Norfolk Admirals and the Toronto Marlies , starting with Game 3. On July 26, 2012, the network signed a deal with the United Football League -- a second-tier professional football league that began play in October 2009 -- to televise its games for the 2012 season . The UFL paid for all production expenses and received no rights fee from CBS Sports Network for the broadcasts. The league lasted approximately four weeks on CBS Sports Network before suspending operations halfway through the season. In September 2012, CBS Sports Network introduced NFL Monday QB , a weekly NFL recap show. In September 2013, the network expanded its supplemental NFL coverage with That Other Pre-Game Show , a four-hour `` fan-focused'' program positioned as an interactive, `` casual'' counterpart to other pre-game shows, hosted by Adam Schein , Bart Scott , Amy Trask , and Brandon Tierney . On April 26, 2013, the network announced that it had signed a deal with the GEICO Motorcycle AMA Pro Road Racing Series for the remainder of the 2013 and the 2014 seasons. The network will air flag to flag coverage for the races as well as live coverage for several of the races. The network broadcast the FIA WTCC Race of the United States from Sonoma Raceway on September 8, 2013. On December 2, 2013, CBS Sports Network announced that it will begin simulcasting the Boomer and Carton morning show from co-owned sports talk radio station WFAN in New York City in January 2014. In August 2014, CBS Sports Network announced a new talk show, We Need To Talk , which features an all-female panel. In August 2015, the network premiered Time to Schein , a new program hosted by Adam Schein . In July 2017, the network announced a new documentary series, Four Sides of the Story , which will examine notable moments in sports from four perspectives each; the series premiere will focus on the Villanova Wildcats' buzzer beater at the 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game . Sports broadcast rights ( edit ) College Football on CBS Sports Network (2005-- present) Conference USA Mountain West Conference American Athletic Conference (sublicensed from ESPN) Mid-American Conference (subliscensed from ESPN) Army and Navy Cure Bowl (2015-- present) Arizona Bowl (2017-- present) College Basketball on CBS Sports Network (2006-- present) American Athletic Conference (sublicensed from ESPN) Atlantic 10 Conference Big East Conference (sublicensed from Fox Sports) Cancún Challenge College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament Conference USA Great Alaska Shootout Mid-American Conference (subliscensed from ESPN) Missouri Valley Conference (subliscensed from ESPN) Mountain West Conference Ohio Valley Conference Patriot League Southland Conference women's basketball championship Women's National Invitation Tournament NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament semi-final NCAA Division II Women's Basketball Tournament semi-final and final Arena Football League (2013-- present) 14 regular season games AFL Playoffs Golf (2012-- present) PGA Championship on the Range (2012-- present) Masters on the Range (2013-- present) Professional Bull Riders (2012-- present) Weekly coverage College hockey (2002-- present) Weekly games NCHC Championship Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse (2012-- present) College lacrosse National Finals Rodeo (2014-- present) World's Strongest Man (2013-- present) Full coverage of competitions, beginning in 2013 . Reruns of past World's Strongest Man competitions World of Outlaws (2013-- present) Tape delayed coverage of the World of Outlaws Sprint Cars , World of Outlaws Late Model Series & Super DIRTcar Series Races televised in 2013 and 2014 include the National Open (Sprint at Williams Grove), Syracuse 200 (Super DiRTcar at NYSF ) and the World of Outlaws World Finals (all three series at The Dirt Track at Charlotte ) ARCA Racing Series (2014-- 2015) 3 races were shown live on CBS Sports Network in 2014 . Those races were Elko, Winchester & Madison. 3 races will be also shown live on the network in 2015 . Those races being Toledo, Winchester & Springfield. Torque.TV on CBSSN (2015-- present) Pirelli World Challenge (will feature live coverage, only race known so far is Detroit ) Blancpain Endurance Series (already was with the network in 2014), (Spa 24 Hours will be shown live in 2015) Blancpain Sprint Series (already was with the network in 2014) British Touring Car Championship Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (already was with the network in 2014) MotoAmerica SKUSA Superkarts Supercars Championship Trans-Am Series (2015-- present) Speed Energy Formula Off-Road (2015-- present) Superkombat Fighting Championship (2017-- present) Carriage ( edit ) CBS Sports Network is available nationally on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network , and regionally on fiber optic television provider Verizon FiOS , and cable providers such as Comcast , Time Warner Cable , Cox Communications , Cablevision , Charter Communications , Insight Communications , Bright House Networks , Blue Ridge Communications , Mediacom , RCN Corporation , Advanced Cable Communications and Bresnan . In Canada , Rogers Cable began carrying CBS Sports Network on October 9, 2008. Satellite provider Bell TV started carrying the channel on September 3, 2009 and stopped on August 21, 2014 (they subsequently brought the channel back August 2015). Certain programs aired by the network (particularly NFL and NCAA basketball tournament related programs and other programs whose rights are owned by other broadcasters) are blacked out in Canada, and replaced with reruns of other events or studio programs. CBS Sports Network is the only U.S.-based mainstream sports service that is carried on pay television in Canada. In late February 2009, CBS Sports Network reached a new carriage agreement with DirecTV, which allowed the satellite provider to move the channel from its add on `` Sports Pack'' to its `` Choice Xtra'' base package; the move became effective on February 25, 2009, expanding the channel's distribution to 30 million subscribers. On July 7, 2009, Cox Communications announced that it would add the channel to its systems in Orange County, California and Arizona on August 1, 2009. AT&T U-verse added the network on February 17, 2010. On August 1, 2011, Cable One added the network in select markets. On-air staff ( edit ) Source: Announcers, reporters and hosts ( edit ) Brad Nessler -- play-by-play (2016-- present) Adam Zucker - host (2003-- present) Tracy Wolfson - host and reporter (2003-- present) Brent Stover - host (2003-- present) Grant Boone - reporter (2011-- present) Dave Ryan - play-by-play (2006-- present) Jason Knapp - play-by-play (2008-- present) Tom McCarthy - host (2012-- present) Matt Shepard - play-by-play (2008-- present) Krista Blunk - reporter (2008-- present) Lauren Gardner - reporter (2008-- present) Ben Holden - play-by-play (2008-- present) Jim Rome - host (2012-- present) John Sadak - play-by-play (2012-- present) Carter Blackburn - play-by-play (2014-- present) Ron Pitts - play-by-play (2014-- present) Andrew Catalon - play-by-play (2009-- present) Brad Johansen - play-by-play (2012-- present) Allie LaForce - host and reporter (2012-- present) Adam Schein - host (2012-- present) Football ( edit ) Doug Chapman - analyst (2003-- present) Randy Cross - analyst (2008-- present) Brian Jones - analyst (2003-- present) Tom Lemming - analyst (2010-- present) Houston Nutt - analyst (2011-- present) Brian Jones - analyst (2003-- present) Aaron Taylor - analyst (2009-- present) Ron Zook - analyst (2008-- present) Basketball ( edit ) Mateen Cleaves - analyst (2008-- present) Seth Davis - analyst (2003-- present) Pete Gillen - analyst (2008-- present) Doug Gottlieb - analyst (2011-- present) Steve Lappas - analyst (2008-- present) Jon Rothstein - analyst (2003-- present) Wally Szczerbiak - analyst (2003-- present) Alaa Abdelnaby - analyst (2012-- present) Danny Granger - analyst (2017-- present) Official athletic partnerships ( edit ) In addition to its own website, CBS Sports Network also operates athletics websites for many college athletics organizations under its CBSSports.com College Network service. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitford, David (2010-05-25). `` The king of the sports deal'' . Fortune . Archived from the original on 2010-05-22 . Retrieved 2010-06-02 . Jump up ^ `` CSTV to become CBS College Sports Network'' . CBS Corporation. Archived from the original on 2008-02-26 . Retrieved 2008-03-15 . Jump up ^ `` CBS College Sports Rebrands As CBS Sports Network'' . Fang's Bites. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS College Sports Rebrands After NCAA Championship Game'' . Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Jump up ^ Heistand, Michael (March 29, 2012). `` Jim Rome makes splash on eve of new show's debut'' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports Network to air Finals'' . AHL . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports Network Signs Deal With United Football League'' (PDF) . 26 July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Agent: Three UFL players haven't been paid yet,'' from The Virginian-Pilot , 10/3/2012 Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports Network Shoots for the TOPS With Four-Hour NFL Pregame Show'' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports to Air WTCC from Sonoma'' . http://www.fiawtcc.com. 5 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . External link in website= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Boomer & Carton ' Joining' CBS Sports Network in Simulcast Form'' . BobsBlitz.com . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports Network to Bow Women's Sports Talker'' . Multichannel News . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse grad Adam Schein lands his ' dream job' at CBS Sports Network'' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New CBS Sports Network series starts with look at Villanova's 2016 NCAA title win'' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ #1 in College Sports . CSTV.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-17. Jump up ^ `` AAC, Sun Belt to meet in 2015 Cure Bowl on CBS Sports Network'' . CBSSports.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2014-10-23 . Jump up ^ `` Nova Home Loans Arizona Bowl to air on CBS Sports Network'' . Tucson.com . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` CBS Sports Network to televise Division II basketball semifinals through 2024'' . NCAA . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ CBS Sports Network Augments Lineup with U.S. Open Tennis, PGA Championship Coverage Cable Television News Broadcast Syndication Programming . Multichannel.com (2012-07-23). Retrieved on 2013-08-17. Jump up ^ Mixed Media: CBS expands its range at Augusta - Sports . The Buffalo News (2013-04-10). Retrieved on 2013-08-17. Jump up ^ Press Express Not Available . Cbspressexpress.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-17. Jump up ^ Eye On Hockey - CBSSports.com CBS Sports Network releases 2012 college hockey schedule . Cbssports.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-17. Jump up ^ NCHC, CBS Reach Multi-Year TV Deal . College Hockey News (2012-01-31). Retrieved on 2013-08-17. Jump up ^ MLL Signs TV Deal with CBS Sports Network . Major League Lacrosse. Retrieved on 2013-08-17. Jump up ^ `` After rift, Vegas rekindles ' lovefest' with NFR'' . Las Vegas Review-Journal . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.racer.com/international-racing/item/110596-relaunched-torque-tv-announces-agreement-with-cbs-sports-network Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2014-11-10 . Retrieved 2014-11-14 . Jump up ^ `` Superkombat to air kickboxing and MMA on CBS Sports Network in 2017'' . Bloody Elbow. Jump up ^ `` SUPERKOMBAT SIGNS MULTI-FIGHT TV DEAL WITH CBS SPORTS NETWORK'' . SUPERKOMBAT Fighting Championship . Jump up ^ CBS College Sports Moves Up To DirecTV's Choice Xtra Package - With Upgrade, Network Pushes Subscriber Base Past 30 Million Multichannel News March 2, 2009 Jump up ^ Cox Bolsters CBS College Sports, The Mtn. Distribution Rosters - Operator To Add National Service, Regional Sports Network In Arizona, Orange County Multichannel News July 7, 2009 Jump up ^ CBS College Sports Scores AT&T U-verse Pact Multichannel News Jump up ^ Cable ONE Launches CBS Sports Network in select markets Cable One Pitch Engine Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports Network Bios'' . cbssportsnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) CBSSportsNetwork.com -- CBS Sports Network official website CBSSports.com -- CBS Sports official website CBS Corporation Corporate directors David R. Andelman Joseph A. Califano Jr. William S. Cohen Charles K. Gifford Leonard Goldberg Bruce S. Gordon Arnold Kopelson Leslie Moonves Doug Morris Shari Redstone Sumner Redstone Radio stations CBS Radio AM Radio Stations KCBS KDKA KFNQ KHTK KIKK KILT KMOX KNX KRAK KRLD KXNT KXST KYW KZDG WAOK WBBM WBZ WCBS WCCO WFAN WINS WJFK WJZ WPHT WQAM WSCR WTIC WWJ WXYT FM Radio Stations KALV-FM KAMP-FM KCBS-FM KDKA-FM KEGY KEZK-FM KEZN KFRC-FM KFRG KHMX KILT-FM KITS KJAQ KJKK KKHH KLLC KLOL KLUC-FM KLUV KMLE KMNB KMPS-FM KMVK KMVQ-FM KMXB KNCI KOOL-FM KRLD-FM KROQ-FM KRTH KSFM KTWV KVFG KVIL KXFG KXQQ-FM KXTE KYKY KYMX KYXY KZJK KZOK-FM KZZO WBBM-FM WBMP WBMX WBZ-FM WBZZ WCBS-FM WCFS-FM WDCH-FM WDOK WDSY-FM WDZH WFAN-FM WIAD WIP-FM WJFK-FM WJMK WJZ-FM WKIS WKRK-FM WLIF WLZL WNCX WNEW-FM WOCL WODS WOGL WOMC WOMX-FM WPGC-FM WPOW WQAL WQMP WRCH WTDY-FM WTIC-FM WUSN WVEE WWMX WXRT WXTU WXYT-FM WYCD WZGC WZLX WZMX Radio Networks Boston Bruins Radio CBS Radio News CBS Sports Radio New York Yankees Radio Digital properties Eventful Last.fm Play.it See also Infinity Broadcasting Corporation (former company name) Broadcast TV assets CBS The CW (co-owned with Warner Bros. ) Decades (co-owned with Weigel Broadcasting ) Network facilities CBS Building CBS Broadcast Center CBS Studio Center CBS Television City Ed Sullivan Theater CBS Television Studios CBS Productions CBS Television Distribution Big Ticket Entertainment Broadcast stations CBS Television Stations CBS / DEC O&O KCBS KCNC KDKA KOVR KPIX KTVT KYW WBBM WBZ WCBS WCCO WFOR WJZ WWJ CW O&O KBCW KMAX KSTW WKBD WPCW WPSG WTOG WUPA Other stations Ind. KCAL KTXA WBXI-CD (weather) WLNY-TV MyNetworkTV WBFS WSBK Cable channels Showtime Networks CBS Sports Network Pop (50% with Lionsgate ) AXS TV (minority stake) CBS Studios International CBS Action CBS Drama CBS Europa CBS Reality Horror Channel RTL CBS Entertainment RTL CBS Extreme CBS Interactive CBS Interactive Brands CBSNews.com CBS MoneyWatch CBSSports.com 247Sports.com MaxPreps.com Scout.com Chowhound CNET Download.com FindArticles GameFAQs GameSpot GameRankings Giant Bomb Comic Vine Last.fm Metacritic mySimon TVGuide.com TV.com UrbanBaby ZDNet TechRepublic Channels CBSN CNET Video Staff, current Dan Ackerman Bridget Carey Brian Cooley Jeff Gerstmann Jim Lanzone Daniel Terdiman Staff, former Matthew Barzun Veronica Belmont Esther Dyson Ina Fried Richard Hart James Kim Declan McCullagh Tom Merritt Halsey Minor Natali Morris Rafe Needleman Andrew Nusca Ryan Seacrest Molly Wood Contributors, current Violet Blue Christopher Dawson David Gewirtz Jason Perlow Contributors, former Harry McCracken Simon & Schuster Atria Publishing Group Howard 37 INK Gallery Publishing Group Pocket Threshold Scribner Simon & Schuster Simon & Schuster Audio Publishing Pimsleur Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing Aladdin Atheneum Miscellaneous assets CBS All Access CBS Consumer Products CBS Records Westinghouse Electric CBS Home Entertainment CBS Films CBS News CBSN CBS Sports Defunct properties CBS Cable CBS Paramount Domestic Television CBS Paramount Network Television Free FM King World Productions Paramount Stations Group Spelling Television UPN Westinghouse Broadcasting Worldvision Enterprises See also Viacom (original) National Amusements Westinghouse Electric Corporation Gulf and Western Industries Sports television in the United States Broadcast divisions English CBS Sports ESPN on ABC Fox Sports NBC Sports Stadium Turner Sports Spanish Azteca Telemundo Deportes ( Telemundo / Universo ) Univision Deportes National channels English beIN Sports CBS Sports Network ESPN ESPN2 FS1 FS2 NBCSN Olympic Channel Spanish beIN Sports en Español ESPN Deportes Fox Deportes Univision Deportes Network Specialty channels College Big Ten Network ESPNU Fox College Sports Pac-12 Network SEC Network Single sport Cricket Ticket ESPN College Extra ESPN Goal Line/Buzzer Beater Fox Soccer Plus GOL TV Golf Channel In Demand MAVTV MLB Network MLB Extra Innings MLB Strike Zone MLS Direct Kick NBA League Pass NBA TV NFL Network NFL RedZone NFL Sunday Ticket NHL Network NHL Center Ice Tennis Channel TVG TVG2 Willow Outdoors The Cowboy Channel Frost Great Outdoors Outdoor Channel Sportsman Channel World Fishing Network Pursuit Channel Other Eleven Sports Network ESPN Classic ESPNews ESPN PPV Ride TV Syndicators ACC Network ( Raycom Sports ) ESPN Events Broadband Fox Sports Go MLB.tv UFC Fight Pass WatchESPN ( ESPN3 ) WWE Network WWNLive Video on demand The Ski Channel Surf Channel Regional sports television networks in the United States AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh Rocky Mountain Southwest Utah Root Sports Northwest (part-ownership) Fox Sports Networks Arizona Detroit Florida / Sun Midwest Indiana Kansas City North Ohio / SportsTime Ohio Southeast / South Carolinas Tennessee Southwest Oklahoma New Orleans West / Prime Ticket San Diego Wisconsin YES Network NBC Sports Regional Networks ( Comcast ) Bay Area California Chicago Mid-Atlantic New England Northwest Oregon Sports Network Philadelphia Spectrum Sports ( Charter ) Florida Kansas City Los Angeles SportsNet/Deportes SportsNet LA New York (Upstate) SportsNet New York (part ownership) Ohio Wisconsin Independents Altitude Sports Buckeye Cable Sports BYUtv Sports Cox Sports TV FiOS1 Longhorn Network Mid-Atlantic Sports Midco Sports MSG Network Plus Western NY NESN SportsNet NY SWX Right Now Defunct television sports networks in the United States National America One American Sports Classics American Sports Network Back9Network Baseball Network Big 12 Network CNN SI ESPN 3D Football Network Fox Soccer Lorimar Sports Network Mizlou NASCAR Hot Pass NewSport One World Sports ONTV SEC TV Speed SportsChannel America Sports Network Universal Sports Network Regional 4SD Carolinas SE Cox Sports Empire Hawkvision MountainWest PASS Sports Prime PRISM Royals Sports SportsChannel LA Sportsvision Sports Time Victory Out-of-market ESPN Full Court ESPN GamePlan Mega March Madness O. Out-of-market sports packages P. Premium channel CBS Sports National Sports Networks CBS Sports Network CBS Sports Radio Current Programs: Arena Football on CBS NFL on CBS The NFL Today SEC on CBS Road to the Final Four March Madness PGA Tour on CBS CBS Sports Spectacular Former Programs NBA on CBS Major League Baseball on CBS U.S. Open Tennis College World Series NASCAR on CBS NHL on CBS Boxing Triple Crown Event Coverage Olympics 1960 Winter Olympics 1960 Summer Olympics 1992 Winter Olympics 1994 Winter Olympics 1998 Winter Olympics Website: CBSSports.com Sports television in Canada Broadcast networks Full sports divisions CBC Sports Radio-Canada Sports Occasional or U.S. simulcasts only City CTV Global TVA V CHCH Mainstream specialty English Sportsnet One East Ontario West Pacific 360 TSN 5 French Réseau des sports RDS2 TVA Sports Sports news English FNTSY Sports Network French RDS Info Niche specialty (English) Archival ESPN Classic Sport-specific ATN Cricket Plus ATN DD Sports beIN Sports EuroWorld Sport Fight Network HPItv Leafs TV MAVTV Canada NBA TV Canada Sportsnet World Ten Cricket WWE Network Lifestyle and recreation Wild TV World Fishing Network Occasional broadcasts Commonwealth Broadcasting Network EastLink TV Rogers TV Shaw TV YourTV Defunct Breakaway PPV Canadian Football Network Fox Sports World Canada GolTV NHL Network Sens TV WTSN X-Treme Sports Foreign Afro Sports (USA) Big Ten Network (USA) CBS Sports Network (USA) Fox Sports Racing (USA) Golf Channel (USA) KHL-TV (Russia) MLB Network (USA) NFL Network (USA) Sport Plus (Greece) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CBS_Sports_Network&oldid=802413705 '' Categories : CBS Sports Sports television networks in the United States Basketball on television in the United States Gridiron football on television Baseball on television in the United States Television channels and stations established in 2002 English-language television stations in the United States CBS Corporation subsidiaries 2002 establishments in the United States Hidden categories: CS1 errors: external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 01:01. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -6997552998315009457 |
in risk is afghanistan in europe or asia | North America ( 5 ) Alaska Alberta Central America Eastern United States Greenland Northwest Territory Ontario Quebec Western United States South America ( 2 ) Argentina Brazil Peru Venezuela Europe ( 5 ) Great Britain Iceland Northern Europe Scandinavia Southern Europe Ukraine Western Europe Africa ( 3 ) Congo East Africa Egypt Madagascar North Africa South Africa Asia ( 7 ) Afghanistan China India Irkutsk Japan Kamchatka Middle East Mongolia Siam Siberia Ural Yakutsk Australia ( 2 ) Eastern Australia Indonesia New Guinea Western Australia | [
[
"Asia"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Risk Risk logo Publisher ( s ) Hasbro Winning Moves Games Years active 1957 -- present Genre ( s ) Strategy game Board game War Game Players 2 -- 6 Setup time 5 -- 15 minutes Playing time 1 -- 8 hours Random chance Medium ( 5 dice , cards ) Skill ( s ) required Strategy , tactics , negotiation",
"Risk logo",
"Publisher ( s ) Hasbro Winning Moves Games",
"Years active 1957 -- present",
"Genre ( s ) Strategy game Board game War Game",
"Players 2 -- 6",
"Setup time 5 -- 15 minutes",
"Playing time 1 -- 8 hours",
"Random chance Medium ( 5 dice , cards )",
"Skill ( s ) required Strategy , tactics , negotiation",
"Risk is a strategy board game of diplomacy , conflict and conquest for two to six players . The standard version is played on a board depicting a political map of the earth , divided into forty - two territories , which are grouped into six continents . Turn rotates among players who control armies of playing pieces with which they attempt to capture territories from other players , with results determined by dice rolls . Players may form and dissolve alliances during the course of the game . The goal of the game is to occupy every territory on the board and in doing so , eliminate the other players . The game can be lengthy , requiring several hours to multiple days to finish . European versions are structured so that each player has a limited `` secret mission '' objective that shortens the game .",
"Risk was invented in 1957 by Albert Lamorisse , a French filmmaker , and went on to become one of the most popular board games in history , inspiring other popular games like Axis & Allies and Settlers of Catan . The simple rules but complex interactions make it appealing to adults as well as children and families . It is still in production by Hasbro with numerous editions and variants with popular media themes and different rules including PC software versions , video games and mobile apps .",
"Risk was invented by French film director Albert Lamorisse and originally released in 1957 as La Conquête du Monde ( The Conquest of the World ) in France . It was later bought by Parker Brothers and released in 1959 with some modifications to the rules as Risk : The Continental Game , then as Risk : The Game of Global Domination .",
"Following introduction , the first new version of Risk in nearly 20 years was released in 1986 . Called Castle Risk , it featured a map depicting 18th century European castles instead of a map of the world . It was a marketing flop . It would be 15 more years before the company tried again . In 1993 , the rules for Secret Mission Risk , which had been the standard in Europe , were added to the United States edition . After a limited special edition release in 1999 in France called Risk : Édition Napoléon in commemoration of 200th anniversary of the Napoleonic era ( 1799 - 1815 ) , a new edition called Risk : 2210 A.D. was published in 2001 by Hasbro 's Avalon Hill division . The game was futuristic themed featuring moon territories , ocean territories and commander units and offered a number of official and unofficial expansions . Starting in 2002 , Risk versions with popular media themes like Lord of the Rings , Star Wars , Transformers and various others were released in most years , sometimes as many as six editions per year ( 2013 ) . A collector 's edition of classic Risk in a bookshelf format wooden box was issued in 2005 as part of the Parker Brothers Vintage Game series , distributed exclusively through Target Stores . In 2008 , Winning Moves , a Hasbro licensee , introduced 1959 Risk , a reproduction of the original Parker Brothers version with original artwork , wooden playing pieces and rules . Many themed versions are still being published , along with new themed versions every year or two .",
"In the first editions , the playing pieces were wooden cubes ( one set each of black , blue , green , pink , red and yellow ) representing one troop each and a few rounded triangular prisms representing ten troops each , but in later versions of the game these pieces were molded of plastic to reduce costs . In the 1980s , these were changed to pieces shaped into the Roman numerals I , III , V , and X . The 1993 edition introduced plastic infantry tokens ( representing a single unit ) , cavalry ( representing five units ) , and artillery ( representing ten units ) . The 40th Anniversary Collector 's Edition contained the same troop pieces but made of metal rather than plastic . In the 2005 `` bookcase '' edition , playing pieces are once again wooden cubes .",
"Equipment includes a large table top board depicting a political map of the earth , divided into forty - two territories , which are grouped into six continents by color . In addition to shared boundaries between territories which define routes of attack / defense , numerous special trans - oceanic or trans - sea routes are also marked ; for example , the route between North Africa and Brazil . The oceans and seas are not part of the playing field .",
"Each Risk game comes with a number of sets ( either 5 or 6 ) of different colored tokens denoting troops . A few different or larger tokens represent multiple ( usually 5 or 10 ) troops . These token types are purely a convention for ease of representing a specific army size . If a player runs out of army pieces during the game , pieces of another color or other symbolic tokens ( coins , pieces from other games , etc ) may be substituted to help keep track of armies .",
"Also included is a deck of Risk cards , comprising forty - two territory cards , two wild cards , and twelve or twenty - eight mission cards . The territory cards correspond to the 42 territories on the playing board . Each of the territory cards also depicts a symbol of an infantry , cavalry , or artillery piece . One of these cards is awarded to a player at the end of each turn if the player has successfully conquered at least one territory during that turn . No more than one card may be awarded per turn . If a player collects either three cards with the same symbol , or one of each , or two different and a wild card , they may be traded in for reinforcements at the beginning of a player 's turn . These cards can also be used for game set - up ( see below for details ) . The two wild cards depict infantry , cavalry and artillery pieces . Because these cards have all three symbols , they can match with any two other cards to form a set . The mission cards each specifying some secret mission ( something less than ' conquer the world ' ) are used in the Secret Mission Risk rule variant .",
"Standard equipment also includes five or six dice in two colors : three red dice for the attacker , and two or three white or blue dice for the defender . There is also a Golden Cavalry piece used to mark the progressive turn - in value of matched sets of territory cards .",
"The following is a typical layout of the Risk game board , with a table of the corresponding continent and territory names . Each territory on the typical Risk game board represents a real - life geographical or political region on Earth . As such , the territory borders are drawn to resemble the geography of those regions . This provides an interior space on which to place the army units , adds an element of realism to the game , and also adds complexity . Most of the territories represent a combination of countries or states ; some that have names of single countries or states , like Argentina , do n't represent the boundaries of the real - life entity . Two significant landmasses , Antarctica and New Zealand , are not represented .",
"The numbers in parentheses represent the number of additional armies granted during the reinforcement stage of a player 's turn who controls all of the territories in that continent .",
"North America ( 5 ) Alaska Alberta Central America Eastern United States Greenland Northwest Territory Ontario Quebec Western United States South America ( 2 ) Argentina Brazil Peru Venezuela Europe ( 5 ) Great Britain Iceland Northern Europe Scandinavia Southern Europe Ukraine Western Europe Africa ( 3 ) Congo East Africa Egypt Madagascar North Africa South Africa Asia ( 7 ) Afghanistan China India Irkutsk Japan Kamchatka Middle East Mongolia Siam Siberia Ural Yakutsk Australia ( 2 ) Eastern Australia Indonesia New Guinea Western Australia",
"North America ( 5 ) Alaska Alberta Central America Eastern United States Greenland Northwest Territory Ontario Quebec Western United States South America ( 2 ) Argentina Brazil Peru Venezuela Europe ( 5 ) Great Britain Iceland Northern Europe Scandinavia Southern Europe Ukraine Western Europe Africa ( 3 ) Congo East Africa Egypt Madagascar North Africa South Africa Asia ( 7 ) Afghanistan China India Irkutsk Japan Kamchatka Middle East Mongolia Siam Siberia Ural Yakutsk Australia ( 2 ) Eastern Australia Indonesia New Guinea Western Australia",
"North America ( 5 )",
"North America ( 5 )",
"Alaska Alberta Central America Eastern United States Greenland Northwest Territory Ontario Quebec Western United States",
"Eastern United States",
"Western United States",
"South America ( 2 )",
"South America ( 2 )",
"Argentina Brazil Peru Venezuela",
"Europe ( 5 )",
"Europe ( 5 )",
"Great Britain Iceland Northern Europe Scandinavia Southern Europe Ukraine Western Europe",
"Africa ( 3 )",
"Africa ( 3 )",
"Congo East Africa Egypt Madagascar North Africa South Africa",
"Asia ( 7 )",
"Asia ( 7 )",
"Afghanistan China India Irkutsk Japan Kamchatka Middle East Mongolia Siam Siberia Ural Yakutsk",
"Australia ( 2 )",
"Australia ( 2 )",
"Eastern Australia Indonesia New Guinea Western Australia",
"^ Jump up to : On some versions of the board , Alberta , Ontario , Quebec , Great Britain , Ukraine , Congo , India , and Siam are known as Western Canada , Central Canada , Eastern Canada , Great Britain & Ireland , Eastern Europe / Russia , Central Africa , Hindustan , and Southeast Asia , respectively . Not all variations occur concurrently . ^ Jump up to : In the 40th Anniversary Collector 's Edition the movement route between the territories of East Africa and Middle East was removed ; this was later confirmed to be a manufacturing error , an error repeated in Risk II . Subsequent editions restored the missing route . Jump up ^ The territory of Afghanistan does not include the present - day country of Afghanistan .",
"^ Jump up to : On some versions of the board , Alberta , Ontario , Quebec , Great Britain , Ukraine , Congo , India , and Siam are known as Western Canada , Central Canada , Eastern Canada , Great Britain & Ireland , Eastern Europe / Russia , Central Africa , Hindustan , and Southeast Asia , respectively . Not all variations occur concurrently .",
"^ Jump up to : In the 40th Anniversary Collector 's Edition the movement route between the territories of East Africa and Middle East was removed ; this was later confirmed to be a manufacturing error , an error repeated in Risk II . Subsequent editions restored the missing route .",
"Jump up ^ The territory of Afghanistan does not include the present - day country of Afghanistan .",
"Setup consists of determining order of play , issuing armies to players , and allocating the territories on the board among players , who place one or more armies on each one they own .",
"At the beginning of his turn , a player receives reinforcement armies proportional to the number of territories held , bonus armies for holding whole continents , and additional armies for turning in matched sets of territory cards ( cards are marked with a match symbol analogous to the suit of a playing card ) obtained by conquering new territories . In a player 's turn , he may attack , move his armies , or pass . A player may attack across a boundary of any of his territories where he faces an opposing army ; some `` boundaries '' are marked by sea - lanes on the board . Attacks are decided by dice rolls , with the attacker or defender losing a specified number of armies per roll . Battles may go to completion , i.e. one player or the other loses all of his armies at that site , or stop at any point . If the defenders loses all his armies at that site , the attacker takes over his old territory by moving armies onto it , and draws a territory card for that turn . If the defender has no armies left on the board , he is eliminated from the game , and the attacker acquires any territory cards he owns . The player may launch additional attacks or stop at any time . At the end of his turn , a player may move armies from one of his territories to another adjacent territory .",
"The game ends when one player owns all the territories , i.e. he is the only player left .",
"There are special rules for two handed games : the territories are divided between the players and a neutral army during setup . In play , the neutral army only plays defense when attacked , never attacks or moves armies , and does n't have a turn like an active player . If the neutral army is eliminated , the game continues under normal rules .",
"Some editions have rules variants regarding how armies or territories are allocated during setup or how armies may be moved at the end of a turn . There are also variations in the tokens representing armies that do n't affect play . European editions assign each player a secret mission , and the game goes until one player completes his mission rather than conquers the world . Different editions have differing numbers of such missions . The Italian edition uses a different number of dice in battle . Themed variants have different map configurations and substantially different rules .",
"The rules of some editions describe a variant called Capital Risk , where each player has a capital in one of the initially occupied territories . The player to capture all capitals wins . Any armies and territories that belong to the losing nation are turned over to the victor . Capital Risk often leads to much shorter games . Other rules variants for `` Risk experts '' are also listed .",
"Gaming clubs may also have `` house rules '' or competition - adjusted rules .",
"The official rulebook gives three basic strategy tips for the classic rules :",
"Players should control entire continents to get the bonus reinforcement armies . Players should watch their borders for buildups of armies that could imply an upcoming attack . Players should build up armies on their own borders for better defense .",
"Players should control entire continents to get the bonus reinforcement armies .",
"Players should watch their borders for buildups of armies that could imply an upcoming attack .",
"Players should build up armies on their own borders for better defense .",
"Holding continents is the most common way to increase reinforcements . Players often attempt to gain control of Australia early in the game , since Australia is the only continent that can be successfully defended by heavily fortifying one country ( either Siam or Indonesia ) . Generally , continents with fewer borders are easier to defend as they possess fewer points that can be attacked by other players . South America has 2 access points , North America and Africa each have 3 , Europe has 4 , and Asia has 5 .",
"Generally , it is thought advisable to hold Risk cards until they can be turned in for maximum reinforcements . This is especially true earlier on in gameplay , because extra armies make a greater difference in the beginning of the game . Eliminating a weak player who holds a large number of Risk cards is also a good strategy , since players who eliminate their opponents get possession of their opponents ' Risk cards . In this case , trading in Risk cards earlier may help acquire the necessary troops . If the conquering player has six or more Risk cards after taking the cards of another player , the cards must be immediately turned in for reinforcements until the player has fewer than five cards and then may continue attacking .",
"`` Turtling '' is a defensive strategy where a player who feels vulnerable tries to become too expensive to be removed while remaining a threat to harass other players . The objective of this strategy is to avoid defeat . A player using this strategy might remain in the game all the way to later stages and then mount an attack on the weakest player and start a chain elimination to remove one player after another to win the game . The player who uses this strategy is called a turtle . The term was popularised in real - time strategy games where a player creates a defensive perimeter or a turtle shell around the base of operations . Solutions to counteract this strategy using cooperation have been proposed .",
"The rules of Risk neither endorse nor prohibit alliances or truces . Thus players often form unofficial treaties for various reasons , such as safeguarding themselves from attacks on one border while they concentrate their forces elsewhere , or eliminating a player who has grown too strong . Because these agreements are not enforceable by the rules , these agreements are often broken . Alliance making / breaking can be one of the most important elements of the game , and it adds human interaction to a decidedly probabilistic game . Some players allow trading of Risk cards , but only during their turn . This optional rule makes alliances more powerful .",
"Capturing a territory depends on the number of attacking and defending armies and the associated probabilities . In a battle to completion , a player who has more armies ( even just one more ) has a significant advantage , whether on attack or defence ( the number of attacking armies does not include the minimum one army that must be left behind in the territory ) .",
"Defenders always win ties when dice are rolled . This gives the defending player the advantage in `` one - on - one '' fights , but the attacker 's ability to use more dice offsets this advantage . It is always advantageous to roll the maximum number of dice , unless an attacker wishes to avoid moving men into a ' dead - end ' territory , in which case they may choose to roll fewer than three . Thus when rolling three dice against two , three against one , or two against one , the attacker has a slight advantage , otherwise the defender has an advantage .",
"There are online tools available to compute the outcome of whole campaigns ( i.e. the attacking of several territories in a row ) .",
"Risiko ! is a variant of the game released in Italy , in which the defender is allowed to roll up to three dice to defend . This variation dramatically shifts the balance of power towards defence .",
"Risk was inducted into Games magazine 's Hall of Fame in 1984 . Risk was inducted into Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts and Design Hall of Fame in 1995 .",
"Risk was inducted into Games magazine 's Hall of Fame in 1984 .",
"Risk was inducted into Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts and Design Hall of Fame in 1995 .",
"In addition to the original version of 1959 , and a 40th Anniversary Edition with metal pieces , a number of official variants of Risk have been released over the years . In recent years , Hasbro has predominantly based its Risk variants on popular films . In chronological order , the variations of Risk that have been released are :",
"Castle Risk ( 1986 ) -- A version focusing only on Europe in which each player has a castle , and the player 's goal is to protect the castle from attack . Castle Risk was the first version of Risk released after 27 years of production to depart from standard play . Although it was unsuccessful , it introduced many concepts integrated into later versions of Risk . Risk : Édition Napoléon ( 1999 ) -- Adds generals , fortresses , and naval units . Risk : Édition Napoléon : Extension Empire Ottoman ( 2000 ) -- Adds a sixth player to Risk : Édition Napoléon . Risk : 2210 A.D. ( 2001 ) -- An award winning futuristic version , produced by Avalon Hill , another division of Hasbro . The game features moon territories , ocean territories and commander units and offers a number of official and unofficial expansions . Risk : the Lord of the Rings ( 2002 ) -- 2 -- 4 player version based on northern Middle - earth . Risk : the Lord of the Rings : Gondor & Mordor Expansion Set ( 2003 ) -- Extension to Risk : the Lord of the Rings , also includes a 2 - player Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game . Risk : the Lord of the Rings : Trilogy Edition ( 2003 ) -- Combines the first two Lord of the Rings versions , but does not include the Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game . Risk Godstorm ( 2004 ) -- A version based on the mythological pantheons of various ancient civilizations ; produced by Avalon Hill . Risk : Star Wars : Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) -- Set in the Star Wars universe during the Clone Wars . The player can fight on the side of the Separatists or the Republic , using either the classic Risk rules or the Clone Wars variations where altruism pays off . Risk Express ( 2006 ) -- Designed by Reiner Knizia as part of Hasbro 's Express line of games ( although not as part of the US - released series ) . Roll different combinations of infantry , cavalry , artillery & generals to capture the territory cards . Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) -- Set during the Galactic Civil War , players play as the Galactic Empire , the Rebel Alliance , or the Hutts . This version is unique in that each of the factions has a different set of goals and victory conditions . Risk Junior : Narnia ( 2006 ) -- Based on The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , players can play as either the forces of Aslan or as the forces of the White Witch . Risk : The Transformers Edition ( 2007 ) -- Based on the Transformers film , players can either play on the side of the Autobots or the Decepticons on a Cybertron stylised map . Risk : Black OPS ( 2008 ) -- Limited edition released in early 2008 . Print run was limited to a 1000 copies . Most of the copies were given to people in the board game industry to test out new rules for up coming editions . Risk : Balance of Power ( 2008 ) -- Based on a European map . Risk 1959 ( 2008 ) -- Winning Moves Games USA released a reproduction of the original game of Risk from 1959 . It includes all the original graphics , wood pieces , and individual plastic storage boxes . Risk : Reinvention ( 2009 ) -- Also called Risk Factor or Risk Revised Edition . This is the commercial released version of Black Ops . It features capitals , cities , missions , and very thin pieces shaped like arrows . It is also available with different components ( wooden map , wooden cube pieces , etc . ) as Risk Onyx Edition . Risk : Halo Wars Collector 's Edition ( 2009 ) -- Includes UNSC , Covenant , and The Flood . It has 42 territories and 6 sectors . Risk : Factions ( 2010 ) -- a licensed video game version of the game developed by Electronic Arts , and distributed on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network . Includes a `` classic '' mode which allows games played using standard original rules , and a `` Factions '' variation on the rules . Risk : Metal Gear Solid ( 2011 ) Risk : Legacy ( 2011 / 12 ) -- A game that has permanent changes to the game board and cards each time you play . Risk : Halo Legendary ( 2012 ) Risk : Starcraft ( 2012 ) -- Four play modes with three different races . Each race has two unique hero units . Risk : Star Wars Saga Edition ( 2013 ) UK Exclusive Risk : Mass Effect Galaxy at War Edition ( 2013 ) Risk : The Walking Dead Survival Edition ( 2013 ) Risk : Battlefield Rogue ( 2013 ) Risk : Plants Vs Zombies ( 2013 ) Risk : Doctor Who ( 2013 ) Risk : Game of Thrones ( 2015 ) Risk : Star Wars Edition Game Standard ( 2015 ) -- Recreates the Battle of Endor from Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi . Battles take place across three environments : inside the Emperor 's Throne Room ; the space outside the Death Star ; and the forest moon of Endor , Risk : Star Wars Edition Game Black Series ( 2015 ) -- Same as Risk : Star Wars Edition Game Standard but includes different packaging , embossed playing cards , translucent dice , and miniatures for the Death Star , Super Star Destroyer , Millennium Falcon , and Imperial stormtroopers . Risk : Marvel Cinematic Universe ( 2015 ) Risk : Transformers Decepticon Invasion of Earth ( 2015 ) UK Exclusive Risk : Captain America Civil War ( 2016 ) Risk : Star Trek 50th Anniversary Edition ( 2016 ) Risk ( 2016 ) Risk Europe ( 2016 )",
"Castle Risk ( 1986 ) -- A version focusing only on Europe in which each player has a castle , and the player 's goal is to protect the castle from attack . Castle Risk was the first version of Risk released after 27 years of production to depart from standard play . Although it was unsuccessful , it introduced many concepts integrated into later versions of Risk .",
"Risk : Édition Napoléon ( 1999 ) -- Adds generals , fortresses , and naval units . Risk : Édition Napoléon : Extension Empire Ottoman ( 2000 ) -- Adds a sixth player to Risk : Édition Napoléon .",
"Risk : Édition Napoléon : Extension Empire Ottoman ( 2000 ) -- Adds a sixth player to Risk : Édition Napoléon .",
"Risk : Édition Napoléon : Extension Empire Ottoman ( 2000 ) -- Adds a sixth player to Risk : Édition Napoléon .",
"Risk : 2210 A.D. ( 2001 ) -- An award winning futuristic version , produced by Avalon Hill , another division of Hasbro . The game features moon territories , ocean territories and commander units and offers a number of official and unofficial expansions .",
"Risk : the Lord of the Rings ( 2002 ) -- 2 -- 4 player version based on northern Middle - earth . Risk : the Lord of the Rings : Gondor & Mordor Expansion Set ( 2003 ) -- Extension to Risk : the Lord of the Rings , also includes a 2 - player Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game .",
"Risk : the Lord of the Rings : Gondor & Mordor Expansion Set ( 2003 ) -- Extension to Risk : the Lord of the Rings , also includes a 2 - player Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game .",
"Risk : the Lord of the Rings : Gondor & Mordor Expansion Set ( 2003 ) -- Extension to Risk : the Lord of the Rings , also includes a 2 - player Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game .",
"Risk : the Lord of the Rings : Trilogy Edition ( 2003 ) -- Combines the first two Lord of the Rings versions , but does not include the Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game .",
"Risk Godstorm ( 2004 ) -- A version based on the mythological pantheons of various ancient civilizations ; produced by Avalon Hill .",
"Risk : Star Wars : Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) -- Set in the Star Wars universe during the Clone Wars . The player can fight on the side of the Separatists or the Republic , using either the classic Risk rules or the Clone Wars variations where altruism pays off .",
"Risk Express ( 2006 ) -- Designed by Reiner Knizia as part of Hasbro 's Express line of games ( although not as part of the US - released series ) . Roll different combinations of infantry , cavalry , artillery & generals to capture the territory cards .",
"Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) -- Set during the Galactic Civil War , players play as the Galactic Empire , the Rebel Alliance , or the Hutts . This version is unique in that each of the factions has a different set of goals and victory conditions .",
"Risk Junior : Narnia ( 2006 ) -- Based on The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , players can play as either the forces of Aslan or as the forces of the White Witch .",
"Risk : The Transformers Edition ( 2007 ) -- Based on the Transformers film , players can either play on the side of the Autobots or the Decepticons on a Cybertron stylised map .",
"Risk : Black OPS ( 2008 ) -- Limited edition released in early 2008 . Print run was limited to a 1000 copies . Most of the copies were given to people in the board game industry to test out new rules for up coming editions .",
"Risk : Balance of Power ( 2008 ) -- Based on a European map .",
"Risk 1959 ( 2008 ) -- Winning Moves Games USA released a reproduction of the original game of Risk from 1959 . It includes all the original graphics , wood pieces , and individual plastic storage boxes .",
"Risk : Reinvention ( 2009 ) -- Also called Risk Factor or Risk Revised Edition . This is the commercial released version of Black Ops . It features capitals , cities , missions , and very thin pieces shaped like arrows . It is also available with different components ( wooden map , wooden cube pieces , etc . ) as Risk Onyx Edition .",
"Risk : Halo Wars Collector 's Edition ( 2009 ) -- Includes UNSC , Covenant , and The Flood . It has 42 territories and 6 sectors .",
"Risk : Factions ( 2010 ) -- a licensed video game version of the game developed by Electronic Arts , and distributed on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network . Includes a `` classic '' mode which allows games played using standard original rules , and a `` Factions '' variation on the rules .",
"Risk : Metal Gear Solid ( 2011 )",
"Risk : Legacy ( 2011 / 12 ) -- A game that has permanent changes to the game board and cards each time you play .",
"Risk : Halo Legendary ( 2012 )",
"Risk : Starcraft ( 2012 ) -- Four play modes with three different races . Each race has two unique hero units .",
"Risk : Star Wars Saga Edition ( 2013 ) UK Exclusive",
"Risk : Mass Effect Galaxy at War Edition ( 2013 )",
"Risk : The Walking Dead Survival Edition ( 2013 )",
"Risk : Battlefield Rogue ( 2013 )",
"Risk : Plants Vs Zombies ( 2013 )",
"Risk : Doctor Who ( 2013 )",
"Risk : Game of Thrones ( 2015 )",
"Risk : Star Wars Edition Game Standard ( 2015 ) -- Recreates the Battle of Endor from Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi . Battles take place across three environments : inside the Emperor 's Throne Room ; the space outside the Death Star ; and the forest moon of Endor ,",
"Risk : Star Wars Edition Game Black Series ( 2015 ) -- Same as Risk : Star Wars Edition Game Standard but includes different packaging , embossed playing cards , translucent dice , and miniatures for the Death Star , Super Star Destroyer , Millennium Falcon , and Imperial stormtroopers .",
"Risk : Marvel Cinematic Universe ( 2015 )",
"Risk : Transformers Decepticon Invasion of Earth ( 2015 ) UK Exclusive",
"Risk : Captain America Civil War ( 2016 )",
"Risk : Star Trek 50th Anniversary Edition ( 2016 )",
"Risk ( 2016 )",
"Risk Europe ( 2016 )",
"Many variants exist that are based on the original concept of the game of Risk and that contain much of the functionality of the original , but are not licensed by Hasbro , such as , for example , the video games Global Domination and Lux . Known as Risk clones , such variants have names not containing the term `` Risk '' to avoid legal issues . Some of these clones are available commercially , of which many have been released through the iTunes App Store , especially for the iPad . Several other Risk clones are distributed freely over the Internet , such as Dice Wars . Games such as Nintendo Wars can be seen as a complex evolution which still holds some elements from Risk . NarcoGuerra is a newsgame based on the basic Risk rules , played out over a map of Mexico with the intent of educating people on the Mexican Drug War . An example of a board game inspired by Risk is the Argentine TEG .",
"In addition to Risk clones , third - party products have been created which slightly modify traditional gameplay . Among the most popular third - party editions are virtual dice - rolling simulators . These can act as virtual replacements to traditional dice or be used to automatically simulate the results of large battles between territories -- significantly speeding up gameplay during battles between territories with many units .",
"Several computer and video game versions of Risk have been released as Risk , starting with the Commodore 64 edition in 1988 and the Macintosh edition in 1989 . Since then , various other editions have been released for PC , Amiga , Sega Genesis , PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , and Game Boy Advance . In 1996 Hasbro Interactive released a PC version of Risk that included a new variation on the game called Ultimate Risk , which did not use dice but rather implemented the use of forts , generals , and complex battle strategies . Risk II for PC and Mac was released as a 2000 video game which includes classic Risk as well as board and gameplay variations . In 2010 , Pogo.com added a licensed version of Risk to its library of online games . An Xbox Live Arcade version of Risk called Risk : Factions was released on June 23 , 2010 . It includes classic Risk as well as a factions mode where players can play as Zombies , Robots , Cats , Soldiers , or Yetis .",
"As of August 6 , 2014 , Hasbro and Ubisoft have announced a new Risk game to be released in Fall 2014 , on PS4 and Xbox One , as well as Xbox 360 and PS3 . `` Risk will feature an online league play , modern armies , and 3D battlefields . The 2010 rules are the standard set , but players can choose rule modifiers and configurable win variants . ''",
"An official licensed iOS app , `` RISK : The Official Game '' , developed for the iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad by Electronic Arts , was released on July 16 , 2010 . Although the iPad version ( Risk HD ) has to be bought separately from the iPhone version ( Risk ) , local link up allows games to take place across versions . A maximum of 6 players can participate . If only one iOS device is available , the ' pass and play ' mode allows several players to take part in a multi-player game ."
] | Risk (game) - wikipedia Risk (game) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 15 December 2017 . Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Risk Risk logo Publisher(s) Hasbro Winning Moves Games Years active 1957-- present Genre(s) Strategy game Board game War Game Players 2-- 6 Setup time 5-- 15 minutes Playing time 1-- 8 hours Random chance Medium (5 dice, cards) Skill(s) required Strategy , tactics , negotiation A game of Risk being played Risk is a strategy board game of diplomacy , conflict and conquest for two to six players. The standard version is played on a board depicting a political map of the earth , divided into forty-two territories , which are grouped into six continents . Turn rotates among players who control armies of playing pieces with which they attempt to capture territories from other players, with results determined by dice rolls . Players may form and dissolve alliances during the course of the game. The goal of the game is to occupy every territory on the board and in doing so, eliminate the other players . The game can be lengthy, requiring several hours to multiple days to finish. European versions are structured so that each player has a limited `` secret mission'' objective that shortens the game. Risk was invented in 1957 by Albert Lamorisse , a French filmmaker, and went on to become one of the most popular board games in history, inspiring other popular games like Axis & Allies and Settlers of Catan . The simple rules but complex interactions make it appealing to adults as well as children and families. It is still in production by Hasbro with numerous editions and variants with popular media themes and different rules including PC software versions, video games and mobile apps. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Equipment and design 2.1 Territories 3 Gameplay 4 Strategy 4.1 Basic strategy 4.2 Alliances 4.3 Attack and defence 5 Awards and commendations 6 Official licensed Risk games 7 Risk clones 8 Computer and video games 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Risk was invented by French film director Albert Lamorisse and originally released in 1957 as La Conquête du Monde ( The Conquest of the World ) in France. It was later bought by Parker Brothers and released in 1959 with some modifications to the rules as Risk: The Continental Game , then as Risk: The Game of Global Domination . Following introduction, the first new version of Risk in nearly 20 years was released in 1986. Called Castle Risk , it featured a map depicting 18th century European castles instead of a map of the world. It was a marketing flop. It would be 15 more years before the company tried again. In 1993, the rules for Secret Mission Risk , which had been the standard in Europe, were added to the United States edition. After a limited special edition release in 1999 in France called Risk: Édition Napoléon in commemoration of 200th anniversary of the Napoleonic era (1799-1815), a new edition called Risk: 2210 A.D. was published in 2001 by Hasbro's Avalon Hill division. The game was futuristic themed featuring moon territories, ocean territories and commander units and offered a number of official and unofficial expansions. Starting in 2002, Risk versions with popular media themes like Lord of the Rings , Star Wars , Transformers and various others were released in most years, sometimes as many as six editions per year (2013). A collector's edition of classic Risk in a bookshelf format wooden box was issued in 2005 as part of the Parker Brothers Vintage Game series, distributed exclusively through Target Stores . In 2008, Winning Moves , a Hasbro licensee, introduced 1959 Risk , a reproduction of the original Parker Brothers version with original artwork, wooden playing pieces and rules. Many themed versions are still being published, along with new themed versions every year or two. In the first editions, the playing pieces were wooden cubes (one set each of black, blue, green, pink, red and yellow) representing one troop each and a few rounded triangular prisms representing ten troops each, but in later versions of the game these pieces were molded of plastic to reduce costs. In the 1980s, these were changed to pieces shaped into the Roman numerals I, III, V, and X. The 1993 edition introduced plastic infantry tokens (representing a single unit), cavalry (representing five units), and artillery (representing ten units). The 40th Anniversary Collector's Edition contained the same troop pieces but made of metal rather than plastic. In the 2005 `` bookcase'' edition, playing pieces are once again wooden cubes. Equipment and Design ( edit ) Eight ' territory cards' from the 1963 UK set and the same from 1980 UK set. The latter were more accurate maps (northern ' Ukraine' and Greece in ' Southern Europe' are more accurate) and the cards were made of better quality material. Equipment includes a large table top board depicting a political map of the earth, divided into forty-two territories, which are grouped into six continents by color. In addition to shared boundaries between territories which define routes of attack/defense, numerous special trans-oceanic or trans-sea routes are also marked; for example, the route between North Africa and Brazil. The oceans and seas are not part of the playing field. Each Risk game comes with a number of sets (either 5 or 6) of different colored tokens denoting troops. A few different or larger tokens represent multiple (usually 5 or 10) troops. These token types are purely a convention for ease of representing a specific army size. If a player runs out of army pieces during the game, pieces of another color or other symbolic tokens (coins, pieces from other games, etc) may be substituted to help keep track of armies. Also included is a deck of Risk cards, comprising forty-two territory cards, two wild cards, and twelve or twenty-eight mission cards. The territory cards correspond to the 42 territories on the playing board. Each of the territory cards also depicts a symbol of an infantry, cavalry, or artillery piece. One of these cards is awarded to a player at the end of each turn if the player has successfully conquered at least one territory during that turn. No more than one card may be awarded per turn. If a player collects either three cards with the same symbol, or one of each, or two different and a wild card, they may be traded in for reinforcements at the beginning of a player's turn. These cards can also be used for game set-up (see below for details). The two wild cards depict infantry, cavalry and artillery pieces. Because these cards have all three symbols, they can match with any two other cards to form a set. The mission cards each specifying some secret mission (something less than ' conquer the world' ) are used in the Secret Mission Risk rule variant. Standard equipment also includes five or six dice in two colors: three red dice for the attacker, and two or three white or blue dice for the defender. There is also a Golden Cavalry piece used to mark the progressive turn-in value of matched sets of territory cards. Territories ( edit ) The following is a typical layout of the Risk game board, with a table of the corresponding continent and territory names. Each territory on the typical Risk game board represents a real-life geographical or political region on Earth. As such, the territory borders are drawn to resemble the geography of those regions. This provides an interior space on which to place the army units, adds an element of realism to the game, and also adds complexity. Most of the territories represent a combination of countries or states; some that have names of single countries or states, like Argentina, don't represent the boundaries of the real-life entity. Two significant landmasses, Antarctica and New Zealand, are not represented. A representation of the Risk game board, showing the different territories, an approximation of their borders, and an approximation of their usual coloring. The numbers in parentheses represent the number of additional armies granted during the reinforcement stage of a player's turn who controls all of the territories in that continent. North America (5) Alaska Alberta Central America Eastern United States Greenland Northwest Territory Ontario Quebec Western United States South America (2) Argentina Brazil Peru Venezuela Europe (5) Great Britain Iceland Northern Europe Scandinavia Southern Europe Ukraine Western Europe Africa (3) Congo East Africa Egypt Madagascar North Africa South Africa Asia (7) Afghanistan China India Irkutsk Japan Kamchatka Middle East Mongolia Siam Siberia Ural Yakutsk Australia (2) Eastern Australia Indonesia New Guinea Western Australia Notes ^ Jump up to: On some versions of the board, Alberta , Ontario , Quebec , Great Britain , Ukraine , Congo , India , and Siam are known as Western Canada , Central Canada , Eastern Canada , Great Britain & Ireland , Eastern Europe / Russia , Central Africa , Hindustan , and Southeast Asia , respectively. Not all variations occur concurrently. ^ Jump up to: In the 40th Anniversary Collector's Edition the movement route between the territories of East Africa and Middle East was removed; this was later confirmed to be a manufacturing error, an error repeated in Risk II . Subsequent editions restored the missing route. Jump up ^ The territory of Afghanistan does not include the present-day country of Afghanistan . Gameplay ( edit ) Setup consists of determining order of play, issuing armies to players, and allocating the territories on the board among players, who place one or more armies on each one they own. Example of matching up attacking (red) and defending (white) dice; in this dice roll, the defender loses two armies. At the beginning of his turn, a player receives reinforcement armies proportional to the number of territories held, bonus armies for holding whole continents, and additional armies for turning in matched sets of territory cards (cards are marked with a match symbol analogous to the suit of a playing card) obtained by conquering new territories. In a player's turn, he may attack, move his armies, or pass. A player may attack across a boundary of any of his territories where he faces an opposing army; some `` boundaries'' are marked by sea-lanes on the board. Attacks are decided by dice rolls, with the attacker or defender losing a specified number of armies per roll. Battles may go to completion, i.e. one player or the other loses all of his armies at that site, or stop at any point. If the defenders loses all his armies at that site, the attacker takes over his old territory by moving armies onto it, and draws a territory card for that turn. If the defender has no armies left on the board, he is eliminated from the game, and the attacker acquires any territory cards he owns. The player may launch additional attacks or stop at any time. At the end of his turn, a player may move armies from one of his territories to another adjacent territory. The game ends when one player owns all the territories, i.e. he is the only player left. There are special rules for two handed games: the territories are divided between the players and a neutral army during setup. In play, the neutral army only plays defense when attacked, never attacks or moves armies, and doesn't have a turn like an active player. If the neutral army is eliminated, the game continues under normal rules. Some editions have rules variants regarding how armies or territories are allocated during setup or how armies may be moved at the end of a turn. There are also variations in the tokens representing armies that don't affect play. European editions assign each player a secret mission, and the game goes until one player completes his mission rather than conquers the world. Different editions have differing numbers of such missions. The Italian edition uses a different number of dice in battle. Themed variants have different map configurations and substantially different rules. The rules of some editions describe a variant called Capital Risk , where each player has a capital in one of the initially occupied territories. The player to capture all capitals wins. Any armies and territories that belong to the losing nation are turned over to the victor. Capital Risk often leads to much shorter games. Other rules variants for `` Risk experts'' are also listed. Gaming clubs may also have `` house rules'' or competition-adjusted rules. Strategy ( edit ) Risiko! (Italian version) in play Basic strategy ( edit ) The official rulebook gives three basic strategy tips for the classic rules: Players should control entire continents to get the bonus reinforcement armies. Players should watch their borders for buildups of armies that could imply an upcoming attack. Players should build up armies on their own borders for better defense. Holding continents is the most common way to increase reinforcements. Players often attempt to gain control of Australia early in the game, since Australia is the only continent that can be successfully defended by heavily fortifying one country (either Siam or Indonesia ). Generally, continents with fewer borders are easier to defend as they possess fewer points that can be attacked by other players. South America has 2 access points, North America and Africa each have 3, Europe has 4, and Asia has 5. Generally, it is thought advisable to hold Risk cards until they can be turned in for maximum reinforcements. This is especially true earlier on in gameplay, because extra armies make a greater difference in the beginning of the game. Eliminating a weak player who holds a large number of Risk cards is also a good strategy, since players who eliminate their opponents get possession of their opponents' Risk cards. In this case, trading in Risk cards earlier may help acquire the necessary troops. If the conquering player has six or more Risk cards after taking the cards of another player, the cards must be immediately turned in for reinforcements until the player has fewer than five cards and then may continue attacking. `` Turtling'' is a defensive strategy where a player who feels vulnerable tries to become too expensive to be removed while remaining a threat to harass other players. The objective of this strategy is to avoid defeat. A player using this strategy might remain in the game all the way to later stages and then mount an attack on the weakest player and start a chain elimination to remove one player after another to win the game. The player who uses this strategy is called a turtle . The term was popularised in real-time strategy games where a player creates a defensive perimeter or a turtle shell around the base of operations. Solutions to counteract this strategy using cooperation have been proposed. Alliances ( edit ) The rules of Risk neither endorse nor prohibit alliances or truces . Thus players often form unofficial treaties for various reasons, such as safeguarding themselves from attacks on one border while they concentrate their forces elsewhere, or eliminating a player who has grown too strong. Because these agreements are not enforceable by the rules, these agreements are often broken. Alliance making/breaking can be one of the most important elements of the game, and it adds human interaction to a decidedly probabilistic game. Some players allow trading of Risk cards, but only during their turn. This optional rule makes alliances more powerful. Attack and defence ( edit ) Capturing a territory depends on the number of attacking and defending armies and the associated probabilities. In a battle to completion, a player who has more armies (even just one more) has a significant advantage, whether on attack or defence (the number of attacking armies does not include the minimum one army that must be left behind in the territory). Defenders always win ties when dice are rolled. This gives the defending player the advantage in `` one-on-one'' fights, but the attacker's ability to use more dice offsets this advantage. It is always advantageous to roll the maximum number of dice, unless an attacker wishes to avoid moving men into a ' dead-end' territory, in which case they may choose to roll fewer than three. Thus when rolling three dice against two, three against one, or two against one, the attacker has a slight advantage, otherwise the defender has an advantage. There are online tools available to compute the outcome of whole campaigns (i.e. the attacking of several territories in a row). Risiko! is a variant of the game released in Italy, in which the defender is allowed to roll up to three dice to defend. This variation dramatically shifts the balance of power towards defence. Awards and commendations ( edit ) Risk was inducted into Games magazine's Hall of Fame in 1984. Risk was inducted into Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts and Design Hall of Fame in 1995. Official licensed Risk games ( edit ) Main article: List of licensed Risk game boards In addition to the original version of 1959, and a 40th Anniversary Edition with metal pieces, a number of official variants of Risk have been released over the years. In recent years, Hasbro has predominantly based its Risk variants on popular films. In chronological order, the variations of Risk that have been released are: Castle Risk (1986) -- A version focusing only on Europe in which each player has a castle, and the player's goal is to protect the castle from attack. Castle Risk was the first version of Risk released after 27 years of production to depart from standard play. Although it was unsuccessful, it introduced many concepts integrated into later versions of Risk . Risk: Édition Napoléon (1999) -- Adds generals, fortresses, and naval units. Risk: Édition Napoléon : Extension Empire Ottoman (2000) -- Adds a sixth player to Risk: Édition Napoléon . Risk: 2210 A.D. (2001) -- An award winning futuristic version, produced by Avalon Hill , another division of Hasbro. The game features moon territories, ocean territories and commander units and offers a number of official and unofficial expansions. Risk: the Lord of the Rings (2002) -- 2-- 4 player version based on northern Middle-earth . Risk: the Lord of the Rings: Gondor & Mordor Expansion Set (2003) -- Extension to Risk: the Lord of the Rings , also includes a 2-player Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game. Risk: the Lord of the Rings: Trilogy Edition (2003) -- Combines the first two Lord of the Rings versions, but does not include the Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game. Risk Godstorm (2004) -- A version based on the mythological pantheons of various ancient civilizations; produced by Avalon Hill. Risk: Star Wars: Clone Wars Edition (2005) -- Set in the Star Wars universe during the Clone Wars . The player can fight on the side of the Separatists or the Republic , using either the classic Risk rules or the Clone Wars variations where altruism pays off. Risk Express (2006) -- Designed by Reiner Knizia as part of Hasbro's Express line of games (although not as part of the US-released series). Roll different combinations of infantry, cavalry, artillery & generals to capture the territory cards. Risk: Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition (2006) -- Set during the Galactic Civil War , players play as the Galactic Empire , the Rebel Alliance , or the Hutts . This version is unique in that each of the factions has a different set of goals and victory conditions. Risk Junior: Narnia (2006) -- Based on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , players can play as either the forces of Aslan or as the forces of the White Witch. Risk: The Transformers Edition (2007) -- Based on the Transformers film, players can either play on the side of the Autobots or the Decepticons on a Cybertron stylised map. Risk: Black OPS (2008) -- Limited edition released in early 2008. Print run was limited to a 1000 copies. Most of the copies were given to people in the board game industry to test out new rules for up coming editions. Risk: Balance of Power (2008) -- Based on a European map. Risk 1959 (2008) -- Winning Moves Games USA released a reproduction of the original game of Risk from 1959. It includes all the original graphics, wood pieces, and individual plastic storage boxes. Risk: Reinvention (2009) -- Also called Risk Factor or Risk Revised Edition . This is the commercial released version of Black Ops . It features capitals, cities, missions, and very thin pieces shaped like arrows. It is also available with different components (wooden map, wooden cube pieces, etc.) as Risk Onyx Edition . Risk: Halo Wars Collector's Edition (2009) -- Includes UNSC, Covenant, and The Flood. It has 42 territories and 6 sectors. Risk: Factions (2010) -- a licensed video game version of the game developed by Electronic Arts , and distributed on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network. Includes a `` classic'' mode which allows games played using standard original rules, and a `` Factions'' variation on the rules. Risk: Metal Gear Solid (2011) Risk: Legacy (2011/12) -- A game that has permanent changes to the game board and cards each time you play. Risk: Halo Legendary (2012) Risk: Starcraft (2012) -- Four play modes with three different races. Each race has two unique hero units. Risk: Star Wars Saga Edition (2013) UK Exclusive Risk: Mass Effect Galaxy at War Edition (2013) Risk: The Walking Dead Survival Edition (2013) Risk: Battlefield Rogue (2013) Risk: Plants Vs Zombies (2013) Risk: Doctor Who (2013) Risk: Game of Thrones (2015) Risk: Star Wars Edition Game Standard (2015) -- Recreates the Battle of Endor from Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi . Battles take place across three environments: inside the Emperor's Throne Room ; the space outside the Death Star ; and the forest moon of Endor, Risk: Star Wars Edition Game Black Series (2015) -- Same as Risk: Star Wars Edition Game Standard but includes different packaging, embossed playing cards, translucent dice, and miniatures for the Death Star , Super Star Destroyer , Millennium Falcon , and Imperial stormtroopers . Risk: Marvel Cinematic Universe (2015) Risk: Transformers Decepticon Invasion of Earth (2015) UK Exclusive Risk: Captain America Civil War (2016) Risk: Star Trek 50th Anniversary Edition (2016) Risk (2016) Risk Europe (2016) Risk clones ( edit ) Many variants exist that are based on the original concept of the game of Risk and that contain much of the functionality of the original, but are not licensed by Hasbro, such as, for example, the video games Global Domination and Lux . Known as Risk clones , such variants have names not containing the term `` Risk'' to avoid legal issues. Some of these clones are available commercially, of which many have been released through the iTunes App Store , especially for the iPad . Several other Risk clones are distributed freely over the Internet , such as Dice Wars . Games such as Nintendo Wars can be seen as a complex evolution which still holds some elements from Risk . NarcoGuerra is a newsgame based on the basic Risk rules, played out over a map of Mexico with the intent of educating people on the Mexican Drug War . An example of a board game inspired by Risk is the Argentine TEG . In addition to Risk clones, third-party products have been created which slightly modify traditional gameplay. Among the most popular third-party editions are virtual dice-rolling simulators. These can act as virtual replacements to traditional dice or be used to automatically simulate the results of large battles between territories-- significantly speeding up gameplay during battles between territories with many units. Computer and video games ( edit ) Several computer and video game versions of Risk have been released as Risk , starting with the Commodore 64 edition in 1988 and the Macintosh edition in 1989 . Since then, various other editions have been released for PC , Amiga , Sega Genesis , PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , and Game Boy Advance . In 1996 Hasbro Interactive released a PC version of Risk that included a new variation on the game called Ultimate Risk , which did not use dice but rather implemented the use of forts, generals, and complex battle strategies. Risk II for PC and Mac was released as a 2000 video game which includes classic Risk as well as board and gameplay variations. In 2010, Pogo.com added a licensed version of Risk to its library of online games. An Xbox Live Arcade version of Risk called Risk: Factions was released on June 23, 2010. It includes classic Risk as well as a factions mode where players can play as Zombies, Robots, Cats, Soldiers, or Yetis. As of August 6, 2014, Hasbro and Ubisoft have announced a new Risk game to be released in Fall 2014, on PS4 and Xbox One, as well as Xbox 360 and PS3. `` Risk will feature an online league play, modern armies, and 3D battlefields. The 2010 rules are the standard set, but players can choose rule modifiers and configurable win variants.'' An official licensed iOS app, `` RISK : The Official Game'' , developed for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad by Electronic Arts , was released on July 16, 2010. Although the iPad version ( Risk HD) has to be bought separately from the iPhone version ( Risk ), local link up allows games to take place across versions. A maximum of 6 players can participate. If only one iOS device is available, the ' pass and play' mode allows several players to take part in a multi-player game. See also ( edit ) Diplomacy , a somewhat similar themed board game Wargaming List of board wargames References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gordon, David. `` Risk vs Diplomacy'' . TotalDiplomacy . Jump up ^ `` Risk! Rules of Play'' (PDF) . Parker Brothers. 1963 . Retrieved 2015-05-24 . Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod (2009). Risk: Adversaries and Allies: Mastering Strategic Relationships . Sterling. ISBN 978-1402754111 . Jump up ^ `` Risk territories'' . The Gaming Corner . Retrieved 2006-05-12 . ^ Jump up to: Dave Shapiro (December 2002). `` Risk: The Evolution of a Game'' . The Games Journal . Retrieved 2007-05-12 . ^ Jump up to: `` Risk -- Strategy'' . Hasbro.com . Archived from the original on 2007-02-19 . Retrieved 2007-03-12 . Jump up ^ `` Risk: The World Conquest Game'' (PDF) . Hasbro . 1993 . Retrieved 2015-05-24 . Jump up ^ Honary, Ehsan (2007). Total Diplomacy: The Art of Winning Risk . ISBN 978-1-4196-6193-8 . Archived from the original on November 24, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-12-12 . Jump up ^ `` Risk campaign probabilities'' . Jump up ^ Risk Express Board Game BoardGameGeek Jump up ^ Siegel, Scott Jon. `` Off the Grid: Risk Black Ops and Hasbro's wrong direction'' . Engadget . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Risk: Balance of Power'' . BoardGameGeek.com . Retrieved 2011-01-13 . Jump up ^ `` Risk 1959 by Winning Moves'' . barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved 2015-06-13 . Jump up ^ `` Winning Moves Games: Risk 1959'' . winning-moves.com . Retrieved 2015-06-13 . Jump up ^ `` Risk (Revised Edition)'' . BoardGameGeek.com . Retrieved 2010-07-10 . Jump up ^ Wilding, Mark (October 22, 2016). `` SeaFall: is the legacy format heralding a new era of board games'' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Risk: Star Wars Edition Game'' . Hasbro.com. Jump up ^ `` Risk: Star Wars Edition (Black Series vs. Standard) - Drive Thru Review'' . DiceTower.com. Jump up ^ Fredrik Olsson (March 2005). A Multi-Agent System for playing the board game Risk (PDF) (Master of Science thesis). Blekinge Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2011-01-17 . Jump up ^ Ryan Rigney (July 16, 2010). `` App Store Games of the Week: July 16th Edition'' . GamePro . Archived from the original on 2010-07-21 . Retrieved 2011-01-17 . Jump up ^ http://www.gamedesign.jp/flash/dice/dice.html Jump up ^ Polsson, Ken (July 29, 2009). `` June-- December 1988'' . Chronology of the Commodore 64 Computer . Archived from the original on July 9, 2008 . Retrieved 2007-05-12 . Jump up ^ Paxton-Gillilan, Rachel. `` Ubisoft announces Hasbro Game Channel'' . Retrieved 2014-08-11 . Jump up ^ RISK for iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad on the iTunes App Store Further reading ( edit ) Honary, E. (2007). Total Diplomacy: The Art of Winning RISK . North Charleston, SC: BookSurge Publishing. ISBN 978-1419661938 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Risk . Official website ( hide ) Hasbro Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro Toys Action Man Baby Alive Blythe Easy-Bake Oven Furby G.I. Joe Glo Worm Jem Koosh Kre-O Lite-Brite Littlest Pet Shop Mighty Muggs Mr. Potato Head My Little Pony Nerf Play-Doh Pound Puppies Rubik's Cube Sit ' n Spin Spirograph Stickle Bricks Super Soaker Tinkertoy Tonka Transformers Weeble Games Acquire Aggravation Axis & Allies Barrel of Monkeys Battleship Boggle Bop It Buckaroo! Candy Land Catch Phrase Chutes & Ladders Clue Connect 4 Cootie Cranium Crocodile Dentist Designer's World Duel Masters Dungeons & Dragons Elefun Gator Golf Girl Talk Guess Who? Hi Ho! Cherry-O Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga Lazer Tag Life Magic: The Gathering Mall Madness Milton Monopoly Mouse Trap Mystery Date Nerf Blaster Operation Ouija Parcheesi Perfection Pictionary Pit Risk Rook Scattergories Scrabble (U.S. and Canada) Simon Sorry! Stratego Taboo Trivial Pursuit Trouble Twister Upwords Yahtzee Distributed worldwide by Hasbro Beyblade (except Japan and parts of Asia) CirKis (except U.S., UK, France and Germany) FurReal Friends (except Japan) iDog (except Japan) Yo-kai Watch (except Asia) Licensed products Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? Disney Disney Princess Elena of Avalor Frozen Indiana Jones Marvel Legends Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Universe Spider-Man Classics Star Wars Idaten Jump Nickelodeon Strawberry Shortcake Sid the Science Kid The Simpsons Wolverine and the X-Men X-Men Origins: Wolverine Subsidiaries Entertainment and Licensing Hasbro Studios Boulder Media Discovery Family (40%) Wizards of the Coast Avalon Hill Backflip Studios (70%) Divisions and brands Nerf Playskool Tiger Electronics Tonka Related media Comics Films Television See also Hasbro Universe HasCon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Risk_(game)&oldid=815574309 '' Categories : Board games introduced in 1957 Board wargames Children's board games Multiplayer games Nerd culture Origins Award winners Risk (game) French board games Parker Brothers games Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (level 1) Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox game with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017, at 17:44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 5305616722662321058 |
tell me how i'm supposed to live without you | US Billboard Hot 100 12 | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' is a song written in 1983 by Doug James and Michael Bolton . The ballad has been recorded by many artists around the world , in several languages , becoming something of a modern pop standard . Instrumental versions of the song have been recorded featuring variously the piano , guitar , saxophone , pan flute , steel drum , and music box .",
"`` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' was supposed to be recorded by the duo Air Supply . But when Arista President Clive Davis asked for permission to change the lyrics of the chorus , Bolton refused , and Davis let go of the song . Subsequently Laura Branigan recorded it as written , and it became the first major hit for the two songwriters . Bolton 's own rendition became a worldwide hit in early 1990 .",
"`` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' Single by Laura Branigan from the album Branigan 2 Released July 1 , 1983 Format 7 '' Recorded 1982 Genre Pop Length 4 : 29 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Michael Bolton Doug James Producer ( s ) Jack White Laura Branigan singles chronology `` Solitaire '' ( 1983 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1983 ) `` Self Control '' ( 1984 ) `` Solitaire '' ( 1983 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1983 ) `` Self Control '' ( 1984 )",
"`` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You ''",
"Single by Laura Branigan",
"from the album Branigan 2",
"Released July 1 , 1983",
"Format 7 ''",
"Recorded 1982",
"Genre Pop",
"Length 4 : 29",
"Label Atlantic",
"Songwriter ( s ) Michael Bolton Doug James",
"Michael Bolton Doug James",
"Producer ( s ) Jack White",
"Laura Branigan singles chronology",
"`` Solitaire '' ( 1983 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1983 ) `` Self Control '' ( 1984 )",
"`` Solitaire '' ( 1983 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1983 ) `` Self Control '' ( 1984 )",
"`` Solitaire '' ( 1983 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1983 ) `` Self Control '' ( 1984 )",
"`` Solitaire '' ( 1983 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1983 ) `` Self Control '' ( 1984 )",
"`` Solitaire '' ( 1983 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1983 ) `` Self Control '' ( 1984 )",
"`` Solitaire '' ( 1983 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1983 ) `` Self Control '' ( 1984 )",
"As the second single from Branigan 's second album Branigan 2 , `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and peaked at number twelve on the Hot 100 in early October 1983 . Branigan 's single also hit the number one spot on the Adult Contemporary chart in Canada . This success came without benefit of a music video . Branigan performed the song on the syndicated music countdown show Solid Gold in late 1983 and on the popular holiday special Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . Branigan 2 went out of print in 2004 , but Branigan 's original version can still be heard on the compilation albums The Best of Branigan ( 1995 ) , The Essentials ( 2002 ) and The Platinum Collection ( 2006 ) .",
"The single 's B - side was a newly written song over the music to the Italian song `` Mama '' , by Giancarlo Bigazzi and Umberto Tozzi . Branigan 's first major hit had been with `` Gloria '' , another English song written to an Italian hit by the duo .",
"7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29 2 . `` Mama '' 3 : 56 7 '' single -- Promo No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( Short version ) 3 : 57 2 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29 7 '' single ( Canada ) No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29 2 . `` Do n't Show Your Love '' 3 : 30",
"7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29 2 . `` Mama '' 3 : 56 7 '' single -- Promo No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( Short version ) 3 : 57 2 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29 7 '' single ( Canada ) No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29 2 . `` Do n't Show Your Love '' 3 : 30",
"7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29 2 . `` Mama '' 3 : 56",
"7 '' single",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29",
"2 . `` Mama '' 3 : 56",
"7 '' single -- Promo No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( Short version ) 3 : 57 2 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29",
"7 '' single -- Promo",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( Short version ) 3 : 57",
"2 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29",
"7 '' single ( Canada ) No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29 2 . `` Do n't Show Your Love '' 3 : 30",
"7 '' single ( Canada )",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 29",
"2 . `` Do n't Show Your Love '' 3 : 30",
"Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 46 Canadian Adult Contemporary U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary",
"Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position",
"Australian Singles Chart 46",
"Canadian Adult Contemporary",
"U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12",
"U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary",
"`` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' Artwork for U.S. commercial cassette single ; the U.S. CD release was distributed for solely promotional use Single by Michael Bolton from the album Soul Provider B - side `` Forever Eyes '' Released October 14 , 1989 ( U.S. ) Format 7 '' CD Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 48 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Michael Bolton Doug James Producer ( s ) Michael Omartian Michael Bolton singles chronology `` Soul Provider '' ( 1989 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1989 ) `` How Can We Be Lovers ? '' ( 1990 ) `` Soul Provider '' ( 1989 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1989 ) `` How Can We Be Lovers ? '' ( 1990 )",
"`` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You ''",
"Artwork for U.S. commercial cassette single ; the U.S. CD release was distributed for solely promotional use",
"Single by Michael Bolton",
"from the album Soul Provider",
"B - side `` Forever Eyes ''",
"Released October 14 , 1989 ( U.S. )",
"Format 7 '' CD",
"7 '' CD",
"Genre Soft rock",
"Length 4 : 48",
"Label Columbia",
"Songwriter ( s ) Michael Bolton Doug James",
"Michael Bolton Doug James",
"Producer ( s ) Michael Omartian",
"Michael Bolton singles chronology",
"`` Soul Provider '' ( 1989 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1989 ) `` How Can We Be Lovers ? '' ( 1990 )",
"`` Soul Provider '' ( 1989 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1989 ) `` How Can We Be Lovers ? '' ( 1990 )",
"`` Soul Provider '' ( 1989 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1989 ) `` How Can We Be Lovers ? '' ( 1990 )",
"`` Soul Provider '' ( 1989 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1989 ) `` How Can We Be Lovers ? '' ( 1990 )",
"`` Soul Provider '' ( 1989 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1989 ) `` How Can We Be Lovers ? '' ( 1990 )",
"`` Soul Provider '' ( 1989 ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( 1989 ) `` How Can We Be Lovers ? '' ( 1990 )",
"In 1988 , Michael Bolton recorded a version of the song for the album Soul Provider . The single reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts and also won him a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . The release marked a turning point in Bolton 's career . After years of being primarily known as a songwriter , the single got him recognition as a performer and made him a certified superstar .",
"The single took off in October 1989 , slowly climbed the Hot 100 and by mid January became the first new number one single of the 1990s , following `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins .",
"The beginning of the music video shows Bolton performing the selection whilst he is sitting in his living room , and small bits of story about his and his girlfriend 's relationship are told through fade - outs . As he is about to leave the apartment , already having packed his suitcases , he thinks of her and the time they spent together and seemingly decides against the decision ; he then cuddles with his girlfriend . It is revealed , the next night , that he plans to give her a bracelet , which he quickly hides as he reads a newspaper before she enters the room . She surprises him with breakfast and they cuddle again . Later on , the two have a fight about something and she storms out of the apartment , and Bolton visibly feels guilty .",
"7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( Edit ) 4 : 14 2 . `` Forever Eyes '' 4 : 23 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 48 2 . `` Forever Eyes '' 4 : 23 3 . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 7 '' version ) 4 : 56 4 . `` That 's What Love Is All About '' ( Live ) 4 : 23",
"7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( Edit ) 4 : 14 2 . `` Forever Eyes '' 4 : 23 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 48 2 . `` Forever Eyes '' 4 : 23 3 . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 7 '' version ) 4 : 56 4 . `` That 's What Love Is All About '' ( Live ) 4 : 23",
"7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( Edit ) 4 : 14 2 . `` Forever Eyes '' 4 : 23",
"7 '' single",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' ( Edit ) 4 : 14",
"2 . `` Forever Eyes '' 4 : 23",
"CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 48 2 . `` Forever Eyes '' 4 : 23 3 . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 7 '' version ) 4 : 56 4 . `` That 's What Love Is All About '' ( Live ) 4 : 23",
"CD single",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' 4 : 48",
"2 . `` Forever Eyes '' 4 : 23",
"3 . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 7 '' version ) 4 : 56",
"4 . `` That 's What Love Is All About '' ( Live ) 4 : 23",
"Weekly charts",
"Chart ( 1989 / 1990 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 17 Belgian Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 German Singles Chart 15 New Zealand Singles Chart 10 Swedish Singles Chart 9 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary",
"Chart ( 1989 / 1990 ) Peak position",
"Australian Singles Chart",
"Austrian Singles Chart 17",
"Belgian Singles Chart",
"Dutch Top 40",
"German Singles Chart 15",
"New Zealand Singles Chart 10",
"Swedish Singles Chart 9",
"UK Singles Chart",
"US Billboard Hot 100",
"US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary",
"Year - end charts",
"Year - end charts",
"Chart ( 1990 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 76 US Billboard Hot 100 12",
"Chart ( 1990 ) Position",
"Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 76",
"US Billboard Hot 100 12"
] | How Am I Supposed to Live Without You - wikipedia How Am I Supposed to Live Without You `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' is a song written in 1983 by Doug James and Michael Bolton . The ballad has been recorded by many artists around the world, in several languages, becoming something of a modern pop standard. Instrumental versions of the song have been recorded featuring variously the piano, guitar, saxophone, pan flute, steel drum, and music box. `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' was supposed to be recorded by the duo Air Supply . But when Arista President Clive Davis asked for permission to change the lyrics of the chorus, Bolton refused, and Davis let go of the song. Subsequently Laura Branigan recorded it as written, and it became the first major hit for the two songwriters. Bolton's own rendition became a worldwide hit in early 1990. Contents 1 Laura Branigan version 1.1 Track listings 1.2 Charts 2 Michael Bolton version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Track listings 2.3 Charts 3 See also 4 References Laura Branigan version ( edit ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' Single by Laura Branigan from the album Branigan 2 Released July 1, 1983 Format 7'' Recorded 1982 Genre Pop Length 4 : 29 Label Atlantic Songwriter(s) Michael Bolton Doug James Producer(s) Jack White Laura Branigan singles chronology `` Solitaire '' (1983) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' (1983) `` Self Control '' (1984) `` Solitaire '' (1983) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' (1983) `` Self Control '' (1984) As the second single from Branigan's second album Branigan 2 , `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and peaked at number twelve on the Hot 100 in early October 1983. Branigan's single also hit the number one spot on the Adult Contemporary chart in Canada. This success came without benefit of a music video . Branigan performed the song on the syndicated music countdown show Solid Gold in late 1983 and on the popular holiday special Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve . Branigan 2 went out of print in 2004, but Branigan's original version can still be heard on the compilation albums The Best of Branigan (1995), The Essentials (2002) and The Platinum Collection (2006). The single's B-side was a newly written song over the music to the Italian song `` Mama '' , by Giancarlo Bigazzi and Umberto Tozzi . Branigan's first major hit had been with `` Gloria '' , another English song written to an Italian hit by the duo. Track listings ( edit ) 7'' single No. Title Length 1. `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' 4:29 2. `` Mama '' 3:56 7'' single -- Promo No. Title Length 1. `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' (Short version) 3:57 2. `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' 4:29 7'' single (Canada) No. Title Length 1. `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' 4:29 2. `` Don't Show Your Love'' 3:30 Charts ( edit ) Chart (1983) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 46 Canadian Adult Contemporary U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Michael Bolton version ( edit ) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' Artwork for U.S. commercial cassette single; the U.S. CD release was distributed for solely promotional use Single by Michael Bolton from the album Soul Provider B-side `` Forever Eyes'' Released October 14, 1989 (U.S.) Format 7'' CD Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 48 Label Columbia Songwriter(s) Michael Bolton Doug James Producer(s) Michael Omartian Michael Bolton singles chronology `` Soul Provider'' (1989) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' (1989) `` How Can We Be Lovers? '' (1990) `` Soul Provider'' (1989) `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' (1989) `` How Can We Be Lovers? '' (1990) In 1988, Michael Bolton recorded a version of the song for the album Soul Provider . The single reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts and also won him a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . The release marked a turning point in Bolton's career. After years of being primarily known as a songwriter, the single got him recognition as a performer and made him a certified superstar. The single took off in October 1989, slowly climbed the Hot 100 and by mid January became the first new number one single of the 1990s , following `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins . Music video ( edit ) The beginning of the music video shows Bolton performing the selection whilst he is sitting in his living room, and small bits of story about his and his girlfriend's relationship are told through fade-outs. As he is about to leave the apartment, already having packed his suitcases, he thinks of her and the time they spent together and seemingly decides against the decision; he then cuddles with his girlfriend. It is revealed, the next night, that he plans to give her a bracelet, which he quickly hides as he reads a newspaper before she enters the room. She surprises him with breakfast and they cuddle again. Later on, the two have a fight about something and she storms out of the apartment, and Bolton visibly feels guilty. Track listings ( edit ) 7'' single No. Title Length 1. `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' (Edit) 4:14 2. `` Forever Eyes'' 4:23 CD single No. Title Length 1. `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You'' 4:48 2. `` Forever Eyes'' 4:23 3. `` (Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay '' (7'' version) 4:56 4. `` That's What Love Is All About'' (Live) 4:23 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart (1989/1990) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 17 Belgian Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 German Singles Chart 15 New Zealand Singles Chart 10 Swedish Singles Chart 9 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Year-end charts Chart (1990) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 76 US Billboard Hot 100 12 See also ( edit ) List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1983 (U.S.) List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1990 (U.S.) List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1990 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hyatt, Wesley. The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits , Billboard Books, 1999, p. 277, 354. Jump up ^ `` Laura Branigan - How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (Vinyl) at Discogs'' . Discogs . Retrieved October 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Branigan - How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (Vinyl, Promo) at Discogs'' . Discogs . Retrieved October 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Branigan - How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (Vinyl, Canada) at Discogs'' . Discogs . Retrieved October 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1983-10-08 Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/charts/adult-contemporary/1983-09-03 Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine . Vol. 101; No. 41; October 14, 1989; p. 83 Jump up ^ `` VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs'' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31, 2007 . Retrieved July 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ Hyatt, Wesley. The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits , Billboard Books, 1999, p. 277, 354. Jump up ^ `` Michael Bolton biography'' . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 the week of October 28, 1989'' . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bolton'' . MyVideo . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bolton Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1990'' . RPM . Retrieved November 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1990'' . Archived from the original on 2010-01-17 . Retrieved 2009-09-15 . 1980s portal pop music portal Laura Branigan singles Branigan `` All Night with Me '' `` Gloria '' Branigan 2 `` Solitaire '' `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' `` Deep in the Dark '' Self Control `` Self Control '' `` The Lucky One '' `` Ti Amo '' `` Satisfaction '' Hold Me `` Spanish Eddie '' `` Hold Me '' `` I Found Someone '' Touch `` Shattered Glass '' `` Power of Love '' `` Cry Wolf '' Laura Branigan `` Moonlight on Water '' `` Never in a Million Years '' `` Turn the Beat Around '' Over My Heart `` It's Been Hard Enough Getting Over You '' `` How Can I Help You to Say Goodbye '' The Best of Branigan `` Dim All the Lights '' Other singles `` Looking Out for Number One '' `` Tell Him '' `` Come into My Life '' Other songs `` Mama '' `` Foolish Lullaby '' Michael Bolton Studio albums Michael Bolotin (1975) Everyday of My Life (1976) Michael Bolton (1983) Everybody's Crazy (1985) The Hunger (1987) Soul Provider (1989) Time, Love & Tenderness (1991) Timeless: The Classics (1992) The One Thing (1993) This Is the Time: The Christmas Album (1996) All That Matters (1997) My Secret Passion (1998) Timeless: The Classics Vol. 2 (1999) Only a Woman Like You (2002) Vintage (2003) ' Til the End of Forever (2005) Bolton Swings Sinatra (2006) One World One Love (2009) Gems: The Duets Collection / Duette (2011) Ain't No Mountain High Enough: A Tribute to Hitsville U.S.A. (2013) Songs of Cinema (2017) Cover albums Timeless: The Classics (1992) This Is The Time: The Christmas Album My Secret Passion: The Arias Timeless: The Classics Vol. 2 Vintage Bolton Swings Sinatra Compilation albums The Artistry of Michael Bolotin (1993) Greatest Hits (1985-- 1995) (1995) ' Til the End of Forever (2005) Songs `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' `` How Can We Be Lovers? '' `` When I'm Back on My Feet Again '' `` Love Is a Wonderful Thing '' `` Time, Love and Tenderness '' `` Missing You Now '' `` Said I Loved You...But I Lied '' `` I Found Someone '' `` Go the Distance '' `` Jack Sparrow '' `` I'm Not Ready '' Related articles Discography Blackjack Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Am_I_Supposed_to_Live_Without_You&oldid=847664206 '' Categories : 1983 singles 1989 singles 1990 singles Laura Branigan songs Michael Bolton songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles Songs written by Michael Bolton Pop ballads RPM Adult Contemporary number-one singles 1983 songs Atlantic Records singles Columbia Records singles Songs about loneliness Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018, at 23:22 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -1410617952234119152 |
who are the two sides in the syrian conflict | The Syrian Civil War ( Arabic : الحرب الأهلية السورية , Al - ḥarb al - ʼahliyyah as - sūriyyah ) is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought primarily between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al - Assad , along with its allies , and various forces opposing both the government and each other in varying combinations . | [
[
"the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic",
"various forces opposing both the government and each other in varying combinations"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 137 kilobytes . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2017 )",
"This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 137 kilobytes . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2017 )",
"Syrian Civil War Part of the Arab Spring , the Arab Winter , the spillover of the Iraq conflict and the Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Military situation in May 2018 : Syrian Arab Republic Syrian opposition Democratic Federation of Northern Syria Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Tahrir al - Sham ( For a full list of combatants see order of battle ) ( For a more detailed , up - to - date , interactive map , see Template : Syrian Civil War detailed map ) Date 15 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) -- present ( 7 years , 2 months , 2 weeks and 1 day ) Location Syria ( with spillovers in neighboring countries ) Status Ongoing Territorial changes As of 4 May 2018 : the Government held 60.2 % of Syrian territories ; ( SDF ) - held territory constituted 26.7 % ; 10.1 % was controlled by rebel groups ( including HTS ) and Turkey ; 3 % was held by ISIL Main belligerents Syrian Arab Republic Allied armed groups Hezbollah Iran Russia ( from 2015 ) Support : ( show ) Iraq Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army Turkey ( from 2016 ) Allied armed groups Support : ( show ) United States ( 2011 -- 17 ) Saudi Arabia Qatar Ahrar al - Sham Islamic Front / SIF ( 2012 -- 15 ) Jaysh al - Islam Support : ( show ) Turkey Saudi Arabia Qatar Tahrir al - Sham Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 -- 17 ) Guardians of Religion Organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( from 2013 ) Support : ( show ) Al - Qaeda ( 2013 -- 14 ) Democratic Federation of Northern Syria ( SDF ) ( from 2012 ) YPG / YPJ Other armed groups Support : ( show ) United States ( from 2014 ) Russia ( 2015 -- 18 ) France ( from 2016 ) PKK PUK ( from 2013 ) KDP ( 2013 -- 15 ) CJTF -- OIR ( from 2014 ) ( show ) Current participants : Australia France Germany Jordan Netherlands Norway United Kingdom United States Withdrew in 2017 : Belgium Withdrew in 2016 : Bahrain Denmark Morocco Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE Withdrew in 2015 : Canada Commanders and leaders Bashar al - Assad ( President of Syria ) Ali Abdullah Ayyoub ( Minister of Defense ) Issam Hallaq ( Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) Suheil al - Hassan ( Commander of Tiger Forces ) Ali Mamlouk ( Director of the National Security Bureau ) Rafiq Shahadah ( Head of the Military Intelligence Directorate ) Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Qasem Soleimani ( Commander of Quds Force ) Vladimir Putin ( President of Russia ) Killed in action : ( show ) Issam Zahreddine ( Major General of the Republican Guard ) Assef Shawkat ( Deputy Minister of Defense ) Dawoud Rajiha ( Minister of Defense ) Rustum Ghazaleh ( Head of Syrian National Intelligence ) Hilal al - Assad Hossein Hamadani ( IRGC Major General ) Hassan Shateri ( Senior Commander of IRGC ) Samir Kuntar ( Senior Commander of Hezbollah ) Mustafa Badreddine ( Military Leader of Hezbollah ) Mohamad Issa ( Hezbollah Chief of Operations in Syria ) Jihad Mughniyah ( Hezbollah Head of Security ) Ali Reza Tavassoli ( Leader of Liwa Fatemiyoun ) Lt. Gen Valery Asapov Bashar al - Zoubi ( Commander of the Southern Front ) Jamal Maarouf ( SRF commander , 2012 -- 14 ) Lt. Gen. Zekai Aksakallı ( Operations chief commander , 2016 -- 17 ) Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel ( Operations chief commander , 2017 -- 18 ) Killed in action : ( show ) Abdul Qader Saleh ( Founder of al - Tawhid Brigade ) Abu Yahia al - Hamawi ( Leader of Ahrar al - Sham ) Ahmed Issa al - Sheikh ( Leader of the Islamic Front , 2012 -- 15 ) Killed in action : ( show ) Hassan Aboud ( Leader of Ahrar al - Sham ) Abu Khalid al - Suri ( senior al - Qaeda Commander , founding member of Ahrar al - Sham ) Zahran Alloush ( Islamic Front Military Chief ) Abu Mohammad al - Julani ( Tahrir al - Sham commander ) Abu Jaber Shaykh ( Tahrir al - Sham Shura council head ) Abu Humam al - Shami ( Guardians of Religion Organization commander , former al - Nusra Front military chief ) Killed in action : ( show ) Abu Firas al - Suri ( Spokesperson of al - Nusra Front ) Abu Hajer al - Homsi ( al - Nusra Front military chief ) Muhsin al - Fadhli ( Leader of Khorasan ) Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi ( Leader of ISIL ) Abu Fatima al - Jaheishi ( Deputy Leader ) Abu Muhammad al - Maqdisi ( Leader of the Khalid ibn al - Walid Army , since 2016 ) Killed in action : ( show ) Haji Bakr ( Former Deputy leader of ISIL and Head of Military Council ) Abu Ayman al - Iraqi ( Former Head of Military Council ) Abu Ali al - Anbari ( Deputy , Syria ) Abu Omar al - Shishani ( War Minister ) Abu Umar al - Tunisi ( Senior Leader ) Abu Sayyaf ( Oil Minister ) Abu Muslim al - Turkmani ( Deputy Leader ) Abu Abdulrahman al - Bilawi ( Head of Military Council ) Gulmurod Khalimov ( Minister of War ) Muhammad al - Baridi ( Founder of Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade ) Riad Darar ( Co-chairperson of the MSD ) Îlham Ehmed ( Co-chairperson of the MSD ) Salih Muhammad ( Co-President of the PYD ) Asya Abdullah ( Co-President of the PYD ) Sipan Hemo ( Commander of the YPG ) Stephen J. Townsend ( Commander of CJTF - OIR ) Strength Syrian Armed Forces : 180,000 General Security Directorate : 8,000 National Defense Force : 80,000 Ba'ath Brigades : 7,000 Hezbollah : 6,000 -- 8,000 Liwa Al - Quds : 4,000 - 8,000 Russia : 4,000 troops and 1,000 contractors Iran : 3,000 -- 5,000 Other allied groups : 20,000 + FSA : 40,000 -- 50,000 ( 2013 ) Islamic Front : 40,000 -- 70,000 ( 2014 ) Other groups : 12,500 ( 2015 ) Turkish Armed Forces : 4,000 -- 8,000 Ahrar al - Sham : 18,000 -- 20,000 + ( March 2017 ) Tahrir al - Sham : 31,000 15,000 -- 20,000 ( U.S. claim , late 2016 ) 1,000 ( U.S. claim , late 2017 ) SDF : 50,000 + YPG and YPJ : 57,000 -- 60,000 ( most , not all , part of the SDF ) Syriac Military Council ( MFS ) : 2,000 Al - Sanadid Forces : 4,500 + SDF Military Councils : 10,000 + Casualties and losses Syrian Government : 63,820 -- 98,820 soldiers killed 48,814 -- 62,814 militiamen killed 4,700 soldiers and militiamen and 2,000 supporters captured Hezbollah : 1,630 -- 1,800 killed Russia : 93 soldiers and 150 -- 200 contractors killed Other non-Syrian fighters : 7,686 killed ( 559 -- 2,062 Iranians ) 125,399 -- 166,399 fighters killed 979 protesters killed Turkey : 125 -- 155 soldiers killed ( 2016 -- 18 ground incursions ) 24,232 + killed ( per SOHR ) 20,711 + killed ( per YPG and SAA ) DFNS : 3,834 killed CJTF -- OIR : 6 killed 106,390 -- 110,218 ( 3,284 foreign ; mostly Palestinian ) civilian deaths documented by opposition 100 other foreign soldiers killed ( 60 , 17 ( pre - ' 16 ) , 16 , 7 ) Total killed : 353,593 -- 498,593 ( March 2018 SOHR estimate ) 470,000 ( February 2016 SCPR estimate ) Over 7,600,000 internally displaced ( July 2015 UNHCR estimate ) Over 5,116,097 refugees ( July 2017 registered by UNHCR ) Since early 2013 , the FSA has been decentralized with their name being arbitrarily used by various rebels . Turkey has provided arms support to the rebels since 2011 . Since Aug. 2016 , Turkey has fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate against the SDF , ISIL and later the Syrian government . Sep. -- Nov. 2016 , the U.S. fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate solely against ISIL . In 2017 -- 18 , the U.S. intentionally attacked the Syrian government 10 times , while in Sep. 2016 it accidentally hit a Syrian base , killing over 100 SAA soldiers . Syria maintains that this was an intentional attack . HTS 's predecessor ( the Al - Nusra Front ) and ISIL 's predecessor ( ISI ) were allied al - Qaeda branches until April 2013 . An ISI - proposed merger of the two into ISIL was rejected by the Al - Nusra Front and al - Qaeda cut all affiliation with ISIL in February 2014 . Ahrar al - Sham and Tahrir al - Sham 's predecessor , the Al - Nusra Front , were allied under the Army of Conquest from March 2015 to January 2017 . Number includes Kurdish and ISIL fighters , whose deaths are also listed in their separate columns .",
"Syrian Civil War",
"Part of the Arab Spring , the Arab Winter , the spillover of the Iraq conflict and the Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict",
"Military situation in May 2018 : Syrian Arab Republic Syrian opposition Democratic Federation of Northern Syria Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Tahrir al - Sham ( For a full list of combatants see order of battle ) ( For a more detailed , up - to - date , interactive map , see Template : Syrian Civil War detailed map )",
"Date 15 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) -- present ( 7 years , 2 months , 2 weeks and 1 day ) Location Syria ( with spillovers in neighboring countries ) Status Ongoing Territorial changes As of 4 May 2018 : the Government held 60.2 % of Syrian territories ; ( SDF ) - held territory constituted 26.7 % ; 10.1 % was controlled by rebel groups ( including HTS ) and Turkey ; 3 % was held by ISIL",
"Date 15 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) -- present ( 7 years , 2 months , 2 weeks and 1 day ) Location Syria ( with spillovers in neighboring countries ) Status Ongoing Territorial changes As of 4 May 2018 : the Government held 60.2 % of Syrian territories ; ( SDF ) - held territory constituted 26.7 % ; 10.1 % was controlled by rebel groups ( including HTS ) and Turkey ; 3 % was held by ISIL",
"Date 15 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) -- present ( 7 years , 2 months , 2 weeks and 1 day )",
"Location Syria ( with spillovers in neighboring countries )",
"Status Ongoing",
"Territorial changes As of 4 May 2018 : the Government held 60.2 % of Syrian territories ; ( SDF ) - held territory constituted 26.7 % ; 10.1 % was controlled by rebel groups ( including HTS ) and Turkey ; 3 % was held by ISIL",
"Main belligerents",
"Syrian Arab Republic Allied armed groups Hezbollah Iran Russia ( from 2015 ) Support : ( show ) Iraq Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army Turkey ( from 2016 ) Allied armed groups Support : ( show ) United States ( 2011 -- 17 ) Saudi Arabia Qatar Ahrar al - Sham Islamic Front / SIF ( 2012 -- 15 ) Jaysh al - Islam Support : ( show ) Turkey Saudi Arabia Qatar Tahrir al - Sham Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 -- 17 ) Guardians of Religion Organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( from 2013 ) Support : ( show ) Al - Qaeda ( 2013 -- 14 ) Democratic Federation of Northern Syria ( SDF ) ( from 2012 ) YPG / YPJ Other armed groups Support : ( show ) United States ( from 2014 ) Russia ( 2015 -- 18 ) France ( from 2016 ) PKK PUK ( from 2013 ) KDP ( 2013 -- 15 ) CJTF -- OIR ( from 2014 ) ( show ) Current participants : Australia France Germany Jordan Netherlands Norway United Kingdom United States Withdrew in 2017 : Belgium Withdrew in 2016 : Bahrain Denmark Morocco Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE Withdrew in 2015 : Canada",
"Allied armed groups",
"Allied armed groups",
"Iraq",
"Free Syrian Army",
"Free Syrian Army",
"Turkey ( from 2016 )",
"Allied armed groups",
"Allied armed groups",
"United States ( 2011 -- 17 ) Saudi Arabia Qatar",
"United States ( 2011 -- 17 )",
"Ahrar al - Sham",
"Islamic Front / SIF ( 2012 -- 15 )",
"Islamic Front / SIF ( 2012 -- 15 )",
"Jaysh al - Islam",
"Turkey Saudi Arabia Qatar",
"Tahrir al - Sham",
"Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 -- 17 ) Guardians of Religion Organization",
"Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 -- 17 )",
"Guardians of Religion Organization",
"Al - Qaeda ( 2013 -- 14 )",
"Al - Qaeda ( 2013 -- 14 )",
"YPG / YPJ Other armed groups",
"YPG / YPJ",
"Other armed groups",
"United States ( from 2014 ) Russia ( 2015 -- 18 ) France ( from 2016 ) PKK PUK ( from 2013 ) KDP ( 2013 -- 15 )",
"United States ( from 2014 )",
"Russia ( 2015 -- 18 )",
"France ( from 2016 )",
"PUK ( from 2013 )",
"KDP ( 2013 -- 15 )",
"Current participants : Australia France Germany Jordan Netherlands Norway United Kingdom United States Withdrew in 2017 : Belgium Withdrew in 2016 : Bahrain Denmark Morocco Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE Withdrew in 2015 : Canada",
"Current participants : Australia",
"Withdrew in 2017 : Belgium",
"Withdrew in 2016 : Bahrain",
"Withdrew in 2015 : Canada",
"Commanders and leaders",
"Bashar al - Assad ( President of Syria ) Ali Abdullah Ayyoub ( Minister of Defense ) Issam Hallaq ( Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) Suheil al - Hassan ( Commander of Tiger Forces ) Ali Mamlouk ( Director of the National Security Bureau ) Rafiq Shahadah ( Head of the Military Intelligence Directorate ) Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Qasem Soleimani ( Commander of Quds Force ) Vladimir Putin ( President of Russia ) Killed in action : ( show ) Issam Zahreddine ( Major General of the Republican Guard ) Assef Shawkat ( Deputy Minister of Defense ) Dawoud Rajiha ( Minister of Defense ) Rustum Ghazaleh ( Head of Syrian National Intelligence ) Hilal al - Assad Hossein Hamadani ( IRGC Major General ) Hassan Shateri ( Senior Commander of IRGC ) Samir Kuntar ( Senior Commander of Hezbollah ) Mustafa Badreddine ( Military Leader of Hezbollah ) Mohamad Issa ( Hezbollah Chief of Operations in Syria ) Jihad Mughniyah ( Hezbollah Head of Security ) Ali Reza Tavassoli ( Leader of Liwa Fatemiyoun ) Lt. Gen Valery Asapov Bashar al - Zoubi ( Commander of the Southern Front ) Jamal Maarouf ( SRF commander , 2012 -- 14 ) Lt. Gen. Zekai Aksakallı ( Operations chief commander , 2016 -- 17 ) Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel ( Operations chief commander , 2017 -- 18 ) Killed in action : ( show ) Abdul Qader Saleh ( Founder of al - Tawhid Brigade ) Abu Yahia al - Hamawi ( Leader of Ahrar al - Sham ) Ahmed Issa al - Sheikh ( Leader of the Islamic Front , 2012 -- 15 ) Killed in action : ( show ) Hassan Aboud ( Leader of Ahrar al - Sham ) Abu Khalid al - Suri ( senior al - Qaeda Commander , founding member of Ahrar al - Sham ) Zahran Alloush ( Islamic Front Military Chief ) Abu Mohammad al - Julani ( Tahrir al - Sham commander ) Abu Jaber Shaykh ( Tahrir al - Sham Shura council head ) Abu Humam al - Shami ( Guardians of Religion Organization commander , former al - Nusra Front military chief ) Killed in action : ( show ) Abu Firas al - Suri ( Spokesperson of al - Nusra Front ) Abu Hajer al - Homsi ( al - Nusra Front military chief ) Muhsin al - Fadhli ( Leader of Khorasan ) Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi ( Leader of ISIL ) Abu Fatima al - Jaheishi ( Deputy Leader ) Abu Muhammad al - Maqdisi ( Leader of the Khalid ibn al - Walid Army , since 2016 ) Killed in action : ( show ) Haji Bakr ( Former Deputy leader of ISIL and Head of Military Council ) Abu Ayman al - Iraqi ( Former Head of Military Council ) Abu Ali al - Anbari ( Deputy , Syria ) Abu Omar al - Shishani ( War Minister ) Abu Umar al - Tunisi ( Senior Leader ) Abu Sayyaf ( Oil Minister ) Abu Muslim al - Turkmani ( Deputy Leader ) Abu Abdulrahman al - Bilawi ( Head of Military Council ) Gulmurod Khalimov ( Minister of War ) Muhammad al - Baridi ( Founder of Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade ) Riad Darar ( Co-chairperson of the MSD ) Îlham Ehmed ( Co-chairperson of the MSD ) Salih Muhammad ( Co-President of the PYD ) Asya Abdullah ( Co-President of the PYD ) Sipan Hemo ( Commander of the YPG ) Stephen J. Townsend ( Commander of CJTF - OIR )",
"Bashar al - Assad ( President of Syria ) Ali Abdullah Ayyoub ( Minister of Defense ) Issam Hallaq ( Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) Suheil al - Hassan ( Commander of Tiger Forces ) Ali Mamlouk ( Director of the National Security Bureau ) Rafiq Shahadah ( Head of the Military Intelligence Directorate ) Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Qasem Soleimani ( Commander of Quds Force ) Vladimir Putin ( President of Russia )",
"Bashar al - Assad ( President of Syria )",
"Ali Abdullah Ayyoub ( Minister of Defense )",
"Issam Hallaq ( Chief of Staff of the Air Force )",
"Suheil al - Hassan ( Commander of Tiger Forces )",
"Ali Mamlouk ( Director of the National Security Bureau )",
"Rafiq Shahadah ( Head of the Military Intelligence Directorate )",
"Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran )",
"Qasem Soleimani ( Commander of Quds Force )",
"Vladimir Putin ( President of Russia )",
"Issam Zahreddine ( Major General of the Republican Guard ) Assef Shawkat ( Deputy Minister of Defense ) Dawoud Rajiha ( Minister of Defense ) Rustum Ghazaleh ( Head of Syrian National Intelligence ) Hilal al - Assad Hossein Hamadani ( IRGC Major General ) Hassan Shateri ( Senior Commander of IRGC ) Samir Kuntar ( Senior Commander of Hezbollah ) Mustafa Badreddine ( Military Leader of Hezbollah ) Mohamad Issa ( Hezbollah Chief of Operations in Syria ) Jihad Mughniyah ( Hezbollah Head of Security ) Ali Reza Tavassoli ( Leader of Liwa Fatemiyoun ) Lt. Gen Valery Asapov",
"Issam Zahreddine ( Major General of the Republican Guard )",
"Assef Shawkat ( Deputy Minister of Defense )",
"Dawoud Rajiha ( Minister of Defense )",
"Rustum Ghazaleh ( Head of Syrian National Intelligence )",
"Hilal al - Assad",
"Hossein Hamadani ( IRGC Major General )",
"Hassan Shateri ( Senior Commander of IRGC )",
"Samir Kuntar ( Senior Commander of Hezbollah )",
"Mustafa Badreddine ( Military Leader of Hezbollah )",
"Mohamad Issa ( Hezbollah Chief of Operations in Syria )",
"Jihad Mughniyah ( Hezbollah Head of Security )",
"Ali Reza Tavassoli ( Leader of Liwa Fatemiyoun )",
"Lt. Gen Valery Asapov",
"Bashar al - Zoubi ( Commander of the Southern Front ) Jamal Maarouf ( SRF commander , 2012 -- 14 ) Lt. Gen. Zekai Aksakallı ( Operations chief commander , 2016 -- 17 ) Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel ( Operations chief commander , 2017 -- 18 )",
"Bashar al - Zoubi ( Commander of the Southern Front )",
"Jamal Maarouf ( SRF commander , 2012 -- 14 )",
"Lt. Gen. Zekai Aksakallı ( Operations chief commander , 2016 -- 17 )",
"Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel ( Operations chief commander , 2017 -- 18 )",
"Abdul Qader Saleh ( Founder of al - Tawhid Brigade )",
"Abdul Qader Saleh ( Founder of al - Tawhid Brigade )",
"Abu Yahia al - Hamawi ( Leader of Ahrar al - Sham ) Ahmed Issa al - Sheikh ( Leader of the Islamic Front , 2012 -- 15 )",
"Abu Yahia al - Hamawi ( Leader of Ahrar al - Sham )",
"Ahmed Issa al - Sheikh ( Leader of the Islamic Front , 2012 -- 15 )",
"Hassan Aboud ( Leader of Ahrar al - Sham ) Abu Khalid al - Suri ( senior al - Qaeda Commander , founding member of Ahrar al - Sham ) Zahran Alloush ( Islamic Front Military Chief )",
"Hassan Aboud ( Leader of Ahrar al - Sham )",
"Abu Khalid al - Suri ( senior al - Qaeda Commander , founding member of Ahrar al - Sham )",
"Zahran Alloush ( Islamic Front Military Chief )",
"Abu Mohammad al - Julani ( Tahrir al - Sham commander ) Abu Jaber Shaykh ( Tahrir al - Sham Shura council head ) Abu Humam al - Shami ( Guardians of Religion Organization commander , former al - Nusra Front military chief )",
"Abu Mohammad al - Julani ( Tahrir al - Sham commander )",
"Abu Jaber Shaykh ( Tahrir al - Sham Shura council head )",
"Abu Humam al - Shami ( Guardians of Religion Organization commander , former al - Nusra Front military chief )",
"Abu Firas al - Suri ( Spokesperson of al - Nusra Front ) Abu Hajer al - Homsi ( al - Nusra Front military chief ) Muhsin al - Fadhli ( Leader of Khorasan )",
"Abu Firas al - Suri ( Spokesperson of al - Nusra Front )",
"Abu Hajer al - Homsi ( al - Nusra Front military chief )",
"Muhsin al - Fadhli ( Leader of Khorasan )",
"Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi ( Leader of ISIL ) Abu Fatima al - Jaheishi ( Deputy Leader ) Abu Muhammad al - Maqdisi ( Leader of the Khalid ibn al - Walid Army , since 2016 )",
"Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi ( Leader of ISIL )",
"Abu Fatima al - Jaheishi ( Deputy Leader )",
"Abu Muhammad al - Maqdisi ( Leader of the Khalid ibn al - Walid Army , since 2016 )",
"Haji Bakr ( Former Deputy leader of ISIL and Head of Military Council ) Abu Ayman al - Iraqi ( Former Head of Military Council ) Abu Ali al - Anbari ( Deputy , Syria ) Abu Omar al - Shishani ( War Minister ) Abu Umar al - Tunisi ( Senior Leader ) Abu Sayyaf ( Oil Minister ) Abu Muslim al - Turkmani ( Deputy Leader ) Abu Abdulrahman al - Bilawi ( Head of Military Council ) Gulmurod Khalimov ( Minister of War ) Muhammad al - Baridi ( Founder of Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade )",
"Haji Bakr ( Former Deputy leader of ISIL and Head of Military Council )",
"Abu Ayman al - Iraqi ( Former Head of Military Council )",
"Abu Ali al - Anbari ( Deputy , Syria )",
"Abu Omar al - Shishani ( War Minister )",
"Abu Umar al - Tunisi ( Senior Leader )",
"Abu Sayyaf ( Oil Minister )",
"Abu Muslim al - Turkmani ( Deputy Leader )",
"Abu Abdulrahman al - Bilawi ( Head of Military Council )",
"Gulmurod Khalimov ( Minister of War )",
"Muhammad al - Baridi ( Founder of Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade )",
"Riad Darar ( Co-chairperson of the MSD ) Îlham Ehmed ( Co-chairperson of the MSD ) Salih Muhammad ( Co-President of the PYD ) Asya Abdullah ( Co-President of the PYD ) Sipan Hemo ( Commander of the YPG )",
"Riad Darar ( Co-chairperson of the MSD )",
"Îlham Ehmed ( Co-chairperson of the MSD )",
"Salih Muhammad ( Co-President of the PYD )",
"Asya Abdullah ( Co-President of the PYD )",
"Sipan Hemo ( Commander of the YPG )",
"Stephen J. Townsend ( Commander of CJTF - OIR )",
"Stephen J. Townsend ( Commander of CJTF - OIR )",
"Strength",
"Syrian Armed Forces : 180,000 General Security Directorate : 8,000 National Defense Force : 80,000 Ba'ath Brigades : 7,000 Hezbollah : 6,000 -- 8,000 Liwa Al - Quds : 4,000 - 8,000 Russia : 4,000 troops and 1,000 contractors Iran : 3,000 -- 5,000 Other allied groups : 20,000 + FSA : 40,000 -- 50,000 ( 2013 ) Islamic Front : 40,000 -- 70,000 ( 2014 ) Other groups : 12,500 ( 2015 ) Turkish Armed Forces : 4,000 -- 8,000 Ahrar al - Sham : 18,000 -- 20,000 + ( March 2017 ) Tahrir al - Sham : 31,000 15,000 -- 20,000 ( U.S. claim , late 2016 ) 1,000 ( U.S. claim , late 2017 ) SDF : 50,000 + YPG and YPJ : 57,000 -- 60,000 ( most , not all , part of the SDF ) Syriac Military Council ( MFS ) : 2,000 Al - Sanadid Forces : 4,500 + SDF Military Councils : 10,000 +",
"Syrian Armed Forces : 180,000 General Security Directorate : 8,000 National Defense Force : 80,000 Ba'ath Brigades : 7,000 Hezbollah : 6,000 -- 8,000 Liwa Al - Quds : 4,000 - 8,000 Russia : 4,000 troops and 1,000 contractors Iran : 3,000 -- 5,000",
"FSA : 40,000 -- 50,000 ( 2013 ) Islamic Front : 40,000 -- 70,000 ( 2014 ) Other groups : 12,500 ( 2015 ) Turkish Armed Forces : 4,000 -- 8,000",
"Ahrar al - Sham : 18,000 -- 20,000 + ( March 2017 )",
"SDF : 50,000 +",
"YPG and YPJ : 57,000 -- 60,000 ( most , not all , part of the SDF ) Syriac Military Council ( MFS ) : 2,000 Al - Sanadid Forces : 4,500 + SDF Military Councils : 10,000 +",
"YPG and YPJ : 57,000 -- 60,000 ( most , not all , part of the SDF )",
"Syriac Military Council ( MFS ) : 2,000",
"Al - Sanadid Forces : 4,500 +",
"SDF Military Councils : 10,000 +",
"Casualties and losses",
"Syrian Government : 63,820 -- 98,820 soldiers killed 48,814 -- 62,814 militiamen killed 4,700 soldiers and militiamen and 2,000 supporters captured Hezbollah : 1,630 -- 1,800 killed Russia : 93 soldiers and 150 -- 200 contractors killed Other non-Syrian fighters : 7,686 killed ( 559 -- 2,062 Iranians ) 125,399 -- 166,399 fighters killed 979 protesters killed Turkey : 125 -- 155 soldiers killed ( 2016 -- 18 ground incursions ) 24,232 + killed ( per SOHR ) 20,711 + killed ( per YPG and SAA ) DFNS : 3,834 killed CJTF -- OIR : 6 killed",
"Syrian Government : 63,820 -- 98,820 soldiers killed 48,814 -- 62,814 militiamen killed 4,700 soldiers and militiamen and 2,000 supporters captured Hezbollah : 1,630 -- 1,800 killed Russia : 93 soldiers and 150 -- 200 contractors killed",
"125,399 -- 166,399 fighters killed 979 protesters killed",
"DFNS : 3,834 killed",
"106,390 -- 110,218 ( 3,284 foreign ; mostly Palestinian ) civilian deaths documented by opposition 100 other foreign soldiers killed ( 60 , 17 ( pre - ' 16 ) , 16 , 7 ) Total killed : 353,593 -- 498,593 ( March 2018 SOHR estimate ) 470,000 ( February 2016 SCPR estimate ) Over 7,600,000 internally displaced ( July 2015 UNHCR estimate ) Over 5,116,097 refugees ( July 2017 registered by UNHCR ) Since early 2013 , the FSA has been decentralized with their name being arbitrarily used by various rebels . Turkey has provided arms support to the rebels since 2011 . Since Aug. 2016 , Turkey has fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate against the SDF , ISIL and later the Syrian government . Sep. -- Nov. 2016 , the U.S. fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate solely against ISIL . In 2017 -- 18 , the U.S. intentionally attacked the Syrian government 10 times , while in Sep. 2016 it accidentally hit a Syrian base , killing over 100 SAA soldiers . Syria maintains that this was an intentional attack . HTS 's predecessor ( the Al - Nusra Front ) and ISIL 's predecessor ( ISI ) were allied al - Qaeda branches until April 2013 . An ISI - proposed merger of the two into ISIL was rejected by the Al - Nusra Front and al - Qaeda cut all affiliation with ISIL in February 2014 . Ahrar al - Sham and Tahrir al - Sham 's predecessor , the Al - Nusra Front , were allied under the Army of Conquest from March 2015 to January 2017 . Number includes Kurdish and ISIL fighters , whose deaths are also listed in their separate columns .",
"106,390 -- 110,218 ( 3,284 foreign ; mostly Palestinian ) civilian deaths documented by opposition 100 other foreign soldiers killed ( 60 , 17 ( pre - ' 16 ) , 16 , 7 )",
"Total killed : 353,593 -- 498,593 ( March 2018 SOHR estimate ) 470,000 ( February 2016 SCPR estimate )",
"Over 7,600,000 internally displaced ( July 2015 UNHCR estimate )",
"Since early 2013 , the FSA has been decentralized with their name being arbitrarily used by various rebels . Turkey has provided arms support to the rebels since 2011 . Since Aug. 2016 , Turkey has fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate against the SDF , ISIL and later the Syrian government . Sep. -- Nov. 2016 , the U.S. fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate solely against ISIL . In 2017 -- 18 , the U.S. intentionally attacked the Syrian government 10 times , while in Sep. 2016 it accidentally hit a Syrian base , killing over 100 SAA soldiers . Syria maintains that this was an intentional attack . HTS 's predecessor ( the Al - Nusra Front ) and ISIL 's predecessor ( ISI ) were allied al - Qaeda branches until April 2013 . An ISI - proposed merger of the two into ISIL was rejected by the Al - Nusra Front and al - Qaeda cut all affiliation with ISIL in February 2014 . Ahrar al - Sham and Tahrir al - Sham 's predecessor , the Al - Nusra Front , were allied under the Army of Conquest from March 2015 to January 2017 .",
"The Syrian Civil War ( Arabic : الحرب الأهلية السورية , Al - ḥarb al - ʼahliyyah as - sūriyyah ) is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought primarily between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al - Assad , along with its allies , and various forces opposing both the government and each other in varying combinations .",
"The unrest in Syria , part of a wider wave of 2011 Arab Spring protests , grew out of discontent with the Assad government and escalated to an armed conflict after protests calling for his removal were violently suppressed . The war is being fought by several factions : the Syrian government and its international allies , a loose alliance of Sunni Arab rebel groups ( including the Free Syrian Army ) , the majority - Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces ( SDF ) , Salafi jihadist groups ( including al - Nusra Front ) , and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) , with a number of countries in the region and beyond being either directly involved , or providing support to one or another faction .",
"Iran , Russia , and Hezbollah support the Syrian government militarily , with Russia conducting air operations since September 2015 . On the other hand , the U.S. - led international coalition established in 2014 with a declared purpose of countering ISIL , have conducted airstrikes against ISIL in Syria as well as against government and pro-government targets . Turkey on the other hand has become deeply involved since 2016 and beyond actively supporting the Syrian opposition , occupied large swathes of Northwestern Syria .",
"International organizations have accused the Syrian government , ISIL , and Syria rebel groups of severe human rights violations , and of many massacres . The conflict has caused a major refugee crisis . Over the course of the war a number of peace initiatives have been launched , including the March 2017 Geneva peace talks on Syria led by the United Nations , but fighting continues .",
"Syrian Civil War Timeline Jan -- Apr 2011 May -- Aug 2011 Sep -- Dec 2011 Jan -- Apr 2012 May -- Aug 2012 Sep -- Dec 2012 Jan -- Apr 2013 May -- Dec 2013 Jan -- July 2014 Aug -- Dec 2014 Jan -- July 2015 Aug -- Dec 2015 Jan -- Apr 2016 May -- Aug 2016 Sep -- Dec 2016 Jan -- Apr 2017 May -- Aug 2017 Sep -- Dec 2017 Jan -- April 2018 May - Aug 2018 Casualties Cities map Terrorism Massacres Civil uprising in Syria ( March -- August 2011 ) Daraa Baniyas Homs ( May -- August 2011 ) Talkalakh Rastan and Talbiseh 1st Jisr ash - Shugur 1st Jabal al - Zawiya Hama Latakia Start of insurgency ( Sept. 2011 -- April 2012 ) Homs ( 2011 -- 14 ) Homs offensive 1st Idlib Gov . Syrian -- Turkish border Jabal al - Zawiya 1st Idlib City Saraqeb 1st Rastan Hama Gov . Shayrat & Tiyas ambush Daraa Gov . 1st Rif Dimashq 1st Zabadani Douma Deir ez - Zor ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Hatla Aleppo Gov . Azaz 2nd Rastan 1st al - Qusayr 2nd Idlib Gov . Taftanaz UN ceasefire ; escalation ( May 2012 -- Dec. 2013 ) 3rd Rastan Houla Al - Haffah Al - Qubeir Al - Tremseh 3rd Idlib Gov . 1st Damascus Bombing Aleppo Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 Khan al - Assal 1st Aleppo offensive 2nd Aleppo offensive Syrian Kurdistan Hasaka campaign Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah Tell Abyad Kurdish -- Islamist conflict Nubl & Al - Zahraa 2nd Rif Dimashq ( 1st Darayya ) Abu al - Duhur Airbase Quneitra Gov . 3rd Rif Dimashq 1st Yarmouk camp 2nd Darayya Darayya & Muadamiyat Aqrab 1st Hama offensive Halfaya 1st Safira Shadadeh 2nd Damascus 1st Raqqa campaign ( 1st Raqqa ) 1st Daraa offensive 4th Rif Dimashq Jdaidet al - Fadl Ghouta Al - Qusayr offensive 2nd al - Qusayr Eastern Ghouta 2nd Hama offensive Bayda and Baniyas 1st Latakia offensive Ma'loula Sadad 5th Rif Dimashq 1st Qalamoun Adra Rise of the Islamists ( January -- Sept. 2014 ) Inter-rebel conflict Northern Aleppo Markada 1st Deir ez - Zor offensive al - Otaiba ambush Maan Hosn Morek 2nd Daraa offensive 2nd Latakia offensive 4th Idlib Gov . Al - Malihah 2nd Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Arsal Deir ez - Zor ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 1st Shaer gas field 1st Eastern Syria Tabqa Air base 3rd Hama offensive 6th Rif Dimashq 1st Quneitra Kobanî U.S. - led intervention ( Sept. 2014 -- Sept. 2015 ) U.S. - led intervention 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Safira 2014 Idlib city raid Nusra -- FSA conflict 2nd Shaer gas field 1st Al - Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez - Zor offensive 3rd Aleppo offensive An - 26 crash 4th Daraa offensive Southern Syria Eastern al - Hasakah offensive 1st Sarrin Hama / Homs offensive Bosra 5th Idlib Gov 2nd Idlib city Al - Fu'ah - Kafriya Nasib 2nd Yarmouk camp 1st Northwestern Syria 3rd Qalamoun 1st Palmyra Western al - Hasakah offensive 1st Al - Hasakah city Tell Abyad Daraa / As - Suwayda 2nd Quneitra 2nd Sarrin 5th Daraa 2nd Al - Hasakah city 2nd Kobanî 4th Aleppo offensive 2nd Zabadani 2nd Palmyra Al - Ghab 1st Al - Qaryatayn Douma market 7th Rif Dimashq Kuweires offensive Russian intervention ( Sept. 2015 -- March 2016 ) Russian intervention 3rd Quneitra 2nd Northwestern Syria 3rd Latakia offensive Su - 24 shootdown 5th Aleppo offensive Al - Hawl Homs offensive 6th Aleppo offensive 4th Hama offensive Tell Tamer Tishrin Dam 2nd Al - Shaykh Maskin al - Qamishli bombings Orontes River 3rd Deir ez - Zor offensive 1st Sayyidah Zaynab 7th Aleppo offensive 1st Ithriyah - Raqqa Al - Shaddadi Homs bombings 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab Khanasir 2nd Tel Abyad Al - Tanf 2nd Al - Qaryatayn 3rd Palmyra 2nd Maarat al - Nu'man Aleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield ( March -- December 2016 ) 8th Aleppo offensive 6th Daraa 9th -- 11th Aleppo offensives Al - Dumayr 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict Al - Qamishli clashes Aleppo bombings 8th Rif Dimashq 3rd Shaer gas field Northern Raqqa Jableh & Tartus Manbij Tokhar 2nd Ithriyah - Raqqa 9th Rif Dimashq 12th -- 14th Aleppo offensives 12th 13th 14th 4th Latakia offensive 1st Abu Kamal 3rd Qamishli Atmeh al - Rai 3rd Al - Hasakah City Operation Euphrates Shield Northern al - Bab Dabiq al - Bab 5th Hama offensive 1st Western al - Bab 1st Eastern Qalamoun September bombings 4th Quneitra Deir ez - Zor airstrike Aleppo aid convoy attack 15th Aleppo offensive Khan al - Shih 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict 2nd Western al - Bab 16th Aleppo offensive 2nd Raqqa campaign 17th Aleppo offensive 4th Palmyra Southern and Central Desert , ISIL collapse in Syria ( Dec. 2016 -- Nov. 2017 ) Wadi Barada 1st Syrian Desert Azaz bombings 5th Palmyra 4th Deir ez - Zor offensive 18th Aleppo offensive 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 7th Daraa Qaboun 8th Daraa Eastern Homs offensive al - Jina mosque 6th Hama offensive Tabqa Khan Shaykhun US Shayrat strike Aleppo bus bombing Post-intervention Turkish airstrikes 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict 2nd Syrian Desert Maskanah East Hama 2nd Raqqa 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa Iranian Deir ez - Zor strike Jobar 5th Quneitra Central Syria 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 4th Qalamoun 5th Deir ez - Zor 2nd Eastern Syria 6th Deir ez - Zor Euphrates Crossing Mayadin 2nd Abu Kamal 7th Hama offensive Turkish operation in Idlib Idlib escalation , Afrin operation and East Ghouta offensive ( Nov. 2017 -- present ) 3rd Northwestern Syria Atarib Harasta Beit Jinn 1st Southern Damascus Afrin Khasham Feb. 2018 Israel -- Syria incident 10th Rif Dimashq ( Douma ) JTS -- HTS conflict 2nd Southern Damascus US - led missile strikes Northern Homs 2nd Eastern Qalamoun 3rd Southern Damascus 7th Deir ez - Zor May 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents Syrian War spillover and international incidents Lebanon spillover Lebanese -- Syrian border Sidon Iranian embassy bombing North Lebanon clashes Syrian -- Turkish border incidents Turkish F4 shootdown Reyhanlı bombings Kurdish riots Russo - Turkish confrontation Russian Su - 24 shootdown Andrei Karlov Jordanian -- Syrian border incidents Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line February 2018 incident May 2018 incident Iraqi -- Syrian border incidents Akashat al - Shabah Western Nineveh Western Iraq Spillover in Europe Spillover in Iran 2017 Tehran attacks 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Since 2011 protests ( show ) Qatari involvement Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 - 2017 Foreign rebel fighters ISIL Turkish involvement Turkey -- ISIL conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation Russian involvement 2015 military intervention Iranian involvement ( 2017 missile strike ) 2012 Hezbollah involvement 2018 Iran -- Israel conflict Saudi involvement Islamic Front / SIF Jaysh al - Islam Army of Conquest ( formed 2015 Since 2014 ISIL invasion of Iraq ( show ) U.S. - led Intervention Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes 2018 bombing Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath European NATO involvement Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention",
"Syrian Civil War",
"",
"Timeline Jan -- Apr 2011 May -- Aug 2011 Sep -- Dec 2011 Jan -- Apr 2012 May -- Aug 2012 Sep -- Dec 2012 Jan -- Apr 2013 May -- Dec 2013 Jan -- July 2014 Aug -- Dec 2014 Jan -- July 2015 Aug -- Dec 2015 Jan -- Apr 2016 May -- Aug 2016 Sep -- Dec 2016 Jan -- Apr 2017 May -- Aug 2017 Sep -- Dec 2017 Jan -- April 2018 May - Aug 2018 Casualties Cities map Terrorism Massacres",
"Timeline",
"Jan -- Apr 2011 May -- Aug 2011 Sep -- Dec 2011 Jan -- Apr 2012 May -- Aug 2012 Sep -- Dec 2012 Jan -- Apr 2013 May -- Dec 2013 Jan -- July 2014 Aug -- Dec 2014 Jan -- July 2015 Aug -- Dec 2015 Jan -- Apr 2016 May -- Aug 2016 Sep -- Dec 2016 Jan -- Apr 2017 May -- Aug 2017 Sep -- Dec 2017 Jan -- April 2018 May - Aug 2018",
"Jan -- Apr 2011 May -- Aug 2011 Sep -- Dec 2011 Jan -- Apr 2012 May -- Aug 2012 Sep -- Dec 2012 Jan -- Apr 2013 May -- Dec 2013 Jan -- July 2014 Aug -- Dec 2014 Jan -- July 2015 Aug -- Dec 2015 Jan -- Apr 2016 May -- Aug 2016 Sep -- Dec 2016 Jan -- Apr 2017 May -- Aug 2017 Sep -- Dec 2017 Jan -- April 2018 May - Aug 2018",
"Jan -- Apr 2011 May -- Aug 2011 Sep -- Dec 2011 Jan -- Apr 2012 May -- Aug 2012 Sep -- Dec 2012 Jan -- Apr 2013 May -- Dec 2013 Jan -- July 2014 Aug -- Dec 2014 Jan -- July 2015 Aug -- Dec 2015 Jan -- Apr 2016 May -- Aug 2016 Sep -- Dec 2016 Jan -- Apr 2017 May -- Aug 2017 Sep -- Dec 2017 Jan -- April 2018 May - Aug 2018",
"Jan -- Apr 2011",
"May -- Aug 2011",
"Sep -- Dec 2011",
"Jan -- Apr 2012",
"May -- Aug 2012",
"Sep -- Dec 2012",
"Jan -- Apr 2013",
"May -- Dec 2013",
"Jan -- July 2014",
"Aug -- Dec 2014",
"Jan -- July 2015",
"Aug -- Dec 2015",
"Jan -- Apr 2016",
"May -- Aug 2016",
"Sep -- Dec 2016",
"Jan -- Apr 2017",
"May -- Aug 2017",
"Sep -- Dec 2017",
"Jan -- April 2018",
"May - Aug 2018",
"Casualties Cities map Terrorism Massacres",
"Cities map",
"map",
"Civil uprising in Syria ( March -- August 2011 ) Daraa Baniyas Homs ( May -- August 2011 ) Talkalakh Rastan and Talbiseh 1st Jisr ash - Shugur 1st Jabal al - Zawiya Hama Latakia Start of insurgency ( Sept. 2011 -- April 2012 ) Homs ( 2011 -- 14 ) Homs offensive 1st Idlib Gov . Syrian -- Turkish border Jabal al - Zawiya 1st Idlib City Saraqeb 1st Rastan Hama Gov . Shayrat & Tiyas ambush Daraa Gov . 1st Rif Dimashq 1st Zabadani Douma Deir ez - Zor ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Hatla Aleppo Gov . Azaz 2nd Rastan 1st al - Qusayr 2nd Idlib Gov . Taftanaz UN ceasefire ; escalation ( May 2012 -- Dec. 2013 ) 3rd Rastan Houla Al - Haffah Al - Qubeir Al - Tremseh 3rd Idlib Gov . 1st Damascus Bombing Aleppo Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 Khan al - Assal 1st Aleppo offensive 2nd Aleppo offensive Syrian Kurdistan Hasaka campaign Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah Tell Abyad Kurdish -- Islamist conflict Nubl & Al - Zahraa 2nd Rif Dimashq ( 1st Darayya ) Abu al - Duhur Airbase Quneitra Gov . 3rd Rif Dimashq 1st Yarmouk camp 2nd Darayya Darayya & Muadamiyat Aqrab 1st Hama offensive Halfaya 1st Safira Shadadeh 2nd Damascus 1st Raqqa campaign ( 1st Raqqa ) 1st Daraa offensive 4th Rif Dimashq Jdaidet al - Fadl Ghouta Al - Qusayr offensive 2nd al - Qusayr Eastern Ghouta 2nd Hama offensive Bayda and Baniyas 1st Latakia offensive Ma'loula Sadad 5th Rif Dimashq 1st Qalamoun Adra Rise of the Islamists ( January -- Sept. 2014 ) Inter-rebel conflict Northern Aleppo Markada 1st Deir ez - Zor offensive al - Otaiba ambush Maan Hosn Morek 2nd Daraa offensive 2nd Latakia offensive 4th Idlib Gov . Al - Malihah 2nd Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Arsal Deir ez - Zor ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 1st Shaer gas field 1st Eastern Syria Tabqa Air base 3rd Hama offensive 6th Rif Dimashq 1st Quneitra Kobanî U.S. - led intervention ( Sept. 2014 -- Sept. 2015 ) U.S. - led intervention 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Safira 2014 Idlib city raid Nusra -- FSA conflict 2nd Shaer gas field 1st Al - Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez - Zor offensive 3rd Aleppo offensive An - 26 crash 4th Daraa offensive Southern Syria Eastern al - Hasakah offensive 1st Sarrin Hama / Homs offensive Bosra 5th Idlib Gov 2nd Idlib city Al - Fu'ah - Kafriya Nasib 2nd Yarmouk camp 1st Northwestern Syria 3rd Qalamoun 1st Palmyra Western al - Hasakah offensive 1st Al - Hasakah city Tell Abyad Daraa / As - Suwayda 2nd Quneitra 2nd Sarrin 5th Daraa 2nd Al - Hasakah city 2nd Kobanî 4th Aleppo offensive 2nd Zabadani 2nd Palmyra Al - Ghab 1st Al - Qaryatayn Douma market 7th Rif Dimashq Kuweires offensive Russian intervention ( Sept. 2015 -- March 2016 ) Russian intervention 3rd Quneitra 2nd Northwestern Syria 3rd Latakia offensive Su - 24 shootdown 5th Aleppo offensive Al - Hawl Homs offensive 6th Aleppo offensive 4th Hama offensive Tell Tamer Tishrin Dam 2nd Al - Shaykh Maskin al - Qamishli bombings Orontes River 3rd Deir ez - Zor offensive 1st Sayyidah Zaynab 7th Aleppo offensive 1st Ithriyah - Raqqa Al - Shaddadi Homs bombings 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab Khanasir 2nd Tel Abyad Al - Tanf 2nd Al - Qaryatayn 3rd Palmyra 2nd Maarat al - Nu'man Aleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield ( March -- December 2016 ) 8th Aleppo offensive 6th Daraa 9th -- 11th Aleppo offensives Al - Dumayr 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict Al - Qamishli clashes Aleppo bombings 8th Rif Dimashq 3rd Shaer gas field Northern Raqqa Jableh & Tartus Manbij Tokhar 2nd Ithriyah - Raqqa 9th Rif Dimashq 12th -- 14th Aleppo offensives 12th 13th 14th 4th Latakia offensive 1st Abu Kamal 3rd Qamishli Atmeh al - Rai 3rd Al - Hasakah City Operation Euphrates Shield Northern al - Bab Dabiq al - Bab 5th Hama offensive 1st Western al - Bab 1st Eastern Qalamoun September bombings 4th Quneitra Deir ez - Zor airstrike Aleppo aid convoy attack 15th Aleppo offensive Khan al - Shih 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict 2nd Western al - Bab 16th Aleppo offensive 2nd Raqqa campaign 17th Aleppo offensive 4th Palmyra Southern and Central Desert , ISIL collapse in Syria ( Dec. 2016 -- Nov. 2017 ) Wadi Barada 1st Syrian Desert Azaz bombings 5th Palmyra 4th Deir ez - Zor offensive 18th Aleppo offensive 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 7th Daraa Qaboun 8th Daraa Eastern Homs offensive al - Jina mosque 6th Hama offensive Tabqa Khan Shaykhun US Shayrat strike Aleppo bus bombing Post-intervention Turkish airstrikes 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict 2nd Syrian Desert Maskanah East Hama 2nd Raqqa 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa Iranian Deir ez - Zor strike Jobar 5th Quneitra Central Syria 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 4th Qalamoun 5th Deir ez - Zor 2nd Eastern Syria 6th Deir ez - Zor Euphrates Crossing Mayadin 2nd Abu Kamal 7th Hama offensive Turkish operation in Idlib Idlib escalation , Afrin operation and East Ghouta offensive ( Nov. 2017 -- present ) 3rd Northwestern Syria Atarib Harasta Beit Jinn 1st Southern Damascus Afrin Khasham Feb. 2018 Israel -- Syria incident 10th Rif Dimashq ( Douma ) JTS -- HTS conflict 2nd Southern Damascus US - led missile strikes Northern Homs 2nd Eastern Qalamoun 3rd Southern Damascus 7th Deir ez - Zor May 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents Syrian War spillover and international incidents Lebanon spillover Lebanese -- Syrian border Sidon Iranian embassy bombing North Lebanon clashes Syrian -- Turkish border incidents Turkish F4 shootdown Reyhanlı bombings Kurdish riots Russo - Turkish confrontation Russian Su - 24 shootdown Andrei Karlov Jordanian -- Syrian border incidents Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line February 2018 incident May 2018 incident Iraqi -- Syrian border incidents Akashat al - Shabah Western Nineveh Western Iraq Spillover in Europe Spillover in Iran 2017 Tehran attacks 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Since 2011 protests ( show ) Qatari involvement Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 - 2017 Foreign rebel fighters ISIL Turkish involvement Turkey -- ISIL conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation Russian involvement 2015 military intervention Iranian involvement ( 2017 missile strike ) 2012 Hezbollah involvement 2018 Iran -- Israel conflict Saudi involvement Islamic Front / SIF Jaysh al - Islam Army of Conquest ( formed 2015 Since 2014 ISIL invasion of Iraq ( show ) U.S. - led Intervention Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes 2018 bombing Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath European NATO involvement Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention",
"Civil uprising in Syria ( March -- August 2011 ) Daraa Baniyas Homs ( May -- August 2011 ) Talkalakh Rastan and Talbiseh 1st Jisr ash - Shugur 1st Jabal al - Zawiya Hama Latakia",
"Civil uprising in Syria ( March -- August 2011 )",
"",
"Daraa Baniyas Homs ( May -- August 2011 ) Talkalakh Rastan and Talbiseh 1st Jisr ash - Shugur 1st Jabal al - Zawiya Hama Latakia",
"Daraa Baniyas Homs ( May -- August 2011 ) Talkalakh Rastan and Talbiseh 1st Jisr ash - Shugur 1st Jabal al - Zawiya Hama Latakia",
"Homs ( May -- August 2011 )",
"Rastan and Talbiseh",
"1st Jisr ash - Shugur",
"1st Jabal al - Zawiya",
"Start of insurgency ( Sept. 2011 -- April 2012 ) Homs ( 2011 -- 14 ) Homs offensive 1st Idlib Gov . Syrian -- Turkish border Jabal al - Zawiya 1st Idlib City Saraqeb 1st Rastan Hama Gov . Shayrat & Tiyas ambush Daraa Gov . 1st Rif Dimashq 1st Zabadani Douma Deir ez - Zor ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Hatla Aleppo Gov . Azaz 2nd Rastan 1st al - Qusayr 2nd Idlib Gov . Taftanaz",
"Start of insurgency ( Sept. 2011 -- April 2012 )",
"",
"Homs ( 2011 -- 14 ) Homs offensive 1st Idlib Gov . Syrian -- Turkish border Jabal al - Zawiya 1st Idlib City Saraqeb 1st Rastan Hama Gov . Shayrat & Tiyas ambush Daraa Gov . 1st Rif Dimashq 1st Zabadani Douma Deir ez - Zor ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Hatla Aleppo Gov . Azaz 2nd Rastan 1st al - Qusayr 2nd Idlib Gov . Taftanaz",
"Homs ( 2011 -- 14 ) Homs offensive 1st Idlib Gov . Syrian -- Turkish border Jabal al - Zawiya 1st Idlib City Saraqeb 1st Rastan Hama Gov . Shayrat & Tiyas ambush Daraa Gov . 1st Rif Dimashq 1st Zabadani Douma Deir ez - Zor ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Hatla Aleppo Gov . Azaz 2nd Rastan 1st al - Qusayr 2nd Idlib Gov . Taftanaz",
"Homs ( 2011 -- 14 ) Homs offensive",
"Homs offensive",
"1st Idlib Gov . Syrian -- Turkish border Jabal al - Zawiya 1st Idlib City Saraqeb",
"Syrian -- Turkish border Jabal al - Zawiya 1st Idlib City Saraqeb",
"Syrian -- Turkish border",
"Jabal al - Zawiya",
"1st Idlib City",
"Hama Gov .",
"Shayrat & Tiyas ambush",
"Daraa Gov .",
"1st Rif Dimashq 1st Zabadani Douma",
"1st Zabadani Douma",
"Deir ez - Zor ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Hatla",
"Hatla",
"Aleppo Gov . Azaz",
"Azaz",
"1st al - Qusayr",
"2nd Idlib Gov . Taftanaz",
"Taftanaz",
"UN ceasefire ; escalation ( May 2012 -- Dec. 2013 ) 3rd Rastan Houla Al - Haffah Al - Qubeir Al - Tremseh 3rd Idlib Gov . 1st Damascus Bombing Aleppo Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 Khan al - Assal 1st Aleppo offensive 2nd Aleppo offensive Syrian Kurdistan Hasaka campaign Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah Tell Abyad Kurdish -- Islamist conflict Nubl & Al - Zahraa 2nd Rif Dimashq ( 1st Darayya ) Abu al - Duhur Airbase Quneitra Gov . 3rd Rif Dimashq 1st Yarmouk camp 2nd Darayya Darayya & Muadamiyat Aqrab 1st Hama offensive Halfaya 1st Safira Shadadeh 2nd Damascus 1st Raqqa campaign ( 1st Raqqa ) 1st Daraa offensive 4th Rif Dimashq Jdaidet al - Fadl Ghouta Al - Qusayr offensive 2nd al - Qusayr Eastern Ghouta 2nd Hama offensive Bayda and Baniyas 1st Latakia offensive Ma'loula Sadad 5th Rif Dimashq 1st Qalamoun Adra",
"UN ceasefire ; escalation ( May 2012 -- Dec. 2013 )",
"",
"3rd Rastan Houla Al - Haffah Al - Qubeir Al - Tremseh 3rd Idlib Gov . 1st Damascus Bombing Aleppo Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 Khan al - Assal 1st Aleppo offensive 2nd Aleppo offensive Syrian Kurdistan Hasaka campaign Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah Tell Abyad Kurdish -- Islamist conflict Nubl & Al - Zahraa 2nd Rif Dimashq ( 1st Darayya ) Abu al - Duhur Airbase Quneitra Gov . 3rd Rif Dimashq 1st Yarmouk camp 2nd Darayya Darayya & Muadamiyat Aqrab 1st Hama offensive Halfaya 1st Safira Shadadeh 2nd Damascus 1st Raqqa campaign ( 1st Raqqa ) 1st Daraa offensive 4th Rif Dimashq Jdaidet al - Fadl Ghouta Al - Qusayr offensive 2nd al - Qusayr Eastern Ghouta 2nd Hama offensive Bayda and Baniyas 1st Latakia offensive Ma'loula Sadad 5th Rif Dimashq 1st Qalamoun Adra",
"3rd Rastan Houla Al - Haffah Al - Qubeir Al - Tremseh 3rd Idlib Gov . 1st Damascus Bombing Aleppo Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 Khan al - Assal 1st Aleppo offensive 2nd Aleppo offensive Syrian Kurdistan Hasaka campaign Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah Tell Abyad Kurdish -- Islamist conflict Nubl & Al - Zahraa 2nd Rif Dimashq ( 1st Darayya ) Abu al - Duhur Airbase Quneitra Gov . 3rd Rif Dimashq 1st Yarmouk camp 2nd Darayya Darayya & Muadamiyat Aqrab 1st Hama offensive Halfaya 1st Safira Shadadeh 2nd Damascus 1st Raqqa campaign ( 1st Raqqa ) 1st Daraa offensive 4th Rif Dimashq Jdaidet al - Fadl Ghouta Al - Qusayr offensive 2nd al - Qusayr Eastern Ghouta 2nd Hama offensive Bayda and Baniyas 1st Latakia offensive Ma'loula Sadad 5th Rif Dimashq 1st Qalamoun Adra",
"Al - Haffah",
"Al - Qubeir",
"Al - Tremseh",
"3rd Idlib Gov .",
"1st Damascus Bombing",
"Bombing",
"Aleppo Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 Khan al - Assal 1st Aleppo offensive 2nd Aleppo offensive",
"Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 Khan al - Assal 1st Aleppo offensive 2nd Aleppo offensive",
"Menagh Air Base",
"Khan al - Assal",
"1st Aleppo offensive",
"2nd Aleppo offensive",
"Syrian Kurdistan Hasaka campaign Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah Tell Abyad Kurdish -- Islamist conflict",
"Hasaka campaign Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah Tell Abyad Kurdish -- Islamist conflict",
"Hasaka campaign Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah",
"Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah",
"Ras al - Ayn",
"al - Yaarubiyah",
"Kurdish -- Islamist conflict",
"Nubl & Al - Zahraa",
"2nd Rif Dimashq ( 1st Darayya )",
"Abu al - Duhur Airbase",
"Quneitra Gov .",
"3rd Rif Dimashq 1st Yarmouk camp 2nd Darayya",
"1st Yarmouk camp 2nd Darayya",
"1st Yarmouk camp",
"Darayya & Muadamiyat",
"1st Hama offensive Halfaya",
"Halfaya",
"1st Raqqa campaign ( 1st Raqqa )",
"1st Daraa offensive",
"4th Rif Dimashq Jdaidet al - Fadl Ghouta",
"Jdaidet al - Fadl Ghouta",
"Jdaidet al - Fadl",
"Al - Qusayr offensive 2nd al - Qusayr",
"2nd al - Qusayr",
"2nd al - Qusayr",
"2nd Hama offensive",
"Bayda and Baniyas",
"1st Latakia offensive",
"5th Rif Dimashq",
"Rise of the Islamists ( January -- Sept. 2014 ) Inter-rebel conflict Northern Aleppo Markada 1st Deir ez - Zor offensive al - Otaiba ambush Maan Hosn Morek 2nd Daraa offensive 2nd Latakia offensive 4th Idlib Gov . Al - Malihah 2nd Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Arsal Deir ez - Zor ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 1st Shaer gas field 1st Eastern Syria Tabqa Air base 3rd Hama offensive 6th Rif Dimashq 1st Quneitra Kobanî",
"Rise of the Islamists ( January -- Sept. 2014 )",
"",
"Inter-rebel conflict Northern Aleppo Markada 1st Deir ez - Zor offensive al - Otaiba ambush Maan Hosn Morek 2nd Daraa offensive 2nd Latakia offensive 4th Idlib Gov . Al - Malihah 2nd Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Arsal Deir ez - Zor ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 1st Shaer gas field 1st Eastern Syria Tabqa Air base 3rd Hama offensive 6th Rif Dimashq 1st Quneitra Kobanî",
"Inter-rebel conflict Northern Aleppo Markada 1st Deir ez - Zor offensive al - Otaiba ambush Maan Hosn Morek 2nd Daraa offensive 2nd Latakia offensive 4th Idlib Gov . Al - Malihah 2nd Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Arsal Deir ez - Zor ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 1st Shaer gas field 1st Eastern Syria Tabqa Air base 3rd Hama offensive 6th Rif Dimashq 1st Quneitra Kobanî",
"Inter-rebel conflict Northern Aleppo Markada 1st Deir ez - Zor offensive",
"Northern Aleppo Markada 1st Deir ez - Zor offensive",
"1st Deir ez - Zor offensive",
"al - Otaiba ambush",
"2nd Daraa offensive",
"2nd Latakia offensive",
"4th Idlib Gov .",
"Al - Malihah",
"2nd Wadi Deif",
"2nd Qalamoun Arsal",
"Arsal",
"Deir ez - Zor ( 2014 -- 2017 )",
"1st Shaer gas field",
"1st Eastern Syria Tabqa Air base",
"Tabqa Air base",
"Tabqa Air base",
"3rd Hama offensive",
"6th Rif Dimashq",
"U.S. - led intervention ( Sept. 2014 -- Sept. 2015 ) U.S. - led intervention 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Safira 2014 Idlib city raid Nusra -- FSA conflict 2nd Shaer gas field 1st Al - Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez - Zor offensive 3rd Aleppo offensive An - 26 crash 4th Daraa offensive Southern Syria Eastern al - Hasakah offensive 1st Sarrin Hama / Homs offensive Bosra 5th Idlib Gov 2nd Idlib city Al - Fu'ah - Kafriya Nasib 2nd Yarmouk camp 1st Northwestern Syria 3rd Qalamoun 1st Palmyra Western al - Hasakah offensive 1st Al - Hasakah city Tell Abyad Daraa / As - Suwayda 2nd Quneitra 2nd Sarrin 5th Daraa 2nd Al - Hasakah city 2nd Kobanî 4th Aleppo offensive 2nd Zabadani 2nd Palmyra Al - Ghab 1st Al - Qaryatayn Douma market 7th Rif Dimashq Kuweires offensive",
"U.S. - led intervention ( Sept. 2014 -- Sept. 2015 )",
"",
"U.S. - led intervention 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Safira 2014 Idlib city raid Nusra -- FSA conflict 2nd Shaer gas field 1st Al - Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez - Zor offensive 3rd Aleppo offensive An - 26 crash 4th Daraa offensive Southern Syria Eastern al - Hasakah offensive 1st Sarrin Hama / Homs offensive Bosra 5th Idlib Gov 2nd Idlib city Al - Fu'ah - Kafriya Nasib 2nd Yarmouk camp 1st Northwestern Syria 3rd Qalamoun 1st Palmyra Western al - Hasakah offensive 1st Al - Hasakah city Tell Abyad Daraa / As - Suwayda 2nd Quneitra 2nd Sarrin 5th Daraa 2nd Al - Hasakah city 2nd Kobanî 4th Aleppo offensive 2nd Zabadani 2nd Palmyra Al - Ghab 1st Al - Qaryatayn Douma market 7th Rif Dimashq Kuweires offensive",
"U.S. - led intervention 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Safira 2014 Idlib city raid Nusra -- FSA conflict 2nd Shaer gas field 1st Al - Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez - Zor offensive 3rd Aleppo offensive An - 26 crash 4th Daraa offensive Southern Syria Eastern al - Hasakah offensive 1st Sarrin Hama / Homs offensive Bosra 5th Idlib Gov 2nd Idlib city Al - Fu'ah - Kafriya Nasib 2nd Yarmouk camp 1st Northwestern Syria 3rd Qalamoun 1st Palmyra Western al - Hasakah offensive 1st Al - Hasakah city Tell Abyad Daraa / As - Suwayda 2nd Quneitra 2nd Sarrin 5th Daraa 2nd Al - Hasakah city 2nd Kobanî 4th Aleppo offensive 2nd Zabadani 2nd Palmyra Al - Ghab 1st Al - Qaryatayn Douma market 7th Rif Dimashq Kuweires offensive",
"U.S. - led intervention",
"3rd Daraa offensive",
"2014 Idlib city raid",
"Nusra -- FSA conflict",
"2nd Shaer gas field",
"1st Al - Shaykh Maskin",
"2nd Deir ez - Zor offensive",
"3rd Aleppo offensive",
"An - 26 crash",
"4th Daraa offensive",
"Eastern al - Hasakah offensive",
"Hama / Homs offensive",
"5th Idlib Gov 2nd Idlib city",
"2nd Idlib city",
"2nd Idlib city",
"Al - Fu'ah - Kafriya",
"2nd Yarmouk camp",
"1st Northwestern Syria",
"Western al - Hasakah offensive",
"1st Al - Hasakah city",
"Daraa / As - Suwayda",
"2nd Al - Hasakah city",
"4th Aleppo offensive",
"Al - Ghab",
"1st Al - Qaryatayn",
"7th Rif Dimashq",
"Russian intervention ( Sept. 2015 -- March 2016 ) Russian intervention 3rd Quneitra 2nd Northwestern Syria 3rd Latakia offensive Su - 24 shootdown 5th Aleppo offensive Al - Hawl Homs offensive 6th Aleppo offensive 4th Hama offensive Tell Tamer Tishrin Dam 2nd Al - Shaykh Maskin al - Qamishli bombings Orontes River 3rd Deir ez - Zor offensive 1st Sayyidah Zaynab 7th Aleppo offensive 1st Ithriyah - Raqqa Al - Shaddadi Homs bombings 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab Khanasir 2nd Tel Abyad Al - Tanf 2nd Al - Qaryatayn 3rd Palmyra 2nd Maarat al - Nu'man",
"Russian intervention ( Sept. 2015 -- March 2016 )",
"",
"Russian intervention 3rd Quneitra 2nd Northwestern Syria 3rd Latakia offensive Su - 24 shootdown 5th Aleppo offensive Al - Hawl Homs offensive 6th Aleppo offensive 4th Hama offensive Tell Tamer Tishrin Dam 2nd Al - Shaykh Maskin al - Qamishli bombings Orontes River 3rd Deir ez - Zor offensive 1st Sayyidah Zaynab 7th Aleppo offensive 1st Ithriyah - Raqqa Al - Shaddadi Homs bombings 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab Khanasir 2nd Tel Abyad Al - Tanf 2nd Al - Qaryatayn 3rd Palmyra 2nd Maarat al - Nu'man",
"Russian intervention 3rd Quneitra 2nd Northwestern Syria 3rd Latakia offensive Su - 24 shootdown 5th Aleppo offensive Al - Hawl Homs offensive 6th Aleppo offensive 4th Hama offensive Tell Tamer Tishrin Dam 2nd Al - Shaykh Maskin al - Qamishli bombings Orontes River 3rd Deir ez - Zor offensive 1st Sayyidah Zaynab 7th Aleppo offensive 1st Ithriyah - Raqqa Al - Shaddadi Homs bombings 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab Khanasir 2nd Tel Abyad Al - Tanf 2nd Al - Qaryatayn 3rd Palmyra 2nd Maarat al - Nu'man",
"2nd Northwestern Syria",
"3rd Latakia offensive Su - 24 shootdown",
"Su - 24 shootdown",
"Su - 24 shootdown",
"5th Aleppo offensive",
"Al - Hawl",
"6th Aleppo offensive",
"4th Hama offensive",
"2nd Al - Shaykh Maskin",
"al - Qamishli bombings",
"3rd Deir ez - Zor offensive",
"1st Sayyidah Zaynab",
"7th Aleppo offensive",
"1st Ithriyah - Raqqa",
"Al - Shaddadi",
"2nd Sayyidah Zaynab",
"2nd Tel Abyad",
"Al - Tanf",
"2nd Al - Qaryatayn",
"2nd Maarat al - Nu'man",
"Aleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield ( March -- December 2016 ) 8th Aleppo offensive 6th Daraa 9th -- 11th Aleppo offensives Al - Dumayr 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict Al - Qamishli clashes Aleppo bombings 8th Rif Dimashq 3rd Shaer gas field Northern Raqqa Jableh & Tartus Manbij Tokhar 2nd Ithriyah - Raqqa 9th Rif Dimashq 12th -- 14th Aleppo offensives 12th 13th 14th 4th Latakia offensive 1st Abu Kamal 3rd Qamishli Atmeh al - Rai 3rd Al - Hasakah City Operation Euphrates Shield Northern al - Bab Dabiq al - Bab 5th Hama offensive 1st Western al - Bab 1st Eastern Qalamoun September bombings 4th Quneitra Deir ez - Zor airstrike Aleppo aid convoy attack 15th Aleppo offensive Khan al - Shih 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict 2nd Western al - Bab 16th Aleppo offensive 2nd Raqqa campaign 17th Aleppo offensive 4th Palmyra",
"Aleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield ( March -- December 2016 )",
"",
"8th Aleppo offensive 6th Daraa 9th -- 11th Aleppo offensives Al - Dumayr 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict Al - Qamishli clashes Aleppo bombings 8th Rif Dimashq 3rd Shaer gas field Northern Raqqa Jableh & Tartus Manbij Tokhar 2nd Ithriyah - Raqqa 9th Rif Dimashq 12th -- 14th Aleppo offensives 12th 13th 14th 4th Latakia offensive 1st Abu Kamal 3rd Qamishli Atmeh al - Rai 3rd Al - Hasakah City Operation Euphrates Shield Northern al - Bab Dabiq al - Bab 5th Hama offensive 1st Western al - Bab 1st Eastern Qalamoun September bombings 4th Quneitra Deir ez - Zor airstrike Aleppo aid convoy attack 15th Aleppo offensive Khan al - Shih 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict 2nd Western al - Bab 16th Aleppo offensive 2nd Raqqa campaign 17th Aleppo offensive 4th Palmyra",
"8th Aleppo offensive 6th Daraa 9th -- 11th Aleppo offensives Al - Dumayr 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict Al - Qamishli clashes Aleppo bombings 8th Rif Dimashq 3rd Shaer gas field Northern Raqqa Jableh & Tartus Manbij Tokhar 2nd Ithriyah - Raqqa 9th Rif Dimashq 12th -- 14th Aleppo offensives 12th 13th 14th 4th Latakia offensive 1st Abu Kamal 3rd Qamishli Atmeh al - Rai 3rd Al - Hasakah City Operation Euphrates Shield Northern al - Bab Dabiq al - Bab 5th Hama offensive 1st Western al - Bab 1st Eastern Qalamoun September bombings 4th Quneitra Deir ez - Zor airstrike Aleppo aid convoy attack 15th Aleppo offensive Khan al - Shih 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict 2nd Western al - Bab 16th Aleppo offensive 2nd Raqqa campaign 17th Aleppo offensive 4th Palmyra",
"8th Aleppo offensive",
"9th -- 11th Aleppo offensives",
"Al - Dumayr",
"1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict",
"Al - Qamishli clashes",
"8th Rif Dimashq",
"3rd Shaer gas field",
"Jableh & Tartus",
"Manbij Tokhar",
"Tokhar",
"2nd Ithriyah - Raqqa",
"9th Rif Dimashq",
"12th -- 14th Aleppo offensives 12th 13th 14th",
"12th 13th 14th",
"4th Latakia offensive",
"1st Abu Kamal",
"al - Rai",
"3rd Al - Hasakah City",
"Operation Euphrates Shield Northern al - Bab Dabiq al - Bab",
"Northern al - Bab Dabiq al - Bab",
"Northern al - Bab",
"al - Bab",
"5th Hama offensive",
"1st Western al - Bab",
"1st Eastern Qalamoun",
"Deir ez - Zor airstrike",
"Aleppo aid convoy attack",
"15th Aleppo offensive",
"Khan al - Shih",
"1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict",
"2nd Western al - Bab",
"16th Aleppo offensive",
"2nd Raqqa campaign",
"17th Aleppo offensive",
"Southern and Central Desert , ISIL collapse in Syria ( Dec. 2016 -- Nov. 2017 ) Wadi Barada 1st Syrian Desert Azaz bombings 5th Palmyra 4th Deir ez - Zor offensive 18th Aleppo offensive 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 7th Daraa Qaboun 8th Daraa Eastern Homs offensive al - Jina mosque 6th Hama offensive Tabqa Khan Shaykhun US Shayrat strike Aleppo bus bombing Post-intervention Turkish airstrikes 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict 2nd Syrian Desert Maskanah East Hama 2nd Raqqa 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa Iranian Deir ez - Zor strike Jobar 5th Quneitra Central Syria 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 4th Qalamoun 5th Deir ez - Zor 2nd Eastern Syria 6th Deir ez - Zor Euphrates Crossing Mayadin 2nd Abu Kamal 7th Hama offensive Turkish operation in Idlib",
"Southern and Central Desert , ISIL collapse in Syria ( Dec. 2016 -- Nov. 2017 )",
"",
"Wadi Barada 1st Syrian Desert Azaz bombings 5th Palmyra 4th Deir ez - Zor offensive 18th Aleppo offensive 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 7th Daraa Qaboun 8th Daraa Eastern Homs offensive al - Jina mosque 6th Hama offensive Tabqa Khan Shaykhun US Shayrat strike Aleppo bus bombing Post-intervention Turkish airstrikes 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict 2nd Syrian Desert Maskanah East Hama 2nd Raqqa 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa Iranian Deir ez - Zor strike Jobar 5th Quneitra Central Syria 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 4th Qalamoun 5th Deir ez - Zor 2nd Eastern Syria 6th Deir ez - Zor Euphrates Crossing Mayadin 2nd Abu Kamal 7th Hama offensive Turkish operation in Idlib",
"Wadi Barada 1st Syrian Desert Azaz bombings 5th Palmyra 4th Deir ez - Zor offensive 18th Aleppo offensive 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 7th Daraa Qaboun 8th Daraa Eastern Homs offensive al - Jina mosque 6th Hama offensive Tabqa Khan Shaykhun US Shayrat strike Aleppo bus bombing Post-intervention Turkish airstrikes 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict 2nd Syrian Desert Maskanah East Hama 2nd Raqqa 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa Iranian Deir ez - Zor strike Jobar 5th Quneitra Central Syria 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 4th Qalamoun 5th Deir ez - Zor 2nd Eastern Syria 6th Deir ez - Zor Euphrates Crossing Mayadin 2nd Abu Kamal 7th Hama offensive Turkish operation in Idlib",
"1st Syrian Desert",
"4th Deir ez - Zor offensive",
"18th Aleppo offensive",
"2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict",
"Eastern Homs offensive",
"al - Jina mosque",
"6th Hama offensive",
"US Shayrat strike",
"Aleppo bus bombing",
"Post-intervention Turkish airstrikes",
"2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict",
"2nd Syrian Desert",
"Iranian Deir ez - Zor strike",
"3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict",
"5th Deir ez - Zor",
"2nd Eastern Syria 6th Deir ez - Zor Euphrates Crossing Mayadin 2nd Abu Kamal",
"6th Deir ez - Zor Euphrates Crossing Mayadin 2nd Abu Kamal",
"6th Deir ez - Zor",
"2nd Abu Kamal",
"7th Hama offensive",
"Turkish operation in Idlib",
"Idlib escalation , Afrin operation and East Ghouta offensive ( Nov. 2017 -- present ) 3rd Northwestern Syria Atarib Harasta Beit Jinn 1st Southern Damascus Afrin Khasham Feb. 2018 Israel -- Syria incident 10th Rif Dimashq ( Douma ) JTS -- HTS conflict 2nd Southern Damascus US - led missile strikes Northern Homs 2nd Eastern Qalamoun 3rd Southern Damascus 7th Deir ez - Zor May 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents",
"Idlib escalation , Afrin operation and East Ghouta offensive ( Nov. 2017 -- present )",
"",
"3rd Northwestern Syria Atarib Harasta Beit Jinn 1st Southern Damascus Afrin Khasham Feb. 2018 Israel -- Syria incident 10th Rif Dimashq ( Douma ) JTS -- HTS conflict 2nd Southern Damascus US - led missile strikes Northern Homs 2nd Eastern Qalamoun 3rd Southern Damascus 7th Deir ez - Zor May 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents",
"3rd Northwestern Syria Atarib Harasta Beit Jinn 1st Southern Damascus Afrin Khasham Feb. 2018 Israel -- Syria incident 10th Rif Dimashq ( Douma ) JTS -- HTS conflict 2nd Southern Damascus US - led missile strikes Northern Homs 2nd Eastern Qalamoun 3rd Southern Damascus 7th Deir ez - Zor May 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents",
"3rd Northwestern Syria",
"1st Southern Damascus",
"Feb. 2018 Israel -- Syria incident",
"10th Rif Dimashq ( Douma )",
"JTS -- HTS conflict",
"2nd Southern Damascus",
"US - led missile strikes",
"2nd Eastern Qalamoun",
"3rd Southern Damascus",
"7th Deir ez - Zor",
"May 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents",
"Syrian War spillover and international incidents Lebanon spillover Lebanese -- Syrian border Sidon Iranian embassy bombing North Lebanon clashes Syrian -- Turkish border incidents Turkish F4 shootdown Reyhanlı bombings Kurdish riots Russo - Turkish confrontation Russian Su - 24 shootdown Andrei Karlov Jordanian -- Syrian border incidents Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line February 2018 incident May 2018 incident Iraqi -- Syrian border incidents Akashat al - Shabah Western Nineveh Western Iraq Spillover in Europe Spillover in Iran 2017 Tehran attacks 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike",
"Syrian War spillover and international incidents",
"",
"Lebanon spillover Lebanese -- Syrian border Sidon Iranian embassy bombing North Lebanon clashes Syrian -- Turkish border incidents Turkish F4 shootdown Reyhanlı bombings Kurdish riots Russo - Turkish confrontation Russian Su - 24 shootdown Andrei Karlov Jordanian -- Syrian border incidents Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line February 2018 incident May 2018 incident Iraqi -- Syrian border incidents Akashat al - Shabah Western Nineveh Western Iraq Spillover in Europe Spillover in Iran 2017 Tehran attacks 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike",
"Lebanon spillover Lebanese -- Syrian border Sidon Iranian embassy bombing North Lebanon clashes",
"Lebanon spillover Lebanese -- Syrian border Sidon Iranian embassy bombing North Lebanon clashes",
"Lebanese -- Syrian border Sidon Iranian embassy bombing North Lebanon clashes",
"Lebanese -- Syrian border",
"Iranian embassy bombing",
"North Lebanon clashes",
"Syrian -- Turkish border incidents Turkish F4 shootdown Reyhanlı bombings Kurdish riots Russo - Turkish confrontation Russian Su - 24 shootdown Andrei Karlov",
"Syrian -- Turkish border incidents Turkish F4 shootdown Reyhanlı bombings",
"Turkish F4 shootdown Reyhanlı bombings",
"Turkish F4 shootdown",
"Russo - Turkish confrontation Russian Su - 24 shootdown Andrei Karlov",
"Russian Su - 24 shootdown Andrei Karlov",
"Russian Su - 24 shootdown",
"Jordanian -- Syrian border incidents",
"Jordanian -- Syrian border incidents",
"Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line February 2018 incident May 2018 incident",
"Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line February 2018 incident May 2018 incident",
"February 2018 incident May 2018 incident",
"February 2018 incident",
"May 2018 incident",
"Iraqi -- Syrian border incidents Akashat al - Shabah Western Nineveh Western Iraq",
"Iraqi -- Syrian border incidents Akashat al - Shabah Western Nineveh Western Iraq",
"Akashat al - Shabah Western Nineveh Western Iraq",
"al - Shabah",
"Spillover in Europe",
"Spillover in Europe",
"Spillover in Iran 2017 Tehran attacks 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike",
"Spillover in Iran 2017 Tehran attacks 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike",
"2017 Tehran attacks 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike",
"2017 Tehran attacks",
"2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike",
"Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Since 2011 protests ( show ) Qatari involvement Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 - 2017 Foreign rebel fighters ISIL Turkish involvement Turkey -- ISIL conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation Russian involvement 2015 military intervention Iranian involvement ( 2017 missile strike ) 2012 Hezbollah involvement 2018 Iran -- Israel conflict Saudi involvement Islamic Front / SIF Jaysh al - Islam Army of Conquest ( formed 2015 Since 2014 ISIL invasion of Iraq ( show ) U.S. - led Intervention Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes 2018 bombing Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath European NATO involvement Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention",
"Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War",
"",
"Since 2011 protests ( show ) Qatari involvement Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 - 2017 Foreign rebel fighters ISIL Turkish involvement Turkey -- ISIL conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation Russian involvement 2015 military intervention Iranian involvement ( 2017 missile strike ) 2012 Hezbollah involvement 2018 Iran -- Israel conflict Saudi involvement Islamic Front / SIF Jaysh al - Islam Army of Conquest ( formed 2015 Since 2014 ISIL invasion of Iraq ( show ) U.S. - led Intervention Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes 2018 bombing Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath European NATO involvement Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention",
"Qatari involvement Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 - 2017 Foreign rebel fighters ISIL Turkish involvement Turkey -- ISIL conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation Russian involvement 2015 military intervention Iranian involvement ( 2017 missile strike ) 2012 Hezbollah involvement 2018 Iran -- Israel conflict Saudi involvement Islamic Front / SIF Jaysh al - Islam Army of Conquest ( formed 2015",
"Qatari involvement Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 - 2017",
"Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 - 2017",
"Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 - 2017",
"Foreign rebel fighters ISIL",
"ISIL",
"Turkish involvement Turkey -- ISIL conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation",
"Turkey -- ISIL conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation",
"Turkey -- ISIL conflict",
"Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation",
"Idlib Governorate operation",
"Russian involvement 2015 military intervention",
"2015 military intervention",
"2015 military intervention",
"Iranian involvement ( 2017 missile strike ) 2012 Hezbollah involvement 2018 Iran -- Israel conflict",
"( 2017 missile strike ) 2012 Hezbollah involvement 2018 Iran -- Israel conflict",
"( 2017 missile strike )",
"2012 Hezbollah involvement",
"2018 Iran -- Israel conflict",
"Saudi involvement Islamic Front / SIF Jaysh al - Islam Army of Conquest ( formed 2015",
"Islamic Front / SIF Jaysh al - Islam Army of Conquest ( formed 2015",
"Islamic Front / SIF",
"Jaysh al - Islam",
"Army of Conquest ( formed 2015",
"U.S. - led Intervention Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes 2018 bombing Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath European NATO involvement Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention",
"U.S. - led Intervention Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes 2018 bombing",
"Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes 2018 bombing",
"Timeline of raids",
"2014 rescue operation",
"May 2015 raid",
"2017 missile strikes",
"Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath",
"Operation Martyr Muath",
"Operation Martyr Muath",
"European NATO involvement Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention",
"Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention",
"Part of a series on Ba'athism Organisations ( show ) Arab Ba'ath 1940 -- 1947 Arab Ba'ath Movement 1940 -- 1947 Ba'ath Party 1947 -- 1966 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Iraqi ) 1968 -- 2003 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Syrian ) 1966 -- present People ( show ) Zaki al - Arsuzi Michel Aflaq Salah al - Din al - Bitar Abdullah Rimawi Wahib al - Ghanim Fuad al - Rikabi Salah Jadid Hafez al - Assad Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr Saddam Hussein Bashar al - Assad Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Literature ( show ) On the Way of Resurrection The Battle for One Destiny The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue History ( show ) Ba'athist Iraq Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution Iran -- Iraq War Gulf War UN sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 / 1966 coup d'états Corrective Revolution Civil War Regional organisations ( show ) Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria Splinter groups ( show ) Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 1960 -- 1962 / 63 Socialist Lebanon 1965 -- 1970 Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 1966 -- present Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 1970 -- present Sudanese Ba'ath Party 2002 -- present Related topics ( show ) Arab nationalism Arab socialism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Chavism Politics portal Socialism portal",
"Part of a series on",
"Ba'athism",
"Organisations ( show ) Arab Ba'ath 1940 -- 1947 Arab Ba'ath Movement 1940 -- 1947 Ba'ath Party 1947 -- 1966 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Iraqi ) 1968 -- 2003 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Syrian ) 1966 -- present",
"Arab Ba'ath 1940 -- 1947 Arab Ba'ath Movement 1940 -- 1947 Ba'ath Party 1947 -- 1966 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Iraqi ) 1968 -- 2003 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Syrian ) 1966 -- present",
"Arab Ba'ath 1940 -- 1947",
"Arab Ba'ath Movement 1940 -- 1947",
"Ba'ath Party 1947 -- 1966",
"Ba'ath Party ( pro-Iraqi ) 1968 -- 2003",
"Ba'ath Party ( pro-Syrian ) 1966 -- present",
"People ( show ) Zaki al - Arsuzi Michel Aflaq Salah al - Din al - Bitar Abdullah Rimawi Wahib al - Ghanim Fuad al - Rikabi Salah Jadid Hafez al - Assad Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr Saddam Hussein Bashar al - Assad Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri",
"Zaki al - Arsuzi Michel Aflaq Salah al - Din al - Bitar Abdullah Rimawi Wahib al - Ghanim Fuad al - Rikabi Salah Jadid Hafez al - Assad Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr Saddam Hussein Bashar al - Assad Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri",
"Zaki al - Arsuzi",
"Salah al - Din al - Bitar",
"Wahib al - Ghanim",
"Fuad al - Rikabi",
"Hafez al - Assad",
"Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr",
"Bashar al - Assad",
"Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri",
"Literature ( show ) On the Way of Resurrection The Battle for One Destiny The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue",
"On the Way of Resurrection The Battle for One Destiny The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue",
"On the Way of Resurrection",
"The Battle for One Destiny",
"The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue",
"History ( show ) Ba'athist Iraq Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution Iran -- Iraq War Gulf War UN sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 / 1966 coup d'états Corrective Revolution Civil War",
"Ba'athist Iraq Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution Iran -- Iraq War Gulf War UN sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 / 1966 coup d'états",
"Ba'athist Iraq Ramadan Revolution",
"November 1963 coup d'état",
"17 July Revolution",
"Iran -- Iraq War",
"Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq",
"1963 / 1966 coup d'états",
"Corrective Revolution Civil War",
"Regional organisations ( show ) Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Kuwait pro-Iraq",
"pro-Iraq",
"Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Libya pro-Iraq",
"pro-Iraq",
"Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"pro-Iraq pro-Syria",
"Splinter groups ( show ) Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 1960 -- 1962 / 63 Socialist Lebanon 1965 -- 1970 Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 1966 -- present Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 1970 -- present Sudanese Ba'ath Party 2002 -- present",
"Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 1960 -- 1962 / 63 Socialist Lebanon 1965 -- 1970 Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 1966 -- present Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 1970 -- present Sudanese Ba'ath Party 2002 -- present",
"Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 1960 -- 1962 / 63",
"Socialist Lebanon 1965 -- 1970",
"Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 1966 -- present",
"Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 1970 -- present",
"Sudanese Ba'ath Party 2002 -- present",
"Related topics ( show ) Arab nationalism Arab socialism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Chavism",
"Arab nationalism Arab socialism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Chavism",
"Politics portal Socialism portal",
"Politics portal Socialism portal",
"",
"",
"Syria became an independent republic in 1946 following years of French rule after World War II , although democratic rule ended with a coup in March 1949 , followed by two more coups the same year . A popular uprising against military rule in 1954 saw the army transfer power to civilians . From 1958 to 1961 , a brief union with Egypt replaced Syria 's parliamentary system with a centralized presidential government . The secular Ba'ath Syrian Regional Branch government came to power through a successful coup d'état in 1963 . For the next several years Syria went through additional coups and changes in leadership .",
"In March 1971 , Hafez al - Assad , an Alawite , declared himself President , a position that he held until his death in 2000 . Since 1970 , the secular Syrian Regional Branch has remained the dominant political authority in what had been a one - party state until the first multi-party election to the People 's Council of Syria was held in 2012 . On 31 January 1973 , Hafez al - Assad implemented a new constitution , which led to a national crisis . Unlike previous constitutions , this one did not require that the President of Syria be a Muslim , leading to fierce demonstrations in Hama , Homs and Aleppo organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the ulama . They labelled Assad the `` enemy of Allah '' and called for a jihad against his rule . The government survived a series of armed revolts by Islamists , mainly members of the Muslim Brotherhood , from 1976 until 1982 .",
"Upon Hafez al - Assad 's death in 2000 , his son Bashar al - Assad was elected as President of Syria . Bashar al - Assad and his wife Asma , a Sunni Muslim born and educated in Britain , initially inspired hopes for democratic reforms . The Damascus Spring , a period of social and political debate , took place between July 2000 and August 2001 . The Damascus Spring largely ended in August 2001 with the arrest and imprisonment of ten leading activists who had called for democratic elections and a campaign of civil disobedience . In the opinion of his critics , Bashar al - Assad had failed to deliver on promised reforms . President Bashar Al - Assad maintains that no ' moderate opposition ' to his rule exists , and that all opposition forces are jihadists intent on destroying his secular leadership . In an April 2017 interview with Croatian newspaper Vecernji List he reasserted his view that terrorist groups operating in Syria are ' linked to the agendas of foreign countries ' .",
"Syrian Arabs , together with some 600,000 Palestinian Arabs , make up roughly 74 percent of the population ( if Syriac Christians are excluded ) . Syria 's Muslims are 74 percent Sunnis ( including Sufis ) , and 13 percent Shias ( including 8 -- 12 percent Alawites from which about 2 percent are Mershdis ) , 3 percent are Druze , while the remaining 10 percent are Christians . Not all of Syria 's Sunnis are Arabs . The Assad family is mixed . Bashar is married to a Sunni , with whom he has several children . He is affiliated with the sect that his parents belong to : the minority Alawite sect . Alawites control Syria 's security apparatus .",
"The majority of Syria 's Christians belong to the Eastern Christian churches , such as the branches of the Eastern Catholic Churches , Syriac Orthodox Church , Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch , Assyrian Church of the East , and Armenian Orthodox Church , which have existed in the region since the first century AD .",
"Syrian Kurds , an ethnic minority making up approximately 9 percent of the population , have endured ethnic discrimination and the denial of their cultural and linguistic rights , as well as the frequent denial of their citizenship , for the history of the Syrian state . Turkmen are estimated to be 3 - 5 % of the population .",
"Assyrians , an indigenous Eastern Aramaic - speaking Christian Semitic people , numbering approximately 400,000 , are found mainly in northeast Syria . A larger population lives over the border in northern Iraq . Other ethnic groups include Armenians , Circassians , Turkmens , Greeks , Mhallami , Kawliya , Yezidi , Shabaks , and Mandeans .",
"Socioeconomic inequality increased significantly after free market policies were initiated by Hafez al - Assad in his later years , and it accelerated after Bashar al - Assad came to power . With an emphasis on the service sector , these policies benefited a minority of the nation 's population , mostly people who had connections with the government , and members of the Sunni merchant class of Damascus and Aleppo . In 2010 , Syria 's nominal GDP per capita was only $2,834 , comparable to Sub-Saharan African countries such as Nigeria and far lower than its neighbors such as Lebanon , with an annual growth rate of 3.39 % , below most other developing countries .",
"The country also faced particularly high youth unemployment rates . At the start of the war , discontent against the government was strongest in Syria 's poor areas , predominantly among conservative Sunnis . These included cities with high poverty rates , such as Daraa and Homs , and the poorer districts of large cities .",
"The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This coincided with the most intense drought ever recorded in Syria , which lasted from 2006 to 2011 and resulted in widespread crop failure , an increase in food prices and a mass migration of farming families to urban centers . This migration strained infrastructure already burdened by the influx of some 1.5 million refugees from the Iraq War . The drought has been linked to anthropogenic global warming . Adequate water supply continues to be an issue in the ongoing civil war and it is frequently the target of military action .",
"The human rights situation in Syria has long been the subject of harsh critique from global organizations . The rights of free expression , association and assembly were strictly controlled in Syria even before the uprising . The country was under emergency rule from 1963 until 2011 and public gatherings of more than five people were banned . Security forces had sweeping powers of arrest and detention .",
"Authorities have harassed and imprisoned human rights activists and other critics of the government , who were often detained indefinitely and tortured while under prison - like conditions . Women and ethnic minorities faced discrimination in the public sector . Thousands of Syrian Kurds were denied citizenship in 1962 and their descendants were labeled `` foreigners '' . A number of riots in 2004 prompted increased tension in Syrian Kurdistan , and there have been occasional clashes between Kurdish protesters and security forces ever since .",
"Despite hopes for democratic change with the 2000 Damascus Spring , Bashar al - Assad was widely regarded as having failed to implement any improvements . A Human Rights Watch report issued just before the beginning of the 2011 uprising stated that he had failed to substantially improve the state of human rights since taking power .",
"The protests began on 15 March 2011 , when protesters marched in the capital of Damascus , demanding democratic reforms and the release of political prisoners . Security forces retaliated by opening fire on the protesters , and according to witnesses who spoke to the BBC , the government forces detained six . The protest was triggered by the arrest of a boy and his friends by the government for writing in graffiti , `` The people want the fall of the government '' , in the city of Daraa . A 13 - year - old boy , Hamza al - Khateeb , was tortured and killed . The government claims that the boys were n't attacked , and that Qatar incited the majority of the protests . Writer and analyst Louai al - Hussein , referencing the Arab Spring ongoing at that time , wrote that `` Syria is now on the map of countries in the region with an uprising '' . On 20 March , the protesters burned down a Ba'ath Party headquarters and `` other buildings '' . The ensuing clashes claimed the lives of seven police officers and 15 protesters . Ten days later in a speech , President Bashar al - Assad blamed `` foreign conspirators '' pushing Israeli propaganda for the protests .",
"Until 7 April , the protesters predominantly demanded democratic reforms , release of political prisoners , an increase in freedoms , abolition of the emergency law and an end to corruption . After 8 April , the emphasis in demonstration slogans shifted slowly towards a call to overthrow the Assad government . Protests spread . On Friday 8 April , they occurred simultaneously in ten cities . By Friday 22 April , protests occurred in twenty cities . By the end of May 2011 , 1,000 civilians and 150 soldiers and policemen had been killed and thousands detained ; among the arrested were many students , liberal activists and human rights advocates .",
"Significant armed resistance against the state security took place on 4 June 2011 in Jisr al - Shugur . Unverified reports claim that a portion of the security forces in Jisr defected after secret police and intelligence officers executed soldiers who had refused to fire on civilians . Later , more protesters in Syria took up arms , and more soldiers defected to protect protesters .",
"The Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War lasted from late July 2011 to April 2012 , and was associated with the rise of armed oppositional militias across Syria and the beginning of armed rebellion against the authorities of the Syrian Arab Republic . The beginning of the insurgency is typically marked by formation of the Free Syrian Army ( FSA ) on 29 July 2011 , when a group of defected officers declared the establishment of the first organized oppositional military force . Composed of defected Syrian Armed Forces personnel , the rebel army aimed to remove Bashar al - Assad and his government from power .",
"This period of the war saw the initial civil uprising take on many of the characteristics of a civil war , according to several outside observers , including the United Nations Commission on Human Rights , as armed elements became better organized and began carrying out successful attacks in retaliation for the crackdown by the Syrian government on demonstrators and defectors .",
"The Arab League monitoring mission , initiated in December 2011 , ended in failure by February 2012 , as Syrian troops and oppositional militants continued to do battle across the country and the Syrian government prevented foreign observers from touring active battlefields , including besieged oppositional strongholds .",
"In early 2012 , Kofi Annan acted as the UN -- Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria . His peace plan provided for a ceasefire , but even as the negotiations for it were being conducted , the rebels and the Syrian army continued fighting even after the peace plan . The United Nations - backed ceasefire was brokered by special envoy Kofi Annan and declared in mid-April 2012 .",
"The 2012 -- 13 escalation of the Syrian Civil War was the third phase of the Syrian Civil War , which gradually evolved from U.N. - mediated cease fire attempt during April -- May 2012 , deteriorating into radical violence in June , escalating the conflict level to a full - fledged civil war .",
"Following the Houla massacre of 25 May 2012 , in which 108 people were summarily executed , and the subsequent FSA ultimatum to the Syrian government , the ceasefire practically collapsed , as the FSA began nationwide offensives against government troops . On 1 June 2012 , President Assad vowed to crush the anti-government uprising . On 12 June 2012 , the UN for the first time officially proclaimed Syria to be in a state of civil war . The conflict began moving into the two largest cities , Damascus and Aleppo .",
"Following October 2012 cease - fire failure , during winter of 2012 -- 13 and early spring of 2013 , the rebels continued advances on all fronts . In mid-December 2012 , American officials said that the Syrian military began firing Scud ballistic missiles at rebel fighters inside Syria . On 11 January 2013 , Islamist groups , including al - Nusra Front , took full control of the Taftanaz air base in the Idlib Governorate , after weeks of fighting . In mid-January 2013 , as clashes re-erupted between rebels and Kurdish forces in Ras al - Ayn , YPG forces moved to expel government forces from oil - rich areas in Hassakeh Province . By 6 March 2013 , the rebels had captured the city of Raqqa , effectively making it the first provincial capital to be lost by the Assad government .",
"The advances of rebels were finally arrested in April 2013 , as Syrian Arab Army could reorganize and initiate offensives . On 17 April 2013 , government forces breached a six - month rebel blockade in Wadi al - Deif , near Idlib . Heavy fighting was reported around the town of Babuleen after government troops attempt to secure control of a main highway leading to Aleppo . The break in the siege also allowed government forces to resupply two major military bases in the region which had been relying on sporadic airdrops . In April 2013 , government and Hezbollah forces , who have increasingly become involved in the fighting , launched an offensive to capture areas near al - Qusayr . On 21 April , pro-Assad forces captured the towns of Burhaniya , Saqraja and al - Radwaniya near the Lebanese border .",
"From July 2013 , however the situation became a stalemate , with fighting continuing on all fronts between various factions with numerous casualties , but without major territorial changes . On 28 June 2013 , rebel forces captured a major military checkpoint in the city of Daraa . Shortly after , Syrian opposition factions declared war on the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant which turned increasingly dominant throughout the war zone with indiscriminate killing of all -- whether loyalist Assad or rebels . A major advance took place on 6 August 2013 , as rebels captured Menagh Military Airbase after a 10 - month siege . On 21 August a chemical attack took place in the Ghouta region of the Damascus countryside , leading to thousands of casualties and several hundred dead in the opposition - held stronghold . The attack was followed by a military offensive by government forces into the area , which had been hotbeds of the opposition . The attack , largely attributed to Assad forces caused the international community to seek disarmanent of the Syrian Arab Army from chemical weapons .",
"In late 2013 , the period was marked by increased initiative of the Syrian Arab Army , which led offensives against opposition fighters on several fronts . The Syrian Arab Army along with its allies , Hezbollah and the al - Abas brigade , launched an offensive on Damascus and Aleppo in November . Fighting between Kurdish forces , rebels and al - Nusra front continued in other locations .",
"Tension between moderate rebel forces and ISIS had been high since ISIS captured the border town of Azaz from FSA forces on 18 September 2013 . Conflict was renewed over Azaz in early October and in late November ISIS captured the border town of Atme from an FSA brigade . On 3 January 2014 , the Army of the Mujahideen , the Free Syrian Army and the Islamic Front launched an offensive against ISIS in Aleppo and Idlib governorates . A spokesman for the rebels said that rebels attacked ISIS in up to 80 % of all ISIS held villages in Idlib and 65 % of those in Aleppo .",
"By 6 January , opposition rebels managed to expel ISIS forces from the city of Raqqa , ISIS 's largest stronghold and capital of the Raqqa Governorate . On 8 January , opposition rebels expelled most ISIS forces from the city of Aleppo , however ISIS reinforcements from the Deir ez - Zor Governorate managed to retake several neighborhoods of the city of Raqqa . By mid January ISIS retook the entire city of Raqqa , while rebels expelled ISIS fighters fully from Aleppo city and the villages west of it .",
"On 29 January , Turkish aircraft near the border fired on an ISIS convoy inside the Aleppo province of Syria , killing 11 ISIS fighters and 1 ISIS emir . In late January it was confirmed that rebels had assassinated ISIS 's second in command , Haji Bakr , who was al - Qaeda 's military council head and a former military officer in Saddam Hussein 's army . By mid-February , the al - Nusra Front joined the battle in support of rebel forces , and expelled ISIS from the Deir Ezzor Governorate . By March , the ISIS forces fully retreated from the Idlib Governorate . On 4 March , ISIS retreated from the border town of Azaz and other nearby villages , choosing instead to consolidate around Raqqa in an anticipation of an escalation of fighting with al - Nusra .",
"On 4 March , the Syrian Army took control of Sahel in the Qalamoun region . On 8 March , government forces took over Zara , in Homs Governorate , further blocking rebel supply routes from Lebanon . On 11 March , Government forces and Hezbollah took control of the Rima Farms region , directly facing Yabrud . On 16 March , Hezbollah and government forces captured Yabrud , after Free Syrian Army fighters made an unexpected withdrawal , leaving the al - Nusra Front to fight in the city on its own . On 18 March , Israel used artillery against a Syrian Army base , after four of its soldiers had been wounded by a roadside bomb while patrolling Golan Heights .",
"On 19 March , the Syrian Army captured Ras al - Ain near Yabrud , after two days of fighting and al - Husn in Homs Governorate , while rebels in the Daraa Governorate captured Daraa prison , and freed hundreds of detainees . On 20 March , the Syrian Army took control of the Krak des Chevaliers in al - Husn . On 29 March , Syrian Army took control of the villages of Flitah and Ras Maara near the border with Lebanon .",
"On 22 March , rebels took control of the Kesab border post in the Latakia Governorate . By 23 March , rebels had taken most of Khan Sheikhoun in Hama . During clashes near the rebel - controlled Kesab border post in Latakia , Hilal Al Assad , NDF leader in Latakia and one of Bashar Al Assad 's cousins was killed by rebel fighters . On 4 April , rebels captured the town of Babulin , Idlib . On 9 April , the Syrian Army took control of Rankous in the Qalamoun region . On 12 April , rebels in Aleppo stormed the government - held Ramouseh industrial district in an attempt to cut the Army supply route between the airport and a large Army base . The rebels also took the Rashidin neighbourhood and parts of the Jamiat al - Zahra district . On 26 April , the Syrian Army took control of Al - Zabadani . According to SOHR , rebels took control of Tell Ahrmar , Quneitra . Rebels in Daraa also took over Brigade 61 Base and the 74th battalion .",
"On 26 April , the FSA announced they had begun an offensive against ISIS in the Raqqa Governorate , and had seized five towns west of Raqqa city . On 29 April , activists said that the Syrian Army captured Tal Buraq near the town of Mashara in Quneitra without any clashes . On 7 May , a truce went into effect in the city of Homs , SOHR reported . The terms of the agreement include safe evacuation of Islamist fighters from the city , which would then fall under government control , in exchange for release of prisoners and safe passage of humanitarian aid for Nubul and Zahraa , two Shiite enclaves besieged by the rebels . On 18 May , the head of Syria 's Air Defense , General Hussein Ishaq , died of wounds sustained during a rebel attack on an air defense base near Mleiha the previous day . In Hama Governorate , rebel forces took control of the town of Tel Malah , killing 34 pro-Assad fighters at an army post near the town . Its seizure marked the third time rebels have taken control of the town .",
"Syria held a presidential election in government - held areas on 3 June 2014 . For the first time in the history of Syria more than one person was allowed to stand as a presidential candidate . More than 9,000 polling stations were set up in government - held areas . According to the Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria , 11.63 million Syrians voted ( the turnout was 73.42 % ) . President Bashar al - Assad won the election with 88.7 % of the votes . As for Assad 's challengers , Hassan al - Nouri received 4.3 % of the votes and Maher Hajjar received 3.2 % . Allies of Assad from more than 30 countries were invited by the Syrian government to follow the presidential election , including Bolivia , Brazil , Cuba , Ecuador , India , Iran , Iraq , Nicaragua , Russia , South Africa and Venezuela . The Iranian official Alaeddin Boroujerdi read a statement by the group saying the election was `` free , fair and transparent '' . The Gulf Cooperation Council , the European Union and the United States all dismissed the election as illegitimate and a farce .",
"State employees were told to vote or face interrogation . On the ground there were no independent monitors stationed at the polling stations . It is claimed in an opinion piece that as few as 6 million eligible voters remained in Syria . Due to rebel , Kurdish and ISIS control of Syrian territories there was no voting in roughly 60 % of the country .",
"According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights , on 17 July 2014 ISIL took control of the Shaar oil field , killing 90 pro-government forces while losing 21 fighters . In addition , 270 guards and government - aligned fighters were missing . About 30 government persons managed to escape to the nearby Hajjar field . On 20 July , the Syrian Army secured the field , although fighting continued in its outskirts . On 25 July , the Islamic State took control of the Division 17 base near Raqqa .",
"On 7 August 2014 , ISIL took the Brigade 93 base in Raqqa using weapons captured from their offensive in Iraq . Multiple suicide bombs also went off before the base was stormed . On 13 August , ISIL forces took the towns of Akhtarin and Turkmanbareh from rebels in Aleppo . ISIL forces also took a handful of nearby villages . The other towns seized include Masoudiyeh , Dabiq and Ghouz . On 14 August , after being captured by the Al Nusra Front , the Free Syrian Army commander Sharif As - Safouri admitted to working with Israel and receiving anti-tank weapons from Israel and FSA soldiers also received medical treatment . It is possible this confession was obtained under duress . On 14 August , the Syrian Army as well as Hezbollah militias retook the town of Mleiha in Rif Dimashq Governorate . The Supreme Military Council of the FSA denied claims of Mleiha 's seizure , rather the rebels have redeployed from recent advances to other defensive lines . Mleiha has been held by the Islamic Front . Rebels had used the town to fire mortars on government held areas inside Damascus .",
"Meanwhile , ISIL forces in Raqqa were launching a siege on Tabqa airbase , the Syrian government 's last military base in Raqqa . Kuwaires airbase in Aleppo also came under fierce attack by ISIL . On 16 August 2014 , there were reports that 22 people were killed in the village of Daraa by a car bomb outside a mosque . The bomb was thought to be detonated by ISIS . Also on 16 August , the Islamic State seized the village of Beden in Aleppo Governorate from rebels .",
"On 17 August 2014 , SOHR said that in the past two weeks ISIL jihadists had killed over 700 tribal members in oil - rich Deir ez - Zor Governorate . On 19 August , Abu Abdullah al - Iraqi , a senior figure in ISIL who had helped prepare and plan car and suicide bombs across Syria , Lebanon , and Iraq was killed . Some reports said that he was killed by Hezbollah fighters . There were also several reports that he was killed by the Syrian Army in the Qalamoun region , near the border with Lebanon .",
"In Raqqa , the Syrian Army took control of the town of Al - Ejeil . ISIL reportedly sent reinforcements from Iraq to the governorate of Raqqa . The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said at least 400 ISIL fighters had also been wounded in the previous five days in clashes with the Syrian Army and National Defense Force in Raqqa alone . At the same time , several senior UK and US figures urged Turkey to stop allowing ISIL to cross the border to Syria and Iraq . It was around this time that the Americans realized that the Turks had no intention of sealing their side of the border , and so Washington decided to work with the Syrian Kurds to close off the border on the Syrian side . A year later , with the Kurds in control of most of the Turkey -- Syria border , and the Syrian army advancing under Russian air support to seal the remainder , the situation was causing great ructions in Ankara .",
"On 26 August 2014 , the Syrian Air Force carried out airstrikes against ISIL in the Governorate of Deir ez - Zor . This was the first time the Syrian Army attacked them in Deir ez - Zor as the Syrian Army pulled out of Raqqa and shifted to Deir ez - Zor for its oil and natural gas resources as well as strategically splitting ISIL territories . American jets began bombing ISIL in Syria on 23 September 2014 , raising U.S. involvement in the country . At least 20 targets in and around Raqqa were hit , the opposition group Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said . Foreign partners participating in the strikes with the United States were Bahrain , Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Qatar and Jordan . The U.S. and `` partner nation forces '' began striking ISIL using fighters , bombers and Tomahawk missiles , Pentagon spokesman Rear Adm. John Kirby said .",
"U.S. aircraft include B - 1 bombers , F - 16s , F - 18s and Predator drones , with F - 18s flying missions off the USS George H.W. Bush ( CVN - 77 ) in the Persian Gulf . Tomahawk missiles were fired from the destroyer USS Arleigh Burke ( DDG - 51 ) in the Red Sea . Syria 's Foreign Ministry told the Associated Press that the U.S. informed Syria 's envoy to the U.N. that `` strikes will be launched against the terrorist group in Raqqa '' . The United States informed the Free Syrian Army beforehand of the impending airstrikes , and the rebels said that weapons transfers to the Free Syrian Army had begun . The United States also attacked a specific faction of al - Nusra called the Khorasan Group , who according to the United States had training camps and plans for attacking the United States in the future . For its part , Turkey launched an official request to the U.N. for a no - fly zone over Syria . The same day , Israel shot down a Syrian warplane after it entered the Golan area from Quneitra .",
"By 3 October 2014 , ISIL forces were heavily shelling the city of Kobanî and were within a kilometer of the town . Within 36 hours from 21 October , the Syrian air force carried out over 200 airstrikes on rebel - held areas across Syria and US and Arab jets attacked IS positions around Kobanî . Syrian Information Minister Omran al - Zoubi said the YPG forces in Kobanî had been provided with military and logistical support . Syria reported its air force had destroyed two fighter jets operated by IS . By 26 January , the Kurdish YPG forced ISIL to retreat from Kobanî , thus fully recapturing the city . The U.S. later confirmed that the city had been cleared of ISIL forces , and ISIL admitted defeat in Kobanî city three days later , although they vowed to return .",
"In February 2014 , the Southern Front of the Free Syrian Army formed in southern Syria . Six months later , they started a string of victories in Daraa and Quneitra during the 2014 Quneitra offensive , the Daraa offensive , the Battle of Al - Shaykh Maskin , the Battle of Bosra ( 2015 ) and the Battle of Nasib Border Crossing . A government counter-offensive ( the 2015 Southern Syria offensive ) during this period , that included the IRGC and Hezbollah , recaptured 15 towns , villages and hills , but the operation slowed soon after and stalled . Since early 2015 , opposition military operations rooms based in Jordan and Turkey began increasing cooperation , with Saudi Arabia and Qatar also reportedly agreeing upon the necessity to unite opposition factions against the Syrian government .",
"In late October 2014 , a conflict erupted between the al - Nusra Front on one side and the Western - backed SRF and Hazzm Movement on the other ( Al - Nusra Front -- SRF / Hazzm Movement conflict ) . By the end of February 2015 , al - Nusra had defeated both groups , captured the entire Zawiya Mountain region in Idlib province and several towns and military bases in other governorates , and seized weapons supplied by the CIA to the two moderate groups . The significant amount of weapons seized included a small number of BGM - 71 anti-tank missiles similar to weapons systems al - Nusra Front had previously captured from government stockpiles such as French MILANs , Chinese HJ - 8s and Russian 9K111 Fagots . Reuters reported that this represented al - Nusra crushing pro-Western rebels in the north of the country . According to FSA commanders in northern Syria , however , the elimination of Harakat Hazm and the SRF was a welcome development due to the leaders of those factions allegedly involved in corruption . The Western - backed 30th Division of the FSA remained active elsewhere in Idlib .",
"By 24 March 2015 , the al - Nusra Front dominated most of Idlib province , except for the government - held provincial capital , Idlib , which they had encircled on three sides along with their Islamist allies . Therefore , they joined together to form the Army of Conquest on this day . On 28 March , a joint coalition of Islamist forces , the Army of Conquest , captured Idlib . This left the north largely taken over by Ahrar ash - Sham , al - Nusra Front and other Islamist rebels , with the south of the country becoming the last significant foothold for the mainstream , non-jihadist opposition fighters .",
"On 22 April , a new rebel offensive was launched in the north - west of Syria and by 25 April , the rebel coalition Army of Conquest had captured the city of Jisr al - Shughur . At the end of the following month , the rebels also seized the Al - Mastumah military base , and Ariha , leaving government forces in control of tiny pockets of Idlib , including the Abu Dhuhur military airport . In addition , according to Charles Lister ( Brookings Doha Center ) , the Army of Conquest coalition was a broad opposition effort to ensure that the Al - Qaeda - affiliated al - Nusra Front was contained , with the rearguard involvement of Western - backed factions being regarded as crucial . Still , according to some , the FSA in northern Syria had by this point all but dissipated . Many of the moderate fighters joined more extremist organizations , such as Ahrar ash - Sham , the largest faction in the Army of Conquest , which led to the subsequent rise of the Islamist Army of Conquest coalition .",
"Rebel advances led to government and Hezbollah morale plunging dramatically . In north - west Syria these losses were countered by a Hezbollah - led offensive in the Qalamoun mountains north of Damascus , on the border with Lebanon , that gave Hezbollah effective control of the entire area .",
"On 21 May , ISIL took control of Palmyra , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , after eight days of fighting . The jihadists also captured the nearby towns of Al - Sukhnah and Amiriya , as well as several oil fields . Following the capture of Palmyra , ISIL conducted mass executions in the area , killing an estimated 217 -- 329 government civilian supporters and soldiers , according to opposition activists . Government sources put the number of killed at 400 -- 450 . By early June , ISIL reached the town of Hassia , which lies on the main road from Damascus to Homs and Latakia , and reportedly took up positions to the west of it , creating a potential disaster for the government and raising the threat of Lebanon being sucked further into the war .",
"On 25 June , ISIL launched two offensives . One was a surprise diversionary attack on Kobanî , while the second targeted government - held parts of Al - Hasakah city . The ISIL offensive on Al - Hasakah displaced 60,000 people , with the UN estimating a total of 200,000 would be displaced . In July 2015 , a raid by U.S. special forces on a compound housing the Islamic State 's `` chief financial officer '' , Abu Sayyaf , produced evidence that Turkish officials directly dealt with ranking ISIS members .",
"ISIS captured Qaryatayn city from the government on 5 August 2015 . Australia joined the bombing of ISIL in Syria in mid September , an extension of their efforts in Iraq for the last year . On 2 August , U.S. officials informed Reuters that the United States had decided to `` allow air strikes to help defend against any attack on the U.S. - trained Syrian rebels , even if the attackers come from forces loyal to Syrian President Bashar al - Assad . '' The following day the Pentagon announced that it would begin flying its first unmanned , armed drone missions in Syria .",
"( hide ) Russian military facilities involved in the war in Syria Caspian Flotilla Russian Navy ( Astrakhan ) Caspian Flotilla Russian Navy ( Makhachkala ) Caspian Flotilla Russian Navy ( Kaspiysk ) Aircraft group ( ru ) ASF RF 720th PL of the Russian Navy Russian Navy Russian Aerospace Forces Group Special forces ( ru )",
"( hide ) Russian military facilities involved in the war in Syria",
"Caspian Flotilla Russian Navy ( Astrakhan ) Caspian Flotilla Russian Navy ( Makhachkala ) Caspian Flotilla Russian Navy ( Kaspiysk ) Aircraft group ( ru ) ASF RF 720th PL of the Russian Navy Russian Navy Russian Aerospace Forces Group Special forces ( ru )",
"Russian Navy Russian Aerospace Forces Group Special forces ( ru )",
"On 30 September 2015 , in response to an official request by the Syrian government , the Russian Aerospace Forces began a sustained campaign of air strikes against both ISIL and the anti-Assad FSA . Initially , the raids were conducted solely by Russian aircraft stationed in the Khmeimim base in Syria . Shortly after the start of the Russian operation , U.S. president Barack Obama was reported to have authorized the resupply of Syrian Kurds and the Arab - Syrian opposition , Obama reportedly emphasizing to his team that the U.S. would continue to support the Syrian opposition now that Russia had joined the conflict .",
"On 7 October 2015 , Russian officials said the ships of the Caspian Flotilla had earlier that day fired 26 sea - based cruise missiles at 11 ISIL targets in Syria destroying those and causing no civilian casualties . That day , the Syrian government launched the northwest Syrian offensive that in the following few days succeeded in recapturing some territory in northern Hama Governorate , close to the government 's coastal heartland in the west of the country . On 8 October 2015 , the U.S. officially announced the end of the Pentagon 's half - billion dollar program to train and equip Syrian rebels and acknowledged that it had failed However , other covert and significantly larger CIA programs to arm anti-government fighters in Syria continued .",
"Two weeks after the start of the Russian campaign in Syria , The New York Times opined that with anti-government commanders receiving for the first time bountiful supplies of U.S. - made anti-tank missiles and with Russia raising the number of airstrikes against the government 's opponents that had raised morale in both camps , broadening war objectives and hardening political positions , the conflict was turning into an all - out proxy war between the U.S. and Russia . Despite multiple top - ranking casualties incurred by the Iranian forces advising fighters in Syria , in mid-October the Russian - Syrian - Iranian - Hezbollah offensive targeting rebels in Aleppo went ahead .",
"At the end of October 2015 , the U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter signalled a shift in the strategy of the U.S. - led campaign saying there will be more air strikes and ruling in the use of direct ground raids , the fight in Syria concentrating mostly on Raqqa . On 30 October and two weeks later , Syria peace talks were held in Vienna , initiated by the United States , Russia , Turkey and Saudi Arabia , in which on 30 October Iran participated for the first time in negotiations on Syrian settlement . The participants disagreed on the future of Bashar Assad .",
"On 10 November 2015 , the Syrian government forces completed the operation to break through the Islamic State insurgents ' blockade of the Kweires air base in Aleppo Province , where government forces had been under siege since April 2013 . In mid-November 2015 , in the wake of the Russian plane bombing over Sinai and the Paris attacks , both Russia and France significantly intensified their strikes in Syria , France closely coordinating with the U.S. military . On 17 November , Putin said he had issued orders for the cruiser Moskva that had been in eastern Mediterranean since the start of the Russian operations to `` work as with an ally '' , with the French naval group led by flagship Charles De Gaulle that had been on her way to eastern Mediterranean since early November . Shortly afterwards , a Russian foreign ministry official criticised France 's stridently anti-Assad stance as well as France 's air strikes at oil and gas installations in Syria as apparently designed to prevent those from returning under the Syrian government 's control ; the Russian official pointed out that such strikes by France could not be justified as they were carried out without the Syrian government 's consent . In his remarks to a French delegation that included French parliamentarians , on 14 November , President Bashar Assad sharply criticised France 's as well as other Western States ' actions against the Syrian government suggesting that French support for Syrian opposition forces had led to the Islamic State - claimed attacks in Paris .",
"On 19 November 2015 , U.S. President Barack Obama , speaking of the Vienna process , said he was unable to `` foresee a situation in which we can end the civil war in Syria while Assad remains in power '' ; he urged Russia and Iran to stop supporting the Syrian government . On 20 November 2015 , the U.N. Security Council , while failing to invoke the UN 's Chapter VII , which gives specific legal authorisation for the use of force , unanimously passed Resolution 2249 that urged UN members to `` redouble and coordinate their efforts to prevent and suppress terrorist acts committed specifically by ISIL also known as Da'esh as well as ANF , and all other individuals , groups , undertakings , and entities associated with Al - Qaida , and other terrorist groups , as designated by the United Nations Security Council , and as may further be agreed by the International Syria Support Group ( ISSG ) and endorsed by the UN Security Council '' . The adopted resolution was drafted by France and co-sponsored by the UK the following day after Russia introduced an updated version of its previously submitted draft resolution that was blocked by the Western powers as seeking to legitimise Assad 's authority .",
"On 24 November 2015 , Turkey shot down a Russian warplane that allegedly violated Turkish airspace and crashed in northwestern Syria , leading to the Russian pilot 's death . Following the crash , it was reported that Syrian Turkmen rebels from Syrian Turkmen Brigades attacked and shot down a Russian rescue helicopter , killing a Russian naval infantryman . A few days after , Russian aircraft were reported to have struck targets in the Syrian town of Ariha in Idlib province that was controlled by the Army of Conquest causing multiple casualties on the ground . On 2 December 2015 , the Parliament of the United Kingdom voted to expand Operation Shader into Syria with a majority of 397 -- 223 . That day , two British Tornado aircraft took off from RAF Akrotiri immediately at 22 : 30 , each carrying three Paveway bombs . Two further aircraft were deployed at 00 : 30 on 3 December , and all aircraft returned by 06 : 30 without their bombs . Defense Secretary Michael Fallon said that the strikes hit the Omar oil fields in eastern Syria , and that eight more jets ( two Tornados and six Typhoons ) were being sent to RAF Akrotiri to join the eight already there .",
"On 7 December 2015 , the government of Syria announced that US - led coalition warplanes had fired nine missiles at its army camp near Ayyash , Deir al - Zour province , on the evening prior , killing three soldiers and wounding 13 others ; three armoured vehicles , four military vehicles , heavy machine - guns and an arms and ammunition depot were also destroyed . The government condemned the strikes , the first time the government forces would be struck by the coalition , as an act of `` flagrant aggression '' ; the coalition spokesman denied it was responsible . Anonymous Pentagon officials alleged later in the day that the Pentagon was `` certain '' that a Russian warplane ( presumably a TU - 22 bomber ) had carried out the attack . The claim was denied by the Russian military spokesman . On 14 December 2015 , Russia 's government news media reported that the Syrian government forces retook a Marj al - Sultan military airbase east of Damascus that had been held by Jaysh al - Islam .",
"The UN resolution 2254 of 18 December 2015 that endorsed the ISSG 's transitional plan but did not clarify who would represent the Syrian opposition , while condemning terrorist groups like ISIL and al - Qaeda ; it made no mention of the future role of Syrian President Bashar Assad .",
"On 12 January 2016 , the Syria government announced that its army and allied forces had established `` full control '' of the strategically situated town of Salma , whose pre-war population was predominantly Sunni , in the northwestern province of Latakia , and continued to advance north . On 16 January 2016 , ISIL militants launched raid on government - held areas in the city of Deir ez - Zor and killed up to 300 people . Counter-strikes by Russian Air Force fighter jets , in support of Syrian army forces , were reported to take back the areas .",
"On 21 January 2016 , Russia 's activity presumably aimed at setting up a new base in the government - controlled Kamishly Airport was first reported ; the northeastern town of Qamishli in the Al - Hasakah Governorate had been largely under the Syrian Kurds ' control since the start of the Syrian Kurdish -- Islamist conflict in the governorate of Al - Hasakah in July 2013 . Similar activity by the U.S. forces was suspected in the Rmeilan Airbase in the same province , 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) away from the Kamishly Airport ; the area is likewise controlled by the US - backed Kurdish People 's Protection Units ( YPG ) . On 24 January 2016 , the Syrian government announced its forces , carrying on with their Latakia offensive , had seized the predominantly Sunni - populated town of Rabia , the last major town held by rebels in western Latakia province ; Russian forces were said to have played an important role in the recapture . The capture of Rabia was said to threaten rebel supply lines from Turkey . By 26 January 2016 , the Syrian government established `` full control '' over the town of Al - Shaykh Maskin in the Daraa Governorate , thus completing the operation that had begun in late December 2015 . The town 's capture by the Syrian government was remarked as a `` turning of the tide in the Syrian war '' by Al - Jazeera .",
"On 26 February 2016 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2268 that endorsed a previously brokered U.S. - Russian deal on a `` cessation of hostilities '' . The cease - fire started on 27 February 2016 at 00 : 00 ( Damascus time ) . The ceasefire does not include attacks on UN-designated terrorist organizations . At the close of February 2016 , despite individual clashes , the truce was reported to hold . By the end of March , the Syrian government forces with support from Russia and Iran successfully captured Palmyra from the ISIL .",
"By early July 2016 , the truce was said to have mostly unraveled , violence again escalated , and the fighting between all the major parties to the conflict continued . At the end of July 2016 , the fighting between the government and Islamist rebels in and around Aleppo intensified .",
"On 12 August 2016 , the Syrian Democratic Forces fully captured Manbij from ISIL . Some days later , the SDF announced a new offensive towards Al - Bab , which could eventually connect the Kurdish regions in Northern Syria .",
"A few days after , the battle of al - Hasakah began . On 22 August , the Kurdish YPG , having captured Ghwairan , the only major Arab neighborhood in Hasaka that had been in government hands , launched a major assault to seize the last government - controlled areas of the northeastern Syrian city of Hasaka , after a Russian mediation team failed to mend the rift between the two sides ; the next day the capture of the city was completed . A few days prior , the Pentagon admonished the Syrian government against `` interfering with coalition forces or our partners '' in that region , adding that the U.S. had the right to defend its troops .",
"On 24 August 2016 , Turkey 's armed forces invaded Syria in the Jarabulus area controlled by ISIL starting what the Turkish president called Operation Euphrates Shield , aimed against , according to his statement , both the IS and Kurdish `` terror groups that threaten our country in northern Syria '' . The Syrian government denounced the intervention as a `` blatant violation of its sovereignty '' and said that `` fighting terrorism is n't done by ousting ISIS and replacing it with other terrorist organizations backed directly by Turkey '' . The PYD leader Salih Muslim said that Turkey was now in the `` Syrian quagmire '' and would be defeated like IS . Speaking in Ankara the same day , US vice president Joe Biden indirectly endorsed Turkey 's move and said that the U.S. had made it clear to the Syrian Kurdish forces that they should move back east across the Euphrates , or lose US support .",
"As Turkish troops and the Turkish - aligned Syrian rebels took control of Jarablus and moved further south towards the Syrian town of Manbij , they clashed with the Kurdish YPG , which led the U.S. officials to voice concern and issue a warning to both sides . On 29 August , U.S. Defense Secretary Ash Carter specified that the U.S. did not support Turkey 's advance south of Jarablus . The warning as well as an announcement made by the U.S. of a tentative ceasefire between the Turkish forces and the Kurds in the area of Jarablus were promptly and angrily dismissed by Turkey 's officials . However , combat between the Turkish forces and the SDF died down , and instead Turkish forces moved West to confront IS . In the meantime the SDF , including Western volunteers , continued to reinforce Manbij .",
"At sunset on 12 September 2016 , a U.S. - Russian brokered cease - fire came into effect . Five days later , the U.S. and other coalition members ' jets bombed Syrian Army positions near Deir ez - Zor -- purportedly by accident , but with Russia contending that it was intentional -- killing at least 62 Syrian troops that were fighting ISIL militants . Shortly after , the ceasefire broke down , and on 19 September the Syrian Army declared to no longer observe the truce . Also on 19 September , an aid convoy in Aleppo was attacked with the U.S. coalition blaming the Russian and Syrian governments for the attack and these same governments denying these accusation and instead blaming terrorists for the attack .",
"On 22 September , the Syrian army declared a new offensive in Aleppo . The offensive succeeded on 14 December , when the final Rebel stronghold in Aleppo was recaptured by the Syrian government followed by a ceasefire agreement .",
"On 26 October 2016 US Defense Secretary Ash Carter said that an offensive to retake Raqqa from IS will begin within weeks . The SDF proceeded with this effort , in operation Wrath of Euphrates . This operation used up to 30,000 Arab , Christian and Kurdish troops , with support from the Western Coalition . By December 2016 it had captured many villages and land west of Raqqa , previously controlled by IS . By January 2017 , much of the land west of Raqqa had been seized , and the second phase of the operation was complete .",
"In December 2016 , Syrian government forces completely recaptured all of rebel - held parts of Aleppo , ending the 4 - year battle in the city . On 15 December , as it was reported government forces were on the brink of retaking all of Aleppo -- a `` turning point '' in the civil war , Assad celebrated the `` liberation '' of the city , and stated , `` History is being written by every Syrian citizen . '' On 29 December 2016 Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a new ceasefire deal had been reached between the Syrian Government and opposition groups , with Russia and Turkey acting as guarantors , and Iran as a signatory to a trilateral agreement . The ceasefire came into effect at 00 : 00 Syrian time ( 02 : 00 UTC ) on 30 December . It does not include UN-designated terrorist groups , such as ISIL and Jabhat Fateh al - Sham . Syrian High Negotiations Committee representatives in Turkey confirmed that they were involved in the deal . Talks were scheduled to be held between the groups in Astana , the capital of Kazakhstan , on 15 January .",
"Early reports indicated that despite sporadic fighting incidents , the ceasefire appeared to be holding , with no civilian deaths . Also late on 29 December , the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that four million people in Damascus and surrounding areas were without reliable access to water after major supply infrastructure was subject to deliberate targeting on 22 December . They said that although the government had initiated a program of rationing , they were concerned that safe water may not be accessible to everyone and called on parties to reach peaceful agreements to guarantee basic services .",
"On 2 January 2017 , rebel groups said that they would disengage from planned talks after alleged ceasefire violations by Government forces in the Wadi Barada valley near Damascus . The government says the region is excluded from the ceasefire because of the presence of Fatah al - Sham , but some local activists deny that they have a presence there . At the end of January , government forces managed to capture Wadi Barada and the water supply of Damascus was restored .",
"On 14 February 2017 , the cease - fire between Assad forces and rebels collapsed throughout the country , leading to fresh clashes in various locations and a fresh rebel offensive in Daraa . A new peace conference in Geneva was held on 23 February .",
"On 23 February , Turkish forces captured Al - Bab from ISIL north - east of Aleppo . Syrian government forces started an offensive east of Aleppo to conquer Dayr Hafir from ISIL and prevent further Turkish advances .",
"On 17 March , Syrian military fired S - 200 missiles at Israeli jets over Golan Heights . The Israeli military claimed that the Arrow anti-ballistic system intercepted one missile , while the Syrian military claimed that they had downed an Israeli jet . The Russian Foreign Ministry summoned the Israeli ambassador to clarify the situation .",
"On 20 March , 150 civilians were killed in the Al - Badia school massacre by a U.S strike .",
"The Syrian Arab Army entered Dayr Hafir , the last stronghold held by the Islamic State in East Aleppo , on 23 March , and secured it by 23 March . This opened up an opportunity to push south into the Ar - Raqqa governate where the Islamic State 's de facto capital resides ; however on 23 March , a Syrian Democratic Forces contingent landed on a peninsula west of Raqqa via boats and helicopters , in an effort to cut off the Syrian Arab Army from entering the Islamic State 's de facto capital , Raqqa . On 28 March , an agreement was reportedly brokered by Qatar and Iran for the evacuation for four besieged towns in Syria , where around 60,000 people live . The deal involved evacuating the residents of al - Fu'ah and Kafriya , two towns in the Idlib Governorate besieged by rebel forces , in exchange for the evacuation of residents and rebels in Zabadani and Madaya , two towns under siege by government forces in the Rif Dimashq Governorate .",
"From April 2017 , the United States took on a more confrontational strategy in Syria . After the chemical attack on Khan Shaykhun , which American officials blamed on the Syrian government , warships of the Us Navy launched 59 Tomahawk missiles at the Syrian government 's Shayrat Air Base which was said the be the source of the chemical attack . The American attack , taking place on the 7th of April , was the first officially announced deliberate attack on Syrian government forces . Due to being launched without authorisation from United States Congress or the United Nations Security Council , the strike triggered an emergency UNSC meeting , initially requested by Bolivia and supported by Russia . A spokesman of Vladimir Putin stated that that Russian President viewed the U.S. attack as `` an act of aggression against a sovereign country violating the norms of international law , and under a trumped - up pretext at that '' . This view was shared by Deborah Pearlstein , who has suggested that US military strikes against Syrian government forces violate the UN Charter , a cornerstone of international law which has been ratified by the US and is thus binding on the US . In response , the U.S representative at the UNSC emergency meeting said that `` the moral stain of the Assad regime could no longer go unanswered . '' American forces would struck the Syrian military again on the 18th of May , when a Syrian army convoy advancing in the vicinity of the border town of al - Tanf , which hosted a US - controlled airbase used for training of anti-government forces , came under attack by US fighter jets . Nevertheless , the Syrian government 's desert offensive continued and on 9 June government forces secured a part of Syrian -- Iraqi border for the first time since 2015 . This isolated the Al - Tanf rebel area from Daesh held territory , the capture of which was stated as an official objective by both the rebels and US forces .",
"Meanwhile , intense fighting between government forces and rebel groups that began north of Hama on 21 March , continued . By the 29th of March , the SAA , which had halted the rebel offensive at the outskirts of Hama , began a counterstroke , and on the 16th of April , had reversed all rebel gains . They proceeded to launch a smaller assault of their own , and by the end of April had captured the towns of Halfaya and Taybat al - Imam .",
"On 12 April , the agreement to exchange the inhabitants of the rebel - held towns of Zabadani and Madaya with the inhabitants of the pro-government towns of Al - Fu'ah and Kafraya began to be implemented . On 15 April , a convoy of buses carrying evacuees from Al - Fu'ah and Kafriya was attacked by a suicide bomber in Aleppo , killing more than 126 people .",
"On 24 April , the Turkish Air Force conducted several airstrikes on YPG and YPJ positions near al - Malikiyah , killing at least 20 of their fighters . The attacks were condemned by the US .",
"On 4 May 2017 , Russia , Iran , and Turkey signed an agreement in Astana to create four `` de-escalation zones '' in Syria . The four zones include the Idlib Governorate , the northern rebel - controlled parts of the Homs Governorate , the rebel - controlled eastern Ghouta , and the Jordan -- Syria border . The agreement was rejected by some rebel groups , and the Democratic Union Party also denounced the deal , saying that the ceasefire zones are `` dividing Syria up on a sectarian basis '' . The ceasefire came into effect on 6 May .",
"On 7 July 2017 , the U.S. , Russia , and Jordan agreed to a ceasefire in part of southwestern Syria . Russia gave assurances that Assad would abide by the agreement .",
"On 19 July 2017 , it was reported that the Donald Trump administration had decided to halt the CIA program to equip and train anti-government rebel groups , a move sought by Russia .",
"On 5 September 2017 , the government ′ s Central Syria offensive culminated in the breaking of the three - year ISIL siege of Deir ez - Zor , with active participation of Russian aviation and navy . This was followed shortly thereafter by the lifting of the siege of the city ′ s airport .",
"On 17 October 2017 , after over four months of fierce fighting and the U.S. - led coalition ′ s bombardment , the Kurdish - dominated Syrian Democratic Forces announced they had established full control of the city of Raqqa in northern Syria , previously the de facto capital of ISIL . At the end of October , the government of Syria said that it still considered Raqqa to be an occupied city that can '' only be considered liberated when the Syrian Arab Army enter ( ed ) it . ''",
"By mid-November 2017 , the government forces and allied militia established full control over Deir ez - Zor and captured the town of Abu Kamal in eastern Syria , near the border with Iraq and Iraq ′ s town of al - Qaim , which was concurrently captured from ISIL by the Iraqi government .",
"On 28 November 2017 , it was reported that China will deploy troops to aid Syrian President Bashar al - Assad .",
"On 6 December 2017 , Russian government declared Syria to have been `` completely liberated '' from ISIL ; on 11 December Russian president Vladimir Putin visited the Russian base in Syria , where he announced that he had ordered the partial withdrawal of the forces deployed to Syria . On 26 December , Russian defence minister Sergey Shoigu said that Russia had set about `` forming a permanent grouping '' at its naval facility at Tartus and Hmeymim airbase . Two days later , Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that Russia believed that the U.S. forces must leave Syrian territory completely once remnants of the terrorists were completely eliminated and that would happen very soon .",
"In January -- February 2018 , the Syrian Army and its allies continued to advance against the forces of Tahrir al - Sham ( HTS ) and other rebels in the Hama Governorate . Meanwhile , on 20 January , the Turkish military began a cross-border operation in the Kurdish - majority Afrin Canton and the Tel Rifaat Area of Shahba Canton in Northern Syria , against the Kurdish - led Democratic Union Party in Syria ( PYD ) , its armed wing People 's Protection Units ( YPG ) , and Syrian Democratic Forces ( SDF ) positions .",
"On 10 February 2018 , the Syrian Air Defense shot down an Israeli F - 16 fighter jet in response to a cross border raid conducted by Israel on Iranian targets near Damascus through Lebanese airspace . The pilots survived the crash , but have been transported for treatment .",
"On 21 February 2018 , the government began an operation to capture rebel - held Ghouta east of Damascus ; the operation started with an intensive air campaign .",
"On 18 March 2018 , on the 58th day of the Turkish military operation in Afrin , the Turkish - backed Free Syrian Army ( TFSA ) and the Turkish Armed Forces captured Afrin from the YPG and the YPJ , with the Kurds putting up little resistance . Shortly after the capture , TFSA militants looted parts of the city and destroyed numerous pro-Kurdish symbols as Turkish Army troops solidified control by raising Turkish flags and banners over the city .",
"On 7 April 2018 , a chemical attack was reported in the city of Douma , with 70 people killed and 500 injured . On - site medics stated the cause of those deaths was exposure to chlorine and sarin gas . The Syrian government denied any use of chemical weapons . Following the incident in Douma , the UN Security Council failed to adopt three competing resolutions on an inquiry into the alleged chemical attack , with Russia and the U.S. clashing over the issue . Following the incident , Syrian government forces entered and established control over the city of Douma , ending the five year Siege of Ghouta . The militants of Jaysh al - Islam that had previously occupied the pocket were transported to Jarabalus .",
"On 14 April 2018 , the United States , United Kingdom , and France launched missile strikes on multiple government targets in Syria as a response to the suspected chemical attack in Douma .",
"On 19 April 2018 , the Syrian army and allied Palestinian groups began an offensive against the Yarmouk camp for Palestinian refugees , which had at least partially been occupied by ISIL . The offensive resulted in the deaths of at least 19 ISIL militants and at least 15 pro-government fighters ; however , at least 19 civilians were reportedly killed in the campaign , as well as at least 150 injured .",
"On 1 May , the U.S. government announced the U.S. - led coalition 's `` operations to liberate the final ISIS strongholds in Syria '' ; the announcement said the U.S. would ensure that `` populations liberated from ISIS are not exploited by the Assad regime or its Iranian supporters '' .",
"Sarin , mustard agent and chlorine gas have been used during the conflict . Numerous casualties led to an international reaction , especially the 2013 Ghouta attacks . A UN fact - finding mission was requested to investigate alleged chemical weapons attacks . In four cases the UN inspectors confirmed use of sarin gas . In August 2016 , a confidential report by the United Nations and the OPCW explicitly blamed the Syrian military of Bashar al - Assad for dropping chemical weapons ( chlorine bombs ) on the towns of Talmenes in April 2014 and Sarmin in March 2015 and ISIS for using sulfur mustard on the town of Marea in August 2015 .",
"The United States and the European Union have accused the Syrian government of conducting several chemical attacks . Following the 2013 Ghouta attacks and international pressure , the destruction of Syria 's chemical weapons began . In 2015 the UN mission disclosed previously undeclared traces of sarin compounds in a `` military research site '' . After the April 2017 Khan Shaykhun chemical attack , the United States launched its first attack against Syrian government forces .",
"Many nations including but not limited to Syria , the United States , Russia , China , Israel and India are not parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions and do not recognize the ban on the use of cluster bombs . The Syrian Army is alleged to have begun using cluster bombs in September 2012 . Steve Goose , director of the Arms Division at Human Rights Watch said `` Syria is expanding its relentless use of cluster munitions , a banned weapon , and civilians are paying the price with their lives and limbs '' , `` The initial toll is only the beginning because cluster munitions often leave unexploded bomblets that kill and maim long afterward . ''",
"Russian thermobaric weapons , also known as `` fuel - air bombs '' , have been used by the government side during the war . One Buratino thermobaric rocket launcher `` can obliterate a roughly 200 by 400 metres ( 660 by 1,310 feet ) area with a single salvo '' . Since 2012 , rebels have said that the Syrian Air Force ( government forces ) is using thermobaric weapons against residential areas occupied by the rebel fighters , such as during the Battle of Aleppo and also in Kafr Batna . A panel of United Nations human rights investigators reported that the Syrian government used thermobaric bombs against the strategic town of Qusayr in March 2013 . In August 2013 , the BBC reported on the use of napalm - like incendiary bombs on a school in northern Syria . On 2 December 2015 , The National Interest reported that Russia was deploying the TOS - 1 Buratino multiple rocket launch system to Syria , which is `` designed to launch massive thermobaric charges against infantry in confined spaces such as urban areas . ''",
"Several types of anti-tank missiles are in use in Syria . Russia has sent 9M133 Kornet , third - generation anti-tank guided missiles to the Syrian Government whose forces have used them extensively against armour and other ground targets to fight Jihadists and rebels . U.S. - made BGM - 71 TOW missiles are one of the primary weapons of rebel groups and have been primarily provided by the United States and Saudi Arabia . The U.S. has also supplied many Eastern European sourced 9K111 Fagot launchers and warheads to Syrian rebel groups under its Timber Sycamore program .",
"In June 2017 , Iran attacked ISIL targets in the Deir ez - Zor area in eastern Syria with Zolfaghar ballistic missiles fired from western Iran , in the first use of mid-range missiles by Iran in 30 years . According to Jane 's Defence Weekly , the missiles travelled 650 -- 700 kilometres .",
"It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out and merged into the article titled List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War , which already exists . ( Discuss ) ( March 2017 )",
"It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out and merged into the article titled List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War , which already exists . ( Discuss ) ( March 2017 )",
"A number of sources have emphasized that as of at least late 2015 / early 2016 the Syrian government was dependent on a mix of volunteers and militias rather than the Syrian Armed Forces .",
"Before the uprising and war broke out , the Syrian Armed Forces were estimated at 325,000 regular troops and 280,000 -- 300,000 reservists . Of the regular troops , 220,000 were ' army troops ' and the rest in the navy , air force and air defense force . Following defections as early as June 2011 , the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights estimated that by July 2012 , tens of thousands of soldiers had defected , and a Turkish official estimated 60,000 .",
"The Syrian NDF was formed out of pro-government militias . They receive their salaries and military equipment from the government , and number around 100,000 troops . The force acts in an infantry role , directly fighting against rebels on the ground and running counter-insurgency operations in coordination with the army , who provides them with logistical and artillery support . The force has a 500 - strong women 's wing called `` Lionesses of National Defense '' which operates checkpoints . NDF members , like regular army soldiers , are allowed to loot the battlefields ( but only if they participate in raids with the army ) , and can sell the loot for extra money . Sensing that they depend on the largely secular government , many of the militias of Syrian Christians ( like Sootoro in Al - Hasakah ) fight on the Syrian government 's side and seek to defend their ancient towns , villages and farmsteads from ISIL ( see also Christian Militias in Syria ) .",
"The Shabiha are unofficial pro-government militias drawn largely from Syria 's Alawite minority group . Since the uprising , the Syrian government has been accused of using shabiha to break up protests and enforce laws in restive neighborhoods . As the protests escalated into an armed conflict , the opposition started using the term shabiha to describe civilians they suspected of supporting Bashar al - Assad and the Syrian government and clashing with pro-opposition demonstrators . The opposition blames the shabiha for the many violent excesses committed against anti-government protesters and opposition sympathizers , as well as looting and destruction . In December 2012 , the shabiha were designated a terrorist organization by the United States .",
"Bassel al - Assad is reported to have created the shabiha in the 1980s for government use in times of crisis . Shabiha have been described as `` a notorious Alawite paramilitary , who are accused of acting as unofficial enforcers for Assad 's government '' ; `` gunmen loyal to Assad '' , and , according to the Qatar - based Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies , `` semi-criminal gangs comprised of thugs close to the government '' . Despite the group 's image as an Alawite militia , some shabiha operating in Aleppo have been reported to be Sunnis . In 2012 , the Assad government created a more organized official militia known as the Jaysh al - Sha'bi , allegedly with help from Iran and Hezbollah . As with the shabiha , the vast majority of Jaysh al - Sha'bi members are Alawite and Shi'ite volunteers .",
"In February 2013 , former secretary general of Hezbollah , Sheikh Subhi al - Tufayli , confirmed that Hezbollah was fighting for the Syrian Army , which in October 2012 , General Secretary Hassan Nasrallah had still denied was happening on a large scale , except to admit that Hezbollah fighters helped the Syrian government `` retain control of some 23 strategically located villages ( in Syria ) inhabited by Shiites of Lebanese citizenship '' . Nasrallah said that Hezbollah fighters have died in Syria doing their `` jihadist duties '' .",
"In 2012 and 2013 , Hezbollah was active in gaining control of territory in the Al - Qusayr District of Syria , by May 2013 publicly collaborating with the Syrian Army and taking 60 percent of the city by the end of 14 May . In Lebanon , there have been `` a recent increase in the funerals of Hezbollah fighters '' and `` Syrian rebels have shelled Hezbollah - controlled areas . '' As of 14 May 2013 , Hezbollah fighters were reported to be fighting alongside the Syrian Army , particularly in the Homs Governorate . Hassan Nasrallah has called on Shiites and Hezbollah to protect the shrine of Sayida Zeinab . President Bashar al - Assad denied in May 2013 that there were foreign fighters , Arab or otherwise , fighting for the government in Syria .",
"On 25 May 2013 , Nasrallah announced that Hezbollah was fighting in Syria against Islamic extremists and `` pledged that his group will not allow Syrian militants to control areas that border Lebanon '' . In the televised address , he said , `` If Syria falls in the hands of America , Israel and the takfiris , the people of our region will go into a dark period . '' According to independent analysts , by the beginning of 2014 , approximately 500 Hezbollah fighters had died in the Syrian conflict . On 7 February 2016 , 50 Hezbollah fighters were killed in a clash by the Jaysh al - Islam near Damascus . These fighters were embedded in the SAA formation called Army Division 39 .",
"Iran continues to officially deny the presence of its combat troops in Syria , maintaining that it provides military advice to Assad 's forces in their fight against terrorist groups . Since the civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war , Iran has provided the Syrian government with financial , technical , and military support , including training and some combat troops . Iran and Syria are close strategic allies . Iran sees the survival of the Syrian government as being crucial to its regional interests . Iran 's supreme leader , Ali Khamenei , was reported to be vocally in favor of the Syrian government .",
"By December 2013 Iran was thought to have approximately 10,000 operatives in Syria . But according to Jubin Goodarzi , assistant professor and researcher at Webster University , Iran aided the Syrian government with a limited number of deployed units and personnel , `` at most in the hundreds ... and not in the thousands as opposition sources claimed '' . Lebanese Hezbollah fighters backed by Tehran have taken direct combat roles since 2012 . In the summer of 2013 , Iran and Hezbollah provided important battlefield support for Syrian forces , allowing them to make advances on the opposition . In 2014 , coinciding with the peace talks at Geneva II , Iran has stepped up support for Syrian President Assad . The Syrian Minister of Finance and Economy stated more than 15 billion dollars had come from the Iranian government . Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Quds Force commander Qasem Suleimani is in charge of Syrian President Assad 's security portfolio and has overseen the arming and training of thousands of pro-government Shi'ite fighters .",
"328 IRGC troops , including several commanders , have reportedly been killed in the Syrian civil war since it began .",
"Shia fighters from Afghanistan and Pakistan are `` far more numerous '' than Sunni non-Syrian fighters , though they have received `` noticeably less attention '' from the media . The number of Afghans fighting in Syria on behalf of the Syrian government has been estimated at `` between 10,000 and 12,000 '' , the number of Pakistanis is not known ( approximately 15 % of Pakistan 's population is Shia ) . The main forces are the liwa ' fatimiyun ( Fatimiyun Brigade ) -- which is composed exclusively of Afghans and fights `` under the auspices '' of Hezbollah Afghanistan -- and the Pakistani liwa ' zaynabiyun ( Zaynabiyun Brigade ) formed in November 2015 . Many or most of the fighters are refugees , and Iran has been accused of taking advantage of their inability to `` obtain work permits or establish legal residency in Iran '' , and using threats of deportation for those who hesitate to volunteer . The fighters are also paid a relatively high salary , and some have told journalists , that `` the Islamic State is a common enemy of Iran and Afghanistan ... this is a holy war , '' and that they wish to protect the Shia pilgrimage site of Sayyida Zaynab , from Sunni jihadis .",
"On 30 September 2015 , Russia 's Federation Council unanimously granted the request by President of Russia Vladimir Putin to permit the use of the Russian Armed Forces in Syria . On the same day , the Russian general Sergey Kuralenko , who represents Russia at the joint information center in Baghdad set up by Russia , Iran , Iraq and Syria to coordinate their operations against Islamic State , arrived at the US Embassy in Baghdad and requested that any U.S. forces in the targeted area leave immediately . An hour later , the Russian aircraft based in the government - held territory began conducting airstrikes against the rebel forces .",
"In response to the downing of a Syrian government Su - 22 plane by a U.S. fighter jet near the town of Tabqah in Raqqa province on 18 June 2017 , Russia announced that U.S. - led coalition warplanes flying west of the Euphrates would be tracked by Russian anti-aircraft forces in the sky and on the ground and treated as targets ; furthermore , the Russian military said they suspended the hotline ( the `` deconfliction '' line ) with their U.S. counterparts based in Al Udeid . Nevertheless , a few days later , the U.S. military stated that the deconfliction line remained open and that Russia had given the U.S. a prior notification of its massive cruise missile strike from warships in the Mediterranean that was conducted on 23 June 2017 , despite the fact that the U.S. was not among those countries mentioned as being forewarned in Russia ′ s official report on the strike . On 27 June 2017 , U.S. defence minister Jim Mattis told the press : `` We deconflict with the Russians ; it 's a very active deconfliction line . It 's on several levels , from the chairman of the Joint Chiefs and the secretary of state with their counterparts in Moscow , General Gerasimov and Minister Lavrov . Then we 've got a three - star deconfliction line that is out of the Joints Chiefs of Staff out of the J5 there . Then we have battlefield deconfliction lines . One of them is three - star again , from our field commander in Baghdad , and one of them is from our CAOC , our Combined Air Operations Center , for real - time deconfliction . ''",
"The armed opposition consists of various groups that were either formed during the course of the conflict or joined from abroad . The Syrian National Coalition formed the Syrian Interim Government . The minister of defense is to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army . Other Islamist factions are independent from the mainstream Syrian opposition .",
"Formed on 23 August 2011 , the National Council is a coalition of anti-government groups , based in Turkey . The National Council seeks the end of Bashar al - Assad 's rule and the establishment of a modern , civil , democratic state . SNC has links with the Free Syrian Army . On 11 November 2012 in Doha , the National Council and other opposition groups united as the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces . The SNC has 22 out of 60 seats of the Syrian National Coalition . The following day , it was recognized as the legitimate government of Syria by numerous Persian Gulf states .",
"Delegates to the Coalition 's leadership council are to include women and representatives of religious and ethnic minorities , including Alawites . The military council will reportedly include the Free Syrian Army . The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the Bashar al - Assad government and `` its symbols and pillars of support '' , `` dismantling the security services '' , unifying and supporting the Free Syrian Army , refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al - Assad government , and `` holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians , destroying ( Syria ) , and displacing ( Syrians ) '' .",
"Formed in 2011 and based in Damascus , the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change is an opposition bloc consisting of 13 left - wing political parties and `` independent political and youth activists '' . It has been defined by Reuters as the internal opposition 's main umbrella group . The NCC initially had several Kurdish political parties as members , but all except for the Democratic Union Party left in October 2011 to join the Kurdish National Council . Some have accused the NCC of being a `` front organization '' for Bashar al - Assad 's government and some of its members of being ex-government insiders .",
"Relations with other Syrian political opposition groups are generally poor . The Syrian Revolution General Commission , the Local Coordination Committees of Syria or the Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution oppose the NCC calls to dialogue with the Syrian government . In September 2012 , the Syrian National Council ( SNC ) reaffirmed that despite broadening its membership , it would not join with `` currents close to ( the ) NCC '' . Despite recognizing the Free Syrian Army on 23 September 2012 , the FSA has dismissed the NCC as an extension of the government , stating that `` this opposition is just the other face of the same coin '' .",
"The formation of the Free Syrian Army ( FSA ) was announced on 29 July 2011 by a group of defecting Syrian Army officers , encouraging others to defect in order to defend civilian protesters from violence by the state and effect government change . By December 2011 , estimates of the number of defectors to the FSA ranged from 1,000 to over 25,000 . The FSA , initially `` headquartered '' in Turkey , moved its headquarters to northern Syria in September 2012 , and functions more as an umbrella organization than a traditional military chain of command .",
"In March 2012 , two reporters of The New York Times witnessed an FSA attack and learned that the FSA had a stock of able , trained soldiers and ex-officers , organized to some extent , but without the weapons to put up a realistic fight .",
"In April 2013 , the US announced it would transfer $123 million in nonlethal aid to Syrian rebels through defected general Salim Idriss , leader of the FSA , who later acknowledged `` the rebels '' were badly fragmented and lacked military skill . Idriss said he was working on a countrywide command structure , but that a lack of material support was hurting that effort . `` Now it is very important for them to be unified . But unifying them in a manner to work like a regular army is still difficult '' , Idriss said . He acknowledged common operations with Islamist group Ahrar ash - Sham but denied any cooperation with Islamist group al - Nusra Front .",
"Abu Yusaf , a commander of the Islamic State ( IS ) , said in August 2014 that many of the FSA members who had been trained by United States ' and Turkish and Arab military officers were actually joining IS , but by September 2014 the Free Syrian Army was joining an alliance and common front with Kurdish militias including the YPG to fight ISIS .",
"In October 2015 , shortly after the start of Russia 's military intervention in Syria , a senior ex-US official was paraphrased as saying `` the ' moderates ' had collapsed long ago '' in a piece by Robert Fisk , who added that many fighters had defected to other rebel groups , while Russia 's foreign minister Sergey Lavrov called the FSA `` an already phantom structure '' , but later proclaimed that Russia was ready to aid the FSA with airstrikes against ISIS . On the other hand , in December 2015 , according to the American Institute for the Study of War , groups that identify as FSA were still present around Aleppo and Hama and in southern Syria , and the FSA was still `` the biggest and most secular of the rebel groups . ''",
"By March 2017 , the FSA backed by Turkey finished clearing the Islamic State from the north of Syria . After this , they turned to attempting to take over Afrin canton from the YPG .",
"The Islamic Front ( Arabic : الجبهة الإسلامية , al - Jabhat al - Islāmiyyah ) was a merger of seven rebel groups involved in the Syrian civil war that was announced on 22 November 2013 . The group had about 40,000 fighters . An anonymous spokesman for the group had stated that it will not have ties with the Syrian National Coalition , though a member of the political bureau of the group , Ahmad Musa , has stated that he hopes for recognition from the Syrian National Council in cooperation for what he suggested `` the Syrian people want . They want a revolution and not politics and foreign agendas . '' The group is widely seen as backed and armed by Saudi Arabia .",
"In September 2013 , US Secretary of State John Kerry stated that extremist Salafi jihadist groups make up 15 -- 25 % of rebel forces . According to Charles Lister , about 12 % of rebels are part of groups linked to al - Qaeda , 18 % belong to Ahrar ash - Sham , and 9 % belong to Suqour al - Sham Brigade . These numbers contrast with a report by Jane 's Information Group , a defense outlet , claiming almost half of all rebels being affiliated to Islamist groups . British think - tank Centre on Religion and Geopolitics , linked to former British PM Tony Blair , says that 60 % of the rebels could be classified as Islamist extremists .",
"In September 2013 , leaders of 13 powerful salafist brigades rejected the Syrian National Coalition and called Sharia law `` the sole source of legislation '' . In a statement they declared that `` the coalition and the putative government headed by Ahmad Tomeh does not represent or recognize us '' . Among the signatory rebel groups were al - Nusra Front , Ahrar ash - Sham and Al - Tawheed .",
"The al - Qaeda - linked al - Nusra Front , being the biggest jihadist group in Syria , is often considered to be the most aggressive and violent part of the opposition . Being responsible for over 50 suicide bombings , including several deadly explosions in Damascus in 2011 and 2012 , it is recognized as a terrorist organization by the Syrian government and was designated as such by United States in December 2012 . It has been supported by the Turkish government for years , according to a US intelligence adviser quoted by Seymour Hersh . In April 2013 , the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq released an audio statement announcing that al - Nusra Front is its branch in Syria . The leader of al - Nusra , Abu Mohammad al - Golani , said that the group would not merge with the Islamic State of Iraq but would still maintain allegiance to Ayman al - Zawahiri , the leader of al - Qaeda . The estimated manpower of al - Nusra Front is approximately 6,000 -- 10,000 people , including many foreign fighters .",
"The relationship between the al - Nusra Front and the indigenous Syrian opposition is tense , even though al - Nusra has fought alongside the FSA in several battles and some FSA fighters defected to the al - Nusra Front . The Mujahideen 's strict religious views and willingness to impose sharia law disturbed many Syrians . Some rebel commanders have accused foreign jihadists of `` stealing the revolution '' , robbing Syrian factories and displaying religious intolerance . Al - Nusra Front has been accused of mistreating religious and ethnic minorities since their formation . On 10 March 2014 , al - Nusra released 13 Christian nuns captured from Ma'loula , Damascus , in exchange for the release of 150 women from the Syrian government 's prisons . The nuns reported that they were treated well by al - Nusra during their captivity , adding that they `` were giving us everything we asked for '' and that `` no one bothered us '' .",
"The al - Nusra Front renamed itself to Jabhat Fateh al - Sham ( JFS ) in June 2016 , and later became the leading member of Hay'at Tahrir al - Sham ( HTS ) in 2017 .",
"Called Dā'ash or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( abbrv . ISIL or ISIS ( Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ) ) made rapid military gains in Northern Syria starting in April 2013 and as of mid-2014 controls large parts of that region , where the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights describes it as `` the strongest group '' . It has imposed strict Sharia law over land that it controls . The group was , until 2014 , affiliated with al - Qaeda , led by the Iraqi fighter Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi , and has an estimated 7,000 fighters in Syria , including many non-Syrians . It has been praised as less corrupt than other militia groups and criticized for abusing human rights and for not tolerating non-Islamist militia groups , foreign journalists or aid workers , whose members it has expelled , imprisoned , or executed . According to Michael Weiss , ISIL has not been targeted by the Syrian government `` with quite the same gusto '' as other rebel factions .",
"By summer 2014 , ISIL controlled a third of Syria . It established itself as the dominant force of Syrian opposition , defeating Jabhat al - Nusra in Deir Ezzor Governorate and claiming control over most of Syria 's oil and gas production .",
"The Syrian government did not begin to fight ISIL until June 2014 despite its having a presence in Syria since April 2013 , according to Kurdish officials . According to IHS Markit , between April 2016 and April 2017 , ISIL offensively fought the Syrian government 43 % of times , Turkish - backed rebel groups 40 % of times , and the Syrian Democratic Forces 17 % of times .",
"ISIL was able to recruit more than 6,300 fighters in July 2014 alone . In September 2014 , reportedly some Syrian rebels signed a `` non-aggression '' agreement with ISIL in a suburb of Damascus , citing inability to deal with both ISIL and the Syrian Army 's attacks at once . Some Syrian rebels have , however , decried the news on the `` non-aggression '' pact . ISIL have also planted bombs in the ancient city area of Palmyra , a city with population of 50,000 . Palmyra is counted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as it is home to some of the most extensive and best - preserved ancient Roman ruins in the world . Having lost nearly half of their territory in Iraq since 2014 , many more Islamic State leaders have begun to sell their property and sneak into Syria , further destabilizing the region .",
"The Syrian Democratic Council was established on 10 December 2015 in al - Malikiyah . It was co-founded by prominent human rights activist Haytham Manna and was intended as the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces . The council includes more than a dozen blocs and coalitions that support federalism in Syria , including the Movement for a Democratic Society , the Kurdish National Alliance in Syria , the Law -- Citizenship -- Rights Movement , and since September 2016 the Syria 's Tomorrow Movement . The last group is led by former National Coalition president and Syrian National Council Ahmad Jarba . In August 2016 the SDC opened a public office in al - Hasakah .",
"The Syrian Democratic Council was invited to participate in the international Geneva III peace talks on Syria in March 2016 . However , it rejected the invitation .",
"The Syrian Democratic Forces ( SDF ) are an alliance of mainly Kurdish but also Arab , Syriac - Assyrian , and Turkmen militias with mainly left - wing and democratic confederalist political leanings . They are opposed to the Assad government , but have directed most of their efforts against Al - Nusra Front and ISIL .",
"The group formed in December 2015 , led primarily by the predominantly Kurdish People 's Protection Units ( YPG ) . Estimates of its size range from 55,000 to 80,000 fighters . While largely Kurdish , it 's estimated that about 40 % of the fighters are non-Kurdish . Kurds -- mostly Sunni Muslims , with a small minority of Yezidis -- represented 10 % of Syria 's population at the start of the uprising in 2011 . They had suffered from decades of discrimination and neglect , being deprived of basic civil , cultural , economic , and social rights . When protests began , Assad 's government finally granted citizenship to an estimated 200,000 stateless Kurds , in an effort to try and neutralize potential Kurdish opposition . Despite this concession , most Kurds remain opposed to the government , hoping instead for a more decentralized Syria based on federalism . The Syriac Military Council , like many Christian militias ( such as Khabour Guards , Nattoreh , and Sutoro ) , originally formed to defend Christian villages , but joined the Kurdish forces to retake Hasakah from ISIS in late 2015 The Female Protection Forces of the Land Between the Two Rivers is an all - female force of Assyrian fighters in north east Syria fighting ISIS alongside other Assyrian and Kurdish units . Before the formation of the SDF , the YPG was the primary fighting force in the DFNS , and first entered this Syrian civil war as belligerent in July 2012 by capturing a town , Kobanî , that until then was under control of the Syrian Assad - government ( see Syrian Kurdistan campaign ) .",
"On 17 March 2016 the Syrian Democratic Council , the political wing of the SDF , declared the creation of an autonomous federation in northern Syria .",
"A number of countries , including some individual NATO members , have since September 2014 participated in air operations in Syria that came to be overseen by the Combined Joint Task Force , set up by the US Central Command to coordinate military efforts against ISIL pursuant to their collectively undertaken commitments , including those of 3 December 2014 . Those who have conducted airstrikes in Syria include the United States , Australia , Bahrain , Canada , France , Jordan , The Netherlands , Saudi Arabia , Turkey , the United Arab Emirates , and the United Kingdom . Some members are involved in the conflict beyond combating ISIL ; Turkey has been accused of fighting against Kurdish forces in Syria and Iraq , including intelligence collaborations with ISIL in some cases . According to one intelligence adviser quoted by controversial journalist Seymour Hersh , the conclusion of a `` highly classified assessment '' carried out by the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 was that Turkey had effectively transformed the secret US arms program in support of moderate rebels , who no longer existed , into an indiscriminate program to provide technical and logistical support for all elements of the opposition , including Jabhat al - Nusra and Islamic State .",
"Both the Syrian government and the opposition have received support , militarily and diplomatically , from foreign countries leading the conflict to often be described as a proxy war . The major parties supporting the Syrian Government are Russia , Iran and Hezbollah . The main Syrian opposition body -- the Syrian coalition -- receives political , logistic and military support from the United States , Britain and France .",
"The pro-government countries are involved in the war politically and logistically by providing military equipment , training and battle troops . The Syrian government has also received arms from Russia and SIGINT support directly from GRU , in addition to significant political support from Russia .",
"Some Syrian rebels get training from the CIA at bases in Qatar , Jordan and Saudi Arabia . Under the aegis of operation Timber Sycamore and other clandestine activities , CIA operatives and U.S. special operations troops have trained and armed nearly 10,000 rebel fighters at a cost of $1 billion a year since 2012 . The Syrian coalition also receives logistic and political support from Sunni states , most notably Turkey , Qatar and Saudi Arabia ; all the three major supporting states however have not contributed any troops for direct involvement in the war , though Turkey was involved in border incidents with the Syrian Army . The Financial Times and The Independent reported that Qatar had funded the Syrian rebellion by as much as $3 billion . It reported that Qatar was offering refugee packages of about $50,000 a year to defectors and family . Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels . According to Seymour Hersh , US intelligence estimates that the opposition is financed by Saudi Arabia to the tune of $700 million a year ( 2014 ) . The designation of the FSA by the West as a moderate opposition faction has allowed it , under the CIA - run programmes , to receive sophisticated weaponry and other military support from the U.S. , Turkey and some Gulf countries that effectively increases the total fighting capacity of the Islamist rebels .",
"French television France 24 reported that the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant , with perhaps 3,000 foreign jihadists among its ranks , `` receives private donations from the Gulf states . '' It is estimated ISIL has sold oil for between $1 m - 4m per day principally to Turkish buyers , during at least six months in 2013 , greatly helping its growth . The Turkish government has been also accused of helping ISIL by turning a blind eye to illegal transfers of weapons , fighters , oil and pillaged antiquities across the southern border . As of 2015 , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Turkey are openly backing the Army of Conquest , an umbrella rebel group that reportedly includes an al - Qaeda linked al - Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar ash - Sham , and Faylaq Al - Sham , a coalition of Muslim Brotherhood - linked rebel groups .",
"On 21 August 2014 , two days after US photojournalist James Foley was beheaded , the U.S. military admitted a covert rescue attempt involving dozens of US Special Operations forces had been made to rescue Americans and other foreigners held captive in Syria by ISIL militants . The rescue attempt is the first known US military ground action inside Syria . The resultant gunfight resulted in one US soldier being injured . The rescue was unsuccessful as the captives were not in the location targeted . On 11 September 2014 the US Congress expressed support to give President Obama the $500 million he wanted to arm and train moderate Syrian rebels . The question of whether the president has authority to continue airstrikes beyond the 60 - day window granted by the War Powers Resolution remained unresolved . On 12 September , US Secretary of State John Kerry met Turkish leaders to secure backing for US - led action against ISIL , but Ankara showed reluctance to play a frontline role . Kerry stated that it was `` not appropriate '' for Iran to join talks on confronting ISIL .",
"The plans revealed in September also involve Iraq in targeting ISIL . US warplanes have launched 158 strikes in Iraq over the past five weeks while emphasizing a relatively narrow set of targets . The Pentagon 's press secretary , John Kirby , said the air campaign in Iraq , which began 8 Aug , will enter a more aggressive phase . On the other hand , according to Fanack , initial refusal from the West to support the Syrian liberal opposition has contributed to the emergence of extremist Sunni groups . These include ISIL and the Nusra Front , linked to al - Qaeda . American and Turkish militaries announced a joint plan to remove Islamic State militants from a 100 - kilometre ( 60 mi ) strip along the Turkish border .",
"Foreign fighters have joined the conflict in opposition to Assad . While most of them are jihadists , some individuals , such as Mahdi al - Harati , have joined to support the Syrian opposition .",
"The ICSR estimates that 2,000 -- 5,500 foreign fighters have gone to Syria since the beginning of the protests , about 7 -- 11 percent of whom came from Europe . It is also estimated that the number of foreign fighters does not exceed 10 percent of the opposition armed forces . Another estimate puts the number of foreign jihadis at 15,000 by early 2014 .",
"In October 2012 , various Iraqi religious groups join the conflict in Syria on both sides . Radical Sunnis from Iraq have traveled to Syria to fight against President Bashar al - Assad and the Syrian government . In December 2015 , the Soufan Group estimated a total of 27,000 -- 31,000 foreign fighters from 86 countries had travelled to Syria and Iraq to join extremist groups .",
"The Syrian Civil War is one of the most heavily documented wars in history , despite the extreme dangers that journalists face while in Syria .",
"During the early period of the civil war , The Arab League , European Union , the United Nations , and many Western governments quickly condemned the Syrian government 's violent response to the protests , and expressed support for the protesters ' right to exercise free speech . Initially , many Middle Eastern governments expressed support for Assad , but as the death toll mounted , they switched to a more balanced approach by criticizing violence from both government and protesters . Both the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation suspended Syria 's membership . Russia and China vetoed Western - drafted United Nations Security Council resolutions in 2011 and 2012 , which would have threatened the Syrian government with targeted sanctions if it continued military actions against protestors .",
"The conflict holds the record for the largest sum ever requested by UN agencies for a single humanitarian emergency , $6.5 billon worth of requests of December 2013 . The difficulty of delivering humanitarian aid to people is indicated by the statistics for January 2015 : of the estimated 212,000 people during that month who were besieged by government or opposition forces , 304 were reached with food .",
"The international humanitarian response to the conflict in Syria is coordinated by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( UNOCHA ) in accordance with General Assembly Resolution 46 / 182 . The primary framework for this coordination is the Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan ( SHARP ) which appealed for USD $1.41 billion to meet the humanitarian needs of Syrians affected by the conflict . Official United Nations data on the humanitarian situation and response is available at an official website managed by UNOCHA Syria ( Amman ) . UNICEF is also working alongside these organizations to provide vaccinations and care packages to those in need .",
"USAID and other government agencies in US delivered nearly $385 million of aid items to Syria in 2012 and 2013 . The United States has provided food aid , medical supplies , emergency and basic health care , shelter materials , clean water , hygiene education and supplies , and other relief supplies . Islamic Relief has stocked 30 hospitals and sent hundreds of thousands of medical and food parcels .",
"Other countries in the region have also contributed various levels of aid . Iran has been exporting between 500 and 800 tonnes of flour daily to Syria . Israel has provided treatment to 750 Syrians in a field hospital located in Golan Heights . Rebels say that 250 of their fighters received medical treatment there . Syrian refugees make up one quarter of Lebanon 's population , mostly consisting of women and children . In addition , Russia has said it created six humanitarian aid centers within Syria to support 3000 refugees in 2016 .",
"The World Health Organization has reported that 35 % of the country 's hospitals are out of service . Fighting makes it impossible to undertake the normal vaccination programs . The displaced refugees may also pose a risk to countries to which they have fled . 400,000 civilians are isolated by the fighting in eastern Ghouta , resulting in acutely malnourished children according to the United Nations Special Advisor , Jan Egeland , who urges the parties for medical evacuations . 55,000 civilians are also isolated in Berm where they have last seen humanitarian relief in the early summer . 494 individuals are awaiting medical evacuations .",
"Financial information on the response to the SHARP and assistance to refugees and for cross-border operations can be found on UNOCHA 's Financial Tracking Service . As of 19 September 2015 , the top ten donors to Syria were United States , European Commission , United Kingdom , Kuwait , Germany , Saudi Arabia , Canada , Japan , UAE , and Norway .",
"On 2 January 2013 , the United Nations stated that 60,000 had been killed since the civil war began , with UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay saying `` The number of casualties is much higher than we expected , and is truly shocking . '' Four months later , the UN 's updated figure for the death toll had reached 80,000 . On 13 June 2013 , the UN released an updated figure of people killed since fighting began , the figure being exactly 92,901 , for up to the end of April 2013 . Navi Pillay , UN high commissioner for human rights , stated that : `` This is most likely a minimum casualty figure . '' The real toll was guessed to be over 100,000 . Some areas of the country have been affected disproportionately by the war ; by some estimates , as many as a third of all deaths have occurred in the city of Homs .",
"One problem has been determining the number of `` armed combatants '' who have died , due to some sources counting rebel fighters who were not government defectors as civilians . At least half of those confirmed killed have been estimated to be combatants from both sides , including 52,290 government fighters and 29,080 rebels , with an additional 50,000 unconfirmed combatant deaths . In addition , UNICEF reported that over 500 children had been killed by early February 2012 , and another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons ; both of these claims have been contested by the Syrian government . Additionally , over 600 detainees and political prisoners are known to have died under torture . In mid-October 2012 , the opposition activist group SOHR reported the number of children killed in the conflict had risen to 2,300 , and in March 2013 , opposition sources stated that over 5,000 children had been killed . In January 2014 , a report was released detailing the systematic killing of more than 11,000 detainees of the Syrian government .",
"On 20 August 2014 , a new U.N. study concluded that at least 191,369 people have died in the Syrian conflict . The UN thereafter stopped collecting statistics , but a study by the Syrian Centre for Policy Research released in February 2016 estimated the death toll to be 470,000 , with 1.9 m wounded ( reaching a total of 11.5 % of the entire population either wounded or killed ) .",
"Formerly rare infectious diseases have spread in rebel - held areas brought on by poor sanitation and deteriorating living conditions . The diseases have primarily affected children . These include measles , typhoid , hepatitis , dysentery , tuberculosis , diphtheria , whooping cough and the disfiguring skin disease leishmaniasis . Of particular concern is the contagious and crippling Poliomyelitis . As of late 2013 doctors and international public health agencies have reported more than 90 cases . Critics of the government complain that , even before the uprising , it contributed to the spread of disease by purposefully restricting access to vaccination , sanitation and access to hygienic water in `` areas considered politically unsympathetic '' .",
"The violence in Syria caused millions to flee their homes . As of March 2015 , Al - Jazeera estimate 10.9 million Syrians , or almost half the population , have been displaced . 3.8 million have been made refugees . As of 2013 , 1 in 3 of Syrian refugees ( about 667,000 people ) sought safety in Lebanon ( normally 4.8 million population ) . Others have fled to Jordan , Turkey , and Iraq . Turkey has accepted 1,700,000 ( 2015 ) Syrian refugees , half of whom are spread around cities and a dozen camps placed under the direct authority of the Turkish Government . Satellite images confirmed that the first Syrian camps appeared in Turkey in July 2011 , shortly after the towns of Deraa , Homs , and Hama were besieged . In September 2014 , the UN stated that the number of Syrian refugees had exceeded 3 million . According to the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , Sunnis are leaving for Lebanon and undermining Hezbollah 's status . The Syrian refugee crisis has caused the `` Jordan is Palestine '' threat to be diminished due to the onslaught of new refugees in Jordan . Additionally , `` the West Bank is undergoing emigration pressures which will certainly be copied in Gaza if emigration is allowed '' . Greek Catholic Patriarch Gregorios III Laham claims more than 450,000 Syrian Christians have been displaced by the conflict . As of September 2016 , the European Union has reported that there are 13.5 million refugees in need of assistance in the country .",
"According to various human rights organizations and United Nations , human rights violations have been committed by both the government and the rebels , with the `` vast majority of the abuses having been committed by the Syrian government '' .",
"According to three international lawyers , Syrian government officials could face war crimes charges in the light of a huge cache of evidence smuggled out of the country showing the `` systematic killing '' of about 11,000 detainees . Most of the victims were young men and many corpses were emaciated , bloodstained and bore signs of torture . Some had no eyes ; others showed signs of strangulation or electrocution . Experts said this evidence was more detailed and on a far larger scale than anything else that had emerged from the then 34 - month crisis .",
"UN reported also that `` siege warfare is employed in a context of egregious human rights and international humanitarian law violations . The warring parties do not fear being held accountable for their acts . '' Armed forces of both sides of the conflict blocked access of humanitarian convoys , confiscated food , cut off water supplies and targeted farmers working their fields . The report pointed to four places besieged by the government forces : Muadamiyah , Daraya , Yarmouk camp and Old City of Homs , as well as two areas under siege of rebel groups : Aleppo and Hama . In Yarmouk Camp 20,000 residents are facing death by starvation due to blockade by the Syrian government forces and fighting between the army and Jabhat al - Nusra , which prevents food distribution by UNRWA . In July 2015 , the UN quietly removed Yarmouk from its list of besieged areas in Syria , despite not having been able deliver aid there for four months , and declined to explain why it had done so .",
"ISIS forces have been accused by the UN of using public executions , amputations , and lashings in a campaign to instill fear . `` Forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and al - Sham have committed torture , murder , acts tantamount to enforced disappearance and forced displacement as part of attacks on the civilian population in Aleppo and Raqqa governorates , amounting to crimes against humanity '' , said the report from 27 August 2014 .",
"Enforced disappearances and arbitrary detentions have also been a feature since the Syrian uprising began . An Amnesty International report , published in November 2015 , accused the Syrian government of forcibly disappearing more than 65,000 people since the beginning of the Syrian Civil War . According to a report in May 2016 by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights , at least 60,000 people have been killed since March 2011 through torture or from poor humanitarian conditions in Syrian government prisons .",
"In February 2017 , Amnesty International published a report which accused the Syrian government of murdering an estimated 13,000 persons , mostly civilians , at the Saydnaya military prison . They said the killings began in 2011 and were still ongoing . Amnesty International described this as a `` policy of deliberate extermination '' and also stated that `` These practices , which amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity , are authorised at the highest levels of the Syrian government . '' Three months later , the United States State Department stated a crematorium had been identified near the prison . According to the U.S. , it was being used to burn thousands of bodies of those killed by the government 's forces and to cover up evidence of atrocities and war crimes . Amnesty International expressed surprise at the claims about the crematorium , as the photographs used by the US are from 2013 and they did not see them as conclusive , and fugitive government officials have stated that the government buries those its executes in cemeteries on military grounds in Damascus . The Syrian government denied the allegations .",
"On 19 August , American journalist James Foley was executed by ISIL , who claimed it was in retaliation for the United States operations in Iraq . Foley was kidnapped in Syria in November 2012 by Shabiha militia . ISIL also threatened to execute Steven Sotloff , who was kidnapped at the Syrian - Turkish border in August 2013 . There were reports ISIS captured a Japanese national , two Italian nationals , and a Danish national as well . Sotloff was later executed in September 2014 . At least 70 journalists have been killed covering the Syrian war , and more than 80 kidnapped , according to the Committee to Protect Journalists . On 22 August 2014 , the al - Nusra Front released a video of captured Lebanese soldiers and demanded Hezbollah withdraw from Syria under threat of their execution .",
"The successive governments of Hafez and Bashar al - Assad have been closely associated with the country 's minority Alawite religious group , an offshoot of Shia , whereas the majority of the population , and most of the opposition , is Sunni . Alawites started to be threatened and attacked by dominantly Sunni rebel fighting groups like al - Nusra Front and the FSA since December 2012 ( see Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War # Alawites ) .",
"A third of 250,000 Alawite men of military age have been killed fighting in the Syrian civil war . In May 2013 , SOHR stated that out of 94,000 killed during the war , at least 41,000 were Alawites .",
"Many Syrian Christians reported that they had fled after they were targeted by the anti-government rebels . ( See : Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War # Christians . )",
"Al Jazeera reported that `` The Druze accuse rebels of committing atrocities against their community in Syria ... Syria 's Druze minority has largely remained loyal to President Bashar al - Assad since the war began in 2011 . ''",
"As militias and non-Syrian Shia -- motivated by pro-Shia sentiment rather than loyalty to the Assad government -- have taken over fighting the opposition from the weakened Syrian Army , fighting has taken on a more sectarian nature . One opposition leader has alleged that the Shia militias often `` try to occupy and control the religious symbols in the Sunni community to achieve not just a territorial victory but a sectarian one as well '' -- allegedly occupying mosques and replacing Sunni icons with pictures of Shia leaders .",
"According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights human rights abuses have been committed by the militias including `` a series of sectarian massacres between March 2011 and January 2014 that left 962 civilians dead '' .",
"As the conflict has expanded across Syria , many cities have been engulfed in a wave of crime as fighting caused the disintegration of much of the civilian state , and many police stations stopped functioning . Rates of theft increased , with criminals looting houses and stores . Rates of kidnappings increased as well . Rebel fighters were seen stealing cars and , in one instance , destroying a restaurant in Aleppo where Syrian soldiers had been seen eating . By July 2012 , the human rights group Women Under Siege had documented over 100 cases of rape and sexual assault during the conflict , with many of these crimes believed to have been perpetrated by the Shabiha and other pro-government militias . Victims included men , women , and children , with about 80 % of the known victims being women and girls .",
"Local National Defense Forces commanders often engaged `` in war profiteering through protection rackets , looting , and organized crime '' . NDF members were also implicated in `` waves of murders , robberies , thefts , kidnappings , and extortions throughout government - held parts of Syria since the formation of the organization in 2013 '' , as reported by the Institute for the Study of War .",
"Criminal networks have been used by both the government and the opposition during the conflict . Facing international sanctions , the Syrian government relied on criminal organizations to smuggle goods and money in and out of the country . The economic downturn caused by the conflict and sanctions also led to lower wages for Shabiha members . In response , some Shabiha members began stealing civilian properties and engaging in kidnappings . Rebel forces sometimes rely on criminal networks to obtain weapons and supplies . Black market weapon prices in Syria 's neighboring countries have significantly increased since the start of the conflict . To generate funds to purchase arms , some rebel groups have turned towards extortion , theft , and kidnapping .",
"In January 2018 Turkish air strikes have seriously damaged an ancient Neo-Hittite temple in Syria 's Kurdish - held Afrin region . It was built by the Arameans in the first millennium BC .",
"As of March 2015 , the war has affected 290 heritage sites , severely damaged 104 , and completely destroyed 24 . Five of the six UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Syria have been damaged . Destruction of antiquities has been caused by shelling , army entrenchment , and looting at various tells , museums , and monuments . A group called Syrian Archaeological Heritage Under Threat is monitoring and recording the destruction in an attempt to create a list of heritage sites damaged during the war and to gain global support for the protection and preservation of Syrian archaeology and architecture .",
"UNESCO listed all six Syria 's World Heritage sites as endangered but direct assessment of damage is not possible . It is known that the Old City of Aleppo was heavily damaged during battles being fought within the district , while Palmyra and Krak des Chevaliers suffered minor damage . Illegal digging is considered a grave danger , and hundreds of Syrian antiquities , including some from Palmyra , appeared in Lebanon . Three archeological museums are known to have been looted ; in Raqqa some artifacts seem to have been destroyed by foreign Islamists due to religious objections .",
"In 2014 and 2015 , following the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , several sites in Syria were destroyed by the group as part of a deliberate destruction of cultural heritage sites . In Palmyra , the group destroyed many ancient statues , the Temples of Baalshamin and Bel , many tombs including the Tower of Elahbel , and part of the Monumental Arch . The 13th - century Palmyra Castle was extensively damaged by retreating militants during the Palmyra offensive in March 2016 . ISIL also destroyed ancient statues in Raqqa , and a number of churches , including the Armenian Genocide Memorial Church in Deir ez - Zor .",
"The war has inspired its own particular artwork , done by Syrians . A late summer 2013 exhibition in London at the P21 Gallery showed some of this work , which had to be smuggled out of Syria .",
"In June 2014 , members of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) crossed the border from Syria into northern Iraq , and took control of large swaths of Iraqi territory as the Iraqi Army abandoned its positions . Fighting between rebels and government forces also spilled over into Lebanon on several occasions . There were repeated incidents of sectarian violence in the North Governorate of Lebanon between supporters and opponents of the Syrian government , as well as armed clashes between Sunnis and Alawites in Tripoli .",
"Starting on 5 June 2014 , ISIL seized swathes of territory in Iraq . As of 2014 , the Syrian Arab Air Force used airstrikes targeted against ISIL in Raqqa and al - Hasakah in coordination with the Iraqi government .",
"During the course of the war , there have been several international peace initiatives , undertaken by the Arab League , the United Nations , and other actors . The Syrian government has refused efforts to negotiate with what it describes as armed terrorist groups . On 1 February 2016 , the UN announced the formal start of the UN-mediated Geneva Syria peace talks that had been agreed on by the International Syria Support Group ( ISSG ) in Vienna . On 3 February 2016 , the UN Syria peace mediator suspended the talks . On 14 March 2016 , Geneva peace talks resumed . The Syrian government insisted that discussion of Bashar - al - Assad 's presidency `` is a red line '' , however Syria 's President Bashar al - Assad said he hoped peace talks in Geneva would lead to concrete results , and stressed the need for a political process in Syria .",
"A new round of talks between the Syrian government and some groups of Syrian rebels concluded on 24 January 24 , 2017 in Astana , Kazakhstan , with Russia , Iran and Turkey supporting the ceasefire agreement brokered in late December 2016 . The Astana Process talks was billed by a Russian official as a complement to , rather than replacement , of the United Nations - led Geneva Process talks . On 4 May 2017 , at the fourth round of the Astana talks , representatives of Russia , Iran , and Turkey signed a memorandum whereby four `` de-escalation zones '' in Syria would be established , effective of 6 May 2017 .",
"Ladder to Damascus ( 2013 ) Sniper : Legacy ( 2014 ) Phantom ( 2015 ) The Father ( 2016 ) Insyriated ( 2017 ) Damascus Time ( 2018 )",
"Ladder to Damascus ( 2013 )",
"Sniper : Legacy ( 2014 )",
"Phantom ( 2015 )",
"The Father ( 2016 )",
"Insyriated ( 2017 )",
"Damascus Time ( 2018 )",
"The Return to Homs ( 2013 ) Red Lines ( 2014 ) Silvered Water , Syria Self - Portrait ( 2014 ) 7 Days in Syria ( 2015 ) 50 Feet from Syria ( 2015 ) Our War ( 2016 ) The War Show ( 2016 ) The White Helmets ( 2016 ) , which won the 2017 Oscar for Best Documentary Short . The battle for Syria . Sources : TV air footage ( video documentary + English subtitles The battle for Syria on YouTube , official video documentary and the official text of the ( 16 ) ). VGTRK Syrian diary . Sources : TV air footage ( video documentary + English subtitles Syrian diary on YouTube ) , official video documentary of the ( 17 ). VGTRK Last Men in Aleppo ( 2017 ) , nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 90th Academy Awards .",
"The Return to Homs ( 2013 )",
"Red Lines ( 2014 )",
"Silvered Water , Syria Self - Portrait ( 2014 )",
"7 Days in Syria ( 2015 )",
"50 Feet from Syria ( 2015 )",
"Our War ( 2016 )",
"The War Show ( 2016 )",
"The White Helmets ( 2016 ) , which won the 2017 Oscar for Best Documentary Short .",
"The battle for Syria . Sources : TV air footage ( video documentary + English subtitles The battle for Syria on YouTube , official video documentary and the official text of the ( 16 ) ). VGTRK",
"Syrian diary . Sources : TV air footage ( video documentary + English subtitles Syrian diary on YouTube ) , official video documentary of the ( 17 ). VGTRK",
"Last Men in Aleppo ( 2017 ) , nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 90th Academy Awards .",
"Endgame : Syria ( 2012 ) 1000 Days of Syria ( 2014 ) Syrian Warfare ( 2017 ) Holy Defence ( 2018 )",
"Endgame : Syria ( 2012 )",
"1000 Days of Syria ( 2014 )",
"Syrian Warfare ( 2017 )",
"Holy Defence ( 2018 )"
] | Syrian civil war - Wikipedia Syrian civil war Jump to: navigation , search This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 137 kilobytes. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings. (April 2017) Syrian Civil War Part of the Arab Spring , the Arab Winter , the spillover of the Iraq conflict and the Iran-- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Military situation in May 2018: Syrian Arab Republic Syrian opposition Democratic Federation of Northern Syria Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Tahrir al-Sham (For a full list of combatants see order of battle ) (For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map ) Date 15 March 2011 ( 2011-03-15 ) -- present (7 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Syria (with spillovers in neighboring countries) Status Ongoing Territorial changes As of 4 May 2018: the Government held 60.2% of Syrian territories; ( SDF )-held territory constituted 26.7%; 10.1% was controlled by rebel groups (including HTS ) and Turkey ; 3% was held by ISIL Main belligerents Syrian Arab Republic Allied armed groups Hezbollah Iran Russia (from 2015) Support: (show) Iraq Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army Turkey (from 2016) Allied armed groups Support: (show) United States (2011-- 17) Saudi Arabia Qatar Ahrar al-Sham Islamic Front / SIF (2012-- 15) Jaysh al-Islam Support: (show) Turkey Saudi Arabia Qatar Tahrir al-Sham Al-Nusra Front (2012-- 17) Guardians of Religion Organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (from 2013) Support: (show) Al-Qaeda (2013-- 14) Democratic Federation of Northern Syria ( SDF ) ( from 2012 ) YPG / YPJ Other armed groups Support: (show) United States (from 2014) Russia (2015-- 18) France (from 2016) PKK PUK (from 2013) KDP (2013-- 15) CJTF-- OIR (from 2014) (show) Current participants: Australia France Germany Jordan Netherlands Norway United Kingdom United States Withdrew in 2017: Belgium Withdrew in 2016: Bahrain Denmark Morocco Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE Withdrew in 2015: Canada Commanders and leaders Bashar al-Assad ( President of Syria ) Ali Abdullah Ayyoub ( Minister of Defense ) Issam Hallaq (Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) Suheil al-Hassan (Commander of Tiger Forces ) Ali Mamlouk (Director of the National Security Bureau ) Rafiq Shahadah (Head of the Military Intelligence Directorate ) Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Qasem Soleimani (Commander of Quds Force ) Vladimir Putin ( President of Russia ) Killed in action: (show) Issam Zahreddine (Major General of the Republican Guard ) Assef Shawkat (Deputy Minister of Defense) Dawoud Rajiha (Minister of Defense) Rustum Ghazaleh (Head of Syrian National Intelligence) Hilal al-Assad Hossein Hamadani ( IRGC Major General) Hassan Shateri (Senior Commander of IRGC ) Samir Kuntar (Senior Commander of Hezbollah ) Mustafa Badreddine (Military Leader of Hezbollah ) Mohamad Issa ( Hezbollah Chief of Operations in Syria) Jihad Mughniyah ( Hezbollah Head of Security) Ali Reza Tavassoli (Leader of Liwa Fatemiyoun ) Lt. Gen Valery Asapov Bashar al-Zoubi (Commander of the Southern Front ) Jamal Maarouf ( SRF commander, 2012-- 14) Lt. Gen. Zekai Aksakallı ( Operations chief commander, 2016-- 17 ) Lt. Gen. İsmail Metin Temel ( Operations chief commander, 2017-- 18 ) Killed in action: (show) Abdul Qader Saleh (Founder of al-Tawhid Brigade ) Abu Yahia al-Hamawi (Leader of Ahrar al-Sham ) Ahmed Issa al-Sheikh (Leader of the Islamic Front , 2012-- 15) Killed in action: (show) Hassan Aboud (Leader of Ahrar al-Sham ) Abu Khalid al-Suri (senior al-Qaeda Commander, founding member of Ahrar al-Sham ) Zahran Alloush ( Islamic Front Military Chief) Abu Mohammad al-Julani ( Tahrir al-Sham commander) Abu Jaber Shaykh ( Tahrir al-Sham Shura council head) Abu Humam al-Shami ( Guardians of Religion Organization commander, former al-Nusra Front military chief) Killed in action: (show) Abu Firas al-Suri (Spokesperson of al-Nusra Front) Abu Hajer al-Homsi (al-Nusra Front military chief) Muhsin al-Fadhli (Leader of Khorasan ) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader of ISIL ) Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi (Deputy Leader) Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi (Leader of the Khalid ibn al-Walid Army , since 2016) Killed in action: (show) Haji Bakr (Former Deputy leader of ISIL and Head of Military Council) Abu Ayman al-Iraqi (Former Head of Military Council) Abu Ali al-Anbari (Deputy, Syria) Abu Omar al-Shishani (War Minister) Abu Umar al-Tunisi (Senior Leader) Abu Sayyaf (Oil Minister) Abu Muslim al-Turkmani (Deputy Leader) Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi (Head of Military Council) Gulmurod Khalimov (Minister of War) Muhammad al-Baridi (Founder of Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade ) Riad Darar (Co-chairperson of the MSD ) Îlham Ehmed (Co-chairperson of the MSD ) Salih Muhammad (Co-President of the PYD ) Asya Abdullah (Co-President of the PYD ) Sipan Hemo (Commander of the YPG ) Stephen J. Townsend (Commander of CJTF-OIR) Strength Syrian Armed Forces : 180,000 General Security Directorate : 8,000 National Defense Force: 80,000 Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000 Hezbollah: 6,000-- 8,000 Liwa Al-Quds: 4,000-8,000 Russia: 4,000 troops and 1,000 contractors Iran: 3,000-- 5,000 Other allied groups: 20,000+ FSA: 40,000-- 50,000 (2013) Islamic Front: 40,000-- 70,000 (2014) Other groups: 12,500 (2015) Turkish Armed Forces: 4,000-- 8,000 Ahrar al-Sham: 18,000-- 20,000+ (March 2017) Tahrir al-Sham: 31,000 15,000-- 20,000 (U.S. claim, late 2016) 1,000 (U.S. claim, late 2017) SDF: 50,000+ YPG and YPJ: 57,000-- 60,000 ( most, not all, part of the SDF ) Syriac Military Council (MFS): 2,000 Al-Sanadid Forces: 4,500+ SDF Military Councils: 10,000+ Casualties and losses Syrian Government: 63,820-- 98,820 soldiers killed 48,814-- 62,814 militiamen killed 4,700 soldiers and militiamen and 2,000 supporters captured Hezbollah: 1,630-- 1,800 killed Russia: 93 soldiers and 150-- 200 contractors killed Other non-Syrian fighters: 7,686 killed ( 559-- 2,062 Iranians) 125,399-- 166,399 fighters killed 979 protesters killed Turkey: 125-- 155 soldiers killed ( 2016-- 18 ground incursions ) 24,232+ killed (per SOHR) 20,711+ killed (per YPG and SAA) DFNS: 3,834 killed CJTF-- OIR : 6 killed 106,390 -- 110,218 ( 3,284 foreign ; mostly Palestinian) civilian deaths documented by opposition 100 other foreign soldiers killed ( 60, 17 (pre-' 16), 16, 7) Total killed: 353,593-- 498,593 (March 2018 SOHR estimate) 470,000 (February 2016 SCPR estimate) Over 7,600,000 internally displaced (July 2015 UNHCR estimate) Over 5,116,097 refugees (July 2017 registered by UNHCR ) Since early 2013, the FSA has been decentralized with their name being arbitrarily used by various rebels. Turkey has provided arms support to the rebels since 2011. Since Aug. 2016, Turkey has fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate against the SDF, ISIL and later the Syrian government. Sep.-- Nov. 2016, the U.S. fought alongside the TFSA in Aleppo governorate solely against ISIL. In 2017-- 18, the U.S. intentionally attacked the Syrian government 10 times, while in Sep. 2016 it accidentally hit a Syrian base , killing over 100 SAA soldiers. Syria maintains that this was an intentional attack. HTS 's predecessor (the Al-Nusra Front ) and ISIL 's predecessor ( ISI ) were allied al-Qaeda branches until April 2013. An ISI-proposed merger of the two into ISIL was rejected by the Al-Nusra Front and al-Qaeda cut all affiliation with ISIL in February 2014. Ahrar al-Sham and Tahrir al-Sham 's predecessor, the Al-Nusra Front , were allied under the Army of Conquest from March 2015 to January 2017. Number includes Kurdish and ISIL fighters, whose deaths are also listed in their separate columns. The Syrian Civil War ( Arabic : الحرب الأهلية السورية , Al-ḥarb al-ʼahliyyah as-sūriyyah ) is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought primarily between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad , along with its allies, and various forces opposing both the government and each other in varying combinations. The unrest in Syria, part of a wider wave of 2011 Arab Spring protests, grew out of discontent with the Assad government and escalated to an armed conflict after protests calling for his removal were violently suppressed. The war is being fought by several factions: the Syrian government and its international allies, a loose alliance of Sunni Arab rebel groups (including the Free Syrian Army ), the majority-Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), Salafi jihadist groups (including al-Nusra Front ), and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), with a number of countries in the region and beyond being either directly involved , or providing support to one or another faction. Iran , Russia , and Hezbollah support the Syrian government militarily, with Russia conducting air operations since September 2015. On the other hand, the U.S.-led international coalition established in 2014 with a declared purpose of countering ISIL, have conducted airstrikes against ISIL in Syria as well as against government and pro-government targets . Turkey on the other hand has become deeply involved since 2016 and beyond actively supporting the Syrian opposition , occupied large swathes of Northwestern Syria . International organizations have accused the Syrian government, ISIL, and Syria rebel groups of severe human rights violations, and of many massacres . The conflict has caused a major refugee crisis . Over the course of the war a number of peace initiatives have been launched, including the March 2017 Geneva peace talks on Syria led by the United Nations , but fighting continues. Syrian Civil War Timeline Jan-- Apr 2011 May-- Aug 2011 Sep-- Dec 2011 Jan-- Apr 2012 May-- Aug 2012 Sep-- Dec 2012 Jan-- Apr 2013 May-- Dec 2013 Jan-- July 2014 Aug-- Dec 2014 Jan-- July 2015 Aug-- Dec 2015 Jan-- Apr 2016 May-- Aug 2016 Sep-- Dec 2016 Jan-- Apr 2017 May-- Aug 2017 Sep-- Dec 2017 Jan-- April 2018 May-Aug 2018 Casualties Cities map Terrorism Massacres Civil uprising in Syria (March-- August 2011) Daraa Baniyas Homs (May-- August 2011) Talkalakh Rastan and Talbiseh 1st Jisr ash-Shugur 1st Jabal al-Zawiya Hama Latakia Start of insurgency (Sept. 2011 -- April 2012) Homs (2011-- 14) Homs offensive 1st Idlib Gov. Syrian-- Turkish border Jabal al-Zawiya 1st Idlib City Saraqeb 1st Rastan Hama Gov. Shayrat & Tiyas ambush Daraa Gov. 1st Rif Dimashq 1st Zabadani Douma Deir ez-Zor (2011-- 2014) Hatla Aleppo Gov. Azaz 2nd Rastan 1st al-Qusayr 2nd Idlib Gov. Taftanaz UN ceasefire ; escalation (May 2012 -- Dec. 2013) 3rd Rastan Houla Al-Haffah Al-Qubeir Al-Tremseh 3rd Idlib Gov. 1st Damascus Bombing Aleppo Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 Khan al-Assal 1st Aleppo offensive 2nd Aleppo offensive Syrian Kurdistan Hasaka campaign Ras al-Ayn al-Yaarubiyah Tell Abyad Kurdish-- Islamist conflict Nubl & Al-Zahraa 2nd Rif Dimashq ( 1st Darayya ) Abu al-Duhur Airbase Quneitra Gov. 3rd Rif Dimashq 1st Yarmouk camp 2nd Darayya Darayya & Muadamiyat Aqrab 1st Hama offensive Halfaya 1st Safira Shadadeh 2nd Damascus 1st Raqqa campaign ( 1st Raqqa ) 1st Daraa offensive 4th Rif Dimashq Jdaidet al-Fadl Ghouta Al-Qusayr offensive 2nd al-Qusayr Eastern Ghouta 2nd Hama offensive Bayda and Baniyas 1st Latakia offensive Ma'loula Sadad 5th Rif Dimashq 1st Qalamoun Adra Rise of the Islamists (January -- Sept. 2014) Inter-rebel conflict Northern Aleppo Markada 1st Deir ez-Zor offensive al-Otaiba ambush Maan Hosn Morek 2nd Daraa offensive 2nd Latakia offensive 4th Idlib Gov. Al-Malihah 2nd Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Arsal Deir ez-Zor (2014-- 2017) 1st Shaer gas field 1st Eastern Syria Tabqa Air base 3rd Hama offensive 6th Rif Dimashq 1st Quneitra Kobanî U.S.-led intervention (Sept. 2014 -- Sept. 2015) U.S.-led intervention 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Safira 2014 Idlib city raid Nusra-- FSA conflict 2nd Shaer gas field 1st Al-Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive 3rd Aleppo offensive An-26 crash 4th Daraa offensive Southern Syria Eastern al-Hasakah offensive 1st Sarrin Hama/Homs offensive Bosra 5th Idlib Gov 2nd Idlib city Al-Fu'ah -Kafriya Nasib 2nd Yarmouk camp 1st Northwestern Syria 3rd Qalamoun 1st Palmyra Western al-Hasakah offensive 1st Al-Hasakah city Tell Abyad Daraa/As-Suwayda 2nd Quneitra 2nd Sarrin 5th Daraa 2nd Al-Hasakah city 2nd Kobanî 4th Aleppo offensive 2nd Zabadani 2nd Palmyra Al-Ghab 1st Al-Qaryatayn Douma market 7th Rif Dimashq Kuweires offensive Russian intervention (Sept. 2015-- March 2016) Russian intervention 3rd Quneitra 2nd Northwestern Syria 3rd Latakia offensive Su-24 shootdown 5th Aleppo offensive Al-Hawl Homs offensive 6th Aleppo offensive 4th Hama offensive Tell Tamer Tishrin Dam 2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin al-Qamishli bombings Orontes River 3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive 1st Sayyidah Zaynab 7th Aleppo offensive 1st Ithriyah-Raqqa Al-Shaddadi Homs bombings 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab Khanasir 2nd Tel Abyad Al-Tanf 2nd Al-Qaryatayn 3rd Palmyra 2nd Maarat al-Nu'man Aleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield (March-- December 2016) 8th Aleppo offensive 6th Daraa 9th-- 11th Aleppo offensives Al-Dumayr 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict Al-Qamishli clashes Aleppo bombings 8th Rif Dimashq 3rd Shaer gas field Northern Raqqa Jableh & Tartus Manbij Tokhar 2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa 9th Rif Dimashq 12th-- 14th Aleppo offensives 12th 13th 14th 4th Latakia offensive 1st Abu Kamal 3rd Qamishli Atmeh al-Rai 3rd Al-Hasakah City Operation Euphrates Shield Northern al-Bab Dabiq al-Bab 5th Hama offensive 1st Western al-Bab 1st Eastern Qalamoun September bombings 4th Quneitra Deir ez-Zor airstrike Aleppo aid convoy attack 15th Aleppo offensive Khan al-Shih 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict 2nd Western al-Bab 16th Aleppo offensive 2nd Raqqa campaign 17th Aleppo offensive 4th Palmyra Southern and Central Desert , ISIL collapse in Syria (Dec. 2016 -- Nov. 2017) Wadi Barada 1st Syrian Desert Azaz bombings 5th Palmyra 4th Deir ez-Zor offensive 18th Aleppo offensive 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 7th Daraa Qaboun 8th Daraa Eastern Homs offensive al-Jina mosque 6th Hama offensive Tabqa Khan Shaykhun US Shayrat strike Aleppo bus bombing Post-intervention Turkish airstrikes 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict 2nd Syrian Desert Maskanah East Hama 2nd Raqqa 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa Iranian Deir ez-Zor strike Jobar 5th Quneitra Central Syria 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 4th Qalamoun 5th Deir ez-Zor 2nd Eastern Syria 6th Deir ez-Zor Euphrates Crossing Mayadin 2nd Abu Kamal 7th Hama offensive Turkish operation in Idlib Idlib escalation , Afrin operation and East Ghouta offensive (Nov. 2017-- present) 3rd Northwestern Syria Atarib Harasta Beit Jinn 1st Southern Damascus Afrin Khasham Feb. 2018 Israel-- Syria incident 10th Rif Dimashq ( Douma ) JTS-- HTS conflict 2nd Southern Damascus US-led missile strikes Northern Homs 2nd Eastern Qalamoun 3rd Southern Damascus 7th Deir ez-Zor May 2018 Israel-- Iran incidents Syrian War spillover and international incidents Lebanon spillover Lebanese-- Syrian border Sidon Iranian embassy bombing North Lebanon clashes Syrian-- Turkish border incidents Turkish F4 shootdown Reyhanlı bombings Kurdish riots Russo-Turkish confrontation Russian Su-24 shootdown Andrei Karlov Jordanian-- Syrian border incidents Israeli-- Syrian ceasefire line February 2018 incident May 2018 incident Iraqi-- Syrian border incidents Akashat al-Shabah Western Nineveh Western Iraq Spillover in Europe Spillover in Iran 2017 Tehran attacks 2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Since 2011 protests (show) Qatari involvement Al-Nusra Front (2012-2017 Foreign rebel fighters ISIL Turkish involvement Turkey-- ISIL conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation Russian involvement 2015 military intervention Iranian involvement ( 2017 missile strike ) 2012 Hezbollah involvement 2018 Iran-- Israel conflict Saudi involvement Islamic Front / SIF Jaysh al-Islam Army of Conquest (formed 2015 Since 2014 ISIL invasion of Iraq (show) U.S.-led Intervention Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes 2018 bombing Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath European NATO involvement Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention Part of a series on Ba'athism Organisations (show) Arab Ba'ath 1940-- 1947 Arab Ba'ath Movement 1940-- 1947 Ba'ath Party 1947-- 1966 Ba'ath Party (pro-Iraqi) 1968-- 2003 Ba'ath Party (pro-Syrian) 1966-- present People (show) Zaki al-Arsuzi Michel Aflaq Salah al-Din al-Bitar Abdullah Rimawi Wahib al-Ghanim Fuad al-Rikabi Salah Jadid Hafez al-Assad Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein Bashar al-Assad Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Literature (show) On the Way of Resurrection The Battle for One Destiny The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue History (show) Ba'athist Iraq Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution Iran-- Iraq War Gulf War UN sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 / 1966 coup d'états Corrective Revolution Civil War Regional organisations (show) Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria Splinter groups (show) Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 1960-- 1962/63 Socialist Lebanon 1965-- 1970 Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 1966-- present Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 1970-- present Sudanese Ba'ath Party 2002-- present Related topics (show) Arab nationalism Arab socialism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Chavism Politics portal Socialism portal Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Assad government 1.2 Demographics 1.3 Socioeconomic background 1.4 Drought 1.5 Human rights 2 Timeline 2.1 Civil uprising (March-- July 2011) 2.2 Early armed insurgency (July 2011 -- April 2012) 2.3 Ceasefire and escalation (April 2012 -- December 2013) 2.4 Rise of the Islamist groups 2.4.1 Fighting between ISIL and other rebel groups (January-- March 2014) 2.4.2 Government offensives and Presidential election (March-- June 2014) 2.4.3 ISIS-- government conflict intensifies 2.4.4 US intervention in Raqqa and Kobani 2.4.5 The Southern Front and northern Army of Conquest (October 2014 -- June 2015) 2.4.6 Resurgent ISIL advance (May 2015 -- September 2015) 2.5 Russian intervention and Aleppo offensive (30 September 2015 -- February 2016) 2.6 Partial ceasefire (26 February-- July 2016) 2.7 SDF advances and Turkish military intervention (August-- October 2016) 2.8 Russian/Iranian/Turkish backed ceasefire (December 2016 -- April 2017) 2.9 Syrian-American Conflict, De-Escalation Zones (April 2017 -- June 2017) 2.10 Halt to CIA program, ISIL declared defeated, Russian forces in Syria permanent (July 2017-- December 2017) 2.11 Army advance in Hama province and in Ghouta, Turkish intervention in Afrin (January-- March 2018) 2.12 Douma chemical attack, U.S.-led missile strikes, end of rebel pockets (April 2018-- present) 3 Advanced weaponry and tactics 3.1 Chemical weapons 3.2 Cluster bombs 3.3 Thermobaric weapons 3.4 Anti-tank missiles 3.5 Ballistic missiles 4 Belligerents 4.1 Syrian Arab Republic and allies 4.1.1 Syrian Armed Forces 4.1.2 National Defense Force 4.1.3 Shabiha 4.1.4 Hezbollah 4.1.5 Iran 4.1.6 Foreign Shia militias 4.1.7 Russia 4.2 Syrian Opposition and allies 4.2.1 Political groups 4.2.1.1 Syrian National Coalition 4.2.1.2 National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change 4.2.2 Military rebel groups 4.2.2.1 Free Syrian Army and affiliate groups 4.2.2.2 Islamist factions 4.3 Salafist factions 4.3.1 Al-Nusra Front / Jabhat Fateh al-Sham / Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham 4.3.2 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) 4.4 North Syria Federation (Rojava) 4.4.1 Syrian Democratic Council 4.4.2 Syrian Democratic Forces 4.5 U.S.-led coalition against ISIL 4.6 Foreign involvement 5 Reporting, censoring and propaganda 6 International reactions 6.1 Humanitarian aid 7 Impact 7.1 Deaths 7.2 Disease 7.3 Refugee migration 7.4 Human rights violations 7.5 ISIL and al-Qaeda executions 7.6 Sectarian threats 7.7 Crime wave 7.8 Cultural heritage 7.9 Spillover 8 Peace efforts 9 Depictions 9.1 Films 9.1.1 Documentaries 9.2 Video games 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Main article: Modern history of Syria Assad government See also: Al-Assad family Syria became an independent republic in 1946 following years of French rule after World War II , although democratic rule ended with a coup in March 1949 , followed by two more coups the same year. A popular uprising against military rule in 1954 saw the army transfer power to civilians. From 1958 to 1961, a brief union with Egypt replaced Syria's parliamentary system with a centralized presidential government . The secular Ba'ath Syrian Regional Branch government came to power through a successful coup d'état in 1963 . For the next several years Syria went through additional coups and changes in leadership. In March 1971, Hafez al-Assad , an Alawite , declared himself President , a position that he held until his death in 2000. Since 1970, the secular Syrian Regional Branch has remained the dominant political authority in what had been a one-party state until the first multi-party election to the People's Council of Syria was held in 2012. On 31 January 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented a new constitution, which led to a national crisis. Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the President of Syria be a Muslim , leading to fierce demonstrations in Hama , Homs and Aleppo organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the ulama . They labelled Assad the `` enemy of Allah '' and called for a jihad against his rule. The government survived a series of armed revolts by Islamists , mainly members of the Muslim Brotherhood, from 1976 until 1982. Upon Hafez al-Assad's death in 2000, his son Bashar al-Assad was elected as President of Syria. Bashar al-Assad and his wife Asma , a Sunni Muslim born and educated in Britain, initially inspired hopes for democratic reforms. The Damascus Spring , a period of social and political debate, took place between July 2000 and August 2001. The Damascus Spring largely ended in August 2001 with the arrest and imprisonment of ten leading activists who had called for democratic elections and a campaign of civil disobedience. In the opinion of his critics, Bashar al-Assad had failed to deliver on promised reforms. President Bashar Al-Assad maintains that no ' moderate opposition' to his rule exists, and that all opposition forces are jihadists intent on destroying his secular leadership . In an April 2017 interview with Croatian newspaper Vecernji List he reasserted his view that terrorist groups operating in Syria are ' linked to the agendas of foreign countries' . Demographics Syrian Arabs , together with some 600,000 Palestinian Arabs, make up roughly 74 percent of the population (if Syriac Christians are excluded). Syria's Muslims are 74 percent Sunnis (including Sufis ), and 13 percent Shias (including 8-- 12 percent Alawites from which about 2 percent are Mershdis ), 3 percent are Druze , while the remaining 10 percent are Christians. Not all of Syria's Sunnis are Arabs. The Assad family is mixed. Bashar is married to a Sunni, with whom he has several children. He is affiliated with the sect that his parents belong to: the minority Alawite sect. Alawites control Syria's security apparatus. The majority of Syria's Christians belong to the Eastern Christian churches , such as the branches of the Eastern Catholic Churches , Syriac Orthodox Church , Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch , Assyrian Church of the East , and Armenian Orthodox Church , which have existed in the region since the first century AD. Syrian Kurds , an ethnic minority making up approximately 9 percent of the population, have endured ethnic discrimination and the denial of their cultural and linguistic rights, as well as the frequent denial of their citizenship, for the history of the Syrian state. Turkmen are estimated to be 3-5% of the population. Assyrians , an indigenous Eastern Aramaic -speaking Christian Semitic people , numbering approximately 400,000, are found mainly in northeast Syria. A larger population lives over the border in northern Iraq . Other ethnic groups include Armenians , Circassians , Turkmens , Greeks , Mhallami , Kawliya , Yezidi , Shabaks , and Mandeans . Socioeconomic background Socioeconomic inequality increased significantly after free market policies were initiated by Hafez al-Assad in his later years, and it accelerated after Bashar al-Assad came to power. With an emphasis on the service sector , these policies benefited a minority of the nation's population, mostly people who had connections with the government, and members of the Sunni merchant class of Damascus and Aleppo. In 2010, Syria's nominal GDP per capita was only $2,834, comparable to Sub-Saharan African countries such as Nigeria and far lower than its neighbors such as Lebanon, with an annual growth rate of 3.39%, below most other developing countries. The country also faced particularly high youth unemployment rates. At the start of the war, discontent against the government was strongest in Syria's poor areas, predominantly among conservative Sunnis. These included cities with high poverty rates, such as Daraa and Homs , and the poorer districts of large cities. Drought The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . (December 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This coincided with the most intense drought ever recorded in Syria, which lasted from 2006 to 2011 and resulted in widespread crop failure, an increase in food prices and a mass migration of farming families to urban centers. This migration strained infrastructure already burdened by the influx of some 1.5 million refugees from the Iraq War . The drought has been linked to anthropogenic global warming . Adequate water supply continues to be an issue in the ongoing civil war and it is frequently the target of military action. Human Rights Main article: Human rights in Syria The human rights situation in Syria has long been the subject of harsh critique from global organizations. The rights of free expression , association and assembly were strictly controlled in Syria even before the uprising. The country was under emergency rule from 1963 until 2011 and public gatherings of more than five people were banned. Security forces had sweeping powers of arrest and detention. Authorities have harassed and imprisoned human rights activists and other critics of the government, who were often detained indefinitely and tortured while under prison-like conditions. Women and ethnic minorities faced discrimination in the public sector. Thousands of Syrian Kurds were denied citizenship in 1962 and their descendants were labeled `` foreigners'' . A number of riots in 2004 prompted increased tension in Syrian Kurdistan , and there have been occasional clashes between Kurdish protesters and security forces ever since. Despite hopes for democratic change with the 2000 Damascus Spring , Bashar al-Assad was widely regarded as having failed to implement any improvements. A Human Rights Watch report issued just before the beginning of the 2011 uprising stated that he had failed to substantially improve the state of human rights since taking power. Timeline See also: Course of events of the Syrian Civil War , Timeline of the Syrian Civil War , and Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War Anti-Assad protests in Baniyas, April 2011 Civil uprising (March-- July 2011) Main article: Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War See also: Arab Spring The protests began on 15 March 2011, when protesters marched in the capital of Damascus , demanding democratic reforms and the release of political prisoners. Security forces retaliated by opening fire on the protesters, and according to witnesses who spoke to the BBC , the government forces detained six. The protest was triggered by the arrest of a boy and his friends by the government for writing in graffiti , `` The people want the fall of the government'' , in the city of Daraa . A 13-year-old boy, Hamza al-Khateeb , was tortured and killed. The government claims that the boys weren't attacked, and that Qatar incited the majority of the protests. Writer and analyst Louai al-Hussein, referencing the Arab Spring ongoing at that time, wrote that `` Syria is now on the map of countries in the region with an uprising'' . On 20 March, the protesters burned down a Ba'ath Party headquarters and `` other buildings'' . The ensuing clashes claimed the lives of seven police officers and 15 protesters. Ten days later in a speech, President Bashar al-Assad blamed `` foreign conspirators'' pushing Israeli propaganda for the protests. Pro-Assad demonstration in Latakia , June 2011 A colonel (left) and a first lieutenant (right) in the FSA announce the formation of the Conquest Brigade, part of the FSA in Tell Rifaat , north of Aleppo , 31 July 2012. Until 7 April, the protesters predominantly demanded democratic reforms, release of political prisoners, an increase in freedoms, abolition of the emergency law and an end to corruption. After 8 April, the emphasis in demonstration slogans shifted slowly towards a call to overthrow the Assad government. Protests spread. On Friday 8 April, they occurred simultaneously in ten cities. By Friday 22 April, protests occurred in twenty cities. By the end of May 2011, 1,000 civilians and 150 soldiers and policemen had been killed and thousands detained; among the arrested were many students, liberal activists and human rights advocates. Significant armed resistance against the state security took place on 4 June 2011 in Jisr al-Shugur . Unverified reports claim that a portion of the security forces in Jisr defected after secret police and intelligence officers executed soldiers who had refused to fire on civilians. Later, more protesters in Syria took up arms, and more soldiers defected to protect protesters. Early armed insurgency (July 2011 -- April 2012) Main article: Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War See also: List of Syrian defectors The Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War lasted from late July 2011 to April 2012, and was associated with the rise of armed oppositional militias across Syria and the beginning of armed rebellion against the authorities of the Syrian Arab Republic . The beginning of the insurgency is typically marked by formation of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) on 29 July 2011, when a group of defected officers declared the establishment of the first organized oppositional military force. Composed of defected Syrian Armed Forces personnel, the rebel army aimed to remove Bashar al-Assad and his government from power. This period of the war saw the initial civil uprising take on many of the characteristics of a civil war, according to several outside observers, including the United Nations Commission on Human Rights , as armed elements became better organized and began carrying out successful attacks in retaliation for the crackdown by the Syrian government on demonstrators and defectors. The Arab League monitoring mission , initiated in December 2011, ended in failure by February 2012, as Syrian troops and oppositional militants continued to do battle across the country and the Syrian government prevented foreign observers from touring active battlefields, including besieged oppositional strongholds. In early 2012, Kofi Annan acted as the UN-- Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria. His peace plan provided for a ceasefire, but even as the negotiations for it were being conducted, the rebels and the Syrian army continued fighting even after the peace plan. The United Nations -backed ceasefire was brokered by special envoy Kofi Annan and declared in mid-April 2012. Ceasefire and escalation (April 2012 -- December 2013) Main article: Siege of eastern Ghouta A destroyed tank on a road in Aleppo, October 2012 The 2012-- 13 escalation of the Syrian Civil War was the third phase of the Syrian Civil War, which gradually evolved from U.N.-mediated cease fire attempt during April-- May 2012, deteriorating into radical violence in June, escalating the conflict level to a full-fledged civil war. Following the Houla massacre of 25 May 2012, in which 108 people were summarily executed, and the subsequent FSA ultimatum to the Syrian government, the ceasefire practically collapsed, as the FSA began nationwide offensives against government troops. On 1 June 2012, President Assad vowed to crush the anti-government uprising. On 12 June 2012, the UN for the first time officially proclaimed Syria to be in a state of civil war. The conflict began moving into the two largest cities, Damascus and Aleppo. Following October 2012 cease-fire failure, during winter of 2012-- 13 and early spring of 2013, the rebels continued advances on all fronts. In mid-December 2012, American officials said that the Syrian military began firing Scud ballistic missiles at rebel fighters inside Syria. On 11 January 2013, Islamist groups, including al-Nusra Front, took full control of the Taftanaz air base in the Idlib Governorate, after weeks of fighting. In mid-January 2013, as clashes re-erupted between rebels and Kurdish forces in Ras al-Ayn, YPG forces moved to expel government forces from oil-rich areas in Hassakeh Province. By 6 March 2013, the rebels had captured the city of Raqqa, effectively making it the first provincial capital to be lost by the Assad government. The advances of rebels were finally arrested in April 2013, as Syrian Arab Army could reorganize and initiate offensives. On 17 April 2013, government forces breached a six-month rebel blockade in Wadi al-Deif, near Idlib. Heavy fighting was reported around the town of Babuleen after government troops attempt to secure control of a main highway leading to Aleppo. The break in the siege also allowed government forces to resupply two major military bases in the region which had been relying on sporadic airdrops. In April 2013, government and Hezbollah forces, who have increasingly become involved in the fighting, launched an offensive to capture areas near al-Qusayr. On 21 April, pro-Assad forces captured the towns of Burhaniya, Saqraja and al-Radwaniya near the Lebanese border. Aleppo, Karm al Jabal neighborhood, March 2013 From July 2013, however the situation became a stalemate, with fighting continuing on all fronts between various factions with numerous casualties, but without major territorial changes. On 28 June 2013, rebel forces captured a major military checkpoint in the city of Daraa. Shortly after, Syrian opposition factions declared war on the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant which turned increasingly dominant throughout the war zone with indiscriminate killing of all -- whether loyalist Assad or rebels. A major advance took place on 6 August 2013, as rebels captured Menagh Military Airbase after a 10-month siege. On 21 August a chemical attack took place in the Ghouta region of the Damascus countryside, leading to thousands of casualties and several hundred dead in the opposition-held stronghold. The attack was followed by a military offensive by government forces into the area, which had been hotbeds of the opposition. The attack, largely attributed to Assad forces caused the international community to seek disarmanent of the Syrian Arab Army from chemical weapons. In late 2013, the period was marked by increased initiative of the Syrian Arab Army, which led offensives against opposition fighters on several fronts. The Syrian Arab Army along with its allies, Hezbollah and the al-Abas brigade , launched an offensive on Damascus and Aleppo in November. Fighting between Kurdish forces, rebels and al-Nusra front continued in other locations. Rise of the Islamist groups Fighting between ISIL and other rebel groups (January-- March 2014) Main article: Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War Tension between moderate rebel forces and ISIS had been high since ISIS captured the border town of Azaz from FSA forces on 18 September 2013. Conflict was renewed over Azaz in early October and in late November ISIS captured the border town of Atme from an FSA brigade. On 3 January 2014, the Army of the Mujahideen, the Free Syrian Army and the Islamic Front launched an offensive against ISIS in Aleppo and Idlib governorates. A spokesman for the rebels said that rebels attacked ISIS in up to 80% of all ISIS held villages in Idlib and 65% of those in Aleppo. By 6 January, opposition rebels managed to expel ISIS forces from the city of Raqqa, ISIS's largest stronghold and capital of the Raqqa Governorate. On 8 January, opposition rebels expelled most ISIS forces from the city of Aleppo, however ISIS reinforcements from the Deir ez-Zor Governorate managed to retake several neighborhoods of the city of Raqqa. By mid January ISIS retook the entire city of Raqqa, while rebels expelled ISIS fighters fully from Aleppo city and the villages west of it. On 29 January, Turkish aircraft near the border fired on an ISIS convoy inside the Aleppo province of Syria, killing 11 ISIS fighters and 1 ISIS emir. In late January it was confirmed that rebels had assassinated ISIS's second in command, Haji Bakr , who was al-Qaeda's military council head and a former military officer in Saddam Hussein's army. By mid-February, the al-Nusra Front joined the battle in support of rebel forces, and expelled ISIS from the Deir Ezzor Governorate. By March, the ISIS forces fully retreated from the Idlib Governorate. On 4 March, ISIS retreated from the border town of Azaz and other nearby villages, choosing instead to consolidate around Raqqa in an anticipation of an escalation of fighting with al-Nusra. Government offensives and presidential election (March-- June 2014) Further information: Syrian presidential election, 2014 On 4 March, the Syrian Army took control of Sahel in the Qalamoun region. On 8 March, government forces took over Zara, in Homs Governorate, further blocking rebel supply routes from Lebanon. On 11 March, Government forces and Hezbollah took control of the Rima Farms region, directly facing Yabrud. On 16 March, Hezbollah and government forces captured Yabrud , after Free Syrian Army fighters made an unexpected withdrawal, leaving the al-Nusra Front to fight in the city on its own. On 18 March, Israel used artillery against a Syrian Army base, after four of its soldiers had been wounded by a roadside bomb while patrolling Golan Heights. On 19 March, the Syrian Army captured Ras al-Ain near Yabrud , after two days of fighting and al-Husn in Homs Governorate, while rebels in the Daraa Governorate captured Daraa prison, and freed hundreds of detainees. On 20 March, the Syrian Army took control of the Krak des Chevaliers in al-Husn. On 29 March, Syrian Army took control of the villages of Flitah and Ras Maara near the border with Lebanon. On 22 March, rebels took control of the Kesab border post in the Latakia Governorate. By 23 March, rebels had taken most of Khan Sheikhoun in Hama. During clashes near the rebel-controlled Kesab border post in Latakia, Hilal Al Assad, NDF leader in Latakia and one of Bashar Al Assad 's cousins was killed by rebel fighters. On 4 April, rebels captured the town of Babulin, Idlib. On 9 April, the Syrian Army took control of Rankous in the Qalamoun region. On 12 April, rebels in Aleppo stormed the government-held Ramouseh industrial district in an attempt to cut the Army supply route between the airport and a large Army base. The rebels also took the Rashidin neighbourhood and parts of the Jamiat al-Zahra district. On 26 April, the Syrian Army took control of Al-Zabadani . According to SOHR, rebels took control of Tell Ahrmar, Quneitra. Rebels in Daraa also took over Brigade 61 Base and the 74th battalion. On 26 April, the FSA announced they had begun an offensive against ISIS in the Raqqa Governorate, and had seized five towns west of Raqqa city. On 29 April, activists said that the Syrian Army captured Tal Buraq near the town of Mashara in Quneitra without any clashes. On 7 May, a truce went into effect in the city of Homs, SOHR reported. The terms of the agreement include safe evacuation of Islamist fighters from the city, which would then fall under government control, in exchange for release of prisoners and safe passage of humanitarian aid for Nubul and Zahraa, two Shiite enclaves besieged by the rebels. On 18 May, the head of Syria's Air Defense, General Hussein Ishaq , died of wounds sustained during a rebel attack on an air defense base near Mleiha the previous day. In Hama Governorate, rebel forces took control of the town of Tel Malah, killing 34 pro-Assad fighters at an army post near the town. Its seizure marked the third time rebels have taken control of the town. Syria held a presidential election in government-held areas on 3 June 2014. For the first time in the history of Syria more than one person was allowed to stand as a presidential candidate. More than 9,000 polling stations were set up in government-held areas. According to the Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria , 11.63 million Syrians voted (the turnout was 73.42%). President Bashar al-Assad won the election with 88.7% of the votes. As for Assad's challengers, Hassan al-Nouri received 4.3% of the votes and Maher Hajjar received 3.2%. Allies of Assad from more than 30 countries were invited by the Syrian government to follow the presidential election, including Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, India, Iran, Iraq, Nicaragua, Russia, South Africa and Venezuela. The Iranian official Alaeddin Boroujerdi read a statement by the group saying the election was `` free, fair and transparent'' . The Gulf Cooperation Council , the European Union and the United States all dismissed the election as illegitimate and a farce. State employees were told to vote or face interrogation. On the ground there were no independent monitors stationed at the polling stations. It is claimed in an opinion piece that as few as 6 million eligible voters remained in Syria. Due to rebel, Kurdish and ISIS control of Syrian territories there was no voting in roughly 60% of the country. ISIS-- government conflict intensifies According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights , on 17 July 2014 ISIL took control of the Shaar oil field, killing 90 pro-government forces while losing 21 fighters. In addition, 270 guards and government-aligned fighters were missing. About 30 government persons managed to escape to the nearby Hajjar field. On 20 July, the Syrian Army secured the field, although fighting continued in its outskirts. On 25 July, the Islamic State took control of the Division 17 base near Raqqa. On 7 August 2014, ISIL took the Brigade 93 base in Raqqa using weapons captured from their offensive in Iraq. Multiple suicide bombs also went off before the base was stormed. On 13 August, ISIL forces took the towns of Akhtarin and Turkmanbareh from rebels in Aleppo . ISIL forces also took a handful of nearby villages. The other towns seized include Masoudiyeh, Dabiq and Ghouz. On 14 August, after being captured by the Al Nusra Front, the Free Syrian Army commander Sharif As-Safouri admitted to working with Israel and receiving anti-tank weapons from Israel and FSA soldiers also received medical treatment. It is possible this confession was obtained under duress. On 14 August, the Syrian Army as well as Hezbollah militias retook the town of Mleiha in Rif Dimashq Governorate . The Supreme Military Council of the FSA denied claims of Mleiha's seizure, rather the rebels have redeployed from recent advances to other defensive lines. Mleiha has been held by the Islamic Front . Rebels had used the town to fire mortars on government held areas inside Damascus. Meanwhile, ISIL forces in Raqqa were launching a siege on Tabqa airbase , the Syrian government's last military base in Raqqa. Kuwaires airbase in Aleppo also came under fierce attack by ISIL. On 16 August 2014, there were reports that 22 people were killed in the village of Daraa by a car bomb outside a mosque. The bomb was thought to be detonated by ISIS. Also on 16 August, the Islamic State seized the village of Beden in Aleppo Governorate from rebels. On 17 August 2014, SOHR said that in the past two weeks ISIL jihadists had killed over 700 tribal members in oil-rich Deir ez-Zor Governorate . On 19 August, Abu Abdullah al-Iraqi, a senior figure in ISIL who had helped prepare and plan car and suicide bombs across Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq was killed. Some reports said that he was killed by Hezbollah fighters. There were also several reports that he was killed by the Syrian Army in the Qalamoun region, near the border with Lebanon. In Raqqa, the Syrian Army took control of the town of Al-Ejeil. ISIL reportedly sent reinforcements from Iraq to the governorate of Raqqa. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said at least 400 ISIL fighters had also been wounded in the previous five days in clashes with the Syrian Army and National Defense Force in Raqqa alone. At the same time, several senior UK and US figures urged Turkey to stop allowing ISIL to cross the border to Syria and Iraq. It was around this time that the Americans realized that the Turks had no intention of sealing their side of the border, and so Washington decided to work with the Syrian Kurds to close off the border on the Syrian side. A year later, with the Kurds in control of most of the Turkey-- Syria border, and the Syrian army advancing under Russian air support to seal the remainder, the situation was causing great ructions in Ankara. On 26 August 2014, the Syrian Air Force carried out airstrikes against ISIL in the Governorate of Deir ez-Zor. This was the first time the Syrian Army attacked them in Deir ez-Zor as the Syrian Army pulled out of Raqqa and shifted to Deir ez-Zor for its oil and natural gas resources as well as strategically splitting ISIL territories. American jets began bombing ISIL in Syria on 23 September 2014, raising U.S. involvement in the country. At least 20 targets in and around Raqqa were hit, the opposition group Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said. Foreign partners participating in the strikes with the United States were Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Jordan. The U.S. and `` partner nation forces'' began striking ISIL using fighters, bombers and Tomahawk missiles, Pentagon spokesman Rear Adm. John Kirby said. U.Sintervention in Raqqa and Kobanî Main articles: Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (August-- December 2014) and 2014 American intervention in Syria Coalition airstrike in Kobanî on ISIL position, October 2014 U.S. aircraft include B-1 bombers , F-16s , F-18s and Predator drones , with F-18s flying missions off the USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) in the Persian Gulf. Tomahawk missiles were fired from the destroyer USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) in the Red Sea . Syria's Foreign Ministry told the Associated Press that the U.S. informed Syria's envoy to the U.N. that `` strikes will be launched against the terrorist group in Raqqa'' . The United States informed the Free Syrian Army beforehand of the impending airstrikes, and the rebels said that weapons transfers to the Free Syrian Army had begun. The United States also attacked a specific faction of al-Nusra called the Khorasan Group , who according to the United States had training camps and plans for attacking the United States in the future. For its part, Turkey launched an official request to the U.N. for a no-fly zone over Syria. The same day, Israel shot down a Syrian warplane after it entered the Golan area from Quneitra. By 3 October 2014, ISIL forces were heavily shelling the city of Kobanî and were within a kilometer of the town. Within 36 hours from 21 October, the Syrian air force carried out over 200 airstrikes on rebel-held areas across Syria and US and Arab jets attacked IS positions around Kobanî . Syrian Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi said the YPG forces in Kobanî had been provided with military and logistical support. Syria reported its air force had destroyed two fighter jets operated by IS. By 26 January, the Kurdish YPG forced ISIL to retreat from Kobanî , thus fully recapturing the city. The U.S. later confirmed that the city had been cleared of ISIL forces, and ISIL admitted defeat in Kobanî city three days later, although they vowed to return. The southern Front and northern Army of Conquest (October 2014 -- June 2015) In February 2014, the Southern Front of the Free Syrian Army formed in southern Syria. Six months later, they started a string of victories in Daraa and Quneitra during the 2014 Quneitra offensive , the Daraa offensive , the Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin , the Battle of Bosra (2015) and the Battle of Nasib Border Crossing . A government counter-offensive (the 2015 Southern Syria offensive ) during this period, that included the IRGC and Hezbollah , recaptured 15 towns, villages and hills, but the operation slowed soon after and stalled. Since early 2015, opposition military operations rooms based in Jordan and Turkey began increasing cooperation, with Saudi Arabia and Qatar also reportedly agreeing upon the necessity to unite opposition factions against the Syrian government. In late October 2014, a conflict erupted between the al-Nusra Front on one side and the Western-backed SRF and Hazzm Movement on the other ( Al-Nusra Front-- SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict ). By the end of February 2015, al-Nusra had defeated both groups, captured the entire Zawiya Mountain region in Idlib province and several towns and military bases in other governorates, and seized weapons supplied by the CIA to the two moderate groups. The significant amount of weapons seized included a small number of BGM-71 anti-tank missiles similar to weapons systems al-Nusra Front had previously captured from government stockpiles such as French MILANs , Chinese HJ-8s and Russian 9K111 Fagots . Reuters reported that this represented al-Nusra crushing pro-Western rebels in the north of the country. According to FSA commanders in northern Syria, however, the elimination of Harakat Hazm and the SRF was a welcome development due to the leaders of those factions allegedly involved in corruption. The Western-backed 30th Division of the FSA remained active elsewhere in Idlib. By 24 March 2015, the al-Nusra Front dominated most of Idlib province, except for the government-held provincial capital, Idlib , which they had encircled on three sides along with their Islamist allies. Therefore, they joined together to form the Army of Conquest on this day. On 28 March, a joint coalition of Islamist forces, the Army of Conquest , captured Idlib. This left the north largely taken over by Ahrar ash-Sham , al-Nusra Front and other Islamist rebels, with the south of the country becoming the last significant foothold for the mainstream, non-jihadist opposition fighters. Main articles: Northwestern Syria offensive (April-- June 2015) and Second Battle of Idlib On 22 April, a new rebel offensive was launched in the north-west of Syria and by 25 April, the rebel coalition Army of Conquest had captured the city of Jisr al-Shughur . At the end of the following month, the rebels also seized the Al-Mastumah military base, and Ariha , leaving government forces in control of tiny pockets of Idlib, including the Abu Dhuhur military airport. In addition, according to Charles Lister (Brookings Doha Center), the Army of Conquest coalition was a broad opposition effort to ensure that the Al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front was contained, with the rearguard involvement of Western-backed factions being regarded as crucial. Still, according to some, the FSA in northern Syria had by this point all but dissipated. Many of the moderate fighters joined more extremist organizations, such as Ahrar ash-Sham , the largest faction in the Army of Conquest, which led to the subsequent rise of the Islamist Army of Conquest coalition. Rebel advances led to government and Hezbollah morale plunging dramatically. In north-west Syria these losses were countered by a Hezbollah-led offensive in the Qalamoun mountains north of Damascus, on the border with Lebanon, that gave Hezbollah effective control of the entire area. Resurgent ISIL advance (May 2015 -- September 2015) Main articles: Palmyra offensive (May 2015) and Palmyra offensive (July-- August 2015) On 21 May, ISIL took control of Palmyra , a UNESCO World Heritage Site, after eight days of fighting. The jihadists also captured the nearby towns of Al-Sukhnah and Amiriya, as well as several oil fields. Following the capture of Palmyra, ISIL conducted mass executions in the area, killing an estimated 217-- 329 government civilian supporters and soldiers, according to opposition activists. Government sources put the number of killed at 400-- 450. By early June, ISIL reached the town of Hassia, which lies on the main road from Damascus to Homs and Latakia, and reportedly took up positions to the west of it, creating a potential disaster for the government and raising the threat of Lebanon being sucked further into the war. On 25 June, ISIL launched two offensives. One was a surprise diversionary attack on Kobanî , while the second targeted government-held parts of Al-Hasakah city. The ISIL offensive on Al-Hasakah displaced 60,000 people, with the UN estimating a total of 200,000 would be displaced. In July 2015, a raid by U.S. special forces on a compound housing the Islamic State's `` chief financial officer'' , Abu Sayyaf , produced evidence that Turkish officials directly dealt with ranking ISIS members. ISIS captured Qaryatayn city from the government on 5 August 2015. Australia joined the bombing of ISIL in Syria in mid September, an extension of their efforts in Iraq for the last year. On 2 August, U.S. officials informed Reuters that the United States had decided to `` allow air strikes to help defend against any attack on the U.S.-trained Syrian rebels, even if the attackers come from forces loyal to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.'' The following day the Pentagon announced that it would begin flying its first unmanned, armed drone missions in Syria. Russian intervention and Aleppo offensive (30 September 2015 -- February 2016) ( hide ) Russian military facilities involved in the war in Syria Caspian Flotilla Russian Navy ( Astrakhan ) Caspian Flotilla Russian Navy ( Makhachkala ) Caspian Flotilla Russian Navy ( Kaspiysk ) Aircraft group ( ru ) ASF RF 720th PL of the Russian Navy Russian Navy Russian Aerospace Forces Group Special forces ( ru ) See also: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War , Northwestern Syria offensive (October 2015) , and Aleppo offensive (October-- December 2015) On 30 September 2015, in response to an official request by the Syrian government, the Russian Aerospace Forces began a sustained campaign of air strikes against both ISIL and the anti-Assad FSA. Initially, the raids were conducted solely by Russian aircraft stationed in the Khmeimim base in Syria. Shortly after the start of the Russian operation, U.S. president Barack Obama was reported to have authorized the resupply of Syrian Kurds and the Arab-Syrian opposition, Obama reportedly emphasizing to his team that the U.S. would continue to support the Syrian opposition now that Russia had joined the conflict. On 7 October 2015, Russian officials said the ships of the Caspian Flotilla had earlier that day fired 26 sea-based cruise missiles at 11 ISIL targets in Syria destroying those and causing no civilian casualties. That day, the Syrian government launched the northwest Syrian offensive that in the following few days succeeded in recapturing some territory in northern Hama Governorate , close to the government's coastal heartland in the west of the country. On 8 October 2015, the U.S. officially announced the end of the Pentagon's half-billion dollar program to train and equip Syrian rebels and acknowledged that it had failed However, other covert and significantly larger CIA programs to arm anti-government fighters in Syria continued. The foreign ministers of Russia, the U.S., Saudi Arabia, and Turkey in Vienna , before a four-way discussion focused on Syria, 29 October 2015 Two weeks after the start of the Russian campaign in Syria, The New York Times opined that with anti-government commanders receiving for the first time bountiful supplies of U.S.-made anti-tank missiles and with Russia raising the number of airstrikes against the government's opponents that had raised morale in both camps, broadening war objectives and hardening political positions, the conflict was turning into an all-out proxy war between the U.S. and Russia. Despite multiple top-ranking casualties incurred by the Iranian forces advising fighters in Syria, in mid-October the Russian-Syrian-Iranian-Hezbollah offensive targeting rebels in Aleppo went ahead. At the end of October 2015, the U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter signalled a shift in the strategy of the U.S.-led campaign saying there will be more air strikes and ruling in the use of direct ground raids, the fight in Syria concentrating mostly on Raqqa. On 30 October and two weeks later, Syria peace talks were held in Vienna, initiated by the United States, Russia, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, in which on 30 October Iran participated for the first time in negotiations on Syrian settlement. The participants disagreed on the future of Bashar Assad. On 10 November 2015, the Syrian government forces completed the operation to break through the Islamic State insurgents' blockade of the Kweires air base in Aleppo Province, where government forces had been under siege since April 2013. In mid-November 2015, in the wake of the Russian plane bombing over Sinai and the Paris attacks , both Russia and France significantly intensified their strikes in Syria, France closely coordinating with the U.S. military. On 17 November, Putin said he had issued orders for the cruiser Moskva that had been in eastern Mediterranean since the start of the Russian operations to `` work as with an ally'' , with the French naval group led by flagship Charles De Gaulle that had been on her way to eastern Mediterranean since early November. Shortly afterwards, a Russian foreign ministry official criticised France's stridently anti-Assad stance as well as France's air strikes at oil and gas installations in Syria as apparently designed to prevent those from returning under the Syrian government's control; the Russian official pointed out that such strikes by France could not be justified as they were carried out without the Syrian government's consent. In his remarks to a French delegation that included French parliamentarians, on 14 November, President Bashar Assad sharply criticised France's as well as other Western States' actions against the Syrian government suggesting that French support for Syrian opposition forces had led to the Islamic State-claimed attacks in Paris. On 19 November 2015, U.S. President Barack Obama, speaking of the Vienna process, said he was unable to `` foresee a situation in which we can end the civil war in Syria while Assad remains in power'' ; he urged Russia and Iran to stop supporting the Syrian government. On 20 November 2015, the U.N. Security Council, while failing to invoke the UN's Chapter VII , which gives specific legal authorisation for the use of force, unanimously passed Resolution 2249 that urged UN members to `` redouble and coordinate their efforts to prevent and suppress terrorist acts committed specifically by ISIL also known as Da'esh as well as ANF, and all other individuals, groups, undertakings, and entities associated with Al-Qaida, and other terrorist groups, as designated by the United Nations Security Council, and as may further be agreed by the International Syria Support Group (ISSG) and endorsed by the UN Security Council'' . The adopted resolution was drafted by France and co-sponsored by the UK the following day after Russia introduced an updated version of its previously submitted draft resolution that was blocked by the Western powers as seeking to legitimise Assad's authority. On 24 November 2015, Turkey shot down a Russian warplane that allegedly violated Turkish airspace and crashed in northwestern Syria, leading to the Russian pilot's death. Following the crash, it was reported that Syrian Turkmen rebels from Syrian Turkmen Brigades attacked and shot down a Russian rescue helicopter, killing a Russian naval infantryman. A few days after, Russian aircraft were reported to have struck targets in the Syrian town of Ariha in Idlib province that was controlled by the Army of Conquest causing multiple casualties on the ground. On 2 December 2015, the Parliament of the United Kingdom voted to expand Operation Shader into Syria with a majority of 397-- 223. That day, two British Tornado aircraft took off from RAF Akrotiri immediately at 22:30, each carrying three Paveway bombs. Two further aircraft were deployed at 00:30 on 3 December, and all aircraft returned by 06:30 without their bombs. Defense Secretary Michael Fallon said that the strikes hit the Omar oil fields in eastern Syria, and that eight more jets (two Tornados and six Typhoons ) were being sent to RAF Akrotiri to join the eight already there. On 7 December 2015, the government of Syria announced that US-led coalition warplanes had fired nine missiles at its army camp near Ayyash, Deir al-Zour province , on the evening prior, killing three soldiers and wounding 13 others; three armoured vehicles, four military vehicles, heavy machine-guns and an arms and ammunition depot were also destroyed. The government condemned the strikes, the first time the government forces would be struck by the coalition, as an act of `` flagrant aggression'' ; the coalition spokesman denied it was responsible. Anonymous Pentagon officials alleged later in the day that the Pentagon was `` certain'' that a Russian warplane (presumably a TU-22 bomber ) had carried out the attack. The claim was denied by the Russian military spokesman. On 14 December 2015, Russia's government news media reported that the Syrian government forces retook a Marj al-Sultan military airbase east of Damascus that had been held by Jaysh al-Islam . The UN resolution 2254 of 18 December 2015 that endorsed the ISSG 's transitional plan but did not clarify who would represent the Syrian opposition, while condemning terrorist groups like ISIL and al-Qaeda; it made no mention of the future role of Syrian President Bashar Assad. On 12 January 2016, the Syria government announced that its army and allied forces had established `` full control'' of the strategically situated town of Salma , whose pre-war population was predominantly Sunni, in the northwestern province of Latakia, and continued to advance north. On 16 January 2016, ISIL militants launched raid on government-held areas in the city of Deir ez-Zor and killed up to 300 people. Counter-strikes by Russian Air Force fighter jets, in support of Syrian army forces, were reported to take back the areas. On 21 January 2016, Russia's activity presumably aimed at setting up a new base in the government-controlled Kamishly Airport was first reported; the northeastern town of Qamishli in the Al-Hasakah Governorate had been largely under the Syrian Kurds' control since the start of the Syrian Kurdish-- Islamist conflict in the governorate of Al-Hasakah in July 2013. Similar activity by the U.S. forces was suspected in the Rmeilan Airbase in the same province, 50 kilometres (31 miles) away from the Kamishly Airport; the area is likewise controlled by the US-backed Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG). On 24 January 2016, the Syrian government announced its forces, carrying on with their Latakia offensive , had seized the predominantly Sunni-populated town of Rabia , the last major town held by rebels in western Latakia province; Russian forces were said to have played an important role in the recapture. The capture of Rabia was said to threaten rebel supply lines from Turkey. By 26 January 2016, the Syrian government established `` full control'' over the town of Al-Shaykh Maskin in the Daraa Governorate , thus completing the operation that had begun in late December 2015. The town's capture by the Syrian government was remarked as a `` turning of the tide in the Syrian war'' by Al-Jazeera . Partial ceasefire (26 February-- July 2016) Main article: Syria ceasefire Defense ministers of Russia, Iran and Syria in a tripartite meeting in Tehran On 26 February 2016, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2268 that endorsed a previously brokered U.S.-Russian deal on a `` cessation of hostilities '' . The cease-fire started on 27 February 2016 at 00:00 (Damascus time). The ceasefire does not include attacks on UN-designated terrorist organizations. At the close of February 2016, despite individual clashes, the truce was reported to hold. By the end of March, the Syrian government forces with support from Russia and Iran successfully captured Palmyra from the ISIL. Palmyra offensive in March 2016 By early July 2016, the truce was said to have mostly unraveled, violence again escalated, and the fighting between all the major parties to the conflict continued. At the end of July 2016, the fighting between the government and Islamist rebels in and around Aleppo intensified . SDF advances and Turkish military intervention (August-- October 2016) On 12 August 2016, the Syrian Democratic Forces fully captured Manbij from ISIL. Some days later, the SDF announced a new offensive towards Al-Bab , which could eventually connect the Kurdish regions in Northern Syria. A few days after, the battle of al-Hasakah began. On 22 August, the Kurdish YPG, having captured Ghwairan, the only major Arab neighborhood in Hasaka that had been in government hands, launched a major assault to seize the last government-controlled areas of the northeastern Syrian city of Hasaka, after a Russian mediation team failed to mend the rift between the two sides; the next day the capture of the city was completed. A few days prior, the Pentagon admonished the Syrian government against `` interfering with coalition forces or our partners'' in that region, adding that the U.S. had the right to defend its troops. On 24 August 2016, Turkey's armed forces invaded Syria in the Jarabulus area controlled by ISIL starting what the Turkish president called Operation Euphrates Shield , aimed against, according to his statement, both the IS and Kurdish `` terror groups that threaten our country in northern Syria'' . The Syrian government denounced the intervention as a `` blatant violation of its sovereignty'' and said that `` fighting terrorism isn't done by ousting ISIS and replacing it with other terrorist organizations backed directly by Turkey'' . The PYD leader Salih Muslim said that Turkey was now in the `` Syrian quagmire'' and would be defeated like IS. Speaking in Ankara the same day, US vice president Joe Biden indirectly endorsed Turkey's move and said that the U.S. had made it clear to the Syrian Kurdish forces that they should move back east across the Euphrates, or lose US support. As Turkish troops and the Turkish-aligned Syrian rebels took control of Jarablus and moved further south towards the Syrian town of Manbij, they clashed with the Kurdish YPG, which led the U.S. officials to voice concern and issue a warning to both sides. On 29 August, U.S. Defense Secretary Ash Carter specified that the U.S. did not support Turkey's advance south of Jarablus. The warning as well as an announcement made by the U.S. of a tentative ceasefire between the Turkish forces and the Kurds in the area of Jarablus were promptly and angrily dismissed by Turkey's officials. However, combat between the Turkish forces and the SDF died down, and instead Turkish forces moved West to confront IS. In the meantime the SDF, including Western volunteers, continued to reinforce Manbij. At sunset on 12 September 2016, a U.S.-Russian brokered cease-fire came into effect. Five days later, the U.S. and other coalition members' jets bombed Syrian Army positions near Deir ez-Zor-- purportedly by accident, but with Russia contending that it was intentional-- killing at least 62 Syrian troops that were fighting ISIL militants. Shortly after, the ceasefire broke down, and on 19 September the Syrian Army declared to no longer observe the truce. Also on 19 September, an aid convoy in Aleppo was attacked with the U.S. coalition blaming the Russian and Syrian governments for the attack and these same governments denying these accusation and instead blaming terrorists for the attack. On 22 September, the Syrian army declared a new offensive in Aleppo . The offensive succeeded on 14 December, when the final Rebel stronghold in Aleppo was recaptured by the Syrian government followed by a ceasefire agreement. On 26 October 2016 US Defense Secretary Ash Carter said that an offensive to retake Raqqa from IS will begin within weeks. The SDF proceeded with this effort, in operation Wrath of Euphrates . This operation used up to 30,000 Arab, Christian and Kurdish troops, with support from the Western Coalition. By December 2016 it had captured many villages and land west of Raqqa, previously controlled by IS. By January 2017, much of the land west of Raqqa had been seized, and the second phase of the operation was complete. Russian/Iranian/Turkish backed ceasefire (December 2016 -- April 2017) A BM-21 Grad rocket artillery truck of the Lions of the East Army during the 2017 southern Syrian Desert campaign In December 2016, Syrian government forces completely recaptured all of rebel-held parts of Aleppo , ending the 4-year battle in the city. On 15 December, as it was reported government forces were on the brink of retaking all of Aleppo-- a `` turning point'' in the civil war, Assad celebrated the `` liberation'' of the city, and stated, `` History is being written by every Syrian citizen.'' On 29 December 2016 Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a new ceasefire deal had been reached between the Syrian Government and opposition groups, with Russia and Turkey acting as guarantors, and Iran as a signatory to a trilateral agreement. The ceasefire came into effect at 00:00 Syrian time (02:00 UTC) on 30 December. It does not include UN-designated terrorist groups, such as ISIL and Jabhat Fateh al-Sham. Syrian High Negotiations Committee representatives in Turkey confirmed that they were involved in the deal. Talks were scheduled to be held between the groups in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, on 15 January. Early reports indicated that despite sporadic fighting incidents, the ceasefire appeared to be holding, with no civilian deaths. Also late on 29 December, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that four million people in Damascus and surrounding areas were without reliable access to water after major supply infrastructure was subject to deliberate targeting on 22 December. They said that although the government had initiated a program of rationing, they were concerned that safe water may not be accessible to everyone and called on parties to reach peaceful agreements to guarantee basic services. On 2 January 2017, rebel groups said that they would disengage from planned talks after alleged ceasefire violations by Government forces in the Wadi Barada valley near Damascus. The government says the region is excluded from the ceasefire because of the presence of Fatah al-Sham, but some local activists deny that they have a presence there. At the end of January, government forces managed to capture Wadi Barada and the water supply of Damascus was restored. On 14 February 2017, the cease-fire between Assad forces and rebels collapsed throughout the country, leading to fresh clashes in various locations and a fresh rebel offensive in Daraa . A new peace conference in Geneva was held on 23 February. On 23 February, Turkish forces captured Al-Bab from ISIL north-east of Aleppo. Syrian government forces started an offensive east of Aleppo to conquer Dayr Hafir from ISIL and prevent further Turkish advances. Syrian rebels in combat against government forces in Qaboun , Damascus, April 2017 On 17 March, Syrian military fired S-200 missiles at Israeli jets over Golan Heights. The Israeli military claimed that the Arrow anti-ballistic system intercepted one missile, while the Syrian military claimed that they had downed an Israeli jet. The Russian Foreign Ministry summoned the Israeli ambassador to clarify the situation. On 20 March, 150 civilians were killed in the Al-Badia school massacre by a U.S strike. The Syrian Arab Army entered Dayr Hafir, the last stronghold held by the Islamic State in East Aleppo, on 23 March, and secured it by 23 March. This opened up an opportunity to push south into the Ar-Raqqa governate where the Islamic State's de facto capital resides; however on 23 March, a Syrian Democratic Forces contingent landed on a peninsula west of Raqqa via boats and helicopters, in an effort to cut off the Syrian Arab Army from entering the Islamic State's de facto capital, Raqqa. On 28 March, an agreement was reportedly brokered by Qatar and Iran for the evacuation for four besieged towns in Syria, where around 60,000 people live. The deal involved evacuating the residents of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya , two towns in the Idlib Governorate besieged by rebel forces, in exchange for the evacuation of residents and rebels in Zabadani and Madaya , two towns under siege by government forces in the Rif Dimashq Governorate. Syrian-American conflict, de-escalation zones (April 2017 -- June 2017) Main articles: Khan Shaykhun chemical attack , 2017 Shayrat missile strike , and 2017 Hama offensive U.S. armored vehicle in Al-Hasakah , northeastern Syria, May 2017 From April 2017, the United States took on a more confrontational strategy in Syria. After the chemical attack on Khan Shaykhun , which American officials blamed on the Syrian government, warships of the Us Navy launched 59 Tomahawk missiles at the Syrian government's Shayrat Air Base which was said the be the source of the chemical attack. The American attack, taking place on the 7th of April, was the first officially announced deliberate attack on Syrian government forces. Due to being launched without authorisation from United States Congress or the United Nations Security Council , the strike triggered an emergency UNSC meeting, initially requested by Bolivia and supported by Russia . A spokesman of Vladimir Putin stated that that Russian President viewed the U.S. attack as `` an act of aggression against a sovereign country violating the norms of international law, and under a trumped-up pretext at that'' . This view was shared by Deborah Pearlstein , who has suggested that US military strikes against Syrian government forces violate the UN Charter , a cornerstone of international law which has been ratified by the US and is thus binding on the US. In response, the U.S representative at the UNSC emergency meeting said that `` the moral stain of the Assad regime could no longer go unanswered.'' American forces would struck the Syrian military again on the 18th of May, when a Syrian army convoy advancing in the vicinity of the border town of al-Tanf , which hosted a US-controlled airbase used for training of anti-government forces, came under attack by US fighter jets. Nevertheless, the Syrian government's desert offensive continued and on 9 June government forces secured a part of Syrian-- Iraqi border for the first time since 2015. This isolated the Al-Tanf rebel area from Daesh held territory, the capture of which was stated as an official objective by both the rebels and US forces. Meanwhile, intense fighting between government forces and rebel groups that began north of Hama on 21 March, continued. By the 29th of March, the SAA, which had halted the rebel offensive at the outskirts of Hama, began a counterstroke, and on the 16th of April, had reversed all rebel gains. They proceeded to launch a smaller assault of their own, and by the end of April had captured the towns of Halfaya and Taybat al-Imam. On 12 April, the agreement to exchange the inhabitants of the rebel-held towns of Zabadani and Madaya with the inhabitants of the pro-government towns of Al-Fu'ah and Kafraya began to be implemented. On 15 April, a convoy of buses carrying evacuees from Al-Fu'ah and Kafriya was attacked by a suicide bomber in Aleppo, killing more than 126 people. On 24 April, the Turkish Air Force conducted several airstrikes on YPG and YPJ positions near al-Malikiyah , killing at least 20 of their fighters. The attacks were condemned by the US. On 4 May 2017, Russia, Iran, and Turkey signed an agreement in Astana to create four `` de-escalation zones'' in Syria. The four zones include the Idlib Governorate , the northern rebel-controlled parts of the Homs Governorate , the rebel-controlled eastern Ghouta , and the Jordan-- Syria border . The agreement was rejected by some rebel groups, and the Democratic Union Party also denounced the deal, saying that the ceasefire zones are `` dividing Syria up on a sectarian basis'' . The ceasefire came into effect on 6 May. Halt to CIA program, ISIL declared defeated, Russian forces in Syria permanent (July 2017-- December 2017) Iranian convoy delivering aid to Deir ez-Zor in September 2017 On 7 July 2017, the U.S., Russia, and Jordan agreed to a ceasefire in part of southwestern Syria. Russia gave assurances that Assad would abide by the agreement. On 19 July 2017, it was reported that the Donald Trump administration had decided to halt the CIA program to equip and train anti-government rebel groups , a move sought by Russia. On 5 September 2017, the government′ s Central Syria offensive culminated in the breaking of the three-year ISIL siege of Deir ez-Zor , with active participation of Russian aviation and navy. This was followed shortly thereafter by the lifting of the siege of the city′ s airport . On 17 October 2017, after over four months of fierce fighting and the U.S.-led coalition′ s bombardment, the Kurdish-dominated Syrian Democratic Forces announced they had established full control of the city of Raqqa in northern Syria, previously the de facto capital of ISIL. At the end of October, the government of Syria said that it still considered Raqqa to be an occupied city that can '' only be considered liberated when the Syrian Arab Army enter(ed) it.'' By mid-November 2017, the government forces and allied militia established full control over Deir ez-Zor and captured the town of Abu Kamal in eastern Syria, near the border with Iraq and Iraq′ s town of al-Qaim , which was concurrently captured from ISIL by the Iraqi government. On 28 November 2017, it was reported that China will deploy troops to aid Syrian President Bashar al-Assad . On 6 December 2017, Russian government declared Syria to have been `` completely liberated'' from ISIL; on 11 December Russian president Vladimir Putin visited the Russian base in Syria, where he announced that he had ordered the partial withdrawal of the forces deployed to Syria. On 26 December, Russian defence minister Sergey Shoigu said that Russia had set about `` forming a permanent grouping'' at its naval facility at Tartus and Hmeymim airbase . Two days later, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that Russia believed that the U.S. forces must leave Syrian territory completely once remnants of the terrorists were completely eliminated and that would happen very soon. Army advance in Hama province and in Ghouta, Turkish intervention in Afrin (January-- March 2018) See also: Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017-- February 2018) , Turkish military operation in Afrin , Rif Dimashq offensive (February-- April 2018) , and February 2018 Israel-- Syria incident In January-- February 2018, the Syrian Army and its allies continued to advance against the forces of Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and other rebels in the Hama Governorate . Meanwhile, on 20 January, the Turkish military began a cross-border operation in the Kurdish -majority Afrin Canton and the Tel Rifaat Area of Shahba Canton in Northern Syria, against the Kurdish-led Democratic Union Party in Syria (PYD), its armed wing People's Protection Units (YPG), and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) positions. On 10 February 2018, the Syrian Air Defense shot down an Israeli F-16 fighter jet in response to a cross border raid conducted by Israel on Iranian targets near Damascus through Lebanese airspace. The pilots survived the crash, but have been transported for treatment. On 21 February 2018, the government began an operation to capture rebel-held Ghouta east of Damascus; the operation started with an intensive air campaign. On 18 March 2018, on the 58th day of the Turkish military operation in Afrin , the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA) and the Turkish Armed Forces captured Afrin from the YPG and the YPJ , with the Kurds putting up little resistance. Shortly after the capture, TFSA militants looted parts of the city and destroyed numerous pro-Kurdish symbols as Turkish Army troops solidified control by raising Turkish flags and banners over the city. Douma chemical attack, U.S.-led missile strikes, end of rebel pockets (April 2018-- present) See also: Douma chemical attack and May 2018 Israel-- Iran incidents On 7 April 2018, a chemical attack was reported in the city of Douma , with 70 people killed and 500 injured. On-site medics stated the cause of those deaths was exposure to chlorine and sarin gas . The Syrian government denied any use of chemical weapons. Following the incident in Douma, the UN Security Council failed to adopt three competing resolutions on an inquiry into the alleged chemical attack, with Russia and the U.S. clashing over the issue. Following the incident, Syrian government forces entered and established control over the city of Douma, ending the five year Siege of Ghouta . The militants of Jaysh al-Islam that had previously occupied the pocket were transported to Jarabalus. On 14 April 2018, the United States, United Kingdom, and France launched missile strikes on multiple government targets in Syria as a response to the suspected chemical attack in Douma. On 19 April 2018, the Syrian army and allied Palestinian groups began an offensive against the Yarmouk camp for Palestinian refugees , which had at least partially been occupied by ISIL. The offensive resulted in the deaths of at least 19 ISIL militants and at least 15 pro-government fighters; however, at least 19 civilians were reportedly killed in the campaign, as well as at least 150 injured. On 1 May, the U.S. government announced the U.S.-led coalition's `` operations to liberate the final ISIS strongholds in Syria'' ; the announcement said the U.S. would ensure that `` populations liberated from ISIS are not exploited by the Assad regime or its Iranian supporters'' . Advanced weaponry and tactics See also: Equipment of the Syrian Army and List of military equipment used by Syrian opposition forces Chemical weapons Main articles: Syria and weapons of mass destruction and Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War See also: Syria chemical weapons program and Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons Sarin , mustard agent and chlorine gas have been used during the conflict. Numerous casualties led to an international reaction, especially the 2013 Ghouta attacks . A UN fact-finding mission was requested to investigate alleged chemical weapons attacks. In four cases the UN inspectors confirmed use of sarin gas. In August 2016, a confidential report by the United Nations and the OPCW explicitly blamed the Syrian military of Bashar al-Assad for dropping chemical weapons (chlorine bombs) on the towns of Talmenes in April 2014 and Sarmin in March 2015 and ISIS for using sulfur mustard on the town of Marea in August 2015. The United States and the European Union have accused the Syrian government of conducting several chemical attacks. Following the 2013 Ghouta attacks and international pressure, the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons began. In 2015 the UN mission disclosed previously undeclared traces of sarin compounds in a `` military research site'' . After the April 2017 Khan Shaykhun chemical attack , the United States launched its first attack against Syrian government forces. Cluster bombs Many nations including but not limited to Syria , the United States , Russia , China , Israel and India are not parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions and do not recognize the ban on the use of cluster bombs . The Syrian Army is alleged to have begun using cluster bombs in September 2012. Steve Goose, director of the Arms Division at Human Rights Watch said `` Syria is expanding its relentless use of cluster munitions, a banned weapon, and civilians are paying the price with their lives and limbs'' , `` The initial toll is only the beginning because cluster munitions often leave unexploded bomblets that kill and maim long afterward.'' Thermobaric weapons Russian thermobaric weapons , also known as `` fuel-air bombs'' , have been used by the government side during the war. One Buratino thermobaric rocket launcher `` can obliterate a roughly 200 by 400 metres (660 by 1,310 feet) area with a single salvo'' . Since 2012, rebels have said that the Syrian Air Force (government forces) is using thermobaric weapons against residential areas occupied by the rebel fighters, such as during the Battle of Aleppo and also in Kafr Batna . A panel of United Nations human rights investigators reported that the Syrian government used thermobaric bombs against the strategic town of Qusayr in March 2013. In August 2013, the BBC reported on the use of napalm-like incendiary bombs on a school in northern Syria. On 2 December 2015, The National Interest reported that Russia was deploying the TOS-1 Buratino multiple rocket launch system to Syria, which is `` designed to launch massive thermobaric charges against infantry in confined spaces such as urban areas.'' Anti-tank missiles Several types of anti-tank missiles are in use in Syria. Russia has sent 9M133 Kornet , third-generation anti-tank guided missiles to the Syrian Government whose forces have used them extensively against armour and other ground targets to fight Jihadists and rebels. U.S.-made BGM-71 TOW missiles are one of the primary weapons of rebel groups and have been primarily provided by the United States and Saudi Arabia. The U.S. has also supplied many Eastern European sourced 9K111 Fagot launchers and warheads to Syrian rebel groups under its Timber Sycamore program. Ballistic missiles Main article: 2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike In June 2017, Iran attacked ISIL targets in the Deir ez-Zor area in eastern Syria with Zolfaghar ballistic missiles fired from western Iran, in the first use of mid-range missiles by Iran in 30 years. According to Jane's Defence Weekly , the missiles travelled 650-- 700 kilometres. Belligerents Main article: List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War See also: Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out and merged into the article titled List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War , which already exists. ( Discuss ) (March 2017) Syrian Arab Republic and allies Main articles: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Syria Region and Syrian Arab Republic A number of sources have emphasized that as of at least late 2015/early 2016 the Syrian government was dependent on a mix of volunteers and militias rather than the Syrian Armed Forces. Syrian armed forces Main article: Syrian Armed Forces Two destroyed Syrian Army tanks in Azaz, August 2012 The funeral procession of Syrian General Mohammed al-Awwad who was assassinated in Damascus in 2012 Before the uprising and war broke out, the Syrian Armed Forces were estimated at 325,000 regular troops and 280,000-- 300,000 reservists. Of the regular troops, 220,000 were ' army troops' and the rest in the navy, air force and air defense force. Following defections as early as June 2011, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights estimated that by July 2012, tens of thousands of soldiers had defected, and a Turkish official estimated 60,000. National Defense force Main article: National Defence Forces (Syria) The Syrian NDF was formed out of pro-government militias. They receive their salaries and military equipment from the government, and number around 100,000 troops. The force acts in an infantry role, directly fighting against rebels on the ground and running counter-insurgency operations in coordination with the army, who provides them with logistical and artillery support. The force has a 500-strong women's wing called `` Lionesses of National Defense '' which operates checkpoints. NDF members, like regular army soldiers, are allowed to loot the battlefields (but only if they participate in raids with the army), and can sell the loot for extra money. Sensing that they depend on the largely secular government, many of the militias of Syrian Christians (like Sootoro in Al-Hasakah) fight on the Syrian government's side and seek to defend their ancient towns, villages and farmsteads from ISIL (see also Christian Militias in Syria ). Shabiha Main article: Shabiha The Shabiha are unofficial pro-government militias drawn largely from Syria's Alawite minority group. Since the uprising, the Syrian government has been accused of using shabiha to break up protests and enforce laws in restive neighborhoods. As the protests escalated into an armed conflict, the opposition started using the term shabiha to describe civilians they suspected of supporting Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government and clashing with pro-opposition demonstrators. The opposition blames the shabiha for the many violent excesses committed against anti-government protesters and opposition sympathizers, as well as looting and destruction. In December 2012, the shabiha were designated a terrorist organization by the United States. Bassel al-Assad is reported to have created the shabiha in the 1980s for government use in times of crisis. Shabiha have been described as `` a notorious Alawite paramilitary, who are accused of acting as unofficial enforcers for Assad's government'' ; `` gunmen loyal to Assad'' , and, according to the Qatar-based Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, `` semi-criminal gangs comprised of thugs close to the government'' . Despite the group's image as an Alawite militia, some shabiha operating in Aleppo have been reported to be Sunnis. In 2012, the Assad government created a more organized official militia known as the Jaysh al-Sha'bi , allegedly with help from Iran and Hezbollah. As with the shabiha , the vast majority of Jaysh al-Sha'bi members are Alawite and Shi'ite volunteers. Hezbollah Main article: Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War In February 2013, former secretary general of Hezbollah, Sheikh Subhi al-Tufayli , confirmed that Hezbollah was fighting for the Syrian Army, which in October 2012, General Secretary Hassan Nasrallah had still denied was happening on a large scale, except to admit that Hezbollah fighters helped the Syrian government `` retain control of some 23 strategically located villages (in Syria) inhabited by Shiites of Lebanese citizenship'' . Nasrallah said that Hezbollah fighters have died in Syria doing their `` jihadist duties'' . In 2012 and 2013, Hezbollah was active in gaining control of territory in the Al-Qusayr District of Syria, by May 2013 publicly collaborating with the Syrian Army and taking 60 percent of the city by the end of 14 May. In Lebanon, there have been `` a recent increase in the funerals of Hezbollah fighters'' and `` Syrian rebels have shelled Hezbollah-controlled areas.'' As of 14 May 2013, Hezbollah fighters were reported to be fighting alongside the Syrian Army, particularly in the Homs Governorate . Hassan Nasrallah has called on Shiites and Hezbollah to protect the shrine of Sayida Zeinab. President Bashar al-Assad denied in May 2013 that there were foreign fighters, Arab or otherwise, fighting for the government in Syria. On 25 May 2013, Nasrallah announced that Hezbollah was fighting in Syria against Islamic extremists and `` pledged that his group will not allow Syrian militants to control areas that border Lebanon'' . In the televised address, he said, `` If Syria falls in the hands of America, Israel and the takfiris , the people of our region will go into a dark period.'' According to independent analysts, by the beginning of 2014, approximately 500 Hezbollah fighters had died in the Syrian conflict. On 7 February 2016, 50 Hezbollah fighters were killed in a clash by the Jaysh al-Islam near Damascus. These fighters were embedded in the SAA formation called Army Division 39. Iran Main article: Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War Bodies of Iranian casualties return to Kermanshah , August 2016 Iran continues to officially deny the presence of its combat troops in Syria, maintaining that it provides military advice to Assad's forces in their fight against terrorist groups. Since the civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war , Iran has provided the Syrian government with financial, technical, and military support, including training and some combat troops. Iran and Syria are close strategic allies . Iran sees the survival of the Syrian government as being crucial to its regional interests. Iran's supreme leader , Ali Khamenei , was reported to be vocally in favor of the Syrian government. By December 2013 Iran was thought to have approximately 10,000 operatives in Syria. But according to Jubin Goodarzi, assistant professor and researcher at Webster University , Iran aided the Syrian government with a limited number of deployed units and personnel, `` at most in the hundreds ... and not in the thousands as opposition sources claimed'' . Lebanese Hezbollah fighters backed by Tehran have taken direct combat roles since 2012. In the summer of 2013, Iran and Hezbollah provided important battlefield support for Syrian forces, allowing them to make advances on the opposition. In 2014, coinciding with the peace talks at Geneva II , Iran has stepped up support for Syrian President Assad. The Syrian Minister of Finance and Economy stated more than 15 billion dollars had come from the Iranian government. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Quds Force commander Qasem Suleimani is in charge of Syrian President Assad's security portfolio and has overseen the arming and training of thousands of pro-government Shi'ite fighters. 328 IRGC troops, including several commanders, have reportedly been killed in the Syrian civil war since it began. Foreign Shia militias Liwa Fatemiyoun fighters during the Palmyra offensive in December 2016 Shia fighters from Afghanistan and Pakistan are `` far more numerous'' than Sunni non-Syrian fighters, though they have received `` noticeably less attention'' from the media. The number of Afghans fighting in Syria on behalf of the Syrian government has been estimated at `` between 10,000 and 12,000'' , the number of Pakistanis is not known (approximately 15% of Pakistan's population is Shia). The main forces are the liwa' fatimiyun (Fatimiyun Brigade) -- which is composed exclusively of Afghans and fights `` under the auspices'' of Hezbollah Afghanistan -- and the Pakistani liwa' zaynabiyun (Zaynabiyun Brigade) formed in November 2015. Many or most of the fighters are refugees, and Iran has been accused of taking advantage of their inability to `` obtain work permits or establish legal residency in Iran'' , and using threats of deportation for those who hesitate to volunteer. The fighters are also paid a relatively high salary, and some have told journalists, that `` the Islamic State is a common enemy of Iran and Afghanistan ... this is a holy war,'' and that they wish to protect the Shia pilgrimage site of Sayyida Zaynab , from Sunni jihadis. Russia Main article: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War See also: Russian naval facility in Tartus On 30 September 2015, Russia's Federation Council unanimously granted the request by President of Russia Vladimir Putin to permit the use of the Russian Armed Forces in Syria. On the same day, the Russian general Sergey Kuralenko, who represents Russia at the joint information center in Baghdad set up by Russia, Iran, Iraq and Syria to coordinate their operations against Islamic State, arrived at the US Embassy in Baghdad and requested that any U.S. forces in the targeted area leave immediately. An hour later, the Russian aircraft based in the government-held territory began conducting airstrikes against the rebel forces. In response to the downing of a Syrian government Su-22 plane by a U.S. fighter jet near the town of Tabqah in Raqqa province on 18 June 2017, Russia announced that U.S.-led coalition warplanes flying west of the Euphrates would be tracked by Russian anti-aircraft forces in the sky and on the ground and treated as targets; furthermore, the Russian military said they suspended the hotline (the `` deconfliction'' line) with their U.S. counterparts based in Al Udeid . Nevertheless, a few days later, the U.S. military stated that the deconfliction line remained open and that Russia had given the U.S. a prior notification of its massive cruise missile strike from warships in the Mediterranean that was conducted on 23 June 2017, despite the fact that the U.S. was not among those countries mentioned as being forewarned in Russia′ s official report on the strike. On 27 June 2017, U.S. defence minister Jim Mattis told the press: `` We deconflict with the Russians; it's a very active deconfliction line. It's on several levels, from the chairman of the Joint Chiefs and the secretary of state with their counterparts in Moscow, General Gerasimov and Minister Lavrov. Then we've got a three-star deconfliction line that is out of the Joints Chiefs of Staff out of the J5 there. Then we have battlefield deconfliction lines. One of them is three-star again, from our field commander in Baghdad, and one of them is from our CAOC , our Combined Air Operations Center, for real-time deconfliction.'' Syrian opposition and allies Main articles: Syrian opposition and Syrian Interim Government The armed opposition consists of various groups that were either formed during the course of the conflict or joined from abroad. The Syrian National Coalition formed the Syrian Interim Government. The minister of defense is to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army. Other Islamist factions are independent from the mainstream Syrian opposition. Political groups Main article: Syrian opposition Syrian National coalition Main articles: National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces and Syrian National Council Syrian National Coalition members in Doha , 11 November 2012. In center, president al-Khatib , along with VPs Seif and Atassi , as well as all SNC chairmen Ghalioun , Sieda and Sabra . Formed on 23 August 2011, the National Council is a coalition of anti-government groups, based in Turkey. The National Council seeks the end of Bashar al-Assad's rule and the establishment of a modern, civil, democratic state. SNC has links with the Free Syrian Army . On 11 November 2012 in Doha, the National Council and other opposition groups united as the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces . The SNC has 22 out of 60 seats of the Syrian National Coalition. The following day, it was recognized as the legitimate government of Syria by numerous Persian Gulf states. Delegates to the Coalition's leadership council are to include women and representatives of religious and ethnic minorities, including Alawites. The military council will reportedly include the Free Syrian Army. The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the Bashar al-Assad government and `` its symbols and pillars of support'' , `` dismantling the security services'' , unifying and supporting the Free Syrian Army , refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and `` holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying (Syria), and displacing (Syrians)'' . National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Main article: National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Formed in 2011 and based in Damascus , the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change is an opposition bloc consisting of 13 left-wing political parties and `` independent political and youth activists'' . It has been defined by Reuters as the internal opposition's main umbrella group. The NCC initially had several Kurdish political parties as members, but all except for the Democratic Union Party left in October 2011 to join the Kurdish National Council . Some have accused the NCC of being a `` front organization '' for Bashar al-Assad 's government and some of its members of being ex-government insiders. Relations with other Syrian political opposition groups are generally poor. The Syrian Revolution General Commission , the Local Coordination Committees of Syria or the Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution oppose the NCC calls to dialogue with the Syrian government. In September 2012, the Syrian National Council (SNC) reaffirmed that despite broadening its membership, it would not join with `` currents close to (the) NCC'' . Despite recognizing the Free Syrian Army on 23 September 2012, the FSA has dismissed the NCC as an extension of the government, stating that `` this opposition is just the other face of the same coin'' . Military rebel groups Free Syrian Army and affiliate groups Main article: Free Syrian Army Free Syrian Army fighters being transported by pickup truck The formation of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) was announced on 29 July 2011 by a group of defecting Syrian Army officers, encouraging others to defect in order to defend civilian protesters from violence by the state and effect government change. By December 2011, estimates of the number of defectors to the FSA ranged from 1,000 to over 25,000. The FSA, initially `` headquartered'' in Turkey, moved its headquarters to northern Syria in September 2012, and functions more as an umbrella organization than a traditional military chain of command. FSA soldiers plan during the Battle of Aleppo (October 2012). In March 2012, two reporters of The New York Times witnessed an FSA attack and learned that the FSA had a stock of able, trained soldiers and ex-officers, organized to some extent, but without the weapons to put up a realistic fight. In April 2013, the US announced it would transfer $123 million in nonlethal aid to Syrian rebels through defected general Salim Idriss , leader of the FSA, who later acknowledged `` the rebels'' were badly fragmented and lacked military skill. Idriss said he was working on a countrywide command structure, but that a lack of material support was hurting that effort. `` Now it is very important for them to be unified. But unifying them in a manner to work like a regular army is still difficult'' , Idriss said. He acknowledged common operations with Islamist group Ahrar ash-Sham but denied any cooperation with Islamist group al-Nusra Front . Abu Yusaf, a commander of the Islamic State (IS), said in August 2014 that many of the FSA members who had been trained by United States' and Turkish and Arab military officers were actually joining IS, but by September 2014 the Free Syrian Army was joining an alliance and common front with Kurdish militias including the YPG to fight ISIS. In October 2015, shortly after the start of Russia's military intervention in Syria, a senior ex-US official was paraphrased as saying `` the ' moderates' had collapsed long ago'' in a piece by Robert Fisk , who added that many fighters had defected to other rebel groups, while Russia's foreign minister Sergey Lavrov called the FSA `` an already phantom structure'' , but later proclaimed that Russia was ready to aid the FSA with airstrikes against ISIS. On the other hand, in December 2015, according to the American Institute for the Study of War , groups that identify as FSA were still present around Aleppo and Hama and in southern Syria , and the FSA was still `` the biggest and most secular of the rebel groups.'' By March 2017, the FSA backed by Turkey finished clearing the Islamic State from the north of Syria. After this, they turned to attempting to take over Afrin canton from the YPG . Syrian opposition campaign in support of Syria in 2012 Islamist factions Main article: Islamic Front (Syria) The Islamic Front ( Arabic : الجبهة الإسلامية , al-Jabhat al-Islāmiyyah ) was a merger of seven rebel groups involved in the Syrian civil war that was announced on 22 November 2013. The group had about 40,000 fighters. An anonymous spokesman for the group had stated that it will not have ties with the Syrian National Coalition , though a member of the political bureau of the group, Ahmad Musa, has stated that he hopes for recognition from the Syrian National Council in cooperation for what he suggested `` the Syrian people want. They want a revolution and not politics and foreign agendas.'' The group is widely seen as backed and armed by Saudi Arabia. Salafist factions In September 2013, US Secretary of State John Kerry stated that extremist Salafi jihadist groups make up 15-- 25% of rebel forces. According to Charles Lister, about 12% of rebels are part of groups linked to al-Qaeda , 18% belong to Ahrar ash-Sham , and 9% belong to Suqour al-Sham Brigade . These numbers contrast with a report by Jane's Information Group , a defense outlet, claiming almost half of all rebels being affiliated to Islamist groups. British think-tank Centre on Religion and Geopolitics, linked to former British PM Tony Blair , says that 60% of the rebels could be classified as Islamist extremists. In September 2013, leaders of 13 powerful salafist brigades rejected the Syrian National Coalition and called Sharia law `` the sole source of legislation'' . In a statement they declared that `` the coalition and the putative government headed by Ahmad Tomeh does not represent or recognize us'' . Among the signatory rebel groups were al-Nusra Front , Ahrar ash-Sham and Al-Tawheed . Al-Nusra Front / Jabhat Fateh al-Sham / Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham Main article: Al-Nusra Front The scene of the October 2012 Aleppo bombings , for which al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility The al-Qaeda -linked al-Nusra Front, being the biggest jihadist group in Syria, is often considered to be the most aggressive and violent part of the opposition. Being responsible for over 50 suicide bombings , including several deadly explosions in Damascus in 2011 and 2012 , it is recognized as a terrorist organization by the Syrian government and was designated as such by United States in December 2012. It has been supported by the Turkish government for years, according to a US intelligence adviser quoted by Seymour Hersh . In April 2013, the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq released an audio statement announcing that al-Nusra Front is its branch in Syria. The leader of al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Golani, said that the group would not merge with the Islamic State of Iraq but would still maintain allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri , the leader of al-Qaeda . The estimated manpower of al-Nusra Front is approximately 6,000-- 10,000 people, including many foreign fighters. The relationship between the al-Nusra Front and the indigenous Syrian opposition is tense, even though al-Nusra has fought alongside the FSA in several battles and some FSA fighters defected to the al-Nusra Front. The Mujahideen's strict religious views and willingness to impose sharia law disturbed many Syrians. Some rebel commanders have accused foreign jihadists of `` stealing the revolution'' , robbing Syrian factories and displaying religious intolerance. Al-Nusra Front has been accused of mistreating religious and ethnic minorities since their formation. On 10 March 2014, al-Nusra released 13 Christian nuns captured from Ma'loula , Damascus, in exchange for the release of 150 women from the Syrian government's prisons. The nuns reported that they were treated well by al-Nusra during their captivity, adding that they `` were giving us everything we asked for'' and that `` no one bothered us'' . The al-Nusra Front renamed itself to Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (JFS) in June 2016, and later became the leading member of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) in 2017. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) Main article: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Much of Raqqa suffered extensive damage during the battle of Raqqa in June-- October 2017. Called Dā'ash or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (abbrv. ISIL or ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)) made rapid military gains in Northern Syria starting in April 2013 and as of mid-2014 controls large parts of that region, where the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights describes it as `` the strongest group'' . It has imposed strict Sharia law over land that it controls. The group was, until 2014, affiliated with al-Qaeda , led by the Iraqi fighter Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi , and has an estimated 7,000 fighters in Syria, including many non-Syrians. It has been praised as less corrupt than other militia groups and criticized for abusing human rights and for not tolerating non-Islamist militia groups, foreign journalists or aid workers, whose members it has expelled, imprisoned, or executed. According to Michael Weiss, ISIL has not been targeted by the Syrian government `` with quite the same gusto'' as other rebel factions. By summer 2014, ISIL controlled a third of Syria. It established itself as the dominant force of Syrian opposition, defeating Jabhat al-Nusra in Deir Ezzor Governorate and claiming control over most of Syria's oil and gas production. The Syrian government did not begin to fight ISIL until June 2014 despite its having a presence in Syria since April 2013, according to Kurdish officials. According to IHS Markit , between April 2016 and April 2017, ISIL offensively fought the Syrian government 43% of times, Turkish-backed rebel groups 40% of times, and the Syrian Democratic Forces 17% of times. ISIL was able to recruit more than 6,300 fighters in July 2014 alone. In September 2014, reportedly some Syrian rebels signed a `` non-aggression'' agreement with ISIL in a suburb of Damascus, citing inability to deal with both ISIL and the Syrian Army's attacks at once. Some Syrian rebels have, however, decried the news on the `` non-aggression'' pact. ISIL have also planted bombs in the ancient city area of Palmyra , a city with population of 50,000. Palmyra is counted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as it is home to some of the most extensive and best-preserved ancient Roman ruins in the world. Having lost nearly half of their territory in Iraq since 2014, many more Islamic State leaders have begun to sell their property and sneak into Syria, further destabilizing the region. North Syria Federation (Rojava) Main article: Democratic Federation of Northern Syria Syrian Democratic Council Main article: Syrian Democratic Council The Syrian Democratic Council was established on 10 December 2015 in al-Malikiyah . It was co-founded by prominent human rights activist Haytham Manna and was intended as the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces . The council includes more than a dozen blocs and coalitions that support federalism in Syria, including the Movement for a Democratic Society , the Kurdish National Alliance in Syria , the Law-- Citizenship-- Rights Movement , and since September 2016 the Syria's Tomorrow Movement . The last group is led by former National Coalition president and Syrian National Council Ahmad Jarba . In August 2016 the SDC opened a public office in al-Hasakah . The Syrian Democratic Council was invited to participate in the international Geneva III peace talks on Syria in March 2016. However, it rejected the invitation. Syrian Democratic forces Main articles: Syrian Democratic Forces and Rojava conflict Kurds showing their support for the PYD in Afrin during the conflict The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) are an alliance of mainly Kurdish but also Arab , Syriac-Assyrian , and Turkmen militias with mainly left-wing and democratic confederalist political leanings. They are opposed to the Assad government, but have directed most of their efforts against Al-Nusra Front and ISIL . The group formed in December 2015, led primarily by the predominantly Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG). Estimates of its size range from 55,000 to 80,000 fighters. While largely Kurdish, it's estimated that about 40% of the fighters are non-Kurdish. Kurds -- mostly Sunni Muslims, with a small minority of Yezidis -- represented 10% of Syria's population at the start of the uprising in 2011. They had suffered from decades of discrimination and neglect, being deprived of basic civil, cultural, economic, and social rights. When protests began, Assad's government finally granted citizenship to an estimated 200,000 stateless Kurds, in an effort to try and neutralize potential Kurdish opposition. Despite this concession, most Kurds remain opposed to the government, hoping instead for a more decentralized Syria based on federalism . The Syriac Military Council , like many Christian militias (such as Khabour Guards , Nattoreh , and Sutoro ), originally formed to defend Christian villages, but joined the Kurdish forces to retake Hasakah from ISIS in late 2015 The Female Protection Forces of the Land Between the Two Rivers is an all-female force of Assyrian fighters in north east Syria fighting ISIS alongside other Assyrian and Kurdish units. Before the formation of the SDF, the YPG was the primary fighting force in the DFNS, and first entered this Syrian civil war as belligerent in July 2012 by capturing a town, Kobanî , that until then was under control of the Syrian Assad-government (see Syrian Kurdistan campaign ). On 17 March 2016 the Syrian Democratic Council , the political wing of the SDF, declared the creation of an autonomous federation in northern Syria. U.S.-led coalition against ISIL See also: Combined Joint Task Force -- Operation Inherent Resolve , American-led intervention in Syria , and Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War A number of countries, including some individual NATO members, have since September 2014 participated in air operations in Syria that came to be overseen by the Combined Joint Task Force , set up by the US Central Command to coordinate military efforts against ISIL pursuant to their collectively undertaken commitments, including those of 3 December 2014 . Those who have conducted airstrikes in Syria include the United States, Australia, Bahrain, Canada, France, Jordan, The Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. Some members are involved in the conflict beyond combating ISIL; Turkey has been accused of fighting against Kurdish forces in Syria and Iraq, including intelligence collaborations with ISIL in some cases. According to one intelligence adviser quoted by controversial journalist Seymour Hersh , the conclusion of a `` highly classified assessment'' carried out by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 was that Turkey had effectively transformed the secret US arms program in support of moderate rebels, who no longer existed, into an indiscriminate program to provide technical and logistical support for all elements of the opposition, including Jabhat al-Nusra and Islamic State. Foreign involvement Main articles: Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War Map of countries surrounding Syria (red) with military involvement Syria Countries that support the Syrian government Countries that support the Syrian rebels Countries that are divided in their support Both the Syrian government and the opposition have received support, militarily and diplomatically, from foreign countries leading the conflict to often be described as a proxy war . The major parties supporting the Syrian Government are Russia , Iran and Hezbollah . The main Syrian opposition body -- the Syrian coalition -- receives political, logistic and military support from the United States , Britain and France. The pro-government countries are involved in the war politically and logistically by providing military equipment, training and battle troops. The Syrian government has also received arms from Russia and SIGINT support directly from GRU , in addition to significant political support from Russia . Some Syrian rebels get training from the CIA at bases in Qatar, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Under the aegis of operation Timber Sycamore and other clandestine activities, CIA operatives and U.S. special operations troops have trained and armed nearly 10,000 rebel fighters at a cost of $1 billion a year since 2012. The Syrian coalition also receives logistic and political support from Sunni states, most notably Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia; all the three major supporting states however have not contributed any troops for direct involvement in the war, though Turkey was involved in border incidents with the Syrian Army. The Financial Times and The Independent reported that Qatar had funded the Syrian rebellion by as much as $3 billion. It reported that Qatar was offering refugee packages of about $50,000 a year to defectors and family. Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels. According to Seymour Hersh , US intelligence estimates that the opposition is financed by Saudi Arabia to the tune of $700 million a year (2014). The designation of the FSA by the West as a moderate opposition faction has allowed it, under the CIA -run programmes, to receive sophisticated weaponry and other military support from the U.S., Turkey and some Gulf countries that effectively increases the total fighting capacity of the Islamist rebels. French television France 24 reported that the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant , with perhaps 3,000 foreign jihadists among its ranks, `` receives private donations from the Gulf states .'' It is estimated ISIL has sold oil for between $1m-4m per day principally to Turkish buyers, during at least six months in 2013, greatly helping its growth. The Turkish government has been also accused of helping ISIL by turning a blind eye to illegal transfers of weapons, fighters, oil and pillaged antiquities across the southern border. As of 2015 , Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Turkey are openly backing the Army of Conquest , an umbrella rebel group that reportedly includes an al-Qaeda linked al-Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar ash-Sham , and Faylaq Al-Sham , a coalition of Muslim Brotherhood -linked rebel groups. On 21 August 2014, two days after US photojournalist James Foley was beheaded, the U.S. military admitted a covert rescue attempt involving dozens of US Special Operations forces had been made to rescue Americans and other foreigners held captive in Syria by ISIL militants. The rescue attempt is the first known US military ground action inside Syria. The resultant gunfight resulted in one US soldier being injured. The rescue was unsuccessful as the captives were not in the location targeted. On 11 September 2014 the US Congress expressed support to give President Obama the $500 million he wanted to arm and train moderate Syrian rebels. The question of whether the president has authority to continue airstrikes beyond the 60-day window granted by the War Powers Resolution remained unresolved. On 12 September, US Secretary of State John Kerry met Turkish leaders to secure backing for US-led action against ISIL, but Ankara showed reluctance to play a frontline role. Kerry stated that it was `` not appropriate'' for Iran to join talks on confronting ISIL. The plans revealed in September also involve Iraq in targeting ISIL. US warplanes have launched 158 strikes in Iraq over the past five weeks while emphasizing a relatively narrow set of targets. The Pentagon's press secretary, John Kirby, said the air campaign in Iraq, which began 8 Aug, will enter a more aggressive phase. On the other hand, according to Fanack, initial refusal from the West to support the Syrian liberal opposition has contributed to the emergence of extremist Sunni groups. These include ISIL and the Nusra Front, linked to al-Qaeda. American and Turkish militaries announced a joint plan to remove Islamic State militants from a 100-kilometre (60 mi) strip along the Turkish border. Foreign fighters have joined the conflict in opposition to Assad. While most of them are jihadists, some individuals, such as Mahdi al-Harati , have joined to support the Syrian opposition. The ICSR estimates that 2,000-- 5,500 foreign fighters have gone to Syria since the beginning of the protests, about 7-- 11 percent of whom came from Europe. It is also estimated that the number of foreign fighters does not exceed 10 percent of the opposition armed forces. Another estimate puts the number of foreign jihadis at 15,000 by early 2014. In October 2012, various Iraqi religious groups join the conflict in Syria on both sides. Radical Sunnis from Iraq have traveled to Syria to fight against President Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government. In December 2015, the Soufan Group estimated a total of 27,000-- 31,000 foreign fighters from 86 countries had travelled to Syria and Iraq to join extremist groups. Reporting, censoring and propaganda Main article: Media coverage of the Syrian Civil War The Syrian Civil War is one of the most heavily documented wars in history, despite the extreme dangers that journalists face while in Syria. International reactions Main article: International reactions to the Syrian Civil War See also: Vetoed UN resolutions on Syria Esther Brimmer (U.S.) speaks at a United Nations Human Rights Council urgent debate on Syria, February 2012 During the early period of the civil war, The Arab League , European Union , the United Nations, and many Western governments quickly condemned the Syrian government's violent response to the protests, and expressed support for the protesters' right to exercise free speech . Initially, many Middle Eastern governments expressed support for Assad, but as the death toll mounted, they switched to a more balanced approach by criticizing violence from both government and protesters. Both the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation suspended Syria's membership. Russia and China vetoed Western-drafted United Nations Security Council resolutions in 2011 and 2012, which would have threatened the Syrian government with targeted sanctions if it continued military actions against protestors. Humanitarian aid Main article: Humanitarian aid during the Syrian Civil War The conflict holds the record for the largest sum ever requested by UN agencies for a single humanitarian emergency, $6.5 billon worth of requests of December 2013. The difficulty of delivering humanitarian aid to people is indicated by the statistics for January 2015: of the estimated 212,000 people during that month who were besieged by government or opposition forces, 304 were reached with food. The international humanitarian response to the conflict in Syria is coordinated by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) in accordance with General Assembly Resolution 46/182. The primary framework for this coordination is the Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan (SHARP) which appealed for USD $1.41 billion to meet the humanitarian needs of Syrians affected by the conflict. Official United Nations data on the humanitarian situation and response is available at an official website managed by UNOCHA Syria (Amman). UNICEF is also working alongside these organizations to provide vaccinations and care packages to those in need. US aid to Syrian opposition forces, May 2013 USAID and other government agencies in US delivered nearly $385 million of aid items to Syria in 2012 and 2013. The United States has provided food aid, medical supplies, emergency and basic health care, shelter materials, clean water, hygiene education and supplies, and other relief supplies. Islamic Relief has stocked 30 hospitals and sent hundreds of thousands of medical and food parcels. Other countries in the region have also contributed various levels of aid. Iran has been exporting between 500 and 800 tonnes of flour daily to Syria. Israel has provided treatment to 750 Syrians in a field hospital located in Golan Heights . Rebels say that 250 of their fighters received medical treatment there. Syrian refugees make up one quarter of Lebanon's population, mostly consisting of women and children. In addition, Russia has said it created six humanitarian aid centers within Syria to support 3000 refugees in 2016. The World Health Organization has reported that 35% of the country's hospitals are out of service. Fighting makes it impossible to undertake the normal vaccination programs. The displaced refugees may also pose a risk to countries to which they have fled. 400,000 civilians are isolated by the fighting in eastern Ghouta, resulting in acutely malnourished children according to the United Nations Special Advisor, Jan Egeland , who urges the parties for medical evacuations. 55,000 civilians are also isolated in Berm where they have last seen humanitarian relief in the early summer. 494 individuals are awaiting medical evacuations. Financial information on the response to the SHARP and assistance to refugees and for cross-border operations can be found on UNOCHA's Financial Tracking Service. As of 19 September 2015, the top ten donors to Syria were United States, European Commission, United Kingdom, Kuwait, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Japan, UAE, and Norway. Impact Deaths Main article: Casualties of the Syrian Civil War Total deaths over the course of the conflict in Syria (18 March 2011 -- 18 October 2013) based on data from the Syrian National Council On 2 January 2013, the United Nations stated that 60,000 had been killed since the civil war began, with UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay saying `` The number of casualties is much higher than we expected, and is truly shocking.'' Four months later, the UN's updated figure for the death toll had reached 80,000. On 13 June 2013, the UN released an updated figure of people killed since fighting began, the figure being exactly 92,901, for up to the end of April 2013. Navi Pillay , UN high commissioner for human rights, stated that: `` This is most likely a minimum casualty figure.'' The real toll was guessed to be over 100,000. Some areas of the country have been affected disproportionately by the war; by some estimates, as many as a third of all deaths have occurred in the city of Homs . One problem has been determining the number of `` armed combatants'' who have died, due to some sources counting rebel fighters who were not government defectors as civilians. At least half of those confirmed killed have been estimated to be combatants from both sides, including 52,290 government fighters and 29,080 rebels, with an additional 50,000 unconfirmed combatant deaths. In addition, UNICEF reported that over 500 children had been killed by early February 2012, and another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons; both of these claims have been contested by the Syrian government. Additionally, over 600 detainees and political prisoners are known to have died under torture. In mid-October 2012, the opposition activist group SOHR reported the number of children killed in the conflict had risen to 2,300, and in March 2013, opposition sources stated that over 5,000 children had been killed. In January 2014, a report was released detailing the systematic killing of more than 11,000 detainees of the Syrian government. Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo, October 2012 On 20 August 2014, a new U.N. study concluded that at least 191,369 people have died in the Syrian conflict. The UN thereafter stopped collecting statistics, but a study by the Syrian Centre for Policy Research released in February 2016 estimated the death toll to be 470,000, with 1.9m wounded (reaching a total of 11.5% of the entire population either wounded or killed). Disease Formerly rare infectious diseases have spread in rebel-held areas brought on by poor sanitation and deteriorating living conditions. The diseases have primarily affected children. These include measles , typhoid , hepatitis , dysentery , tuberculosis , diphtheria , whooping cough and the disfiguring skin disease leishmaniasis . Of particular concern is the contagious and crippling Poliomyelitis . As of late 2013 doctors and international public health agencies have reported more than 90 cases. Critics of the government complain that, even before the uprising, it contributed to the spread of disease by purposefully restricting access to vaccination , sanitation and access to hygienic water in `` areas considered politically unsympathetic'' . Refugee migration Main article: Refugees of the Syrian Civil War Syrian refugees in Lebanon living in cramped quarters (6 August 2012) The violence in Syria caused millions to flee their homes. As of March 2015, Al-Jazeera estimate 10.9 million Syrians, or almost half the population, have been displaced. 3.8 million have been made refugees. As of 2013 , 1 in 3 of Syrian refugees (about 667,000 people) sought safety in Lebanon (normally 4.8 million population). Others have fled to Jordan, Turkey, and Iraq. Turkey has accepted 1,700,000 (2015) Syrian refugees, half of whom are spread around cities and a dozen camps placed under the direct authority of the Turkish Government. Satellite images confirmed that the first Syrian camps appeared in Turkey in July 2011, shortly after the towns of Deraa, Homs, and Hama were besieged. In September 2014, the UN stated that the number of Syrian refugees had exceeded 3 million. According to the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , Sunnis are leaving for Lebanon and undermining Hezbollah's status. The Syrian refugee crisis has caused the `` Jordan is Palestine'' threat to be diminished due to the onslaught of new refugees in Jordan. Additionally, `` the West Bank is undergoing emigration pressures which will certainly be copied in Gaza if emigration is allowed'' . Greek Catholic Patriarch Gregorios III Laham claims more than 450,000 Syrian Christians have been displaced by the conflict. As of September 2016, the European Union has reported that there are 13.5 million refugees in need of assistance in the country. Human Rights violations Main article: Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War Victims of the Ghouta chemical attack According to various human rights organizations and United Nations, human rights violations have been committed by both the government and the rebels, with the `` vast majority of the abuses having been committed by the Syrian government'' . According to three international lawyers, Syrian government officials could face war crimes charges in the light of a huge cache of evidence smuggled out of the country showing the `` systematic killing'' of about 11,000 detainees . Most of the victims were young men and many corpses were emaciated, bloodstained and bore signs of torture. Some had no eyes; others showed signs of strangulation or electrocution. Experts said this evidence was more detailed and on a far larger scale than anything else that had emerged from the then 34-month crisis. UN reported also that `` siege warfare is employed in a context of egregious human rights and international humanitarian law violations. The warring parties do not fear being held accountable for their acts.'' Armed forces of both sides of the conflict blocked access of humanitarian convoys, confiscated food, cut off water supplies and targeted farmers working their fields. The report pointed to four places besieged by the government forces: Muadamiyah, Daraya, Yarmouk camp and Old City of Homs, as well as two areas under siege of rebel groups: Aleppo and Hama. In Yarmouk Camp 20,000 residents are facing death by starvation due to blockade by the Syrian government forces and fighting between the army and Jabhat al-Nusra , which prevents food distribution by UNRWA. In July 2015, the UN quietly removed Yarmouk from its list of besieged areas in Syria, despite not having been able deliver aid there for four months, and declined to explain why it had done so. ISIS forces have been accused by the UN of using public executions, amputations, and lashings in a campaign to instill fear. `` Forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham have committed torture, murder, acts tantamount to enforced disappearance and forced displacement as part of attacks on the civilian population in Aleppo and Raqqa governorates, amounting to crimes against humanity'' , said the report from 27 August 2014. Enforced disappearances and arbitrary detentions have also been a feature since the Syrian uprising began. An Amnesty International report, published in November 2015, accused the Syrian government of forcibly disappearing more than 65,000 people since the beginning of the Syrian Civil War. According to a report in May 2016 by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights , at least 60,000 people have been killed since March 2011 through torture or from poor humanitarian conditions in Syrian government prisons. In February 2017, Amnesty International published a report which accused the Syrian government of murdering an estimated 13,000 persons, mostly civilians, at the Saydnaya military prison . They said the killings began in 2011 and were still ongoing. Amnesty International described this as a `` policy of deliberate extermination'' and also stated that `` These practices, which amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity, are authorised at the highest levels of the Syrian government.'' Three months later, the United States State Department stated a crematorium had been identified near the prison. According to the U.S., it was being used to burn thousands of bodies of those killed by the government's forces and to cover up evidence of atrocities and war crimes. Amnesty International expressed surprise at the claims about the crematorium, as the photographs used by the US are from 2013 and they did not see them as conclusive, and fugitive government officials have stated that the government buries those its executes in cemeteries on military grounds in Damascus. The Syrian government denied the allegations. ISIL and al-Qaeda executions On 19 August, American journalist James Foley was executed by ISIL, who claimed it was in retaliation for the United States operations in Iraq. Foley was kidnapped in Syria in November 2012 by Shabiha militia. ISIL also threatened to execute Steven Sotloff , who was kidnapped at the Syrian-Turkish border in August 2013. There were reports ISIS captured a Japanese national, two Italian nationals, and a Danish national as well. Sotloff was later executed in September 2014. At least 70 journalists have been killed covering the Syrian war, and more than 80 kidnapped, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists . On 22 August 2014, the al-Nusra Front released a video of captured Lebanese soldiers and demanded Hezbollah withdraw from Syria under threat of their execution. Sectarian threats Main article: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War Map of Syria's ethno-religious composition in 1976 The successive governments of Hafez and Bashar al-Assad have been closely associated with the country's minority Alawite religious group, an offshoot of Shia, whereas the majority of the population, and most of the opposition, is Sunni . Alawites started to be threatened and attacked by dominantly Sunni rebel fighting groups like al-Nusra Front and the FSA since December 2012 (see Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War#Alawites ). A third of 250,000 Alawite men of military age have been killed fighting in the Syrian civil war. In May 2013, SOHR stated that out of 94,000 killed during the war, at least 41,000 were Alawites. Many Syrian Christians reported that they had fled after they were targeted by the anti-government rebels. (See: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War#Christians .) Al Jazeera reported that `` The Druze accuse rebels of committing atrocities against their community in Syria ... Syria's Druze minority has largely remained loyal to President Bashar al-Assad since the war began in 2011.'' As militias and non-Syrian Shia-- motivated by pro-Shia sentiment rather than loyalty to the Assad government-- have taken over fighting the opposition from the weakened Syrian Army, fighting has taken on a more sectarian nature. One opposition leader has alleged that the Shia militias often `` try to occupy and control the religious symbols in the Sunni community to achieve not just a territorial victory but a sectarian one as well'' -- allegedly occupying mosques and replacing Sunni icons with pictures of Shia leaders. According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights human rights abuses have been committed by the militias including `` a series of sectarian massacres between March 2011 and January 2014 that left 962 civilians dead'' . Crime wave Doctors and medical staff treating injured rebel fighters and civilians in Aleppo As the conflict has expanded across Syria, many cities have been engulfed in a wave of crime as fighting caused the disintegration of much of the civilian state, and many police stations stopped functioning. Rates of theft increased, with criminals looting houses and stores. Rates of kidnappings increased as well. Rebel fighters were seen stealing cars and, in one instance, destroying a restaurant in Aleppo where Syrian soldiers had been seen eating. By July 2012, the human rights group Women Under Siege had documented over 100 cases of rape and sexual assault during the conflict, with many of these crimes believed to have been perpetrated by the Shabiha and other pro-government militias. Victims included men, women, and children, with about 80% of the known victims being women and girls. Local National Defense Forces commanders often engaged `` in war profiteering through protection rackets, looting, and organized crime'' . NDF members were also implicated in `` waves of murders, robberies, thefts, kidnappings, and extortions throughout government-held parts of Syria since the formation of the organization in 2013'' , as reported by the Institute for the Study of War. Criminal networks have been used by both the government and the opposition during the conflict. Facing international sanctions, the Syrian government relied on criminal organizations to smuggle goods and money in and out of the country. The economic downturn caused by the conflict and sanctions also led to lower wages for Shabiha members. In response, some Shabiha members began stealing civilian properties and engaging in kidnappings. Rebel forces sometimes rely on criminal networks to obtain weapons and supplies. Black market weapon prices in Syria's neighboring countries have significantly increased since the start of the conflict. To generate funds to purchase arms, some rebel groups have turned towards extortion, theft, and kidnapping. Cultural Heritage Main articles: Tourism in Syria , List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian Civil War , and Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL In January 2018 Turkish air strikes have seriously damaged an ancient Neo-Hittite temple in Syria's Kurdish-held Afrin region. It was built by the Arameans in the first millennium BC. The Temple of Bel in Palmyra, which was destroyed by ISIL in August 2015 As of March 2015, the war has affected 290 heritage sites, severely damaged 104, and completely destroyed 24. Five of the six UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Syria have been damaged. Destruction of antiquities has been caused by shelling , army entrenchment, and looting at various tells , museums, and monuments. A group called Syrian Archaeological Heritage Under Threat is monitoring and recording the destruction in an attempt to create a list of heritage sites damaged during the war and to gain global support for the protection and preservation of Syrian archaeology and architecture. UNESCO listed all six Syria's World Heritage sites as endangered but direct assessment of damage is not possible. It is known that the Old City of Aleppo was heavily damaged during battles being fought within the district, while Palmyra and Krak des Chevaliers suffered minor damage. Illegal digging is considered a grave danger, and hundreds of Syrian antiquities, including some from Palmyra, appeared in Lebanon. Three archeological museums are known to have been looted; in Raqqa some artifacts seem to have been destroyed by foreign Islamists due to religious objections. In 2014 and 2015, following the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , several sites in Syria were destroyed by the group as part of a deliberate destruction of cultural heritage sites . In Palmyra, the group destroyed many ancient statues, the Temples of Baalshamin and Bel , many tombs including the Tower of Elahbel , and part of the Monumental Arch . The 13th-century Palmyra Castle was extensively damaged by retreating militants during the Palmyra offensive in March 2016. ISIL also destroyed ancient statues in Raqqa , and a number of churches, including the Armenian Genocide Memorial Church in Deir ez-Zor . The war has inspired its own particular artwork, done by Syrians. A late summer 2013 exhibition in London at the P21 Gallery showed some of this work, which had to be smuggled out of Syria. Spillover Main article: Spillover of the Syrian Civil War In June 2014, members of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) crossed the border from Syria into northern Iraq, and took control of large swaths of Iraqi territory as the Iraqi Army abandoned its positions. Fighting between rebels and government forces also spilled over into Lebanon on several occasions. There were repeated incidents of sectarian violence in the North Governorate of Lebanon between supporters and opponents of the Syrian government, as well as armed clashes between Sunnis and Alawites in Tripoli . Further information: Iraqi Civil War (2014-- present) and Timeline of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant events in 2014 Starting on 5 June 2014, ISIL seized swathes of territory in Iraq. As of 2014, the Syrian Arab Air Force used airstrikes targeted against ISIL in Raqqa and al-Hasakah in coordination with the Iraqi government. Peace efforts Main articles: Syrian peace process and Syrian Civil War ceasefires Syria peace talks in Vienna, 30 October 2015 During the course of the war, there have been several international peace initiatives, undertaken by the Arab League, the United Nations, and other actors. The Syrian government has refused efforts to negotiate with what it describes as armed terrorist groups. On 1 February 2016, the UN announced the formal start of the UN-mediated Geneva Syria peace talks that had been agreed on by the International Syria Support Group (ISSG) in Vienna . On 3 February 2016, the UN Syria peace mediator suspended the talks. On 14 March 2016, Geneva peace talks resumed. The Syrian government insisted that discussion of Bashar-al-Assad's presidency `` is a red line'' , however Syria's President Bashar al-Assad said he hoped peace talks in Geneva would lead to concrete results, and stressed the need for a political process in Syria. A new round of talks between the Syrian government and some groups of Syrian rebels concluded on 24 January 24, 2017 in Astana , Kazakhstan, with Russia, Iran and Turkey supporting the ceasefire agreement brokered in late December 2016. The Astana Process talks was billed by a Russian official as a complement to, rather than replacement, of the United Nations-led Geneva Process talks. On 4 May 2017, at the fourth round of the Astana talks, representatives of Russia, Iran, and Turkey signed a memorandum whereby four `` de-escalation zones'' in Syria would be established, effective of 6 May 2017. Depictions Films Ladder to Damascus (2013) Sniper: Legacy (2014) Phantom (2015) The Father (2016) Insyriated (2017) Damascus Time (2018) Documentaries The Return to Homs (2013) Red Lines (2014) Silvered Water, Syria Self-Portrait (2014) 7 Days in Syria (2015) 50 Feet from Syria (2015) Our War (2016) The War Show (2016) The White Helmets (2016), which won the 2017 Oscar for Best Documentary Short . The battle for Syria . Sources: TV air footage (video documentary + English subtitles The battle for Syria on YouTube , official video documentary and the official text of the (16) ). VGTRK Syrian diary . Sources: TV air footage (video documentary + English subtitles Syrian diary on YouTube ), official video documentary of the (17). VGTRK Last Men in Aleppo (2017), nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 90th Academy Awards . Video games Endgame: Syria (2012) 1000 Days of Syria (2014) Syrian Warfare (2017) Holy Defence (2018) See also Syrian Civil War portal Terrorism in Syria Islamist uprising in Syria from 1976 until 1982 Iraqi Civil War (2014 to present) Yemeni Civil War (2015 to present) List of modern conflicts in the Middle East List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of wars and battles involving al-Qaeda List of wars by death toll List of wars involving Iran List of wars involving Syria Syrian Civil War ceasefires References Jump up ^ `` Iraq conducts first airstrikes against ISIS in Syria'' . CNN . February 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Trump ends CIA arms support for anti-Assad Syria rebels: U.S. officials'' . Reuters. 19 July 2017. Jump up ^ Watson, Ivan; Tuysuz, Gul; CNN (29 October 2014). `` Meet America's newest allies: Syria's Kurdish minority'' . CNN . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ A. Jaunger (30 July 2017). `` US increases military support to Kurdish-led forces in Syria'' . ARA News . Retrieved 1 January 2018 -- via Inside Syria Media Center. Jump up ^ Jamie Dettmer (9 June 2016). `` France Deploys Special Forces in Syria as IS Loses Ground'' . VOA . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.-backed fighters poised to cut key ISIS supply line'' . CBS News . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Irish, John (13 November 2013). `` Syrian Kurdish leader claims military gains against Islamists'' . Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Muslim said the PYD had received aid, money and weapons from the Iraq-based Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan... Jump up ^ Ranj Alaaldin (16 December 2014). `` A Dangerous Rivalry for the Kurds'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Once again, the P.U.K. saw a chance to seize the initiative, by suggesting that it, rather than the Kurdistan regional government or the K.D.P., was providing weapons and supplies to the Syrian Kurdish fighters, who belong to a party that has historically been at odds with the K.D.P. Jump up ^ Jack Murphy (23 March 2017). `` Did Kurdistan's Counter-Terrorist Group assault the Tabqa Dam in Syria?'' . SOFREP . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander Whitcomb (30 October 2014). `` Peshmerga advance team in Kobane'' . Rudaw Media Network . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Says Its Airstrikes Hit an ISIS Camp in Syria'' . The New York Times . 28 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` COALITION: SPECIAL OPS FORCES TRAIN, EQUIP TWO OPPOSITION GROUPS IN SOUTHERN SYRIA'' . NRT News . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton, Rosemary (26 November 2015). `` Justin Trudeau to pull fighter jets, keep other military planes in ISIS fight'' . CBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ (formerly al-Nusra Front ) Jump up ^ A year on Astana agreement, the winners are Iranians, Russians, Turks, the regime, and the biggest losers are the opposition factions, Tahrir al-Sham and ISIS Jump up ^ Area under control or influence of each major faction in Syria Jump up ^ `` Leading Syrian regime figures killed in Damascus bomb attack'' . The Guardian . July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Syria defence minister killed in Damascus bomb'' . The Daily Telegraph . 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Syria Remains Silent on Intelligence Official's Death'' . The New York Times . 24 April 2015. Jump up ^ (Head of National Defence Forces ) `` Assad cousin killed in Syria's Latakia'' . Al Jazeera. 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian commander Brigadier General Hossein Hamedani killed by Isis while advising Syrian regime'' . The Independent . 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian General Is Killed in Syria'' . The Wall Street Journal . 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commander of Hezbollah Freed by Israel Is Killed in Syria'' . BBC. 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary: Hezbollah military commander Mustafa Badreddine'' . BBC. 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Al-Nusra Front claims responsibility for Hezbollah fighters' death'' . Middle East Monitor. 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli strike on Syrian Golan Heights ' kills son of top military commander and five other fighters from Lebanese Shiite militant group ' '' . Daily Mail . 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis: Shiite Afghan casualties of the war in Syria'' . FDD's Long War Journal . 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update 1-Moscow blames ' two-faced U.S. policy' for Russian general's Syria death -RIA'' . Reuter. 25 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Turkish Special Forces: From stopping a coup to the frontline of the ISIL fight'' . Hürriyet Daily News . 24 August 2016. Jump up ^ sitesi, milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber. `` Son dakika: Afrin harekatını Korgeneral İsmail Metin Temel yönetecek !'' . Milliyet.com.tr . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Syrian rebel commander dies from wounds'' . Reuters. 17 November 2013. ^ Jump up to: `` Leading Syrian rebel groups form new Islamic Front'' . BBC. 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide bombing kills head of Syrian rebel group'' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ `` Al Qaeda's chief representative in Syria killed in suicide attack'' . FDD's Long War Journal . Jump up ^ `` Russian raids kill prominent Syrian rebel commander'' . Al Jazeera. 25 December 2015. Jump up ^ Nic Robertson & Paul Cruickshank (5 March 2015). `` Source: Syrian warplanes kill leaders of al-Nusra'' . CNN. Jump up ^ `` Senior Nusra Front commander killed in Syria air strike'' . Al Jazeera. 6 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nusra Front spokesman killed by air strike in Syria'' . Al Jazeera. 4 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Syria's Qaeda spokesman, 20 jihadists dead in strikes: monitor'' . AFP . 3 April 2016 -- via Yahoo!. Jump up ^ `` Air strike kills top commander of former Nusra group in Syria'' . Reuters. 9 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Leader of Qaeda Cell in Syria, Muhsin al-Fadhli, Is Killed in Airstrike, U.S. Says'' . The New York Times . 2 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Isis leader incapacitated with suspected spinal injuries after air strike'' . The Guardian . 1 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` ISIS confirms death of senior leader in Syria'' . FDD's Long War Journal . February 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Alessandria Masi (11 November 2014). `` If ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Killed, Who Is Caliph Of The Islamic State Group?'' . International Business Times . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Mazzetti, Mark (25 March 2016). `` A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, the Pentagon Says'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Starr, Barbara (14 March 2016). `` U.S. assesses ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani is dead'' . CNN . Jump up ^ Ryan, Missy (3 July 2015). `` U.S. drone strike kills a senior Islamic State militant in Syria'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Starr, Barbara; Conlon, Kevin (19 May 2015). `` U.S. names ISIS commander killed in raid'' . CNN . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Starr, Barbara; Acosta, Jim (22 August 2015). `` U.S.: ISIS No.2 killed in US drone strike in Iraq'' . CNN. Jump up ^ Sherlock, Ruth (9 July 2014). `` Inside the leadership of Islamic State: how the new ' caliphate' is run'' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis war minister'' . International Business Times. 6 September 2016 -- via Yahoo News. Jump up ^ Sands, Phil; Maayeh, Suha web (17 November 2015), `` Death of ' ISIL commander' in southern Syria a blow to the group'' , The National Jump up ^ `` New Operation Inherent Resolve commander continues fight against ISIL'' . Army Worldwide News. 22 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Syria military strength'' . Global Fire Power. 17 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Syria's diminished security forces'' . Agence France-Presse. 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ISIS' Iraq offensive could trigger Hezbollah to fill gap left in Syria The Daily Star , 16 June 2014 ^ Jump up to: `` Iran ' Foreign Legion' Leads Battle in Syria's North'' . The Wall Street Journal . 17 February 2016. Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/russias-syria-force-has-reportedly-grown-to-4000-people-2015-11 Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/up-to-nine-russian-contractors-die-in-syria-experts-say-1450467757 Jump up ^ `` State-of-the-art technology is giving Assad's army the edge in Syria'' . 26 February 2016. Jump up ^ Cockburn, Patrick (11 December 2013). `` West suspends aid for Islamist rebels in Syria, underlining their disillusionment with those forces opposed to President Bashar al-Assad'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Front to Back'' . Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ Who are these 70,000 Syrian fighters David Cameron is relying on? . Retrieved 18 February 2016. Jump up ^ http://www.yenisafak.com/dunya/8-bin-asker-emir-bekliyor-2591721 Jump up ^ http://aranews.net/2017/01/us-assistant-secretary-of-defense-tells-turkey-only-isis-a-target-not-kurds/ Jump up ^ `` Is Syria's Idlib being groomed as Islamist killing ground?'' . Jump up ^ `` Al Qaeda Is Starting to Swallow the Syrian Opposition'' . Jump up ^ Rida, Nazeer (30 January 2017). `` Syria: Surfacing of ' Hai'at Tahrir al-Sham' Threatens Truce'' . Asharq Al-Awsat. Jump up ^ `` Isis ranks dwindle to 15,000 amid ' retreat on all fronts' , claims Pentagon'' . The Guardian . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE: ISIS Took The Decision To Withdraw From Deir Ezzor'' . Qasion News . 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Assistant Secretary of Defense tells Turkey only ISIS is a target, not Kurds -- ARA News'' . 16 January 2017. Jump up ^ CNN, Tim Lister. `` The race to retake Raqqa from ISIS'' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Will the Islamic State last through 2015?'' . Today's Zaman . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kurdish Women Turning Kobani into a Living ' Hell' for Islamic State'' . Jump up ^ `` Syrien: Christen lassen sich von IS nicht vertreiben'' . Die Welt. 14 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hassan Hassan (2017). `` The Battle for Raqqa and the Challenges after Liberation'' (PDF) . CTC Sentinel . West Point, New York : Combating Terrorism Center . pp. 1-- 10. Jump up ^ `` US coalition spokesman: Arabs are leading Manbij campaign, not Kurds -- ARA News'' . 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US-backed fighters close in on IS Syria bastion'' . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodi Said (25 August 2017). `` U.S.-backed forces to attack Syria's Deir al-Zor soon: SDF official'' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to: `` خلال 7 أعوام متتالية ...نحو 511 ألف شخص استشهدوا وقتلوا وقضوا منذ انطلاقة الثورة السورية في العام 2011'' . 12 March 2018. Syria war has killed more than 350,000 in 7 years: monitor ^ Jump up to: `` Tantalizing promises of Bashar al- Assad kill more than 11000 fighters of his forces during 5 months'' . SOHR. 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Report: Hezbollah to leave Syria in 2018 to prepare for conflict with Israel'' . Jewish News Service . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Military Transport Plane Crashes in Syria, Killing 39'' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2 killed as Russian Su-30SM jet crashes off Syrian coast'' . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Ka-52 helicopter crashes in Syria, both pilots killed -- MoD'' . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian military personnel killed in shelling carried out by terrorists in Syria'' . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . ISIS attack kills 4 Russian servicemen in Deir Ezzor Jump up ^ `` Foreign Shiite combat fatalities in Syria since January 19, 2012 and nationality'' . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . `` Ayatollah Khamenei's Shia International looms large'' . The Arab Weekly . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Tehran: 2,100 Iranian soldiers killed in Syria and Iraq `` Ali Alfoneh on Twitter'' . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syria: Opposition, almost 11,500 civilians killed'' . Ansamed.ansa.it. 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Bab'da 2 asker şehit oldu'' . Jump up ^ Turkish soldier killed in attack in Syria's Idlib province Jump up ^ `` 37 terrorists killed during anti-terror operations last week, military says'' . Daily Sabah. 21 April 2018. Turkish civilian worker killed, three soldiers wounded in Syria's Afrin Jump up ^ `` After 54 Days of Controlling the Area, Turkish Warplanes Bomb North of Afrin, In Conjunction with Ground Shelling Accompanies A Direct Confrontation Between the Kurdish And Turkish Forces'' . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ 8,000 killed in fighting (29 June 2014-- 28 June 2015), (1) 417 killed in Palmyra offensive (March 2016) , (2) 47 killed in fighting with rebels (27-- 29 May 2016), (3) 1,026 killed in Manbij offensive , (4) 283 killed in Palmyra offensive (2017) , (5) 1,291 killed in Battle of Raqqa (2017) , (6) 1,186 killed in Central Syria campaign (July 2017-- present) , (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 538 executed (29 June 2014-- 23 September 2017), (13) 7,176 killed in U.S. air-strikes (22 September 2014-- 23 September 2017), (14) 4,258 killed in Russian air-strikes (30 September 2015-- 01 August 2017), (15) total of 24,232+ reported killed Jump up ^ `` YPG releases balance-sheet of 2014: Nearly 5,000 ISIS members killed'' . `` Balance of the War Against Hostile Groups in Rojava, Northern Syria: Year 2015'' . YPG releases the 2016 balance sheet of war Jump up ^ `` Syrian Army Kills Nearly 5,000 IS Militants in Three Months: Source'' . sputniknews.com. 25 December 2014. `` The army takes full control of Palmyra city, hundreds of ISIS terrorists killed -- Syrian Arab News Agency'' . Jump up ^ Jonathan Steele. `` The Syrian Kurds Are Winning!'' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YPG releases the 2016 balance sheet of war -- English'' . www.ypgrojava.org . Jump up ^ `` At least 82 Kurdish YPG fighters killed in recent clashes with ISIS, Turkish army -- ARA News'' . 4 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Jordan pilot murder: Islamic State deploys asymmetry of fear'' . 4 February 2015 -- via www.bbc.com. `` American Is Killed in First Casualty for U.S. Forces in Syria Combat'' . The New York Times . 24 November 2016. News, A.B.C. (27 May 2017). `` US service member killed in Syria identified as 22-year-old from Georgia'' . ABC News . US identifies American service member killed by IED in Syria Jump up ^ `` Violations Documenting Center'' . Violations Documenting Center. 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ editor, Ian Black Middle East (10 February 2016). `` Report on Syria conflict finds 11.5% of population killed or injured'' -- via The Guardian. Jump up ^ (UNHCR), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. `` UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response'' . Jump up ^ Thomas Gibbons-Neff (16 September 2016). `` U.S. Special Operations forces begin new role alongside Turkish troops in Syria'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Tilghman (16 November 2016). `` U.S. halts military support for Turkey's fight in key Islamic State town'' . MilitaryTimes . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fadel, Leith (27 September 2016). `` US Coalition knew they were bombing the Syrian Army in Deir Ezzor'' . Jump up ^ `` More than 215,000 killed in Syria since 2011'' . 3news.co.nz. Jump up ^ `` Syria's civil war explained from the beginning'' . Al Jazeera. Jump up ^ `` Syria: The story of the conflict'' . BBC News. 11 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Syrian Troops Open Fire on Protestors in Several Cities'' . The New York Times . 25 March 2011. Jump up ^ Hubbard, Anne Barnard, Ben; Fisher, Ian (15 April 2017). `` As Atrocities Mount in Syria, Justice Seems Out of Reach'' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Lundgren, Magnus (2016). `` Mediation in Syria: Initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011-- 2016'' . Contemporary Security Policy . 37 : 283-- 298. Jump up ^ Douglas Little (1990). `` Cold War and Covert Action: The United States and Syria, 1945-- 1958'' . Middle East Journal . 44 (1). JSTOR 4328056 . `` 1949-- 1958, Syria: Early Experiments in Cover Action, Douglas Little, Professor, Department of History, Clark University'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` Syria Profile'' . BBC. 13 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson, Scott (25 April 2011). `` Syria escalates attacks against demonstrators'' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Assad says Syria ' able' to get out of crisis'' . Al Jazeera. 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Alianak 2007 , p. 55. Jump up ^ Golovnina, Maria (19 March 2012). `` Asma al Assad, a `` desert rose'' crushed by Syria's strife`` . Reuters . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Room to Breathe: State Repression of Human Rights Activism in Syria'' . 19 (6). Human Rights Watch. October 2007: 8-- 13. Jump up ^ George, Alan (2003). Syria:Neither Bread nor Freedom . New York, NY: Zed Books. pp. 56-- 58. ISBN 1-84277-213-9 . Jump up ^ Liam Stack; J. David Goodman (1 April 2011). `` Syrian Protesters Clash With Security Forces'' . New York Times . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Bashar al-Assad interview with Croatian newspaper Vecernji List'' . leakofnations.com . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syria'' . The World Factbook. 2007. Jump up ^ Heneghan, Tom (3 December 2011). `` Syria's Alawites is a secretive, unorthodox sect'' . Reuters . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Nir Rosen. `` Assad's Alawites: The guardians of the throne'' . Jump up ^ Syria's Alawites: The People Behind Assad The Wall Street Journal, 25 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Syria'' . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Syria Kurd leader vows to keep up democracy struggle'' . Reuters. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . `` US will not intervene in Syria as it has in Libya, says Hillary Clinton'' . The Guardian . London. 27 March 2011. Jump up ^ `` Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists'' . AINA. 28 April 2014. Jump up ^ Phillips, David J. (1 January 2001). Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. William Carey Library. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-87808-352-7 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 ^ `` A Country Study: Syria'' . Library of Congress. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ Jump up to: `` Rebels in Syria's largest city of Aleppo mostly poor, pious and from rural backgrounds'' . Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ CEIC Data . Jump up ^ `` Youth Exclusion in Syria: Social, Economic, and Institutional Dimensions'' . Journalist's Resource . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelley, C.P. , Mohtadi, S., Cane, M.A. , Seager, R., & Kushnir, Y. (2015). Syria had also received in the same period around 1.5 million refugees from Iraq. By 2011, Syria was facing steep rises in the prices of commodities and a clear deterioration in the national standard of living. Jump up ^ Fountain, Henry (2 March 2015). `` Researchers Link Syrian Conflict to a Drought Made Worse by Climate Change'' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syria: Climate Change, Drought and Social Unrest'' . The Center for Climate & Security . 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter H. (2014-07-01). `` Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria'' . Weather, Climate, and Society . 6 (3): 331-- 340. doi : 10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1 . Jump up ^ `` Aleppo water supply cut as Syria fighting rages'' . BBC News . 8 September 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Report 2010 Human Rights Watch World Report 2010'' , p. 555. ^ Jump up to: Human Rights Watch World Report 2005 Events of 2004 , Human Rights Watch 2005. ISBN 1-56432-331-5 . Jump up ^ `` Syria's Assad vows to lift emergency law by next week'' . Reuters. 16 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria'' . Amnesty International. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stateless Kurds in Syria granted citizenship'' . CNN. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon, James (21 February 2007). `` The PKK and Syria's Kurds'' . Terrorism Monitor . Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation. 5 (3) . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Isseroff, Ami (24 March 2004). `` Kurdish agony -- the forgotten massacre of Qamishlo'' . MideastWeb . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Black, Ian (16 July 2010). `` Syrian human rights record unchanged under Assad, report says'' . The Guardian . London. ^ Jump up to: Fahim, Kareem; Saad, Hwaida (8 February 2013). `` A Faceless Teenage Refugee Who Helped Ignite Syria's War'' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mid-East unrest: Syrian protests in Damascus and Aleppo'' . BBC . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Middle East unrest: Silence broken in Syria'' . BBC . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Flamand, Hugh Macleod and Annasofie. `` Tortured and killed: Hamza al-Khateeb, age 13'' . www.aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ `` President Assad's interview with SBS NEWS AUSTRALIA'' . YouTube . Retrieved 2018-04-22 . Jump up ^ `` Syria: Seven Police Killed, Buildings Torched in Protests'' . Israel National News . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The struggle for Syria in 2011'' (PDF) . Understanding War. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assad blames conspirators for Syrian protests'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US policy on Syria ' depends on success in Libya ' '' . BBC News. 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Armed residents put up resistance to Syrian army'' . Khaleej Times (Dubai) . 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria protests: Rights group warns of ' Deraa massacre ' '' . BBC News. 5 May 2011. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Salloum, Raniah (10 October 2013). `` From Jail to Jihad: Former Prisoners Fight in Syrian Insurgency'' . Spiegel . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Holliday, Joseph (December 2011). `` The Struggle for Syria in 2011'' (PDF) . Institute for the Study of War . Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . (page 21) Jump up ^ `` UN: Syria now in a civil war'' . MSNBC. 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly Reprisals: deliberate killings and other abuses by Syria's armed forces'' (PDF) . Amnesty International. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly violence flares in Syria as EU-Russia seek solutions'' . Al Arabiya. 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Syria in civil war, says UN official Herve Ladsous'' . BBC News. 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (17 January 2013). `` Kurdish Forces Clash with Main Syrian Opposition in Syria, Reports Say'' . Rudaw. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian forces Loyal to Asaad break Rebel Blockade in North Syria'' . Jafria News. 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Syria army closes in on Qusayr near Lebanon'' . Al Arabiya Network. 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Yacoub, Khaled (21 April 2013). `` Syria fighting flares both sides of Lebanese border'' . Reuters. Jump up ^ `` Syrian army, backed by jets, launches assault on Homs'' . Haaretz. 29 June 2013. Jump up ^ Sam Dagher; Farnaz Fassihi (22 August 2013). `` Syria Presses Offensive, Shrugs Off Gas Attack Claims'' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boosted by Foreign Shi'ite Militia, Assad's Forces Advance on Aleppo'' . Voice of America. Reuters. `` Syria rebels urge Aleppo mobilisation to halt assault'' . BBC. 13 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Al-Qaida militants captured town in northern Syria'' . Associated Press . 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian rebel factions tell al Qaeda groups to withdraw'' . 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ISIL captures Syrian town on border with Turkey'' . World Bulletin. 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Bulos, Nabih (5 January 2014). `` Al Qaeda-linked group routed in Syrian rebel infighting'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Chulov, Martin (6 January 2014). `` Syrian rebels oust al-Qaida-affiliated jihadists from northern city of Raqqa'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Syria jihadist HQ in Aleppo falls to rebels'' . Al Arabiya . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Moukalled, Diana (7 January 2014). `` Syria: ISIS besieged by opposition fighters in Raqqa `` ASHARQ AL-AWSAT'' . Aawsat.net. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish army strikes ISIS convoy in Syria'' . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . `` Syria: Turkey Hits Islamic State of Iraq Convoy Near Border'' . EA WorldView. 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Moukalled, Diana (27 January 2014). `` Key Al-Qaeda militant reportedly killed in Syria '' ASHARQ AL-AWSAT`` . Aawsat.net. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Islamist rebels oust ISIS from Syria's Deir Ezzor'' . Al Arabiya . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` إدلب خالية من '' داعش `` بشكل كامل ...و الثوار يعلنون بدء معركة تحرير '' خان شيخون `` ( فيديو ) عكس السير دوت كوم '' . Aksalser.com . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Syria Comment -- Joshua Landis (21 February 2014). `` Saudis And CIA Agree To Arm Syrian ' Moderates' With Advanced Weapons -- OpEd Eurasia Review'' . Eurasiareview.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Liz Sly for the Washington Post. `` Renegade al-Qaida faction withdraws from Syrian border town of Azaz World news Guardian Weekly'' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria Army Advancing on Key Rebel Town, Supply Route'' . Theepochtimes.com. 4 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bulos, Nabih; McDonnell, Patrick J. (8 March 2014). `` Syria government forces seize strategic town near Lebanon border'' . LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Syrian army advances amid new wave of explosions'' . Turkish Weekly. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict: Assad's forces fully control rebel stronghold of Yabroud, near Lebanon'' . 16 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Israel bombs Syria's Golan after blast'' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated, The. `` Syrian Troops Capture Village Near Lebanon Border'' . NPR. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . `` Syria rebels seize prison near Jordan, free inmates Arab News -- Saudi Arabia News, Middle East News, Opinion, Economy and more'' . Arabnews.com. 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Le régime syrien reprend le Krak des Chevaliers et coupe la `` route libanaise'' des rebelles -- L'Orient -Le Jour`` . Lorientlejour.com. 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Albert Aji (29 March 2014). `` Syrian army takes two villages near Lebanon'' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria condemns Turkey ' aggression' after jet downed'' . Ndtv.com . Damascus. Agence France-Presse. 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rebels battle for northern Syria town Video Reuters.com'' . Uk.reuters.com. 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assad's cousin killed in fighting with Syrian rebels near Turkish border JPost Israel News'' . JPost. 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . `` Assad cousin killed in Syria's Latakia -- Middle East'' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rebels take northern Syrian town on main highway: activists'' . Reuters. 4 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Syrian army regains full control of Rankous News, Middle East'' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria rebels advance in Aleppo city'' . Aljazeera.com . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria rebels surrender in border town'' . Aljazeera.com . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` السيطرة على تل استراتيجي جديد على الحدود مع الجولان المحتل '' . Syriahr.com. 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria Daily, April 25: Insurgents Take Key Regime Position in the Southwest'' . EA WorldView. 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FSA strikes jihadist-held stronghold'' . The Times. 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activists: regime forces captured Tal Buraq'' . Syriahr.com. 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evacuation truce in key Syrian city of Homs goes into effect'' . CNN . 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Syria war: Air defence chief Gen Hussein Ishaq killed'' . Bbc.co.uk. 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Reuters -- 14 hours ago (20 April 2011). `` Syria air defence head killed, rebels take northern town -- Yahoo News UK'' . Uk.news.yahoo.com . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Syria election: Assad win expected amid civil war'' . BBC. 3 June 2014. Jump up ^ Ian Black. `` Syria presidential election: Assad's stage-managed show of democracy'' . the Guardian . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Sherlock, Ruth (2 June 2014). `` Syria set to vote as the bloodshed goes on'' . Telegraph.co.uk . London . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Constitutional Court: Number of participants in Presidential elections reached at 11.634.412 with 73.42%'' . SANA . Damascus. 4 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian President Bashar al-Assad wins third term'' . BBC. 4 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Kerry calls Syrian presidential vote ' meaningless ' '' . Aljazeera. 4 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Foreign delegation in Syria slams West, endorses elections'' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . `` Indian Delegation to monitor Syria election on June 3'' . KohraM . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International observers say Syrian elections were transparent'' . laInfo.es. 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arab League criticizes Syrian election plan'' . Reuters. 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . GHAZANFAR ALI KHAN (4 June 2014). `` GCC slams Syrian elections as ' farce ' '' . Arab News . RIYADH . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . `` Syria election: Bashar al-Assad re-elected president in poll with ' no legitimacy ' '' . ABC. 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Sam Tarling (5 June 2014). `` Inside Aleppo: the people refusing to leave Syria's shattered city'' . Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria calls in North Korea to monitor its presidential election'' . The Week . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dagher, Sam (3 June 2014). `` Syria Elections a Forum to Celebrate Assad'' . WSJ . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . `` Bashar Assad claims 88.7 per cent of vote in Syrian election'' . thestar.com . Toronto . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Sly, Liz (4 June 2014). `` Kerry calls Syria election a ' great big zero ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bar'el , Zvi (31 May 2014). `` An Assad election win will bolster Syria's status quo'' . Haaretz . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Saul, Heather (3 June 2014). `` Syria elections 2014: Voters turn out for ballot denounced as a ' sham' by West'' . London: The Independent . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syrians vote as war rages'' . Gulf-Times . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . `` Assad wins vote branded illegitimate by opposition -- Hindustan Times'' . hindustantimes.com . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 2-Ninety killed by Islamist attack on Syrian gas field -- monitor'' . Reuters. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` مقتل 65 من قوات النظام في شاعر '' . Syriahr.com. 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jihadists storm Syrian army base in Raqqa'' . The Daily Star Newspaper -- Lebanon . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jihadists capture key base from Syrian army'' . The Daily Star Newspaper -- Lebanon . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian militant commander admits collaboration with Israel'' . 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria Daily, August 14: Are Insurgents Doomed in Aleppo?'' . EA WorldView . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian army takes town near Damascus in blow to rebels'' . Reuters UK . 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` en/News/middle-east/2014/08/13/ISIS-militants-seize-more-territory-in-Syria-'' . english.alarabiya.net . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic militants crush tribal uprising in Syria'' . Indian Monitor . The Washington Post. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . `` Aleppo province: a man was killed with... -- Syrian Observatory for Human Rights -- Facebook'' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World -- News -- msn'' . MSN . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IS Killed More than 700 Syria Tribe Members in 2 Weeks'' . Naharnet . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon's Hezbollah kills top jihadist in Syria: NGO'' . Yahoo News . 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . `` ISIL commander ' Abu Abdullah al-Iraqi' killed in Syrian army operation: report'' . 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . `` Hezbollah kills suicide bombing plotter: activists'' . The Daily Star Newspaper -- Lebanon . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Syrian army repels Islamic State attack'' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . `` Third ISIL Attempt to Seize Tabaqa Airport Fails'' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ AFP. `` ISIS begins push to seize Syrian air base'' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Toby Helm. `` US ' set to launch air strikes' on senior Isis terror chiefs in Syria -- World news -- The Observer'' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Cockburn, Patrick (20 February 2016). `` Turkish threats of intervention after Ankara bombing taken seriously by Obama'' . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler, Daren (17 February 2016). `` Kurds' advance in Syria divides U.S. and Turkey as Russia bombs'' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Syria war planes hit jihadist sites in Deir Ezzor'' . Zee News . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . `` Syria Warplanes Strike ISIL Sites in Deir Ezour, Army Operates across Country'' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. airstrikes hit ISIS targets inside Syria -- CNN.com'' . CNN . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US, Arab allies launch first wave of strikes in Syria'' . Fox News . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Abi-Habib, Maria (23 September 2014). `` Syria Rebels Say They Were Told of Airstrikes Against Islamic State'' . WSJ . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria Daily, Sept 23: US Airstrikes & Missiles Hit Islamic State'' . EA WorldView . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Erdogan asks UN for no-fly zone over Syria'' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IDF shoots down Syrian fighter plane infiltrating Israeli territory'' . Haaretz.com. 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Islamic State steps up attack on Syrian town of Kobane'' . BBC News . 4 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syria destroys two warplanes used by ISIS to train fighter pilots'' . Mail Online . London. 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . `` BBC News -- Syria conflict: ' 200 air force strikes' in 36 hours'' . BBC News . 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver Holmes (22 October 2014). `` Syria says shoots down two of three Islamic State jets'' . Reuters . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian Kurds ' drive Islamic State out of Kobane ' '' . BBC News. 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ sohranas. `` YPG retakes the entire city of Ayn al- Arab `` Kobani'' after 112 days of clashes with IS militants`` . Syrian Observatory For Human Rights . Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Zargham, Mohammad (31 January 2015). `` U.S. general says Syrian town of Kobani taken from Islamic State'' . Reuters . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ISIS admits Kobani defeat after U.S.-led airstrike campaign in Syria'' . CTV News. Associated Press. 31 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Members of the Islamic State group have acknowledged for the first time that they were defeated in the Syrian town of Kobani. Jump up ^ `` Syria opposition forces claim regime attack in Daraa futile'' . Al Monitor . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . sohranas. `` 26 members of the regime forces and allied militiamen killed today'' . Syrian Observatory For Human Rights . Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . `` Elijah J. Magnier on Twitter'' . Twitter . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry, Tom; Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (2 April 2015). `` As regional war rages, Syria's Assad faces setbacks'' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . But the offensive stalled after some early but limited gains Jump up ^ Taylor Luck. `` Syrian rebels' march on Damascus becomes fight for their survival (+video)'' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Solomon, Erika; Kerr, Simeon (13 April 2015). `` Syria's rebels heartened by healing of Sunni Arab rifts'' . Financial Times . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . In the south, opposition forces foiled an offensive led by regime allies (...) for the first time since their revolution began, rebels note that advances in the north and south are coinciding, and their backers' two operating rooms -- one in Turkey used by Ankara and Doha, and another in Jordan used more by Saudi Arabia and Western allies -- appear to be co-ordinating Jump up ^ Blanford, Nicholas (21 August 2015). `` Can Syria's Assad withstand latest battlefield setbacks? (+video)'' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . The regime's recent setbacks in Idlib and the south are due in part to Assad's regional enemies -- including Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar, and Jordan -- agreeing on the need to unite rebel factions to oust Assad, according to analysts and regional diplomats. Jump up ^ `` US-backed forces in Syria suffer big setback'' . 1 November 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Sly, Liz (2 November 2014). `` U.S.-backed Syria rebels routed by fighters linked to al-Qaeda'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (15 December 2014). `` Al-Qaeda faction in Syria claims to have U.S.-supplied anti-tank weapon'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . The fielding of a TOW system would not necessarily provide al-Nusra with a capability it didn't already have. Similar weapons systems such as the Chinese HJ-8, French Milan and the Russian Spigot have all been seen in operation in Syria. Jump up ^ `` Southern Syria rebels set collision course with al Qaeda'' . Reuters. 14 April 2015. ^ Jump up to: Lister, Charles (1 June 2015). `` An Internal Struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian Affiliate Is Grappling With Its Identity'' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . But not all saw it the same way, especially when it came to the fighting against the SRF and Harakat Hazm. One FSA commander exclaimed to this author that `` Jamal Maarouf was a criminal and his group was unpopular,'' while another such leader told this author in February 2015 that `` Hazm's destruction cannot come soon enough, they have done nothing but cause trouble in Aleppo.'' (...) Having spoken extensively with leading commanders from across the Syrian spectrum in recent weeks, it is clear this (Army of Conquest) cooperation has at least partly been motivated by a desire to ensure victories in Idlib do not become strategic gains for al Qaeda. Jump up ^ al-Akla, Ahmad (8 May 2015). `` After Syrian Army's Defeat, People Trickle Back to Idlib Towns'' . IWPR . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Nusra Front's Game-Changing Rise in Syria'' . Carnegie Middle East Center . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News Update 3-25-15'' . Syria Direct . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East -- New Islamist alliance seizes Idlib from Syrian troops -- France 24'' . France 24 . Blasting News. `` New Islamist alliance captures Syrian regional capital Idlib from government forces'' . Blasting News . `` Thousands flee Syrian city Idlib after rebel capture'' . The Daily Telegraph . London. 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` As regional war rages, Syria's Assad faces setbacks'' . Reuters. 2 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict: Islamists capture Jisr al-Shughur'' . BBC News. Jump up ^ sohranas. `` After al- Mastomi town and its military camp, Al- Fateh Army expels the regime forces from Nihlaya'' . Syrian Observatory For Human Rights . Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rebels take Ariha from Assad'' . The Daily Star Newspaper -- Lebanon . Jump up ^ Erin Banco (19 June 2015). `` In Syria's North, Opposition Is Making A Major Comeback Thanks To One Rebel Group, And To Turkey'' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Outside Powers Weigh Their Options in Syria'' . Stratfor. 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hezbollah, Syrian army make big gains in border battle'' . Reuters. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ISIS is ' everywhere' in Syria's ancient city of Palmyra'' . CNN. 21 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` IS overruns parts of Unesco-listed Syrian city'' . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ sohranas. `` Islamic State carries out its motto `` lasting and explading'' and seizes more than 50% of Syria`` . Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . `` Syrian air force targets captured Palmyra city -- monitor'' . Reuters. 25 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Syria regime launches 15 air raids around Palmyra'' . The National . Jump up ^ Spencer, Richard (9 June 2015). `` Assad's forces defeated on roads north and south'' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Meanwhile, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, attacked west from Palmyra, reached the town of Hassia on the main road north from Damascus to Homs and the coast. Jump up ^ `` Islamic State Launches Two Attacks in Syria'' . Stratfor. 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . The Islamic State launched two attacks in northern Syria on June 25 (...) The second attack was directed against the parts of al-Hasaka city still occupied by forces loyal to Syrian President Bashar al Assad and Kurds in the northern part of town. The mainstream media has largely focused on the Kobanî attack, but the al-Hasaka operation in the northeast is more important by far. Jump up ^ `` Islamic State attack in northeast Syria reported to displace 60,000 -- UN'' . The Star Online . Reuters. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bertrand, Natasha (28 July 2015). `` Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now ' undeniable ' '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` ISIS seize Qaryatain town in central Syria'' . Daily Mail . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia launches first air strikes inside Syria'' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The US says it will defend Syria rebels with airpower -- even from Assad'' . Business Insider . `` First U.S.-trained Syria rebel believed killed in fighting: sources'' . Reuters. 3 August 2017. ^ Jump up to: `` Russian missiles ' hit IS in Syria from Caspian Sea ' '' . BBC News. 7 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` The decision to use the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation abroad (Syria)'' (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 30 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Russian military advisers work in Syria, longtime military cooperation ' no secret ' '' . RT . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Confirms Russian Airstrikes in Syria'' , 30 September 2015. Jump up ^ Manal. `` Syria's ambassador to Russia urges all countries to join Syria and Russia against terrorism'' . sana.sy . Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict: Russia launches fresh strikes -- BBC News'' . bbc.com . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . `` Russians make air strikes on Islamic State, US-backed Syrian rebel targets'' . stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama authorizes resupply of Syrian opposition'' . CNN . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russian missiles ' hit IS in Syria from Caspian Sea ' '' . BBC News. 7 October 2015. `` Russia has ground troop battalion, advanced tanks in Syria: U.S. NATO envoy'' . Reuters. 7 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Syrian army, Russian jets drive back rebels in fiercest clashes for days: monitor'' . Reuters. 12 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Obama Administration Ends Pentagon Program to Train Syrian Rebels'' . The New York Times . 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia'' . The New York Times . 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` US axes $500m scheme to train Syrian rebels, says NYT'' . The Guardian . 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . `` Secret CIA effort in Syria faces large funding cut'' . The Washington Post . 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lizzie Dearden (9 October 2015). `` Iranian commander Brigadier General Hossein Hamedani killed by Isis while advising Syrian regime'' . The Independent . `` Iran's involvement in Syria carries growing costs -- U.S. official: ' Psychological blow' in ISIS killing of Iranian general in Syria'' . edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . `` Two more Iranian commanders killed in Syria'' . Al Jazeera. 13 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Новости NEWSru.com :: Сирийская армия при поддержке российской авиации пошла в атаку на позиции повстанцев под Хомсом '' . newsru.com . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . `` Syria and allies Iran and Russia prepare for Aleppo offensive'' . euronews.com . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . `` Syria's army, allies plan offensive against insurgents in Aleppo'' . Reuters. 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . `` Syrian Army, Hezbollah, Russian Air Force Coordinating for Aleppo Liberation Operation'' . FARS News Agency. 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . `` Syria conflict: Army launches new Aleppo offensive'' . BBC News. 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US signals shift in Syria-Iraq campaign against Islamic State'' . BBC News. 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict: John Kerry seeks end to civil war ' hell ' '' . BBC News. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian army enters Aleppo air base after Islamic State siege -- state TV'' . Reuters. 10 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TASS: Military & Defense -- Russia involves strategic missile carriers in operation against Islamic State in Syria'' . TASS . ^ Jump up to: `` Long-range bombers to fly anti-ISIS missions from Russia, Putin orders Navy to work with France'' . RT English. Jump up ^ `` French jets bomb ISIS stronghold of Raqqa, Syria; few may have been killed'' . CNN. 16 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Путин поручил ВМФ РФ установить контакт с военно -морской группой Франции Interfax , 17 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Russia steps up attacks against IS with missile bombardment'' . BBC News. 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France to deploy largest warship in mission against IS'' . BBC News. 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France more active than rest of the west in tackling Syria'' . The Guardian . 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ МИД РФ : удары Парижа по инфраструктуре Сирии не оправданы самообороной RIA Novosti, 20 November 2015. ``Если ничего не предпринимать , то террористическая угроза приобретет для нас еще более серьезные масштабы '' Kommersant , 20 November 2015. Jump up ^ President al-Assad to French delegation: Terrorist attacks on Paris can't be separated from those of Beirut and events in Syria Sana, 14 November 2015. Hugh Naylor (14 November 2015). `` Syria's President Assad says Paris attacks result from France's aiding of rebels'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada After Bilateral Meeting'' . The U.S. White House. 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . `` Obama says Syria settlement needed to eliminate Islamic State'' . Reuters. 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paris attacks: UN backs ' all necessary measures' against IS'' . BBC . 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council ' Unequivocally' Condemns ISIL Terrorist Attacks, Unanimously Adopting Text that Determines Extremist Group Poses ' Unprecedented' Threat'' . un.org . Jump up ^ `` Cameron hails UN backing for action against Islamic State'' . BBC News. 21 November 2015. Missing or empty url= ( help ); access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` U.N. Security Council Unanimously Votes to Adopt France's Counterterrorism Resolution'' . The Wall Street Journal . 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Security council unanimously calls on UN members to fight Isis'' . The Guardian . 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Syrian rebels fired on parachuting Russian pilots, killing at least one after Turkey shot down warplane: official'' . National Post . 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly ' Russian airstrike' hits market in Syria's Idlib'' . Al Jazeera. 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Российская авиация в Сирии разбомбила овощной рынок : минимум 40 погибших '' . NEWSru. 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MPs approve motion on ISIL in Syria'' . UK Parliament. 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria air strikes: What you need to know'' . BBC News. 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria air strikes: RAF Tornado jets carry out bombing'' . BBC News. 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Syria conflict: Coalition denies air strike on army camp'' . BBC News. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria calls US-led coalition air strike on Assad regime forces an ' act of aggression ' '' . The Independent . 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon says Russian -- not American -- warplanes hit a Syrian army base'' . The Washington Post . 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Washington denies U.S.-led coalition hit Syria army camp'' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 4 US-led coalition jets seen over Deir ez Zor in Syria day govt troops attacked -- Russian MoD'' . RT. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Михаил Алаеддин (14 December 2015). `` Источник : сирийская армия вернула контроль над авиабазой близ Дамаска '' . RIA Novosti . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. endorses Syria peace plan in rare show of unity among big powers'' . Reuters. 19 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . `` Differences remain as key sides meet for Syria talks'' . Al Jazeera. 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Balanche, 2006, p. 88. Jump up ^ `` Syria army fully captures rebel redoubt in Latakia'' . Al Arabiya. 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . h.said. `` Syrian Army establishes control over four villages near Salma in Lattakia and another in Aleppo'' . sanasy. Jump up ^ `` Isis massacre: At least 300 killed, several held hostages in east Syria'' . International Business Times . 17 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dozens killed by Islamic State in ' massacre' in Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor'' . The Guardian . 17 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Russians survey new airbase on Syria-Turkey border, US officials concerned'' . Fox News Channel . 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . `` Россия и США синхронно создают новые авиабазы на севере Сирии '' . NEWSru. 23 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` U.S. officials: Russia looking at Syria airfield near Turkey'' . CNN. 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US ' takes control' of Rmeilan airfield in Syria'' . Al Jazeera. ^ Jump up to: `` Syria conflict: Major rebel town ' seized' in boost for Assad'' . BBC. 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Syria regime advances in northwest ahead of peace talks AFP, 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Barry Temmo. `` Update 4-Army establishes full control over al-Sheikh Miskeen in Daraa and a village in Aleppo'' . sana.sy. Syrian army seizes strategic town in Deraa province: monitor Reuters, 25 January 2016. Jump up ^ Tide turns in Syrian war with capture of key town Al Jazeera, 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Temporary truce comes into effect'' . BBC News. 26 February 2016. `` Joint Statement of the United States and the Russian Federation, as Co-Chairs of the ISSG, on Cessation of Hostilities in Syria'' . U.S. Department of State. 22 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` U.N. demands Syria parties halt fighting, peace talks set for March 7'' . Reuters. 26 February 2016. Jump up ^ A Potential Cease-Fire in Syria . The Atlantic . Published 22 February 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016. Jump up ^ Landmark Syria ceasefire begins, with terrorist groups excluded . Scroll.in. Published 27 February 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict: UN steps up aid deliveries as truce holds'' . BBC News. 29 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Syrian army, with Russian air support, advances inside Palmyra'' . Reuters. 26 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Syrian army, rebels agree to 72-hour Eid truce, but fighting continues'' . Reuters. 7 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Syrian Civil War Map / Live Map of the Syrian Civil War'' . Syrian Civil War Map . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Syria: YPG launches assault to take all of Hasaka'' . Al Jazeera . Jump up ^ Perry, Tom; Said, Rodi. `` Syria Kurds win battle with government, Turkey mobilises against them'' . Reuters India . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali, Idrees. `` Coalition jets scrambled to defend U.S. forces from Syrian bombing'' . Reuters UK . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Erdogan says Syria operation aimed at IS jihadists, Kurdish PYD'' . France24. 24 August 2016. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Syria Jarablus: Turkish tanks roll into northern Syria BBC. 24 August 2016. Turkey sends tanks into Syria in operation aimed at Isis and Kurds The Guardian, 24 August 2016. Jump up ^ Syria condemns Turkey's breach of Syria's sovereignty in Jarablos Sana, 24 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Erdoğan to PYD: Those issuing threats should think about what will happen'' . Hurriyet Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Biden orders Syrian Kurds to pull back; Assad govt slams Turkish incursion'' . arabnews.com. 24 August 2016. Байден назвал условия , при которых США будут поддерживать курдов RIA Novosti . Jump up ^ Turkish forces deepen push into Syria, draw U.S. rebuke over their target Reuters, 29 August 2016. `` Turkish-backed Syrian rebels advance towards Manbij'' . Al Jazeera. Jump up ^ Babb, Carla. `` Carter Calls on Turkey to ' Stay Focused' on Islamic State'' . VoA. Jump up ^ `` US' comments about Turkey's targets in Syria unacceptable, says Turkish MFA'' . Daily Sabah. 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . `` Syria war: Turkey hits out at US over Kurds comments'' . BBC. 31 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Turkey pushes west in Syrian offensive'' . News.com.au. 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian Kurdish spokesman says Manbij reinforced, but not by YPG'' . Reuters. 29 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Syrian Army uses ceasefire'' . BBC World News. 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UN security council to hold emergency meeting on US air strikes in Syria'' . The Guardian . 17 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger (20 September 2016). `` US blames Russia after UN aid convoy in Syria targeted by air attack'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict: Army declares offensive in eastern Aleppo'' . BBC World News. 23 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Recapture of Aleppo: What next for Syria?'' . BBC World News. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . `` Russia: Syria establishes control over eastern Aleppo'' . CNN. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Nichols, Hans; Burton, F. BRrinley (26 October 2016). `` Raqqa Offensive Against ISIS to Begin Within Weeks: Ash Carter'' . NBC News . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wrath on the Euphrates' as US-backed forces launch operation to seize Raqqa from Isil's grip'' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ DuVall, Eric (3 December 2016). `` Assad's forces retake half of rebel-held Aleppo'' . United Press International . Staff writer(s) (3 December 2016). `` Aleppo siege: Syria rebels lose 50% of territory'' . BBC. Jump up ^ Staff writer(s) (17 December 2016). `` Evacuation agreement reached in Aleppo, rebel group says'' . Fox 6 Now . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict: Ceasefire agreed, backed by Russia and Turkey'' . BBC World News. 29 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Russia, Turkey broker ' nationwide' ceasefire deal'' . Al Jazeera English . 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Zeina, Karam (3 January 2017). `` Syria rebels suspend talks over alleged truce violations'' . AP . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Syrian flag is raised in Al-Feja Spring'' . SOHR. 28 January 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian army captures Wadi Barada'' . Al-Jazeera. 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cease-fire frays in Syria's south as rebels launch new offensive'' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Syria's warring sides brought together for Geneva talks'' . BBC News. 23 February 2017. Jump up ^ Loveluck, Louisa; Sly, Liz (23 February 2017). `` Turkey-backed rebels seize Islamic State's al-Bab stronghold in Syria'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Srivastava, Mehul; Solomon, Erika (23 February 2017). `` Turkey recaptures strategic Syrian town of al-Bab from Isis'' . Financial Times . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian Deitch (17 March 2017). `` Syria fires missiles at Israeli jets after airstrikes'' . Yahoo! News. AP. Jump up ^ `` Russia and U.S. air strikes caused mass civilian deaths in Syria: U.N.'' Reuters. 2018-03-06 . Retrieved 2018-04-23 . Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict: ' Deal reached' for four besieged areas'' . BBC News. 29 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Syria war: Why was Shayrat airbase bombed?'' . BBC News. 7 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` U.S. strikes Syria; Trump fires 59 missiles in ' vital national security interest ' '' . United Press Int'l. 7 April 2017. `` Syria war: US launches missile strikes following chemical ' attack ' '' . BBC News. 7 April 2017. US strikes on Syrian base: what we know -- AFP. Retrieved 8 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Was Trump's Syria Strike Illegal? Explaining Presidential War Powers'' . New York Times . 8 April 2017. Jump up ^ Putin calls US strikes against Syria ' aggression against sovereign country' TASS , 7 April 2017. Jump up ^ Cardozo Life, Fall 2017, pages 22-23, `` Is Now a Good Time to Talk About Syria ,'' Deborah Pearlstein Jump up ^ `` SC/12783 7 APRIL 2017'' . United Nations News . 7 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Syria, Russia condemn US-led strike on pro-Assad forces'' . www.aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ `` Syria army reaches Iraq border after US tensions: monitor'' . Al-Monitor. 9 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Government forces advance against rebels north of Hama'' . Al Jazeera. 23 April 2017. Jump up ^ Al-Masdar News https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-counter-assault-retake-taybat-al-imam-ends-failure/ . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Four towns, one agreement and the ' same tragedy for all' : Buses arrive ahead of mass evacuations'' . Syria Direct . 13 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Syria war: Huge bomb kills dozens of evacuees in Syria'' . BBC News. 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Isabel Coles; John Davison (25 April 2017). `` Turkish jets strike Kurdish fighters in Syria, Iraq's Sinjar'' . Reuters. Jump up ^ Anne Barnard and Rick Gladstone (4 May 2017). `` Russia Reaches Deal for Syria Safe Zones, but Some Rebels Scoff'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Syrian Kurdish PYD denounces Syria deal for ' de-escalation zones ' '' . Reuters. 5 May 2017. Jump up ^ Gardiner, Harris (7 July 2017). `` U.S., Russia and Jordan Reach Deal for Cease-Fire in Part of Syria'' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump ends CIA arms support for anti-Assad Syria rebels: U.S. officials Reuters, 19 July 2017. Jaffe, Greg; Entous, Adam (20 July 2017). `` Trump halts covert arming of Syria rebels, a move likely to please Russia'' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Сирийская армия деблокировала Дейр -эз -Зор , сообщили в Минобороны РФ NEWSru , 5 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Syrian army breaks three-year siege of Deir ez-Zor'' . Teletrader . Jump up ^ Syrian army breaks Isis' three-year-long siege of Deir Ezzor: Liberating the city will mean relief for its 70,000 residents as Isis, feeling the pressure, begins to conscript female fighters . The Independent , 5 September 2017. Jump up ^ Syrian troops broke the Islamic State group's siege of Deir Ezzor military airport Saturday, dealing a fresh blow to the jihadists who also face a new offensive from US-backed fighters elsewhere in the province , France 24, 10 September 2017 Jump up ^ Raqqa, ISIS ' Capital,' Is Captured, U.S.-Backed Forces Say , New York Times Jump up ^ U.S.-backed forces say Raqqa liberated from ISIS , CBS Jump up ^ Syria: Raqqa ' liberated from Islamic State' in sign of jihadists' collapsing fortunes , ABC Jump up ^ Foreign Ministry: Raqqa still occupied, can only be considered liberated when Syrian Army enters it SANA , 29 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Isis dealt twin blows with loss of Deir ez-Zor and key Iraq border post'' . The Guardian . 3 November 2017. Jump up ^ Syrian army, allies, take last IS stronghold in Syria: commander , Reuters, 8 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` China to deploy troops to fight alongside Assad in Syria'' . Middle East Monitor. 28 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Putin declares `` complete victory'' on both banks of Euphrates in Syria Reuters, 6 December 2017. Jump up ^ Putin announces Russian troop withdrawal from Syria during visit BBC. Jump up ^ Владимир Путин посетил авиабазу Хмеймим в Сирии kremlin.ru, 11 December 2017. Jump up ^ Vladimir Putin announces Russian withdrawal from Syria during visit to airbase The Telegraph, 11 December 2017. Jump up ^ Россия начала формировать постоянную группировку в Тартусе и Хмеймиме TASS, 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Russia establishing permanent presence at its Syria bases: RIA'' . Reuters. 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ Лавров потребовал от американцев покинуть Сирию Rossiyskaya Gazeta , 28 December 2017. Jump up ^ Lavrov: US forces must leave Syrian territory completely Syrian Arab News Agency , 28 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Erdogan: Operation in Syria's Afrin has begun'' . Al Jazeera. Jump up ^ `` Turkish field op against Afrin Kurds ' de facto underway' -- Erdogan'' . Russia: RT. Jump up ^ Mustafa Aydın . Public support for cross-border operations Hürriyet Daily News , 1 February 2018. ^ Jump up to: `` Israeli F-16 fighter jet crashes under Syrian anti-aircraft fire amid IDF cross-border raid'' . Russia: RT. Jump up ^ `` Israel F16 fighter jet shot down by Syrian air defence after targeting ' Iranian drone' in the war-torn country'' . The United Kingdom: The Sun. Jump up ^ `` Syria's Ghouta residents ' wait to die' as more bombs fall'' . Reuters. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 2018-02-22 . Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference oust was invoked but never defined (see the help page ). Jump up ^ `` Pro-Turkish forces pillage Afrin after taking Syrian city'' . Yahoo! News. AFP. 18 March 2018 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Adu, Aletha (12 April 2018). `` Syria chemical attack that killed 70 DID use nerve agent, blood and urine samples reveal'' . The Sun . Retrieved 2018-04-22 . Jump up ^ `` Syria attack: nerve agent experts race to smuggle bodies out of Douma'' . The Guardian . 12 April 2018. Jump up ^ Graham, Chris; Krol, Charlotte; Crilly, Rob; Ensor, Josie; Swinford, Steven; Riley-Smith, Ben; Emanuel, Louis (8 April 2018). `` Russia blames Israel for attack on Syrian air base as pressure mounts over gas atrocity'' . Telegraph . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Douma chemical attack draws international outrage'' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Security Council fails to adopt three resolutions on chemical weapons use in Syria UN, 10 April 2018. Jump up ^ U.S., Russia clash at U.N. over chemical weapons attacks in Syria Reuters, 9 April 2018. Jump up ^ Russian officials warn of possible military clash with US over Syria The Guardian , 10 April 2018. Jump up ^ Россия нацелила `` Калибры '' на базы США в Сирии : Вооруженные силы РФ скрытно приведены в полную боеготовность Nezavisimaya Gazeta , 11 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` America vows to respond to a suspected chemical attack in Syria'' . The Economist. 9 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ensor, Josie (12 April 2018). `` Syrian flag flying over onetime rebel stronghold Douma as Russians announce victory in Eastern Ghouta'' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy, Maureen Clare. `` Civilians killed in ongoing bombing of Yarmouk'' . The Electronic Intifada . electronicIntifada.net . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Aboufadel, Leith. `` Syrian Army, Palestinian forces liberate two streets in Yarmouk Camp (video)'' . Al-Masdar Newsaccessdate=28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman. `` Syrian army pounds Palestinian camp; UN warns of dire conditions'' . Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Jazeera `` Estimated 60 percent of Yarmouk destroyed amid violence: Group'' Check url= value ( help ) . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Launching of Operations To Liberate Final ISIS Strongholds in Syria U.S. Department of State, 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ Syria: US-backed forces launch ' final' operation against ' Islamic State' strongholds Deutsche Welle , 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Facts About Sarin'' . Centers for Disease Control . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Syria Used Chlorine in Bombs Against Civilians, Report Says , New York Times , Rick Gladstone, 24 August 2016 retrieved 25 August 2016. Jump up ^ Louisa Loveluck (9 May 2015). `` UN inspectors find undeclared sarin-linked chemicals at Syrian military site'' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria: Mounting Casualties from Cluster Munitions'' . Human Rights Watch. 16 March 2013. Jump up ^ Dave Majumdar (2 December 2015). `` Russia's Lethal Thermobaric Rocket Launchers: A Game Changer in Syria?'' . The National Interest . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Syria rebels say Assad using ' mass-killing weapons' in Aleppo -- Israel News, Ynetnews . Ynetnews.com (20 June 1995). Jump up ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (4 June 2013). `` U.N. Panel Reports Increasing Brutality by Both Sides in Syria'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis: Incendiary bomb victims ' like the walking dead ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia's Lethal Thermobaric Rocket Launchers: A Game Changer in Syria?'' . The National Interest . Jump up ^ `` Russia Delivers Kornet Anti-Tank Guided Missiles To Syria'' . 20 August 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia just replenished Syrian rebels with one of the most effective weapons against the Assad regime -- Business Insider'' . Business Insider . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Binnie, Neil Gibson (8 April 2016). `` US arms shipment to Syrian rebels detailed'' . Jane's Defence Weekly . IHS . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Iran says it hit targets in Syria with Zolfaghar ballistic missiles -- Jane's 360'' . www.janes.com . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . `` Iran's Revolutionary Guard strikes Syria for Tehran attacks'' . CNBC. 18 June 2017. Jump up ^ Cohen, Gili; Reuters; Press, The Associated (18 June 2017). `` Iran Fires at Militants in Syria in First Use of Mid-range Missiles in 30 Years'' -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ Dulmers, Robert; Voeten, Teun (22 February 2015). `` Dateline Damascus: fighting on all fronts'' . Open Security . In 12 days travelling some 1,200 km, except for special forces in Aleppo we hardly saw any anything of the regular army. Jump up ^ Worth, Robert F. (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS . Pan Macmillan. p. 228 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Assad was still in charge but he was utterly dependent on a diverse and toxic mix of volunteer warriors and `popular` militias, some of them manned by criminals. Not all of them were Syrian. A whole Shiite counter-jihad had formed -- with fighters coming from Lebanon, Bahrain, even Afghanistan -- under the supervision of Iran, Assad's patron. ^ Jump up to: `` Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement'' . Reuters. 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syria's civil war: The regime digs in'' . The Economist. 15 June 2013. Jump up ^ Adam Heffez (28 November 2013). `` Using Women to Win in Syria'' . Al-Monitor (Eylül ). Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Loyalty to Assad runs deep on Syrian coast '' . The Christian Science Monitor. 22 January 2014. Jump up ^ Christian militias lend muscle to Syrian regime in ongoing battle against rebels . The Irish Times . 9 June 2014. ^ Jump up to: Asher, Berman. `` Criminalization of the Syrian Conflict'' . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Yassin al-Haj Salih (3 March 2014). `` The Syrian Shabiha and Their State -- Statehood & Participation'' . Heinrich Böll Stiftung . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Adorno, Esther (8 June 2011). `` The Two Homs'' . Harper's Magazine . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. blacklists al-Nusra Front fighters in Syria'' . CNN. 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bashar Al-Assad's transformation'' . Saudi Gazette. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Holmes, Oliver (15 August 2011). `` Assad's Devious, Cruel Plan to Stay in Power By Dividing Syria-- And Why It's Working'' . TNR . ^ Jump up to: `` Analysis: Assad retrenches into Alawite power base'' . Reuters. 4 May 2011. Jump up ^ Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (3 February 2012). `` Uprising finally hits Syria's `` Silk Road'' city`` . Reuters . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iran and Hezbollah build militia networks in Syria, officials say'' . The Guardian . 12 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Hezbollah fighters killed in Syria will ' go to hell,' says former leader'' . Al Arabiya. 26 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Drone flight over Israel: Nasrallah's latest surprise'' . Arab-American News. ^ Jump up to: Hirst, David (23 October 2012). `` Hezbollah uses its military power in a contradictory manner'' . The Daily Star . Beirut. Jump up ^ `` Hezbollah fighters, Syrian rebels killed in border fighting'' . Al Arabiya , 17 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013. ^ Jump up to: Barnard, Anne; Saad, Hwaida (19 May 2013). `` Hezbollah Aids Syrian Military in a Key Battle'' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to: Bassem Mroue (25 May 2013). `` Hezbollah chief says group is fighting in Syria'' . Associated Press . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Anne Barnard; Hania Mourtada (30 April 2013). `` Leader of Hezbollah Warns It Is Ready to Come to Syria's Aid'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian offensive on Qusayr deepens'' . Al Jazeera. Jump up ^ Mroue, Bassem (25 May 2013). `` Hezbollah chief says group is fighting in Syria'' . Associated Press . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Stay informed today & every day (4 January 2014). `` Lebanon: Will it hold together?'' . Economist.com . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dozens of pro-Assad Hezbollah militants killed in attacks by Syrian rebels near Damascus'' . ARA News . Archived from the original on 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two more Iranian commanders killed in Syria'' . Al Jazeera. 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The long road to Damascus'' . The Economist. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` How Iran Keeps Assad in Power in Syria'' . Inside Iran . 5 September 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Iranian Strategy in Syria Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Institute for the Study of War , Executive Summary + Full report, May 2013 ^ Jump up to: Iran boosts support to Syria , telegraph, 21 February 2014 Jump up ^ Goodarzi, Jubin (August 2013). `` Iran and Syria at the Crossroads: The Fall of the Tehran-Damascus Axis?'' (PDF) . Viewpoints . Wilson Center. ^ Jump up to: Iran boosts military support in Syria to bolster Assad , Reuters, 21, Feb 2014 Jump up ^ The Interim Finance Minister: 15 Billion Dollars Iranian Support to Assad ; syrianef; 24, January 2014 ^ Jump up to: Weiss, Michael (23 June 2014). `` Trust Iran Only as Far as You Can Throw It'' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Filkins, Dexter (30 September 2013). `` The Shadow Commander'' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sam Wilkin (13 June 2015). `` Iran brings home body of top general killed in Syria'' . Reuters. ^ Jump up to: Heistein, Ari; West, James (20 November 2015). `` Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries'' . National Interest . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russian parliament unanimously approves use of military in Syria to fight ISIS'' . RT. 30 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` В Минобороны рассказали о контактах с США перед началом бомбардировок Сирии '' . interfax.ru . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Генерал -лейтенант Сергей Кураленко представляет РФ в информцентре в Багдаде '' . russian.rt.com . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia, Iran, Iraq & Syria setting up ' joint information center' to coordinate anti-ISIS operations -- RT News'' . rt.com . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria bombing: Russian three star general warned US officials ' we request your people leave ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis: Russia begins air strikes against Assad foes'' . ВВС News. 30 September 2015. Jump up ^ Syria conflict: Russia issues warning after US coalition downs jet BBC, 19 June 2017. `` Russia Draws A Line Across Syria After U.S. Shoots Down Syrian Jet'' . NPR. Inside the Air War Over Syria: A High Altitude ' Poker Game' New York Times , 23 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` U.S.: Russia Gave Heads-Up About Cruise Missile Strike'' . U.S. News & World Report . 23 June 2017. Jump up ^ News Transcript: Media Availability with Secretary Mattis en route to Europe U.S. Department of Defense, 27 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Challenges await new interim government'' . The Daily Star . 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian rebels to choose interim defence minister'' . World Bulletin. 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal'' . USA Today . 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal'' . USA Today . 11 November 2012. Jump up ^ Jim Muir (12 November 2012). `` Syria crisis: Gulf states recognise Syria opposition'' . BBC . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces'' . Local Coordination Committees of Syria. 12 November 2012. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Syrian opposition'' . BBC News . 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Damascus meeting calls for peaceful change in Syria'' . Reuters UK. 23 September 2012. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Coordination Body for Democratic Change'' . Carnegie Middle East Center . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Syria opposition groups fail to reach accord'' . Financial Times . 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Syria's Opposition'' . Foreign Policy . 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Syria's opposition SNC to expand, reform'' . AFP. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Defecting troops form ' Free Syrian Army' , target Assad security forces'' . The World Tribune . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Blomfield, Adam (21 November 2011). `` Syrian rebels strike heart of Damascus'' . The Telegraph . London. Jump up ^ Bearing Witness in Syria: A Correspondent's Last Days (page 1) , New York Times (3 March 2012); `` Bearing Witness in Syria'' , page 2 , New York Times , 3 March 2012; `` Bearing Witness in Syria'' , page 3 , `` Bearing Witness in Syria'' , page 4 . Retrieved 20 September 2014. ^ Jump up to: `` Syrian rebel leader Salim Idriss admits difficulty of unifying fighters'' . McClatchyDC. 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Mekhennet, Souad (18 August 2014). `` The terrorists fighting us now? We just finished training them'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian Kurds Ally With Rebel Groups To Fight The Islamic State'' . VICE News . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Syria's ' moderates' have disappeared... and there are no good guys The Independent , 4 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Moscow ready for contact with Free Syrian Army -- FM Lavrov'' . RT News . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria war: Russia ' is ready to assist FSA rebels ' '' . BBC News. Jump up ^ Alami, Mona (31 December 2015). `` Can FSA get back on its feet after Russian intervention?'' . Al-Monitor ( Institute for the Study of War ). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveluck, Louisa; Sly, Liz (23 February 2017). `` Turkey-backed rebels seize Islamic State's al-Bab stronghold in Syria'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Solomon, Erika (22 November 2013). `` Six Islamist factions unite in largest Syria rebel merger'' . Reuters . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Hall (9 January 2014). `` Factbox: Syria's rebel groups'' . Reuters. Jump up ^ Barbara Surk (22 November 2013). `` Series of Syrian Muslim rebel brigades say they've unified under name of the ' Islamic Front ' '' . Star Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Atassi, Basma (22 November 2013). `` Major Syrian rebel groups join forces'' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Syrian FSA fades in shadow of Saudi-backed opposition front , Al-Monitor , 11 December 2013 Jump up ^ Michaels, Jim (4 September 2013). `` Kerry: Syrian rebels have not been hijacked by extremists'' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Kelley, Michael (19 September 2013). `` A full extremist-to-moderate spectrum of the 100,000 Syrian rebels'' . Business Insider . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Malas, Nour & Abushakra, Rima (25 September 2013). `` Syrian rebel units reject pro-western opposition political leaders'' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Farmer, Ben (15 September 2013). `` Syria: nearly half rebel fighters are jihadists or hardline Islamists, says IHS Jane's report -- The Telegraph'' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 60 Percent Of Syrian Rebels Are Islamist Extremists, Think Tank Finds'' . NPR. 20 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Syrian rebels reject interim government, embrace Sharia'' . CNN. 25 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` With wary eye, Syrian rebels welcome Islamists into their ranks'' . The Times of Israel . 25 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Russia launches media offensive on Syria bombing'' . BBC News. 1 October 2015. Jump up ^ Sherlock, Ruth (2 December 2012). `` Inside Jabhat al Nusra -- the most extreme wing of Syria's struggle'' . The Daily Telegraph . London. Jump up ^ `` Al Nusrah Front claims 3 more suicide attacks in Daraa'' . 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. ^ Jump up to: Seymour Hersh , ' Military to Military,' London Review of Books , Vol. 38 No. 1,7 January 2016 pp.11-- 14. Jump up ^ `` Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra is part of network'' . Agence France-Presse. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Al-Nusra Commits to al-Qaida, Deny Iraq Branch ' Merger ' '' . Agence France-Presse. 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (23 September 2012). `` Syria: the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al-Assad'' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Free Syrian Army rebels defect to Islamist group Jabhat al-Nusra'' . The Guardian . London. 8 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` With wary eye, Syrian rebels welcome Islamists into their ranks'' . 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chulov, Martin (17 January 2013). `` Syria crisis: al-Qaida fighters revealing their true colours, rebels say'' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Catholic Priest Allegedly Beheaded in Syria by Al-Qaeda-Linked Rebels as Men and Children Take Pictures and Cheer . TheBlaze.com (30 June 2013). Jump up ^ Agence France-Presse in Jdeitdet Yabus (10 March 2014). `` Kidnapped nuns thank negotiators after being freed in Syria'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Gul Tuysuz; Raja Razek; Nick Paton Walsh (6 November 2013). `` Al Qaeda-linked group strengthens hold in northern Syria'' . CNN . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syria: Harrowing torture, summary killings in secret ISIS detention centres'' . 19 December 2013 . Amnesty International . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Birke, Sarah (27 December 2013). `` How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War'' . New York Review of Books . Jump up ^ `` ISIS Consolidates'' . London Review of Books . 1 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin Chulov, Middle East correspondent. `` Isis fighters surround Syrian airbase in rapid drive to recapture lost territory World news'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Study Shows Islamic State's Primary Opponent in Syria Is Government Forces, IHS Markit Says'' . IHS Markit. 19 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Syrians adjust to life under ISIS rule'' . The Daily Star . 29 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Masi, Alessandria (12 September 2014). `` US-Backed Moderate Group in Syria Signs Truce With ISIS: Reports'' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Karouny, Mariam (21 June 2015). `` Islamic State militants plant mines and bombs in Palmyra: monitoring group'' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Many Islamic State leaders trying to flee to Syria: Iraqi minister'' . Reuters. 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inauguration of the 1st MSD office'' . Hawar News Agency . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry, Tom (15 August 2015). `` Syrian Kurds now say they now control territory the size of Qatar and Kuwait combined'' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces emerges as force against ISIS'' . Associated Press. 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian-Kurdish SDF successfully absorbing non-Kurdish groups, says US'' . Rudaw. 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic'' (PDF) . UN Human Rights Council. 15 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Muscati, Samer (14 May 2012). `` Syrian Kurds Fleeing to Iraqi Safe Haven'' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Blair, Edmund; Saleh, Yasmine (4 July 2012). `` Syria opposition rifts give world excuse not to act'' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Allott, `` Jordan Kurds and Christians Fight Back against ISIS in Syria '' National Review , 19 November 2015 Jump up ^ Bishop, Rachel. `` Female-fighters-form-fierce-Christian Militia '' The Mirror , 13 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` Kurdish-Arab coalition fighting Islamic State in Syria creates political wing'' . Global Post . Agence France-Presse. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Bulos, Nabih; McDonnell, Patrick J. (17 March 2016). `` Kurdish-led group declares autonomous zone in northern Syria'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting' . United States Department of State , 3 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Airstrikes Hit ISIL Terrorists in Syria, Iraq'' . U.S. Department of Defense. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014). `` Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants'' . Al-Monitor . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (6 August 2014). `` Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists'' . Al-Monitor . Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Jump up ^ Germany, SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg (11 October 2016). `` Battle for Aleppo: How Syria Became the New Global War'' . Spiegel Online . Syria has become a proxy war between the US and Russia O'Connor , Tom (31 March 2017). `` Iran's military leader tells U.S. to get out of Persian Gulf'' . Newsweek . The Gulf Arab faction, especially Saudi Arabia, has been engaged in a proxy war of regional influence with Iran Jump up ^ Memmott, Mark (13 November 2013). `` As Talks Continue, CIA Gets Some Weapons To Syrian Rebels'' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (7 October 2014). `` Russia commanded spy operation against Israeli forces and Syria rebels, footage shows'' . Haaretz . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Syria allies: Why Russia, Iran and China are standing by the regime , CNN, 30 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Sees Russian Drive Against CIA-Backed Rebels in Syria'' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. has secretly provided arms training to Syria rebels since 2012'' . Los Angeles Times . 21 June 2013. ^ Jump up to: Roula Khalaf & Abigail Fielding Smith (16 May 2013). `` Qatar bankrolls Syrian revolt with cash and arms'' . Financial Times . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . (subscription required) Jump up ^ `` Saudi edges Qatar to control Syrian rebel support '' . Reuters. 31 May 2013 Jump up ^ Nabih Bulos (22 September 2015). `` US-trained Division 30 rebels ' betray US and hand weapons over to al-Qaeda's affiliate in Syria ' '' . The Telegraph . London. Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia just replenished Syrian rebels with one of the most effective weapons against the Assad regime'' . Business Insider . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Arab countries fall apart '' . The Economist. 14 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Syria's top Islamist and jihadist groups '' . France 24 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey sends in jets as Syria's agony spills over every border'' , The Guardian , 26 July 2015 , retrieved 7 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` Turkey ' created a monster and doesn't know how to deal with it ' '' . Business Insider. 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). `` Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria'' . The Independent . London. `` Gulf allies and ' Army of Conquest' '' . Al-Ahram Weekly . 28 May 2015. `` ' Army of Conquest' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime '' . Yahoo News. 28 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Gulf allies and ' Army of Conquest' '' . Al-Ahram Weekly . 28 May 2015. Jump up ^ Sherfinski, David. `` Both sides of Congress have own red lines for Obama's action in Syria'' . Washington Times . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Reuters, Presidential press Office (13 September 2014). `` Kerry opposes Iran role in anti-Islamic State coalition'' . Reuters . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Burns, Robert. `` Strikes in Iraq, Syria expected under new war plan'' . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Fanack. `` Regional Opposition to US Policies in the Middle East'' . Fanack.com . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Agrees to Assist U.S. With Airstrikes Against ISIS'' . The New York Times . 12 June 2014. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar, Neil; Saad, Hwaida (29 July 2012). `` As Syrian War Drags On, Jihadists Take Bigger Role'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICSR Insight: European Foreign Fighters in Syria'' . 2 April 2013. Jump up ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (7 January 2014). `` Not Just About Us'' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ghazi, Yasir; Arango, Tim (28 October 2012). `` Iraqi Sects Join Battle in Syria on Both Sides'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Foreign Fighters -- An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq (PDF) (Report). Soufan Group. December 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria's war may be the most documented ever. And yet, we know so little'' . PRI. 19 December 2016. `` Five years in Syria: History's most documented war'' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` UN chief slams Syria's crackdown on protests'' . Al Jazeera. 18 March 2011. Jump up ^ `` Minister Cannon Condemns Ongoing Violence in Yemen, Bahrain and Syria'' . Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. 21 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China and Russia veto UN resolution condemning Syria'' . BBC. 5 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` UN launches biggest humanitarian appeal, fearing deepening of Syrian crisis'' . ReliefWeb. 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis ' worsening' amid humanitarian funding shortfall, warns top UN relief official'' . UN News Centre. 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 182 session 46 Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian emergency assistance of the United Nations on 19 December 1991 Jump up ^ United Nations, Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan (SHARP) . Retrieved 18 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` Syrian Arab Republic'' . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Jump up ^ `` USAID/SYRIA'' . Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` SYRIAN HUMANITARIAN RELIEF'' . Jump up ^ `` Iran sending tonnes of flour daily to Syria: report'' . Agence France-Presse. 3 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Revealed: how Syrian rebels seek medical help from an unlikely source in Israel'' . 12 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Humanitarian aid convoy departs to help Syrian refugees'' . 27 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Scores of families leave besieged Aleppo under Russia-Damascus plan'' . Reuters. 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO warns of Syria disease threat'' . BBC. 4 June 2013. Jump up ^ United Nations. (9 November 2017). `` Syrian conflict has now lasted longer than World War II -- UN humanitarian envoy'' . UN News Centre website Retrieved 10 December 2017. Jump up ^ United Nations. (7 December 2017). `` Children not a ' bargaining chip' in tug of war between Syrian parties -- UN advisor'' . UN News Centre website Retrieved 10 December 2017. Jump up ^ UNOCHA. `` Syrian Arab Republic -- Civil Unrest 2013'' . Financial Tracking Service . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian Martyrs شهداء سورية '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` U.N.'s Syria death toll jumps dramatically to 60,000-plus'' . CNN. 3 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Syria death toll at least 93,000, says UN'' . BBC News. 13 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` More than 2,000 killed in Syria since Ramadan began'' . Times of Oman. 25 July 2013. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonnell, Patrick J. (13 June 2013). `` U.N. says Syria death toll has likely surpassed 100,000'' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis: Solidarity amid suffering in Homs'' . BBC. 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Enders, David (6 November 2012). `` Deaths in Syria down from peak; army casualties outpacing rebels ' '' . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 400 children killed in Syria unrest'' . Geneva: Arab News. 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Peralta, Eyder (3 February 2012). `` Rights Group Says Syrian Security Forces Detained, Tortured Children: The Two-Way'' . NPR. Jump up ^ Fahim, Kareem (5 January 2012). `` Hundreds Tortured in Syria, Human Rights Group Says'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting Continues in Syria'' . Arutz Sheva. 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics for the number of martyrs'' . Violations Documenting Center. 3 June 2013. Jump up ^ Ian Black, Middle East editor. `` Syrian regime document trove shows evidence of ' industrial scale' killing of detainees'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Laura Smith-Spark, CNN (22 August 2014). `` More than 191,000 dead in Syria conflict, U.N. finds'' . CNN . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Black, Ian (11 February 2016). `` Report on Syria conflict finds 11.5% of population killed or injured'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Sparrow, Annie (20 February 2014). `` Syria's Polio Epidemic: The Suppressed Truth'' . New York Review . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Even before the uprising, in areas considered politically unsympathetic like Deir Ezzor, the government stopped maintaining sanitation and safe-water services, and began withholding routine immunizations for preventable childhood diseases. Once the war began, the government started ruthless attacks on civilians in opposition-held areas, forcing millions to seek refuge in filthy, crowded, and cold conditions. ^ Jump up to: Al Rifai, Diana; Haddad, Mohammed (17 March 2015). `` What's left of Syria?'' . Al-jazeera . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian Refugees in Lebanon ,'' The New York Times , 5 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Syrian refugee camps in Turkish territory tracked by satellite'' . Astrium-geo.com. Jump up ^ `` Syrian refugees top 3 million, half of all Syrians displaced: U.N.'' Reuters. 29 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Inbari, Pinhas. `` Demographic Upheaval: How the Syrian War is Reshaping the Region'' . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian Civil War Causes One-Third of Country's Christians to Flee Their Homes '' . The Algemeiner Journal . 18 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Syrian Refugees'' . Jump up ^ `` UN must refer Syria war crimes to ICC: Amnesty'' . GlobalPost . Archived from the original on 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Sir Desmond de Silva QC, former chief prosecutor of the special court for Sierra Leone, Sir Geoffrey Nice QC, the former lead prosecutor of former Yugoslavian president Slobodan Milošević , and Professor David Crane, who indicted President Charles Taylor of Liberia at the Sierra Leone court Jump up ^ `` foreignaffairs.house.gov'' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE: Gruesome Syria photos may prove torture by Assad regime'' . CNN. 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic'' . 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UN decries use of sieges, starvation in Syrian military strategy The New Age Online'' . Thenewage.co.za. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yarmouk update: Nusra's apparent return complicates UNRWA's hopes for food program'' . 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyke, Joe (24 July 2015). `` Yarmouk camp no longer besieged, UN rules'' . IRIN . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Syria and Isis committing war crimes, says UN'' . The Guardian . 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` syrias disappeared'' . BBC News. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Loveluck, Louisa (5 November 2015). `` Amnesty accuses Syrian regime of ' disappearing' tens of thousands'' . Telegraph . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Monitor: 60,000 dead in Syria government jails Al Jazeera Jump up ^ `` Syria: 13,000 secretly hanged in Saydnaya military prison -- shocking new report'' . Amnesty International. Jump up ^ `` US accuses Syria of killing thousands of prisoners and burning the dead bodies in large crematorium outside Damascus'' . Washington Post . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Harris, Gardiner (15 May 2017). `` Syria Prison Crematory Is Hiding Mass Executions, U.S. Says'' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnard, Gardiner Harris, Anne; Gladstone, Rick (15 May 2017). `` Syrian Crematory Is Hiding Mass Killings of Prisoners, U.S. Says'' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Curt Nickisch (3 May 2013). `` N.H. Family: Missing Journalist James Foley In Syrian Prison'' . WBUR . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Polly Mosendz. `` ISIL Beheads American Photojournalist James Foley'' . The Wire . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin Chulov. `` Islamic State militants seize four more foreign hostages in Syria'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Foley's killers pose many threats to local, international journalists'' . Committee to Protect Journalists. 20 August 2014. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captured soldiers: They will kill us, if Hezbollah remains in Syria'' . The Daily Star Newspaper -- Lebanon . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Behari, Elad (23 December 2011). `` Syria: Sunnis Threatening to Massacre Minority Alawites'' . Arutz Sheva . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Sherlock, Ruth (7 April 2015). `` In Syria's war, Alawites pay heavy price for loyalty to Bashar al-Assad'' . The Daily Telegraph . London. Jump up ^ Karouny, Mariam (14 May 2013). `` Syria Death Toll Likely As High As 120,000, Group Says'' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dettmet, Jamie (19 November 2013). `` Syria's Christians Flee Kidnappings, Rape, Executions'' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Druze attack Israeli ambulance carrying wounded Syrians'' . Al Jazeera. 23 June 2015. ^ Jump up to: Nelson, Lara (18 November 2015). `` The Shia jihad and the death of Syria's army'' . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Without the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Lebanese Hezbollah the army could not stand up. (For example, in `` the largest and most important military force for Assad in southern Syria'' -- Division 9,) Seventy percent of the troops ... are Iranian troops or Lebanese Hezbollah, the rest are shabiha. Only two to three percent are regular Syrian soldiers. Jump up ^ Cave, Damein (9 August 2012). `` Crime Wave Engulfs Syria as Its Cities Reel From War'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ultimate assault: Charting Syria's use of rape to terrorize its people'' . Women Under Siege. 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kozak, Christopher (26 May 2015). `` The Regime's Military Capabilities: Part 1'' . ISW . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Local NDF commanders often engage in war profiteering through protection rackets, looting, and organized crime. NDF members have been implicated in waves of murders, robberies, thefts, kidnappings, and extortions throughout regime-held parts of Syria since the formation of the organization in 2013. Jump up ^ `` Turkish strikes ' damage ancient temple ' '' . BBC News. 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe, Emma. `` Damage to the Soul: Syria's cultural heritage in conflict'' . Durham University and the Global Heritage Fund . 1 May 2012. Jump up ^ Fisk, Robert. `` Syria's ancient treasures pulverised'' . The Independent . 5 August 2012. Jump up ^ Barnard, Anne (16 April 2014). `` Syrian War Takes Heavy Toll at a Crossroad of Cultures'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Palmyra's Temple of Bel destroyed, says UN'' . BBC News. 1 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Said, H.; Raslan, Rasha; Sabbagh, Hazem (26 March 2016). `` Palmyra Castle partially damaged due to ISIS acts, plans to restore it to its former glory'' . Syrian Arab News Agency . Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Threats to Cultural Heritage in Iraq and Syria'' . US Department of State . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayrumyan, Naira (24 September 2014). `` Middle East Terror: Memory of Armenian Genocide victims targeted by ISIS militants'' . ArmeniaNow . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ David Batty (22 June 2013). `` Syrian art smuggled from the midst of civil war to show in London'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Cave, Damien (24 August 2012). `` Syrian War Plays Out Along a Street in Lebanon'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Syria pounds ISIS bases in coordination with Iraq'' . The Daily Star Newspaper -- Lebanon . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lundgren, Magnus (2016). `` Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011-- 2016'' . Contemporary Security Policy . 37 : 273-- 288. Jump up ^ `` Syria's Assad says he will not negotiate with armed groups'' . Reuters. `` Assad's priority to defeat ' terrorism' before elections: Russian lawmaker'' . Reuters. Jump up ^ `` U.N. announces start of Syria peace talks as government troops advance'' . Reuters. 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Envoy suspended Syria talks over Russian escalation: U.N. official'' . Reuters. 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Syria's Assad says hopes Geneva talks lead to concrete results: Kremlin'' . Reuters. 14 March 2016. `` Syria talks to tackle Bashar al-Assad's presidency'' . Al Jazeera. ^ Jump up to: `` Russian negotiator positive after ' birth' of Astana Syria'' . Reuters. Jump up ^ РФ , Турция и Иран подписали меморандум о создании в Сирии зон деэскалации Interfax, 4 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Russia, Turkey and Iran continue cooperation on de-escalation zones in Syria'' . TASS. 23 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` New Video Game Lets You Kill ISIS While Fighting as Hezbollah in Syria and Lebanon'' . Newsweek. 23 February 2018. Further reading Hinnebusch, Raymond (2012). `` Syria: From ' Authoritarian Upgrading' to Revolution?'' . International Affairs . 88 (1): 95-- 113. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01059.x . International Crisis Group (13 July 2011). `` Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (VII): The Syrian Regimes Slow-Motion Suicide'' (PDF) . Middle East/North Africa Report N° 109 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Landis, Joshua (2012). `` The Syrian Uprising of 2011: Why the Asad Regime Is Likely to Survive to 2013'' . Middle East Policy . 19 (1): 72-- 84. doi : 10.1111/j.1475-4967.2012.00524.x . Lawson, Fred Haley, ed. (1 February 2010). Demystifying Syria . Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-654-7 . Rashdan, Abdelrahman. Syrians Crushed in a Complex International Game. OnIslam.net. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Van Dam, Nikolaos (15 July 2011). The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society under Asad and the Ba'ath Party . I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84885-760-8 . van Dam, Nikolaos (2017). Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978-1-78672-248-5 . Malek, Alia (2017). The Home That Was Our Country: A Memoir of Syria . PublicAffairs . ISBN 978-1-56858-532-1 . Pearlman, Wendy (2017). We Crossed a Bridge and It Trembled: Voices from Syria . HarperCollins . ISBN 978-0-06-265445-8 . Wright, Robin (2008). Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East . New York: Penguin Press. pp. 212-- 261. ISBN 1-59420-111-0 . Ziadeh, Radwan (2011). Power and Policy in Syria: Intelligence Services, Foreign Relations and Democracy in the Modern Middle East . London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-434-5 . Cordesman, Anthony `` Failed State Wars'' in Syria and Iraq (III): Stability and Conflict in Syria Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. External links Find more aboutthe Syrian Civil Warat Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Interviews Fox News exclusive interview with Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad Fox News , 18 September 2013 Interview with Bashar Assad: ' In the End, a Lie Is a Lie' Der Spiegel , 7 October 2013 President Bashar al-Assad's interview with Agence France Presse AFP 20-01-2014 20 January 2014 A discussion of the causes of the civil war at the United Nations University for Peace . First ever broadcast interview with Jabhat al Nusra founder Abu Mohammed al-Joulani Supranational government bodies FAO -- Syria crisis Human rights bodies The ICRC in Syria , International Committee of the Red Cross Media Syria's war at BBC News Syrian uprising: A year in turmoil at The Washington Post Syria Pulse collected news and commentary at Al Monitor Latest Syria developments at NOW Lebanon `` Syria collected news and commentary'' . The Guardian . Syria collected news and commentary at The New York Times Syria news, all the latest and breaking Syria news at The Daily Telegraph Syria collected coverage at Al Jazeera English Syria collected news at Intelligence Online Interactive Map of the Syrian Civil War Syria Deeply at News Deeply Maps of Europe and Syrian Civil War (omniatlas.com) Syrian Civil War Part of the Arab Spring and Arab Winter Background Timeline Background 1963 coup d'état 1966 coup d'état 1970 `` Corrective Revolution'' 1979-- 82 Islamic uprising 1999 Latakia protests 2000-- 01 Damascus Spring 2004 Qamishli riots Syrian occupation of Lebanon 2005 Damascus Declaration Human rights in Syria 2011 ( Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec ) Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Siege of Daraa Siege of Baniyas Talkalakh siege Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh Jisr ash-Shugur operation Siege of Hama Siege of Homs Jabal al-Zawiya operation Siege of Latakia Deir ez-Zor Clashes Rif Dimashq clashes Battle of Zabadani Battle of Douma Daraa Governorate clashes First Battle of Rastan Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush Idlib Governorate clashes Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 2012 ( Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec ) al-Midan bombing Second Battle of Rastan First Idlib operation First Battle of Idlib First Battle of al-Qusayr Second Idlib operation Battle of Taftanaz Third Battle of Rastan Houla massacre Battle of al-Haffah Al-Qubeir massacre Battle of Tremseh Battle of Damascus Damascus bombing Battle of Aleppo Battle of Anadan Siege of Base 46 Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012-- 13) First Rif Dimashq offensive Darayya massacre Battle of Khirbet al-Joz Battle of Maarrat al-Nu'man (2012) First Siege of Wadi Deif Battle of Harem Second Rif Dimashq offensive Battle of Darayya Aqrab massacre First Hama offensive Halfaya massacre Battle of Darayya Quneitra Governorate clashes Talbiseh bakery massacre 2013 ( Jan-- Apr May-- Dec ) Battle of Safira Battle of Shadadeh Damascus offensive Raqqa campaign (2012-- 13) ( Battle of Raqqa (March 2013) ) Daraa offensive Third Rif Dimashq offensive Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl Ghouta chemical attack Al-Qusayr offensive Second Battle of al-Qusayr Bayda and Baniyas massacres Second Hama offensive Hatla massacre Khan al-Assal chemical attack Khan al-Assal massacre Adra massacre Battle of Ras al-Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Fourth Rif Dimashq offensive Aleppo offensive 2014 ( Jan-- Jul Aug-- Dec ) First Inter-Rebel Conflict Battle of Markada First Deir ez-Zor Offensive Battle of Mork 2nd Daraa Offensive Maan massacre Al-Otaiba ambush 4th Idlib Offensive Battle of Hosn 2nd Latakia Offensive Battle of Al-Malihah Kafr Zita chemical attack Second Siege of Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Offensive Battle of Arsal First Battle of the Shaer gas field Eastern Syria Offensive Battle for Tabqa Air base Northern Aleppo offensive (February-- July 2014) 3rd Hama Offensive Quneitra Offensive 6th Rif Dimashq offensive Siege of Kobanî 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Al-Safira offensive Idlib Raid Second Inter-Rebel Conflict Second Battle of the Shaer gas field Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive 2015 ( Jan-- Jul Aug-- Dec ) An-26 crash 4th Daraa Offensive Southern Syria Offensive Eastern al-Hasakah offensive 1st Battle of Sarrin 2nd Battle of Sarrin Battle of Bosra 5th Idlib Offensive Second Battle of Idlib Battle of Nasib Border Crossing 2nd Battle of Yarmouk Camp Western al-Hasakah offensive Palmyra offensive (May 2015) 2015 Qamishli bombings Tell Abyad offensive Kobanî massacre Quneitra offensive Palmyra offensive (July-- August 2015) 7th Rif Dimashq offensive Northwestern Syria offensive 2015 Aleppo offensive 2015 Al-Hawl offensive Homs offensive (November-- December 2015) East Aleppo offensive (2015-- 16) Latakia offensive (2015-- 2016) Tishrin Dam offensive 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 2016 ( Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec ) Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016) Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February-- March 2016) Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016) February Homs bombings February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 2016 Khanasir offensive Battle of Tel Abyad Battle of Maarrat al-Nu'man (2016) Battle of Qamishli (April 2016) Northern Aleppo offensive (March-- June 2016) Palmyra offensive (March 2016) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April-- May 2016) 8th Rif Dimashq offensive Northern Raqqa offensive (May 2016) May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016) 9th Rif Dimashq offensive Manbij offensive Tokhar 2016 Southern Aleppo campaign Battle of al-Rai (August 2016) 2016 Aleppo summer campaign Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016) 5 September 2016 Syria bombings September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid September 2016 Urum al-Kubra Aid Convoy attack September Aleppo offensive 2016 Dabiq offensive Western al-Bab offensive (October-- November 2016) Aleppo offensive (September-- October 2016) Khan al-Shih offensive (October-- November 2016) Raqqa campaign (2016-- present) Battle of al-Bab Aleppo offensive (November-- December 2016) Palmyra offensive (December 2016) 2017 ( Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec ) Wadi Barada offensive (2016-- 17) January 2017 Azaz bombing Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016-- April 2017) Idlib Governorate clashes (2017) Deir ez-Zor offensive (January-- February 2017) Daraa offensive (February-- June 2017) Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017) Qaboun offensive (2017) Palmyra offensive (2017) East Aleppo offensive (January-- April 2017) March 2017 Damascus bombings 2017 al-Jinah airstrike Hama offensive (March-- April 2017) Battle of Tabqa (2017) Khan Shaykhun chemical attack 2017 Shayrat missile strike 2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April-- May 2017) Syrian Desert campaign (May-- July 2017) Maskanah Plains offensive East Hama offensive Battle of Raqqa (2017) 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa offensive (June 2017) 2017 Jobar offensive Quneitra offensive (June 2017) Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017) Central Syria campaign (2017) 4th Qalamoun Deir ez-Zor offensive (September 2017-- March 2018) Hama offensive (September 2017) Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017-- February 2018) Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate Battle of Harasta (2017-- 18) Eastern Syria campaign (September-- December 2017) 2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive 2017 Mayadin offensive Battle of Deir ez-Zor (September-- November 2017) 2017 Abu Kamal offensive Beit Jinn offensive 2018 ( Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec ) Turkish military operation in Afrin Battle of Khasham Tenth Rif Dimashq offensive Southern Damascus offensive (January-- February 2018) Syrian Liberation Front-- Tahrir al-Sham conflict Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018) Douma chemical attack 2018 missile strikes against Syria Northern Homs offensive (April-- May 2018) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018) Southern Damascus offensive (April-- May 2018) Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes (April 2018) May 2018 Israel-- Iran incidents Spillover Spillover into Lebanon Lebanese-- Syrian border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian Embassy Bombing Northern Lebanon Clashes 3rd Qalamoun Syrian-Turkish border clashes December 2011 Syrian-- Turkish border clash Turkish aircraft shootdown October 2012 Syrian-Turkish border clashes Reyhanlı bombings January 2014 Turkish airstrike in Syria Israeli-- Syrian ceasefire line incidents March 2017 incident February 2018 incident Jordanian-Syrian border clashes April 2014 Jordanian-- Syrian border airstrike Spillover into Iraq Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi-- Syrian border airstrike Assassination of Andrei Karlov Turkish military intervention in Syria (August 2016-- March 2017) 2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike Involved parties Syria Ba'ath Government Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party Military & Militias Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army Smaller groups Support for the government Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia-- Syria-- Iran-- Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces (Iraq) Syrian opposition , Al-Qaeda affiliates and allies NCSR Government National Coalition Local Co-ordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group Opposition militias Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army Syrian Liberation Front National Front for Liberation Army of Free Men Abu Amara Battalions Covert Special Tasks Force Army of Glory National Liberation Movement Central Division Army of Islam al-Rahman Legion 1st Brigade of Damascus Southern Front Army of Free Tribes Criterion Brigades National Front for the Liberation of Syria Unified Syrian Army Company of the People of the Levant Authenticity and Development Front Al-Qaratayn Martyrs Brigade Revolutionary Commando Army Elite Division Smaller groups al-Qaeda affiliates and allies Tahrir al-Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Caucasus Emirate Ajnad al-Kavkaz Junud al-Makhdi Malhama Tactical Ansar al-Islam splinter faction Smaller groups Allied groups (to the Opposition militias) Muslim Brotherhood of Syria Grey Wolves Smaller groups Support for the Opposition American-led intervention American rescue mission Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey Rojava (SDF) Rojava government Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties SDF groups People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries Elite Forces SDF Military Councils Syriac Military Council ( Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa Raqqa Hawks Brigade Northern Democratic Brigade Free Officers Union Liberation Brigade faction Shahba Forces Liwa Owais al-Qorani remnants Martyr Amara Arab Women's Battalion Battalion of Karachok Martyrs Revolutionary Forces Khabour Guards Nattoreh Smaller groups Allied groups Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion International Anti-Fascist Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units Smaller groups ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Military of ISIL Dokumacılar Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Liwa al-Aqsa Group of the One and Only Liwa Dawud People Ammar Abdulhamid Ali al-Abdallah Adnan al-Aroor al-Assad family Bashar Maher Rifaat Rami Makhlouf Hafez Makhlouf Riad al-Asaad Anwar al-Bunni Fahd Jassem al-Freij Suheil al-Hassan Haitham al-Maleh Moaz al-Khatib Kamal al-Labwani Hamza al-Khateeb Tal al-Mallohi Fida al-Sayed Riad al-Turk Khaled Khoja Ammar al-Qurabi Suheir Atassi Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni Aref Dalila Farid Ghadry Burhan Ghalioun Razan Ghazzawi Ghassan Hitto Salim Idris Randa Kassis Abdul Halim Khaddam Michel Kilo Bassma Kodmani Ali Habib Mahmud Ali Mahmoud Othman Ibrahim Qashoush Dawoud Rajiha Yassin al-Haj Saleh Bouthaina Shaaban Adib Shishakly Abdulbaset Sieda Riad Seif Fadwa Soliman Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid Yaser Tabbara Razan Zaitouneh Rami Jarrah Abdurrahman Mustafa Issues Peace process Related topics Elections Issues Casualties Chemical weapons Cities and towns Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International reactions International demonstrations and protests Massacres Refugees ( European migrant crisis ) Sectarianism and minorities Spillover into Lebanon Syrian reactions Peace process Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN Supervision Mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.-- Russia peace proposals on Syria 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II Conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement 2015 Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Related topics 2014 Syrian detainee report Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International recognition of the Syrian National Council Syria Files Syrian media coverage The Return to Homs Silvered Water, Syria Self-Portrait Sunnistan Syrian presidential election, 2014 Elections and referendums held during the civil war Syrian local elections, 2011 Syrian constitutional referendum, 2012 Syrian presidential election, 2014 Rojava local elections, 2015 Syrian parliamentary election, 2016 Northern Syria local elections, 2017 Category Arab Spring `` Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam '' Events by country Algeria Bahrain Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia Western Sahara Yemen Groups Bahrain: Al Wefaq February 14 Youth Coalition Egypt: April 6 Youth Movement Kefaya Muslim Brotherhood ( FJP ) National Association for Change National Democratic Party National Salvation Front Revolutionary Socialists Shayfeencom The Third Square Ultras Ahlawy Libya: National Liberation Army National Transitional Council Mauritania: February 25th Movement Saudi Arabia: Women to drive movement CDHRAP Society for Development and Change Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Regional Command National Command National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Hizb ut-Tahrir Foreign fighters Tunisia: Constitutional Democratic Rally Ennahda Movement Popular Front Tunisian General Labour Union Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Yemen: Alliance of Yemeni Tribes Al-Islah Hashid Houthis General People's Congress Hiraak Notable people Women in the Arab Spring Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Ouyahia Bahrain: Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Hasan Mushaima Ali Salman Ali Jawad al-Sheikh Egypt: Hosni Mubarak Omar Suleiman Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Wael Ghonim Kamal Ganzouri Khaled Mohamed Saeed Gihan Ibrahim Essam Sharaf Mohamed ElBaradei Mohamed Morsi Hesham Qandil Bassem Youssef Jordan: King Abdullah II Marouf al-Bakhit Samir Rifai Libya: Muammar Gaddafi Saif al-Islam Gaddafi Mustafa Abdul Jalil Mahmoud Jibril Mohammed Nabbous Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Morocco: Mohammed VI Abbas El Fassi Saudi Arabia: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Khaled al-Johani Manal al-Sharif Nimr al-Nimr Sudan: Omar al-Bashir Hassan al-Turabi Syria: Bashar al-Assad Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al-Halqi Maher al-Assad Burhan Ghalioun Moaz al-Khatib Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Mohamed Ghannouchi Moncef Marzouki Rashid al-Ghannushi Fouad Mebazaa Beji Caid Essebsi Hamadi Jebali Mohamed Bouazizi Chokri Belaid United Arab Emirates: UAE Five Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi Tawakkol Karman Abdul Majeed al-Zindani Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Sadiq al-Ahmar Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Mohammed Ali al-Houthi Impact Occupy movement Albania Armenia Azerbaijan 2011 2013 Belarus Burkina Faso China Greece India 2011 2012 Iran Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Maldives Mali Mexico 2011 2012 Portugal Russia Spain Turkey 2011-- 12 2013 United Kingdom United States Libyan Civil War (2011-- present) Egyptian crisis (2011-- 14) UN Resolutions 65/265 1970 1973 2009 2014 2016 International reactions Bahrain Egypt Libya civil war military intervention death of Muammar Gaddafi Syria Tunisia Yemen Domestic reactions Egypt Libya domestic responses state's response Syria Timelines by country Bahrain Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Syria Yemen Category Syria articles History Timeline Ancient history Neo-Assyrian Empire Roman Syria Syria Palaestina Palmyrene Empire Byzantine Syria Caliphate Syria (Bilad al-Sham) Ottoman Damascus Eyalet Syria Vilayet Arab kingdom (1920) French Mandate State of Syria Mandatory Republic (1930-46) Syrian Republic Modern Syria Civil War Geography Cities Districts Governorates territories Rivers Volcanoes Features Al-Jazira Anti-Lebanon mountains Euphrates Golan Heights Hauran Hermon Orontes Syrian Desert Related Syria (region) Southern Syria Fertile Crescent Levant Politics Constitution Council of Ministers Prime Minister list Elections Foreign relations Golan Heights claim Iskandaron Government ministries Human rights LGBT Judiciary High council Supreme Constitutional Court Parliament Speakers nationalism Greater Syria Political parties Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party national / regional command National Progressive Front Popular Front for Change and Liberation President list Terrorism Vice President Military Army Air force air defense Navy Weapons of mass destruction Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies International rankings Pound (currency) Securities Exchange (stock exchange) Infrastructure Energy and mineral resources Petroleum industry Telecommunications Transport Water supply and sanitation Society Demographics Education Health People diaspora refugees (2011-- present) Public holidays Scouting Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Films Flag Media television Music Religion Smoking Outline Index Book Category Portal Ongoing armed conflicts Africa ADF insurgency Anglophone Crisis Batwa-Luba clashes Boko Haram insurgency Burundian unrest Central African Republic Civil War Communal conflicts in Nigeria ( Herder-- farmer conflicts in Nigeria ) Conflict in the Niger Delta Eritrean-- Ethiopian border conflict Second Afar insurgency Ethnic violence in South Sudan South Sudanese Civil War Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb ISIL insurgency in Tunisia Islamist insurgency in Mozambique Ituri conflict Kamwina Nsapu rebellion Katanga insurgency Kivu conflict Libyan Crisis Second Civil War Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Northern Mali conflict Ogaden insurgency Oromo-Somali clashes RENAMO insurgency Sinai insurgency Somali Civil War War in Somalia Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Sudanese nomadic conflicts War in Darfur Americas Colombian conflict EPP insurgency Mexican Drug War Peruvian internal conflict Mapuche conflict East and South Asia Balochistan conflict Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgency in Laos Insurgency in Northeast India Assam Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Insurgency in the Philippines CPP-- NPA-- NDF Moro Internal conflict in Bangladesh Internal conflict in Myanmar Kachin Karen Rohingya Kashmir conflict Naxalite-- Maoist insurgency Papua conflict Sectarianism in Pakistan South Thailand insurgency War in Afghanistan 2001-- present War in North-West Pakistan Xinjiang conflict Europe Insurgency in the North Caucasus War in Donbass Islamic terrorism in Europe West Asia Arab separatism in Khuzestan Iraqi Civil War (2014-- present) Israeli-- Palestinian conflict Kurdish separatism in Iran West Iran clashes Kurdish-- Turkish conflict 2015-- present Lebanese conflict Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Qatif conflict 2017 Qatif unrest Syrian Civil War Yemeni Crisis civil war in World maps List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1910s World War I Middle Eastern theatre Arab Revolt Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt Egyptian revolution of 1919 Turkish War of Independence Greco-Turkish War Turkish-- Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco-Syrian War Iraqi revolt against the British Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion 1921 Persian coup d'état 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi-- Yemeni War (1934) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935-- 36 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Anglo-Iraqi War Syria-- Lebanon Campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Alwaziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab-- Israeli conflict Israeli-- Palestinian conflict 1950s Egyptian revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cypriot ethnic crisis Yemeni-- Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Iraqi-- Kurdish conflict First Iraqi-- Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 8th March Syrian Revolution Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1970s Black September in Jordan 1972 North Yemen-- South Yemen war Turkish invasion of Cyprus Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey (1976-- 80) Libyan-- Egyptian War Islamist uprising in Syria NDF Rebellion Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1980s Sadr uprising (1980) Iran-- Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish separatism in Turkey Turkey-PKK conflict South Yemen Civil War 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings Mecca massacre Abu Nidal's executions 1990s Gulf War (1990-- 1991) 1991 uprisings in Iraq Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) Yemeni Civil War (1994) Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000-- present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 al-Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran-- Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah-- Hamas conflict Nahr al-Bared fighting 2008 conflict in Lebanon South Yemen insurgency 2009-- 10 Iranian election protests 2010s Bahraini uprising of 2011 Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013-- present) Syrian Civil War Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency (2011-- 13) Iraqi Civil War (2014-- present) Yemeni Crisis Turkish involvement in Syria This list includes post-Ottoman conflicts (after 1918) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic and conflict with +100,000 killed with bold. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Names of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Leadership Current Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Abu Ahmad al-Alwani Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi Abu Muhammad al-Shimali † Former Haji Bakr Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi Abu Mohannad al-Sweidawi Abdul Rauf Aliza Abu Sayyaf Ali Awni al-Harzi Abu Umar al-Tunisi Abu Khattab al-Tunisi Abu Muslim al-Turkmani Mohammed Emwazi Abu Nabil al-Anbari Abu Ali al-Anbari Abu Waheeb Abu Omar al-Shishani Abu Mohammad al-Adnani Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti Ahmad Abousamra Turki al-Binali History Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999-- 2004) Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (2004-- 2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006-- 2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013-- 2014) Islamic State (2014-- present) Timeline of events 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 International branches Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan) Libyan Provinces (Libya) Caucasus Province (North Caucasus) Sinai Province (Sinai) Algeria Province (Algeria) Yemen Province (Yemen) Abnaa ul-Calipha (Somalia) Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) Boko Haram (West Africa) Wars War on Terror Iraq War Iraqi insurgency (2003-- 11) Sectarian violence (2006-- 07) Iraqi insurgency (2011-- 14) Iraqi Civil War (2014-- present) Syrian Civil War Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Inter-rebel conflict Sinai insurgency Libyan Civil War (2014-- present) War in North-West Pakistan War in Afghanistan (2015-- present) Moro conflict (Philippines) al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni Civil War (2015-- present) Boko Haram insurgency Military intervention against ISIL American-led intervention in Iraq American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War Turkish military intervention in Syria Battles 2013 Akashat ambush Hawija clashes Raqqa campaign (2012-- 13) Operation al-Shabah Battle of Ras al-Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Latakia offensive Siege of Menagh Air Base Battle of Sadad Battle of Qalamoun Aleppo offensive (October-- December 2013) Anbar campaign (2013-- 14) 2014 Fall of Fallujah Northern Aleppo offensive (February-- July 2014) Battle of Markada Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) Fall of Mosul Salahuddin campaign First Battle of Tikrit Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014) Siege of Kobanî Sinjar massacre Derna campaign (2014-- 16) Battle of Baiji Battle of Ramadi (2014-- 15) Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014) Battle of Baiji (2014-- 15) Sinjar offensive (December 2014) Battle of Zumar Siege of Amirli 2015 Fall of Nofaliya West African offensive February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Bosso and Diffa raid Eastern al-Hasakah offensive Second Battle of Tikrit Battle of Sirte Hama and Homs offensive (March-- April 2015) Battle of Sarrin (March-- April 2015) Battle of Yarmouk Camp Anbar offensive (2015) Qalamoun offensive (May-- June 2015) Palmyra offensive (May 2015) Western al-Hasakah offensive Al-Hasakah city offensive (May-- June 2015) Tell Abyad offensive (May-- July 2015) Battle of Sarrin (June-- July 2015) Battle of al-Hasakah Kobanî massacre Palmyra offensive (July-- August 2015) Battle of Ramadi (2015-- 16) Battle of Al-Qaryatayn (August 2015) Al-Hawl offensive Homs offensive (November-- December 2015) Sinjar offensive (November 2015) East Aleppo offensive (2015-- 16) Nineveh Plains offensive Tishrin Dam offensive 2016 Deir ez-Zor offensive (January 2016) Siege of Fallujah (2016) Nangarhar Offensive Battle of Ben Guerdane Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February-- March 2016) Al-Shaddadi offensive 2016 Khanasir offensive Battle of al-Qaryatayn (March-- April 2016) Palmyra offensive (March 2016) Northern Aleppo offensive (March-- June 2016) Hīt offensive Battle of Basilan Battle of Sirte Ar-Rutbah offensive Northern Raqqa offensive (May 2016) Battle of Fallujah Manbij offensive Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016) Abu Kamal offensive Battle of al-Rai (August 2016) Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016) Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016) 2016 Dabiq offensive Western al-Bab offensive (October-- November 2016) Battle of al-Bab Aleppo offensive (November-- December 2016) Palmyra offensive (December 2016) 2017 Battle of Mosul (2016-- 2017) Raqqa campaign (2016-- 2017) Palmyra offensive (2017) Deir ez-Zor offensive (January-- February 2017) East Aleppo offensive (January-- April 2017) Eastern Homs offensive (2017) Hama offensive (2017) Western Nineveh offensive (2017) Battle of Tabqa (2017) Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016-- April 2017) Syrian Desert campaign (May-- July 2017) Maskanah Plains offensive Battle of Marawi Battle of Raqqa (2017) Southern Raqqa offensive (June 2017) Central Syria campaign (2017) Battle of Tal Afar (2017) Hawija offensive (2017) Eastern Syria campaign (September-- December 2017) 2017 Abu Kamal offensive 2017 Western Iraq campaign Attacks 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack 2015 Porte de Vincennes siege Beheading of Copts in Libya Corinthia Hotel attack Al Qubbah bombings Bardo National Museum attack Sana'a mosque bombings Jalalabad suicide bombing Curtis Culwell Center attack Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings 26 June 2015 Islamist attacks Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse attacks Khan Bani Saad bombing Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing (August) Ankara bombings Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings Paris attacks (November) Tunis bombing Qamishli bombings 2016 Zliten truck bombing Hurghada attack Istanbul bombing (January) Jakarta attacks Ramadi bombing Mahasin mosque attack Sayyidah Zaynab attack (January) Mosul massacre Homs bombings (February) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (February) Baghdad bombings (February) Istanbul bombing (March) Brussels bombings Aden car bombing Iskandariya suicide bombing Baghdad bombing (April) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing (May) Baghdad bombings (11 May) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant attack Yemen police bombings (15 May) Baghdad bombings (17 May) Jableh and Tartous bombings (May) Yemen bombings (23 May) Aktobe shootings Magnanville stabbing Mukalla attacks (June) Movida Bar grenade attack Atatürk Airport attack Dhaka attack (July) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum attack Würzburg train attack Kabul bombing (July) Ansbach bombing Normandy church attack Qamishli bombings (July) Charleroi stabbing Shchelkovo Highway police station attack Aden bombing (August) Syria bombings (September) Baghdad bombings (September) Baghdad bombings (October) Quetta police training college attack Hamam al-Alil massacre Khuzdar bombing Samarinda church bombing Kabul suicide bombing (November) Hillah suicide truck bombing (November) Aden suicide bombings (December) Botroseya church bombing Al-Karak attack Berlin attack Baghdad bombings (December) 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting Baghdad bombings (January) Azaz bombing (January) Kabul Supreme Court attack (February) Sehwan suicide bombing Kabul attack (March) London (Westminster) attack Saint Petersburg Metro bombing Egypt church bombings Mastung suicide bombing Manchester Arena bombing Jakarta bombings Minya attack Al-Faqma bombing London (Southwark) attack Brighton siege Tehran attacks Pakistan bombings (June) Hurghada attack Attack on the Iraqi embassy in Kabul Herat mosque attack Quetta suicide bombing Barcelona attacks Brussels attack (August) Nasiriyah attacks Sinai mosque attack Kabul suicide bombing (December) Saint Menas church attack 2018 Baghdad bombings Save The Children Jalalabad attack Kizlyar church shooting Kabul suicide bombing (March) Carcassonne and Trèbes attack Kabul suicide bombing (22 April 2018) Kabul suicide bombings (30 April 2018) Attack on the High National Elections Commission in Tripoli, Libya Mako Brimob Standoff Paris knife attack Surabaya bombings Politics Finances Ideology Human rights Genocide of Christians Genocide of Shias Genocide of Yazidis Persecution of gay and bisexual men by ISIL Killing of captives Beheading incidents Destruction of cultural heritage Relations Iran and ISIL Philippines and ISIL United Kingdom and ISIL Foreign fighters Name changes due to ISIL Portrayal of ISIL in American media Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party Society Members Terrorist cell in Brussels Territorial claims Media of ISIL Ahlam al-Nasr Al-Bayan Amaq News Agency Dabiq Dar al-Islam Istok Konstantiniyye Rumiyah Related topics Worldwide caliphate Defeating ISIS Islamism Millenarianism Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency Shia-- Sunni relations Slavery in 21st-century Islamism Theocracy Iran-- Saudi Arabia relations Diplomatic posts Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tehran Conflicts Iran-- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Iraqi insurgency Syrian Civil War Yemeni Civil War Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen Saudi-- Yemeni border conflict Iranian intervention in Iraq Incidents 1987 Mecca incident Bahraini uprising of 2011 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2011-- 12 Saudi Arabian protests 2015 Mina stampede Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran Iranian relations with GCC member states Iran-- Bahrain relations Iran-- Qatar relations Iran-- Oman relations Iran-- Kuwait relations Iran-- United Arab Emirates relations See also Arab League-- Iran relations Iran-- Saudi Arabia football rivalry Shia-- Sunni relations 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis 2017 Lebanon-- Saudi Arabia dispute Category Template:Arab-Israeli conflict Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Civil_War&oldid=843631999 '' Categories : Syrian Civil War Arab-- Israeli conflict 2010s civil wars 2010s in Syria Arab Winter in Syria Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Syria Ongoing conflicts Politics of Syria Protests in Syria Proxy wars Rebellions in Syria Wars involving France Wars involving Hezbollah Wars involving Iran Wars involving Iraq Wars involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Wars involving Jordan Wars involving Lebanon Wars involving Qatar Wars involving Russia Wars involving Saudi Arabia Wars involving Syria Wars involving Turkey Iran-- Saudi proxy conflict Religion-based wars Religion-based civil wars Hidden categories: Pages with reference errors CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with broken reference names Pages with URL errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list Pages where template include size is exceeded Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Articles that may be too long from April 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Arabic-language text Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style All articles with broken links to citations NPOV disputes from December 2017 All NPOV disputes Interlanguage link template link number Articles to be split from March 2017 All articles to be split All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių MagyarМакедонскиമലയാളംمصرىمازِرونیBahasaMelayuNederlandsनेपाली日本語NorskNorsknynorskਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیPapiamentuPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийСахатылаScotsShqipSicilianuSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệtWalonZeêuws中文70moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon30May2018,at12:07.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 8381017434780834961 |
song i got my mind set on you | shipments figures based on certification alone | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( also written as `` ( Got My Mind ) Set on You '' ) is a song written and composed by Rudy Clark and originally recorded by James Ray in 1962 , under the title `` I 've Got My Mind Set on You '' . An edited version of the song was released later in the year as a single on the Dynamic Sound label . In 1987 , George Harrison released a cover version of the song as a single , and released it on his album Cloud Nine , which he had recorded on his own Dark Horse Records label .",
"`` Got My Mind Set on You '' UK picture sleeve Single by George Harrison from the album Cloud Nine B - side `` Lay His Head '' Released 12 October 1987 Format 7 - inch 45 rpm Recorded 1987 , Friar Park Studios , Henley - on - Thames , Oxfordshire Genre Rock , pop rock Length 3 : 50 Label Dark Horse Songwriter ( s ) Rudy Clark Producer ( s ) Jeff Lynne , George Harrison George Harrison singles chronology `` Shanghai Surprise '' ( 1986 ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( 1987 ) `` When We Was Fab '' ( 1988 ) Music video `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ver. 1 on YouTube Music video `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ver. 2 on YouTube",
"`` Got My Mind Set on You ''",
"UK picture sleeve",
"Single by George Harrison",
"from the album Cloud Nine",
"B - side `` Lay His Head ''",
"Released 12 October 1987",
"Format 7 - inch 45 rpm",
"Recorded 1987 , Friar Park Studios , Henley - on - Thames , Oxfordshire",
"Genre Rock , pop rock",
"Length 3 : 50",
"Label Dark Horse",
"Songwriter ( s ) Rudy Clark",
"Producer ( s ) Jeff Lynne , George Harrison",
"George Harrison singles chronology",
"`` Shanghai Surprise '' ( 1986 ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( 1987 ) `` When We Was Fab '' ( 1988 )",
"`` Shanghai Surprise '' ( 1986 ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( 1987 ) `` When We Was Fab '' ( 1988 )",
"`` Shanghai Surprise '' ( 1986 ) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( 1987 ) `` When We Was Fab '' ( 1988 )",
"Music video",
"`` Got My Mind Set on You '' ver. 1 on YouTube",
"Music video",
"`` Got My Mind Set on You '' ver. 2 on YouTube",
"Of Harrison 's three number - one singles in the US , it was both the only song not written or composed by Harrison himself and the only one without religious overtones . It also was not only the last US No. 1 hit by Harrison , but also from any of the ex-Beatles ( as of 2018 ) in the US . When the song hit No. 1 , it broke a three - way tie among Harrison , John Lennon , and Ringo Starr , all of whom had two No. 1 hit singles as solo artists ( discounting Paul McCartney 's work with Wings ) . It also happened to be the No. 1 single in the US the week immediately preceding the induction of The Beatles into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , making Harrison one of the few inductees to have an active single on the US record charts at the time of induction . Billboard ranked it as the No. 3 song for 1988 .",
"The single 's B - side is `` Lay His Head '' , a remixed version of the unreleased song from Harrison 's originally intended Somewhere in England album . The 12 - inch version of the single also adds an extended version of `` Got My Mind Set on You '' .",
"In the UK the single spent four weeks at number two . It was kept off the number 1 spot by T'Pau 's `` China in Your Hand '' .",
"The song was included in the Harrison compilation albums Best of Dark Horse 1976 -- 1989 ( 1989 ) and Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison ( 2009 ) .",
"A live version was recorded for his Live in Japan ( 1992 ) album .",
"In 2010 , AOL radio listeners chose `` Got My Mind Set on You '' as one of the 10 Best George Harrison Songs , appearing at number 4 on the list .",
"Two music videos were released for the single , both directed by Gary Weis .",
"The first stars Alexis Denisof trying for the heart of a girl in an amusement arcade . It features Harrison and the band inside a movie viewer , while the young man tries to win a toy ballerina for the girl .",
"The second depicts Harrison sitting and playing in a study . As the song progresses , furniture and knick - knacks ( like a stuffed squirrel , sentient chainsaw , a statue and mounted stag and warthog ) begin to dance along with the song . In the middle of the video , Harrison ( through the use of a stunt double ) performs a backflip from his chair and follows it with a dance routine before jumping back to his seat .",
"The second received significant airplay , and was nominated for three MTV VMAs .",
"7 ''",
"`` Got My Mind Set on You '' -- 3 : 51 `` Lay His Head '' -- 3 : 51",
"`` Got My Mind Set on You '' -- 3 : 51",
"`` Lay His Head '' -- 3 : 51",
"12 ''",
"`` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( Extended Version ) -- 5 : 17 `` Lay His Head '' -- 3 : 51 `` Got My Mind Set on You '' -- 3 : 51",
"`` Got My Mind Set on You '' ( Extended Version ) -- 5 : 17",
"`` Lay His Head '' -- 3 : 51",
"`` Got My Mind Set on You '' -- 3 : 51",
"Harrison 's version of the song was parodied by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic on his 1988 album Even Worse , as `` ( This Song 's Just ) Six Words Long '' poking fun at the repetitive nature of the lyrics .",
"Shakin ' Stevens recorded the song for his 2006 album Now Listen .",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canadian RPM 100 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) 64 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Singles US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 82 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 61 UK 15 Chart ( 1988 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Brazil ( ABPD ) 44 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canadian RPM 100 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) 64 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Singles US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 82 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 61 UK 15 Chart ( 1988 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Brazil ( ABPD ) 44 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100",
"Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canadian RPM 100 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) 64 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Singles US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard )",
"Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position",
"Australia ( Kent Music Report )",
"Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )",
"Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders )",
"Canadian RPM 100",
"France ( SNEP ) 19",
"Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7",
"Ireland ( IRMA )",
"Japan ( Oricon ) 64",
"Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 )",
"Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )",
"Norway ( VG - lista ) 10",
"South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5",
"Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )",
"US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard )",
"US Billboard Hot 100",
"US Cash Box Singles",
"US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard )",
"Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 82",
"Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position",
"Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 82",
"Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 61 UK 15",
"Chart ( 1987 ) Rank",
"Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 61",
"UK 15",
"Chart ( 1988 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Brazil ( ABPD ) 44 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100",
"Chart ( 1988 ) Rank",
"Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17",
"Brazil ( ABPD ) 44",
"Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 6",
"US Billboard Hot 100",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales",
"Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 25,000",
"United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000",
"United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000",
"shipments figures based on certification alone",
"shipments figures based on certification alone"
] | Got My Mind Set on You - wikipedia Got My Mind Set on You `` Got My Mind Set on You '' (also written as `` (Got My Mind) Set on You '' ) is a song written and composed by Rudy Clark and originally recorded by James Ray in 1962, under the title `` I've Got My Mind Set on You '' . An edited version of the song was released later in the year as a single on the Dynamic Sound label. In 1987, George Harrison released a cover version of the song as a single, and released it on his album Cloud Nine , which he had recorded on his own Dark Horse Records label. Contents 1 George Harrison version 1.1 Music videos 1.2 Track listing 2 Other covers and parodies 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year-end charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links George Harrison version ( edit ) `` Got My Mind Set on You'' UK picture sleeve Single by George Harrison from the album Cloud Nine B-side `` Lay His Head'' Released 12 October 1987 Format 7-inch 45 rpm Recorded 1987, Friar Park Studios, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire Genre Rock , pop rock Length 3 : 50 Label Dark Horse Songwriter(s) Rudy Clark Producer(s) Jeff Lynne , George Harrison George Harrison singles chronology `` Shanghai Surprise'' (1986) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' (1987) `` When We Was Fab '' (1988) Music video `` Got My Mind Set on You'' ver. 1 on YouTube Music video `` Got My Mind Set on You'' ver. 2 on YouTube Of Harrison's three number-one singles in the US, it was both the only song not written or composed by Harrison himself and the only one without religious overtones. It also was not only the last US No. 1 hit by Harrison, but also from any of the ex-Beatles (as of 2018) in the US. When the song hit No. 1, it broke a three-way tie among Harrison, John Lennon , and Ringo Starr , all of whom had two No. 1 hit singles as solo artists (discounting Paul McCartney 's work with Wings ). It also happened to be the No. 1 single in the US the week immediately preceding the induction of The Beatles into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , making Harrison one of the few inductees to have an active single on the US record charts at the time of induction. Billboard ranked it as the No. 3 song for 1988. The single's B-side is `` Lay His Head'' , a remixed version of the unreleased song from Harrison's originally intended Somewhere in England album. The 12-inch version of the single also adds an extended version of `` Got My Mind Set on You'' . In the UK the single spent four weeks at number two. It was kept off the number 1 spot by T'Pau 's `` China in Your Hand '' . The song was included in the Harrison compilation albums Best of Dark Horse 1976-- 1989 (1989) and Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison (2009). A live version was recorded for his Live in Japan (1992) album. In 2010, AOL radio listeners chose `` Got My Mind Set on You'' as one of the 10 Best George Harrison Songs , appearing at number 4 on the list. Music videos ( edit ) Two music videos were released for the single, both directed by Gary Weis . The first stars Alexis Denisof trying for the heart of a girl in an amusement arcade. It features Harrison and the band inside a movie viewer, while the young man tries to win a toy ballerina for the girl. The second depicts Harrison sitting and playing in a study . As the song progresses, furniture and knick-knacks (like a stuffed squirrel, sentient chainsaw, a statue and mounted stag and warthog ) begin to dance along with the song. In the middle of the video, Harrison (through the use of a stunt double) performs a backflip from his chair and follows it with a dance routine before jumping back to his seat. The second received significant airplay, and was nominated for three MTV VMAs . Track listing ( edit ) 7'' `` Got My Mind Set on You'' -- 3:51 `` Lay His Head'' -- 3:51 12'' `` Got My Mind Set on You'' (Extended Version) -- 5:17 `` Lay His Head'' -- 3:51 `` Got My Mind Set on You'' -- 3:51 Other covers and parodies ( edit ) Harrison's version of the song was parodied by `` Weird Al'' Yankovic on his 1988 album Even Worse , as `` (This Song's Just) Six Words Long'' poking fun at the repetitive nature of the lyrics. Shakin' Stevens recorded the song for his 2006 album Now Listen. Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1987-- 88) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders) Canadian RPM 100 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) 64 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG-lista ) 10 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Singles US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Chart (2017) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 82 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1987) Rank Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 61 UK 15 Chart (1988) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Brazil ( ABPD ) 44 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Hot 100 number-one hits of 1988 (United States) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1988 Jump up ^ (1) AOL, 2010. Jump up ^ `` George Harrison - `` Got My Mind Set on You (version 1: nickelodeon) '' `` . mvdbase.com . Retrieved April 23, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` George Harrison - `` Got my mind set on you (version 2: chair) '' `` . mvdbase.com . Retrieved April 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6 . Note: This reference gives Australian albums and singles information. It is used for chart peak positions as early materials were released before ARIA regulated the Australian charts itself (1989). Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Radio2 Top 30: George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You Radio2'' . VRT Top 30 . Radio2. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015 . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles (January 16, 1988)'' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved August 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' (in French). Les classement single . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- George Harrison Single-Chartverfolgung'' (in German). Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Got My Mind Set On You'' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- Chart Archives on the Japanese Oricon Top 100'' . Homepage1.nifty.com . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- George Harrison'' (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' . VG-lista . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts (H)'' . Springbok Radio . rock.co.za . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 26, 2015. Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- Chart Archives in the UK'' . Homepage1.nifty.com . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-- 2001 . Record Research. p. 112. Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- Chart Archives on the Billboard Hot 100'' . Homepage1.nifty.com . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Singles -- 1987'' . Cash Box Charts . Cash Box Magazine. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012 . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Nine -- George Harrison Awards AllMusic'' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video'' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved September 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 47, No. 12, December 26 1987'' . RPM Magazine . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gallup Year End Charts 1987: Singles'' . Record Mirror . London, England: Spotlight Publications. 23 January 1988. p. 36. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1988'' . Kent Music Report . ARIA Charts . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Steve Hawtin . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barry's Hits of All Decades Pop rock n roll Music Chart Hits'' . RPM Magazine . Hits of All Time . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1988/Top 100 Songs of 1988'' . Billboard Magazine . Music Outfitters, Inc . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish single certifications -- George Harrison -- Got My Mind Set On You'' . IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015 . Retrieved September 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- George Harrison'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Enter George Harrison in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ Womack, Kenneth (June 30, 2014). Beatles Encyclopedia, The: Everything Fab Four . ABC-CLIO. External links ( edit ) Got My Mind Set On You by George Harrison - Songfacts Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics George Harrison singles discography 1970s 1970 `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` Isn't It a Pity '' (US) 1971 `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` What Is Life '' (UK) `` What Is Life'' / `` Apple Scruffs '' (US) `` Bangla Desh '' / `` Deep Blue '' 1973 `` Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth) '' / `` Miss O'Dell '' `` Dark Horse '' / `` I Don't Care Anymore '' (US) `` Ding Dong, Ding Dong '' / `` I Don't Care Anymore'' (UK) `` Ding Dong, Ding Dong'' / `` Hari's on Tour (Express) '' (US) `` Dark Horse '' / `` Hari's on Tour (Express) '' (UK) `` You '' / `` World of Stone '' `` This Guitar (Can't Keep from Crying) '' / `` Māya Love '' (US) 1976 `` This Guitar (Can't Keep from Crying) '' / `` Māya Love '' (UK) `` This Song '' / `` Learning How to Love You '' 1977 `` Crackerbox Palace '' / `` Learning How to Love You '' (US) `` True Love '' / `` Pure Smokey '' (UK) `` It's What You Value '' / `` Woman Don't You Cry for Me '' (UK) 1979 `` Blow Away '' / `` Soft Touch '' (UK) `` Blow Away'' / `` Soft-Hearted Hana '' (US) `` Love Comes to Everyone '' / `` Soft-Hearted Hana'' (UK) `` Love Comes to Everyone'' / `` Soft Touch'' (US) `` Faster '' / `` Your Love Is Forever'' (UK) 1980s 1981 `` All Those Years Ago '' / `` Writing's on the Wall '' `` Teardrops '' / `` Save the World '' 1982 `` Wake Up My Love '' / `` Greece'' `` I Really Love You '' / `` Circles '' `` Dream Away '' / `` Unknown Delight'' (Japan) 1985 `` I Don't Want to Do It '' / `` Queen of the Hop'' 1986 `` Shanghai Surprise'' (promo) `` Got My Mind Set on You '' / `` Lay His Head'' `` Devil's Radio '' (promo) `` When We Was Fab '' / `` Zig Zag'' `` Cloud 9 '' (promo) `` This Is Love '' / `` Breath Away from Heaven'' `` Cheer Down '' / `` That's What It Takes'' (US) `` Cheer Down'' / `` Poor Little Girl'' (UK) `` Poor Little Girl'' (promo) 2000s `` My Sweet Lord (2000) '' / `` All Things Must Pass '' (jukebox) 2002 `` My Sweet Lord '' / `` Let It Down '' `` Stuck Inside a Cloud '' (promo) 2003 `` Any Road '' / `` Marwa Blues'' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Got_My_Mind_Set_on_You&oldid=856611128 '' Categories : 1962 songs 1987 singles 1988 singles George Harrison songs Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles Number-one singles in Australia Songs written by Rudy Clark RPM Top Singles number-one singles Song recordings produced by George Harrison Dark Horse Records singles Music videos directed by Gary Weis Hidden categories: Use British English from April 2012 Use mdy dates from July 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית ქართული 日本 語 Norsk Русский Slovenčina Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 12:50 (UTC) . About Wikipedia | -6439201102912665303 |
what season does angelo die in switched at birth | No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Drowning Girl '' Jim Hayman Lizzy Weiss January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.76 After the blackmailing incident , Daphne is ordered to do community service at a free clinic . She meets Campbell ( RJ Mitte ) , a former snowboarder who sustained serious injuries after an accident . Her relationship with John continues to be tense . The deaf students at Carlton are unhappy about the new students that were forced to relocate to the school due to district budget cuts . Daphne starts off on bad terms with a troubled girl named Sharee . Meanwhile , Bay is taking a college art class and is partnered up with a fraternity pledge , Tank ( Max Adler ) . Toby finds his life as a newlywed at a standstill while Nikki is off doing missionary work in Peru . When her boss decides to sell the business , Regina hopes to buy the place with Angelo 's help . Kathryn has started seeing a psychiatrist after going through a bout of depression and finds light in taking dance classes , which she hides from John . Title reference : From the 1963 painting , Drowning Girl , by Roy Lichtenstein . 53 `` Your Body Is a Battleground '' Lea Thompson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.56 Daphne and Toby try to convince Bay to join the newly - formed field hockey team so that they 'll have enough players . Bay 's confidence in her artistic abilities goes down when her teacher says that her piece on Tank lacks depth . Tank narrowly escapes being kicked out of the class after he fails to complete his portrait of Bay from the night of the party . John finds out that Kathryn has been hanging out with other people and sneaking off to dance classes , so Kathryn invites her dance friend , Renzo , over for dinner . At the clinic , Daphne and Campbell have to track down a patient after Daphne let him go before properly checking out . She also tries to recruit Sharee to join field hockey after Toby finds out that Sharee is a star athlete . Meanwhile , after Emmett catches the Carlton vandal on camera , he suspects that the one who has been targeting the deaf students is one of his deaf friends . Title reference : From the 1989 protest poster , Your Body Is a Battleground , by Barbara Kruger . 54 `` Fountain '' Allan Arkush Joy Gregory & Terrence Coli January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.55 Bay asks her new art teacher for a letter of recommendation for an art school application and gets invited to an art show in Minneapolis . Tank joins them . Emmett is put in a tough position after confronting a fellow deaf student about the vandalism , with Travis encouraging him to keep quiet so that the new hearing students can take the blame . Sharee is mistakenly blamed for the tire slashing , but Daphne helps argue her case and get her expulsion rescinded . However , Sharee and Daphne clash and both end up in detention , making them miss their field hockey game , to Toby 's frustration . Title reference : From the 1917 artpiece , Fountain , by Marcel Duchamp . 55 `` It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love Is Somewhere Else '' Melanie Mayron Linda Gase & Henry Robles February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.62 Jorge invites Daphne to a family barbecue where she is confronted about the Senator Coto ordeal . Daphne continues to search for the patient she allowed to leave the clinic early . John surprises the family with an unusual purchase . Bay discovers that Emmett is dating again and has conflicting feelings . Regina and Angelo have a discussion about business . Title reference : From the 1971 painting , It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love Is Somewhere Else , by Friedensreich Hundertwasser . 56 5 `` Have You Really the Courage ? '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.70 John bonds with Nikki 's mom , Jennice , when they help Toby move into his new apartment . John invites her to his house to watch a boxing match and they end up kissing , which Regina sees through the window . Kathryn goes to New York City with Renzo to pitch an idea for a second book . Daphne tells Bay that Tank has a crush on her . Bay later rejoins the field hockey team for college admissions appeal . Daphne worries about Sharee after witnessing an altercation outside of Sharee 's house and Regina gets involved . Title reference : From the 1900s painting , Have You Really the Courage ? , by Harry Clarke . 57 6 `` The Scream '' Jonathan Frakes Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.70 Kathryn and Renzo host a murder mystery - themed party to commemorate her recent book deal . The Kennishes and Vasquezes ( minus Daphne ) all attend , as well as Tank and Jennice . Jennice and John try to keep their kiss a secret and Regina decides whether or not to tell Kathryn . Bay realizes her feelings for Tank but worries about why he did n't invite her to a party at his fraternity . Meanwhile , Daphne throws a 21st birthday party for Campbell . Title reference : From the 1895 painting , The Scream , by Edvard Munch . 58 7 `` Memory Is Your Image of Perfection '' Lee Rose Terrence Coli February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.63 John temporarily moves in with Toby , who is unhappy about the situation . Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing , but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence . Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping . Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside . Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues . Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career . Title reference : From the 1982 photograph , Memory Is Your Image of Perfection , by Barbara Kruger . 59 8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' Millicent Shelton Michael V. Ross & Lizzy Weiss March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.61 Daphne shows an interest in the medical profession and tries to take on more responsibility at the clinic . Bay struggles with the limitations of her injury . Travis tries to learn dancing before attending a school formal with Mary Beth . Bay 's art teacher shows no leniency about Bay 's hand injury and demands that she work harder , and Bay succeeds in finding new ways to create her art with the help of Emmett . John tries to earn Kathryn 's forgiveness , but fails to understand what she wants . Title reference : From the 1998 painting , Dance Me to the End of Love , by Jack Vettriano . 60 9 `` The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) '' Fred Gerber Joy Gregory March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.39 Good intentions lead to hurt feelings . John invites one of his former baseball colleagues over to get some dirt for Kathryn 's book . Toby tutors Sharee in physics to make sure she remains eligible for field hockey . Daphne is invited to a clinic fundraiser and Regina tries to help Angelo by suggesting that his restaurant cater the event . Campbell and Jorge both remain interested in Daphne . Bay 's relationship with Tank suffers because of Mary Beth 's disapproval . Title reference : From the 1901 painting , The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) , by Alfred Kubin . 61 10 `` The Ambush '' Allan Arkush Henry Robles & Bekah Brunstetter March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.18 Bay enlists Tank to help her strike back when the rivalry between Carlton and Buckner field hockey team get heated . Toby gets a surprise visit from Nikki , who tells him that she wants to live in Peru . Regina discovers Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside . Daphne must choose between Campbell and Jorge . Bay and Daphne prepare for the big game . Title reference : From the 1896 painting , The Ambush , by Charles Marion Russell . 62 11 `` Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows '' Steve Miner Linda Gase & Lizzy Weiss March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.30 Kathryn 's new book is leaked to the public before its release . Daphne has an unexpected encounter at the clinic with a man from her past . Regina feels a sense of guilt about her behavior in East Riverside . Back at K&D designs , someone throws a brick through her studio 's window threatening her not to come back to East Riverside . Toby tries to go after Nikki . Meanwhile , Bay is skeptical about Emmett 's new girlfriend . Title reference : From the 1809 painting , Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows , by Pierre - Paul Prud'hon . 63 12 `` Love Among the Ruins '' Norman Buckley Lizzy Weiss June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.17 Toby travels to Iceland . Melody wants to put an end to Emmett getting bullied by Matthew . Meanwhile Bay feels torn between her feelings for Emmett and Tank and Emmett asks Bay if she 's going to break up with Tank . Daphne is determined to hunt down the individual who vandalized Regina 's studio . John discovers that Bay looked up where to buy morning after pills . Daphne asks Angelo to move into the guest house with her and Regina . Title reference : From the 1873 painting , Love Among the Ruins , by Edward Burne - Jones . 64 13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain '' Melanie Mayron James Patrick Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.41 Bay and Emmett make an unexpected discovery as they deal with Matthew 's blackmail threat . Daphne receives an opportunity at the clinic but worries how it will affect her boyfriend Campbell . Bay breaks up with Tank telling him they should just go back to being friends but John mistakenly confronts a heartbroken Tank about Bay having to get the morning after pill . Someone from Kathryn 's past threatens the publication of her book . Regina is watched while going to work by a man sitting in his car waiting for her . Title reference : From the 2002 painting , Like a snowball down a mountain , by Damien Hirst 65 14 `` Oh , Future ! '' Zetna Fuentes Henry Robles June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.15 When Bay discovers Melody is considering an out - of - state move that would take Emmett with her , Bay encourages Emmett to strengthen his relationship with his father . Kathryn and John clash with Regina over funding Daphne 's college expenses . Daphne interviews for a Latina college scholarship . Mary - Beth surprises Travis when she tracks down football player Derrick Coleman . Cameron gives Emmett big news . Title reference : From the 1933 painting , Oh , Future ! , by Nicholas Roerich 66 15 `` And We Bring the Light '' James Hayman Joy Gregory & Alexander Georgakis July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.33 Toby returns from a soul - searching trip to Iceland after his failed marriage with a new perspective and surprising aspiration for his career . Bay gets a response from the Pratt Institute . Angelo helps Daphne redirect her senior year stresses with a baking challenge . Meanwhile Regina 's participation in the East Riverside project brings her to yet another moral crossroad . A terrible car accident puts Angelo in the hospital and it is unknown if he will survive . Title reference : From the 1922 painting , And We Bring the Light , by Nicholas Roerich 67 16 `` The Image Disappears '' Wendey Stanzler Terrence Coli & Linda Gase July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.56 A terrible accident has left Angelo in the hospital fighting to survive while others place blame as emotions run high . The Kennish and Vasquez families rally to support Angelo . Amid the emotion , decisions must be made and lives are changed forever . The doctors say that Angelo is brain dead . Bay and Emmett find Angelo 's will , which says that he wishes to be unhooked from machines keeping him alive . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that Angelo died from an aneurysm , caused by being really angry at Regina . Daphne blames Regina for Angelo 's death . Title reference : From the 1938 painting , The Image Disappears , by Salvador Dalí 68 17 `` Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) '' Joanna Kerns Bekah Brunstetter & Lizzy Weiss July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.36 When John starts feeling a sense of built - up tension in Bay and Daphne , he suggests a trip to Chicago to find Bay 's second cousin from Angelo 's side of the family and give Daphne a chance to tour prospective colleges . But the trip goes south when Daphne uses the opportunity to act out and Bay receives news regarding Angelo 's family history . Title reference : From the 1938 painting , Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) , by Frida Kahlo 69 18 `` It Is n't What You Think '' Ron Lagomarsino J.R. Phillips & Henry Robles July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.13 Daphne and Travis get their admission results from Gallaudet University . Bay tries being Tank 's friend and supports him when he meets his dad for dinner . Toby and Lily get into a conflict regarding Sharee 's make - up exam . Title reference : From the 2009 painting , It Is n't What You Think , by Christopher Willard 70 19 `` You Will Not Escape '' Michael Lange Joy Gregory August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.29 Looking for a distraction , Daphne organizes a senior ditch day for her Carlton classmates , but things get out of hand . Meanwhile , Bay meets with Angelo 's doctor to discuss their family medical history . Kathryn brings Regina to her publisher 's author party in New York . Title reference : From the 1799 painting , You Will Not Escape , by Francisco Goya 71 20 `` Girl on the Cliff '' D.W. Moffett Linda Gase August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.06 Bay has second thoughts about attending the prom when dress - code rules are enacted . Meanwhile , Kathryn , John and Regina are surprised to learn the severity of Daphne 's bad behavior ; and Tank assists Toby with his new burgeoning business . Title reference : From the 1936 painting , Girl on the Cliff , by Augustus John . 72 21 `` And Life Begins Right Away '' Melanie Mayron Lizzy Weiss & William H. Brown August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.29 As their graduation day approaches , Bay and Daphne learn that Carlton will be closed forever , and join a group of students for a Senior Skip Day at Maui , Kansas . Daphne starts to become depressed as she realizes how her bad choices are sure to ruin her plans to attend medical school . Bay accompanies her as she surrenders to the police , and at the last minute Bay surprises everyone by falsely confessing to Daphne 's vandalism . Title reference : From the 1974 painting , And Life Begins Right Away , by Robert Filliou . 73 22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers '' Michael Grossman Terrence Coli & Lizzy Weiss December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.40 As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers ' Christmas traditions , a `` Christmas miracle '' grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched . Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish ( `` Bay - Daphne '' ) with her hearing intact , who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics ; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento ( `` Daphne - Bay '' ) , deaf but a recognized artist , with a brother , Angelo Junior ( AJ ) . However , these benefits come at a price : workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed , stay - at - home has - been John are on the verge of divorce ; Toby is an angst - ridden Emo ; Emmett is only Daphne - Bay 's platonic friend ; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism . When the girls decide this is worse , they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas - eve dinner party at the Kennishes , and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers ' traditions which they once hated . Title reference : From the 1888 painting , Yuletide Fortune Tellers , by Mykola Pymonenko . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Switched at Birth ( season 3 ) Starring Vanessa Marano Katie Leclerc Constance Marie D. W. Moffett Lea Thompson Lucas Grabeel Gilles Marini Sean Berdy Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Family Original release January 13 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) -- December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Switched at Birth episodes",
"Switched at Birth ( season 3 )",
"Starring Vanessa Marano Katie Leclerc Constance Marie D. W. Moffett Lea Thompson Lucas Grabeel Gilles Marini Sean Berdy",
"Vanessa Marano Katie Leclerc Constance Marie D. W. Moffett Lea Thompson Lucas Grabeel Gilles Marini Sean Berdy",
"D. W. Moffett",
"Country of origin United States",
"No. of episodes 22",
"Release",
"Original network ABC Family",
"Original release January 13 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) -- December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 )",
"Season chronology",
"← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4",
"List of Switched at Birth episodes",
"The third season of ABC Family drama television series Switched at Birth began on January 13 , 2014 , and will consist of 22 episodes . The season is produced by ABC Family , Pirates ' Cove Entertainment , and Suzy B Productions , with Paul Stupin and series creator Lizzy Weiss serving as executive producers .",
"The one - hour scripted drama revolves around two young women who discover they were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments . While balancing school , jobs , and their unconventional family , the girls , along with their friends and family , experience deaf culture , relationships , class differences , racism , audism , and other social issues .",
"Vanessa Marano as Bay Madeline Kennish Katie Leclerc as Daphne Paloma Vasquez Constance Marie as Regina Vasquez D. W. Moffett as John Kennish Lea Thompson as Kathryn Kennish Lucas Grabeel as Toby Kennish Gilles Marini as Angelo Sorrento Sean Berdy as Emmett Bledsoe",
"Vanessa Marano as Bay Madeline Kennish",
"Katie Leclerc as Daphne Paloma Vasquez",
"Constance Marie as Regina Vasquez",
"D. W. Moffett as John Kennish",
"Lea Thompson as Kathryn Kennish",
"Lucas Grabeel as Toby Kennish",
"Gilles Marini as Angelo Sorrento",
"Sean Berdy as Emmett Bledsoe",
"Max Adler as Miles `` Tank '' Conroy Ryan Lane as Travis Barnes Bianca Bethune as Sharee Gifford Kenneth Mitchell as Wes Gable B.K. Cannon as Mary Beth Tucker RJ Mitte as Campbell Bingman Daniel Durant as Matthew Marlee Matlin as Melody Bledsoe Stephanie Nogueras as Natalie Pierce Al White as Dr. Elroy Jackson David Castaneda as Jorge Alec Mapa as Renzo Ivonne Coll as Adriana Vasquez Rachel Shenton as Lily Summers Sandra Bernhard as Teresa Ledarsky Rene Moran as Nacho Rivera Carlease Burke as Ms. Rose Cassi Thomson as Nikki Papagus Joey Lauren Adams as Jennice Papagus Anthony Natale as Cameron Bledsoe Matthew Risch as Chip Coto Kari Coleman as Whitney Erica Gimpel as Yvette Gifford Nathalia Ramos as Gretchen Natalie Amenula as Monica Suanne Spoke as Karen Barnes Madison Saager as Heather Jackie Debatin as Sarah Lazar Briana Lane as Christy Salz Sandra Purpuro as Anita Stephanie Mieko Cohen as Darla Larry Sullivan as Leo Jill Remez as Juanita Nyle DiMarco as Garrett Banducci Malana Lea as Jess Laura Brown as Debbie Iris Almario as Felicia",
"Max Adler as Miles `` Tank '' Conroy",
"Ryan Lane as Travis Barnes",
"Bianca Bethune as Sharee Gifford",
"Kenneth Mitchell as Wes Gable",
"B.K. Cannon as Mary Beth Tucker",
"RJ Mitte as Campbell Bingman",
"Daniel Durant as Matthew",
"Marlee Matlin as Melody Bledsoe",
"Stephanie Nogueras as Natalie Pierce",
"Al White as Dr. Elroy Jackson",
"David Castaneda as Jorge",
"Alec Mapa as Renzo",
"Ivonne Coll as Adriana Vasquez",
"Rachel Shenton as Lily Summers",
"Sandra Bernhard as Teresa Ledarsky",
"Rene Moran as Nacho Rivera",
"Carlease Burke as Ms. Rose",
"Cassi Thomson as Nikki Papagus",
"Joey Lauren Adams as Jennice Papagus",
"Anthony Natale as Cameron Bledsoe",
"Matthew Risch as Chip Coto",
"Kari Coleman as Whitney",
"Erica Gimpel as Yvette Gifford",
"Nathalia Ramos as Gretchen",
"Natalie Amenula as Monica",
"Suanne Spoke as Karen Barnes",
"Madison Saager as Heather",
"Jackie Debatin as Sarah Lazar",
"Briana Lane as Christy Salz",
"Sandra Purpuro as Anita",
"Stephanie Mieko Cohen as Darla",
"Larry Sullivan as Leo",
"Jill Remez as Juanita",
"Nyle DiMarco as Garrett Banducci",
"Malana Lea as Jess",
"Laura Brown as Debbie",
"Iris Almario as Felicia",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Drowning Girl '' Jim Hayman Lizzy Weiss January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.76 After the blackmailing incident , Daphne is ordered to do community service at a free clinic . She meets Campbell ( RJ Mitte ) , a former snowboarder who sustained serious injuries after an accident . Her relationship with John continues to be tense . The deaf students at Carlton are unhappy about the new students that were forced to relocate to the school due to district budget cuts . Daphne starts off on bad terms with a troubled girl named Sharee . Meanwhile , Bay is taking a college art class and is partnered up with a fraternity pledge , Tank ( Max Adler ) . Toby finds his life as a newlywed at a standstill while Nikki is off doing missionary work in Peru . When her boss decides to sell the business , Regina hopes to buy the place with Angelo 's help . Kathryn has started seeing a psychiatrist after going through a bout of depression and finds light in taking dance classes , which she hides from John . Title reference : From the 1963 painting , Drowning Girl , by Roy Lichtenstein . 53 `` Your Body Is a Battleground '' Lea Thompson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.56 Daphne and Toby try to convince Bay to join the newly - formed field hockey team so that they 'll have enough players . Bay 's confidence in her artistic abilities goes down when her teacher says that her piece on Tank lacks depth . Tank narrowly escapes being kicked out of the class after he fails to complete his portrait of Bay from the night of the party . John finds out that Kathryn has been hanging out with other people and sneaking off to dance classes , so Kathryn invites her dance friend , Renzo , over for dinner . At the clinic , Daphne and Campbell have to track down a patient after Daphne let him go before properly checking out . She also tries to recruit Sharee to join field hockey after Toby finds out that Sharee is a star athlete . Meanwhile , after Emmett catches the Carlton vandal on camera , he suspects that the one who has been targeting the deaf students is one of his deaf friends . Title reference : From the 1989 protest poster , Your Body Is a Battleground , by Barbara Kruger . 54 `` Fountain '' Allan Arkush Joy Gregory & Terrence Coli January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.55 Bay asks her new art teacher for a letter of recommendation for an art school application and gets invited to an art show in Minneapolis . Tank joins them . Emmett is put in a tough position after confronting a fellow deaf student about the vandalism , with Travis encouraging him to keep quiet so that the new hearing students can take the blame . Sharee is mistakenly blamed for the tire slashing , but Daphne helps argue her case and get her expulsion rescinded . However , Sharee and Daphne clash and both end up in detention , making them miss their field hockey game , to Toby 's frustration . Title reference : From the 1917 artpiece , Fountain , by Marcel Duchamp . 55 `` It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love Is Somewhere Else '' Melanie Mayron Linda Gase & Henry Robles February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.62 Jorge invites Daphne to a family barbecue where she is confronted about the Senator Coto ordeal . Daphne continues to search for the patient she allowed to leave the clinic early . John surprises the family with an unusual purchase . Bay discovers that Emmett is dating again and has conflicting feelings . Regina and Angelo have a discussion about business . Title reference : From the 1971 painting , It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love Is Somewhere Else , by Friedensreich Hundertwasser . 56 5 `` Have You Really the Courage ? '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.70 John bonds with Nikki 's mom , Jennice , when they help Toby move into his new apartment . John invites her to his house to watch a boxing match and they end up kissing , which Regina sees through the window . Kathryn goes to New York City with Renzo to pitch an idea for a second book . Daphne tells Bay that Tank has a crush on her . Bay later rejoins the field hockey team for college admissions appeal . Daphne worries about Sharee after witnessing an altercation outside of Sharee 's house and Regina gets involved . Title reference : From the 1900s painting , Have You Really the Courage ? , by Harry Clarke . 57 6 `` The Scream '' Jonathan Frakes Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.70 Kathryn and Renzo host a murder mystery - themed party to commemorate her recent book deal . The Kennishes and Vasquezes ( minus Daphne ) all attend , as well as Tank and Jennice . Jennice and John try to keep their kiss a secret and Regina decides whether or not to tell Kathryn . Bay realizes her feelings for Tank but worries about why he did n't invite her to a party at his fraternity . Meanwhile , Daphne throws a 21st birthday party for Campbell . Title reference : From the 1895 painting , The Scream , by Edvard Munch . 58 7 `` Memory Is Your Image of Perfection '' Lee Rose Terrence Coli February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.63 John temporarily moves in with Toby , who is unhappy about the situation . Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing , but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence . Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping . Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside . Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues . Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career . Title reference : From the 1982 photograph , Memory Is Your Image of Perfection , by Barbara Kruger . 59 8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' Millicent Shelton Michael V. Ross & Lizzy Weiss March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.61 Daphne shows an interest in the medical profession and tries to take on more responsibility at the clinic . Bay struggles with the limitations of her injury . Travis tries to learn dancing before attending a school formal with Mary Beth . Bay 's art teacher shows no leniency about Bay 's hand injury and demands that she work harder , and Bay succeeds in finding new ways to create her art with the help of Emmett . John tries to earn Kathryn 's forgiveness , but fails to understand what she wants . Title reference : From the 1998 painting , Dance Me to the End of Love , by Jack Vettriano . 60 9 `` The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) '' Fred Gerber Joy Gregory March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.39 Good intentions lead to hurt feelings . John invites one of his former baseball colleagues over to get some dirt for Kathryn 's book . Toby tutors Sharee in physics to make sure she remains eligible for field hockey . Daphne is invited to a clinic fundraiser and Regina tries to help Angelo by suggesting that his restaurant cater the event . Campbell and Jorge both remain interested in Daphne . Bay 's relationship with Tank suffers because of Mary Beth 's disapproval . Title reference : From the 1901 painting , The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) , by Alfred Kubin . 61 10 `` The Ambush '' Allan Arkush Henry Robles & Bekah Brunstetter March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.18 Bay enlists Tank to help her strike back when the rivalry between Carlton and Buckner field hockey team get heated . Toby gets a surprise visit from Nikki , who tells him that she wants to live in Peru . Regina discovers Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside . Daphne must choose between Campbell and Jorge . Bay and Daphne prepare for the big game . Title reference : From the 1896 painting , The Ambush , by Charles Marion Russell . 62 11 `` Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows '' Steve Miner Linda Gase & Lizzy Weiss March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.30 Kathryn 's new book is leaked to the public before its release . Daphne has an unexpected encounter at the clinic with a man from her past . Regina feels a sense of guilt about her behavior in East Riverside . Back at K&D designs , someone throws a brick through her studio 's window threatening her not to come back to East Riverside . Toby tries to go after Nikki . Meanwhile , Bay is skeptical about Emmett 's new girlfriend . Title reference : From the 1809 painting , Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows , by Pierre - Paul Prud'hon . 63 12 `` Love Among the Ruins '' Norman Buckley Lizzy Weiss June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.17 Toby travels to Iceland . Melody wants to put an end to Emmett getting bullied by Matthew . Meanwhile Bay feels torn between her feelings for Emmett and Tank and Emmett asks Bay if she 's going to break up with Tank . Daphne is determined to hunt down the individual who vandalized Regina 's studio . John discovers that Bay looked up where to buy morning after pills . Daphne asks Angelo to move into the guest house with her and Regina . Title reference : From the 1873 painting , Love Among the Ruins , by Edward Burne - Jones . 64 13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain '' Melanie Mayron James Patrick Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.41 Bay and Emmett make an unexpected discovery as they deal with Matthew 's blackmail threat . Daphne receives an opportunity at the clinic but worries how it will affect her boyfriend Campbell . Bay breaks up with Tank telling him they should just go back to being friends but John mistakenly confronts a heartbroken Tank about Bay having to get the morning after pill . Someone from Kathryn 's past threatens the publication of her book . Regina is watched while going to work by a man sitting in his car waiting for her . Title reference : From the 2002 painting , Like a snowball down a mountain , by Damien Hirst 65 14 `` Oh , Future ! '' Zetna Fuentes Henry Robles June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.15 When Bay discovers Melody is considering an out - of - state move that would take Emmett with her , Bay encourages Emmett to strengthen his relationship with his father . Kathryn and John clash with Regina over funding Daphne 's college expenses . Daphne interviews for a Latina college scholarship . Mary - Beth surprises Travis when she tracks down football player Derrick Coleman . Cameron gives Emmett big news . Title reference : From the 1933 painting , Oh , Future ! , by Nicholas Roerich 66 15 `` And We Bring the Light '' James Hayman Joy Gregory & Alexander Georgakis July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.33 Toby returns from a soul - searching trip to Iceland after his failed marriage with a new perspective and surprising aspiration for his career . Bay gets a response from the Pratt Institute . Angelo helps Daphne redirect her senior year stresses with a baking challenge . Meanwhile Regina 's participation in the East Riverside project brings her to yet another moral crossroad . A terrible car accident puts Angelo in the hospital and it is unknown if he will survive . Title reference : From the 1922 painting , And We Bring the Light , by Nicholas Roerich 67 16 `` The Image Disappears '' Wendey Stanzler Terrence Coli & Linda Gase July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.56 A terrible accident has left Angelo in the hospital fighting to survive while others place blame as emotions run high . The Kennish and Vasquez families rally to support Angelo . Amid the emotion , decisions must be made and lives are changed forever . The doctors say that Angelo is brain dead . Bay and Emmett find Angelo 's will , which says that he wishes to be unhooked from machines keeping him alive . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that Angelo died from an aneurysm , caused by being really angry at Regina . Daphne blames Regina for Angelo 's death . Title reference : From the 1938 painting , The Image Disappears , by Salvador Dalí 68 17 `` Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) '' Joanna Kerns Bekah Brunstetter & Lizzy Weiss July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.36 When John starts feeling a sense of built - up tension in Bay and Daphne , he suggests a trip to Chicago to find Bay 's second cousin from Angelo 's side of the family and give Daphne a chance to tour prospective colleges . But the trip goes south when Daphne uses the opportunity to act out and Bay receives news regarding Angelo 's family history . Title reference : From the 1938 painting , Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) , by Frida Kahlo 69 18 `` It Is n't What You Think '' Ron Lagomarsino J.R. Phillips & Henry Robles July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.13 Daphne and Travis get their admission results from Gallaudet University . Bay tries being Tank 's friend and supports him when he meets his dad for dinner . Toby and Lily get into a conflict regarding Sharee 's make - up exam . Title reference : From the 2009 painting , It Is n't What You Think , by Christopher Willard 70 19 `` You Will Not Escape '' Michael Lange Joy Gregory August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.29 Looking for a distraction , Daphne organizes a senior ditch day for her Carlton classmates , but things get out of hand . Meanwhile , Bay meets with Angelo 's doctor to discuss their family medical history . Kathryn brings Regina to her publisher 's author party in New York . Title reference : From the 1799 painting , You Will Not Escape , by Francisco Goya 71 20 `` Girl on the Cliff '' D.W. Moffett Linda Gase August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.06 Bay has second thoughts about attending the prom when dress - code rules are enacted . Meanwhile , Kathryn , John and Regina are surprised to learn the severity of Daphne 's bad behavior ; and Tank assists Toby with his new burgeoning business . Title reference : From the 1936 painting , Girl on the Cliff , by Augustus John . 72 21 `` And Life Begins Right Away '' Melanie Mayron Lizzy Weiss & William H. Brown August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.29 As their graduation day approaches , Bay and Daphne learn that Carlton will be closed forever , and join a group of students for a Senior Skip Day at Maui , Kansas . Daphne starts to become depressed as she realizes how her bad choices are sure to ruin her plans to attend medical school . Bay accompanies her as she surrenders to the police , and at the last minute Bay surprises everyone by falsely confessing to Daphne 's vandalism . Title reference : From the 1974 painting , And Life Begins Right Away , by Robert Filliou . 73 22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers '' Michael Grossman Terrence Coli & Lizzy Weiss December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.40 As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers ' Christmas traditions , a `` Christmas miracle '' grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched . Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish ( `` Bay - Daphne '' ) with her hearing intact , who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics ; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento ( `` Daphne - Bay '' ) , deaf but a recognized artist , with a brother , Angelo Junior ( AJ ) . However , these benefits come at a price : workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed , stay - at - home has - been John are on the verge of divorce ; Toby is an angst - ridden Emo ; Emmett is only Daphne - Bay 's platonic friend ; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism . When the girls decide this is worse , they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas - eve dinner party at the Kennishes , and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers ' traditions which they once hated . Title reference : From the 1888 painting , Yuletide Fortune Tellers , by Mykola Pymonenko .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"52 `` Drowning Girl '' Jim Hayman Lizzy Weiss January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.76",
"After the blackmailing incident , Daphne is ordered to do community service at a free clinic . She meets Campbell ( RJ Mitte ) , a former snowboarder who sustained serious injuries after an accident . Her relationship with John continues to be tense . The deaf students at Carlton are unhappy about the new students that were forced to relocate to the school due to district budget cuts . Daphne starts off on bad terms with a troubled girl named Sharee . Meanwhile , Bay is taking a college art class and is partnered up with a fraternity pledge , Tank ( Max Adler ) . Toby finds his life as a newlywed at a standstill while Nikki is off doing missionary work in Peru . When her boss decides to sell the business , Regina hopes to buy the place with Angelo 's help . Kathryn has started seeing a psychiatrist after going through a bout of depression and finds light in taking dance classes , which she hides from John . Title reference : From the 1963 painting , Drowning Girl , by Roy Lichtenstein .",
"After the blackmailing incident , Daphne is ordered to do community service at a free clinic . She meets Campbell ( RJ Mitte ) , a former snowboarder who sustained serious injuries after an accident . Her relationship with John continues to be tense . The deaf students at Carlton are unhappy about the new students that were forced to relocate to the school due to district budget cuts . Daphne starts off on bad terms with a troubled girl named Sharee . Meanwhile , Bay is taking a college art class and is partnered up with a fraternity pledge , Tank ( Max Adler ) . Toby finds his life as a newlywed at a standstill while Nikki is off doing missionary work in Peru . When her boss decides to sell the business , Regina hopes to buy the place with Angelo 's help . Kathryn has started seeing a psychiatrist after going through a bout of depression and finds light in taking dance classes , which she hides from John .",
"53 `` Your Body Is a Battleground '' Lea Thompson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.56",
"Daphne and Toby try to convince Bay to join the newly - formed field hockey team so that they 'll have enough players . Bay 's confidence in her artistic abilities goes down when her teacher says that her piece on Tank lacks depth . Tank narrowly escapes being kicked out of the class after he fails to complete his portrait of Bay from the night of the party . John finds out that Kathryn has been hanging out with other people and sneaking off to dance classes , so Kathryn invites her dance friend , Renzo , over for dinner . At the clinic , Daphne and Campbell have to track down a patient after Daphne let him go before properly checking out . She also tries to recruit Sharee to join field hockey after Toby finds out that Sharee is a star athlete . Meanwhile , after Emmett catches the Carlton vandal on camera , he suspects that the one who has been targeting the deaf students is one of his deaf friends . Title reference : From the 1989 protest poster , Your Body Is a Battleground , by Barbara Kruger .",
"Daphne and Toby try to convince Bay to join the newly - formed field hockey team so that they 'll have enough players . Bay 's confidence in her artistic abilities goes down when her teacher says that her piece on Tank lacks depth . Tank narrowly escapes being kicked out of the class after he fails to complete his portrait of Bay from the night of the party . John finds out that Kathryn has been hanging out with other people and sneaking off to dance classes , so Kathryn invites her dance friend , Renzo , over for dinner . At the clinic , Daphne and Campbell have to track down a patient after Daphne let him go before properly checking out . She also tries to recruit Sharee to join field hockey after Toby finds out that Sharee is a star athlete . Meanwhile , after Emmett catches the Carlton vandal on camera , he suspects that the one who has been targeting the deaf students is one of his deaf friends .",
"54 `` Fountain '' Allan Arkush Joy Gregory & Terrence Coli January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.55",
"Bay asks her new art teacher for a letter of recommendation for an art school application and gets invited to an art show in Minneapolis . Tank joins them . Emmett is put in a tough position after confronting a fellow deaf student about the vandalism , with Travis encouraging him to keep quiet so that the new hearing students can take the blame . Sharee is mistakenly blamed for the tire slashing , but Daphne helps argue her case and get her expulsion rescinded . However , Sharee and Daphne clash and both end up in detention , making them miss their field hockey game , to Toby 's frustration . Title reference : From the 1917 artpiece , Fountain , by Marcel Duchamp .",
"Bay asks her new art teacher for a letter of recommendation for an art school application and gets invited to an art show in Minneapolis . Tank joins them . Emmett is put in a tough position after confronting a fellow deaf student about the vandalism , with Travis encouraging him to keep quiet so that the new hearing students can take the blame . Sharee is mistakenly blamed for the tire slashing , but Daphne helps argue her case and get her expulsion rescinded . However , Sharee and Daphne clash and both end up in detention , making them miss their field hockey game , to Toby 's frustration .",
"55 `` It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love Is Somewhere Else '' Melanie Mayron Linda Gase & Henry Robles February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.62",
"Jorge invites Daphne to a family barbecue where she is confronted about the Senator Coto ordeal . Daphne continues to search for the patient she allowed to leave the clinic early . John surprises the family with an unusual purchase . Bay discovers that Emmett is dating again and has conflicting feelings . Regina and Angelo have a discussion about business . Title reference : From the 1971 painting , It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love Is Somewhere Else , by Friedensreich Hundertwasser .",
"Jorge invites Daphne to a family barbecue where she is confronted about the Senator Coto ordeal . Daphne continues to search for the patient she allowed to leave the clinic early . John surprises the family with an unusual purchase . Bay discovers that Emmett is dating again and has conflicting feelings . Regina and Angelo have a discussion about business .",
"56 5 `` Have You Really the Courage ? '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.70",
"John bonds with Nikki 's mom , Jennice , when they help Toby move into his new apartment . John invites her to his house to watch a boxing match and they end up kissing , which Regina sees through the window . Kathryn goes to New York City with Renzo to pitch an idea for a second book . Daphne tells Bay that Tank has a crush on her . Bay later rejoins the field hockey team for college admissions appeal . Daphne worries about Sharee after witnessing an altercation outside of Sharee 's house and Regina gets involved . Title reference : From the 1900s painting , Have You Really the Courage ? , by Harry Clarke .",
"John bonds with Nikki 's mom , Jennice , when they help Toby move into his new apartment . John invites her to his house to watch a boxing match and they end up kissing , which Regina sees through the window . Kathryn goes to New York City with Renzo to pitch an idea for a second book . Daphne tells Bay that Tank has a crush on her . Bay later rejoins the field hockey team for college admissions appeal . Daphne worries about Sharee after witnessing an altercation outside of Sharee 's house and Regina gets involved .",
"57 6 `` The Scream '' Jonathan Frakes Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.70",
"Kathryn and Renzo host a murder mystery - themed party to commemorate her recent book deal . The Kennishes and Vasquezes ( minus Daphne ) all attend , as well as Tank and Jennice . Jennice and John try to keep their kiss a secret and Regina decides whether or not to tell Kathryn . Bay realizes her feelings for Tank but worries about why he did n't invite her to a party at his fraternity . Meanwhile , Daphne throws a 21st birthday party for Campbell . Title reference : From the 1895 painting , The Scream , by Edvard Munch .",
"Kathryn and Renzo host a murder mystery - themed party to commemorate her recent book deal . The Kennishes and Vasquezes ( minus Daphne ) all attend , as well as Tank and Jennice . Jennice and John try to keep their kiss a secret and Regina decides whether or not to tell Kathryn . Bay realizes her feelings for Tank but worries about why he did n't invite her to a party at his fraternity . Meanwhile , Daphne throws a 21st birthday party for Campbell .",
"58 7 `` Memory Is Your Image of Perfection '' Lee Rose Terrence Coli February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.63",
"John temporarily moves in with Toby , who is unhappy about the situation . Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing , but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence . Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping . Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside . Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues . Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career . Title reference : From the 1982 photograph , Memory Is Your Image of Perfection , by Barbara Kruger .",
"John temporarily moves in with Toby , who is unhappy about the situation . Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing , but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence . Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping . Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside . Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues . Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career .",
"59 8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' Millicent Shelton Michael V. Ross & Lizzy Weiss March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.61",
"Daphne shows an interest in the medical profession and tries to take on more responsibility at the clinic . Bay struggles with the limitations of her injury . Travis tries to learn dancing before attending a school formal with Mary Beth . Bay 's art teacher shows no leniency about Bay 's hand injury and demands that she work harder , and Bay succeeds in finding new ways to create her art with the help of Emmett . John tries to earn Kathryn 's forgiveness , but fails to understand what she wants . Title reference : From the 1998 painting , Dance Me to the End of Love , by Jack Vettriano .",
"Daphne shows an interest in the medical profession and tries to take on more responsibility at the clinic . Bay struggles with the limitations of her injury . Travis tries to learn dancing before attending a school formal with Mary Beth . Bay 's art teacher shows no leniency about Bay 's hand injury and demands that she work harder , and Bay succeeds in finding new ways to create her art with the help of Emmett . John tries to earn Kathryn 's forgiveness , but fails to understand what she wants .",
"60 9 `` The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) '' Fred Gerber Joy Gregory March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.39",
"Good intentions lead to hurt feelings . John invites one of his former baseball colleagues over to get some dirt for Kathryn 's book . Toby tutors Sharee in physics to make sure she remains eligible for field hockey . Daphne is invited to a clinic fundraiser and Regina tries to help Angelo by suggesting that his restaurant cater the event . Campbell and Jorge both remain interested in Daphne . Bay 's relationship with Tank suffers because of Mary Beth 's disapproval . Title reference : From the 1901 painting , The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) , by Alfred Kubin .",
"Good intentions lead to hurt feelings . John invites one of his former baseball colleagues over to get some dirt for Kathryn 's book . Toby tutors Sharee in physics to make sure she remains eligible for field hockey . Daphne is invited to a clinic fundraiser and Regina tries to help Angelo by suggesting that his restaurant cater the event . Campbell and Jorge both remain interested in Daphne . Bay 's relationship with Tank suffers because of Mary Beth 's disapproval .",
"61 10 `` The Ambush '' Allan Arkush Henry Robles & Bekah Brunstetter March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.18",
"Bay enlists Tank to help her strike back when the rivalry between Carlton and Buckner field hockey team get heated . Toby gets a surprise visit from Nikki , who tells him that she wants to live in Peru . Regina discovers Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside . Daphne must choose between Campbell and Jorge . Bay and Daphne prepare for the big game . Title reference : From the 1896 painting , The Ambush , by Charles Marion Russell .",
"Bay enlists Tank to help her strike back when the rivalry between Carlton and Buckner field hockey team get heated . Toby gets a surprise visit from Nikki , who tells him that she wants to live in Peru . Regina discovers Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside . Daphne must choose between Campbell and Jorge . Bay and Daphne prepare for the big game .",
"62 11 `` Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows '' Steve Miner Linda Gase & Lizzy Weiss March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.30",
"Kathryn 's new book is leaked to the public before its release . Daphne has an unexpected encounter at the clinic with a man from her past . Regina feels a sense of guilt about her behavior in East Riverside . Back at K&D designs , someone throws a brick through her studio 's window threatening her not to come back to East Riverside . Toby tries to go after Nikki . Meanwhile , Bay is skeptical about Emmett 's new girlfriend . Title reference : From the 1809 painting , Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows , by Pierre - Paul Prud'hon .",
"Kathryn 's new book is leaked to the public before its release . Daphne has an unexpected encounter at the clinic with a man from her past . Regina feels a sense of guilt about her behavior in East Riverside . Back at K&D designs , someone throws a brick through her studio 's window threatening her not to come back to East Riverside . Toby tries to go after Nikki . Meanwhile , Bay is skeptical about Emmett 's new girlfriend .",
"63 12 `` Love Among the Ruins '' Norman Buckley Lizzy Weiss June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.17",
"Toby travels to Iceland . Melody wants to put an end to Emmett getting bullied by Matthew . Meanwhile Bay feels torn between her feelings for Emmett and Tank and Emmett asks Bay if she 's going to break up with Tank . Daphne is determined to hunt down the individual who vandalized Regina 's studio . John discovers that Bay looked up where to buy morning after pills . Daphne asks Angelo to move into the guest house with her and Regina . Title reference : From the 1873 painting , Love Among the Ruins , by Edward Burne - Jones .",
"Toby travels to Iceland . Melody wants to put an end to Emmett getting bullied by Matthew . Meanwhile Bay feels torn between her feelings for Emmett and Tank and Emmett asks Bay if she 's going to break up with Tank . Daphne is determined to hunt down the individual who vandalized Regina 's studio . John discovers that Bay looked up where to buy morning after pills . Daphne asks Angelo to move into the guest house with her and Regina .",
"64 13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain '' Melanie Mayron James Patrick Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.41",
"Bay and Emmett make an unexpected discovery as they deal with Matthew 's blackmail threat . Daphne receives an opportunity at the clinic but worries how it will affect her boyfriend Campbell . Bay breaks up with Tank telling him they should just go back to being friends but John mistakenly confronts a heartbroken Tank about Bay having to get the morning after pill . Someone from Kathryn 's past threatens the publication of her book . Regina is watched while going to work by a man sitting in his car waiting for her . Title reference : From the 2002 painting , Like a snowball down a mountain , by Damien Hirst",
"Bay and Emmett make an unexpected discovery as they deal with Matthew 's blackmail threat . Daphne receives an opportunity at the clinic but worries how it will affect her boyfriend Campbell . Bay breaks up with Tank telling him they should just go back to being friends but John mistakenly confronts a heartbroken Tank about Bay having to get the morning after pill . Someone from Kathryn 's past threatens the publication of her book . Regina is watched while going to work by a man sitting in his car waiting for her .",
"65 14 `` Oh , Future ! '' Zetna Fuentes Henry Robles June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.15",
"When Bay discovers Melody is considering an out - of - state move that would take Emmett with her , Bay encourages Emmett to strengthen his relationship with his father . Kathryn and John clash with Regina over funding Daphne 's college expenses . Daphne interviews for a Latina college scholarship . Mary - Beth surprises Travis when she tracks down football player Derrick Coleman . Cameron gives Emmett big news . Title reference : From the 1933 painting , Oh , Future ! , by Nicholas Roerich",
"When Bay discovers Melody is considering an out - of - state move that would take Emmett with her , Bay encourages Emmett to strengthen his relationship with his father . Kathryn and John clash with Regina over funding Daphne 's college expenses . Daphne interviews for a Latina college scholarship . Mary - Beth surprises Travis when she tracks down football player Derrick Coleman . Cameron gives Emmett big news .",
"66 15 `` And We Bring the Light '' James Hayman Joy Gregory & Alexander Georgakis July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.33",
"Toby returns from a soul - searching trip to Iceland after his failed marriage with a new perspective and surprising aspiration for his career . Bay gets a response from the Pratt Institute . Angelo helps Daphne redirect her senior year stresses with a baking challenge . Meanwhile Regina 's participation in the East Riverside project brings her to yet another moral crossroad . A terrible car accident puts Angelo in the hospital and it is unknown if he will survive . Title reference : From the 1922 painting , And We Bring the Light , by Nicholas Roerich",
"Toby returns from a soul - searching trip to Iceland after his failed marriage with a new perspective and surprising aspiration for his career . Bay gets a response from the Pratt Institute . Angelo helps Daphne redirect her senior year stresses with a baking challenge . Meanwhile Regina 's participation in the East Riverside project brings her to yet another moral crossroad . A terrible car accident puts Angelo in the hospital and it is unknown if he will survive .",
"67 16 `` The Image Disappears '' Wendey Stanzler Terrence Coli & Linda Gase July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.56",
"A terrible accident has left Angelo in the hospital fighting to survive while others place blame as emotions run high . The Kennish and Vasquez families rally to support Angelo . Amid the emotion , decisions must be made and lives are changed forever . The doctors say that Angelo is brain dead . Bay and Emmett find Angelo 's will , which says that he wishes to be unhooked from machines keeping him alive . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that Angelo died from an aneurysm , caused by being really angry at Regina . Daphne blames Regina for Angelo 's death . Title reference : From the 1938 painting , The Image Disappears , by Salvador Dalí",
"A terrible accident has left Angelo in the hospital fighting to survive while others place blame as emotions run high . The Kennish and Vasquez families rally to support Angelo . Amid the emotion , decisions must be made and lives are changed forever . The doctors say that Angelo is brain dead . Bay and Emmett find Angelo 's will , which says that he wishes to be unhooked from machines keeping him alive . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that Angelo died from an aneurysm , caused by being really angry at Regina . Daphne blames Regina for Angelo 's death .",
"68 17 `` Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) '' Joanna Kerns Bekah Brunstetter & Lizzy Weiss July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.36",
"When John starts feeling a sense of built - up tension in Bay and Daphne , he suggests a trip to Chicago to find Bay 's second cousin from Angelo 's side of the family and give Daphne a chance to tour prospective colleges . But the trip goes south when Daphne uses the opportunity to act out and Bay receives news regarding Angelo 's family history . Title reference : From the 1938 painting , Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) , by Frida Kahlo",
"When John starts feeling a sense of built - up tension in Bay and Daphne , he suggests a trip to Chicago to find Bay 's second cousin from Angelo 's side of the family and give Daphne a chance to tour prospective colleges . But the trip goes south when Daphne uses the opportunity to act out and Bay receives news regarding Angelo 's family history .",
"69 18 `` It Is n't What You Think '' Ron Lagomarsino J.R. Phillips & Henry Robles July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.13",
"Daphne and Travis get their admission results from Gallaudet University . Bay tries being Tank 's friend and supports him when he meets his dad for dinner . Toby and Lily get into a conflict regarding Sharee 's make - up exam . Title reference : From the 2009 painting , It Is n't What You Think , by Christopher Willard",
"Daphne and Travis get their admission results from Gallaudet University . Bay tries being Tank 's friend and supports him when he meets his dad for dinner . Toby and Lily get into a conflict regarding Sharee 's make - up exam .",
"70 19 `` You Will Not Escape '' Michael Lange Joy Gregory August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.29",
"Looking for a distraction , Daphne organizes a senior ditch day for her Carlton classmates , but things get out of hand . Meanwhile , Bay meets with Angelo 's doctor to discuss their family medical history . Kathryn brings Regina to her publisher 's author party in New York . Title reference : From the 1799 painting , You Will Not Escape , by Francisco Goya",
"Looking for a distraction , Daphne organizes a senior ditch day for her Carlton classmates , but things get out of hand . Meanwhile , Bay meets with Angelo 's doctor to discuss their family medical history . Kathryn brings Regina to her publisher 's author party in New York .",
"71 20 `` Girl on the Cliff '' D.W. Moffett Linda Gase August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.06",
"Bay has second thoughts about attending the prom when dress - code rules are enacted . Meanwhile , Kathryn , John and Regina are surprised to learn the severity of Daphne 's bad behavior ; and Tank assists Toby with his new burgeoning business . Title reference : From the 1936 painting , Girl on the Cliff , by Augustus John .",
"Bay has second thoughts about attending the prom when dress - code rules are enacted . Meanwhile , Kathryn , John and Regina are surprised to learn the severity of Daphne 's bad behavior ; and Tank assists Toby with his new burgeoning business .",
"72 21 `` And Life Begins Right Away '' Melanie Mayron Lizzy Weiss & William H. Brown August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.29",
"As their graduation day approaches , Bay and Daphne learn that Carlton will be closed forever , and join a group of students for a Senior Skip Day at Maui , Kansas . Daphne starts to become depressed as she realizes how her bad choices are sure to ruin her plans to attend medical school . Bay accompanies her as she surrenders to the police , and at the last minute Bay surprises everyone by falsely confessing to Daphne 's vandalism . Title reference : From the 1974 painting , And Life Begins Right Away , by Robert Filliou .",
"As their graduation day approaches , Bay and Daphne learn that Carlton will be closed forever , and join a group of students for a Senior Skip Day at Maui , Kansas . Daphne starts to become depressed as she realizes how her bad choices are sure to ruin her plans to attend medical school . Bay accompanies her as she surrenders to the police , and at the last minute Bay surprises everyone by falsely confessing to Daphne 's vandalism .",
"73 22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers '' Michael Grossman Terrence Coli & Lizzy Weiss December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.40",
"As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers ' Christmas traditions , a `` Christmas miracle '' grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched . Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish ( `` Bay - Daphne '' ) with her hearing intact , who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics ; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento ( `` Daphne - Bay '' ) , deaf but a recognized artist , with a brother , Angelo Junior ( AJ ) . However , these benefits come at a price : workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed , stay - at - home has - been John are on the verge of divorce ; Toby is an angst - ridden Emo ; Emmett is only Daphne - Bay 's platonic friend ; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism . When the girls decide this is worse , they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas - eve dinner party at the Kennishes , and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers ' traditions which they once hated . Title reference : From the 1888 painting , Yuletide Fortune Tellers , by Mykola Pymonenko .",
"As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers ' Christmas traditions , a `` Christmas miracle '' grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched . Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish ( `` Bay - Daphne '' ) with her hearing intact , who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics ; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento ( `` Daphne - Bay '' ) , deaf but a recognized artist , with a brother , Angelo Junior ( AJ ) . However , these benefits come at a price : workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed , stay - at - home has - been John are on the verge of divorce ; Toby is an angst - ridden Emo ; Emmett is only Daphne - Bay 's platonic friend ; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism . When the girls decide this is worse , they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas - eve dinner party at the Kennishes , and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers ' traditions which they once hated .",
"No . Episode Original air date Timeslot ( EST ) Viewers ( million ) Adults 18 - 49 rating Cable rank ( 18 -- 49 ) Note Timeslot Night `` Drowning Girl '' January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) Monday 8 : 00PM 1.76 0.7 # 3 # 22 `` Your Body Is a Battleground '' January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.56 0.7 # 6 # 29 `` Fountain '' January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.55 0.6 # 4 # 30 `` It Hurts to Wait with Love If Love Is Somewhere Else '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.62 0.7 # 5 # 23 5 `` Have You Really the Courage ? '' February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.70 0.8 # 4 # 15 6 `` The Scream '' February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.70 0.7 # 5 # 22 7 `` Memory Is Your Image of Perfection '' February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.63 0.7 # 4 # 21 8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.61 0.7 # 4 # 22 9 `` The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) '' March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.39 0.6 # 4 # 24 10 `` The Ambush '' March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.18 0.6 # 5 # 37 11 `` Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows '' March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.30 0.6 # 4 # 31 12 `` Love Among the Ruins '' June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.17 0.4 # 5 # 54 13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain '' June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.41 0.7 # 3 # 21 14 `` Oh , Future '' June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.15 0.5 # 3 # 28 15 `` And We Bring the Light '' July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.33 0.6 # 3 # 20 16 `` The Image Disappears '' July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.56 0.7 # 4 # 24 17 `` Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) '' July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.36 0.6 # 3 # 27 18 `` It Is n't What You Think '' July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.13 0.4 # 4 # 46 19 `` You Will Not Escape '' August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.29 0.6 # 4 # 25 20 `` Girl on the Cliff '' August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.06 0.5 # 4 # 44 21 `` And Life Begins Right Away '' August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.29 0.5 # 4 # 27 22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers '' December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) Monday 9 : 00PM 1.40 0.6 # 6 # 29",
"No . Episode Original air date Timeslot ( EST ) Viewers ( million ) Adults 18 - 49 rating Cable rank ( 18 -- 49 ) Note",
"Timeslot Night",
"`` Drowning Girl '' January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) Monday 8 : 00PM 1.76 0.7 # 3 # 22",
"`` Your Body Is a Battleground '' January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.56 0.7 # 6 # 29",
"`` Fountain '' January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.55 0.6 # 4 # 30",
"`` It Hurts to Wait with Love If Love Is Somewhere Else '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.62 0.7 # 5 # 23",
"5 `` Have You Really the Courage ? '' February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.70 0.8 # 4 # 15",
"6 `` The Scream '' February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.70 0.7 # 5 # 22",
"7 `` Memory Is Your Image of Perfection '' February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.63 0.7 # 4 # 21",
"8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.61 0.7 # 4 # 22",
"9 `` The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) '' March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.39 0.6 # 4 # 24",
"10 `` The Ambush '' March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.18 0.6 # 5 # 37",
"11 `` Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows '' March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.30 0.6 # 4 # 31",
"12 `` Love Among the Ruins '' June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.17 0.4 # 5 # 54",
"13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain '' June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.41 0.7 # 3 # 21",
"14 `` Oh , Future '' June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.15 0.5 # 3 # 28",
"15 `` And We Bring the Light '' July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.33 0.6 # 3 # 20",
"16 `` The Image Disappears '' July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.56 0.7 # 4 # 24",
"17 `` Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) '' July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.36 0.6 # 3 # 27",
"18 `` It Is n't What You Think '' July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.13 0.4 # 4 # 46",
"19 `` You Will Not Escape '' August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.29 0.6 # 4 # 25",
"20 `` Girl on the Cliff '' August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.06 0.5 # 4 # 44",
"21 `` And Life Begins Right Away '' August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.29 0.5 # 4 # 27",
"22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers '' December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) Monday 9 : 00PM 1.40 0.6 # 6 # 29"
] | Switched at Birth (season 3) - wikipedia Switched at Birth (season 3) Jump to: navigation , search Switched at Birth (season 3) Starring Vanessa Marano Katie Leclerc Constance Marie D. W. Moffett Lea Thompson Lucas Grabeel Gilles Marini Sean Berdy Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Family Original release January 13 ( 2014-01-13 ) -- December 8, 2014 ( 2014-12-08 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Switched at Birth episodes The third season of ABC Family drama television series Switched at Birth began on January 13, 2014, and will consist of 22 episodes. The season is produced by ABC Family, Pirates' Cove Entertainment, and Suzy B Productions, with Paul Stupin and series creator Lizzy Weiss serving as executive producers. The one-hour scripted drama revolves around two young women who discover they were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments. While balancing school, jobs, and their unconventional family, the girls, along with their friends and family, experience deaf culture , relationships , class differences, racism , audism , and other social issues. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 U.S. ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main article: List of Switched at Birth characters Main ( edit ) Vanessa Marano as Bay Madeline Kennish Katie Leclerc as Daphne Paloma Vasquez Constance Marie as Regina Vasquez D. W. Moffett as John Kennish Lea Thompson as Kathryn Kennish Lucas Grabeel as Toby Kennish Gilles Marini as Angelo Sorrento Sean Berdy as Emmett Bledsoe Recurring ( edit ) Max Adler as Miles `` Tank'' Conroy Ryan Lane as Travis Barnes Bianca Bethune as Sharee Gifford Kenneth Mitchell as Wes Gable B.K. Cannon as Mary Beth Tucker RJ Mitte as Campbell Bingman Daniel Durant as Matthew Marlee Matlin as Melody Bledsoe Stephanie Nogueras as Natalie Pierce Al White as Dr. Elroy Jackson David Castaneda as Jorge Alec Mapa as Renzo Ivonne Coll as Adriana Vasquez Rachel Shenton as Lily Summers Sandra Bernhard as Teresa Ledarsky Rene Moran as Nacho Rivera Carlease Burke as Ms. Rose Cassi Thomson as Nikki Papagus Joey Lauren Adams as Jennice Papagus Anthony Natale as Cameron Bledsoe Matthew Risch as Chip Coto Kari Coleman as Whitney Erica Gimpel as Yvette Gifford Nathalia Ramos as Gretchen Natalie Amenula as Monica Suanne Spoke as Karen Barnes Madison Saager as Heather Jackie Debatin as Sarah Lazar Briana Lane as Christy Salz Sandra Purpuro as Anita Stephanie Mieko Cohen as Darla Larry Sullivan as Leo Jill Remez as Juanita Nyle DiMarco as Garrett Banducci Malana Lea as Jess Laura Brown as Debbie Iris Almario as Felicia Episodes ( edit ) Main article: List of Switched at Birth episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) 52 `` Drowning Girl'' Jim Hayman Lizzy Weiss January 13, 2014 ( 2014-01-13 ) 1.76 After the blackmailing incident, Daphne is ordered to do community service at a free clinic. She meets Campbell ( RJ Mitte ), a former snowboarder who sustained serious injuries after an accident. Her relationship with John continues to be tense. The deaf students at Carlton are unhappy about the new students that were forced to relocate to the school due to district budget cuts. Daphne starts off on bad terms with a troubled girl named Sharee. Meanwhile, Bay is taking a college art class and is partnered up with a fraternity pledge, Tank ( Max Adler ). Toby finds his life as a newlywed at a standstill while Nikki is off doing missionary work in Peru. When her boss decides to sell the business, Regina hopes to buy the place with Angelo's help. Kathryn has started seeing a psychiatrist after going through a bout of depression and finds light in taking dance classes, which she hides from John. Title reference: From the 1963 painting, Drowning Girl , by Roy Lichtenstein . 53 `` Your Body Is a Battleground'' Lea Thompson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash January 20, 2014 ( 2014-01-20 ) 1.56 Daphne and Toby try to convince Bay to join the newly-formed field hockey team so that they'll have enough players. Bay's confidence in her artistic abilities goes down when her teacher says that her piece on Tank lacks depth. Tank narrowly escapes being kicked out of the class after he fails to complete his portrait of Bay from the night of the party. John finds out that Kathryn has been hanging out with other people and sneaking off to dance classes, so Kathryn invites her dance friend, Renzo, over for dinner. At the clinic, Daphne and Campbell have to track down a patient after Daphne let him go before properly checking out. She also tries to recruit Sharee to join field hockey after Toby finds out that Sharee is a star athlete. Meanwhile, after Emmett catches the Carlton vandal on camera, he suspects that the one who has been targeting the deaf students is one of his deaf friends. Title reference: From the 1989 protest poster, Your Body Is a Battleground , by Barbara Kruger . 54 `` Fountain'' Allan Arkush Joy Gregory & Terrence Coli January 27, 2014 ( 2014-01-27 ) 1.55 Bay asks her new art teacher for a letter of recommendation for an art school application and gets invited to an art show in Minneapolis. Tank joins them. Emmett is put in a tough position after confronting a fellow deaf student about the vandalism, with Travis encouraging him to keep quiet so that the new hearing students can take the blame. Sharee is mistakenly blamed for the tire slashing, but Daphne helps argue her case and get her expulsion rescinded. However, Sharee and Daphne clash and both end up in detention, making them miss their field hockey game, to Toby's frustration. Title reference: From the 1917 artpiece, Fountain , by Marcel Duchamp . 55 `` It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love Is Somewhere Else'' Melanie Mayron Linda Gase & Henry Robles February 3, 2014 ( 2014-02-03 ) 1.62 Jorge invites Daphne to a family barbecue where she is confronted about the Senator Coto ordeal. Daphne continues to search for the patient she allowed to leave the clinic early. John surprises the family with an unusual purchase. Bay discovers that Emmett is dating again and has conflicting feelings. Regina and Angelo have a discussion about business. Title reference: From the 1971 painting, It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love Is Somewhere Else , by Friedensreich Hundertwasser . 56 5 `` Have You Really the Courage?'' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter February 10, 2014 ( 2014-02-10 ) 1.70 John bonds with Nikki's mom, Jennice, when they help Toby move into his new apartment. John invites her to his house to watch a boxing match and they end up kissing, which Regina sees through the window. Kathryn goes to New York City with Renzo to pitch an idea for a second book. Daphne tells Bay that Tank has a crush on her. Bay later rejoins the field hockey team for college admissions appeal. Daphne worries about Sharee after witnessing an altercation outside of Sharee's house and Regina gets involved. Title reference: From the 1900s painting, Have You Really the Courage? , by Harry Clarke . 57 6 `` The Scream'' Jonathan Frakes Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 17, 2014 ( 2014-02-17 ) 1.70 Kathryn and Renzo host a murder mystery-themed party to commemorate her recent book deal. The Kennishes and Vasquezes (minus Daphne) all attend, as well as Tank and Jennice. Jennice and John try to keep their kiss a secret and Regina decides whether or not to tell Kathryn. Bay realizes her feelings for Tank but worries about why he didn't invite her to a party at his fraternity. Meanwhile, Daphne throws a 21st birthday party for Campbell. Title reference: From the 1895 painting, The Scream , by Edvard Munch . 58 7 `` Memory Is Your Image of Perfection'' Lee Rose Terrence Coli February 24, 2014 ( 2014-02-24 ) 1.63 John temporarily moves in with Toby, who is unhappy about the situation. Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing, but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence. Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping. Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside. Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues. Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career. Title reference: From the 1982 photograph, Memory Is Your Image of Perfection , by Barbara Kruger. 59 8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love'' Millicent Shelton Michael V. Ross & Lizzy Weiss March 3, 2014 ( 2014-03-03 ) 1.61 Daphne shows an interest in the medical profession and tries to take on more responsibility at the clinic. Bay struggles with the limitations of her injury. Travis tries to learn dancing before attending a school formal with Mary Beth. Bay's art teacher shows no leniency about Bay's hand injury and demands that she work harder, and Bay succeeds in finding new ways to create her art with the help of Emmett. John tries to earn Kathryn's forgiveness, but fails to understand what she wants. Title reference: From the 1998 painting, Dance Me to the End of Love , by Jack Vettriano . 60 9 `` The Past (Forgotten-Swallowed)'' Fred Gerber Joy Gregory March 10, 2014 ( 2014-03-10 ) 1.39 Good intentions lead to hurt feelings. John invites one of his former baseball colleagues over to get some dirt for Kathryn's book. Toby tutors Sharee in physics to make sure she remains eligible for field hockey. Daphne is invited to a clinic fundraiser and Regina tries to help Angelo by suggesting that his restaurant cater the event. Campbell and Jorge both remain interested in Daphne. Bay's relationship with Tank suffers because of Mary Beth's disapproval. Title reference: From the 1901 painting, The Past (Forgotten-Swallowed) , by Alfred Kubin . 61 10 `` The Ambush'' Allan Arkush Henry Robles & Bekah Brunstetter March 17, 2014 ( 2014-03-17 ) 1.18 Bay enlists Tank to help her strike back when the rivalry between Carlton and Buckner field hockey team get heated. Toby gets a surprise visit from Nikki, who tells him that she wants to live in Peru. Regina discovers Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside. Daphne must choose between Campbell and Jorge. Bay and Daphne prepare for the big game. Title reference: From the 1896 painting, The Ambush , by Charles Marion Russell . 62 11 `` Love Seduces Innocence, Pleasure Entraps, and Remorse Follows'' Steve Miner Linda Gase & Lizzy Weiss March 24, 2014 ( 2014-03-24 ) 1.30 Kathryn's new book is leaked to the public before its release. Daphne has an unexpected encounter at the clinic with a man from her past. Regina feels a sense of guilt about her behavior in East Riverside. Back at K&D designs, someone throws a brick through her studio's window threatening her not to come back to East Riverside. Toby tries to go after Nikki. Meanwhile, Bay is skeptical about Emmett's new girlfriend. Title reference: From the 1809 painting, Love Seduces Innocence, Pleasure Entraps, and Remorse Follows , by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon . 63 12 `` Love Among the Ruins'' Norman Buckley Lizzy Weiss June 16, 2014 ( 2014-06-16 ) 1.17 Toby travels to Iceland. Melody wants to put an end to Emmett getting bullied by Matthew. Meanwhile Bay feels torn between her feelings for Emmett and Tank and Emmett asks Bay if she's going to break up with Tank. Daphne is determined to hunt down the individual who vandalized Regina's studio. John discovers that Bay looked up where to buy morning after pills. Daphne asks Angelo to move into the guest house with her and Regina. Title reference: From the 1873 painting, Love Among the Ruins , by Edward Burne-Jones. 64 13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain'' Melanie Mayron James Patrick Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash June 23, 2014 ( 2014-06-23 ) 1.41 Bay and Emmett make an unexpected discovery as they deal with Matthew's blackmail threat. Daphne receives an opportunity at the clinic but worries how it will affect her boyfriend Campbell. Bay breaks up with Tank telling him they should just go back to being friends but John mistakenly confronts a heartbroken Tank about Bay having to get the morning after pill. Someone from Kathryn's past threatens the publication of her book. Regina is watched while going to work by a man sitting in his car waiting for her. Title reference: From the 2002 painting, Like a snowball down a mountain , by Damien Hirst 65 14 `` Oh, Future!'' Zetna Fuentes Henry Robles June 30, 2014 ( 2014-06-30 ) 1.15 When Bay discovers Melody is considering an out-of-state move that would take Emmett with her, Bay encourages Emmett to strengthen his relationship with his father. Kathryn and John clash with Regina over funding Daphne's college expenses. Daphne interviews for a Latina college scholarship. Mary-Beth surprises Travis when she tracks down football player Derrick Coleman. Cameron gives Emmett big news. Title reference: From the 1933 painting, Oh, Future! , by Nicholas Roerich 66 15 `` And We Bring the Light'' James Hayman Joy Gregory & Alexander Georgakis July 7, 2014 ( 2014-07-07 ) 1.33 Toby returns from a soul-searching trip to Iceland after his failed marriage with a new perspective and surprising aspiration for his career. Bay gets a response from the Pratt Institute. Angelo helps Daphne redirect her senior year stresses with a baking challenge. Meanwhile Regina's participation in the East Riverside project brings her to yet another moral crossroad. A terrible car accident puts Angelo in the hospital and it is unknown if he will survive. Title reference: From the 1922 painting, And We Bring the Light , by Nicholas Roerich 67 16 `` The Image Disappears'' Wendey Stanzler Terrence Coli & Linda Gase July 14, 2014 ( 2014-07-14 ) 1.56 A terrible accident has left Angelo in the hospital fighting to survive while others place blame as emotions run high. The Kennish and Vasquez families rally to support Angelo. Amid the emotion, decisions must be made and lives are changed forever. The doctors say that Angelo is brain dead. Bay and Emmett find Angelo's will, which says that he wishes to be unhooked from machines keeping him alive. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Angelo died from an aneurysm, caused by being really angry at Regina. Daphne blames Regina for Angelo's death. Title reference: From the 1938 painting, The Image Disappears , by Salvador Dalí 68 17 `` Girl With Death Mask (She Plays Alone)'' Joanna Kerns Bekah Brunstetter & Lizzy Weiss July 21, 2014 ( 2014-07-21 ) 1.36 When John starts feeling a sense of built-up tension in Bay and Daphne, he suggests a trip to Chicago to find Bay's second cousin from Angelo's side of the family and give Daphne a chance to tour prospective colleges. But the trip goes south when Daphne uses the opportunity to act out and Bay receives news regarding Angelo's family history. Title reference: From the 1938 painting, Girl With Death Mask (She Plays Alone) , by Frida Kahlo 69 18 `` It Isn't What You Think'' Ron Lagomarsino J.R. Phillips & Henry Robles July 28, 2014 ( 2014-07-28 ) 1.13 Daphne and Travis get their admission results from Gallaudet University. Bay tries being Tank's friend and supports him when he meets his dad for dinner. Toby and Lily get into a conflict regarding Sharee's make-up exam. Title reference: From the 2009 painting, It Isn't What You Think , by Christopher Willard 70 19 `` You Will Not Escape'' Michael Lange Joy Gregory August 4, 2014 ( 2014-08-04 ) 1.29 Looking for a distraction, Daphne organizes a senior ditch day for her Carlton classmates, but things get out of hand. Meanwhile, Bay meets with Angelo's doctor to discuss their family medical history. Kathryn brings Regina to her publisher's author party in New York. Title reference: From the 1799 painting, You Will Not Escape , by Francisco Goya 71 20 `` Girl on the Cliff'' D.W. Moffett Linda Gase August 11, 2014 ( 2014-08-11 ) 1.06 Bay has second thoughts about attending the prom when dress-code rules are enacted. Meanwhile, Kathryn, John and Regina are surprised to learn the severity of Daphne's bad behavior; and Tank assists Toby with his new burgeoning business. Title reference: From the 1936 painting, Girl on the Cliff , by Augustus John. 72 21 `` And Life Begins Right Away'' Melanie Mayron Lizzy Weiss & William H. Brown August 18, 2014 ( 2014-08-18 ) 1.29 As their graduation day approaches, Bay and Daphne learn that Carlton will be closed forever, and join a group of students for a Senior Skip Day at Maui, Kansas. Daphne starts to become depressed as she realizes how her bad choices are sure to ruin her plans to attend medical school. Bay accompanies her as she surrenders to the police, and at the last minute Bay surprises everyone by falsely confessing to Daphne's vandalism. Title reference: From the 1974 painting, And Life Begins Right Away , by Robert Filliou. 73 22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers'' Michael Grossman Terrence Coli & Lizzy Weiss December 8, 2014 ( 2014-12-08 ) 1.40 As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers' Christmas traditions, a `` Christmas miracle'' grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched. Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish (`` Bay-Daphne'' ) with her hearing intact, who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento (`` Daphne-Bay'' ), deaf but a recognized artist, with a brother, Angelo Junior (AJ). However, these benefits come at a price: workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed, stay-at-home has-been John are on the verge of divorce; Toby is an angst-ridden Emo ; Emmett is only Daphne-Bay's platonic friend; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism. When the girls decide this is worse, they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas-eve dinner party at the Kennishes, and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers' traditions which they once hated. Title reference: From the 1888 painting, Yuletide Fortune Tellers , by Mykola Pymonenko . Reception ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) No. Episode Original air date Timeslot (EST) Viewers (million) Adults 18-49 rating Cable rank (18-- 49) Note Timeslot Night `` Drowning Girl'' January 13, 2014 ( 2014-01-13 ) Monday 8:00PM 1.76 0.7 #3 #22 `` Your Body Is a Battleground'' January 20, 2014 ( 2014-01-20 ) 1.56 0.7 #6 #29 `` Fountain'' January 27, 2014 ( 2014-01-27 ) 1.55 0.6 #4 #30 `` It Hurts to Wait with Love If Love Is Somewhere Else'' February 3, 2014 ( 2014-02-03 ) 1.62 0.7 #5 #23 5 `` Have You Really the Courage?'' February 10, 2014 ( 2014-02-10 ) 1.70 0.8 #4 #15 6 `` The Scream'' February 17, 2014 ( 2014-02-17 ) 1.70 0.7 #5 #22 7 `` Memory Is Your Image of Perfection'' February 24, 2014 ( 2014-02-24 ) 1.63 0.7 #4 #21 8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love'' March 3, 2014 ( 2014-03-03 ) 1.61 0.7 #4 #22 9 `` The Past (Forgotten-Swallowed)'' March 10, 2014 ( 2014-03-10 ) 1.39 0.6 #4 #24 10 `` The Ambush'' March 17, 2014 ( 2014-03-17 ) 1.18 0.6 #5 #37 11 `` Love Seduces Innocence, Pleasure Entraps, and Remorse Follows'' March 24, 2014 ( 2014-03-24 ) 1.30 0.6 #4 #31 12 `` Love Among the Ruins'' June 16, 2014 ( 2014-06-16 ) 1.17 0.4 #5 #54 13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain'' June 23, 2014 ( 2014-06-23 ) 1.41 0.7 #3 #21 14 `` Oh, Future'' June 30, 2014 ( 2014-06-30 ) 1.15 0.5 #3 #28 15 `` And We Bring the Light'' July 7, 2014 ( 2014-07-07 ) 1.33 0.6 #3 #20 16 `` The Image Disappears'' July 14, 2014 ( 2014-07-14 ) 1.56 0.7 #4 #24 17 `` Girl With Death Mask (She Plays Alone)'' July 21, 2014 ( 2014-07-21 ) 1.36 0.6 #3 #27 18 `` It Isn't What You Think'' July 28, 2014 ( 2014-07-28 ) 1.13 0.4 #4 #46 19 `` You Will Not Escape'' August 4, 2014 ( 2014-08-04 ) 1.29 0.6 #4 #25 20 `` Girl on the Cliff'' August 11, 2014 ( 2014-08-11 ) 1.06 0.5 #4 #44 21 `` And Life Begins Right Away'' August 18, 2014 ( 2014-08-18 ) 1.29 0.5 #4 #27 22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers'' December 8, 2014 ( 2014-12-08 ) Monday 9:00PM 1.40 0.6 #6 #29 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Announces Pick-Up of `` Switched at Birth,'' `` The Nine Lives of Chloe King'' and `` The Great State of Georgia '' `` . The Futon Critic . January 31, 2011 . Retrieved February 7, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Amanda Kondolojy (January 14, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Monday Night RAW' & ' Love & Hip Hop' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies' , ' Archer' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (January 22, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Love & Hip Hop' Wins Night, ' WWE Raw' , ' Single Ladies' , ' Klondike' , ' The Fosters' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (January 28, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Monday Night RAW' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop' , ' Fast N Loud' , ' Single Ladies' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (February 4, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Love and Hip Hop' Wins Night, ' WWE Raw' , ' Single Ladies' , ' Teen Wolf' , ' Switched at Birth' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (February 11, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Love & Hip Hop' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW' , ' Single Ladies' , ' Swamp People' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (February 19, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings:' WWE Raw' Wins Night, ' Basketball Wives' , ' Single Ladies' , ' Teen Wolf' , ' Switched at Birth' & Mo'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (February 25, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Monday Night RAW' Tops Night + ' Swamp People' , ' Basketball Wives' , ' Single Ladies' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (March 4, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' WWE Raw' Wins Night, ' Bates Motel' , ' Teen Wolf' , ' Single Ladies' , ' Switched at Birth' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (March 11, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Monday Night RAW' Leads Night + ' Swamp People' , ' Bates Motel' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (March 18, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' WWE Raw' Wins Night, ' Fast N Loud' , ' Teen Wolf' , ' Bates Motel' , ' Switched at Birth' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (March 25, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Monday Night RAW' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives' , ' Single Ladies' , ' Fast N Loud' , ' Teen Wolf' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (June 17, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta' , ' Monday Night RAW' , ' Hit the Floor' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (June 24, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' Wins Night, ' WWE Raw' , ' Hit The Floor' , ' Teen Wolf' , ' Switched at Birth' , ' The Fosters' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (July 1, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Love and Hip-Hop Atlanta' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer, ' Monday Night RAW' , ' SportsCenter' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (July 9, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Love & Hip Hop' Wins Night, ' WWE Raw' , ' Hit The Floor' , ' Major Crimes' , ' Teen Wolf' , ' Switched at Birth' , ' The Fosters' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (July 15, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop: Atlanta' , ' Monday Night RAW' , ' Hit the Floor' , ' Major Crimes' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (July 22, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' Wins Night, ' WWE Raw' , ' Hit The Floor' , ' Major Crimes' , ' Teen Wolf' , ' The Fosters' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (July 29, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Love and Hip-Hop: Atlanta' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW' , ' Major Crimes' , ' Hit the Floor' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (August 5, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' WWE Raw' Wins Night, ' Street Outlaws' , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' , ' Major Crimes' , ' Teen Wolf' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (August 12, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Love & Hip-Hop: Atlanta' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back' , ' Monster Hammerhead' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (August 19, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: Football Wins Night, ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' , ' WWE Raw' , ' Teen Wolf' , ' The Fosters' , ' Dallas' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (December 9, 2014). `` Monday Cable Ratings: ' Monday Night Football' Tops Night, ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood' , ' The Fosters' , ' Major Crimes' , ' Switched at Birth' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9, 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switched_at_Birth_(season_3)&oldid=812569324 '' Categories : 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from January 2014 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Sicilianu Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017, at 16:11. About Wikipedia | -1285899554637677009 |
how did the beliefs of judaism emphasized the worth of the individual | The Russian - American poet Joseph Brodsky once manifested that `` The surest defense against Evil is extreme individualism , originality of thinking , whimsicality , even -- if you will -- eccentricity . That is , something that ca n't be feigned , faked , imitated ; something even a seasoned imposter could n't be happy with . '' Ralph Waldo Emerson famously declared `` , `` Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist '' -- a point of view developed at length in both the life and work of ( Henry David ) Thoreau . Equally memorable and influential on Walt Whitman is Emerson 's idea that `` a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds , adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines . '' ... Emerson opposes on principle the reliance on social structures ( civil , religious ) precisely because through them the individual approaches the divine second hand , mediated by the once original experience of a genius from another age : `` An institution , '' as he explains , `` is the lengthened shadow of one man . '' To achieve this original relation one must `` Insist on one 's self ; never imitate '' for if the relationship is secondary the connection is lost . '' | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Part of a series on Individualism Topics and concepts ( hide ) Autonomy Civil liberties Do it yourself Eremitism Free love Freethought Human rights Individual Individual rights Individual reclamation Individuation Laissez - faire Libertinism Liberty Methodological individualism Negative liberty Personal property Positive liberty Private property Self - actualization Self - ownership Self reliance Subjectivity Thinkers ( hide ) Antiphon Aristippus Aristotle Émile Armand Albert Camus Diogenes of Sinope Ralph Waldo Emerson Epicurus William Godwin Emma Goldman Friedrich Hayek Karl Hess Miguel Giménez Igualada Thomas Jefferson Laozi Albert Libertad John Locke Hipparchia of Maroneia H.L. Mencken John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Michel de Montaigne Friedrich Nietzsche Renzo Novatore Robert Nozick Michel Onfray Georges Palante Horst Matthai Quelle Ayn Rand Murray Rothbard Han Ryner Marquis de Sade Arthur Schopenhauer Adam Smith Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Benjamin Tucker James L. Walker Josiah Warren Oscar Wilde Zeno Yang Zhu Philosophies ( hide ) Anarchism Anarcho - capitalism Classical liberalism Egoist anarchism Ethical egoism Existentialism Hedonism Humanism Individualist anarchism Individualist feminism Equity feminism Liberal feminism Left - libertarianism Left - wing market anarchism Liberalism Libertarianism Libertarian socialism Minarchism Mutualism Objectivism Right libertarianism Social anarchism Voluntaryism Principal concerns ( hide ) Anti-individualism Authoritarianism Collectivism Conformity Dogmatism Group rights Herd mentality Indoctrination Mass society Mobbing Social engineering Statism Tyranny Tyranny of the majority Theocracy Totalitarianism",
"Part of a series on",
"Individualism",
"Topics and concepts ( hide ) Autonomy Civil liberties Do it yourself Eremitism Free love Freethought Human rights Individual Individual rights Individual reclamation Individuation Laissez - faire Libertinism Liberty Methodological individualism Negative liberty Personal property Positive liberty Private property Self - actualization Self - ownership Self reliance Subjectivity",
"Autonomy Civil liberties Do it yourself Eremitism Free love Freethought Human rights Individual Individual rights Individual reclamation Individuation Laissez - faire Libertinism Liberty Methodological individualism Negative liberty Personal property Positive liberty Private property Self - actualization Self - ownership Self reliance Subjectivity",
"Do it yourself",
"Laissez - faire",
"Self - actualization",
"Self - ownership",
"Thinkers ( hide ) Antiphon Aristippus Aristotle Émile Armand Albert Camus Diogenes of Sinope Ralph Waldo Emerson Epicurus William Godwin Emma Goldman Friedrich Hayek Karl Hess Miguel Giménez Igualada Thomas Jefferson Laozi Albert Libertad John Locke Hipparchia of Maroneia H.L. Mencken John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Michel de Montaigne Friedrich Nietzsche Renzo Novatore Robert Nozick Michel Onfray Georges Palante Horst Matthai Quelle Ayn Rand Murray Rothbard Han Ryner Marquis de Sade Arthur Schopenhauer Adam Smith Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Benjamin Tucker James L. Walker Josiah Warren Oscar Wilde Zeno Yang Zhu",
"Antiphon Aristippus Aristotle Émile Armand Albert Camus Diogenes of Sinope Ralph Waldo Emerson Epicurus William Godwin Emma Goldman Friedrich Hayek Karl Hess Miguel Giménez Igualada Thomas Jefferson Laozi Albert Libertad John Locke Hipparchia of Maroneia H.L. Mencken John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Michel de Montaigne Friedrich Nietzsche Renzo Novatore Robert Nozick Michel Onfray Georges Palante Horst Matthai Quelle Ayn Rand Murray Rothbard Han Ryner Marquis de Sade Arthur Schopenhauer Adam Smith Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Benjamin Tucker James L. Walker Josiah Warren Oscar Wilde Zeno Yang Zhu",
"Diogenes of Sinope",
"Ralph Waldo Emerson",
"Miguel Giménez Igualada",
"Hipparchia of Maroneia",
"John Stuart Mill",
"Ludwig von Mises",
"Michel de Montaigne",
"Horst Matthai Quelle",
"Marquis de Sade",
"Henry David Thoreau",
"James L. Walker",
"Philosophies ( hide ) Anarchism Anarcho - capitalism Classical liberalism Egoist anarchism Ethical egoism Existentialism Hedonism Humanism Individualist anarchism Individualist feminism Equity feminism Liberal feminism Left - libertarianism Left - wing market anarchism Liberalism Libertarianism Libertarian socialism Minarchism Mutualism Objectivism Right libertarianism Social anarchism Voluntaryism",
"Anarchism Anarcho - capitalism Classical liberalism Egoist anarchism Ethical egoism Existentialism Hedonism Humanism Individualist anarchism Individualist feminism Equity feminism Liberal feminism Left - libertarianism Left - wing market anarchism Liberalism Libertarianism Libertarian socialism Minarchism Mutualism Objectivism Right libertarianism Social anarchism Voluntaryism",
"Anarcho - capitalism",
"Individualist feminism Equity feminism Liberal feminism",
"Equity feminism Liberal feminism",
"Left - libertarianism",
"Left - wing market anarchism",
"Principal concerns ( hide ) Anti-individualism Authoritarianism Collectivism Conformity Dogmatism Group rights Herd mentality Indoctrination Mass society Mobbing Social engineering Statism Tyranny Tyranny of the majority Theocracy Totalitarianism",
"Anti-individualism Authoritarianism Collectivism Conformity Dogmatism Group rights Herd mentality Indoctrination Mass society Mobbing Social engineering Statism Tyranny Tyranny of the majority Theocracy Totalitarianism",
"Tyranny of the majority",
"",
"",
"Individualism is the moral stance , political philosophy , ideology , or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual . Individualists promote the exercise of one 's goals and desires and so value independence and self - reliance and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group , while opposing external interference upon one 's own interests by society or institutions such as the government . Individualism is often defined in contrast to totalitarianism , collectivism , authoritarianism , communitarianism , tribalism , and more corporate social forms .",
"Individualism makes the individual its focus and so starts `` with the fundamental premise that the human individual is of primary importance in the struggle for liberation . '' Classical liberalism , existentialism , and anarchism are examples of movements that take the human individual as a central unit of analysis . Individualism thus involves `` the right of the individual to freedom and self - realization '' .",
"It has also been used as a term denoting `` The quality of being an individual ; individuality '' related to possessing `` An individual characteristic ; a quirk . '' Individualism is thus also associated with artistic and bohemian interests and lifestyles where there is a tendency towards self - creation and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors as so also with humanist philosophical positions and ethics .",
"In the English language , the word `` individualism '' was first introduced , as a pejorative , by the Owenites in the late 1830s , although it is unclear if they were influenced by Saint - Simonianism or came up with it independently . A more positive use of the term in Britain came to be used with the writings of James Elishama Smith , who was a millenarian and a Christian Israelite . Although an early Owenite socialist , he eventually rejected its collective idea of property , and found in individualism a `` universalism '' that allowed for the development of the `` original genius . '' Without individualism , Smith argued , individuals can not amass property to increase one 's happiness . William Maccall , another Unitarian preacher , and probably an acquaintance of Smith , came somewhat later , although influenced by John Stuart Mill , Thomas Carlyle , and German Romanticism , to the same positive conclusions , in his 1847 work `` Elements of Individualism '' .",
"An individual is a person or any specific object in a collection . In the 15th century and earlier , and also today within the fields of statistics and metaphysics , individual means `` indivisible '' , typically describing any numerically singular thing , but sometimes meaning `` a person . '' ( q.v. `` The problem of proper names '' ) . From the 17th century on , individual indicates separateness , as in individualism . Individuality is the state or quality of being an individual ; a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs , goals , and desires .",
"Individualism holds that a person taking part in society attempts to learn and discover what his or her own interests are on a personal basis , without a presumed following of the interests of a societal structure ( an individualist need not be an egoist ) . The individualist does not follow one particular philosophy , rather creates an amalgamation of elements of many , based on personal interests in particular aspects that she / he finds of use . On a societal level , the individualist participates on a personally structured political and moral ground . Independent thinking and opinion is a common trait of an individualist . Jean - Jacques Rousseau , claims that his concept of `` general will '' in the `` social contract '' is not the simple collection of individual wills and that it furthers the interests of the individual ( the constraint of law itself would be beneficial for the individual , as the lack of respect for the law necessarily entails , in Rousseau 's eyes , a form of ignorance and submission to one 's passions instead of the preferred autonomy of reason ) .",
"Societies and groups can differ in the extent to which they are based upon predominantly `` self - regarding '' ( individualistic , and / or self - interested ) behaviors , rather than `` other - regarding '' ( group - oriented , and group , or society - minded ) behaviors . Ruth Benedict made a distinction , relevant in this context , between `` guilt '' societies ( e.g. , medieval Europe ) with an `` internal reference standard '' , and `` shame '' societies ( e.g. , Japan , `` bringing shame upon one 's ancestors '' ) with an `` external reference standard '' , where people look to their peers for feedback on whether an action is `` acceptable '' or not ( also known as `` group - think '' ) .",
"Individualism is often contrasted either with totalitarianism or with collectivism , but in fact , there is a spectrum of behaviors at the societal level ranging from highly individualistic societies through mixed societies to collectivist .",
"The principle of individuation , or principium individuationis , describes the manner in which a thing is identified as distinguished from other things . For Carl Jung , individuation is a process of transformation , whereby the personal and collective unconscious is brought into consciousness ( by means of dreams , active imagination or free association to take some examples ) to be assimilated into the whole personality . It is a completely natural process necessary for the integration of the psyche to take place . Jung considered individuation to be the central process of human development . In L'individuation psychique et collective , Gilbert Simondon developed a theory of individual and collective individuation in which the individual subject is considered as an effect of individuation rather than a cause . Thus , the individual atom is replaced by a never - ending ontological process of individuation . Individuation is an always incomplete process , always leaving a `` pre-individual '' left - over , itself making possible future individuations . The philosophy of Bernard Stiegler draws upon and modifies the work of Gilbert Simondon on individuation and also upon similar ideas in Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud . For Stiegler `` the I , as a psychic individual , can only be thought in relationship to we , which is a collective individual . The I is constituted in adopting a collective tradition , which it inherits and in which a plurality of I ' s acknowledge each other 's existence . ''",
"Methodological individualism is the view that phenomena can only be understood by examining how they result from the motivations and actions of individual agents . In economics , people 's behavior is explained in terms of rational choices , as constrained by prices and incomes . The economist accepts individuals ' preferences as givens . Becker and Stigler provide a forceful statement of this view :",
"On the traditional view , an explanation of economic phenomena that reaches a difference in tastes between people or times is the terminus of the argument : the problem is abandoned at this point to whoever studies and explains tastes ( psychologists ? anthropologists ? phrenologists ? sociobiologists ? ) . On our preferred interpretation , one never reaches this impasse : the economist continues to search for differences in prices or incomes to explain any differences or changes in behavior .",
"On the traditional view , an explanation of economic phenomena that reaches a difference in tastes between people or times is the terminus of the argument : the problem is abandoned at this point to whoever studies and explains tastes ( psychologists ? anthropologists ? phrenologists ? sociobiologists ? ) . On our preferred interpretation , one never reaches this impasse : the economist continues to search for differences in prices or incomes to explain any differences or changes in behavior .",
"Individualists are chiefly concerned with protecting individual autonomy against obligations imposed by social institutions ( such as the state or religious morality ) . For L. Susan Brown `` Liberalism and anarchism are two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individual freedom yet differ from one another in very distinct ways . Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism 's competitive property relations . ''",
"Civil libertarianism is a strain of political thought that supports civil liberties , or which emphasizes the supremacy of individual rights and personal freedoms over and against any kind of authority ( such as a state , a corporation , social norms imposed through peer pressure , etc . ) . Civil libertarianism is not a complete ideology ; rather , it is a collection of views on the specific issues of civil liberties and civil rights . Because of this , a civil libertarian outlook is compatible with many other political philosophies , and civil libertarianism is found on both the right and left in modern politics . For scholar Ellen Meiksins Wood `` there are doctrines of individualism that are opposed to Lockean individualism ... and non-lockean individualism may encompass socialism '' .",
"British Historians Emily Robinson , Camilla Schofield , Florence Sutcliffe - Braithwaite , and Natalie Thomlinson have argued that by the 1970s Britons were keen about defining and claiming their individual rights , identities and perspectives . They demanded greater personal autonomy and self - determination and less outside control . They angrily complained that the ' establishment ' was withholding it . They argue this shift in concerns helped cause Thatcherism , and was incorporated into Thatcherism 's appeal .",
"Part of a series on Liberalism Schools ( show ) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas ( hide ) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Right - libertarianism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism People ( show ) Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Nick Clegg Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Ludwig Joseph Brentano Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Thomas Hobbes L.T. Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka Auberon Herbert Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse Wilhelm von Humboldt John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Chantal Mouffe Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Zef Jubani Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal",
"Part of a series on",
"Liberalism",
"Schools ( show ) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory",
"History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory",
"History of liberalism",
"Contributions to liberal theory",
"Ideas ( hide ) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state",
"Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state",
"Civil and political rights",
"Democracy Liberal democracy",
"Liberal democracy",
"Freedom of the press",
"Freedom of religion",
"Freedom of speech",
"Laissez - faire",
"Natural and legal rights",
"Negative / positive liberty",
"Rule of law",
"Separation of church and state",
"Variants ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Right - libertarianism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism",
"Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Right - libertarianism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism",
"Anarcho - capitalism",
"Right - libertarianism",
"People ( show ) Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Nick Clegg Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Ludwig Joseph Brentano Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Thomas Hobbes L.T. Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka Auberon Herbert Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse Wilhelm von Humboldt John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Chantal Mouffe Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Zef Jubani Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun",
"Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Nick Clegg Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Ludwig Joseph Brentano Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Thomas Hobbes L.T. Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka Auberon Herbert Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse Wilhelm von Humboldt John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Chantal Mouffe Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Zef Jubani Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun",
"Rifa'a al - Tahtawi",
"Juan Bautista Alberdi",
"Simone de Beauvoir",
"Marquis de Condorcet",
"Ludwig Joseph Brentano",
"Jean le Rond d'Alembert",
"Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed",
"Ralph Waldo Emerson",
"Karl - Hermann Flach",
"John Kenneth Galbraith",
"William Lloyd Garrison",
"José Ortega y Gasset",
"David Lloyd George",
"John A. Hobson",
"Francisco Luís Gomes",
"Thomas Hill Green",
"John Maynard Keynes",
"Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse",
"Wilhelm von Humboldt",
"Salvador de Madariaga",
"John Stuart Mill",
"Ludwig von Mises",
"Donald Barkly Molteno",
"Leo Chiozza Money",
"Charles de Montesquieu",
"José María Luis Mora",
"Karl Raimund Popper",
"Jean - Jacques Rousseau",
"Jean - Baptiste Say",
"Hernando de Soto",
"Anne Louise Germaine de Staël",
"William Graham Sumner",
"Johan Rudolf Thorbecke",
"Henry David Thoreau",
"Alexis de Tocqueville",
"Antoine Destutt de Tracy",
"Anne Robert Jacques Turgot",
"Lester Frank Ward",
"Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN )",
"Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN )",
"Africa Liberal Network ( ALN )",
"Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE )",
"Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP )",
"Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF )",
"Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD )",
"European Democratic Party ( EDP )",
"European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC )",
"International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY )",
"Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL )",
"Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN )",
"Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe",
"Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe",
"Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left",
"Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left",
"Liberal bias in academia",
"Liberalism portal Politics portal",
"Liberalism portal Politics portal",
"",
"",
"Liberalism ( from the Latin liberalis , `` of freedom ; worthy of a free man , gentlemanlike , courteous , generous '' ) is the belief in the importance of individual freedom . This belief is widely accepted in the United States , Europe , Australia and other Western nations , and was recognized as an important value by many Western philosophers throughout history , in particular since the Enlightenment . It is often rejected by collectivist , Islamic , or confucian societies in Asia or the Middle East ( though Taoists were and are known to be individualists ) . The Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote praising `` the idea of a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech , and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom of the governed '' .",
"Modern liberalism has its roots in the Age of Enlightenment and rejects many foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government , such as the Divine Right of Kings , hereditary status , and established religion . John Locke is often credited with the philosophical foundations of classical liberalism . He wrote `` no one ought to harm another in his life , health , liberty , or possessions . ''",
"In the 17th century , liberal ideas began to influence governments in Europe , in nations such as The Netherlands , Switzerland , England and Poland , but they were strongly opposed , often by armed might , by those who favored absolute monarchy and established religion . In the 18th century , in America , the first modern liberal state was founded , without a monarch or a hereditary aristocracy . The American Declaration of Independence includes the words ( which echo Locke ) `` all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness ; that to insure these rights , governments are instituted among men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed . ''",
"Liberalism comes in many forms . According to John N. Gray , the essence of liberalism is toleration of different beliefs and of different ideas as to what constitutes a good life .",
"Part of the Politics series on Anarchism Schools of thought ( show ) Black Capitalist Christian Collectivist Communist Egoist Existentialist Feminist Green Individualist Insurrectionary Leftist Left - wing market Magonist Mutualist Naturist Pacifist Philosophical Platformist Post-anarchist Post-colonial Post-left Primitivist Queer Social Syndicalist Synthesist Vegan Without adjectives Theory Practice ( hide ) Anarchy Anarchist Black Cross Anationalism Anti-authoritarianism Anti-militarism Affinity group Black bloc Classless society Class struggle Communes Consensus democracy Conscientious objector Counter-economics Decentralization Deep ecology Direct action Direct democracy Dual power Especifismo Expropriative anarchism Free association Free love Free school Freethought Horizontalidad Illegalism Individualism Individual reclamation Isocracy Law Mutual aid Participatory politics Permanent autonomous zone Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Propaganda of the deed Refusal of work Revolution Rewilding Self - ownership Social center Social ecology Social insertion Somatherapy Spontaneous order Squatting Temporary Autonomous Zone Union of egoists People ( show ) Émile Armand Mikhail Bakunin Alexander Berkman Alfredo M. Bonanno Murray Bookchin Noam Chomsky Buenaventura Durruti Sébastien Faure Mahatma Gandhi William Godwin Emma Goldman Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Peter Kropotkin Gustav Landauer Ricardo Flores Magón Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta Louise Michel Johann Most Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Diego Abad de Santillán Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Volin Colin Ward Josiah Warren John Zerzan Issues ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Crypto - anarchism Animal rights Capitalism Education Criticisms Islam Lifestylism Marxism Nationalism Orthodox Judaism Religion Love and sex Violence History ( show ) Paris Commune Cantonal Revolution Hague Congress International Conference of Rome Trial of the Thirty Haymarket affair May Day Anarchist Exclusion Act Congress of Amsterdam Tragic Week High Treason Incident Manifesto of the Sixteen Individualist anarchism in the United States 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Bavarian Council Republic Kronstadt rebellion Third Russian Revolution Free Territory Amakasu Incident Escuela Moderna Individualist anarchism in Europe ( in France ) Spanish Revolution Barcelona May Days Red inverted triangle Labadie Collection May 1968 Provo LIP Kate Sharpley Library Australian Anarchist Centenary Carnival Against Capital 1999 Seattle WTO protests Occupy movement Culture ( show ) Films Anarchist Bookfair Anarcho - punk Arts Culture jamming DIY culture Freeganism Hip hop Independent Media Center Infoshop The Internationale Jewish anarchism `` Land and liberty '' Lifestylism `` No gods , no masters '' Popular education `` Property is theft ! '' Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Red and Anarchist Skinheads Squatting Symbolism Glossary A las Barricadas Economics ( show ) Communization Co-operatives Cost the limit of price Economic democracy Economic secession Gift economy Give - away shop Market abolitionism Mass strike Mutual aid Participatory economics Really Really Free Market Socialization Wage slavery Workers ' self - management By region ( show ) Africa Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bolivia Brazil Canada China Cuba Ecuador Egypt France French Guiana Germany Greece India Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Mexico Monaco New Zealand Poland Romania Russia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Transnistria Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam Lists ( show ) Anarcho - punk bands Communities Fictional characters Jewish anarchists Love & sex Musicians Organizations Periodicals Poets Russian anarchists Films Related topics ( show ) Anti-capitalism Anti-corporatism Anti-consumerism Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Anti-statism Anti-war Autarchism Autonomism Communism Labour movement Left communism Libertarianism Libertarian socialism Libertarian marxism Marxism Situationist International Socialism Spontaneous order Anarchism portal Politics portal",
"Part of the Politics series on",
"Anarchism",
"Schools of thought ( show ) Black Capitalist Christian Collectivist Communist Egoist Existentialist Feminist Green Individualist Insurrectionary Leftist Left - wing market Magonist Mutualist Naturist Pacifist Philosophical Platformist Post-anarchist Post-colonial Post-left Primitivist Queer Social Syndicalist Synthesist Vegan Without adjectives",
"Black Capitalist Christian Collectivist Communist Egoist Existentialist Feminist Green Individualist Insurrectionary Leftist Left - wing market Magonist Mutualist Naturist Pacifist Philosophical Platformist Post-anarchist Post-colonial Post-left Primitivist Queer Social Syndicalist Synthesist Vegan Without adjectives",
"Left - wing market",
"Theory Practice ( hide ) Anarchy Anarchist Black Cross Anationalism Anti-authoritarianism Anti-militarism Affinity group Black bloc Classless society Class struggle Communes Consensus democracy Conscientious objector Counter-economics Decentralization Deep ecology Direct action Direct democracy Dual power Especifismo Expropriative anarchism Free association Free love Free school Freethought Horizontalidad Illegalism Individualism Individual reclamation Isocracy Law Mutual aid Participatory politics Permanent autonomous zone Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Propaganda of the deed Refusal of work Revolution Rewilding Self - ownership Social center Social ecology Social insertion Somatherapy Spontaneous order Squatting Temporary Autonomous Zone Union of egoists",
"Theory Practice",
"Anarchy Anarchist Black Cross Anationalism Anti-authoritarianism Anti-militarism Affinity group Black bloc Classless society Class struggle Communes Consensus democracy Conscientious objector Counter-economics Decentralization Deep ecology Direct action Direct democracy Dual power Especifismo Expropriative anarchism Free association Free love Free school Freethought Horizontalidad Illegalism Individualism Individual reclamation Isocracy Law Mutual aid Participatory politics Permanent autonomous zone Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Propaganda of the deed Refusal of work Revolution Rewilding Self - ownership Social center Social ecology Social insertion Somatherapy Spontaneous order Squatting Temporary Autonomous Zone Union of egoists",
"Anarchist Black Cross",
"Permanent autonomous zone",
"Propaganda of the deed",
"Refusal of work",
"Self - ownership",
"Temporary Autonomous Zone",
"Union of egoists",
"People ( show ) Émile Armand Mikhail Bakunin Alexander Berkman Alfredo M. Bonanno Murray Bookchin Noam Chomsky Buenaventura Durruti Sébastien Faure Mahatma Gandhi William Godwin Emma Goldman Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Peter Kropotkin Gustav Landauer Ricardo Flores Magón Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta Louise Michel Johann Most Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Diego Abad de Santillán Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Volin Colin Ward Josiah Warren John Zerzan",
"Émile Armand Mikhail Bakunin Alexander Berkman Alfredo M. Bonanno Murray Bookchin Noam Chomsky Buenaventura Durruti Sébastien Faure Mahatma Gandhi William Godwin Emma Goldman Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Peter Kropotkin Gustav Landauer Ricardo Flores Magón Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta Louise Michel Johann Most Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Diego Abad de Santillán Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Volin Colin Ward Josiah Warren John Zerzan",
"Alfredo M. Bonanno",
"Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia",
"Ricardo Flores Magón",
"Pierre - Joseph Proudhon",
"Diego Abad de Santillán",
"Henry David Thoreau",
"Issues ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Crypto - anarchism Animal rights Capitalism Education Criticisms Islam Lifestylism Marxism Nationalism Orthodox Judaism Religion Love and sex Violence",
"Anarcho - capitalism Crypto - anarchism Animal rights Capitalism Education Criticisms Islam Lifestylism Marxism Nationalism Orthodox Judaism Religion Love and sex Violence",
"Anarcho - capitalism",
"Crypto - anarchism",
"Love and sex",
"History ( show ) Paris Commune Cantonal Revolution Hague Congress International Conference of Rome Trial of the Thirty Haymarket affair May Day Anarchist Exclusion Act Congress of Amsterdam Tragic Week High Treason Incident Manifesto of the Sixteen Individualist anarchism in the United States 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Bavarian Council Republic Kronstadt rebellion Third Russian Revolution Free Territory Amakasu Incident Escuela Moderna Individualist anarchism in Europe ( in France ) Spanish Revolution Barcelona May Days Red inverted triangle Labadie Collection May 1968 Provo LIP Kate Sharpley Library Australian Anarchist Centenary Carnival Against Capital 1999 Seattle WTO protests Occupy movement",
"Paris Commune Cantonal Revolution Hague Congress International Conference of Rome Trial of the Thirty Haymarket affair May Day Anarchist Exclusion Act Congress of Amsterdam Tragic Week High Treason Incident Manifesto of the Sixteen Individualist anarchism in the United States 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Bavarian Council Republic Kronstadt rebellion Third Russian Revolution Free Territory Amakasu Incident Escuela Moderna Individualist anarchism in Europe ( in France ) Spanish Revolution Barcelona May Days Red inverted triangle Labadie Collection May 1968 Provo LIP Kate Sharpley Library Australian Anarchist Centenary Carnival Against Capital 1999 Seattle WTO protests Occupy movement",
"International Conference of Rome",
"Trial of the Thirty",
"Anarchist Exclusion Act",
"Congress of Amsterdam",
"High Treason Incident",
"Manifesto of the Sixteen",
"Individualist anarchism in the United States",
"1919 United States bombings",
"German Revolution of 1918 -- 19",
"Bavarian Council Republic",
"Third Russian Revolution",
"Individualist anarchism in Europe ( in France )",
"Barcelona May Days",
"Red inverted triangle",
"Kate Sharpley Library",
"Australian Anarchist Centenary",
"Carnival Against Capital",
"1999 Seattle WTO protests",
"Culture ( show ) Films Anarchist Bookfair Anarcho - punk Arts Culture jamming DIY culture Freeganism Hip hop Independent Media Center Infoshop The Internationale Jewish anarchism `` Land and liberty '' Lifestylism `` No gods , no masters '' Popular education `` Property is theft ! '' Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Red and Anarchist Skinheads Squatting Symbolism Glossary A las Barricadas",
"Films Anarchist Bookfair Anarcho - punk Arts Culture jamming DIY culture Freeganism Hip hop Independent Media Center Infoshop The Internationale Jewish anarchism `` Land and liberty '' Lifestylism `` No gods , no masters '' Popular education `` Property is theft ! '' Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Red and Anarchist Skinheads Squatting Symbolism Glossary A las Barricadas",
"Anarcho - punk",
"Independent Media Center",
"`` Land and liberty ''",
"`` No gods , no masters ''",
"`` Property is theft ! ''",
"Red and Anarchist Skinheads",
"A las Barricadas",
"Economics ( show ) Communization Co-operatives Cost the limit of price Economic democracy Economic secession Gift economy Give - away shop Market abolitionism Mass strike Mutual aid Participatory economics Really Really Free Market Socialization Wage slavery Workers ' self - management",
"Communization Co-operatives Cost the limit of price Economic democracy Economic secession Gift economy Give - away shop Market abolitionism Mass strike Mutual aid Participatory economics Really Really Free Market Socialization Wage slavery Workers ' self - management",
"Cost the limit of price",
"Give - away shop",
"Really Really Free Market",
"Workers ' self - management",
"By region ( show ) Africa Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bolivia Brazil Canada China Cuba Ecuador Egypt France French Guiana Germany Greece India Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Mexico Monaco New Zealand Poland Romania Russia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Transnistria Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam",
"Africa Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bolivia Brazil Canada China Cuba Ecuador Egypt France French Guiana Germany Greece India Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Mexico Monaco New Zealand Poland Romania Russia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Transnistria Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam",
"Lists ( show ) Anarcho - punk bands Communities Fictional characters Jewish anarchists Love & sex Musicians Organizations Periodicals Poets Russian anarchists Films",
"Anarcho - punk bands Communities Fictional characters Jewish anarchists Love & sex Musicians Organizations Periodicals Poets Russian anarchists Films",
"Anarcho - punk bands",
"Love & sex",
"Related topics ( show ) Anti-capitalism Anti-corporatism Anti-consumerism Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Anti-statism Anti-war Autarchism Autonomism Communism Labour movement Left communism Libertarianism Libertarian socialism Libertarian marxism Marxism Situationist International Socialism Spontaneous order",
"Anti-capitalism Anti-corporatism Anti-consumerism Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Anti-statism Anti-war Autarchism Autonomism Communism Labour movement Left communism Libertarianism Libertarian socialism Libertarian marxism Marxism Situationist International Socialism Spontaneous order",
"Anarchism portal Politics portal",
"Anarchism portal Politics portal",
"",
"",
"Anarchism is a set of political philosophies that hold the state to be undesirable , unnecessary , or harmful , and often advocate stateless societies . While anti-statism is central , some argue that anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of human relations , including , but not limited to , the state system .",
"For influential Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta `` All anarchists , whatever tendency they belong to , are individualists in some way or other . But the opposite is not true ; not by any means . The individualists are thus divided into two distinct categories : one which claims the right to full development for all human individuality , their own and that of others ; the other which only thinks about its own individuality and has absolutely no hesitation in sacrificing the individuality of others . The Tsar of all the Russias belongs to the latter category of individualists . We belong to the former . ''",
"Individualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups , society , traditions , and ideological systems . Individualist anarchism is not a single philosophy but refers to a group of individualistic philosophies that sometimes are in conflict .",
"In 1793 , William Godwin , who has often been cited as the first anarchist , wrote Political Justice , which some consider to be the first expression of anarchism . Godwin , a philosophical anarchist , from a rationalist and utilitarian basis opposed revolutionary action and saw a minimal state as a present `` necessary evil '' that would become increasingly irrelevant and powerless by the gradual spread of knowledge . Godwin advocated individualism , proposing that all cooperation in labour be eliminated on the premise that this would be most conducive with the general good .",
"An influential form of individualist anarchism , called `` egoism , '' or egoist anarchism , was expounded by one of the earliest and best - known proponents of individualist anarchism , the German Max Stirner . Stirner 's The Ego and Its Own , published in 1844 , is a founding text of the philosophy . According to Stirner , the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire , without regard for God , state , or morality . To Stirner , rights were spooks in the mind , and he held that society does not exist but `` the individuals are its reality '' . Stirner advocated self - assertion and foresaw unions of egoists , non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties ' support through an act of will , which Stirner proposed as a form of organization in place of the state . Egoist anarchists claim that egoism will foster genuine and spontaneous union between individuals . `` Egoism '' has inspired many interpretations of Stirner 's philosophy . It was re-discovered and promoted by German philosophical anarchist and LGBT activist John Henry Mackay .",
"Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist , and the four - page weekly paper he edited during 1833 , The Peaceful Revolutionist , was the first anarchist periodical published . For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster `` It is apparent ... that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews ... William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form . '' . Henry David Thoreau ( 1817 -- 1862 ) was an important early influence in individualist anarchist thought in the United States and Europe . Thoreau was an American author , poet , naturalist , tax resister , development critic , surveyor , historian , philosopher , and leading transcendentalist . He is best known for his books Walden , a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings , and his essay , Civil Disobedience , an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state . Later Benjamin Tucker fused Stirner 's egoism with the economics of Warren and Proudhon in his eclectic influential publication Liberty .",
"From these early influences individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small but diverse following of bohemian artists and intellectuals , free love and birth control advocates ( see Anarchism and issues related to love and sex ) , individualist naturists nudists ( see anarcho - naturism ) , freethought and anti-clerical activists as well as young anarchist outlaws in what came to be known as illegalism and individual reclamation ( see European individualist anarchism and individualist anarchism in France ) . These authors and activists included Oscar Wilde , Emile Armand , Han Ryner , Henri Zisly , Renzo Novatore , Miguel Gimenez Igualada , Adolf Brand and Lev Chernyi among others . In his important essay The Soul of Man under Socialism from 1891 Oscar Wilde defended socialism as the way to guarantee individualism and so he saw that `` With the abolition of private property , then , we shall have true , beautiful , healthy Individualism . Nobody will waste his life in accumulating things , and the symbols for things . One will live . To live is the rarest thing in the world . Most people exist , that is all . '' For anarchist historian George Woodcock `` Wilde 's aim in The Soul of Man under Socialism is to seek the society most favorable to the artist ... for Wilde art is the supreme end , containing within itself enlightenment and regeneration , to which all else in society must be subordinated ... Wilde represents the anarchist as aesthete . '' Woodcock finds that `` The most ambitious contribution to literary anarchism during the 1890s was undoubtedly Oscar Wilde The Soul of Man under Socialism '' and finds that it is influenced mainly by the thought of William Godwin .",
"Ethical egoism ( also called simply egoism ) is the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self - interest . It differs from psychological egoism , which claims that people do only act in their self - interest . Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism , which holds merely that it is rational to act in one 's self - interest . However , these doctrines may occasionally be combined with ethical egoism .",
"Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism , which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help and serve others . Egoism and altruism both contrast with ethical utilitarianism , which holds that a moral agent should treat one 's self ( also known as the subject ) with no higher regard than one has for others ( as egoism does , by elevating self - interests and `` the self '' to a status not granted to others ) , but that one also should not ( as altruism does ) sacrifice one 's own interests to help others ' interests , so long as one 's own interests ( i.e. one 's own desires or well - being ) are substantially - equivalent to the others ' interests and well - being . Egoism , utilitarianism , and altruism are all forms of consequentialism , but egoism and altruism contrast with utilitarianism , in that egoism and altruism are both agent - focused forms of consequentialism ( i.e. subject - focused or subjective ) , but utilitarianism is called agent - neutral ( i.e. objective and impartial ) as it does not treat the subject 's ( i.e. the self 's , i.e. the moral `` agent 's '' ) own interests as being more or less important than if the same interests , desires , or well - being were anyone else 's .",
"Ethical egoism does not , however , require moral agents to harm the interests and well - being of others when making moral deliberation ; e.g. what is in an agent 's self - interest may be incidentally detrimental , beneficial , or neutral in its effect on others . Individualism allows for others ' interest and well - being to be disregarded or not , as long as what is chosen is efficacious in satisfying the self - interest of the agent . Nor does ethical egoism necessarily entail that , in pursuing self - interest , one ought always to do what one wants to do ; e.g. in the long term , the fulfilment of short - term desires may prove detrimental to the self . Fleeting pleasance , then , takes a back seat to protracted eudaemonia . In the words of James Rachels , `` Ethical egoism ( ... ) endorses selfishness , but it does n't endorse foolishness . ''",
"Ethical egoism is sometimes the philosophical basis for support of libertarianism or individualist anarchism as in Max Stirner , although these can also be based on altruistic motivations . These are political positions based partly on a belief that individuals should not coercively prevent others from exercising freedom of action .",
"Egoist anarchism is a school of anarchist thought that originated in the philosophy of Max Stirner , a nineteenth - century Hegelian philosopher whose `` name appears with familiar regularity in historically orientated surveys of anarchist thought as one of the earliest and best - known exponents of individualist anarchism . '' According to Stirner , the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire , without regard for God , state , or morality . Stirner advocated self - assertion and foresaw unions of egoists , non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties ' support through an act of will , which Stirner proposed as a form of organisation in place of the state . Egoist anarchists argue that egoism will foster genuine and spontaneous union between individuals . `` Egoism '' has inspired many interpretations of Stirner 's philosophy but within anarchism it has also gone beyond Stirner . It was re-discovered and promoted by German philosophical anarchist and LGBT activist John Henry Mackay . John Beverley Robinson wrote an essay called `` Egoism '' in which he states that `` Modern egoism , as propounded by Stirner and Nietzsche , and expounded by Ibsen , Shaw and others , is all these ; but it is more . It is the realization by the individual that they are an individual ; that , as far as they are concerned , they are the only individual . '' Nietzsche ( see Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche ) and Stirner were frequently compared by French `` literary anarchists '' and anarchist interpretations of Nietzschean ideas appear to have also been influential in the United States . Anarchists who adhered to egoism include Benjamin Tucker , Émile Armand , John Beverley Robinson , Adolf Brand , Steven T. Byington , Renzo Novatore , James L. Walker , Enrico Arrigoni , Biofilo Panclasta , Jun Tsuji , André Arru and contemporary ones such as Hakim Bey , Bob Black and Wolfi Landstreicher .",
"Existentialism is a term applied to the work of a number of 19th - and 20th - century philosophers who , despite profound doctrinal differences , generally held that the focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and his or her emotions , actions , responsibilities , and thoughts . The early 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard , posthumously regarded as the father of existentialism , maintained that the individual solely has the responsibilities of giving one 's own life meaning and living that life passionately and sincerely , in spite of many existential obstacles and distractions including despair , angst , absurdity , alienation , and boredom .",
"Subsequent existential philosophers retain the emphasis on the individual , but differ , in varying degrees , on how one achieves and what constitutes a fulfilling life , what obstacles must be overcome , and what external and internal factors are involved , including the potential consequences of the existence or non-existence of God . Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophy , in both style and content , as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience . Existentialism became fashionable in the post-World War years as a way to reassert the importance of human individuality and freedom .",
"Freethought holds that individuals should not accept ideas proposed as truth without recourse to knowledge and reason . Thus , freethinkers strive to build their opinions on the basis of facts , scientific inquiry , and logical principles , independent of any logical fallacies or intellectually limiting effects of authority , confirmation bias , cognitive bias , conventional wisdom , popular culture , prejudice , sectarianism , tradition , urban legend , and all other dogmas . Regarding religion , freethinkers hold that there is insufficient evidence to scientifically validate the existence of supernatural phenomena .",
"Humanism is a perspective common to a wide range of ethical stances that attaches importance to human dignity , concerns , and capabilities , particularly rationality . Although the word has many senses , its meaning comes into focus when contrasted to the supernatural or to appeals to authority . Since the 19th century , humanism has been associated with an anti-clericalism inherited from the 18th - century Enlightenment philosophes . 21st century Humanism tends to strongly endorse human rights , including reproductive rights , gender equality , social justice , and the separation of church and state . The term covers organized non-theistic religions , secular humanism , and a humanistic life stance .",
"Philosophical hedonism is a meta - ethical theory of value which argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and pain is the only intrinsic bad . The basic idea behind hedonistic thought is that pleasure ( an umbrella term for all inherently likable emotions ) is the only thing that is good in and of itself or by its very nature . The normative implications of this are evaluating character or behavior as morally good to the extent that one is concerned with pleasure / pain qua pleasure / pain or an action leads to a greater balance of pleasure over pain than any other would .",
"A libertine is one devoid of most moral restraints , which are seen as unnecessary or undesirable , especially one who ignores or even spurns accepted morals and forms of behaviour sanctified by the larger society . Libertines place value on physical pleasures , meaning those experienced through the senses . As a philosophy , libertinism gained new - found adherents in the 17th , 18th , and 19th centuries , particularly in France and Great Britain . Notable among these were John Wilmot , 2nd Earl of Rochester , and the Marquis de Sade . During the Baroque era in France , there existed a freethinking circle of philosophers and intellectuals who were collectively known as libertinage érudit and which included Gabriel Naudé , Élie Diodati and François de La Mothe Le Vayer . The critic Vivian de Sola Pinto linked John Wilmot , 2nd Earl of Rochester 's libertinism to Hobbesian materialism .",
"Part of a series on Libertarianism Origins ( show ) Age of Enlightenment Aristotelianism Classical liberalism Concepts ( show ) Anti-authoritarianism Antimilitarism Anti-statism Anti-war Argumentation ethics Class struggle Communes Counter-economics Crypto - anarchism Decentralization Direct action Dispute resolution organization Economic freedom Egalitarianism Expropriative anarchism Free market Free - market environmentalism Free migration Free society Free trade Free will Freedom of association Freedom of contract Gift economy Homestead principle Illegalism Individuality Individualism Individual reclamation Laissez - faire Liberty Limited government Localism Marriage privatization Natural and legal rights Night - watchman state Non-aggression principle Non-interventionism Non-politics Non-voting Participatory economics Polycentric law Private defense agency Propaganda of the deed Property Really Really Free Market Refusal of work Restorative justice Self - governance Self - ownership Single tax Spontaneous order Squatting Stateless society Tax resistance Title - transfer theory of contract Voluntary association Voluntary society Wage slavery Workers ' self - management Schools ( show ) Agorism Anarchism Anarcho - capitalism Autarchism Christian libertarianism Collectivist anarchism Consequentialist libertarianism Free - market anarchism Fusionism Geolibertarianism Georgism Green anarchism Green libertarianism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left - libertarianism Left - wing market anarchism Libertarian communism Libertarian Marxism Libertarian socialism Libertarian transhumanism Minarchism Mutualism Natural - rights libertarianism Paleolibertarianism Panarchism Right - libertarianism Social anarchism Voluntaryism People ( show ) Émile Armand Mikhail Bakunin Frédéric Bastiat Alexander Berkman Walter Block Murray Bookchin Jason Brennan Bryan Caplan Kevin Carson Voltairine de Cleyre Joseph Déjacque Buenaventura Durruti Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Ricardo Flores Magón David D. Friedman Milton Friedman Luigi Galleani Henry George William Godwin Emma Goldman Paul Goodman Friedrich Hayek Henry Hazlitt Auberon Herbert Karl Hess Thomas Hodgskin Hans - Hermann Hoppe Samuel Edward Konkin III Peter Kropotkin Étienne de La Boétie Gustav Landauer Rose Wilder Lane Roderick T. Long Tibor R. Machan Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta Wendy McElroy Carl Menger Louise Michel John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Tim Moen Gustave de Molinari Johann Most Albert Jay Nock Robert Nozick Marco Pannella Isabel Paterson Ron Paul Francesc Pi i Margall Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Ayn Rand Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard Jean - Baptiste Say J. Neil Schulman Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Voline Josiah Warren Thomas Woods Aspects ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism and minarchism Criticisms Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Objectivism Political parties Theories of law Organizations ( show ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties Students For Liberty Related topics ( show ) Austrian School of economics Civil libertarianism Constitutionalism Libertarian conservatism Libertarian Democrat Libertarian hip hop Libertarian Republican Libertarian science fiction Libertarian transhumanism Libertarianism in the United States Market liberalism Objectivism Public choice theory Small government Technolibertarianism Outline of libertarianism Libertarianism portal",
"Part of a series on",
"Libertarianism",
"Origins ( show ) Age of Enlightenment Aristotelianism Classical liberalism",
"Age of Enlightenment Aristotelianism Classical liberalism",
"Age of Enlightenment",
"Concepts ( show ) Anti-authoritarianism Antimilitarism Anti-statism Anti-war Argumentation ethics Class struggle Communes Counter-economics Crypto - anarchism Decentralization Direct action Dispute resolution organization Economic freedom Egalitarianism Expropriative anarchism Free market Free - market environmentalism Free migration Free society Free trade Free will Freedom of association Freedom of contract Gift economy Homestead principle Illegalism Individuality Individualism Individual reclamation Laissez - faire Liberty Limited government Localism Marriage privatization Natural and legal rights Night - watchman state Non-aggression principle Non-interventionism Non-politics Non-voting Participatory economics Polycentric law Private defense agency Propaganda of the deed Property Really Really Free Market Refusal of work Restorative justice Self - governance Self - ownership Single tax Spontaneous order Squatting Stateless society Tax resistance Title - transfer theory of contract Voluntary association Voluntary society Wage slavery Workers ' self - management",
"Anti-authoritarianism Antimilitarism Anti-statism Anti-war Argumentation ethics Class struggle Communes Counter-economics Crypto - anarchism Decentralization Direct action Dispute resolution organization Economic freedom Egalitarianism Expropriative anarchism Free market Free - market environmentalism Free migration Free society Free trade Free will Freedom of association Freedom of contract Gift economy Homestead principle Illegalism Individuality Individualism Individual reclamation Laissez - faire Liberty Limited government Localism Marriage privatization Natural and legal rights Night - watchman state Non-aggression principle Non-interventionism Non-politics Non-voting Participatory economics Polycentric law Private defense agency Propaganda of the deed Property Really Really Free Market Refusal of work Restorative justice Self - governance Self - ownership Single tax Spontaneous order Squatting Stateless society Tax resistance Title - transfer theory of contract Voluntary association Voluntary society Wage slavery Workers ' self - management",
"Crypto - anarchism",
"Dispute resolution organization",
"Free - market environmentalism",
"Freedom of association",
"Freedom of contract",
"Laissez - faire",
"Natural and legal rights",
"Night - watchman state",
"Private defense agency",
"Propaganda of the deed",
"Really Really Free Market",
"Refusal of work",
"Self - governance",
"Self - ownership",
"Title - transfer theory of contract",
"Workers ' self - management",
"Schools ( show ) Agorism Anarchism Anarcho - capitalism Autarchism Christian libertarianism Collectivist anarchism Consequentialist libertarianism Free - market anarchism Fusionism Geolibertarianism Georgism Green anarchism Green libertarianism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left - libertarianism Left - wing market anarchism Libertarian communism Libertarian Marxism Libertarian socialism Libertarian transhumanism Minarchism Mutualism Natural - rights libertarianism Paleolibertarianism Panarchism Right - libertarianism Social anarchism Voluntaryism",
"Agorism Anarchism Anarcho - capitalism Autarchism Christian libertarianism Collectivist anarchism Consequentialist libertarianism Free - market anarchism Fusionism Geolibertarianism Georgism Green anarchism Green libertarianism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left - libertarianism Left - wing market anarchism Libertarian communism Libertarian Marxism Libertarian socialism Libertarian transhumanism Minarchism Mutualism Natural - rights libertarianism Paleolibertarianism Panarchism Right - libertarianism Social anarchism Voluntaryism",
"Anarcho - capitalism",
"Free - market anarchism",
"Left - libertarianism",
"Left - wing market anarchism",
"Natural - rights libertarianism",
"Right - libertarianism",
"People ( show ) Émile Armand Mikhail Bakunin Frédéric Bastiat Alexander Berkman Walter Block Murray Bookchin Jason Brennan Bryan Caplan Kevin Carson Voltairine de Cleyre Joseph Déjacque Buenaventura Durruti Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Ricardo Flores Magón David D. Friedman Milton Friedman Luigi Galleani Henry George William Godwin Emma Goldman Paul Goodman Friedrich Hayek Henry Hazlitt Auberon Herbert Karl Hess Thomas Hodgskin Hans - Hermann Hoppe Samuel Edward Konkin III Peter Kropotkin Étienne de La Boétie Gustav Landauer Rose Wilder Lane Roderick T. Long Tibor R. Machan Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta Wendy McElroy Carl Menger Louise Michel John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Tim Moen Gustave de Molinari Johann Most Albert Jay Nock Robert Nozick Marco Pannella Isabel Paterson Ron Paul Francesc Pi i Margall Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Ayn Rand Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard Jean - Baptiste Say J. Neil Schulman Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Voline Josiah Warren Thomas Woods",
"Émile Armand Mikhail Bakunin Frédéric Bastiat Alexander Berkman Walter Block Murray Bookchin Jason Brennan Bryan Caplan Kevin Carson Voltairine de Cleyre Joseph Déjacque Buenaventura Durruti Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Ricardo Flores Magón David D. Friedman Milton Friedman Luigi Galleani Henry George William Godwin Emma Goldman Paul Goodman Friedrich Hayek Henry Hazlitt Auberon Herbert Karl Hess Thomas Hodgskin Hans - Hermann Hoppe Samuel Edward Konkin III Peter Kropotkin Étienne de La Boétie Gustav Landauer Rose Wilder Lane Roderick T. Long Tibor R. Machan Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta Wendy McElroy Carl Menger Louise Michel John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Tim Moen Gustave de Molinari Johann Most Albert Jay Nock Robert Nozick Marco Pannella Isabel Paterson Ron Paul Francesc Pi i Margall Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Ayn Rand Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard Jean - Baptiste Say J. Neil Schulman Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Voline Josiah Warren Thomas Woods",
"Voltairine de Cleyre",
"Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia",
"Ricardo Flores Magón",
"David D. Friedman",
"Hans - Hermann Hoppe",
"Samuel Edward Konkin III",
"Étienne de La Boétie",
"Rose Wilder Lane",
"Roderick T. Long",
"Tibor R. Machan",
"John Stuart Mill",
"Ludwig von Mises",
"Gustave de Molinari",
"Albert Jay Nock",
"Francesc Pi i Margall",
"Pierre - Joseph Proudhon",
"Jean - Baptiste Say",
"J. Neil Schulman",
"Henry David Thoreau",
"Aspects ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism and minarchism Criticisms Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Objectivism Political parties Theories of law",
"Anarcho - capitalism and minarchism Criticisms Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Objectivism Political parties Theories of law",
"Anarcho - capitalism and minarchism",
"Theories of law",
"Organizations ( show ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties Students For Liberty",
"International Alliance of Libertarian Parties Students For Liberty",
"International Alliance of Libertarian Parties",
"Students For Liberty",
"Related topics ( show ) Austrian School of economics Civil libertarianism Constitutionalism Libertarian conservatism Libertarian Democrat Libertarian hip hop Libertarian Republican Libertarian science fiction Libertarian transhumanism Libertarianism in the United States Market liberalism Objectivism Public choice theory Small government Technolibertarianism",
"Austrian School of economics Civil libertarianism Constitutionalism Libertarian conservatism Libertarian Democrat Libertarian hip hop Libertarian Republican Libertarian science fiction Libertarian transhumanism Libertarianism in the United States Market liberalism Objectivism Public choice theory Small government Technolibertarianism",
"Austrian School of economics",
"Libertarian hip hop",
"Libertarian science fiction",
"Libertarianism in the United States",
"Public choice theory",
"Outline of libertarianism Libertarianism portal",
"Outline of libertarianism Libertarianism portal",
"Outline of libertarianism",
"",
"",
"Objectivism is a system of philosophy created by philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand ( 1905 -- 1982 ) that holds : reality exists independent of consciousness ; human beings gain knowledge rationally from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive and deductive logic ; the moral purpose of one 's life is the pursuit of one 's own happiness or rational self - interest . Rand thinks the only social system consistent with this morality is full respect for individual rights , embodied in pure laissez faire capitalism ; and the role of art in human life is to transform man 's widest metaphysical ideas , by selective reproduction of reality , into a physical form -- a work of art -- that he can comprehend and to which he can respond emotionally . Objectivism celebrates man as his own hero , `` with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life , with productive achievement as his noblest activity , and reason as his only absolute . ''",
"Philosophical anarchism is an anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy and -- in contrast to revolutionary anarchism -- does not advocate violent revolution to eliminate it but advocate peaceful evolution to superate it . Though philosophical anarchism does not necessarily imply any action or desire for the elimination of the State , philosophical anarchists do not believe that they have an obligation or duty to obey the State , or conversely , that the State has a right to command .",
"Philosophical anarchism is a component especially of individualist anarchism . Philosophical anarchists of historical note include Mohandas Gandhi , William Godwin , Pierre - Joseph Proudhon , Max Stirner , Benjamin Tucker , and Henry David Thoreau . Contemporary philosophical anarchists include A. John Simmons and Robert Paul Wolff .",
"Subjectivism is a philosophical tenet that accords primacy to subjective experience as fundamental of all measure and law . In extreme forms like Solipsism , it may hold that the nature and existence of every object depends solely on someone 's subjective awareness of it . For example , Wittgenstein wrote in Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus : `` The subject does n't belong to the world , but it is a limit of the world '' ( proposition 5.632 ) . Metaphysical subjectivism is the theory that reality is what we perceive to be real , and that there is no underlying true reality that exists independently of perception . One can also hold that it is consciousness rather than perception that is reality ( subjective idealism ) . In probability , a subjectivism stands for the belief that probabilities are simply degrees - of - belief by rational agents in a certain proposition , and which have no objective reality in and of themselves .",
"Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism , which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts , independent of human opinion ; to error theory , which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense ; and to non-cognitivism , which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all . The most common forms of ethical subjectivism are also forms of moral relativism , with moral standards held to be relative to each culture or society ( c.f. cultural relativism ) , or even to every individual . The latter view , as put forward by Protagoras , holds that there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are subjects in the world . Moral subjectivism is that species of moral relativism that relativizes moral value to the individual subject .",
"Horst Matthai Quelle was a Spanish language German anarchist philosopher influenced by Max Stirner . He argued that since the individual gives form to the world , he is those objects , the others and the whole universe . One of his main views was a `` theory of infinite worlds '' which for him was developed by pre-socratic philosophers .",
"Solipsism is the philosophical idea that only one 's own mind is sure to exist . The term comes from Latin solus ( alone ) and ipse ( self ) . Solipsism as an epistemological position holds that knowledge of anything outside one 's own mind is unsure . The external world and other minds can not be known , and might not exist outside the mind . As a metaphysical position , solipsism goes further to the conclusion that the world and other minds do not exist . As such it is the only epistemological position that , by its own postulate , is both irrefutable and yet indefensible in the same manner . Although the number of individuals sincerely espousing solipsism has been small , it is not uncommon for one philosopher to accuse another 's arguments of entailing solipsism as an unwanted consequence , in a kind of reductio ad absurdum . In the history of philosophy , solipsism has served as a skeptical hypothesis .",
"The doctrine of economic individualism holds that each individual should be allowed autonomy in making his or her own economic decisions as opposed to those decisions being made by the state , the community , the corporation etc. for him or her .",
"Classical liberalism is a political ideology that developed in the 19th century in England , Western Europe , and the Americas . It followed earlier forms of liberalism in its commitment to personal freedom and popular government , but differed from earlier forms of liberalism in its commitment to free markets and classical economics . Notable classical liberals in the 19th century include Jean - Baptiste Say , Thomas Malthus , and David Ricardo . Classical liberalism was revived in the 20th century by Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek , and further developed by Milton Friedman , Robert Nozick , Loren Lomasky , and Jan Narveson . The phrase classical liberalism is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of liberalism before the 20th century .",
"In regards to economic questions within individualist anarchism there are adherents to mutualism ( Pierre Joseph Proudhon , Emile Armand , early Benjamin Tucker ) ; natural rights positions ( early Benjamin Tucker , Lysander Spooner , Josiah Warren ) ; and egoistic disrespect for `` ghosts '' such as private property and markets ( Max Stirner , John Henry Mackay , Lev Chernyi , later Benjamin Tucker , Renzo Novatore , illegalism ) . Contemporary individualist anarchist Kevin Carson characterizes American individualist anarchism saying that `` Unlike the rest of the socialist movement , the individualist anarchists believed that the natural wage of labor in a free market was its product , and that economic exploitation could only take place when capitalists and landlords harnessed the power of the state in their interests . Thus , individualist anarchism was an alternative both to the increasing statism of the mainstream socialist movement , and to a classical liberal movement that was moving toward a mere apologetic for the power of big business . ''",
"Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought which can be traced to the writings of Pierre - Joseph Proudhon , who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production , either individually or collectively , with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market . Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual - credit bank which would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate only high enough to cover the costs of administration . Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value which holds that when labor or its product is sold , in exchange , it ought to receive goods or services embodying `` the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility '' . Receiving anything less would be considered exploitation , theft of labor , or usury .",
"Part of a series on Libertarian socialism Political concepts ( show ) Anti-authoritarianism Anti-Leninism Anti-Stalinist left Anti-statism Classless society Consensus democracy Commune Decentralization Direct democracy Dual power Class struggle Egalitarian community Free association Free love Free school General strike Libertarian municipalism Libertarian possibilism Mutual aid Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Refusal of work Social center Stateless society Squatting Ultra-leftism Wage slavery Workers ' control Workers ' council Economics ( show ) Anarchist economics Anti-capitalism Anti-consumerism Cooperative Common ownership Common resources Cost the limit of price Decentralized planning Economic democracy Free store Gift economy Guilds Industrial democracy Really Really Free Market Social economy Social enterprise Socialization State capitalism Use value Worker cooperative People ( show ) Gerrard Winstanley Sylvain Maréchal William Godwin Charles Fourier Josiah Warren Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Max Stirner Mikhail Bakunin Louise Michel Peter Kropotkin Karl Marx William Morris Oscar Wilde Benjamin Tucker Errico Malatesta Leo Tolstoy Albert Parsons Lucy Parsons Francisco Ferrer Guardia Emma Goldman Alexander Berkman Leon Czolgosz Ricardo Flores Magón Rosa Luxemburg Karl Liebknecht Gustav Landauer Sacco and Vanzetti Rudolf Rocker Otto Rühle Antonie Pannekoek Buenaventura Durruti Diego Abad de Santillán Federica Montseny Nestor Makhno Stepan Maximovich Petrichenko Marinus van der Lubbe Sylvia Pankhurst Paul Mattick Wilhelm Reich Dorothy Day Albert Camus Jean - Paul Sartre Karl Korsch Herbert Marcuse Cornelius Castoriadis C.L.R. James Raya Dunayevskaya Grace Lee Boggs Paul Goodman Colin Ward Chris Pallis Daniel Guérin Murray Bookchin Guy Debord Raoul Vaneigem Abbie Hoffman Antonio Negri Silvia Federici Félix Guattari Noam Chomsky Howard Zinn Gilles Dauvé Alfredo M. Bonanno Subcomandante Marcos Abdullah Öcalan Philosophies and tendencies ( show ) Anarchist tendencies Anarchist communism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - syndicalism Christian anarchism Collectivist anarchism Egoist anarchism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left - wing market anarchism Magonism Makhnovism Mutualism Participism Platformism Synthesis anarchism Libertarian Marxist tendencies Autonomism Communization Council communism Johnson - Forest Tendency Luxemburgism Situationist International Other tendencies Communalism Democratic Confederalism Fourierism Inclusive Democracy Neozapatismo Significant events ( show ) Diggers Enragés Paris Commune Haymarket affair Assassination of William McKinley Strandzha Commune Russian Revolution Bavarian Soviet Republic German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 Biennio Rosso Ukrainian War of Independence Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks ( Kronstadt uprising ) Escuela Moderna Mexican Revolution Reichstag fire Spanish Revolution 1953 East German uprising 1956 Hungarian Revolution May 1968 in France Prague Spring Left communism in China Hippie movement Autonomia Operaia Zapatista uprising 1999 Seattle WTO protests Argentinazo Occupy movement Kurdisk - Turkish conflict ( 2015 rebellion ) Iran - PJAK conflict Rojava Revolution Related topics ( show ) Anarchism Libertarianism Left - libertarianism Marxism Socialism Anarchism portal Socialism portal Libertarianism portal Philosophy portal Politics portal",
"Part of a series on",
"Libertarian socialism",
"Political concepts ( show ) Anti-authoritarianism Anti-Leninism Anti-Stalinist left Anti-statism Classless society Consensus democracy Commune Decentralization Direct democracy Dual power Class struggle Egalitarian community Free association Free love Free school General strike Libertarian municipalism Libertarian possibilism Mutual aid Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Refusal of work Social center Stateless society Squatting Ultra-leftism Wage slavery Workers ' control Workers ' council",
"Anti-authoritarianism Anti-Leninism Anti-Stalinist left Anti-statism Classless society Consensus democracy Commune Decentralization Direct democracy Dual power Class struggle Egalitarian community Free association Free love Free school General strike Libertarian municipalism Libertarian possibilism Mutual aid Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Refusal of work Social center Stateless society Squatting Ultra-leftism Wage slavery Workers ' control Workers ' council",
"Refusal of work",
"Workers ' control",
"Workers ' council",
"Economics ( show ) Anarchist economics Anti-capitalism Anti-consumerism Cooperative Common ownership Common resources Cost the limit of price Decentralized planning Economic democracy Free store Gift economy Guilds Industrial democracy Really Really Free Market Social economy Social enterprise Socialization State capitalism Use value Worker cooperative",
"Anarchist economics Anti-capitalism Anti-consumerism Cooperative Common ownership Common resources Cost the limit of price Decentralized planning Economic democracy Free store Gift economy Guilds Industrial democracy Really Really Free Market Social economy Social enterprise Socialization State capitalism Use value Worker cooperative",
"Cost the limit of price",
"Really Really Free Market",
"People ( show ) Gerrard Winstanley Sylvain Maréchal William Godwin Charles Fourier Josiah Warren Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Max Stirner Mikhail Bakunin Louise Michel Peter Kropotkin Karl Marx William Morris Oscar Wilde Benjamin Tucker Errico Malatesta Leo Tolstoy Albert Parsons Lucy Parsons Francisco Ferrer Guardia Emma Goldman Alexander Berkman Leon Czolgosz Ricardo Flores Magón Rosa Luxemburg Karl Liebknecht Gustav Landauer Sacco and Vanzetti Rudolf Rocker Otto Rühle Antonie Pannekoek Buenaventura Durruti Diego Abad de Santillán Federica Montseny Nestor Makhno Stepan Maximovich Petrichenko Marinus van der Lubbe Sylvia Pankhurst Paul Mattick Wilhelm Reich Dorothy Day Albert Camus Jean - Paul Sartre Karl Korsch Herbert Marcuse Cornelius Castoriadis C.L.R. James Raya Dunayevskaya Grace Lee Boggs Paul Goodman Colin Ward Chris Pallis Daniel Guérin Murray Bookchin Guy Debord Raoul Vaneigem Abbie Hoffman Antonio Negri Silvia Federici Félix Guattari Noam Chomsky Howard Zinn Gilles Dauvé Alfredo M. Bonanno Subcomandante Marcos Abdullah Öcalan",
"Gerrard Winstanley Sylvain Maréchal William Godwin Charles Fourier Josiah Warren Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Max Stirner Mikhail Bakunin Louise Michel Peter Kropotkin Karl Marx William Morris Oscar Wilde Benjamin Tucker Errico Malatesta Leo Tolstoy Albert Parsons Lucy Parsons Francisco Ferrer Guardia Emma Goldman Alexander Berkman Leon Czolgosz Ricardo Flores Magón Rosa Luxemburg Karl Liebknecht Gustav Landauer Sacco and Vanzetti Rudolf Rocker Otto Rühle Antonie Pannekoek Buenaventura Durruti Diego Abad de Santillán Federica Montseny Nestor Makhno Stepan Maximovich Petrichenko Marinus van der Lubbe Sylvia Pankhurst Paul Mattick Wilhelm Reich Dorothy Day Albert Camus Jean - Paul Sartre Karl Korsch Herbert Marcuse Cornelius Castoriadis C.L.R. James Raya Dunayevskaya Grace Lee Boggs Paul Goodman Colin Ward Chris Pallis Daniel Guérin Murray Bookchin Guy Debord Raoul Vaneigem Abbie Hoffman Antonio Negri Silvia Federici Félix Guattari Noam Chomsky Howard Zinn Gilles Dauvé Alfredo M. Bonanno Subcomandante Marcos Abdullah Öcalan",
"Pierre - Joseph Proudhon",
"Francisco Ferrer Guardia",
"Ricardo Flores Magón",
"Sacco and Vanzetti",
"Diego Abad de Santillán",
"Stepan Maximovich Petrichenko",
"Marinus van der Lubbe",
"Jean - Paul Sartre",
"Grace Lee Boggs",
"Alfredo M. Bonanno",
"Philosophies and tendencies ( show ) Anarchist tendencies Anarchist communism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - syndicalism Christian anarchism Collectivist anarchism Egoist anarchism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left - wing market anarchism Magonism Makhnovism Mutualism Participism Platformism Synthesis anarchism Libertarian Marxist tendencies Autonomism Communization Council communism Johnson - Forest Tendency Luxemburgism Situationist International Other tendencies Communalism Democratic Confederalism Fourierism Inclusive Democracy Neozapatismo",
"Anarchist tendencies Anarchist communism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - syndicalism Christian anarchism Collectivist anarchism Egoist anarchism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left - wing market anarchism Magonism Makhnovism Mutualism Participism Platformism Synthesis anarchism Libertarian Marxist tendencies Autonomism Communization Council communism Johnson - Forest Tendency Luxemburgism Situationist International Other tendencies Communalism Democratic Confederalism Fourierism Inclusive Democracy Neozapatismo",
"Anarchist tendencies",
"Anarchist communism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - syndicalism Christian anarchism Collectivist anarchism Egoist anarchism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left - wing market anarchism Magonism Makhnovism Mutualism Participism Platformism Synthesis anarchism",
"Anarchist communism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - syndicalism Christian anarchism Collectivist anarchism Egoist anarchism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left - wing market anarchism Magonism Makhnovism Mutualism Participism Platformism Synthesis anarchism",
"Anarcho - pacifism",
"Anarcho - syndicalism",
"Left - wing market anarchism",
"Libertarian Marxist tendencies",
"Autonomism Communization Council communism Johnson - Forest Tendency Luxemburgism Situationist International",
"Autonomism Communization Council communism Johnson - Forest Tendency Luxemburgism Situationist International",
"Johnson - Forest Tendency",
"Other tendencies",
"Communalism Democratic Confederalism Fourierism Inclusive Democracy Neozapatismo",
"Communalism Democratic Confederalism Fourierism Inclusive Democracy Neozapatismo",
"Significant events ( show ) Diggers Enragés Paris Commune Haymarket affair Assassination of William McKinley Strandzha Commune Russian Revolution Bavarian Soviet Republic German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 Biennio Rosso Ukrainian War of Independence Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks ( Kronstadt uprising ) Escuela Moderna Mexican Revolution Reichstag fire Spanish Revolution 1953 East German uprising 1956 Hungarian Revolution May 1968 in France Prague Spring Left communism in China Hippie movement Autonomia Operaia Zapatista uprising 1999 Seattle WTO protests Argentinazo Occupy movement Kurdisk - Turkish conflict ( 2015 rebellion ) Iran - PJAK conflict Rojava Revolution",
"Diggers Enragés Paris Commune Haymarket affair Assassination of William McKinley Strandzha Commune Russian Revolution Bavarian Soviet Republic German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 Biennio Rosso Ukrainian War of Independence Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks ( Kronstadt uprising ) Escuela Moderna Mexican Revolution Reichstag fire Spanish Revolution 1953 East German uprising 1956 Hungarian Revolution May 1968 in France Prague Spring Left communism in China Hippie movement Autonomia Operaia Zapatista uprising 1999 Seattle WTO protests Argentinazo Occupy movement Kurdisk - Turkish conflict ( 2015 rebellion ) Iran - PJAK conflict Rojava Revolution",
"Assassination of William McKinley",
"Bavarian Soviet Republic",
"German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919",
"Ukrainian War of Independence",
"Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks ( Kronstadt uprising )",
"1953 East German uprising",
"1956 Hungarian Revolution",
"May 1968 in France",
"Left communism in China",
"1999 Seattle WTO protests",
"Kurdisk - Turkish conflict ( 2015 rebellion )",
"Iran - PJAK conflict",
"Related topics ( show ) Anarchism Libertarianism Left - libertarianism Marxism Socialism",
"Anarchism Libertarianism Left - libertarianism Marxism Socialism",
"Left - libertarianism",
"Anarchism portal Socialism portal Libertarianism portal Philosophy portal Politics portal",
"Anarchism portal Socialism portal Libertarianism portal Philosophy portal Politics portal",
"",
"",
"Libertarian socialism ( sometimes dubbed socialist libertarianism , or left - libertarianism ) is a group of anti-authoritarian political philosophies inside the socialist movement that rejects socialism as centralized state ownership and control of the economy , as well as the state itself . It criticizes wage labour relationships within the workplace . Instead , it emphasizes workers ' self - management of the workplace and decentralized structures of political organization . It asserts that a society based on freedom and justice can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite . Libertarian socialists advocate for decentralized structures based on direct democracy and federal or confederal associations such as libertarian municipalism , citizens ' assemblies , trade unions , and workers ' councils . All of this is generally done within a general call for libertarian and voluntary human relationships through the identification , criticism , and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life . As such libertarian socialism , within the larger socialist movement , seeks to distinguish itself both from Leninism / Bolshevism and from social democracy .",
"Past and present political philosophies and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include anarchism ( especially anarchist communism , anarchist collectivism , anarcho - syndicalism , and mutualism ) as well as autonomism , communalism , participism , guild socialism , revolutionary syndicalism , and libertarian Marxist philosophies such as council communism and Luxemburgism ; as well as some versions of `` utopian socialism '' and individualist anarchism .",
"Left - libertarianism ( or left - wing libertarianism ) names several related but distinct approaches to politics , society , culture , and political and social theory , which stress both individual freedom and social justice . Unlike right - libertarians , they believe that neither claiming nor mixing one 's labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights , and maintain that natural resources ( land , oil , gold , trees ) ought to be held in some egalitarian manner , either unowned or owned collectively . Those left - libertarians who support private property do so under the condition that recompense is offered to the local community .",
"Left - libertarianism can refer generally to three related and overlapping schools of thought :",
"Anti-authoritarian varieties of left - wing politics and , in particular , the socialist movement , usually known as libertarian socialism . Geolibertarianism : a synthesis of libertarianism and geoism ( or Georgism ) The Steiner -- Vallentyne school , whose proponents draw conclusions from classical liberal or market liberal premises . Left - wing market anarchism , which stresses the socially transformative potential of non-aggression and anticapitalist , freed markets .",
"Anti-authoritarian varieties of left - wing politics and , in particular , the socialist movement , usually known as libertarian socialism .",
"Geolibertarianism : a synthesis of libertarianism and geoism ( or Georgism )",
"The Steiner -- Vallentyne school , whose proponents draw conclusions from classical liberal or market liberal premises .",
"Left - wing market anarchism , which stresses the socially transformative potential of non-aggression and anticapitalist , freed markets .",
"Right - libertarianism or right libertarianism is a phrase used by some to describe either non-collectivist forms of libertarianism or a variety of different libertarian views some label `` right '' of mainstream libertarianism including `` libertarian conservatism '' .",
"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy calls it `` right libertarianism '' but states : `` Libertarianism is often thought of as ' right - wing ' doctrine . This , however , is mistaken for at least two reasons . First , on social -- rather than economic -- issues , libertarianism tends to be ' left - wing ' . It opposes laws that restrict consensual and private sexual relationships between adults ( e.g. , gay sex , non-marital sex , and deviant sex ) , laws that restrict drug use , laws that impose religious views or practices on individuals , and compulsory military service . Second , in addition to the better - known version of libertarianism -- right - libertarianism -- there is also a version known as ' left - libertarianism ' . Both endorse full self - ownership , but they differ with respect to the powers agents have to appropriate unappropriated natural resources ( land , air , water , etc . ) . ''",
"The anarchist writer and bohemian Oscar Wilde wrote in his famous essay The Soul of Man under Socialism that `` Art is individualism , and individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force . There lies its immense value . For what it seeks is to disturb monotony of type , slavery of custom , tyranny of habit , and the reduction of man to the level of a machine . '' For anarchist historian George Woodcock `` Wilde 's aim in The Soul of Man under Socialism is to seek the society most favorable to the artist ... for Wilde art is the supreme end , containing within itself enlightenment and regeneration , to which all else in society must be subordinated ... Wilde represents the anarchist as aesthete . '' The word individualism in this way has been used to denote a personality with a strong tendency towards self - creation and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors",
"Anarchist writer Murray Bookchin describes a lot of individualist anarchism as people who `` expressed their opposition in uniquely personal forms , especially in fiery tracts , outrageous behavior , and aberrant lifestyles in the cultural ghettos of fin de sicle New York , Paris , and London . As a credo , individualist anarchism remained largely a bohemian lifestyle , most conspicuous in its demands for sexual freedom ( ' free love ' ) and enamored of innovations in art , behavior , and clothing . ''",
"In relation to this view of individuality , French Individualist anarchist Emile Armand advocates egoistical denial of social conventions and dogmas to live in accord to one 's own ways and desires in daily life since he emphasized anarchism as a way of life and practice . In this way he manifests `` So the anarchist individualist tends to reproduce himself , to perpetuate his spirit in other individuals who will share his views and who will make it possible for a state of affairs to be established from which authoritarianism has been banished . It is this desire , this will , not only to live , but also to reproduce oneself , which we shall call `` activity '' .",
"In the book Imperfect garden : the legacy of humanism , humanist philosopher Tzvetan Todorov identifies individualism as an important current of socio - political thought within modernity and as examples of it he mentions Michel de Montaigne , François de La Rochefoucauld , Marquis de Sade , and Charles Baudelaire In La Rochefoucauld , he identifies a tendency similar to stoicism in which `` the honest person works his being in the manner of a sculptor who searches the liberation of the forms which are inside a block of marble , to extract the truth of that matter . '' In Baudelaire he finds the dandy trait in which one searches to cultivate `` the idea of beauty within oneself , of satisfying one 's passions of feeling and thinking . ''",
"The Russian - American poet Joseph Brodsky once manifested that `` The surest defense against Evil is extreme individualism , originality of thinking , whimsicality , even -- if you will -- eccentricity . That is , something that ca n't be feigned , faked , imitated ; something even a seasoned imposter could n't be happy with . '' Ralph Waldo Emerson famously declared `` , `` Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist '' -- a point of view developed at length in both the life and work of ( Henry David ) Thoreau . Equally memorable and influential on Walt Whitman is Emerson 's idea that `` a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds , adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines . '' ... Emerson opposes on principle the reliance on social structures ( civil , religious ) precisely because through them the individual approaches the divine second hand , mediated by the once original experience of a genius from another age : `` An institution , '' as he explains , `` is the lengthened shadow of one man . '' To achieve this original relation one must `` Insist on one 's self ; never imitate '' for if the relationship is secondary the connection is lost . ''"
] | Individualism - wikipedia Individualism Jump to: navigation , search `` Individual freedom'' redirects here. For other uses, see personal freedom and personal liberty . Part of a series on Individualism Topics and concepts (hide) Autonomy Civil liberties Do it yourself Eremitism Free love Freethought Human rights Individual Individual rights Individual reclamation Individuation Laissez-faire Libertinism Liberty Methodological individualism Negative liberty Personal property Positive liberty Private property Self-actualization Self-ownership Self reliance Subjectivity Thinkers (hide) Antiphon Aristippus Aristotle Émile Armand Albert Camus Diogenes of Sinope Ralph Waldo Emerson Epicurus William Godwin Emma Goldman Friedrich Hayek Karl Hess Miguel Giménez Igualada Thomas Jefferson Laozi Albert Libertad John Locke Hipparchia of Maroneia H.L. Mencken John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Michel de Montaigne Friedrich Nietzsche Renzo Novatore Robert Nozick Michel Onfray Georges Palante Horst Matthai Quelle Ayn Rand Murray Rothbard Han Ryner Marquis de Sade Arthur Schopenhauer Adam Smith Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Benjamin Tucker James L. Walker Josiah Warren Oscar Wilde Zeno Yang Zhu Philosophies (hide) Anarchism Anarcho-capitalism Classical liberalism Egoist anarchism Ethical egoism Existentialism Hedonism Humanism Individualist anarchism Individualist feminism Equity feminism Liberal feminism Left-libertarianism Left-wing market anarchism Liberalism Libertarianism Libertarian socialism Minarchism Mutualism Objectivism Right libertarianism Social anarchism Voluntaryism Principal concerns (hide) Anti-individualism Authoritarianism Collectivism Conformity Dogmatism Group rights Herd mentality Indoctrination Mass society Mobbing Social engineering Statism Tyranny Tyranny of the majority Theocracy Totalitarianism Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy , ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual . Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the government. Individualism is often defined in contrast to totalitarianism , collectivism , authoritarianism , communitarianism , tribalism , and more corporate social forms. Individualism makes the individual its focus and so starts `` with the fundamental premise that the human individual is of primary importance in the struggle for liberation.'' Classical liberalism , existentialism , and anarchism are examples of movements that take the human individual as a central unit of analysis. Individualism thus involves `` the right of the individual to freedom and self-realization'' . It has also been used as a term denoting `` The quality of being an individual; individuality'' related to possessing `` An individual characteristic; a quirk .'' Individualism is thus also associated with artistic and bohemian interests and lifestyles where there is a tendency towards self-creation and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors as so also with humanist philosophical positions and ethics. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 The individual 3 Individualism and society 3.1 Individuation principle 3.2 Methodological individualism 4 Political individualism 4.1 Liberalism 4.2 Anarchism 4.2.1 Individualist anarchism 5 Philosophical individualism 5.1 Ethical egoism 5.1.1 Egoist anarchism 5.2 Existentialism 5.3 Freethought 5.4 Humanism 5.5 Hedonism 5.6 Libertinism 5.7 Objectivism 5.8 Philosophical anarchism 5.9 Subjectivism 5.9.1 Solipsism 6 Economic individualism 6.1 Liberalism 6.2 Individualist anarchism and economics 6.2.1 Mutualism 6.3 Libertarian socialism 6.4 Left-libertarianism 6.5 Right-libertarianism 7 As creative independent lifestyle 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) In the English language , the word `` individualism'' was first introduced, as a pejorative, by the Owenites in the late 1830s, although it is unclear if they were influenced by Saint-Simonianism or came up with it independently. A more positive use of the term in Britain came to be used with the writings of James Elishama Smith , who was a millenarian and a Christian Israelite . Although an early Owenite socialist, he eventually rejected its collective idea of property, and found in individualism a `` universalism'' that allowed for the development of the `` original genius.'' Without individualism, Smith argued, individuals cannot amass property to increase one's happiness. William Maccall , another Unitarian preacher, and probably an acquaintance of Smith, came somewhat later, although influenced by John Stuart Mill , Thomas Carlyle , and German Romanticism , to the same positive conclusions, in his 1847 work `` Elements of Individualism'' . The individual ( edit ) Main article: Individual An individual is a person or any specific object in a collection. In the 15th century and earlier, and also today within the fields of statistics and metaphysics , individual means `` indivisible'' , typically describing any numerically singular thing, but sometimes meaning `` a person.'' (q.v. `` The problem of proper names '' ). From the 17th century on, individual indicates separateness, as in individualism. Individuality is the state or quality of being an individual; a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs, goals, and desires. Individualism and society ( edit ) Individualism holds that a person taking part in society attempts to learn and discover what his or her own interests are on a personal basis, without a presumed following of the interests of a societal structure (an individualist need not be an egoist ). The individualist does not follow one particular philosophy, rather creates an amalgamation of elements of many, based on personal interests in particular aspects that she/he finds of use. On a societal level, the individualist participates on a personally structured political and moral ground. Independent thinking and opinion is a common trait of an individualist. Jean-Jacques Rousseau , claims that his concept of `` general will '' in the `` social contract '' is not the simple collection of individual wills and that it furthers the interests of the individual (the constraint of law itself would be beneficial for the individual, as the lack of respect for the law necessarily entails, in Rousseau's eyes, a form of ignorance and submission to one's passions instead of the preferred autonomy of reason ). Societies and groups can differ in the extent to which they are based upon predominantly `` self-regarding'' (individualistic, and/or self-interested) behaviors, rather than `` other-regarding'' (group-oriented, and group, or society-minded) behaviors. Ruth Benedict made a distinction, relevant in this context, between `` guilt'' societies (e.g., medieval Europe ) with an `` internal reference standard'' , and `` shame'' societies (e.g., Japan, `` bringing shame upon one's ancestors'' ) with an `` external reference standard'' , where people look to their peers for feedback on whether an action is `` acceptable'' or not (also known as `` group-think '' ). Individualism is often contrasted either with totalitarianism or with collectivism , but in fact, there is a spectrum of behaviors at the societal level ranging from highly individualistic societies through mixed societies to collectivist. Individuation principle ( edit ) Main article: Individuation The principle of individuation , or principium individuationis , describes the manner in which a thing is identified as distinguished from other things. For Carl Jung , individuation is a process of transformation, whereby the personal and collective unconscious is brought into consciousness (by means of dreams, active imagination or free association to take some examples) to be assimilated into the whole personality. It is a completely natural process necessary for the integration of the psyche to take place. Jung considered individuation to be the central process of human development. In L'individuation psychique et collective , Gilbert Simondon developed a theory of individual and collective individuation in which the individual subject is considered as an effect of individuation rather than a cause. Thus, the individual atom is replaced by a never-ending ontological process of individuation. Individuation is an always incomplete process, always leaving a `` pre-individual'' left-over, itself making possible future individuations. The philosophy of Bernard Stiegler draws upon and modifies the work of Gilbert Simondon on individuation and also upon similar ideas in Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud . For Stiegler `` the I , as a psychic individual, can only be thought in relationship to we , which is a collective individual. The I is constituted in adopting a collective tradition, which it inherits and in which a plurality of I ' s acknowledge each other's existence.'' Methodological individualism ( edit ) Methodological individualism is the view that phenomena can only be understood by examining how they result from the motivations and actions of individual agents. In economics, people's behavior is explained in terms of rational choices, as constrained by prices and incomes. The economist accepts individuals' preferences as givens. Becker and Stigler provide a forceful statement of this view: On the traditional view, an explanation of economic phenomena that reaches a difference in tastes between people or times is the terminus of the argument: the problem is abandoned at this point to whoever studies and explains tastes (psychologists? anthropologists? phrenologists? sociobiologists?). On our preferred interpretation, one never reaches this impasse: the economist continues to search for differences in prices or incomes to explain any differences or changes in behavior. Political individualism ( edit ) With the abolition of private property, then, we shall have true, beautiful, healthy Individualism. Nobody will waste his life in accumulating things, and the symbols for things. One will live. To live is the rarest thing in the world. Most people exist, that is all. Oscar Wilde , The Soul of Man under Socialism , 1891 Individualists are chiefly concerned with protecting individual autonomy against obligations imposed by social institutions (such as the state or religious morality). For L. Susan Brown `` Liberalism and anarchism are two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individual freedom yet differ from one another in very distinct ways. Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism's competitive property relations.'' Civil libertarianism is a strain of political thought that supports civil liberties, or which emphasizes the supremacy of individual rights and personal freedoms over and against any kind of authority (such as a state , a corporation , social norms imposed through peer pressure , etc.). Civil libertarianism is not a complete ideology ; rather, it is a collection of views on the specific issues of civil liberties and civil rights . Because of this, a civil libertarian outlook is compatible with many other political philosophies, and civil libertarianism is found on both the right and left in modern politics. For scholar Ellen Meiksins Wood `` there are doctrines of individualism that are opposed to Lockean individualism ... and non-lockean individualism may encompass socialism '' . British Historians Emily Robinson, Camilla Schofield, Florence Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, and Natalie Thomlinson have argued that by the 1970s Britons were keen about defining and claiming their individual rights, identities and perspectives. They demanded greater personal autonomy and self-determination and less outside control. They angrily complained that the ' establishment' was withholding it. They argue this shift in concerns helped cause Thatcherism , and was incorporated into Thatcherism's appeal. Liberalism ( edit ) Main article: Liberalism Part of a series on Liberalism Schools (show) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas (hide) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez-faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants (show) Anarcho-capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Right-libertarianism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism People (show) Rifa'a al-Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Nick Clegg Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Ludwig Joseph Brentano Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl-Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Thomas Hobbes L.T. Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka Auberon Herbert Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse Wilhelm von Humboldt John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Chantal Mouffe Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Zef Jubani Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations (show) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network (ALN) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDEP) Arab Liberal Federation (ALF) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats (CALD) European Democratic Party (EDP) European Liberal Youth (LYMEC) International Federation of Liberal Youth (IFLRY) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America (RELIAL) Liberal South East European Network (LIBSEEN) Regional variants (show) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics (show) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal Liberalism (from the Latin liberalis , `` of freedom; worthy of a free man, gentlemanlike, courteous, generous'' ) is the belief in the importance of individual freedom. This belief is widely accepted in the United States, Europe, Australia and other Western nations, and was recognized as an important value by many Western philosophers throughout history, in particular since the Enlightenment . It is often rejected by collectivist, Islamic, or confucian societies in Asia or the Middle East (though Taoists were and are known to be individualists). The Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote praising `` the idea of a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech, and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom of the governed'' . Modern liberalism has its roots in the Age of Enlightenment and rejects many foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government, such as the Divine Right of Kings , hereditary status, and established religion . John Locke is often credited with the philosophical foundations of classical liberalism . He wrote `` no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.'' In the 17th century, liberal ideas began to influence governments in Europe, in nations such as The Netherlands, Switzerland, England and Poland, but they were strongly opposed, often by armed might, by those who favored absolute monarchy and established religion. In the 18th century, in America, the first modern liberal state was founded, without a monarch or a hereditary aristocracy. The American Declaration of Independence includes the words (which echo Locke) `` all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; that to insure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.'' Liberalism comes in many forms. According to John N. Gray , the essence of liberalism is toleration of different beliefs and of different ideas as to what constitutes a good life. Anarchism ( edit ) Main article: Anarchism Part of the Politics series on Anarchism Schools of thought (show) Black Capitalist Christian Collectivist Communist Egoist Existentialist Feminist Green Individualist Insurrectionary Leftist Left-wing market Magonist Mutualist Naturist Pacifist Philosophical Platformist Post-anarchist Post-colonial Post-left Primitivist Queer Social Syndicalist Synthesist Vegan Without adjectives Theory Practice (hide) Anarchy Anarchist Black Cross Anationalism Anti-authoritarianism Anti-militarism Affinity group Black bloc Classless society Class struggle Communes Consensus democracy Conscientious objector Counter-economics Decentralization Deep ecology Direct action Direct democracy Dual power Especifismo Expropriative anarchism Free association Free love Free school Freethought Horizontalidad Illegalism Individualism Individual reclamation Isocracy Law Mutual aid Participatory politics Permanent autonomous zone Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Propaganda of the deed Refusal of work Revolution Rewilding Self-ownership Social center Social ecology Social insertion Somatherapy Spontaneous order Squatting Temporary Autonomous Zone Union of egoists People (show) Émile Armand Mikhail Bakunin Alexander Berkman Alfredo M. Bonanno Murray Bookchin Noam Chomsky Buenaventura Durruti Sébastien Faure Mahatma Gandhi William Godwin Emma Goldman Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Peter Kropotkin Gustav Landauer Ricardo Flores Magón Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta Louise Michel Johann Most Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Diego Abad de Santillán Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Volin Colin Ward Josiah Warren John Zerzan Issues (show) Anarcho-capitalism Crypto-anarchism Animal rights Capitalism Education Criticisms Islam Lifestylism Marxism Nationalism Orthodox Judaism Religion Love and sex Violence History (show) Paris Commune Cantonal Revolution Hague Congress International Conference of Rome Trial of the Thirty Haymarket affair May Day Anarchist Exclusion Act Congress of Amsterdam Tragic Week High Treason Incident Manifesto of the Sixteen Individualist anarchism in the United States 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso German Revolution of 1918-- 19 Bavarian Council Republic Kronstadt rebellion Third Russian Revolution Free Territory Amakasu Incident Escuela Moderna Individualist anarchism in Europe ( in France ) Spanish Revolution Barcelona May Days Red inverted triangle Labadie Collection May 1968 Provo LIP Kate Sharpley Library Australian Anarchist Centenary Carnival Against Capital 1999 Seattle WTO protests Occupy movement Culture (show) Films Anarchist Bookfair Anarcho-punk Arts Culture jamming DIY culture Freeganism Hip hop Independent Media Center Infoshop The Internationale Jewish anarchism `` Land and liberty '' Lifestylism `` No gods, no masters '' Popular education `` Property is theft! '' Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Red and Anarchist Skinheads Squatting Symbolism Glossary A las Barricadas Economics (show) Communization Co-operatives Cost the limit of price Economic democracy Economic secession Gift economy Give-away shop Market abolitionism Mass strike Mutual aid Participatory economics Really Really Free Market Socialization Wage slavery Workers' self-management By region (show) Africa Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bolivia Brazil Canada China Cuba Ecuador Egypt France French Guiana Germany Greece India Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Mexico Monaco New Zealand Poland Romania Russia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Transnistria Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam Lists (show) Anarcho-punk bands Communities Fictional characters Jewish anarchists Love & sex Musicians Organizations Periodicals Poets Russian anarchists Films Related topics (show) Anti-capitalism Anti-corporatism Anti-consumerism Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Anti-statism Anti-war Autarchism Autonomism Communism Labour movement Left communism Libertarianism Libertarian socialism Libertarian marxism Marxism Situationist International Socialism Spontaneous order Anarchism portal Politics portal Anarchism is a set of political philosophies that hold the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, or harmful, and often advocate stateless societies . While anti-statism is central, some argue that anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of human relations, including, but not limited to, the state system. For influential Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta `` All anarchists, whatever tendency they belong to, are individualists in some way or other. But the opposite is not true; not by any means. The individualists are thus divided into two distinct categories: one which claims the right to full development for all human individuality, their own and that of others; the other which only thinks about its own individuality and has absolutely no hesitation in sacrificing the individuality of others. The Tsar of all the Russias belongs to the latter category of individualists. We belong to the former.'' Individualist anarchism ( edit ) Main article: Individualist anarchism Individualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems. Individualist anarchism is not a single philosophy but refers to a group of individualistic philosophies that sometimes are in conflict. In 1793, William Godwin , who has often been cited as the first anarchist, wrote Political Justice , which some consider to be the first expression of anarchism. Godwin, a philosophical anarchist, from a rationalist and utilitarian basis opposed revolutionary action and saw a minimal state as a present `` necessary evil'' that would become increasingly irrelevant and powerless by the gradual spread of knowledge. Godwin advocated individualism, proposing that all cooperation in labour be eliminated on the premise that this would be most conducive with the general good. An influential form of individualist anarchism, called `` egoism,'' or egoist anarchism, was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, the German Max Stirner . Stirner's The Ego and Its Own , published in 1844, is a founding text of the philosophy. According to Stirner, the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire, without regard for God, state, or morality. To Stirner, rights were spooks in the mind, and he held that society does not exist but `` the individuals are its reality'' . Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw unions of egoists , non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of will, which Stirner proposed as a form of organization in place of the state. Egoist anarchists claim that egoism will foster genuine and spontaneous union between individuals. `` Egoism'' has inspired many interpretations of Stirner's philosophy. It was re-discovered and promoted by German philosophical anarchist and LGBT activist John Henry Mackay . Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist , and the four-page weekly paper he edited during 1833, The Peaceful Revolutionist , was the first anarchist periodical published. For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster `` It is apparent...that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews ... William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form.'' . Henry David Thoreau (1817-- 1862) was an important early influence in individualist anarchist thought in the United States and Europe. Thoreau was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic , surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist . He is best known for his books Walden , a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience , an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state. Later Benjamin Tucker fused Stirner's egoism with the economics of Warren and Proudhon in his eclectic influential publication Liberty . From these early influences individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small but diverse following of bohemian artists and intellectuals, free love and birth control advocates (see Anarchism and issues related to love and sex ), individualist naturists nudists (see anarcho-naturism ), freethought and anti-clerical activists as well as young anarchist outlaws in what came to be known as illegalism and individual reclamation (see European individualist anarchism and individualist anarchism in France ). These authors and activists included Oscar Wilde , Emile Armand , Han Ryner , Henri Zisly , Renzo Novatore , Miguel Gimenez Igualada , Adolf Brand and Lev Chernyi among others. In his important essay The Soul of Man under Socialism from 1891 Oscar Wilde defended socialism as the way to guarantee individualism and so he saw that `` With the abolition of private property, then, we shall have true, beautiful, healthy Individualism. Nobody will waste his life in accumulating things, and the symbols for things. One will live. To live is the rarest thing in the world. Most people exist, that is all.'' For anarchist historian George Woodcock `` Wilde's aim in The Soul of Man under Socialism is to seek the society most favorable to the artist ... for Wilde art is the supreme end, containing within itself enlightenment and regeneration, to which all else in society must be subordinated ... Wilde represents the anarchist as aesthete .'' Woodcock finds that `` The most ambitious contribution to literary anarchism during the 1890s was undoubtedly Oscar Wilde The Soul of Man under Socialism '' and finds that it is influenced mainly by the thought of William Godwin . Philosophical individualism ( edit ) Ethical egoism ( edit ) Main article: Ethical egoism Ethical egoism (also called simply egoism) is the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest . It differs from psychological egoism , which claims that people do only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism , which holds merely that it is rational to act in one's self-interest. However, these doctrines may occasionally be combined with ethical egoism. Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism , which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help and serve others. Egoism and altruism both contrast with ethical utilitarianism, which holds that a moral agent should treat one's self (also known as the subject ) with no higher regard than one has for others (as egoism does, by elevating self-interests and `` the self'' to a status not granted to others), but that one also should not (as altruism does) sacrifice one's own interests to help others' interests, so long as one's own interests (i.e. one's own desires or well-being ) are substantially-equivalent to the others' interests and well-being. Egoism, utilitarianism, and altruism are all forms of consequentialism , but egoism and altruism contrast with utilitarianism, in that egoism and altruism are both agent-focused forms of consequentialism (i.e. subject-focused or subjective ), but utilitarianism is called agent-neutral (i.e. objective and impartial ) as it does not treat the subject's (i.e. the self's , i.e. the moral `` agent's '' ) own interests as being more or less important than if the same interests, desires, or well-being were anyone else's . Ethical egoism does not, however, require moral agents to harm the interests and well-being of others when making moral deliberation; e.g. what is in an agent's self-interest may be incidentally detrimental, beneficial, or neutral in its effect on others. Individualism allows for others' interest and well-being to be disregarded or not, as long as what is chosen is efficacious in satisfying the self-interest of the agent. Nor does ethical egoism necessarily entail that, in pursuing self-interest, one ought always to do what one wants to do; e.g. in the long term, the fulfilment of short-term desires may prove detrimental to the self. Fleeting pleasance, then, takes a back seat to protracted eudaemonia . In the words of James Rachels , `` Ethical egoism (...) endorses selfishness, but it doesn't endorse foolishness.'' Caricature of Max Stirner taken from a sketch by Friedrich Engels . Egoist philosopher Max Stirner has been called a proto- existentialist philosopher while at the same time is a central theorist of individualist anarchism Ethical egoism is sometimes the philosophical basis for support of libertarianism or individualist anarchism as in Max Stirner, although these can also be based on altruistic motivations. These are political positions based partly on a belief that individuals should not coercively prevent others from exercising freedom of action. Egoist anarchism ( edit ) Main article: Egoist anarchism Egoist anarchism is a school of anarchist thought that originated in the philosophy of Max Stirner , a nineteenth-century Hegelian philosopher whose `` name appears with familiar regularity in historically orientated surveys of anarchist thought as one of the earliest and best-known exponents of individualist anarchism .'' According to Stirner, the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire, without regard for God, state, or morality. Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw unions of egoists , non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of will, which Stirner proposed as a form of organisation in place of the state . Egoist anarchists argue that egoism will foster genuine and spontaneous union between individuals. `` Egoism'' has inspired many interpretations of Stirner's philosophy but within anarchism it has also gone beyond Stirner. It was re-discovered and promoted by German philosophical anarchist and LGBT activist John Henry Mackay . John Beverley Robinson wrote an essay called `` Egoism'' in which he states that `` Modern egoism, as propounded by Stirner and Nietzsche , and expounded by Ibsen , Shaw and others, is all these; but it is more. It is the realization by the individual that they are an individual; that, as far as they are concerned, they are the only individual.'' Nietzsche (see Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche ) and Stirner were frequently compared by French `` literary anarchists'' and anarchist interpretations of Nietzschean ideas appear to have also been influential in the United States. Anarchists who adhered to egoism include Benjamin Tucker , Émile Armand , John Beverley Robinson , Adolf Brand , Steven T. Byington , Renzo Novatore , James L. Walker , Enrico Arrigoni , Biofilo Panclasta , Jun Tsuji , André Arru and contemporary ones such as Hakim Bey , Bob Black and Wolfi Landstreicher. Existentialism ( edit ) Main article: Existentialism Existentialism is a term applied to the work of a number of 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, generally held that the focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and his or her emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts. The early 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard , posthumously regarded as the father of existentialism, maintained that the individual solely has the responsibilities of giving one's own life meaning and living that life passionately and sincerely , in spite of many existential obstacles and distractions including despair , angst , absurdity , alienation , and boredom . Subsequent existential philosophers retain the emphasis on the individual, but differ, in varying degrees, on how one achieves and what constitutes a fulfilling life, what obstacles must be overcome, and what external and internal factors are involved, including the potential consequences of the existence or non-existence of God. Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophy, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience. Existentialism became fashionable in the post-World War years as a way to reassert the importance of human individuality and freedom. Freethought ( edit ) Main article: Freethought Freethought holds that individuals should not accept ideas proposed as truth without recourse to knowledge and reason . Thus, freethinkers strive to build their opinions on the basis of facts , scientific inquiry , and logical principles, independent of any logical fallacies or intellectually limiting effects of authority, confirmation bias , cognitive bias , conventional wisdom , popular culture , prejudice , sectarianism , tradition , urban legend , and all other dogmas . Regarding religion , freethinkers hold that there is insufficient evidence to scientifically validate the existence of supernatural phenomena. Humanism ( edit ) Main article: Humanism Humanism is a perspective common to a wide range of ethical stances that attaches importance to human dignity, concerns, and capabilities, particularly rationality. Although the word has many senses, its meaning comes into focus when contrasted to the supernatural or to appeals to authority. Since the 19th century, humanism has been associated with an anti-clericalism inherited from the 18th-century Enlightenment philosophes . 21st century Humanism tends to strongly endorse human rights , including reproductive rights , gender equality , social justice , and the separation of church and state . The term covers organized non-theistic religions , secular humanism , and a humanistic life stance. Hedonism ( edit ) Main article: Hedonism Philosophical hedonism is a meta-ethical theory of value which argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and pain is the only intrinsic bad. The basic idea behind hedonistic thought is that pleasure (an umbrella term for all inherently likable emotions) is the only thing that is good in and of itself or by its very nature. The normative implications of this are evaluating character or behavior as morally good to the extent that one is concerned with pleasure/pain qua pleasure/pain or an action leads to a greater balance of pleasure over pain than any other would. Libertinism ( edit ) Main article: Libertine A libertine is one devoid of most moral restraints, which are seen as unnecessary or undesirable, especially one who ignores or even spurns accepted morals and forms of behaviour sanctified by the larger society. Libertines place value on physical pleasures, meaning those experienced through the senses. As a philosophy, libertinism gained new-found adherents in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, particularly in France and Great Britain . Notable among these were John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester , and the Marquis de Sade . During the Baroque era in France, there existed a freethinking circle of philosophers and intellectuals who were collectively known as libertinage érudit and which included Gabriel Naudé , Élie Diodati and François de La Mothe Le Vayer . The critic Vivian de Sola Pinto linked John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester 's libertinism to Hobbesian materialism . Objectivism ( edit ) Part of a series on Libertarianism Origins (show) Age of Enlightenment Aristotelianism Classical liberalism Concepts (show) Anti-authoritarianism Antimilitarism Anti-statism Anti-war Argumentation ethics Class struggle Communes Counter-economics Crypto-anarchism Decentralization Direct action Dispute resolution organization Economic freedom Egalitarianism Expropriative anarchism Free market Free-market environmentalism Free migration Free society Free trade Free will Freedom of association Freedom of contract Gift economy Homestead principle Illegalism Individuality Individualism Individual reclamation Laissez-faire Liberty Limited government Localism Marriage privatization Natural and legal rights Night-watchman state Non-aggression principle Non-interventionism Non-politics Non-voting Participatory economics Polycentric law Private defense agency Propaganda of the deed Property Really Really Free Market Refusal of work Restorative justice Self-governance Self-ownership Single tax Spontaneous order Squatting Stateless society Tax resistance Title-transfer theory of contract Voluntary association Voluntary society Wage slavery Workers' self-management Schools (show) Agorism Anarchism Anarcho-capitalism Autarchism Christian libertarianism Collectivist anarchism Consequentialist libertarianism Free-market anarchism Fusionism Geolibertarianism Georgism Green anarchism Green libertarianism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left-libertarianism Left-wing market anarchism Libertarian communism Libertarian Marxism Libertarian socialism Libertarian transhumanism Minarchism Mutualism Natural-rights libertarianism Paleolibertarianism Panarchism Right-libertarianism Social anarchism Voluntaryism People (show) Émile Armand Mikhail Bakunin Frédéric Bastiat Alexander Berkman Walter Block Murray Bookchin Jason Brennan Bryan Caplan Kevin Carson Voltairine de Cleyre Joseph Déjacque Buenaventura Durruti Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Ricardo Flores Magón David D. Friedman Milton Friedman Luigi Galleani Henry George William Godwin Emma Goldman Paul Goodman Friedrich Hayek Henry Hazlitt Auberon Herbert Karl Hess Thomas Hodgskin Hans-Hermann Hoppe Samuel Edward Konkin III Peter Kropotkin Étienne de La Boétie Gustav Landauer Rose Wilder Lane Roderick T. Long Tibor R. Machan Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta Wendy McElroy Carl Menger Louise Michel John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Tim Moen Gustave de Molinari Johann Most Albert Jay Nock Robert Nozick Marco Pannella Isabel Paterson Ron Paul Francesc Pi i Margall Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Ayn Rand Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard Jean-Baptiste Say J. Neil Schulman Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Voline Josiah Warren Thomas Woods Aspects (show) Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism Criticisms Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Objectivism Political parties Theories of law Organizations (show) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties Students For Liberty Related topics (show) Austrian School of economics Civil libertarianism Constitutionalism Libertarian conservatism Libertarian Democrat Libertarian hip hop Libertarian Republican Libertarian science fiction Libertarian transhumanism Libertarianism in the United States Market liberalism Objectivism Public choice theory Small government Technolibertarianism Outline of libertarianism Libertarianism portal Main article: Objectivism (Ayn Rand) Objectivism is a system of philosophy created by philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand (1905-- 1982) that holds: reality exists independent of consciousness; human beings gain knowledge rationally from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive and deductive logic; the moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness or rational self-interest. Rand thinks the only social system consistent with this morality is full respect for individual rights, embodied in pure laissez faire capitalism ; and the role of art in human life is to transform man's widest metaphysical ideas, by selective reproduction of reality, into a physical form-- a work of art-- that he can comprehend and to which he can respond emotionally. Objectivism celebrates man as his own hero, `` with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute.'' Philosophical anarchism ( edit ) Main article: Philosophical anarchism Benjamin Tucker , American individualist anarchist who focused on economics calling them `` Anarchistic-Socialism'' and adhering to the mutualist economics of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Josiah Warren Philosophical anarchism is an anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy and -- in contrast to revolutionary anarchism -- does not advocate violent revolution to eliminate it but advocate peaceful evolution to superate it. Though philosophical anarchism does not necessarily imply any action or desire for the elimination of the State, philosophical anarchists do not believe that they have an obligation or duty to obey the State, or conversely, that the State has a right to command. Philosophical anarchism is a component especially of individualist anarchism. Philosophical anarchists of historical note include Mohandas Gandhi , William Godwin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Max Stirner, Benjamin Tucker, and Henry David Thoreau. Contemporary philosophical anarchists include A. John Simmons and Robert Paul Wolff . Subjectivism ( edit ) Main article: Subjectivism Subjectivism is a philosophical tenet that accords primacy to subjective experience as fundamental of all measure and law. In extreme forms like Solipsism , it may hold that the nature and existence of every object depends solely on someone's subjective awareness of it. For example, Wittgenstein wrote in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus : `` The subject doesn't belong to the world, but it is a limit of the world'' (proposition 5.632). Metaphysical subjectivism is the theory that reality is what we perceive to be real, and that there is no underlying true reality that exists independently of perception. One can also hold that it is consciousness rather than perception that is reality ( subjective idealism ). In probability , a subjectivism stands for the belief that probabilities are simply degrees-of-belief by rational agents in a certain proposition, and which have no objective reality in and of themselves. Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism , which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of human opinion; to error theory , which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense; and to non-cognitivism , which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all. The most common forms of ethical subjectivism are also forms of moral relativism , with moral standards held to be relative to each culture or society (c.f. cultural relativism ), or even to every individual. The latter view, as put forward by Protagoras , holds that there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are subjects in the world. Moral subjectivism is that species of moral relativism that relativizes moral value to the individual subject. Horst Matthai Quelle was a Spanish language German anarchist philosopher influenced by Max Stirner . He argued that since the individual gives form to the world, he is those objects, the others and the whole universe. One of his main views was a `` theory of infinite worlds'' which for him was developed by pre-socratic philosophers . Solipsism ( edit ) Main article: Solipsism Solipsism is the philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist. The term comes from Latin solus (alone) and ipse (self). Solipsism as an epistemological position holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure. The external world and other minds cannot be known, and might not exist outside the mind. As a metaphysical position, solipsism goes further to the conclusion that the world and other minds do not exist. As such it is the only epistemological position that, by its own postulate , is both irrefutable and yet indefensible in the same manner. Although the number of individuals sincerely espousing solipsism has been small, it is not uncommon for one philosopher to accuse another's arguments of entailing solipsism as an unwanted consequence, in a kind of reductio ad absurdum . In the history of philosophy, solipsism has served as a skeptical hypothesis . Economic individualism ( edit ) The doctrine of economic individualism holds that each individual should be allowed autonomy in making his or her own economic decisions as opposed to those decisions being made by the state, the community , the corporation etc. for him or her. Liberalism ( edit ) Main article: Liberalism Classical liberalism is a political ideology that developed in the 19th century in England , Western Europe , and the Americas . It followed earlier forms of liberalism in its commitment to personal freedom and popular government, but differed from earlier forms of liberalism in its commitment to free markets and classical economics . Notable classical liberals in the 19th century include Jean-Baptiste Say , Thomas Malthus , and David Ricardo . Classical liberalism was revived in the 20th century by Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek , and further developed by Milton Friedman , Robert Nozick , Loren Lomasky , and Jan Narveson . The phrase classical liberalism is also sometimes used to refer to all forms of liberalism before the 20th century. Individualist anarchism and economics ( edit ) Influential French individualist anarchist Emile Armand In regards to economic questions within individualist anarchism there are adherents to mutualism ( Pierre Joseph Proudhon , Emile Armand , early Benjamin Tucker); natural rights positions (early Benjamin Tucker, Lysander Spooner , Josiah Warren); and egoistic disrespect for `` ghosts'' such as private property and markets (Max Stirner, John Henry Mackay , Lev Chernyi , later Benjamin Tucker, Renzo Novatore , illegalism ). Contemporary individualist anarchist Kevin Carson characterizes American individualist anarchism saying that `` Unlike the rest of the socialist movement, the individualist anarchists believed that the natural wage of labor in a free market was its product, and that economic exploitation could only take place when capitalists and landlords harnessed the power of the state in their interests. Thus, individualist anarchism was an alternative both to the increasing statism of the mainstream socialist movement, and to a classical liberal movement that was moving toward a mere apologetic for the power of big business.'' Mutualism ( edit ) Main article: Mutualism (economic theory) Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought which can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production , either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market . Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank which would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate only high enough to cover the costs of administration. Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value which holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying `` the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility'' . Receiving anything less would be considered exploitation, theft of labor, or usury . Libertarian socialism ( edit ) Part of a series on Libertarian socialism Political concepts (show) Anti-authoritarianism Anti-Leninism Anti-Stalinist left Anti-statism Classless society Consensus democracy Commune Decentralization Direct democracy Dual power Class struggle Egalitarian community Free association Free love Free school General strike Libertarian municipalism Libertarian possibilism Mutual aid Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Refusal of work Social center Stateless society Squatting Ultra-leftism Wage slavery Workers' control Workers' council Economics (show) Anarchist economics Anti-capitalism Anti-consumerism Cooperative Common ownership Common resources Cost the limit of price Decentralized planning Economic democracy Free store Gift economy Guilds Industrial democracy Really Really Free Market Social economy Social enterprise Socialization State capitalism Use value Worker cooperative People (show) Gerrard Winstanley Sylvain Maréchal William Godwin Charles Fourier Josiah Warren Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Max Stirner Mikhail Bakunin Louise Michel Peter Kropotkin Karl Marx William Morris Oscar Wilde Benjamin Tucker Errico Malatesta Leo Tolstoy Albert Parsons Lucy Parsons Francisco Ferrer Guardia Emma Goldman Alexander Berkman Leon Czolgosz Ricardo Flores Magón Rosa Luxemburg Karl Liebknecht Gustav Landauer Sacco and Vanzetti Rudolf Rocker Otto Rühle Antonie Pannekoek Buenaventura Durruti Diego Abad de Santillán Federica Montseny Nestor Makhno Stepan Maximovich Petrichenko Marinus van der Lubbe Sylvia Pankhurst Paul Mattick Wilhelm Reich Dorothy Day Albert Camus Jean-Paul Sartre Karl Korsch Herbert Marcuse Cornelius Castoriadis C.L.R. James Raya Dunayevskaya Grace Lee Boggs Paul Goodman Colin Ward Chris Pallis Daniel Guérin Murray Bookchin Guy Debord Raoul Vaneigem Abbie Hoffman Antonio Negri Silvia Federici Félix Guattari Noam Chomsky Howard Zinn Gilles Dauvé Alfredo M. Bonanno Subcomandante Marcos Abdullah Öcalan Philosophies and tendencies (show) Anarchist tendencies Anarchist communism Anarcho-pacifism Anarcho-syndicalism Christian anarchism Collectivist anarchism Egoist anarchism Individualist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Left-wing market anarchism Magonism Makhnovism Mutualism Participism Platformism Synthesis anarchism Libertarian Marxist tendencies Autonomism Communization Council communism Johnson-Forest Tendency Luxemburgism Situationist International Other tendencies Communalism Democratic Confederalism Fourierism Inclusive Democracy Neozapatismo Significant events (show) Diggers Enragés Paris Commune Haymarket affair Assassination of William McKinley Strandzha Commune Russian Revolution Bavarian Soviet Republic German Revolution of 1918-- 1919 Biennio Rosso Ukrainian War of Independence Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks ( Kronstadt uprising ) Escuela Moderna Mexican Revolution Reichstag fire Spanish Revolution 1953 East German uprising 1956 Hungarian Revolution May 1968 in France Prague Spring Left communism in China Hippie movement Autonomia Operaia Zapatista uprising 1999 Seattle WTO protests Argentinazo Occupy movement Kurdisk-Turkish conflict ( 2015 rebellion ) Iran-PJAK conflict Rojava Revolution Related topics (show) Anarchism Libertarianism Left-libertarianism Marxism Socialism Anarchism portal Socialism portal Libertarianism portal Philosophy portal Politics portal Main article: Libertarian socialism Libertarian socialism (sometimes dubbed socialist libertarianism, or left-libertarianism ) is a group of anti-authoritarian political philosophies inside the socialist movement that rejects socialism as centralized state ownership and control of the economy, as well as the state itself. It criticizes wage labour relationships within the workplace . Instead, it emphasizes workers' self-management of the workplace and decentralized structures of political organization . It asserts that a society based on freedom and justice can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite . Libertarian socialists advocate for decentralized structures based on direct democracy and federal or confederal associations such as libertarian municipalism , citizens' assemblies, trade unions , and workers' councils . All of this is generally done within a general call for libertarian and voluntary human relationships through the identification, criticism, and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life. As such libertarian socialism, within the larger socialist movement, seeks to distinguish itself both from Leninism / Bolshevism and from social democracy . Past and present political philosophies and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include anarchism (especially anarchist communism , anarchist collectivism , anarcho-syndicalism , and mutualism ) as well as autonomism , communalism , participism , guild socialism , revolutionary syndicalism , and libertarian Marxist philosophies such as council communism and Luxemburgism ; as well as some versions of `` utopian socialism '' and individualist anarchism . Left-libertarianism ( edit ) Main article: Left-libertarianism Left-libertarianism (or left-wing libertarianism) names several related but distinct approaches to politics , society, culture, and political and social theory, which stress both individual freedom and social justice . Unlike right-libertarians , they believe that neither claiming nor mixing one's labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights, and maintain that natural resources (land, oil, gold, trees) ought to be held in some egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively . Those left-libertarians who support private property do so under the condition that recompense is offered to the local community. Left-libertarianism can refer generally to three related and overlapping schools of thought: Anti-authoritarian varieties of left-wing politics and, in particular, the socialist movement, usually known as libertarian socialism . Geolibertarianism : a synthesis of libertarianism and geoism (or Georgism ) The Steiner -- Vallentyne school, whose proponents draw conclusions from classical liberal or market liberal premises. Left-wing market anarchism , which stresses the socially transformative potential of non-aggression and anticapitalist , freed markets. Right-libertarianism ( edit ) Main article: Right-libertarianism Right-libertarianism or right libertarianism is a phrase used by some to describe either non-collectivist forms of libertarianism or a variety of different libertarian views some label `` right'' of mainstream libertarianism including `` libertarian conservatism '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy calls it `` right libertarianism'' but states: `` Libertarianism is often thought of as ' right-wing' doctrine. This, however, is mistaken for at least two reasons. First, on social-- rather than economic-- issues, libertarianism tends to be ' left-wing' . It opposes laws that restrict consensual and private sexual relationships between adults (e.g., gay sex, non-marital sex, and deviant sex), laws that restrict drug use, laws that impose religious views or practices on individuals, and compulsory military service. Second, in addition to the better-known version of libertarianism-- right-libertarianism-- there is also a version known as ' left-libertarianism ' . Both endorse full self-ownership, but they differ with respect to the powers agents have to appropriate unappropriated natural resources (land, air, water, etc.).'' As Creative independent lifestyle ( edit ) Oscar Wilde , famous Irish anarchist writer of the decadent movement and famous dandy The anarchist writer and bohemian Oscar Wilde wrote in his famous essay The Soul of Man under Socialism that `` Art is individualism, and individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force. There lies its immense value. For what it seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine.'' For anarchist historian George Woodcock `` Wilde's aim in The Soul of Man under Socialism is to seek the society most favorable to the artist...for Wilde art is the supreme end, containing within itself enlightenment and regeneration, to which all else in society must be subordinated...Wilde represents the anarchist as aesthete .'' The word individualism in this way has been used to denote a personality with a strong tendency towards self-creation and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors Anarchist writer Murray Bookchin describes a lot of individualist anarchism as people who `` expressed their opposition in uniquely personal forms, especially in fiery tracts, outrageous behavior, and aberrant lifestyles in the cultural ghettos of fin de sicle New York, Paris, and London. As a credo, individualist anarchism remained largely a bohemian lifestyle, most conspicuous in its demands for sexual freedom (' free love ' ) and enamored of innovations in art, behavior, and clothing.'' In relation to this view of individuality, French Individualist anarchist Emile Armand advocates egoistical denial of social conventions and dogmas to live in accord to one's own ways and desires in daily life since he emphasized anarchism as a way of life and practice. In this way he manifests `` So the anarchist individualist tends to reproduce himself, to perpetuate his spirit in other individuals who will share his views and who will make it possible for a state of affairs to be established from which authoritarianism has been banished. It is this desire, this will, not only to live, but also to reproduce oneself, which we shall call `` activity'' . In the book Imperfect garden : the legacy of humanism , humanist philosopher Tzvetan Todorov identifies individualism as an important current of socio-political thought within modernity and as examples of it he mentions Michel de Montaigne , François de La Rochefoucauld , Marquis de Sade , and Charles Baudelaire In La Rochefoucauld, he identifies a tendency similar to stoicism in which `` the honest person works his being in the manner of a sculptor who searches the liberation of the forms which are inside a block of marble, to extract the truth of that matter.'' In Baudelaire he finds the dandy trait in which one searches to cultivate `` the idea of beauty within oneself, of satisfying one's passions of feeling and thinking.'' The Russian-American poet Joseph Brodsky once manifested that `` The surest defense against Evil is extreme individualism, originality of thinking, whimsicality, even-- if you will-- eccentricity. That is, something that can't be feigned, faked, imitated; something even a seasoned imposter couldn't be happy with.'' Ralph Waldo Emerson famously declared`` , `` Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist'' -- a point of view developed at length in both the life and work of (Henry David) Thoreau. Equally memorable and influential on Walt Whitman is Emerson's idea that `` a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines.'' ...Emerson opposes on principle the reliance on social structures (civil, religious) precisely because through them the individual approaches the divine second hand, mediated by the once original experience of a genius from another age: `` An institution,'' as he explains, `` is the lengthened shadow of one man.'' To achieve this original relation one must `` Insist on one's self; never imitate'' for if the relationship is secondary the connection is lost.'' See also ( edit ) Philosophy portal Anti-individualism Collectivism Global issue Human nature Market fundamentalism Narcissism Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Non-aggression principle Personalism Social issue Voluntaryism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Individualism'' on Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Ellen Meiksins Wood . Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism . University of California Press . 1972. ISBN 0-520-02029-4 . p. 6 ^ Jump up to: `` individualism'' on The Free Dictionary Jump up ^ Biddle, Craig. `` Individualism vs. Collectivism: Our Future, Our Choice'' . The Objective Standard . 7 (1). ^ Jump up to: Hayek, F.A. (1994). The Road to Serfdom . United States of America: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 17, 37-- 48. ISBN 0-226-32061-8 . ^ Jump up to: L. Susan Brown . The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism, and Anarchism . Black Rose Books Ltd. 1993 Jump up ^ Ellen Meiksins Wood . Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism . University of California Press . 1972. ISBN 0-520-02029-4 pp. 6-- 7 ^ Jump up to: Snyderman, George S.; Josephs, William (1939). `` Bohemia: The Underworld of Art'' . Social Forces . 18 (2): 187-- 199. ISSN 0037-7732 . JSTOR 2570771 . doi : 10.2307/2570771 . Jump up ^ `` The leading intellectual trait of the era was the recovery, to a certain degree, of the secular and humane philosophy of Greece and Rome. Another humanist trend which cannot be ignored was the rebirth of individualism, which, developed by Greece and Rome to a remarkable degree, had been suppressed by the rise of a caste system in the later Roman Empire, by the Church and by feudalism in the Middle Ages. '' The history guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History'' Jump up ^ `` Anthropocentricity and individualism...Humanism and Italian art were similar in giving paramount attention to human experience, both in its everyday immediacy and in its positive or negative extremes...The human-centredness of Renaissance art, moreover, was not just a generalized endorsement of earthly experience. Like the humanists, Italian artists stressed the autonomy and dignity of the individual.'' `` Humanism'' on Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to: Claeys, Gregory (1986). `` '' Individualism,'' `` Socialism,'' and `` Social Science'' : Further Notes on a Process of Conceptual Formation, 1800-- 1850`` . Journal of the History of Ideas . University of Pennsylvania Press. 47 (1): 81-- 93. JSTOR 2709596 . doi : 10.2307/2709596 . Jump up ^ Swart, Koenraad W. (1962). `` '' Individualism'' in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1826-- 1860)`` . Journal of the History of Ideas . University of Pennsylvania Press. 23 (1): 77-- 90. JSTOR 2708058 . doi : 10.2307/2708058 . Jump up ^ Abbs 1986, cited in Klein 2005, pp. 26-- 27 Jump up ^ `` The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture.'' Rutland, VT and Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Co. 1954 orig. 1946. Jump up ^ Reese, William L. (1980). Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion (1st ed.). Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press. p. 251. ISBN 0-391-00688-6 . Jump up ^ Audi, Robert, ed. (1999). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 424. ISBN 0-521-63136-X . Jump up ^ Jung, C.G. (1962). Symbols of Transformation: An analysis of the prelude to a case of schizophrenia (Vol. 2, R.F.C. Hull, Trans.). New York: Harper & Brothers. Jump up ^ Jung's Individuation process Retrieved on 2009-2-20 Jump up ^ Gilbert Simondon . L'individuation psychique et collective (Paris, Aubier, 1989; reprinted in 2007 with a preface by Bernard Stiegler) Jump up ^ Bernard Stiegler: Culture and Technology , tate.org.uk, 13 May 2004 Jump up ^ Heath, Joseph (1 January 2015). Zalta, Edward N., ed. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University -- via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jump up ^ Stigler, George; Gary Becker (Mar 1977). `` De gustibus non est disputandum'' . American Economic Review . 67 (2): 76. JSTOR 1807222 . Jump up ^ `` the definition of civil libertarian'' . Jump up ^ Compass, The Political. `` The Political Compass'' . Jump up ^ Ellen Meiksins Wood . Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism . University of California Press . 1972. ISBN 0-520-02029-4 . p. 7 Jump up ^ Emily Robinson, et al. `` Telling stories about post-war Britain: popular individualism and the ' crisis' of the 1970s.'' Twentieth Century British History 28.2 (2017): 268-304. Jump up ^ `` Latin Word Lookup'' . Jump up ^ The Ancient Chinese Super State of Primary Societies: Taoist Philosophy for the 21st Century, You-Sheng Li, June 2010, p. 300 Jump up ^ Marcus Aurelius, Meditations , Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-954059-4 . Jump up ^ Locke, John (1690). Two Treatises of Government (10th edition) . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved January 21, 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul E. Sigmund, editor, The Selected Political Writings of John Locke , Norton, 2003, ISBN 0-393-96451-5 p. iv `` (Locke's thoughts) underlie many of the fundamental political ideas of American liberal constitutional democracy...'' , `` At the time Locke wrote, his principles were accepted in theory by a few and in practice by none.'' Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence , July 4, 1776. Jump up ^ John Gray, Two Faces of Liberalism , The New Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-56584-678-4 Jump up ^ Malatesta, Errico . `` Towards Anarchism'' . MAN! . Los Angeles: International Group of San Francisco. OCLC 3930443 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Agrell, Siri (14 May 2007). `` Working for The Man'' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . `` Anarchism'' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2006 . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . `` Anarchism'' . The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy : 14. 2005. Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable. The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy: Mclaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority . Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 59. ISBN 0-7546-6196-2 . Johnston, R. (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography . Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 0-631-20561-6 . Jump up ^ Slevin, Carl. `` Anarchism.'' The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics . Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003. Jump up ^ `` ANARCHISM, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies.'' George Woodcock. `` Anarchism'' at The Encyclopedia of Philosophy Jump up ^ `` In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions.'' Peter Kropotkin. `` Anarchism'' from the Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Anarchism.'' The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005. p. 14 `` Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.'' Jump up ^ Sheehan, Sean. Anarchism, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2004. p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short.'' Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 28 ^ Jump up to: `` The IAF - IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.'' `` Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations'' Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the `` sociology of power'' ) and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the `` philosophy of practical reason'' ). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations -- by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power -- and, practically, by its challenge to those `` authoritative'' powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation.`` Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 1 ^ Jump up to: `` Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations.'' Emma Goldman . `` What it Really Stands for Anarchy'' in Anarchism and Other Essays . Jump up ^ Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows `` They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, -- follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism ... Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx.'' Benjamin Tucker . Individual Liberty. ^ Jump up to: Ward, Colin (1966). `` Anarchism as a Theory of Organization'' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin 's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: `` All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it.'' (p. 9) ... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State.'' ^ Jump up to: Brown, L. Susan (2002). `` Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism'' . The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism . Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing. p. 106. Jump up ^ `` Anarchy and Organization: The Debate at the 1907 International Anarchist Congress - The Anarchist Library'' . Jump up ^ `` What do I mean by individualism? I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition , no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience.'' Mini-Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner Jump up ^ `` I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual, as a condition of his sovereignty. To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself.'' `` Anarchism and the State'' in Individual Liberty Jump up ^ Everhart, Robert B. The Public School Monopoly: A Critical Analysis of Education and the State in American Society. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, 1982. p. 115. ^ Jump up to: Philip, Mark (2006-05-20). `` William Godwin'' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Adams, Ian. Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press, 2001. p. 116. Jump up ^ Godwin, William (1796) (1793). Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Modern Morals and Manners . G.G. and J. Robinson. OCLC 2340417 . Jump up ^ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Retrieved 7 December 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Paul McLaughlin. Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007. p. 119. Jump up ^ Goodway, David. Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow . Liverpool University Press, 2006, p. 99. ^ Jump up to: Leopold, David (2006-08-04). `` Max Stirner'' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ^ Jump up to: The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopedia Corporation. p. 176. ^ Jump up to: Miller, David. `` Anarchism.'' 1987. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought . Blackwell Publishing. p. 11. Jump up ^ `` What my might reaches is my property; and let me claim as property everything I feel myself strong enough to attain, and let me extend my actual property as fas as I entitle, that is, empower myself to take...'' In Ossar, Michael. 1980. Anarchism in the Dramas of Ernst Toller . SUNY Press. p. 27. ^ Jump up to: Nyberg, Svein Olav. `` The union of egoists'' (PDF) . Non Serviam . Oslo, Norway: Svein Olav Nyberg. 1 : 13-- 14. OCLC 47758413 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 ^ Jump up to: Thomas, Paul (1985). Karl Marx and the Anarchists . London: Routledge / Kegan Paul . p. 142. ISBN 0-7102-0685-2 . ^ Jump up to: Carlson, Andrew (1972). `` Philosophical Egoism: German Antecedents'' . Anarchism in Germany . Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-0484-0 . Retrieved 2008-12-04 . Jump up ^ Palmer, Brian (2010-12-29) What do anarchists want from us? , Slate.com Jump up ^ William Bailie, `` Archived copy'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2012 . Retrieved June 17, 2013 . Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist -- A Sociological Study , Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1906, p. 20 Jump up ^ Native American Anarchism: A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism by Eunice Minette Schuster Archived February 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Paralelamente, al otro lado del atlántico , en el diferente contexto de una nación a medio hacer, los Estados Unidos, otros filósofos elaboraron un pensamiento individualista similar, aunque con sus propias especificidades. Henry David Thoreau (1817-- 1862), uno de los escritores próximos al movimiento de la filosofía trascendentalista, es uno de los más conocidos. Su obra más representativa es Walden, aparecida en 1854, aunque redactada entre 1845 y 1847, cuando Thoreau decide instalarse en el aislamiento de una cabaña en el bosque, y vivir en íntimo contacto con la naturaleza, en una vida de soledad y sobriedad. De esta experiencia, su filosofía trata de transmitirnos la idea que resulta necesario un retorno respetuoso a la naturaleza, y que la felicidad es sobre todo fruto de la riqueza interior y de la armonía de los individuos con el entorno natural. Muchos han visto en Thoreau a uno de los precursores del ecologismo y del anarquismo primitivista representado en la actualidad por Jonh Zerzan. Para George Woodcock, esta actitud puede estar también motivada por una cierta idea de resistencia al progreso y de rechazo al materialismo creciente que caracteriza la sociedad norteamericana de mediados de siglo XIX.'' `` Voluntary non-submission. Spanish individualist anarchism during dictatorship and the second republic (1923-- 1938)'' Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to: `` 2. Individualist Anarchism and Reaction'' . Jump up ^ `` The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism, By Wendy McElroy'' . Jump up ^ `` La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923-- 1938)'' by Xavier Díez Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Los anarco-individualistas, G.I.A...Una escisión de la FAI producida en el IX Congreso (Carrara, 1965) se pr odujo cuando un sector de anarquistas de tendencia humanista rechazan la interpretación que ellos juzgan disciplinaria del pacto asociativo'' clásico , y crean los GIA (Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica) . Esta pequeña federación de grupos, hoy nutrida sobre todo de veteranos anarco-individualistas de orientación pacifista, naturista, etcétera defiende la autonomía personal y rechaza a rajatabla toda forma de intervención en los procesos del sistema, como sería por ejemplo el sindicalismo. Su portavoz es L'Internazionale con sede en Ancona. La escisión de los GIA prefiguraba, en sentido contrario, el gran debate que pronto había de comenzar en el seno del movimiento`` '' El movimiento libertario en Italia'' by Bicicleta. REVISTA DE COMUNICACIONES LIBERTARIAS Year 1 No. Noviembre, 1 1977 Archived October 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Proliferarán así diversos grupos que practicarán el excursionismo, el naturismo, el nudismo, la emancipación sexual o el esperantismo, alrededor de asociaciones informales vinculadas de una manera o de otra al anarquismo. Precisamente las limitaciones a las asociaciones obreras impuestas desde la legislación especial de la Dictadura potenciarán indirectamente esta especie de asociacionismo informal en que confluirá el movimiento anarquista con esta heterogeneidad de prácticas y tendencias. Uno de los grupos más destacados, que será el impulsor de la revista individualista Ética será el Ateneo Naturista Ecléctico , con sede en Barcelona, con sus diferentes secciones la más destacada de las cuales será el grupo excursionista Sol y Vida.'' `` La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923-- 1938)'' by Xavier Díez Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Les anarchistes individualistes du début du siècle l'avaient bien compris, et intégraient le naturisme dans leurs préoccupations . Il est vraiment dommage que ce discours se soit peu à peu effacé , d'antan plus que nous assistons, en ce moment, à un retour en force du puritanisme (conservateur par essence).'' `` Anarchisme et naturisme, aujourd'hui .'' by Cathy Ytak Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ anne (30 July 2014). `` Culture of Individualist Anarchism in Late 19th Century America'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ The `` Illegalists'' Archived September 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. , by Doug Imrie (published by Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed ) Jump up ^ Parry, Richard. The Bonnot Gang. Rebel Press, 1987. p. 15 ^ Jump up to: `` Oscar Wilde essay The soul of man under Socialism'' . ^ Jump up to: George Woodcock . Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962. (p. 447) Jump up ^ Sanders, Steven M. Is egoism morally defensible? Philosophia. Springer Netherlands. Volume 18, Numbers 2-- 3 / July 1988 Jump up ^ Rachels 2008, p. 534. Jump up ^ Ridgely, D.A. (August 24, 2008). `` Selfishness, Egoism and Altruistic Libertarianism'' . Archived from the original on December 2, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-24 . Jump up ^ `` Egoism - The Anarchist Library'' . Jump up ^ O. Ewald, `` German Philosophy in 1907'' , in The Philosophical Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, Jul., 1908, pp. 400-- 26; T.A. Riley, `` Anti-Statism in German Literature, as Exemplified by the Work of John Henry Mackay'' , in PMLA, Vol. 62, No. 3, Sep. 1947, pp. 828-- 43; C.E. Forth, `` Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891-- 95'' , in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 54, No. 1, Jan., 1993, pp. 97-- 117; see also Robert C. Holub's Nietzsche: Socialist, Anarchist, Feminist , an essay available online at the University of California, Berkeley website. Jump up ^ Macquarrie, John. Existentialism , New York (1972), pp. 18-- 21. Jump up ^ Oxford Companion to Philosophy , ed. Ted Honderich, New York (1995), p. 259. Jump up ^ Macquarrie. Existentialism , pp. 14-- 15. Jump up ^ Cooper, D.E. Existentialism: A Reconstruction (Basil Blackwell, 1999, p. 8) Jump up ^ Marino, Gordon. Basic Writings of Existentialism (Modern Library, 2004, pp. ix, 3). Jump up ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkegaard/ Jump up ^ Watts, Michael. Kierkegaard (Oneworld, 2003, pp. 4-- 6). Jump up ^ Lowrie, Walter. Kierkegaard's attack upon `` Christendom'' (Princeton, 1968, pp. 37-- 40) Jump up ^ Corrigan, John. The Oxford handbook of religion and emotion (Oxford, 2008, pp. 387-- 88) Jump up ^ Livingston, James et al. Modern Christian Thought: The Twentieth Century (Fortress Press, 2006, Chapter 5: Christian Existentialism). Jump up ^ Martin, Clancy. Religious Existentialism in Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism (Blackwell, 2006, pp. 188-- 205) Jump up ^ Robert C. Solomon, Existentialism (McGraw-Hill, 1974, pp. 1-- 2) Jump up ^ D.E. Cooper Existentialism: A Reconstruction (Basil Blackwell, 1999, p. 8). Jump up ^ Ernst Breisach, Introduction to Modern Existentialism , New York (1962), p. 5 Jump up ^ Walter Kaufmann, Existentialism: From Dostoevesky to Sartre , New York (1956), p. 12 Jump up ^ Guignon, Charles B. and Derk Pereboom. Existentialism: basic writings (Hackett Publishing, 2001, p. xiii) Jump up ^ Hastings, James. Encyclopedia of Religion Jump up ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press. 2007. humanism n. 1 a rationalistic system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. 2 a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought. Typically, abridgments of this definition omit all senses except #1, such as in the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary , Collins Essential English Dictionary , and Webster's Concise Dictionary . New York: RHR Press. 2001. p. 177. Jump up ^ `` Definitions of humanism (subsection)'' . Institute for Humanist Studies. Archived from the original on 2007-01-18 . Retrieved 16 Jan 2007 . Jump up ^ Edwords, Fred (1989). `` What Is Humanism?'' . American Humanist Association . Retrieved 19 August 2009 . Secular and Religious Humanists both share the same worldview and the same basic principles... From the standpoint of philosophy alone, there is no difference between the two. It is only in the definition of religion and in the practice of the philosophy that Religious and Secular Humanists effectively disagree. Jump up ^ Moore, Andrew (1 January 2013). Zalta, Edward N., ed. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University -- via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jump up ^ `` libertine'' -- via The Free Dictionary. Jump up ^ `` WordNet Search - 3.1'' . Jump up ^ René Pintard (2000). Le Libertinage érudit dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle . Slatkine. p. 11. ISBN 978-2-05-101818-0 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Amesbury, Richard (1 January 2016). Zalta, Edward N., ed. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University -- via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jump up ^ A Martyr to Sin Jump up ^ `` About the Author'' in Rand 1992 , pp. 1170-- 71 Jump up ^ Tucker said, `` the fact that one class of men are dependent for their living upon the sale of their labour, while another class of men are relieved of the necessity of labour by being legally privileged to sell something that is not labour... And to such a state of things I am as much opposed as any one. But the minute you remove privilege... every man will be a labourer exchanging with fellow-labourers ... What Anarchistic-Socialism aims to abolish is usury ... it wants to deprive capital of its reward.'' Benjamin Tucker. Instead of a Book , p. 404 Jump up ^ Wayne Gabardi, review of Anarchism by David Miller, published in American Political Science Review Vol. 80, No. 1. (Mar., 1986), pp. 300-- 02. Jump up ^ According to scholar Allan Antliff , Benjamin Tucker coined the term `` philosophical anarchism,'' to distinguish peaceful evolutionary anarchism from revolutionary variants. Antliff, Allan. 2001. Anarchist Modernism: Art, Politics, and the First American Avant-Garde . University of Chicago Press. p. 4 Jump up ^ Outhwaite, William & Tourain, Alain (Eds.). (2003). Anarchism. The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought (2nd Edition, p. 12). Blackwell Publishing Jump up ^ Michael Freeden identifies four broad types of individualist anarchism. He says the first is the type associated with William Godwin that advocates self-government with a `` progressive rationalism that included benevolence to others.'' The second type is the amoral self-serving rationality of Egoism , as most associated with Max Stirner. The third type is `` found in Herbert Spencer 's early predictions, and in that of some of his disciples such as Donisthorpe , foreseeing the redundancy of the state in the source of social evolution.'' The fourth type retains a moderated form of Egoism and accounts for social cooperation through the advocacy of market. Freeden, Michael. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829414-X . pp. 313-- 14 . Jump up ^ Tucker, Benjamin R., Instead of a Book, by a Man too Busy to Write One: A Fragmentary Exposition of Philosophical Anarchism (1897, New York) Jump up ^ Broderick, John C. Thoreau's Proposals for Legislation. American Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Autumn, 1955). p. 285 ^ Jump up to: Horst Matthai Quelle. Textos Filosóficos (1989-1999) . p. 15 Jump up ^ Hudelson, Richard (1 January 1999). `` Modern Political Philosophy'' . M.E. Sharpe -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ David Conway . Classical Liberalism: The Unvanquished Ideal. Palgrave Macmillan. 1998. ISBN 978-0-312-21932-1 p. 8 Jump up ^ Kevin Carson. Organization Theory: A Libertarian Perspective . BOOKSURGE. 2008. p. 1 Jump up ^ Mutualist.org Introduction Jump up ^ Miller, David. 1987. `` Mutualism.'' The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 11 Jump up ^ Tandy, Francis D., 1896, Voluntary Socialism , chapter 6, paragraph 15. Jump up ^ Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). The social history of crime and punishment in America. An encyclopedia. 5 vols. London: Sage Publications. p. 1007. ISBN 1412988764 . `` There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and ...'' Jump up ^ Bookchin, Murray and Janet Biehl. The Murray Bookchin Reader . Cassell, 1997. p. 170 ISBN 0-304-33873-7 Jump up ^ Hicks, Steven V. and Daniel E. Shannon. The American journal of economics and sociolology . Blackwell Pub, 2003. p. 612 Jump up ^ `` It implies a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs'' I.1 Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron? at An Anarchist FAQ Jump up ^ `` unlike other socialists, they tend to see (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation...'' Roderick T. Long . `` Toward a libertarian theory of class.'' Social Philosophy and Policy . Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. Pg. 305 ^ Jump up to: `` So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production.'' `` I1. Isn ́t libertarian socialism an oxymoron'' in An Anarchist FAQ Jump up ^ `` Therefore, rather than being an oxymoron, `` libertarian socialism'' indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney. As true socialists oppose wage labour, they must also oppose the state for the same reasons. Similarly, libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state.'' `` I1. Isn ́t libertarian socialism an oxymoron'' in An Anarchist FAQ Jump up ^ `` Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti-parliamentary, democratic, antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation, strongly linked to working class activism.'' Alex Prichard, Ruth Kinna, Saku Pinta and Dave Berry (eds) Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan, December 2012. pg. 13 Jump up ^ `` ...preferringa system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations. Roderick T. Long . `` Toward a libertarian theory of class.'' Social Philosophy and Policy . Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. Pg. 305 Jump up ^ `` What is of particular interest here, however, is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized, cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions, including Cole's , tend to share.'' Charles Masquelier. Critical theory and libertarian socialism: Realizing the political potential of critical social theory. Bloombury. New York-London. 2014. pg. 189 Jump up ^ Mendes, Silva. Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo Vol. 1 (1896): `` Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property (while retaining respect for personal property ) and liberty by abolition of authority '' . Jump up ^ `` ...preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power...'' Jump up ^ Rocker, Rudolf (2004). Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice . AK Press . p. 65. ISBN 978-1-902593-92-0 . Jump up ^ `` LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choicce of lifestyle.'' Roderick T. Long . `` Toward a libertarian theory of class.'' Social Philosophy and Policy . Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. pp 305 Jump up ^ `` ...what categorizes libertarian socialism is a focus on forms of social organization to further the freedom of the individual combined with an advocacy of non-state means for achieving this.'' Matt Dawson. Late modernity, individualization and socialism: An Associational Critique of Neoliberalism. Palgrave MacMillan. 2013. pg. 64 Jump up ^ `` What is implied by the term ' libertarian socialism' ?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action...An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing.'' `` What is Libertarian Socialism?'' by Ulli Diemer. Volume 2, Number 1 (Summer 1997 issue) of The Red Menace . Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Union Versus Socialism'' . chomsky.info . Retrieved 2015-11-22 . Libertarian socialism, furthermore, does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production, but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life, an unending struggle, since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness. Jump up ^ `` Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the `` sociology of power'' ) and the correlative duty to obey (as explred in the `` philosophy of practical reason'' ). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations -- by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power -- and, practically, by its challenge to those `` authoritative'' powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation.`` Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 1 Jump up ^ Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows `` They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, -- follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx.'' Benjamin Tucker . Individual Liberty. Jump up ^ Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin 's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: `` All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it.'' (p. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State.'' Jump up ^ `` It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like (Adam) Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state. The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west. John O ́Neil.'' The Market: Ethics, knowledge and politics . Routledge. 1998. Pg. 3 Jump up ^ `` In some ways, it is perhaps fair to say that if Left communism is an intellectual- political formation, it is so, first and foremost, negatively -- as opposed to other socialist traditions. I have labelled this negative pole ' socialist orthodoxy' , composed of both Leninists and social democrats...What I suggested was that these Left communist thinkers differentiated their own understandings of communism from a strand of socialism that came to follow a largely electoral road in the West, pursuing a kind of social capitalism, and a path to socialism that predominated in the peripheral and semi- peripheral countries, which sought revolutionary conquest of power and led to something like state capitalism. Generally, the Left communist thinkers were to find these paths locked within the horizons of capitalism (the law of value, money, private property, class, the state), and they were to characterize these solutions as statist, substitutionist and authoritarian.'' Chamsy el- Ojeili. Beyond post-socialism. Dialogues with the far-left. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. pg 8 Jump up ^ Sims, Franwa (2006). The Anacostia Diaries As It Is . Lulu Press. p. 160. Jump up ^ A Mutualist FAQ: A.4. Are Mutualists Socialists? Archived 2009-06-09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` It is by meeting such a twofold requirement that the libertarian socialism of G.D.H. Cole could be said to offer timely and sustainable avenues for the institutionalization of the liberal value of autonomy...'' Charles Masquelier. Critical theory and libertarian socialism: Realizing the political potential of critical social theory. Bloombury. New York-London. 2014. pg. 190 Jump up ^ `` Locating libertarian socialism in a grey area between anarchist and Marxist extremes, they argue that the multiple experiences of historical convergence remain inspirational and that, through these examples, the hope of socialist transformation survives.'' Alex Prichard, Ruth Kinna, Saku Pinta and Dave Berry (eds) Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan, December 2012. pg. 13 Jump up ^ `` Councilism and anarchism loosely merged into ' libertarian socialism' , offering a non-dogmatic path by which both council communism and anarchism could be updated for the changed conditions of the time, and for the new forms of proletarian resistance to these new conditions.'' Toby Boraman. `` Carnival and Class: Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s'' in Alex Prichard, Ruth Kinna, Saku Pinta and Dave Berry (eds). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan, December 2012. pg. 268. Jump up ^ Murray Bookchin, Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism ; Robert Graham , The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution Jump up ^ Kent Bromley, in his preface to Peter Kropotkin 's book The Conquest of Bread , considered early French utopian socialist Charles Fourier to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of Babeuf and Buonarroti .'' Kropotkin, Peter . The Conquest of Bread , preface by Kent Bromley, New York and London, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906. Jump up ^ `` (Benjamin) Tucker referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be `` Anarchistic socialism.'' An Anarchist FAQ by Various Authors Jump up ^ French individualist anarchist Émile Armand shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralized economies when he said that the individualist anarchist `` inwardly he remains refractory -- fatally refractory -- morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him.)'' `` Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity'' by Emile Armand Jump up ^ Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that In the United States `` of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and `` utopian'' counterculture groups (including the so-called free love movement). William Godwin 's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier . After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren (1798-- 1874), considered to be the first individualist anarchist `` Peter Sabatini. `` Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy'' Jump up ^ `` It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism.'' Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty . Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. Pg. Back cover Jump up ^ Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel; Otsuka, Michael (2005). `` Why Left-Libertarianism Is Not Incoherent, Indeterminate, or Irrelevant: A Reply to Fried'' (PDF) . Philosophy and Public Affairs . Blackwell Publishing, Inc. 33 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-03 . Retrieved 2013-07-23 . ^ Jump up to: Narveson, Jan ; Trenchard, David (2008). `` Left libertarianism'' . In Hamowy, Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 288-- 89. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . doi : 10.4135/9781412965811.n174 . Jump up ^ Bookchin, Murray and Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader . Cassell: p. 170. ISBN 0-304-33873-7 Jump up ^ `` Foldvary, Fred E. Geoism and Libertarianism. The Progress Report'' . Progress.org. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012 . Retrieved 2013-03-26 . Jump up ^ Karen DeCoster, Henry George and the Tariff Question , LewRockwell.com , April 19, 2006. Jump up ^ Will Kymlicka (2005). `` libertarianism, left-'' . In Ted Honderich. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy . New York City: Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Chartier, Gary. Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty . Minor Compositions. pp. 1-- 11. ISBN 978-1570272424 Jump up ^ Serena Olsaretti, Liberty, Desert and the Market: A Philosophical Study , Cambridge University Press, 2004, 14, 88, 100. Jump up ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Libertarianism , Stanford University , July 24, 2006 version. Jump up ^ `` The most ambitious contribution to literary anarchism during the 1890s was undoubtedly Oscar Wilde The Soul of Man under Socialism . Wilde, as we have seen, declared himself an anarchist on at least one occasion during the 1890s, and he greatly admired Peter Kropotkin , whom he had met. Later, in De Profundis , he described Kropotkin's life as one `` of the most perfect lives I have come across in my own experience'' and talked of him as `` a man with a soul of that beautiful white Christ that seems coming out of Russia.'' But in The Soul of Man under Socialism , which appeared in 1890, it is Godwin rather than Kropotkin whose influence seems dominant.'' George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962. (p. 447) Jump up ^ _wlo:dek. `` Emil Armand `` Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity '' `` . ^ Jump up to: Imperfect garden : the legacy of humanism . Princeton University Press. 2002. Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com - The world's favorite online dictionary!'' . Archived from the original on 2010-11-19. Jump up ^ `` Emerson, Ralph Waldo - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Related, arguably synonymous, terms include libertarianism , left-wing libertarianism , egalitarian-libertarianism , and libertarian socialism . Sundstrom, William A. `` An Egalitarian-Libertarian Manifesto Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ..'' Bookchin, Murray and Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader . New York:Cassell. p. 170. Sullivan, Mark A. (July 2003). `` Why the Georgist Movement Has Not Succeeded: A Personal Response to the Question Raised by Warren J. Samuels.'' American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 62:3. p. 612. Further reading ( edit ) Albrecht, James M. (2012) Reconstructing Individualism : A Pragmatic Tradition from Emerson to Ellison . Fordham University Press. Brown, L. Susan (1993). The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism, and Anarchism . Black Rose Books. Dewey, John . (1930). Individualism Old and New . Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1847). Self-Reliance . London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. Gagnier, Regenia. (2010). Individualism, Decadence and Globalization: On the Relationship of Part to Whole, 1859-- 1920 . Palgrave Macmillan . Dumont, Louis (1986). Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective . Chicago: University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 0-226-16958-8 . Lukes, Steven (1973). Individualism . New York: Harper & Row . ISBN 0-631-14750-0 . Meiksins Wood, Ellen . (1972). Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism . University of California Press . ISBN 0-520-02029-4 Renaut, Alain (1999). The Era of the Individual . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press . ISBN 0-691-02938-5 . Shanahan, Daniel. (1991) Toward a Genealogy of Individualism . Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 0-87023-811-6 . Watt, Ian . (1996) Myths of Modern Individualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48011-6 . Barzilai, Gad. (2003). Communities and Law. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11315-1 . Fruehwald, Edwin, `` A Biological Basis of Rights'' , 19 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 195 (2010). External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Individualism . Archive of individualist texts at The Anarchist Library Conformity Group pressures Authoritarian personality Bandwagon effect Collectivism Coercive persuasion Consensus reality Contagion Behavioral Crime Hysterical Suicide Groupthink Hazing Herd mentality Indoctrination Memory conformity Milieu control Mobbing Nationalism Normalization Normative social influence Ostracism Panopticon Patriotism Peer pressure Peer review Pluralistic ignorance Propaganda Right-wing authoritarianism Scapegoating Shunning Social influence Socialization Spiral of silence Teasing Tyranny of the majority Xeer Conforming oneself Compliance Countersignaling Herd behavior Internalisation Social proof Obedience Experiments Asch conformity experiments Milgram experiment Stanford prison experiment Counterconformity Anti-authoritarianism Antisocial tendencies Auto-segregation Civil disobedience Cosmopolitanism Counterculture Culture jamming Deviance Eclecticism Eccentricity Hermit Idiosyncrasy Individualism Rebellion Ritual clown Satire Shock value Political ideologies Left-wing politics Centrism Right-wing politics Authoritarianism Anarchism Capitalism Christian democracy Collectivism Communalism Communism Communitarianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Distributism Environmentalism Extremism Fanaticism Fascism Feminism Fundamentalism Globalism Green politics Individualism Industrialism Intellectualism Islamism Liberalism Libertarianism Masculism Militarism Monarchism Nationalism Progressivism Radicalism Reformism Republicanism Social democracy Socialism Utilitarianism Social and political philosophy Philosophers Alinsky Ambedkar Arendt Aristotle Augustine Aurobindo Aquinas Aron Averroes Azurmendi Badiou Bakunin Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Bentham Berlin Bonald Bosanquet Burke Judith Butler Camus Chanakya Chomsky Cicero Comte Confucius De Beauvoir Debord Djilas Du Bois Durkheim Emerson Engels Foucault Fourier Franklin Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Al-Ghazali Gramsci Grotius Habermas Han Fei Hayek Hegel Heidegger Hobbes Hume Irigaray Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Kirk Kropotkin Laozi Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Lenin Locke Luxemburg Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Mao Marcuse Maritain Marsilius Marx Mencius Michels Mill Mises Montesquieu Möser Mozi Muhammad Negri Nehru Niebuhr Nietzsche Nozick Oakeshott Ortega Paine Pareto Peterson Pettit Plamenatz Plato Polanyi Popper Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Renan Rothbard Rousseau Royce Ruskin Russell Sade Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Shang Simonović Skinner Smith Socrates Sombart Spann Spencer Spinoza Spirito Stirner Strauss Sun Sun Tzu Taine Taylor Thucydides Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Vaisheshika Social concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more... Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology Portal Task Force GND : 4131852-3 NDL : 00566909 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Individualism&oldid=801396397 '' Categories : Individualism Anarchist theory Autonomy Ethical theories Libertarian theory Philosophy of life Political culture Political philosophy Political theories Narcissism Self Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles containing Latin-language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Türkmençe УкраїнськаTiếngViệt中文EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon19September2017,at12:16.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 7550783573005310076 |
this plan of the yuan dynasty capitol (beg. 1264) is | Some Turko - Mongol Khanates lasted into recent centuries : The Crimean Khanate lasted until 1783 ; the Khanate of Bukhara until 1920 ; the Kazakh Khanate until 1847 ; the Khanate of Kokand until 1876 ; and the Khanate of Khiva survived as a Russian protectorate until 1917 . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Mongol Empire Ikh Mongol Uls Nomadic empire 1206 -- 1368 Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206 -- 1294 superimposed on a modern political map of Eurasia . Capital 1206 -- 35 Avarga 1235 -- 60 Karakorum 1260 -- 1368 Khanbaliq ( Dadu ) Languages Mongolian Turkic Chinese Persian and other languages Religion Initially : Tengrism Shamanism Later : Islam Buddhism Nestorianism Government Elective monarchy ; later also hereditary Great Khan 1206 -- 1227 Genghis Khan 1229 -- 1241 Ögedei Khan 1246 -- 1248 Güyük Khan 1251 -- 1259 Möngke Khan 1260 -- 1294 Kublai Khan ( Nominal ) 1333 -- 1368 Toghan Temür Khan ( Nominal ) Legislature Kurultai History Genghis Khan proclaims the Mongol Empire 1206 Death of Genghis Khan 1227 Pax Mongolica 1250 -- 1350 Empire fragments 1260 -- 1294 Fall of Yuan dynasty 1368 Collapse of the Chagatai Khanate 1687 Area 1206 ( Unification of Mongolia ) 4,000,000 km ( 1,500,000 sq mi ) 1227 ( Genghis Khan 's death ) 13,500,000 km ( 5,200,000 sq mi ) 1294 ( Kublai 's death ) 23,500,000 km ( 9,100,000 sq mi ) 1309 ( Last formal reunification ) 24,000,000 km ( 9,300,000 sq mi ) Currency Various Preceded by Succeeded by Khamag Mongol Khwarazmian Empire Qara Khitai Jīn dynasty Song dynasty Western Xia Abbasid Caliphate Nizari Ismaili state Kievan Rus ' Volga Bulgaria Cumania Alania Kingdom of Dali Kimek Khanate Sultanate of Rum Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan dynasty Timurid Empire Anatolian Beyliks Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Ming dynasty Jump up ^ Karakorum was founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260 . Jump up ^ Following the death of Möngke Khan in 1259 , no one city served as capital . Khanbaliq ( Dadu ) , modern - day Beijing , was the Yuan capital between 1271 and 1368 . Jump up ^ Including coins such as dirhams and paper currencies based on silver ( sukhe ) or silk , or the later small amounts of Chinese coins and paper Chao currency of the Yuan dynasty .",
"Mongol Empire",
"Ikh Mongol Uls",
"Nomadic empire",
"1206 -- 1368",
"1206 -- 1368",
"1206 -- 1368",
"Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206 -- 1294 superimposed on a modern political map of Eurasia .",
"Capital 1206 -- 35 Avarga 1235 -- 60 Karakorum 1260 -- 1368 Khanbaliq ( Dadu )",
"1206 -- 35 Avarga 1235 -- 60 Karakorum 1260 -- 1368 Khanbaliq ( Dadu )",
"1206 -- 35 Avarga",
"1235 -- 60 Karakorum",
"1260 -- 1368 Khanbaliq ( Dadu )",
"Languages Mongolian Turkic Chinese Persian and other languages",
"Mongolian Turkic Chinese Persian and other languages",
"Persian and other languages",
"Religion Initially : Tengrism Shamanism Later : Islam Buddhism Nestorianism",
"Initially : Tengrism Shamanism Later : Islam Buddhism Nestorianism",
"Initially : Tengrism Shamanism",
"Tengrism Shamanism",
"Later : Islam Buddhism Nestorianism",
"Islam Buddhism Nestorianism",
"Government Elective monarchy ; later also hereditary",
"Great Khan",
"1206 -- 1227 Genghis Khan",
"1229 -- 1241 Ögedei Khan",
"1246 -- 1248 Güyük Khan",
"1251 -- 1259 Möngke Khan",
"1260 -- 1294 Kublai Khan ( Nominal )",
"1333 -- 1368 Toghan Temür Khan ( Nominal )",
"Legislature Kurultai",
"History",
"Genghis Khan proclaims the Mongol Empire 1206",
"Death of Genghis Khan 1227",
"Pax Mongolica 1250 -- 1350",
"Empire fragments 1260 -- 1294",
"Fall of Yuan dynasty 1368",
"Collapse of the Chagatai Khanate 1687",
"Area",
"1206 ( Unification of Mongolia ) 4,000,000 km ( 1,500,000 sq mi )",
"1227 ( Genghis Khan 's death ) 13,500,000 km ( 5,200,000 sq mi )",
"1294 ( Kublai 's death ) 23,500,000 km ( 9,100,000 sq mi )",
"1309 ( Last formal reunification ) 24,000,000 km ( 9,300,000 sq mi )",
"Currency Various",
"Preceded by Succeeded by Khamag Mongol Khwarazmian Empire Qara Khitai Jīn dynasty Song dynasty Western Xia Abbasid Caliphate Nizari Ismaili state Kievan Rus ' Volga Bulgaria Cumania Alania Kingdom of Dali Kimek Khanate Sultanate of Rum Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan dynasty Timurid Empire Anatolian Beyliks Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Ming dynasty",
"Preceded by Succeeded by Khamag Mongol Khwarazmian Empire Qara Khitai Jīn dynasty Song dynasty Western Xia Abbasid Caliphate Nizari Ismaili state Kievan Rus ' Volga Bulgaria Cumania Alania Kingdom of Dali Kimek Khanate Sultanate of Rum Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan dynasty Timurid Empire Anatolian Beyliks Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Ming dynasty",
"Preceded by Succeeded by",
"Khamag Mongol Khwarazmian Empire Qara Khitai Jīn dynasty Song dynasty Western Xia Abbasid Caliphate Nizari Ismaili state Kievan Rus ' Volga Bulgaria Cumania Alania Kingdom of Dali Kimek Khanate Sultanate of Rum Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan dynasty Timurid Empire Anatolian Beyliks Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Ming dynasty",
"Khamag Mongol Khwarazmian Empire Qara Khitai Jīn dynasty Song dynasty Western Xia Abbasid Caliphate Nizari Ismaili state Kievan Rus ' Volga Bulgaria Cumania Alania Kingdom of Dali Kimek Khanate Sultanate of Rum",
"Khamag Mongol",
"Khwarazmian Empire",
"Qara Khitai",
"Jīn dynasty",
"Song dynasty",
"Western Xia",
"Abbasid Caliphate",
"Nizari Ismaili state",
"Kievan Rus '",
"Volga Bulgaria",
"Cumania",
"Alania",
"Kingdom of Dali",
"Kimek Khanate",
"Sultanate of Rum",
"Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan dynasty Timurid Empire Anatolian Beyliks Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Ming dynasty",
"Chagatai Khanate",
"Golden Horde",
"Ilkhanate",
"Yuan dynasty",
"Northern Yuan dynasty",
"Timurid Empire",
"Anatolian Beyliks",
"Mamluk Sultanate",
"Kingdom of Poland",
"Grand Duchy of Lithuania",
"Ming dynasty",
"Jump up ^ Karakorum was founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260 . Jump up ^ Following the death of Möngke Khan in 1259 , no one city served as capital . Khanbaliq ( Dadu ) , modern - day Beijing , was the Yuan capital between 1271 and 1368 . Jump up ^ Including coins such as dirhams and paper currencies based on silver ( sukhe ) or silk , or the later small amounts of Chinese coins and paper Chao currency of the Yuan dynasty .",
"Jump up ^ Karakorum was founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260 . Jump up ^ Following the death of Möngke Khan in 1259 , no one city served as capital . Khanbaliq ( Dadu ) , modern - day Beijing , was the Yuan capital between 1271 and 1368 . Jump up ^ Including coins such as dirhams and paper currencies based on silver ( sukhe ) or silk , or the later small amounts of Chinese coins and paper Chao currency of the Yuan dynasty .",
"Jump up ^ Karakorum was founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260 .",
"Jump up ^ Following the death of Möngke Khan in 1259 , no one city served as capital . Khanbaliq ( Dadu ) , modern - day Beijing , was the Yuan capital between 1271 and 1368 .",
"Jump up ^ Including coins such as dirhams and paper currencies based on silver ( sukhe ) or silk , or the later small amounts of Chinese coins and paper Chao currency of the Yuan dynasty .",
"Mongol invasions and conquests Asia Burma First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Central Asia Qara Khitai Khwarezm China Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi Japan Bun'ei Kōan Vietnam Bạch Đằng Other invasions India Java Korea Tibet Europe Rus ' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya ) Poland ( first ) Hungary ( first ) Bulgaria and Serbia Latin Empire Poland ( second ) Thrace Hungary ( second ) Poland ( third ) Serbia ( second ) Near East Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut )",
"Mongol invasions and conquests",
"",
"Asia Burma First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Central Asia Qara Khitai Khwarezm China Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi Japan Bun'ei Kōan Vietnam Bạch Đằng Other invasions India Java Korea Tibet Europe Rus ' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya ) Poland ( first ) Hungary ( first ) Bulgaria and Serbia Latin Empire Poland ( second ) Thrace Hungary ( second ) Poland ( third ) Serbia ( second ) Near East Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut )",
"Asia Burma First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Central Asia Qara Khitai Khwarezm China Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi Japan Bun'ei Kōan Vietnam Bạch Đằng Other invasions India Java Korea Tibet Europe Rus ' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya ) Poland ( first ) Hungary ( first ) Bulgaria and Serbia Latin Empire Poland ( second ) Thrace Hungary ( second ) Poland ( third ) Serbia ( second ) Near East Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut )",
"Asia",
"Burma First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second",
"First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second",
"First Ngasaunggyan Pagan",
"Ngasaunggyan Pagan",
"Central Asia Qara Khitai Khwarezm",
"Qara Khitai Khwarezm",
"China Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi",
"Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi",
"Japan Bun'ei Kōan",
"Bun'ei Kōan",
"Vietnam Bạch Đằng",
"Bạch Đằng",
"Other invasions India Java Korea Tibet",
"India Java Korea Tibet",
"Europe",
"Rus ' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya ) Poland ( first ) Hungary ( first ) Bulgaria and Serbia Latin Empire Poland ( second ) Thrace Hungary ( second ) Poland ( third ) Serbia ( second )",
"Rus ' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya ) Poland ( first ) Hungary ( first ) Bulgaria and Serbia Latin Empire Poland ( second ) Thrace Hungary ( second ) Poland ( third ) Serbia ( second )",
"Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär )",
"Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya )",
"Poland ( first )",
"Hungary ( first )",
"Bulgaria and Serbia",
"Poland ( second )",
"Hungary ( second )",
"Poland ( third )",
"Serbia ( second )",
"Near East",
"Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut )",
"Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut )",
"Anatolia ( Köse Dağ )",
"Palestine ( Ain Jalut )",
"The Mongol Empire ( Mongolian : Mongolyn Ezent Güren listen ( help info ) ; Mongolian Cyrillic : Монголын эзэнт гүрэн ; ( mɔŋɡ ( ɔ ) ɮˈiːŋ ɛt͡sˈɛnt ˈɡurəŋ ) ; also Орда ( `` Horde '' ) in Russian chronicles ) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history . Originating in the steppes of Central Asia , the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe all the way to the Sea of Japan , extending northwards into Siberia , eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent , Indochina , and the Iranian plateau , and westwards as far as the Levant and the Carpathians .",
"The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan , whom a council proclaimed ruler of all the Mongols in 1206 . The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants , who sent invasions in every direction . The vast transcontinental empire connected the east with the west with an enforced Pax Mongolica , allowing the dissemination and exchange of trade , technologies , commodities , and ideologies across Eurasia .",
"The empire began to split due to wars over succession , as the grandchildren of Genghis Khan disputed whether the royal line should follow from his son and initial heir Ögedei or from one of his other sons , such as Tolui , Chagatai , or Jochi . The Toluids prevailed after a bloody purge of Ögedeid and Chagataid factions , but disputes continued even among the descendants of Tolui . A key reason for the split was the dispute over whether the Mongol Empire would become a sedentary , cosmopolitan empire , or would stay true to their nomadic and steppe lifestyle . After Möngke Khan died ( 1259 ) , rival kurultai councils simultaneously elected different successors , the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan , who then not only fought each other in the Toluid Civil War ( 1260 -- 1264 ) , but also dealt with challenges from the descendants of other sons of Genghis . Kublai successfully took power , but civil war ensued as he sought unsuccessfully to regain control of the Chagatayid and Ögedeid families .",
"During the reigns of Genghis and Ögedei , the Mongols suffered the occasional defeat when a less skilled general was given a command . The Siberian Tumads defeated the Mongol forces under Borokhula around 1215 -- 1217 ; Jalal al - Din defeated Shigi - Qutugu at the Battle of Parwan ; and the Jin generals Heda and Pu'a defeated Dolqolqu in 1230 . In each case , the Mongols returned shortly after with a much larger army led by one of their best generals , and were invariably victorious . The Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee in 1260 marked the first time that the Mongols would not return to immediately avenge a defeat , due to a combination of the death of Möngke Khan , the Toluid Civil War between Arik Boke and Khubilai , and Berke of the Golden Horde attacking Hulegu in Persia . Though the Mongols launched many more invasions of the Levant , briefly occupying it and raiding as far as Gaza after a decisive victory at the Battle of Wadi al - Khazandar in 1299 , they withdrew due to various geopolitical factors .",
"By the time of Kublai 's death in 1294 , the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires , each pursuing its own separate interests and objectives :",
"the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia the Ilkhanate in the southwest the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern - day Beijing .",
"the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest",
"the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia",
"the Ilkhanate in the southwest",
"the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern - day Beijing .",
"In 1304 the three western khanates briefly accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty , but in 1368 the Han Chinese Ming dynasty took over the Mongol capital . The Genghisid rulers of the Yuan retreated to the Mongolian homeland and continued to rule there as the Northern Yuan dynasty . The Ilkhanate disintegrated in the period 1335 -- 1353 . The Golden Horde had broken into competing khanates by the end of the 15th century whilst the Chagatai Khanate lasted in one form or another until 1687 .",
"What is referred to in English as the Mongol Empire was called the Ikh Mongol Uls ( ikh : great , uls : state ; Great Mongolian State ) . In the 1240s , one of Genghis 's descendants , Güyük Khan , wrote a letter to Pope Innocent IV which used the preamble `` Dalai ( great / oceanic ) Khagan of the great Mongolian state ( ulus ) '' .",
"After the succession war between Kublai Khan and his brother Ariq Böke , Ariq limited Kublai 's power to the eastern part of the empire . Kublai officially issued an imperial edict on 18 December 1271 to name the country `` Great Yuan '' ( Dai Yuan , or Dai Ön Ulus ) to establish the Yuan dynasty . Some sources state that the full Mongolian name was Dai Ön Yehe Monggul Ulus .",
"The area around Mongolia , Manchuria , and parts of North China had been controlled by the Liao dynasty since the 10th century . In 1125 , the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens overthrew the Liao dynasty and attempted to gain control over former Liao territory in Mongolia . In the 1130s the Jin dynasty rulers , known as the Golden Kings , successfully resisted the Khamag Mongol confederation , ruled at the time by Khabul Khan , great - grandfather of Temujin ( Genghis Khan ) .",
"The Mongolian plateau was occupied mainly by five powerful tribal confederations ( khanlig ) : Keraites , Khamag Mongol , Naiman , Mergid , and Tatar . The Jin emperors , following a policy of divide and rule , encouraged disputes among the tribes , especially between the Tatars and the Mongols , in order to keep the nomadic tribes distracted by their own battles and thereby away from the Jin . Khabul 's successor was Ambaghai Khan , who was betrayed by the Tatars , handed over to the Jurchen , and executed . The Mongols retaliated by raiding the frontier , resulting in a failed Jurchen counter-attack in 1143 .",
"In 1147 , the Jin somewhat changed their policy , signing a peace treaty with the Mongols and withdrawing from a score of forts . The Mongols then resumed attacks on the Tatars to avenge the death of their late khan , opening a long period of active hostilities . The Jin and Tatar armies defeated the Mongols in 1161 .",
"During the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century , the usually cold , parched steppes of Central Asia enjoyed their mildest , wettest conditions in more than a millennium . It is thought that this resulted in a rapid increase in the number of war horses and other livestock significantly enhanced Mongol military strength .",
"Known during his childhood as Temujin , Genghis Khan was a son of a Mongol chieftain . As a young man he rose very rapidly by working with Toghrul Khan of the Kerait . The most powerful Mongol leader at the time was Kurtait ; he was given the Chinese title `` Wang '' , which means Prince . Temujin went to war with Wang Khan . After Temujin defeated Wang Khan he gave himself the name Genghis Khan . He then enlarged his Mongol state under himself and his kin . The term Mongol came to be used to refer to all Mongolic speaking tribes under the control of Genghis Khan . His most powerful allies were his father 's friend , Khereid chieftain Wang Khan Toghoril , and Temujin 's childhood anda ( friend ) Jamukha of the Jadran clan . With their help , Temujin defeated the Merkit tribe , rescued his wife Börte , and went on to defeat the Naimans and the Tatars .",
"Temujin forbade looting of his enemies without permission , and he implemented a policy of sharing spoils with his warriors and their families instead of giving it all to the aristocrats . These policies brought him into conflict with his uncles , who were also legitimate heirs to the throne ; they regarded Temujin not as a leader but as an insolent usurper . This dissatisfaction spread to his generals and other associates , and some Mongols who had previously been allies broke their allegiance . War ensued , and Temujin and the forces still loyal to him prevailed , defeating the remaining rival tribes between 1203 and 1205 and bringing them under his sway . In 1206 , Temujin was crowned as the khagan of the Yekhe Mongol Ulus ( Great Mongol State ) at a kurultai ( general assembly / council ) . It was there that he assumed the title of Genghis Khan ( universal leader ) instead of one of the old tribal titles such as Gur Khan or Tayang Khan , marking the start of the Mongol Empire .",
"Genghis Khan introduced many innovative ways of organizing his army : for example dividing it into decimal subsections of arbans ( 10 soldiers ) , zuuns ( 100 ) , Mingghans ( 1000 ) , and tumens ( 10,000 ) . The Kheshig , the imperial guard , was founded and divided into day ( khorchin torghuds ) and night ( khevtuul ) guards . Genghis rewarded those who had been loyal to him and placed them in high positions , as heads of army units and households , even though many of them came from very low - ranking clans .",
"Compared to the units he gave to his loyal companions , those assigned to his own family members were relatively few . He proclaimed a new code of law of the empire , Ikh Zasag or Yassa ; later he expanded it to cover much of the everyday life and political affairs of the nomads . He forbade the selling of women , theft , fighting among the Mongols , and the hunting of animals during the breeding season .",
"He appointed his adopted brother Shigi - Khuthugh as supreme judge ( jarughachi ) , ordering him to keep records of the empire . In addition to laws regarding family , food , and the army , Genghis also decreed religious freedom and supported domestic and international trade . He exempted the poor and the clergy from taxation . He also encouraged literacy , adopting the Uyghur script , which would form the Uyghur - Mongolian script of the empire , and he ordered the Uyghur Tatatunga , who had previously served the khan of Naimans , to instruct his sons .",
"Genghis quickly came into conflict with the Jin dynasty of the Jurchens and the Western Xia of the Tanguts in northern China . He also had to deal with two other powers , Tibet and Qara Khitai . Towards the west he moved into Central Asia , devastating Transoxiana and eastern Persia , then raiding into Kievan Rus ' ( a predecessor state of Russia , Belarus , and Ukraine ) and the Caucasus .",
"Before his death , Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons and immediate family , making the Mongol Empire the joint property of the entire imperial family who , along with the Mongol aristocracy , constituted the ruling class .",
"Prior to the three western khanates ' adoption of Islam , Genghis Khan and a number of his Yuan successors placed restrictions on religious practices they saw as alien . Muslims , including Hui , and Jews , were collectively referred to as Huihui . Muslims were forbidden from Halal or Zabiha butchering , while Jews were similarly forbidden from Kashrut or Shehita butchering . Referring to the conquered subjects as `` our slaves , '' Genghis Khan demanded they no longer be able to refuse food or drink , and imposed restrictions on slaughter . Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret .",
"Among all the ( subject ) alien peoples only the Hui - hui say `` we do not eat Mongol food '' . ( Cinggis Qa'an replied : ) `` By the aid of heaven we have pacified you ; you are our slaves . Yet you do not eat our food or drink . How can this be right ? '' He thereupon made them eat . `` If you slaughter sheep , you will be considered guilty of a crime . '' He issued a regulation to that effect ... ( In 1279 / 1280 under Qubilai ) all the Muslims say : `` if someone else slaughters ( the animal ) we do not eat '' . Because the poor people are upset by this , from now on , Musuluman ( Muslim ) Huihui and Zhuhu ( Jewish ) Huihui , no matter who kills ( the animal ) will eat ( it ) and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves , and cease the rite of circumcision .",
"Genghis Khan arranged for the Chinese Taoist master Qiu Chuji to visit him in Afghanistan , and also gave his subjects the right to religious freedom , despite his own shamanistic beliefs .",
"Genghis Khan died on 18 August 1227 , by which time the Mongol Empire ruled from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea -- an empire twice the size of the Roman Empire or the Muslim Caliphate at their height . Genghis named his third son , the charismatic Ögedei , as his heir . According to Mongol tradition , Genghis Khan was buried in a secret location . The regency was originally held by Ögedei 's younger brother Tolui until Ögedei 's formal election at the kurultai in 1229 .",
"Among his first actions Ögedei sent troops to subjugate the Bashkirs , Bulgars , and other nations in the Kipchak - controlled steppes . In the east , Ögedei 's armies re-established Mongol authority in Manchuria , crushing the Eastern Xia regime and the Water Tatars . In 1230 , the great khan personally led his army in the campaign against the Jin dynasty of China . Ögedei 's general Subutai captured the capital of Emperor Wanyan Shouxu in the siege of Kaifeng in 1232 . The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234 when the Mongols captured Caizhou , the town to which Wanyan Shouxu had fled . In 1234 , three armies commanded by Ögedei 's sons Kochu and Koten and the Tangut general Chagan invaded southern China . With the assistance of the Song dynasty the Mongols finished off the Jin in 1234 .",
"Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin . Two Han Chinese leaders , Shi Tianze , Liu Heima ( 劉 黑馬 , Liu Ni ) , and the Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army . Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan . Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols . There were four Han Tumens and three Khitan Tumens , with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops . The Yuan dynasty created a Han army 漢 軍 from Jin defectors , and another of ex-Song troops called the Newly Submitted Army 新 附 軍 .",
"In the West Ögedei 's general Chormaqan destroyed Jalal ad - Din Mingburnu , the last shah of the Khwarizmian Empire . The small kingdoms in southern Persia voluntarily accepted Mongol supremacy . In East Asia , there were a number of Mongolian campaigns into Goryeo Korea , but Ögedei 's attempt to annex the Korean Peninsula met with little success . Gojong , the king of Goryeo , surrendered but later revolted and massacred Mongol darughachis ( overseers ) ; he then moved his imperial court from Gaeseong to Ganghwa Island .",
"As the empire grew , Ögedei established a Mongol capital at Karakorum in northwestern Mongolia .",
"Meanwhile , in an offensive action against the Song dynasty , Mongol armies captured Siyang - yang , the Yangtze and Sichuan , but did not secure their control over the conquered areas . The Song generals were able to recapture Siyang - yang from the Mongols in 1239 . After the sudden death of Ögedei 's son Kochu in Chinese territory the Mongols withdrew from southern China , although Kochu 's brother Prince Koten invaded Tibet immediately after their withdrawal .",
"Batu Khan , another grandson of Genghis Khan , overran the territories of the Bulgars , the Alans , the Kypchaks , Bashkirs , Mordvins , Chuvash , and other nations of the southern Russian steppe . By 1237 the Mongols were encroaching upon Ryazan , the first Kievan Rus ' principality they were to attack . After a three - day siege involving fierce fighting , the Mongols captured the city and massacred its inhabitants . They then proceeded to destroy the army of the Grand Principality of Vladimir at the Battle of the Sit River .",
"The Mongols captured the Alania capital Maghas in 1238 . By 1240 , all Kievan Rus ' had fallen to the Asian invaders except for a few northern cities . Mongol troops under Chormaqan in Persia connecting his invasion of Transcaucasia with the invasion of Batu and Subutai , forced the Georgian and Armenian nobles to surrender as well .",
"Giovanni de Plano Carpini , the pope 's envoy to the Mongol great khan , travelled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote :",
"They ( the Mongols ) attacked Russia , where they made great havoc , destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men ; and they laid siege to Kiev , the capital of Russia ; after they had besieged the city for a long time , they took it and put the inhabitants to death . When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground . Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town , but now it has been reduced almost to nothing , for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery .",
"Despite the military successes , strife continued within the Mongol ranks . Batu 's relations with Güyük , Ögedei 's eldest son , and Büri , the beloved grandson of Chagatai Khan , remained tense and worsened during Batu 's victory banquet in southern Kievan Rus ' . Nevertheless , Güyük and Buri could not do anything to harm Batu 's position as long as his uncle Ögedei was still alive . Ögedei continued with offensives into the Indian subcontinent , temporarily investing Uchch , Lahore , and Multan of the Delhi Sultanate and stationing a Mongol overseer in Kashmir , though the invasions into India eventually failed and were forced to retreat . In northeastern Asia , Ögedei agreed to end the conflict with Goryeo by making it a client state and sent Mongolian princesses to wed Goryeo princes . He then reinforced his keshig with the Koreans through both diplomacy and military force .",
"The advance into Europe continued with Mongol invasions of Poland and Hungary . When the western flank of the Mongols plundered Polish cities , a European alliance among the Poles , the Moravians , and the Christian military orders of the Hospitallers , Teutonic Knights and the Templars assembled sufficient forces to halt , although briefly , the Mongol advance at Legnica . The Hungarian army , their Croatian allies and the Templar Knights were beaten by Mongols at the banks of the Sajo River on 11 April 1241 . Before Batu 's forces could continue on to Vienna and northern Albania , news of Ögedei 's death in December 1241 brought a halt to the invasion . As was customary in Mongol military tradition , all princes of Genghis 's line had to attend the kurultai to elect a successor . Batu and his western Mongol army withdrew from Central Europe the next year .",
"Following the Great Khan Ögedei 's death in 1241 , and before the next kurultai , Ögedei 's widow Töregene took over the empire . She persecuted her husband 's Khitan and Muslim officials and gave high positions to her own allies . She built palaces , cathedrals , and social structures on an imperial scale , supporting religion and education . She was able to win over most Mongol aristocrats to support Ögedei 's son Güyük . But Batu , ruler of the Golden Horde , refused to come to the kurultai , claiming that he was ill and that the Mongolian climate was too harsh for him . The resulting stalemate lasted more than four years and further destabilized the unity of the empire .",
"When Genghis Khan 's youngest brother Temüge threatened to seize the throne , Güyük came to Karakorum to try to secure his position . Batu eventually agreed to send his brothers and generals to the kurultai convened by Töregene in 1246 . Güyük by this time was ill and alcoholic , but his campaigns in Manchuria and Europe gave him the kind of stature necessary for a great khan . He was duly elected at a ceremony attended by Mongols and foreign dignitaries from both within and without the empire -- leaders of vassal nations , representatives from Rome , and other entities who came to the kurultai to show their respects and conduct diplomacy .",
"Güyük took steps to reduce corruption , announcing that he would continue the policies of his father Ögedei , not those of Töregene . He punished Töregene 's supporters , except for governor Arghun the Elder . He also replaced young Qara Hülëgü , the khan of the Chagatai Khanate , with his favorite cousin Yesü Möngke , to assert his newly conferred powers . He restored his father 's officials to their former positions and was surrounded by Uyghur , Naiman and Central Asian officials , favoring Han Chinese commanders who had helped his father conquer Northern China . He continued military operations in Korea , advanced into Song China in the south , and into Iraq in the west , and ordered an empire - wide census . Güyük also divided the Sultanate of Rum between Izz - ad - Din Kaykawus and Rukn ad - Din Kilij Arslan , though Kaykawus disagreed with this decision .",
"Not all parts of the empire respected Güyük 's election . The Hashshashins , former Mongol allies whose Grand Master Hasan Jalalud - Din had offered his submission to Genghis Khan in 1221 , angered Güyük by refusing to submit . Instead he murdered the Mongol generals in Persia . Güyük appointed his best friend 's father Eljigidei as chief commander of the troops in Persia and gave them the task of both reducing the strongholds of the Assassins Muslim movement and conquering the Abbasids at the center of the Islamic world , Iran and Iraq .",
"In 1248 , Güyük raised more troops and suddenly marched westwards from the Mongol capital of Karakorum . The reasoning was unclear . Some sources wrote that he sought to recuperate at his personal estate , Emyl ; others suggested that he might have been moving to join Eljigidei to conduct a full - scale conquest of the Middle East , or possibly to make a surprise attack on his rival cousin Batu Khan in Russia .",
"Suspicious of Güyük 's motives , Sorghaghtani Beki , the widow of Genghis 's son Tolui , secretly warned her nephew Batu of Güyük 's approach . Batu had himself been traveling eastwards at the time , possibly to pay homage , or perhaps with other plans in mind . Before the forces of Batu and Güyük met , Güyük , sick and worn out by travel , died en route at Qum - Senggir ( Hong - siang - yi - eulh ) in Xinjiang , possibly a victim of poison .",
"Güyük 's widow Oghul Qaimish stepped forward to take control of the empire , but she lacked the skills of her mother - in - law Töregene , and her young sons Khoja and Naku and other princes challenged her authority . To decide on a new great khan , Batu called a kurultai on his own territory in 1250 . As it was far from the Mongolian heartland , members of the Ögedeid and Chagataid families refused to attend . The kurultai offered the throne to Batu , but he rejected it , claiming he had no interest in the position . Batu instead nominated Möngke , a grandson of Genghis from his son Tolui 's lineage . Möngke was leading a Mongol army in Russia , the northern Caucasus and Hungary . The pro-Tolui faction supported Batu 's choice , and Möngke was elected ; though given the kurultai 's limited attendance and location , it was of questionable validity .",
"Batu sent Möngke , under the protection of his brothers , Berke and Tukhtemur , and his son Sartaq to assemble a more formal kurultai at Kodoe Aral in the heartland . The supporters of Möngke repeatedly invited Oghul Qaimish and the other major Ögedeid and Chagataid princes to attend the kurultai , but they refused each time . The Ögedeid and Chagataid princes refused to accept a descendant of Genghis 's son Tolui as leader , demanding that only descendants of Genghis 's son Ögedei could be great khan .",
"When Möngke 's mother Sorghaghtani and their cousin Berke organized a second kurultai on 1 July 1251 , the assembled throng proclaimed Möngke great khan of the Mongol Empire . This marked a major shift in the leadership of the empire , transferring power from the descendants of Genghis 's son Ögedei to the descendants of Genghis 's son Tolui . The decision was acknowledged by a few of the Ögedeid and Chagataid princes , such as Möngke 's cousin Kadan and the deposed khan Qara Hülëgü , but one of the other legitimate heirs , Ögedei 's grandson Shiremun , sought to topple Möngke .",
"Shiremun moved with his own forces towards the emperor 's nomadic palace with a plan for an armed attack , but Möngke was alerted by his falconer of the plan . Möngke ordered an investigation of the plot , which led to a series of major trials all across the empire . Many members of the Mongol elite were found guilty and put to death , with estimates ranging from 77 -- 300 , though princes of Genghis 's royal line were often exiled rather than executed .",
"Möngke confiscated the estates of the Ögedeid and the Chagatai families and shared the western part of the empire with his ally Batu Khan . After the bloody purge , Möngke ordered a general amnesty for prisoners and captives , but thereafter the power of the great khan 's throne remained firmly with the descendants of Tolui .",
"Möngke was a serious man who followed the laws of his ancestors and avoided alcoholism . He was tolerant of outside religions and artistic styles , leading to the building of foreign merchants ' quarters , Buddhist monasteries , mosques , and Christian churches in the Mongol capital . As construction projects continued , Karakorum was adorned with Chinese , European , and Persian architecture . One famous example was a large silver tree with cleverly designed pipes that dispensed various drinks . The tree , topped by a triumphant angel , was crafted by Guillaume Boucher , a Parisian goldsmith .",
"Although he had a strong Chinese contingent , Möngke relied heavily on Muslim and Mongol administrators and launched a series of economic reforms to make government expenses more predictable . His court limited government spending and prohibited nobles and troops from abusing civilians or issuing edicts without authorization . He commuted the contribution system to a fixed poll tax which was collected by imperial agents and forwarded to units in need . His court also tried to lighten the tax burden on commoners by reducing tax rates . He also centralized control of monetary affairs and reinforced the guards at the postal relays . Möngke ordered an empire - wide census in 1252 that took several years to complete and was not finished until Novgorod in the far northwest was counted in 1258 .",
"In another move to consolidate his power , Möngke assigned his brothers Hulagu and Kublai to rule Persia and Mongol - held China respecively . In the southern part of the empire he continued his predecessors ' struggle against the Song dynasty . In order to outflank the Song from three directions , Möngke dispatched Mongol armies under his brother Kublai to Yunnan , and under his uncle Iyeku to subdue Korea and pressure the Song from that direction as well .",
"Kublai conquered the Dali Kingdom in 1253 after the Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols and helped them conquer the rest of Yunnan . Möngke 's general Qoridai stabilized his control over Tibet , inducing leading monasteries to submit to Mongol rule . Subutai 's son Uryankhadai reduced the neighboring peoples of Yunnan to submission and defeated the Trần dynasty in northern Vietnam in 1257 , but they had to draw back in 1258 . The Mongol Empire tried to invade Vietnam again in 1284 and 1287 but were defeated both times .",
"After stabilizing the empire 's finances , Möngke once again sought to expand its borders . At kurultais in Karakorum in 1253 and 1258 he approved new invasions of the Middle East and south China . Möngke put Hulagu in overall charge of military and civil affairs in Persia , and appointed Chagataids and Jochids to join Hulagu 's army .",
"The Muslims from Qazvin denounced the menace of the Nizari Ismailis , a heretical sect of Shiites . The Mongol Naiman commander Kitbuqa began to assault several Ismaili fortresses in 1253 , before Hulagu advanced in 1256 . Ismaili Grand Master Rukn ud - Din surrendered in 1257 and was executed . All of the Ismaili strongholds in Persia were destroyed by Hulagu 's army in 1257 , except for Girdukh which held out until 1271 .",
"The center of the Islamic Empire at the time was Baghdad , which had held power for 500 years but was suffering internal divisions . When its caliph al - Mustasim refused to submit to the Mongols , Baghdad was besieged and captured by the Mongols in 1258 and subjected to a merciless sack , an event considered as one of the most catastrophic events in the history of Islam , and sometimes compared to the rupture of the Kaaba . With the destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate , Hulagu had an open route to Syria and moved against the other Muslim powers in the region .",
"His army advanced towards Ayyubid - ruled Syria , capturing small local states en route . The sultan Al - Nasir Yusuf of the Ayyubids refused to show himself before Hulagu ; however , he had accepted Mongol supremacy two decades earlier . When Hulagu headed further west , the Armenians from Cilicia , the Seljuks from Rum and the Christian realms of Antioch and Tripoli submitted to Mongol authority , joining the them in their assault against the Muslims . While some cities surrendered without resisting , others such as Mayafarriqin fought back ; their populations were massacred and the cities were sacked .",
"Meanwhile , in the northwestern portion of the empire , Batu 's successor and younger brother Berke sent punitive expeditions to Ukraine , Belarus , Lithuania and Poland . Dissension began brewing between the northwestern and southwestern sections of the Mongol Empire as Batu suspected that Hulagu 's invasion of Western Asia would result in the elimination of Batu 's own dominance there .",
"In the southern part of the empire , Möngke Khan himself led his army to complete the conquest of China . Military operations were generally successful , but prolonged , so the forces did not withdraw to the north as was customary when the weather turned hot . Disease ravaged the Mongol forces with bloody epidemics , and Möngke died there on 11 August 1259 . This event began a new chapter in the history of the Mongols , as again a decision needed to be made on a new great khan . Mongol armies across the empire withdrew from their campaigns to convene a new kurultai .",
"Möngke 's brother Hulagu broke off his successful military advance into Syria , withdrawing the bulk of his forces to Mughan and leaving only a small contingent under his general Kitbuqa . The opposing forces in the region , the Christian Crusaders and Muslim Mamluks , both recognizing that the Mongols were the greater threat , took advantage of the weakened state of the Mongol army and engaged in an unusual passive truce with each other .",
"In 1260 , the Mamluks advanced from Egypt , being allowed to camp and resupply near the Christian stronghold of Acre , and engaged Kitbuqa 's forces just north of Galilee at the Battle of Ain Jalut . The Mongols were defeated , and Kitbuqa executed . This pivotal battle marked the western limit for Mongol expansion in the Middle East , and the Mongols were never again able to make serious military advances farther than Syria .",
"In a separate part of the empire , Kublai Khan , another brother of Hulagu and Möngke , heard of the great khan 's death at the Huai River in China . Rather than returning to the capital , he continued his advance into the Wuchang area of China , near the Yangtze River . Their younger brother Ariqboke took advantage of the absence of Hulagu and Kublai , and used his position at the capital to win the title of great khan for himself , with representatives of all the family branches proclaiming him as the leader at the kurultai in Karakorum . When Kublai learned of this , he summoned his own kurultai at Kaiping , and nearly all the senior princes and great noyans in North China and Manchuria supported his own candidacy over that of Ariqboke .",
"Battles ensued between the armies of Kublai and those of his brother Ariqboke , which included forces still loyal to Möngke 's previous administration . Kublai 's army easily eliminated Ariqboke 's supporters and seized control of the civil administration in southern Mongolia . Further challenges took place from their cousins , the Chagataids . Kublai sent Abishka , a Chagataid prince loyal to him , to take charge of Chagatai 's realm . But Ariqboke captured and then executed Abishka , having his own man Alghu crowned there instead . Kublai 's new administration blockaded Ariqboke in Mongolia to cut off food supplies , causing a famine . Karakorum fell quickly to Kublai , but Ariqboke rallied and re-took the capital in 1261 .",
"In southwestern Ilkhanate , Hulagu was loyal to his brother Kublai , but clashes with their cousin Berke , the ruler of the Golden Horde , began in 1262 . The suspicious deaths of Jochid princes in Hulagu 's service , unequal distribution of war booty , and Hulagu 's massacres of Muslims increased the anger of Berke , who considered supporting a rebellion of the Georgian Kingdom against Hulagu 's rule in 1259 -- 1260 . Berke also forged an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluks against Hulagu and supported Kublai 's rival claimant , Ariqboke .",
"Hulagu died on 8 February 1264 . Berke sought to take advantage and invade Hulagu 's realm , but he died along the way , and a few months later Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate died as well . Kublai named Hulagu 's son Abaqa as new Ilkhan , and nominated Batu 's grandson Möngke Temür to lead the Golden Horde . Abaqa sought foreign alliances , such as attempting to form a Franco - Mongol alliance against the Egyptian Mamluks . Ariqboqe surrendered to Kublai at Shangdu on 21 August 1264 .",
"In the south , after the fall of Xiangyang in 1273 , the Mongols sought the final conquest of the Song dynasty in South China . In 1271 , Kublai renamed the new Mongol regime in China as the Yuan dynasty and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China to win the control of the Chinese people . Kublai moved his headquarters to Dadu , the genesis for what later became the modern city of Beijing . His establishment of a capital there was a controversial move to many Mongols who accused him of being too closely tied to Chinese culture .",
"The Mongols were eventually successful in their campaigns against ( Song ) China , and the Chinese Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276 , making the Mongols the first non-Chinese people to conquer all of China . Kublai used his base to build a powerful empire , creating an academy , offices , trade ports and canals , and sponsoring arts and science . Mongol records list 20,166 public schools created during his reign .",
"After achieving actual or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia and successfully conquering China , Kublai pursued further expansion . His invasions of Burma and Sakhalin were costly , and his attempted invasions of Annam and Champa ended in devastating defeat , but secured vassal statuses of those countries . The Mongol armies were repeatedly beaten in Annam and were crushed at the Battle of Bạch Đằng ( 1288 ) .",
"Nogai and Konchi , the khan of the White Horde , established friendly relations with the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate . Political disagreement among contending branches of the family over the office of great khan continued , but the economic and commercial success of the Mongol Empire continued despite the squabbling .",
"Major changes occurred in the Mongol Empire in the late 1200s . Kublai Khan , after having conquered all of China and established the Yuan dynasty , died in 1294 . He was succeeded by his grandson Temür Khan , who continued Kublai 's policies . At the same time the Toluid Civil War , along with the Berke -- Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu -- Kublai war , greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire and the empire fractured into autonomous khanates , the Yuan dynasty and the three western khanates : the Golden Horde , the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate . Only the Ilkhanate remained loyal to the Yuan court but endured its own power struggle , in part because of a dispute with the growing Islamic factions within the southwestern part of the empire .",
"After the death of Kaidu , the Chatagai ruler Duwa initiated a peace proposal and persuaded the Ögedeids to submit to Temür Khan . In 1304 , all of the khanates approved a peace treaty and accepted Yuan emperor Temür 's supremacy . This established the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the western khanates , which was to last for several decades . This supremacy was based on weaker foundations than that of the earlier Khagans and each of the four khanates continued to develop separately and function as independent states .",
"Nearly a century of conquest and civil war was followed by relative stability , the Pax Mongolica , and international trade and cultural exchanges flourished between Asia and Europe . Communication between the Yuan dynasty in China and the Ilkhanate in Persia further encouraged trade and commerce between east and west . Patterns of Yuan royal textiles could be found on the opposite side of the empire adorning Armenian decorations ; trees and vegetables were transplanted across the empire ; and technological innovations spread from Mongol dominions towards the West . Pope John XXII was presented a memorandum from the eastern church describing the Pax Mongolica : `` ... Khagan is one of the greatest monarchs and all lords of the state , e.g. , the king of Almaligh ( Chagatai Khanate ) , emperor Abu Said and Uzbek Khan , are his subjects , saluting his holiness to pay their respects . '' However , while the four khanates continued to interact with one another well into the 14th century , they did so as sovereign states and never again pooled their resources in a cooperative military endeavor .",
"In spite of his conflicts with Kaidu and Duwa , Yuan emperor Temür established a tributary relationship with the war - like Shan people after his series of military operations against Thailand from 1297 to 1303 . This was to mark the end of the southern expansion of the Mongols .",
"When Ghazan took the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1295 , he formally accepted Islam as his own religion , marking a turning point in Mongol history after which Mongol Persia became more and more Islamic . Despite this , Ghazan continued to strengthen ties with Temür Khan and the Yuan dynasty in the east . It was politically useful to advertise the great khan 's authority in the Ilkhanate , because the Golden Horde in Russia had long made claims on nearby Georgia . Within four years , Ghazan began sending tribute to the Yuan court and appealing to other khans to accept Temür Khan as their overlord . He oversaw an extensive program of cultural and scientific interaction between the Ilkhanate and the Yuan dynasty in the following decades .",
"Ghazan 's faith may have been Islamic , but he continued his ancestors ' war with the Egyptian Mamluks , and consulted with his old Mongolian advisers in his native tongue . He defeated the Mamluk army at the Battle of Wadi al - Khazandar in 1299 , but he was only briefly able to occupy Syria , due to distracting raids from the Chagatai Khanate under its de facto ruler Kaidu , who was at war with both the Ilkhans and the Yuan dynasty .",
"Struggling for influence within the Golden Horde , Kaidu sponsored his own candidate Kobeleg against Bayan ( r . 1299 -- 1304 ) , the khan of the White Horde . Bayan , after receiving military support from the Mongols in Russia , requested assistance from both Temür Khan and the Ilkhanate to organize a unified attack against Kaidu 's forces . Temür was amenable and attacked Kaidu a year later . After a bloody battle with Temür 's armies near the Zawkhan River in 1301 , Kaidu died and was succeeded by Duwa .",
"Duwa was challenged by Kaidu 's son Chapar , but with the assistance of Temür , Duwa defeated the Ögedeids . Tokhta of the Golden Horde , also seeking a general peace , sent 20,000 men to buttress the Yuan frontier . Tokhta died in 1312 , though , and was succeeded by Ozbeg ( r . 1313 -- 41 ) , who seized the throne of the Golden Horde and persecuted non-Muslim Mongols . The Yuan 's influence on the Horde was largely reversed and border clashes between Mongol states resumed . Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan 's envoys backed Tokhta 's son against Ozbeg .",
"In the Chagatai Khanate , Esen Buqa I ( r . 1309 -- 1318 ) was enthroned as khan after suppressing a sudden rebellion by Ögedei 's descendants and driving Chapar into exile . The Yuan and Ilkhanid armies eventually attacked the Chagatai Khanate . Recognising the potential economic benefits and the Genghisid legacy , Ozbeg reopened friendly relations with the Yuan in 1326 . He strengthened ties with the Muslim world as well , building mosques and other elaborate structures such as baths . By the second decade of the 14th century , Mongol invasions had further decreased . In 1323 , Abu Said Khan ( r . 1316 -- 35 ) of the Ilkhanate signed a peace treaty with Egypt . At his request , the Yuan court awarded his custodian Chupan the title of commander - in - chief of all Mongol khanates , but Chupan died in late 1327 .",
"Civil war erupted in the Yuan dynasty in 1328 -- 29 . After the death of Yesün Temür in 1328 , Tugh Temür became the new leader in Dadu , while Yesün Temür 's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu , leading to the civil war known as the War of the Two Capitals . Tugh Temür defeated Ragibagh , but the Chagatai khan Eljigidey ( r . 1326 -- 29 ) supported Kusala , elder brother of Tugh Temür , as great khan . He invaded with a commanding force , and Tugh Temür abdicated . Kusala was elected khan on 30 August 1329 . Kusala was then poisoned by a Kypchak commander under Tugh Temür , who returned to power .",
"Tugh Temür ( 1304 -- 32 ) was knowledgeable about Chinese language and history and was also a creditable poet , calligrapher , and painter . In order to be accepted by other khanates as the sovereign of the Mongol world , he sent Genghisid princes and descendants notable Mongol generals to the Chagatai Khanate , Ilkhan Abu Said , and Ozbeg . In response to the emissaries , they all agreed to send tribute each year . Furthermore , Tugh Temür gave lavish presents and an imperial seal to Eljigidey to mollify his anger .",
"With the death of Ilkhan Abu Said Bahatur in 1335 , Mongol rule faltered and Persia fell into political anarchy . A year later his successor was killed by an Oirat governor , and the Ilkhanate was divided between the Suldus , the Jalayir , Qasarid Togha Temür ( d . 1353 ) , and Persian warlords . Taking advantage of the chaos , the Georgians pushed the Mongols out of their territory , and the Uyghur commander Eretna established an independent state ( Ertenids ) in Anatolia in 1336 . Following the downfall of their Mongol masters , the loyal vassal , the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , received escalating threats from the Mamluks and were eventually overrun .",
"Along with the dissolution of the Ilkhanate in Persia , Mongol rulers in China and the Chagatai Khanate were also in turmoil . The plague known as the Black Death , which started in the Mongol dominions and spread to Europe , added to the confusion . Disease devastated all the khanates , cutting off commercial ties and killing millions . Plague may have taken 50 million lives in Europe alone in the 14th century .",
"As the power of the Mongols declined , chaos erupted throughout the empire as non-Mongol leaders expanded their own influence . The Golden Horde lost all of its western dominions ( including modern Belarus and Ukraine ) to Poland and Lithuania between 1342 and 1369 . Muslim and non-Muslim princes in the Chagatai Khanate warred with each other from 1331 -- 43 , and the Chagatai Khanate disintegrated when non-Genghisid warlords set up their own puppet khans in Transoxiana and Moghulistan . Janibeg Khan ( r . 1342 -- 1357 ) briefly reasserted Jochid dominance over the Chaghataids . Demanding submission from an offshoot of the Ilkhanate in Azerbaijan , he boasted that `` today three uluses are under my control '' .",
"However , rival families of the Jochids began fighting for the throne of the Golden Horde after the assassination of his successor Berdibek Khan in 1359 . The last Yuan ruler Toghan Temür ( r . 1333 -- 70 ) was powerless to regulate those troubles , a sign that the empire had nearly reached its end . His court 's unbacked currency had entered a hyperinflationary spiral and the Han - Chinese people revolted due to the Yuan 's harsh impositions . In the 1350s Gongmin of Goryeo successfully pushed Mongolian garrisons back and exterminated the family of Toghan Temür Khan 's empress while Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen managed to eliminate the Mongol influence in Tibet .",
"Increasingly isolated from their subjects , the Mongols quickly lost most of China to the rebellious Ming forces and in 1368 fled to their heartland in Mongolia . After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty the Golden Horde lost touch with Mongolia and China , while the two main parts of the Chagatai Khanate were defeated by Timur ( Tamerlane ) ( 1336 -- 1405 ) , who founded the Timurid Empire . However , remnants of the Chagatai Khanate survived ; the last Chagataid state to survive was the Yarkent Khanate , until its defeat by the Oirat Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr in 1680 . The Golden Horde broke into smaller Turkic - hordes that declined steadily in power over four centuries . Among them , the khanate 's shadow , the Great Horde , survived until 1502 , when one of its successors , the Crimean Khanate , sacked Sarai . The Crimean Khanate lasted until 1783 , whereas khanates such as the Khanate of Bukhara and the Kazakh Khanate lasted even longer .",
"The number of troops mustered by the Mongols is the subject of some scholarly debate , but was at least 105,000 in 1206 . The Mongol military organization was simple but effective , based on the decimal system . The army was built up from squads of ten men each , arbans ( 10 people ) , zuuns ( 100 ) , Mingghans ( 1000 ) , and tumens ( 10,000 ) .",
"The Mongols were most famous for their horse archers , but troops armed with lances were equally skilled , and the Mongols recruited other military talents from the lands they conquered . With experienced Chinese engineers and a bombardier corps which was expert at building trebuchets , catapults and other machines , the Mongols could lay siege to fortified positions , sometimes building machinery on the spot using available local resources .",
"Forces under the command of the Mongol Empire were trained , organized , and equipped for mobility and speed . Mongol soldiers were more lightly armored than many of the armies they faced but were able to make up for it with maneuverability . Each Mongol warrior would usually travel with multiple horses , allowing him to quickly switch to a fresh mount as needed . In addition , soldiers of the Mongol army functioned independently of supply lines , considerably speeding up army movement . Skillful use of couriers enabled the leaders of these armies to maintain contact with each other .",
"Discipline was inculcated during a nerge ( traditional hunt ) , as reported by Juvayni . These hunts were distinctive from hunts in other cultures , being the equivalent to small unit actions . Mongol forces would spread out in a line , surround an entire region , and then drive all of the game within that area together . The goal was to let none of the animals escape and to slaughter them all .",
"Another advantage of the Mongols was their ability to traverse large distances , even in unusually cold winters ; for instance , frozen rivers led them like highways to large urban centers on their banks . The Mongols were adept at river - work , crossing the river Sajó in spring flood conditions with thirty thousand cavalry soldiers in a single night during the Battle of Mohi ( April 1241 ) to defeat the Hungarian king Béla IV . Similarly , in the attack against the Muslim Khwarezmshah a flotilla of barges was used to prevent escape on the river .",
"Traditionally known for their prowess with ground forces , the Mongols rarely used naval power . In the 1260s and 1270s they used seapower while conquering the Song dynasty of China , though their attempts to mount seaborne campaigns against Japan were unsuccessful . Around the Eastern Mediterranean , their campaigns were almost exclusively land - based , with the seas controlled by the Crusader and Mamluk forces .",
"All military campaigns were preceded by careful planning , reconnaissance , and the gathering of sensitive information relating to enemy territories and forces . The success , organization , and mobility of the Mongol armies permitted them to fight on several fronts at once . All adult males up to the age of 60 were eligible for conscription into the army , a source of honor in their tribal warrior tradition .",
"The Mongol Empire was governed by a code of law devised by Genghis , called Yassa , meaning `` order '' or `` decree '' . A particular canon of this code was that those of rank shared much the same hardship as the common man . It also imposed severe penalties -- e.g. , the death penalty if one mounted soldier following another did not pick up something dropped from the mount in front . Penalties were also decreed for rape and to some extent for murder . Any resistance to Mongol rule was met with massive collective punishment . Cities were destroyed and their inhabitants slaughtered if they defied Mongol orders . Under Yassa , chiefs and generals were selected based on merit . The empire was governed by a non-democratic , parliamentary - style central assembly , called kurultai , in which the Mongol chiefs met with the great khan to discuss domestic and foreign policies . Kurultais were also convened for the selection of each new great khan .",
"Genghis Khan also created a national seal , encouraged the use of a written alphabet in Mongolia , and exempted teachers , lawyers , and artists from taxes .",
"The Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China and sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia , thus using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands . The Mongols were tolerant of other religions , and rarely persecuted people on religious grounds . This was associated with their culture and progressive thought . Some historians of the 20th century thought this was a good military strategy : when Genghis was at war with Sultan Muhammad of Khwarezm , other Islamic leaders did not join the fight , as it was seen as a non-holy war between two individuals .",
"At the time of Genghis Khan , virtually every religion had found Mongol converts , from Buddhism to Christianity , from Manichaeism to Islam . To avoid strife , Genghis Khan set up an institution that ensured complete religious freedom , though he himself was a tengrist or shamanist . Under his administration , all religious leaders were exempt from taxation and from public service .",
"Initially there were few formal places of worship because of the nomadic lifestyle . However , under Ögedei ( 1186 -- 1241 ) , several building projects were undertaken in the Mongol capital . Along with palaces , Ögedei built houses of worship for the Buddhist , Muslim , Christian , and Taoist followers . The dominant religions at that time were Shamanism , Tengrism , and Buddhism , although Ögedei 's wife was a Nestorian Christian .",
"Eventually , each of the successor states adopted the dominant religion of the local populations : the Chinese - Mongolian Yuan dynasty in the East ( originally the great khan 's domain ) embraced Buddhism and Shamanism , while the three Western khanates adopted Islam .",
"The oldest surviving literary work in the Mongolian language is The Secret History of the Mongols , which was written for the royal family some time after Genghis Khan 's death in 1227 . It is the most significant native account of Genghis 's life and genealogy , covering his origins and childhood through to the establishment of the Mongol Empire and the reign of his son , Ögedei .",
"Another classic from the empire is the Jami ' al - tawarikh , or `` Universal History '' . It was commissioned in the early 14th century by the Ilkhan Abaqa Khan as a way of documenting the entire world 's history , to help establish the Mongols ' own cultural legacy .",
"Mongol scribes in the 14th century used a mixture of resin and vegetable pigments as a primitive form of correction fluid ; this is arguably its first known usage .",
"The Mongols also appreciated the visual arts , though their taste in portraiture was strictly focused on portraits of their horses , rather than of people .",
"The Mongol Empire had an ingenious and efficient mail system for the time , often referred to by scholars as the Yam . It had lavishly furnished and well - guarded relay posts known as örtöö set up throughout the Empire . A messenger would typically travel 25 miles ( 40 km ) from one station to the next , either receiving a fresh , rested horse , or relaying the mail to the next rider to ensure the speediest possible delivery . The Mongol riders regularly covered 125 miles ( 200 km ) per day , better than the fastest record set by the Pony Express some 600 years later . The relay stations had attached households to service them . Anyone with a paiza was allowed to stop there for re-mounts and specified rations , while those carrying military identities used the Yam even without a paiza . Many merchants , messengers , and travelers from China , the Middle East , and Europe used the system . When the great khan died in Karakorum , news reached the Mongol forces under Batu Khan in Central Europe within 4 -- 6 weeks thanks to the Yam .",
"Genghis and his successor Ögedei built a wide system of roads , one of which carved through the Altai mountains . After his enthronement , Ögedei further expanded the road system , ordering the Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde to link up roads in western parts of the Mongol Empire .",
"Kublai Khan , founder of the Yuan dynasty , built special relays for high officials , as well as ordinary relays , that had hostels . During Kublai 's reign , the Yuan communication system consisted of some 1,400 postal stations , which used 50,000 horses , 8,400 oxen , 6,700 mules , 4,000 carts , and 6,000 boats .",
"In Manchuria and southern Siberia , the Mongols still used dogsled relays for the yam . In the Ilkhanate , Ghazan restored the declining relay system in the Middle East on a restricted scale . He constructed some hostels and decreed that only imperial envoys could receive a stipend . The Jochids of the Golden Horde financed their relay system by a special yam tax .",
"The Mongols had a history of supporting merchants and trade . Genghis Khan had encouraged foreign merchants early in his career , even before uniting the Mongols . Merchants provided information about neighboring cultures , served as diplomats and official traders for the Mongols , and were essential for many goods , since the Mongols produced little of their own .",
"Mongols sometimes provided capital for merchants and sent them far afield , in an ortoq ( merchant partner ) arrangement . As the empire grew , any merchants or ambassadors with proper documentation and authorization received protection and sanctuary as they traveled through Mongol realms . Well - traveled and relatively well - maintained roads linked lands from the Mediterranean basin to China , greatly increasing overland trade and resulting in some dramatic stories of those who travelled through what would become known as the Silk Road .",
"Western explorer Marco Polo traveled east along the Silk Road , and the Chinese Mongol monk Rabban Bar Sauma made a comparably epic journey along the route , venturing from his home of Khanbaliq ( Beijing ) as far as Europe . European missionaries , such as William of Rubruck , also traveled to the Mongol court to convert believers to their cause , or went as papal envoys to correspond with Mongol rulers in an attempt to secure a Franco - Mongol alliance . It was rare , however , for anyone to journey the full length of Silk Road . Instead , merchants moved products like a bucket brigade , goods being traded from one middleman to another , moving from China all the way to the West ; the goods moved over such long distances fetched extravagant prices .",
"After Genghis , the merchant partner business continued to flourish under his successors Ögedei and Güyük . Merchants brought clothing , food , information , and other provisions to the imperial palaces , and in return the great khans gave the merchants tax exemptions and allowed them to use the official relay stations of the Mongol Empire . Merchants also served as tax farmers in China , Russia and Iran . If the merchants were attacked by bandits , losses were made up from the imperial treasury .",
"Policies changed under the Great Khan Möngke . Because of money laundering and overtaxing , he attempted to limit abuses and sent imperial investigators to supervise the ortoq businesses . He decreed that all merchants must pay commercial and property taxes , and he paid off all drafts drawn by high - ranking Mongol elites from the merchants . This policy continued under the Yuan dynasty .",
"The fall of the Mongol Empire in the 14th century led to the collapse of the political , cultural , and economic unity along the Silk Road . Turkic tribes seized the western end of the route from the Byzantine Empire , sowing the seeds of a Turkic culture that would later crystallize into the Ottoman Empire under the Sunni faith . In the East , the native Chinese overthrew the Yuan dynasty in 1368 , launching their own Ming dynasty and pursuing a policy of economic isolationism .",
"The Mongol Empire -- at its height the largest contiguous empire in history -- had a lasting impact , unifying large regions . Some of these ( such as eastern and western Russia and the western parts of China ) remain unified today . Mongols might have been assimilated into local populations after the fall of the empire , and some of these descendants adopted local religions -- for example , the eastern khanate largely adopted Buddhism , and the three western khanates adopted Islam , largely under Sufi influence .",
"According to some interpretations , Genghis Khan 's conquests caused wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale in certain geographical regions , leading to changes in the demographics of Asia .",
"Non-military achievements of the Mongol Empire included the introduction of a writing system , a Mongol alphabet based on the characters of the Uyghur language , that is still used today in Mongolia .",
"Some of the other long - term consequences of the Mongol Empire include :",
"Moscow rose to prominence whilst under the Mongol - Tatar yoke , some time after Russian rulers were accorded the status of tax collectors for the Mongols . The fact that the Russians collected tribute and taxes for the Mongols meant that the Mongols themselves would rarely visit the lands that they owned . The Russians eventually gained military power , and their ruler Ivan III overthrew the Mongols completely to form the Russian Tsardom . After the Great stand on the Ugra river proved the Mongols vulnerable , the Grand Duchy of Moscow gained independence . Europe 's knowledge of the known world was immensely expanded by the information brought back by ambassadors and merchants . When Columbus sailed in 1492 , his mission was to reach Cathay , the land of the Grand Khan in China , and give him a letter from the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile . Some studies indicate that the Black Death that devastated Europe in the late 1340s may have traveled from China to Europe along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire . In 1347 , the Genoese possessor of Caffa , a great trade emporium on the Crimean Peninsula , came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors under the command of Janibeg . After a protracted siege during which the Mongol army was reportedly withering from disease , they decided to use the infected corpses as a biological weapon . The corpses were catapulted over the city walls , infecting the inhabitants . The Genoese traders fled , transferring the plague via their ships into the south of Europe , from where it rapidly spread . The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 -- 200 million with up to 50 million deaths in Europe alone .",
"Moscow rose to prominence whilst under the Mongol - Tatar yoke , some time after Russian rulers were accorded the status of tax collectors for the Mongols . The fact that the Russians collected tribute and taxes for the Mongols meant that the Mongols themselves would rarely visit the lands that they owned . The Russians eventually gained military power , and their ruler Ivan III overthrew the Mongols completely to form the Russian Tsardom . After the Great stand on the Ugra river proved the Mongols vulnerable , the Grand Duchy of Moscow gained independence .",
"Europe 's knowledge of the known world was immensely expanded by the information brought back by ambassadors and merchants . When Columbus sailed in 1492 , his mission was to reach Cathay , the land of the Grand Khan in China , and give him a letter from the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile .",
"Some studies indicate that the Black Death that devastated Europe in the late 1340s may have traveled from China to Europe along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire . In 1347 , the Genoese possessor of Caffa , a great trade emporium on the Crimean Peninsula , came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors under the command of Janibeg . After a protracted siege during which the Mongol army was reportedly withering from disease , they decided to use the infected corpses as a biological weapon . The corpses were catapulted over the city walls , infecting the inhabitants . The Genoese traders fled , transferring the plague via their ships into the south of Europe , from where it rapidly spread . The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 -- 200 million with up to 50 million deaths in Europe alone .",
"Western researcher R.J. Rummel estimated that 30 million people were killed under the rule of the Mongol Empire . Some estimates go as high as 80 million killed , with 50 million deaths being the middle ground . The population of China fell by half in fifty years of Mongol rule . Before the Mongol invasion , the territories of the Chinese dynasties reportedly had approximately 120 million inhabitants ; after the conquest was completed in 1279 , the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people . While it is tempting to attribute this major decline solely to Mongol ferocity , scholars today have mixed opinions regarding this subject . Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than a de facto decrease , whilst others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols reduced much of the south Chinese population , and very debatably the Han Chinese population , to an invisible status through cancellation of the right to passports and denial of the right to direct land ownership . This meant that the Chinese had to depend on and be cared for chiefly by Mongols and Tartars , which also involved recruitment into the Mongol army . Other historians such as William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the bubonic plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period . The Islamic world was subject to massive changes as a result of Mongol invasions . The population of the Iranian plateau suffered from widespread disease and famine , resulting in the deaths of up to three - quarters of its population , possibly 10 to 15 million people . Historian Steven Ward estimates that Iran 's population did not reach its pre-Mongol levels again until the mid-20th century . David Nicole states in The Mongol Warlords , `` terror and mass extermination of anyone opposing them was a well tested Mongol tactic . '' About half of the Russian population may have died during the invasion . However , Colin McEvedy in Atlas of World Population History , 1978 estimates the population of Russia - in - Europe dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to 7 million afterwards . Historians estimate that up to half of Hungary 's two million population were victims of the Mongol invasion . Historian Andrea Peto says that Rogerius , an eyewitness , said `` the Mongols killed everybody regardless of gender or age '' and that `` the Mongols especially ' found pleasure ' in humiliating women . ''",
"Western researcher R.J. Rummel estimated that 30 million people were killed under the rule of the Mongol Empire . Some estimates go as high as 80 million killed , with 50 million deaths being the middle ground . The population of China fell by half in fifty years of Mongol rule . Before the Mongol invasion , the territories of the Chinese dynasties reportedly had approximately 120 million inhabitants ; after the conquest was completed in 1279 , the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people . While it is tempting to attribute this major decline solely to Mongol ferocity , scholars today have mixed opinions regarding this subject . Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than a de facto decrease , whilst others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols reduced much of the south Chinese population , and very debatably the Han Chinese population , to an invisible status through cancellation of the right to passports and denial of the right to direct land ownership . This meant that the Chinese had to depend on and be cared for chiefly by Mongols and Tartars , which also involved recruitment into the Mongol army . Other historians such as William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the bubonic plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period .",
"The Islamic world was subject to massive changes as a result of Mongol invasions . The population of the Iranian plateau suffered from widespread disease and famine , resulting in the deaths of up to three - quarters of its population , possibly 10 to 15 million people . Historian Steven Ward estimates that Iran 's population did not reach its pre-Mongol levels again until the mid-20th century .",
"David Nicole states in The Mongol Warlords , `` terror and mass extermination of anyone opposing them was a well tested Mongol tactic . '' About half of the Russian population may have died during the invasion . However , Colin McEvedy in Atlas of World Population History , 1978 estimates the population of Russia - in - Europe dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to 7 million afterwards . Historians estimate that up to half of Hungary 's two million population were victims of the Mongol invasion . Historian Andrea Peto says that Rogerius , an eyewitness , said `` the Mongols killed everybody regardless of gender or age '' and that `` the Mongols especially ' found pleasure ' in humiliating women . ''",
"One of the more successful tactics employed by the Mongols was to wipe out urban populations that refused to surrender . During the Mongol invasion of Rus ' , almost all major cities were destroyed . If they chose to submit , the people were generally spared , though this was not guaranteed . For example , the city of Hamadan in modern - day Iran was destroyed and every man , woman , and child executed by Mongol general Subadai , after surrendering to him but failing to have enough provisions for his Mongol scouting force . Several days after the initial razing of the city , Subadai sent a force back to the burning ruins and the site of the massacre to kill any inhabitants of the city who had been away at the time of the initial slaughter and had returned in the meantime . Mongolian armies made use of local peoples and their soldiers , often incorporating them into their armies . Prisoners of war sometimes were given the choice between death and becoming part of the Mongol army to aid in future conquests . In addition to intimidation tactics , the rapid expansion of the empire was facilitated by military hardiness ( especially during bitterly cold winters ) , military skill , meritocracy , and discipline .",
"One of the more successful tactics employed by the Mongols was to wipe out urban populations that refused to surrender . During the Mongol invasion of Rus ' , almost all major cities were destroyed . If they chose to submit , the people were generally spared , though this was not guaranteed . For example , the city of Hamadan in modern - day Iran was destroyed and every man , woman , and child executed by Mongol general Subadai , after surrendering to him but failing to have enough provisions for his Mongol scouting force . Several days after the initial razing of the city , Subadai sent a force back to the burning ruins and the site of the massacre to kill any inhabitants of the city who had been away at the time of the initial slaughter and had returned in the meantime . Mongolian armies made use of local peoples and their soldiers , often incorporating them into their armies . Prisoners of war sometimes were given the choice between death and becoming part of the Mongol army to aid in future conquests . In addition to intimidation tactics , the rapid expansion of the empire was facilitated by military hardiness ( especially during bitterly cold winters ) , military skill , meritocracy , and discipline .",
"The Crimean Khanate and other descendants , such as the Mughal royal family of South Asia , are descended from Genghis Khan : Babur 's mother was a descendant , whereas his father was directly descended from Timur ( Tamerlane ) . The word `` Mughol '' is a Persian word for Mongol . The Kalmyks were the last Mongol nomads to penetrate European territory , having migrated to Europe from Central Asia at the turn of the 17th century . In the winter of 1770 -- 1771 , approximately 200,000 Kalmyks began the journey from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga River to Dzungaria , through the territories of their Kazakh and Kyrgyz enemies . After several months of travel , only one - third of the original group reached Dzungaria in northwest China . Some Turko - Mongol Khanates lasted into recent centuries : The Crimean Khanate lasted until 1783 ; the Khanate of Bukhara until 1920 ; the Kazakh Khanate until 1847 ; the Khanate of Kokand until 1876 ; and the Khanate of Khiva survived as a Russian protectorate until 1917 .",
"The Crimean Khanate and other descendants , such as the Mughal royal family of South Asia , are descended from Genghis Khan : Babur 's mother was a descendant , whereas his father was directly descended from Timur ( Tamerlane ) . The word `` Mughol '' is a Persian word for Mongol .",
"The Kalmyks were the last Mongol nomads to penetrate European territory , having migrated to Europe from Central Asia at the turn of the 17th century . In the winter of 1770 -- 1771 , approximately 200,000 Kalmyks began the journey from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga River to Dzungaria , through the territories of their Kazakh and Kyrgyz enemies . After several months of travel , only one - third of the original group reached Dzungaria in northwest China .",
"Some Turko - Mongol Khanates lasted into recent centuries : The Crimean Khanate lasted until 1783 ; the Khanate of Bukhara until 1920 ; the Kazakh Khanate until 1847 ; the Khanate of Kokand until 1876 ; and the Khanate of Khiva survived as a Russian protectorate until 1917 ."
] | Mongol Empire - wikipedia Mongol Empire Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with Mughal Empire . Mongol Empire Ikh Mongol Uls Nomadic empire 1206-- 1368 Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206-- 1294 superimposed on a modern political map of Eurasia . Capital 1206-- 35 Avarga 1235-- 60 Karakorum 1260-- 1368 Khanbaliq (Dadu) Languages Mongolian Turkic Chinese Persian and other languages Religion Initially: Tengrism Shamanism Later: Islam Buddhism Nestorianism Government Elective monarchy ; later also hereditary Great Khan 1206-- 1227 Genghis Khan 1229-- 1241 Ögedei Khan 1246-- 1248 Güyük Khan 1251-- 1259 Möngke Khan 1260-- 1294 Kublai Khan (Nominal) 1333-- 1368 Toghan Temür Khan (Nominal) Legislature Kurultai History Genghis Khan proclaims the Mongol Empire 1206 Death of Genghis Khan 1227 Pax Mongolica 1250-- 1350 Empire fragments 1260-- 1294 Fall of Yuan dynasty 1368 Collapse of the Chagatai Khanate 1687 Area 1206 (Unification of Mongolia) 4,000,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi) 1227 (Genghis Khan's death) 13,500,000 km (5,200,000 sq mi) 1294 (Kublai's death) 23,500,000 km (9,100,000 sq mi) 1309 (Last formal reunification) 24,000,000 km (9,300,000 sq mi) Currency Various Preceded by Succeeded by Khamag Mongol Khwarazmian Empire Qara Khitai Jīn dynasty Song dynasty Western Xia Abbasid Caliphate Nizari Ismaili state Kievan Rus' Volga Bulgaria Cumania Alania Kingdom of Dali Kimek Khanate Sultanate of Rum Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan dynasty Timurid Empire Anatolian Beyliks Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Ming dynasty Jump up ^ Karakorum was founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260. Jump up ^ Following the death of Möngke Khan in 1259, no one city served as capital. Khanbaliq (Dadu), modern-day Beijing , was the Yuan capital between 1271 and 1368. Jump up ^ Including coins such as dirhams and paper currencies based on silver ( sukhe ) or silk, or the later small amounts of Chinese coins and paper Chao currency of the Yuan dynasty . Mongol invasions and conquests Asia Burma First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Central Asia Qara Khitai Khwarezm China Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi Japan Bun'ei Kōan Vietnam Bạch Đằng Other invasions India Java Korea Tibet Europe Rus' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia (Chechnya) Poland (first) Hungary (first) Bulgaria and Serbia Latin Empire Poland (second) Thrace Hungary (second) Poland (third) Serbia (second) Near East Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut ) The Mongol Empire ( Mongolian : Mongolyn Ezent Güren listen ( help info ) ; Mongolian Cyrillic : Монголын эзэнт гүрэн ; (mɔŋɡ (ɔ )ɮˈiːŋ ɛt͡sˈɛnt ˈɡurəŋ ) ; also Орда (`` Horde'' ) in Russian chronicles ) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in the steppes of Central Asia , the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe all the way to the Sea of Japan , extending northwards into Siberia , eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent , Indochina , and the Iranian plateau , and westwards as far as the Levant and the Carpathians . The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan , whom a council proclaimed ruler of all the Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent invasions in every direction. The vast transcontinental empire connected the east with the west with an enforced Pax Mongolica , allowing the dissemination and exchange of trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies across Eurasia . The empire began to split due to wars over succession, as the grandchildren of Genghis Khan disputed whether the royal line should follow from his son and initial heir Ögedei or from one of his other sons, such as Tolui , Chagatai , or Jochi . The Toluids prevailed after a bloody purge of Ögedeid and Chagataid factions, but disputes continued even among the descendants of Tolui. A key reason for the split was the dispute over whether the Mongol Empire would become a sedentary, cosmopolitan empire, or would stay true to their nomadic and steppe lifestyle. After Möngke Khan died (1259), rival kurultai councils simultaneously elected different successors, the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan , who then not only fought each other in the Toluid Civil War (1260-- 1264), but also dealt with challenges from the descendants of other sons of Genghis. Kublai successfully took power, but civil war ensued as he sought unsuccessfully to regain control of the Chagatayid and Ögedeid families. During the reigns of Genghis and Ögedei , the Mongols suffered the occasional defeat when a less skilled general was given a command. The Siberian Tumads defeated the Mongol forces under Borokhula around 1215-- 1217; Jalal al-Din defeated Shigi-Qutugu at the Battle of Parwan ; and the Jin generals Heda and Pu'a defeated Dolqolqu in 1230. In each case, the Mongols returned shortly after with a much larger army led by one of their best generals, and were invariably victorious. The Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee in 1260 marked the first time that the Mongols would not return to immediately avenge a defeat, due to a combination of the death of Möngke Khan, the Toluid Civil War between Arik Boke and Khubilai, and Berke of the Golden Horde attacking Hulegu in Persia. Though the Mongols launched many more invasions of the Levant, briefly occupying it and raiding as far as Gaza after a decisive victory at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, they withdrew due to various geopolitical factors. By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires , each pursuing its own separate interests and objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia the Ilkhanate in the southwest the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing . In 1304 the three western khanates briefly accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty, but in 1368 the Han Chinese Ming dynasty took over the Mongol capital. The Genghisid rulers of the Yuan retreated to the Mongolian homeland and continued to rule there as the Northern Yuan dynasty . The Ilkhanate disintegrated in the period 1335-- 1353. The Golden Horde had broken into competing khanates by the end of the 15th century whilst the Chagatai Khanate lasted in one form or another until 1687. Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Pre-empire context 2.2 Rise of Genghis Khan 2.3 Early organization 2.3.1 Push into Central Asia 2.3.2 Religious policies 2.4 Death of Genghis Khan and expansion under Ögedei (1227-- 1241) 2.4.1 Invasions of Kievan Rus' and central China 2.4.2 Push into central Europe 2.5 Post-Ögedei power struggles (1241-- 1251) 2.5.1 Death of Güyük (1248) 2.6 Rule of Möngke Khan (1251-- 1259) 2.6.1 Administrative reforms 2.6.2 New invasions of the Middle East and Southern China 2.6.3 Death of Möngke Khan (1259) 2.7 Disunity 2.7.1 Dispute over succession 2.7.2 Mongolian Civil War 2.7.3 Campaigns of Kublai Khan (1264-- 1294) 2.8 Disintegration into competing entities 2.8.1 Development of the khanates 2.9 Relict states of the Mongol Empire 3 Military organization 4 Society 4.1 Law and governance 4.2 Religions 4.3 Arts and literature 4.4 Mail system 5 Silk Road 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Name ( edit ) What is referred to in English as the Mongol Empire was called the Ikh Mongol Uls ( ikh : great, uls : state; Great Mongolian State). In the 1240s, one of Genghis's descendants, Güyük Khan , wrote a letter to Pope Innocent IV which used the preamble `` Dalai (great/oceanic) Khagan of the great Mongolian state (ulus)'' . After the succession war between Kublai Khan and his brother Ariq Böke , Ariq limited Kublai's power to the eastern part of the empire. Kublai officially issued an imperial edict on 18 December 1271 to name the country `` Great Yuan'' ( Dai Yuan , or Dai Ön Ulus ) to establish the Yuan dynasty . Some sources state that the full Mongolian name was Dai Ön Yehe Monggul Ulus . History ( edit ) Pre-empire Context ( edit ) Main article: Proto-Mongols Mongolian tribes during the Khitan Liao dynasty (907-- 1125) Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c. 1200. The area around Mongolia , Manchuria , and parts of North China had been controlled by the Liao dynasty since the 10th century. In 1125, the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens overthrew the Liao dynasty and attempted to gain control over former Liao territory in Mongolia. In the 1130s the Jin dynasty rulers, known as the Golden Kings, successfully resisted the Khamag Mongol confederation, ruled at the time by Khabul Khan , great-grandfather of Temujin (Genghis Khan). The Mongolian plateau was occupied mainly by five powerful tribal confederations ( khanlig ): Keraites , Khamag Mongol , Naiman , Mergid , and Tatar . The Jin emperors, following a policy of divide and rule , encouraged disputes among the tribes, especially between the Tatars and the Mongols, in order to keep the nomadic tribes distracted by their own battles and thereby away from the Jin. Khabul's successor was Ambaghai Khan , who was betrayed by the Tatars, handed over to the Jurchen, and executed. The Mongols retaliated by raiding the frontier, resulting in a failed Jurchen counter-attack in 1143. In 1147, the Jin somewhat changed their policy, signing a peace treaty with the Mongols and withdrawing from a score of forts. The Mongols then resumed attacks on the Tatars to avenge the death of their late khan, opening a long period of active hostilities. The Jin and Tatar armies defeated the Mongols in 1161. During the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, the usually cold, parched steppes of Central Asia enjoyed their mildest, wettest conditions in more than a millennium. It is thought that this resulted in a rapid increase in the number of war horses and other livestock significantly enhanced Mongol military strength. Rise of Genghis Khan ( edit ) Main articles: Khamag Mongol and Genghis Khan Genghis Khan , National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan Known during his childhood as Temujin , Genghis Khan was a son of a Mongol chieftain. As a young man he rose very rapidly by working with Toghrul Khan of the Kerait. The most powerful Mongol leader at the time was Kurtait; he was given the Chinese title `` Wang'' , which means Prince. Temujin went to war with Wang Khan. After Temujin defeated Wang Khan he gave himself the name Genghis Khan. He then enlarged his Mongol state under himself and his kin. The term Mongol came to be used to refer to all Mongolic speaking tribes under the control of Genghis Khan. His most powerful allies were his father's friend, Khereid chieftain Wang Khan Toghoril, and Temujin's childhood anda (friend) Jamukha of the Jadran clan. With their help, Temujin defeated the Merkit tribe, rescued his wife Börte , and went on to defeat the Naimans and the Tatars. Temujin forbade looting of his enemies without permission, and he implemented a policy of sharing spoils with his warriors and their families instead of giving it all to the aristocrats. These policies brought him into conflict with his uncles, who were also legitimate heirs to the throne; they regarded Temujin not as a leader but as an insolent usurper. This dissatisfaction spread to his generals and other associates, and some Mongols who had previously been allies broke their allegiance. War ensued, and Temujin and the forces still loyal to him prevailed, defeating the remaining rival tribes between 1203 and 1205 and bringing them under his sway. In 1206, Temujin was crowned as the khagan of the Yekhe Mongol Ulus (Great Mongol State) at a kurultai (general assembly/council). It was there that he assumed the title of Genghis Khan (universal leader) instead of one of the old tribal titles such as Gur Khan or Tayang Khan, marking the start of the Mongol Empire. Early organization ( edit ) Genghis Khan ascended the throne in the Yeke Quriltay region in the Onan river, from the Jami' al-tawarikh . Genghis Khan introduced many innovative ways of organizing his army: for example dividing it into decimal subsections of arbans (10 soldiers), zuuns (100), Mingghans (1000), and tumens (10,000). The Kheshig , the imperial guard , was founded and divided into day ( khorchin torghuds ) and night ( khevtuul ) guards. Genghis rewarded those who had been loyal to him and placed them in high positions, as heads of army units and households, even though many of them came from very low-ranking clans. Compared to the units he gave to his loyal companions, those assigned to his own family members were relatively few. He proclaimed a new code of law of the empire, Ikh Zasag or Yassa ; later he expanded it to cover much of the everyday life and political affairs of the nomads. He forbade the selling of women, theft, fighting among the Mongols, and the hunting of animals during the breeding season. He appointed his adopted brother Shigi-Khuthugh as supreme judge (jarughachi), ordering him to keep records of the empire. In addition to laws regarding family, food, and the army, Genghis also decreed religious freedom and supported domestic and international trade. He exempted the poor and the clergy from taxation. He also encouraged literacy, adopting the Uyghur script , which would form the Uyghur-Mongolian script of the empire, and he ordered the Uyghur Tatatunga, who had previously served the khan of Naimans, to instruct his sons. Push into Central Asia ( edit ) Main article: Mongol invasion of Central Asia Mongol Empire circa 1207 Genghis quickly came into conflict with the Jin dynasty of the Jurchens and the Western Xia of the Tanguts in northern China. He also had to deal with two other powers, Tibet and Qara Khitai . Towards the west he moved into Central Asia , devastating Transoxiana and eastern Persia , then raiding into Kievan Rus' (a predecessor state of Russia, Belarus , and Ukraine ) and the Caucasus . Before his death, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons and immediate family, making the Mongol Empire the joint property of the entire imperial family who, along with the Mongol aristocracy, constituted the ruling class. Religious policies ( edit ) Prior to the three western khanates' adoption of Islam, Genghis Khan and a number of his Yuan successors placed restrictions on religious practices they saw as alien. Muslims, including Hui , and Jews, were collectively referred to as Huihui . Muslims were forbidden from Halal or Zabiha butchering , while Jews were similarly forbidden from Kashrut or Shehita butchering . Referring to the conquered subjects as `` our slaves,'' Genghis Khan demanded they no longer be able to refuse food or drink, and imposed restrictions on slaughter. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret. Among all the (subject) alien peoples only the Hui-hui say `` we do not eat Mongol food'' . (Cinggis Qa'an replied:) `` By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?'' He thereupon made them eat. `` If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime.'' He issued a regulation to that effect ... (In 1279/1280 under Qubilai) all the Muslims say: `` if someone else slaughters (the animal) we do not eat'' . Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman (Muslim) Huihui and Zhuhu (Jewish) Huihui, no matter who kills (the animal) will eat (it) and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision. Genghis Khan arranged for the Chinese Taoist master Qiu Chuji to visit him in Afghanistan, and also gave his subjects the right to religious freedom, despite his own shamanistic beliefs. Death of Genghis Khan and expansion under Ögedei (1227-- 1241) ( edit ) Main article: Mongol invasions and conquests Coronation of Ögedei Khan in 1229 as the successor of Genghis Khan. By Rashid al-Din , early 14th century. Genghis Khan died on 18 August 1227, by which time the Mongol Empire ruled from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea -- an empire twice the size of the Roman Empire or the Muslim Caliphate at their height. Genghis named his third son, the charismatic Ögedei , as his heir. According to Mongol tradition, Genghis Khan was buried in a secret location . The regency was originally held by Ögedei 's younger brother Tolui until Ögedei 's formal election at the kurultai in 1229. Among his first actions Ögedei sent troops to subjugate the Bashkirs , Bulgars , and other nations in the Kipchak-controlled steppes. In the east, Ögedei 's armies re-established Mongol authority in Manchuria, crushing the Eastern Xia regime and the Water Tatars . In 1230, the great khan personally led his army in the campaign against the Jin dynasty of China. Ögedei 's general Subutai captured the capital of Emperor Wanyan Shouxu in the siege of Kaifeng in 1232. The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234 when the Mongols captured Caizhou , the town to which Wanyan Shouxu had fled. In 1234, three armies commanded by Ögedei 's sons Kochu and Koten and the Tangut general Chagan invaded southern China. With the assistance of the Song dynasty the Mongols finished off the Jin in 1234. Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze , Liu Heima (劉 黑馬 , Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han Tumens and three Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The Yuan dynasty created a Han army 漢 軍 from Jin defectors, and another of ex-Song troops called the Newly Submitted Army 新 附 軍 . In the West Ögedei 's general Chormaqan destroyed Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu , the last shah of the Khwarizmian Empire . The small kingdoms in southern Persia voluntarily accepted Mongol supremacy. In East Asia, there were a number of Mongolian campaigns into Goryeo Korea , but Ögedei 's attempt to annex the Korean Peninsula met with little success. Gojong , the king of Goryeo , surrendered but later revolted and massacred Mongol darughachis (overseers); he then moved his imperial court from Gaeseong to Ganghwa Island . As the empire grew, Ögedei established a Mongol capital at Karakorum in northwestern Mongolia. Invasions of Kievan Rus' and Central China ( edit ) Main articles: Mongol invasion of Rus' and Mongol invasion of China See also: Mongol invasions of India , Mongol invasions of Korea , and Mongol conquest of Tibet The sack of Suzdal by Batu Khan in 1238, miniature from a 16th-century chronicle Meanwhile, in an offensive action against the Song dynasty , Mongol armies captured Siyang-yang, the Yangtze and Sichuan , but did not secure their control over the conquered areas. The Song generals were able to recapture Siyang-yang from the Mongols in 1239. After the sudden death of Ögedei 's son Kochu in Chinese territory the Mongols withdrew from southern China, although Kochu's brother Prince Koten invaded Tibet immediately after their withdrawal. Batu Khan , another grandson of Genghis Khan, overran the territories of the Bulgars , the Alans , the Kypchaks, Bashkirs, Mordvins , Chuvash , and other nations of the southern Russian steppe . By 1237 the Mongols were encroaching upon Ryazan , the first Kievan Rus' principality they were to attack. After a three-day siege involving fierce fighting, the Mongols captured the city and massacred its inhabitants. They then proceeded to destroy the army of the Grand Principality of Vladimir at the Battle of the Sit River . The Mongols captured the Alania capital Maghas in 1238. By 1240, all Kievan Rus' had fallen to the Asian invaders except for a few northern cities. Mongol troops under Chormaqan in Persia connecting his invasion of Transcaucasia with the invasion of Batu and Subutai, forced the Georgian and Armenian nobles to surrender as well. Giovanni de Plano Carpini , the pope's envoy to the Mongol great khan, travelled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote: They (the Mongols) attacked Russia, where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege to Kiev, the capital of Russia; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death. When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery. Despite the military successes, strife continued within the Mongol ranks. Batu's relations with Güyük , Ögedei 's eldest son, and Büri , the beloved grandson of Chagatai Khan , remained tense and worsened during Batu's victory banquet in southern Kievan Rus' . Nevertheless, Güyük and Buri could not do anything to harm Batu's position as long as his uncle Ögedei was still alive. Ögedei continued with offensives into the Indian subcontinent , temporarily investing Uchch , Lahore , and Multan of the Delhi Sultanate and stationing a Mongol overseer in Kashmir , though the invasions into India eventually failed and were forced to retreat. In northeastern Asia, Ögedei agreed to end the conflict with Goryeo by making it a client state and sent Mongolian princesses to wed Goryeo princes. He then reinforced his keshig with the Koreans through both diplomacy and military force. Push into Central Europe ( edit ) Main article: Mongol invasion of Europe The battle of Liegnitz , 1241. From a medieval manuscript of the Hedwig legend. The advance into Europe continued with Mongol invasions of Poland and Hungary. When the western flank of the Mongols plundered Polish cities, a European alliance among the Poles , the Moravians , and the Christian military orders of the Hospitallers , Teutonic Knights and the Templars assembled sufficient forces to halt, although briefly, the Mongol advance at Legnica . The Hungarian army, their Croatian allies and the Templar Knights were beaten by Mongols at the banks of the Sajo River on 11 April 1241. Before Batu's forces could continue on to Vienna and northern Albania , news of Ögedei 's death in December 1241 brought a halt to the invasion. As was customary in Mongol military tradition, all princes of Genghis's line had to attend the kurultai to elect a successor. Batu and his western Mongol army withdrew from Central Europe the next year. Post-ögedei power struggles (1241-- 1251) ( edit ) Following the Great Khan Ögedei 's death in 1241, and before the next kurultai, Ögedei 's widow Töregene took over the empire. She persecuted her husband's Khitan and Muslim officials and gave high positions to her own allies. She built palaces, cathedrals, and social structures on an imperial scale, supporting religion and education. She was able to win over most Mongol aristocrats to support Ögedei 's son Güyük . But Batu, ruler of the Golden Horde , refused to come to the kurultai, claiming that he was ill and that the Mongolian climate was too harsh for him. The resulting stalemate lasted more than four years and further destabilized the unity of the empire. Batu Khan consolidates the Golden Horde When Genghis Khan's youngest brother Temüge threatened to seize the throne, Güyük came to Karakorum to try to secure his position. Batu eventually agreed to send his brothers and generals to the kurultai convened by Töregene in 1246. Güyük by this time was ill and alcoholic, but his campaigns in Manchuria and Europe gave him the kind of stature necessary for a great khan. He was duly elected at a ceremony attended by Mongols and foreign dignitaries from both within and without the empire -- leaders of vassal nations, representatives from Rome, and other entities who came to the kurultai to show their respects and conduct diplomacy. Güyük Khan demanding Pope Innocent IV 's submission. The letter was written in Persian. Güyük took steps to reduce corruption, announcing that he would continue the policies of his father Ögedei , not those of Töregene . He punished Töregene 's supporters, except for governor Arghun the Elder . He also replaced young Qara Hülëgü , the khan of the Chagatai Khanate , with his favorite cousin Yesü Möngke , to assert his newly conferred powers. He restored his father's officials to their former positions and was surrounded by Uyghur, Naiman and Central Asian officials, favoring Han Chinese commanders who had helped his father conquer Northern China. He continued military operations in Korea, advanced into Song China in the south, and into Iraq in the west, and ordered an empire-wide census. Güyük also divided the Sultanate of Rum between Izz-ad-Din Kaykawus and Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan , though Kaykawus disagreed with this decision. Not all parts of the empire respected Güyük 's election. The Hashshashins , former Mongol allies whose Grand Master Hasan Jalalud-Din had offered his submission to Genghis Khan in 1221, angered Güyük by refusing to submit. Instead he murdered the Mongol generals in Persia. Güyük appointed his best friend's father Eljigidei as chief commander of the troops in Persia and gave them the task of both reducing the strongholds of the Assassins Muslim movement and conquering the Abbasids at the center of the Islamic world, Iran and Iraq . Death of Güyük (1248) ( edit ) In 1248, Güyük raised more troops and suddenly marched westwards from the Mongol capital of Karakorum. The reasoning was unclear. Some sources wrote that he sought to recuperate at his personal estate, Emyl; others suggested that he might have been moving to join Eljigidei to conduct a full-scale conquest of the Middle East, or possibly to make a surprise attack on his rival cousin Batu Khan in Russia. Suspicious of Güyük 's motives, Sorghaghtani Beki , the widow of Genghis's son Tolui, secretly warned her nephew Batu of Güyük 's approach. Batu had himself been traveling eastwards at the time, possibly to pay homage, or perhaps with other plans in mind. Before the forces of Batu and Güyük met, Güyük , sick and worn out by travel, died en route at Qum-Senggir (Hong-siang-yi-eulh) in Xinjiang , possibly a victim of poison. A Stone Turtle at the site of the Mongol capital, Karakorum . Güyük 's widow Oghul Qaimish stepped forward to take control of the empire, but she lacked the skills of her mother-in-law Töregene , and her young sons Khoja and Naku and other princes challenged her authority. To decide on a new great khan, Batu called a kurultai on his own territory in 1250. As it was far from the Mongolian heartland, members of the Ögedeid and Chagataid families refused to attend. The kurultai offered the throne to Batu, but he rejected it, claiming he had no interest in the position. Batu instead nominated Möngke , a grandson of Genghis from his son Tolui's lineage. Möngke was leading a Mongol army in Russia, the northern Caucasus and Hungary. The pro-Tolui faction supported Batu's choice, and Möngke was elected; though given the kurultai's limited attendance and location, it was of questionable validity. Batu sent Möngke , under the protection of his brothers, Berke and Tukhtemur, and his son Sartaq to assemble a more formal kurultai at Kodoe Aral in the heartland. The supporters of Möngke repeatedly invited Oghul Qaimish and the other major Ögedeid and Chagataid princes to attend the kurultai, but they refused each time. The Ögedeid and Chagataid princes refused to accept a descendant of Genghis's son Tolui as leader, demanding that only descendants of Genghis's son Ögedei could be great khan. Rule of Möngke Khan (1251-- 1259) ( edit ) When Möngke 's mother Sorghaghtani and their cousin Berke organized a second kurultai on 1 July 1251, the assembled throng proclaimed Möngke great khan of the Mongol Empire. This marked a major shift in the leadership of the empire, transferring power from the descendants of Genghis's son Ögedei to the descendants of Genghis's son Tolui. The decision was acknowledged by a few of the Ögedeid and Chagataid princes, such as Möngke 's cousin Kadan and the deposed khan Qara Hülëgü , but one of the other legitimate heirs, Ögedei 's grandson Shiremun, sought to topple Möngke . Shiremun moved with his own forces towards the emperor's nomadic palace with a plan for an armed attack, but Möngke was alerted by his falconer of the plan. Möngke ordered an investigation of the plot, which led to a series of major trials all across the empire. Many members of the Mongol elite were found guilty and put to death, with estimates ranging from 77-- 300, though princes of Genghis's royal line were often exiled rather than executed. Möngke confiscated the estates of the Ögedeid and the Chagatai families and shared the western part of the empire with his ally Batu Khan. After the bloody purge, Möngke ordered a general amnesty for prisoners and captives, but thereafter the power of the great khan's throne remained firmly with the descendants of Tolui. Administrative reforms ( edit ) Möngke was a serious man who followed the laws of his ancestors and avoided alcoholism. He was tolerant of outside religions and artistic styles, leading to the building of foreign merchants' quarters, Buddhist monasteries , mosques , and Christian churches in the Mongol capital. As construction projects continued, Karakorum was adorned with Chinese, European, and Persian architecture . One famous example was a large silver tree with cleverly designed pipes that dispensed various drinks. The tree, topped by a triumphant angel, was crafted by Guillaume Boucher , a Parisian goldsmith. Hulagu , Genghis Khan's grandson and founder of the Il-Khanate . From a medieval Persian manuscript. Although he had a strong Chinese contingent, Möngke relied heavily on Muslim and Mongol administrators and launched a series of economic reforms to make government expenses more predictable. His court limited government spending and prohibited nobles and troops from abusing civilians or issuing edicts without authorization. He commuted the contribution system to a fixed poll tax which was collected by imperial agents and forwarded to units in need. His court also tried to lighten the tax burden on commoners by reducing tax rates. He also centralized control of monetary affairs and reinforced the guards at the postal relays. Möngke ordered an empire-wide census in 1252 that took several years to complete and was not finished until Novgorod in the far northwest was counted in 1258. In another move to consolidate his power, Möngke assigned his brothers Hulagu and Kublai to rule Persia and Mongol-held China respecively. In the southern part of the empire he continued his predecessors' struggle against the Song dynasty. In order to outflank the Song from three directions, Möngke dispatched Mongol armies under his brother Kublai to Yunnan , and under his uncle Iyeku to subdue Korea and pressure the Song from that direction as well. Kublai conquered the Dali Kingdom in 1253 after the Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols and helped them conquer the rest of Yunnan . Möngke 's general Qoridai stabilized his control over Tibet, inducing leading monasteries to submit to Mongol rule. Subutai's son Uryankhadai reduced the neighboring peoples of Yunnan to submission and defeated the Trần dynasty in northern Vietnam in 1257, but they had to draw back in 1258. The Mongol Empire tried to invade Vietnam again in 1284 and 1287 but were defeated both times. New invasions of the Middle East and southern China ( edit ) Main article: Mongol invasions of the Levant See also: Mongol invasion of China and Siege of Baghdad (1258) Mongol invasion of Baghdad After stabilizing the empire's finances, Möngke once again sought to expand its borders. At kurultais in Karakorum in 1253 and 1258 he approved new invasions of the Middle East and south China . Möngke put Hulagu in overall charge of military and civil affairs in Persia, and appointed Chagataids and Jochids to join Hulagu's army. The Muslims from Qazvin denounced the menace of the Nizari Ismailis , a heretical sect of Shiites . The Mongol Naiman commander Kitbuqa began to assault several Ismaili fortresses in 1253, before Hulagu advanced in 1256. Ismaili Grand Master Rukn ud-Din surrendered in 1257 and was executed. All of the Ismaili strongholds in Persia were destroyed by Hulagu's army in 1257, except for Girdukh which held out until 1271. Fall of Baghdad, 1258 The center of the Islamic Empire at the time was Baghdad, which had held power for 500 years but was suffering internal divisions. When its caliph al-Mustasim refused to submit to the Mongols, Baghdad was besieged and captured by the Mongols in 1258 and subjected to a merciless sack, an event considered as one of the most catastrophic events in the history of Islam, and sometimes compared to the rupture of the Kaaba . With the destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate, Hulagu had an open route to Syria and moved against the other Muslim powers in the region. His army advanced towards Ayyubid -ruled Syria, capturing small local states en route. The sultan Al-Nasir Yusuf of the Ayyubids refused to show himself before Hulagu; however, he had accepted Mongol supremacy two decades earlier. When Hulagu headed further west, the Armenians from Cilicia , the Seljuks from Rum and the Christian realms of Antioch and Tripoli submitted to Mongol authority, joining the them in their assault against the Muslims. While some cities surrendered without resisting, others such as Mayafarriqin fought back; their populations were massacred and the cities were sacked. Death of Möngke Khan (1259) ( edit ) The extent of the Mongol Empire after the death of Möngke Khan (reigned 1251-- 1259). Meanwhile, in the northwestern portion of the empire, Batu's successor and younger brother Berke sent punitive expeditions to Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Dissension began brewing between the northwestern and southwestern sections of the Mongol Empire as Batu suspected that Hulagu's invasion of Western Asia would result in the elimination of Batu's own dominance there. In the southern part of the empire, Möngke Khan himself led his army to complete the conquest of China. Military operations were generally successful, but prolonged, so the forces did not withdraw to the north as was customary when the weather turned hot. Disease ravaged the Mongol forces with bloody epidemics, and Möngke died there on 11 August 1259. This event began a new chapter in the history of the Mongols, as again a decision needed to be made on a new great khan. Mongol armies across the empire withdrew from their campaigns to convene a new kurultai. Disunity ( edit ) Dispute over succession ( edit ) The Mongols at war Möngke 's brother Hulagu broke off his successful military advance into Syria, withdrawing the bulk of his forces to Mughan and leaving only a small contingent under his general Kitbuqa . The opposing forces in the region, the Christian Crusaders and Muslim Mamluks, both recognizing that the Mongols were the greater threat, took advantage of the weakened state of the Mongol army and engaged in an unusual passive truce with each other. In 1260, the Mamluks advanced from Egypt, being allowed to camp and resupply near the Christian stronghold of Acre , and engaged Kitbuqa's forces just north of Galilee at the Battle of Ain Jalut . The Mongols were defeated, and Kitbuqa executed. This pivotal battle marked the western limit for Mongol expansion in the Middle East, and the Mongols were never again able to make serious military advances farther than Syria. In a separate part of the empire, Kublai Khan , another brother of Hulagu and Möngke , heard of the great khan's death at the Huai River in China. Rather than returning to the capital, he continued his advance into the Wuchang area of China, near the Yangtze River . Their younger brother Ariqboke took advantage of the absence of Hulagu and Kublai, and used his position at the capital to win the title of great khan for himself, with representatives of all the family branches proclaiming him as the leader at the kurultai in Karakorum. When Kublai learned of this, he summoned his own kurultai at Kaiping , and nearly all the senior princes and great noyans in North China and Manchuria supported his own candidacy over that of Ariqboke. Mongolian civil war ( edit ) See also: Toluid Civil War and Berke-- Hulagu war Kublai Khan , Genghis Khan 's grandson and founder of the Yuan dynasty Battles ensued between the armies of Kublai and those of his brother Ariqboke, which included forces still loyal to Möngke 's previous administration. Kublai's army easily eliminated Ariqboke's supporters and seized control of the civil administration in southern Mongolia. Further challenges took place from their cousins, the Chagataids. Kublai sent Abishka, a Chagataid prince loyal to him, to take charge of Chagatai's realm. But Ariqboke captured and then executed Abishka, having his own man Alghu crowned there instead. Kublai's new administration blockaded Ariqboke in Mongolia to cut off food supplies, causing a famine. Karakorum fell quickly to Kublai, but Ariqboke rallied and re-took the capital in 1261. In southwestern Ilkhanate, Hulagu was loyal to his brother Kublai, but clashes with their cousin Berke, the ruler of the Golden Horde, began in 1262. The suspicious deaths of Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, unequal distribution of war booty, and Hulagu's massacres of Muslims increased the anger of Berke, who considered supporting a rebellion of the Georgian Kingdom against Hulagu's rule in 1259-- 1260. Berke also forged an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluks against Hulagu and supported Kublai's rival claimant, Ariqboke. Hulagu died on 8 February 1264. Berke sought to take advantage and invade Hulagu's realm, but he died along the way, and a few months later Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate died as well. Kublai named Hulagu's son Abaqa as new Ilkhan, and nominated Batu's grandson Möngke Temür to lead the Golden Horde. Abaqa sought foreign alliances, such as attempting to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Egyptian Mamluks. Ariqboqe surrendered to Kublai at Shangdu on 21 August 1264. Campaigns of Kublai Khan (1264-- 1294) ( edit ) Main article: Kublai Khan's Campaigns The samurai Suenaga facing Mongol's bomb and Goryeo's arrows. Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古 襲来 絵詞 ), circa 1293. In the south, after the fall of Xiangyang in 1273, the Mongols sought the final conquest of the Song dynasty in South China. In 1271, Kublai renamed the new Mongol regime in China as the Yuan dynasty and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China to win the control of the Chinese people. Kublai moved his headquarters to Dadu , the genesis for what later became the modern city of Beijing . His establishment of a capital there was a controversial move to many Mongols who accused him of being too closely tied to Chinese culture . The Mongols were eventually successful in their campaigns against (Song) China, and the Chinese Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Chinese people to conquer all of China. Kublai used his base to build a powerful empire, creating an academy, offices, trade ports and canals, and sponsoring arts and science. Mongol records list 20,166 public schools created during his reign. Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot. After achieving actual or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia and successfully conquering China, Kublai pursued further expansion. His invasions of Burma and Sakhalin were costly, and his attempted invasions of Annam and Champa ended in devastating defeat, but secured vassal statuses of those countries. The Mongol armies were repeatedly beaten in Annam and were crushed at the Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) . Nogai and Konchi , the khan of the White Horde , established friendly relations with the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate. Political disagreement among contending branches of the family over the office of great khan continued, but the economic and commercial success of the Mongol Empire continued despite the squabbling. Disintegration into competing entities ( edit ) Main article: Division of the Mongol Empire The funeral of Chagatai Khan . Major changes occurred in the Mongol Empire in the late 1200s. Kublai Khan, after having conquered all of China and established the Yuan dynasty, died in 1294. He was succeeded by his grandson Temür Khan , who continued Kublai's policies. At the same time the Toluid Civil War , along with the Berke-- Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu-- Kublai war , greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire and the empire fractured into autonomous khanates, the Yuan dynasty and the three western khanates: the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate. Only the Ilkhanate remained loyal to the Yuan court but endured its own power struggle, in part because of a dispute with the growing Islamic factions within the southwestern part of the empire. After the death of Kaidu , the Chatagai ruler Duwa initiated a peace proposal and persuaded the Ögedeids to submit to Temür Khan. In 1304, all of the khanates approved a peace treaty and accepted Yuan emperor Temür 's supremacy. This established the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the western khanates, which was to last for several decades. This supremacy was based on weaker foundations than that of the earlier Khagans and each of the four khanates continued to develop separately and function as independent states. Nearly a century of conquest and civil war was followed by relative stability, the Pax Mongolica , and international trade and cultural exchanges flourished between Asia and Europe. Communication between the Yuan dynasty in China and the Ilkhanate in Persia further encouraged trade and commerce between east and west. Patterns of Yuan royal textiles could be found on the opposite side of the empire adorning Armenian decorations; trees and vegetables were transplanted across the empire; and technological innovations spread from Mongol dominions towards the West. Pope John XXII was presented a memorandum from the eastern church describing the Pax Mongolica: `` ... Khagan is one of the greatest monarchs and all lords of the state, e.g., the king of Almaligh (Chagatai Khanate), emperor Abu Said and Uzbek Khan, are his subjects, saluting his holiness to pay their respects.'' However, while the four khanates continued to interact with one another well into the 14th century, they did so as sovereign states and never again pooled their resources in a cooperative military endeavor. Development of the khanates ( edit ) A European depiction of the four khans, Temür (Yuan), Chapar ( House of Ögedei ), Toqta (Golden Horde), and Öljaitü (Ilkhanate), in the Fleur des histoires d'orient . In spite of his conflicts with Kaidu and Duwa, Yuan emperor Temür established a tributary relationship with the war-like Shan people after his series of military operations against Thailand from 1297 to 1303. This was to mark the end of the southern expansion of the Mongols. When Ghazan took the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1295, he formally accepted Islam as his own religion, marking a turning point in Mongol history after which Mongol Persia became more and more Islamic. Despite this, Ghazan continued to strengthen ties with Temür Khan and the Yuan dynasty in the east. It was politically useful to advertise the great khan's authority in the Ilkhanate, because the Golden Horde in Russia had long made claims on nearby Georgia. Within four years, Ghazan began sending tribute to the Yuan court and appealing to other khans to accept Temür Khan as their overlord. He oversaw an extensive program of cultural and scientific interaction between the Ilkhanate and the Yuan dynasty in the following decades. Ghazan's faith may have been Islamic, but he continued his ancestors' war with the Egyptian Mamluks, and consulted with his old Mongolian advisers in his native tongue. He defeated the Mamluk army at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, but he was only briefly able to occupy Syria, due to distracting raids from the Chagatai Khanate under its de facto ruler Kaidu , who was at war with both the Ilkhans and the Yuan dynasty. Struggling for influence within the Golden Horde, Kaidu sponsored his own candidate Kobeleg against Bayan (r. 1299-- 1304), the khan of the White Horde. Bayan, after receiving military support from the Mongols in Russia, requested assistance from both Temür Khan and the Ilkhanate to organize a unified attack against Kaidu's forces. Temür was amenable and attacked Kaidu a year later. After a bloody battle with Temür 's armies near the Zawkhan River in 1301, Kaidu died and was succeeded by Duwa . Hungarian King Béla IV in flight from the Mongols under general Kadan of the Golden Horde . Duwa was challenged by Kaidu's son Chapar, but with the assistance of Temür , Duwa defeated the Ögedeids . Tokhta of the Golden Horde, also seeking a general peace, sent 20,000 men to buttress the Yuan frontier. Tokhta died in 1312, though, and was succeeded by Ozbeg (r. 1313-- 41), who seized the throne of the Golden Horde and persecuted non-Muslim Mongols. The Yuan's influence on the Horde was largely reversed and border clashes between Mongol states resumed. Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan 's envoys backed Tokhta's son against Ozbeg. In the Chagatai Khanate, Esen Buqa I (r. 1309-- 1318) was enthroned as khan after suppressing a sudden rebellion by Ögedei 's descendants and driving Chapar into exile. The Yuan and Ilkhanid armies eventually attacked the Chagatai Khanate. Recognising the potential economic benefits and the Genghisid legacy, Ozbeg reopened friendly relations with the Yuan in 1326. He strengthened ties with the Muslim world as well, building mosques and other elaborate structures such as baths. By the second decade of the 14th century, Mongol invasions had further decreased. In 1323, Abu Said Khan (r. 1316-- 35) of the Ilkhanate signed a peace treaty with Egypt. At his request, the Yuan court awarded his custodian Chupan the title of commander-in-chief of all Mongol khanates, but Chupan died in late 1327. Civil war erupted in the Yuan dynasty in 1328-- 29. After the death of Yesün Temür in 1328, Tugh Temür became the new leader in Dadu, while Yesün Temür 's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu, leading to the civil war known as the War of the Two Capitals . Tugh Temür defeated Ragibagh, but the Chagatai khan Eljigidey (r. 1326-- 29) supported Kusala , elder brother of Tugh Temür , as great khan. He invaded with a commanding force, and Tugh Temür abdicated. Kusala was elected khan on 30 August 1329. Kusala was then poisoned by a Kypchak commander under Tugh Temür , who returned to power. Tugh Temür (1304-- 32) was knowledgeable about Chinese language and history and was also a creditable poet, calligrapher, and painter. In order to be accepted by other khanates as the sovereign of the Mongol world, he sent Genghisid princes and descendants notable Mongol generals to the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhan Abu Said, and Ozbeg. In response to the emissaries, they all agreed to send tribute each year. Furthermore, Tugh Temür gave lavish presents and an imperial seal to Eljigidey to mollify his anger. Relict states of the Mongol Empire ( edit ) With the death of Ilkhan Abu Said Bahatur in 1335, Mongol rule faltered and Persia fell into political anarchy. A year later his successor was killed by an Oirat governor, and the Ilkhanate was divided between the Suldus, the Jalayir , Qasarid Togha Temür (d. 1353), and Persian warlords. Taking advantage of the chaos, the Georgians pushed the Mongols out of their territory, and the Uyghur commander Eretna established an independent state ( Ertenids ) in Anatolia in 1336. Following the downfall of their Mongol masters, the loyal vassal, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, received escalating threats from the Mamluks and were eventually overrun. Along with the dissolution of the Ilkhanate in Persia, Mongol rulers in China and the Chagatai Khanate were also in turmoil. The plague known as the Black Death , which started in the Mongol dominions and spread to Europe, added to the confusion. Disease devastated all the khanates, cutting off commercial ties and killing millions. Plague may have taken 50 million lives in Europe alone in the 14th century. The Battle of Blue Waters between the armies of Lithuania and the Golden Horde in 1362 As the power of the Mongols declined, chaos erupted throughout the empire as non-Mongol leaders expanded their own influence. The Golden Horde lost all of its western dominions (including modern Belarus and Ukraine ) to Poland and Lithuania between 1342 and 1369. Muslim and non-Muslim princes in the Chagatai Khanate warred with each other from 1331-- 43, and the Chagatai Khanate disintegrated when non-Genghisid warlords set up their own puppet khans in Transoxiana and Moghulistan . Janibeg Khan (r. 1342-- 1357) briefly reasserted Jochid dominance over the Chaghataids. Demanding submission from an offshoot of the Ilkhanate in Azerbaijan , he boasted that `` today three uluses are under my control'' . Crimean Tatar khan , Mengli Giray . However, rival families of the Jochids began fighting for the throne of the Golden Horde after the assassination of his successor Berdibek Khan in 1359. The last Yuan ruler Toghan Temür (r. 1333-- 70) was powerless to regulate those troubles, a sign that the empire had nearly reached its end. His court's unbacked currency had entered a hyperinflationary spiral and the Han-Chinese people revolted due to the Yuan's harsh impositions. In the 1350s Gongmin of Goryeo successfully pushed Mongolian garrisons back and exterminated the family of Toghan Temür Khan's empress while Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen managed to eliminate the Mongol influence in Tibet. Increasingly isolated from their subjects, the Mongols quickly lost most of China to the rebellious Ming forces and in 1368 fled to their heartland in Mongolia. After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty the Golden Horde lost touch with Mongolia and China, while the two main parts of the Chagatai Khanate were defeated by Timur (Tamerlane) (1336-- 1405), who founded the Timurid Empire . However, remnants of the Chagatai Khanate survived; the last Chagataid state to survive was the Yarkent Khanate , until its defeat by the Oirat Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr in 1680. The Golden Horde broke into smaller Turkic-hordes that declined steadily in power over four centuries. Among them, the khanate's shadow, the Great Horde , survived until 1502, when one of its successors, the Crimean Khanate , sacked Sarai. The Crimean Khanate lasted until 1783, whereas khanates such as the Khanate of Bukhara and the Kazakh Khanate lasted even longer. Military organization ( edit ) Main article: Mongol military tactics and organization Reconstruction of a Mongol warrior The number of troops mustered by the Mongols is the subject of some scholarly debate, but was at least 105,000 in 1206. The Mongol military organization was simple but effective, based on the decimal system. The army was built up from squads of ten men each, arbans (10 people), zuuns (100), Mingghans (1000), and tumens (10,000). The Mongols were most famous for their horse archers , but troops armed with lances were equally skilled, and the Mongols recruited other military talents from the lands they conquered. With experienced Chinese engineers and a bombardier corps which was expert at building trebuchets , catapults and other machines, the Mongols could lay siege to fortified positions, sometimes building machinery on the spot using available local resources. Mongol general Subutai of the Golden Horde Forces under the command of the Mongol Empire were trained, organized, and equipped for mobility and speed. Mongol soldiers were more lightly armored than many of the armies they faced but were able to make up for it with maneuverability. Each Mongol warrior would usually travel with multiple horses, allowing him to quickly switch to a fresh mount as needed. In addition, soldiers of the Mongol army functioned independently of supply lines , considerably speeding up army movement. Skillful use of couriers enabled the leaders of these armies to maintain contact with each other. Discipline was inculcated during a nerge (traditional hunt), as reported by Juvayni . These hunts were distinctive from hunts in other cultures, being the equivalent to small unit actions. Mongol forces would spread out in a line, surround an entire region, and then drive all of the game within that area together. The goal was to let none of the animals escape and to slaughter them all. Another advantage of the Mongols was their ability to traverse large distances, even in unusually cold winters; for instance, frozen rivers led them like highways to large urban centers on their banks. The Mongols were adept at river-work, crossing the river Sajó in spring flood conditions with thirty thousand cavalry soldiers in a single night during the Battle of Mohi (April 1241) to defeat the Hungarian king Béla IV . Similarly, in the attack against the Muslim Khwarezmshah a flotilla of barges was used to prevent escape on the river. Traditionally known for their prowess with ground forces, the Mongols rarely used naval power. In the 1260s and 1270s they used seapower while conquering the Song dynasty of China, though their attempts to mount seaborne campaigns against Japan were unsuccessful. Around the Eastern Mediterranean, their campaigns were almost exclusively land-based, with the seas controlled by the Crusader and Mamluk forces. All military campaigns were preceded by careful planning, reconnaissance, and the gathering of sensitive information relating to enemy territories and forces. The success, organization, and mobility of the Mongol armies permitted them to fight on several fronts at once. All adult males up to the age of 60 were eligible for conscription into the army, a source of honor in their tribal warrior tradition. Society ( edit ) Main article: Society of the Mongol Empire Law and governance ( edit ) See also: Organization of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan The executed -- the long and full beard probably means he is not a Mongol -- has been thrown off a cliff. The Mongol Empire was governed by a code of law devised by Genghis, called Yassa , meaning `` order'' or `` decree'' . A particular canon of this code was that those of rank shared much the same hardship as the common man. It also imposed severe penalties -- e.g., the death penalty if one mounted soldier following another did not pick up something dropped from the mount in front. Penalties were also decreed for rape and to some extent for murder. Any resistance to Mongol rule was met with massive collective punishment. Cities were destroyed and their inhabitants slaughtered if they defied Mongol orders. Under Yassa , chiefs and generals were selected based on merit . The empire was governed by a non-democratic, parliamentary -style central assembly, called kurultai , in which the Mongol chiefs met with the great khan to discuss domestic and foreign policies. Kurultais were also convened for the selection of each new great khan. Genghis Khan also created a national seal, encouraged the use of a written alphabet in Mongolia, and exempted teachers, lawyers, and artists from taxes. The Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China and sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, thus using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. The Mongols were tolerant of other religions, and rarely persecuted people on religious grounds. This was associated with their culture and progressive thought. Some historians of the 20th century thought this was a good military strategy: when Genghis was at war with Sultan Muhammad of Khwarezm, other Islamic leaders did not join the fight, as it was seen as a non-holy war between two individuals. Religions ( edit ) Main article: Religion in the Mongol Empire Persian miniature depicting Ghazan 's conversion from Buddhism to Islam . At the time of Genghis Khan, virtually every religion had found Mongol converts, from Buddhism to Christianity , from Manichaeism to Islam . To avoid strife, Genghis Khan set up an institution that ensured complete religious freedom, though he himself was a tengrist or shamanist . Under his administration, all religious leaders were exempt from taxation and from public service. Initially there were few formal places of worship because of the nomadic lifestyle. However, under Ögedei (1186-- 1241), several building projects were undertaken in the Mongol capital. Along with palaces, Ögedei built houses of worship for the Buddhist, Muslim, Christian, and Taoist followers. The dominant religions at that time were Shamanism , Tengrism , and Buddhism, although Ögedei 's wife was a Nestorian Christian. Eventually, each of the successor states adopted the dominant religion of the local populations: the Chinese-Mongolian Yuan dynasty in the East (originally the great khan's domain) embraced Buddhism and Shamanism, while the three Western khanates adopted Islam. Arts and literature ( edit ) See also: List of historical cities and towns of Mongolia The oldest surviving literary work in the Mongolian language is The Secret History of the Mongols , which was written for the royal family some time after Genghis Khan's death in 1227. It is the most significant native account of Genghis's life and genealogy, covering his origins and childhood through to the establishment of the Mongol Empire and the reign of his son, Ögedei . Another classic from the empire is the Jami' al-tawarikh , or `` Universal History'' . It was commissioned in the early 14th century by the Ilkhan Abaqa Khan as a way of documenting the entire world's history, to help establish the Mongols' own cultural legacy. Mongol scribes in the 14th century used a mixture of resin and vegetable pigments as a primitive form of correction fluid ; this is arguably its first known usage. The Mongols also appreciated the visual arts, though their taste in portraiture was strictly focused on portraits of their horses, rather than of people. Mail system ( edit ) Main article: Yam (route) A 1305 letter (on a scroll measuring 302 by 50 centimetres (9.91 by 1.64 ft)) from the Ilkhan Mongol Öljaitü to King Philip IV of France . The Mongol Empire had an ingenious and efficient mail system for the time, often referred to by scholars as the Yam . It had lavishly furnished and well-guarded relay posts known as örtöö set up throughout the Empire. A messenger would typically travel 25 miles (40 km) from one station to the next, either receiving a fresh, rested horse, or relaying the mail to the next rider to ensure the speediest possible delivery. The Mongol riders regularly covered 125 miles (200 km) per day, better than the fastest record set by the Pony Express some 600 years later. The relay stations had attached households to service them. Anyone with a paiza was allowed to stop there for re-mounts and specified rations, while those carrying military identities used the Yam even without a paiza. Many merchants, messengers, and travelers from China, the Middle East, and Europe used the system. When the great khan died in Karakorum, news reached the Mongol forces under Batu Khan in Central Europe within 4-- 6 weeks thanks to the Yam. Genghis and his successor Ögedei built a wide system of roads, one of which carved through the Altai mountains . After his enthronement, Ögedei further expanded the road system, ordering the Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde to link up roads in western parts of the Mongol Empire. Kublai Khan , founder of the Yuan dynasty , built special relays for high officials, as well as ordinary relays, that had hostels. During Kublai's reign, the Yuan communication system consisted of some 1,400 postal stations, which used 50,000 horses, 8,400 oxen, 6,700 mules, 4,000 carts, and 6,000 boats. In Manchuria and southern Siberia , the Mongols still used dogsled relays for the yam. In the Ilkhanate, Ghazan restored the declining relay system in the Middle East on a restricted scale. He constructed some hostels and decreed that only imperial envoys could receive a stipend. The Jochids of the Golden Horde financed their relay system by a special yam tax. Silk Road ( edit ) Main article: Silk Road See also: Pax Mongolica and Black Death Tuda Mengu of the Golden Horde . The Mongols had a history of supporting merchants and trade. Genghis Khan had encouraged foreign merchants early in his career, even before uniting the Mongols. Merchants provided information about neighboring cultures, served as diplomats and official traders for the Mongols, and were essential for many goods, since the Mongols produced little of their own. Mongols sometimes provided capital for merchants and sent them far afield, in an ortoq (merchant partner) arrangement. As the empire grew, any merchants or ambassadors with proper documentation and authorization received protection and sanctuary as they traveled through Mongol realms. Well-traveled and relatively well-maintained roads linked lands from the Mediterranean basin to China, greatly increasing overland trade and resulting in some dramatic stories of those who travelled through what would become known as the Silk Road . Western explorer Marco Polo traveled east along the Silk Road, and the Chinese Mongol monk Rabban Bar Sauma made a comparably epic journey along the route, venturing from his home of Khanbaliq (Beijing) as far as Europe. European missionaries, such as William of Rubruck , also traveled to the Mongol court to convert believers to their cause, or went as papal envoys to correspond with Mongol rulers in an attempt to secure a Franco-Mongol alliance . It was rare, however, for anyone to journey the full length of Silk Road. Instead, merchants moved products like a bucket brigade, goods being traded from one middleman to another, moving from China all the way to the West; the goods moved over such long distances fetched extravagant prices. An Islamic gold coin inscribed in the name of Genghis Khan After Genghis, the merchant partner business continued to flourish under his successors Ögedei and Güyük . Merchants brought clothing, food, information, and other provisions to the imperial palaces, and in return the great khans gave the merchants tax exemptions and allowed them to use the official relay stations of the Mongol Empire. Merchants also served as tax farmers in China, Russia and Iran. If the merchants were attacked by bandits, losses were made up from the imperial treasury. Policies changed under the Great Khan Möngke . Because of money laundering and overtaxing, he attempted to limit abuses and sent imperial investigators to supervise the ortoq businesses. He decreed that all merchants must pay commercial and property taxes, and he paid off all drafts drawn by high-ranking Mongol elites from the merchants. This policy continued under the Yuan dynasty. The fall of the Mongol Empire in the 14th century led to the collapse of the political, cultural, and economic unity along the Silk Road. Turkic tribes seized the western end of the route from the Byzantine Empire , sowing the seeds of a Turkic culture that would later crystallize into the Ottoman Empire under the Sunni faith. In the East, the native Chinese overthrew the Yuan dynasty in 1368, launching their own Ming dynasty and pursuing a policy of economic isolationism. Legacy ( edit ) See also: History of Mongolia Map showing the boundary of 13th century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols in Mongolia , Russia, the Central Asian States, and China The Mongol Empire -- at its height the largest contiguous empire in history -- had a lasting impact, unifying large regions. Some of these (such as eastern and western Russia and the western parts of China) remain unified today. Mongols might have been assimilated into local populations after the fall of the empire, and some of these descendants adopted local religions -- for example, the eastern khanate largely adopted Buddhism , and the three western khanates adopted Islam , largely under Sufi influence. According to some interpretations, Genghis Khan's conquests caused wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale in certain geographical regions, leading to changes in the demographics of Asia. Non-military achievements of the Mongol Empire included the introduction of a writing system, a Mongol alphabet based on the characters of the Uyghur language , that is still used today in Mongolia . Tokhtamysh and the armies of the Golden Horde initiate the Siege of Moscow (1382) . Some of the other long-term consequences of the Mongol Empire include: Moscow rose to prominence whilst under the Mongol-Tatar yoke , some time after Russian rulers were accorded the status of tax collectors for the Mongols. The fact that the Russians collected tribute and taxes for the Mongols meant that the Mongols themselves would rarely visit the lands that they owned. The Russians eventually gained military power, and their ruler Ivan III overthrew the Mongols completely to form the Russian Tsardom . After the Great stand on the Ugra river proved the Mongols vulnerable, the Grand Duchy of Moscow gained independence. Europe's knowledge of the known world was immensely expanded by the information brought back by ambassadors and merchants. When Columbus sailed in 1492, his mission was to reach Cathay , the land of the Grand Khan in China, and give him a letter from the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile . Some studies indicate that the Black Death that devastated Europe in the late 1340s may have traveled from China to Europe along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire. In 1347, the Genoese possessor of Caffa , a great trade emporium on the Crimean Peninsula , came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors under the command of Janibeg . After a protracted siege during which the Mongol army was reportedly withering from disease, they decided to use the infected corpses as a biological weapon . The corpses were catapulted over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, transferring the plague via their ships into the south of Europe, from where it rapidly spread. The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75-- 200 million with up to 50 million deaths in Europe alone. Dominican martyrs killed by Mongols during the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1260. Western researcher R.J. Rummel estimated that 30 million people were killed under the rule of the Mongol Empire. Some estimates go as high as 80 million killed, with 50 million deaths being the middle ground. The population of China fell by half in fifty years of Mongol rule. Before the Mongol invasion, the territories of the Chinese dynasties reportedly had approximately 120 million inhabitants; after the conquest was completed in 1279, the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people. While it is tempting to attribute this major decline solely to Mongol ferocity, scholars today have mixed opinions regarding this subject. Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than a de facto decrease, whilst others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols reduced much of the south Chinese population, and very debatably the Han Chinese population, to an invisible status through cancellation of the right to passports and denial of the right to direct land ownership. This meant that the Chinese had to depend on and be cared for chiefly by Mongols and Tartars, which also involved recruitment into the Mongol army. Other historians such as William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the bubonic plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period. The Islamic world was subject to massive changes as a result of Mongol invasions. The population of the Iranian plateau suffered from widespread disease and famine, resulting in the deaths of up to three-quarters of its population, possibly 10 to 15 million people. Historian Steven Ward estimates that Iran's population did not reach its pre-Mongol levels again until the mid-20th century. David Nicole states in The Mongol Warlords , `` terror and mass extermination of anyone opposing them was a well tested Mongol tactic.'' About half of the Russian population may have died during the invasion. However, Colin McEvedy in Atlas of World Population History, 1978 estimates the population of Russia-in-Europe dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to 7 million afterwards. Historians estimate that up to half of Hungary's two million population were victims of the Mongol invasion. Historian Andrea Peto says that Rogerius , an eyewitness, said `` the Mongols killed everybody regardless of gender or age'' and that `` the Mongols especially ' found pleasure' in humiliating women.'' The first Mughal Emperor Babur and his heir Humayun One of the more successful tactics employed by the Mongols was to wipe out urban populations that refused to surrender. During the Mongol invasion of Rus' , almost all major cities were destroyed. If they chose to submit, the people were generally spared, though this was not guaranteed. For example, the city of Hamadan in modern-day Iran was destroyed and every man, woman, and child executed by Mongol general Subadai, after surrendering to him but failing to have enough provisions for his Mongol scouting force. Several days after the initial razing of the city, Subadai sent a force back to the burning ruins and the site of the massacre to kill any inhabitants of the city who had been away at the time of the initial slaughter and had returned in the meantime. Mongolian armies made use of local peoples and their soldiers, often incorporating them into their armies. Prisoners of war sometimes were given the choice between death and becoming part of the Mongol army to aid in future conquests. In addition to intimidation tactics, the rapid expansion of the empire was facilitated by military hardiness (especially during bitterly cold winters), military skill, meritocracy, and discipline. Kalmyk migration from Russia to China in 1770-- 1771 The Crimean Khanate and other descendants, such as the Mughal royal family of South Asia, are descended from Genghis Khan: Babur 's mother was a descendant, whereas his father was directly descended from Timur (Tamerlane). The word `` Mughol'' is a Persian word for Mongol. The Kalmyks were the last Mongol nomads to penetrate European territory, having migrated to Europe from Central Asia at the turn of the 17th century. In the winter of 1770-- 1771, approximately 200,000 Kalmyks began the journey from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga River to Dzungaria , through the territories of their Kazakh and Kyrgyz enemies. After several months of travel, only one-third of the original group reached Dzungaria in northwest China. Some Turko-Mongol Khanates lasted into recent centuries: The Crimean Khanate lasted until 1783; the Khanate of Bukhara until 1920; the Kazakh Khanate until 1847; the Khanate of Kokand until 1876; and the Khanate of Khiva survived as a Russian protectorate until 1917. See also ( edit ) Mughal-Mongol genealogy Destruction under the Mongol Empire Yelü Chucai References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Rein Taagepera (September 1997). `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia'' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 (3): 499. doi : 10.1111/0020-8833.00053 . JSTOR 2600793 . Jump up ^ Morgan. The Mongols . p. 5. Jump up ^ Diamond. Guns, Germs, and Steel . p. 367. Jump up ^ The Mongols and Russia , by George Vernadsky Jump up ^ Gregory G.Guzman `` Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?'' , The Historian 50 (1988), 568-- 70. Jump up ^ Allsen. Culture and Conquest . p. 211. Jump up ^ `` The Islamic World to 1600: The Golden Horde'' . University of Calgary. 1998. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Biran. Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia . The Curzon Press, 1997, ISBN 0-7007-0631-3 Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States . p. 413. Jump up ^ Jackson. Mongols and the West . p. 127. Jump up ^ Allsen. Culture and Conquest . pp. xiii, 235. Jump up ^ Sanders. p. 300. Jump up ^ Saunders. History of the Mongol conquests . p. 225. Jump up ^ Rybatzki. p. 116. ^ Jump up to: Barfield. p. 184. Jump up ^ Neil Pederson (2014). `` Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia'' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 (12): 4375-- 4379. Bibcode : 2014PNAS..111.4375P . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1318677111 . Jump up ^ E.D. Philips The Mongols Pg. 37 ^ Jump up to: Morgan. The Mongols . pp. 49-- 73. Jump up ^ Riasanovsky. Fundamental Principles of Mongol law . p. 83. Jump up ^ Ratchnevsky. p. 191. ^ Jump up to: Secret history . p. 203. Jump up ^ Vladimortsov. p. 74. Jump up ^ Weatherford. p. 70. Jump up ^ Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection . New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 116. Jump up ^ Morgan. pp. 99-- 101. Jump up ^ Johan Elverskog (2010). Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-8122-4237-8 . Retrieved 2010-06-28 . Jump up ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects . Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4 . Retrieved 2010-06-28 . Jump up ^ Leslie, Donald Daniel (1998). `` The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims'' (PDF) . The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Man. Genghis Khan . p. 288. Jump up ^ Saunders. p. 81. Jump up ^ Atwood. p. 277. Jump up ^ Rossabi. p. 221. Jump up ^ Atwood. p. 509. Jump up ^ Collectif 2002 , p. 147. Jump up ^ May 2004 , p. 50. Jump up ^ Schram 1987 , p. 130. Jump up ^ eds. Seaman, Marks 1991 , p. 175. Jump up ^ Hucker 1985 , p. 66. Jump up ^ May. Chormaqan . p. 29. Jump up ^ Amitai. The Mamluk-Ilkhanid war Jump up ^ Grousset. p. 259. Jump up ^ Burgan. p. 22. ^ Jump up to: Timothy May. Chormaqan . p. 32. Jump up ^ `` The Destruction of Kiev'' . Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson. Delhi Sultanate . p. 105. Jump up ^ Bor. p. 186. Jump up ^ Atwood. p. 297. Jump up ^ Henthorn, William E. (1963). Korea: the Mongol invasions . E.J. Brill. pp. 160, 183. ^ Jump up to: Weatherford. p. 158. Jump up ^ Matthew Paris. English History (trans. by J.A. Giles ). p. 348. ^ Jump up to: Morgan. The Mongols . p. 104. ^ Jump up to: Jackson. Mongols and the West . p. 95. Jump up ^ The Academy of Russian science and the academy of Mongolian science Tataro-Mongols in Europe and Asia . p. 89. Jump up ^ Weatherford. p. 163. Jump up ^ Man. Kublai Khan . p. 28. ^ Jump up to: Atwood. p. 255. Jump up ^ D. Bayarsaikhan. Ezen khaaniig Ismailiinhan horooson uu (Did the Ismailis kill the great khan) Jump up ^ Weatherford. p. 179. ^ Jump up to: Atwood. p. 213. ^ Jump up to: Morgan. The Mongols . p. 159. ^ Jump up to: Morgan. The Mongols . pp. 103-- 04. Jump up ^ Guzman, Gregory G. (Spring 2010). `` European Captives and Craftsmen Among the Mongols, 1231-- 1255'' . The Historian. 72 (1): 122-- 150. doi : 10.1111/j.1540-6563.2009.00259.x . ^ Jump up to: Allsen. Mongol Imperialism . p. 280. ^ Jump up to: Morgan. The Mongols . p. 129. ^ Jump up to: Morgan. The Mongols . pp. 132-- 35. Jump up ^ Morgan. The Mongols . pp. 127-- 28. Jump up ^ Lane. p. 9. ^ Jump up to: Morgan. The Mongols . p. 138. ^ Jump up to: Wassaf. p. 12. ^ Jump up to: Jackson. Mongols and the West . p. 109. ^ Jump up to: Barthold. Turkestan . p. 488. Jump up ^ L.N. Gumilev, A. Kruchki. Black legend Jump up ^ Barthold. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion . p. 446. Jump up ^ Prawdin. Mongol Empire and Its Legacy . p. 302. Jump up ^ Weatherford. p. 120. Jump up ^ Man. Kublai Khan . p. 74. Jump up ^ Sh.Tseyen-Oidov -- Ibid. p. 64. Jump up ^ Man. Kublai Khan . p. 207. Jump up ^ Weatherford. p. 195. Jump up ^ Vernadsky. The Mongols and Russia . pp. 344-- 66. Jump up ^ Henryk Samsonowicz, Maria Bogucka. A Republic of Nobles . p. 179. ^ Jump up to: Prawdin. Jump up ^ d.Ohson. History of the Mongols. p. II . p. 355. Jump up ^ Sh.Tseyen-Oidov. Genghis bogdoos Ligden khutagt khurtel (khaad) . p. 81. Jump up ^ Vernadsky -- The Mongols and Russia . p. 74. Jump up ^ Oljeitu's letter to Philipp the Fair Jump up ^ J.J. Saunders The History of the Mongol conquests Jump up ^ Howorth. p. 145. Jump up ^ Weatherford. p. 236. Jump up ^ Vernadsky. p. 93. Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, by Denis C. Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John King Fairbank, p413 Jump up ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France. Département des Manuscrits. Division occidentale. Nouvelle acquisition française 886, fol. 37v Jump up ^ Allsen. Culture and Conquest . pp. 32-- 35. Jump up ^ René Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes Jump up ^ Atwood. p. 445. Jump up ^ Atwood. p. 106. Jump up ^ Allsen. Culture and Conquest . p. 39. Jump up ^ Franke. pp. 541-- 50. Jump up ^ G., Ghazarian, Jacob (2000). The Armenian kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades : the integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins, 1080-- 1393 . Richmond: Curzon. p. 159-- 161. ISBN 0700714189 . OCLC 45337730 . Jump up ^ Morgan. The Mongols . pp. 117-- 18. Jump up ^ Ole Jørgen Benedictow, The Black Death, 1346-- 1353: The Complete History (2004), p. 382. p. 382. ^ Jump up to: Prawdin. p. 379. Jump up ^ Halperin. p. 28. Jump up ^ Sverdrup. p. 109. Jump up ^ Sverdrup. p. 110. ^ Jump up to: Morgan. The Mongols . pp. 80-- 81. ^ Jump up to: Morgan. The Mongols . pp. 74-- 75 Jump up ^ Morgan. Mongols and the Eastern Mediterranean Jump up ^ Morgan. The Mongols . p. 75 Jump up ^ San,T. `` Dynastic China: An Elementary History'' .pg 297 Jump up ^ Buell, Paul D. (1979). `` Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara'' . Journal of Asian History . Harrassowitz Verlag. Vol. 13 (No. 2): 137-- 38. JSTOR 41930343 . Jump up ^ Weatherford. p. 69. Jump up ^ Weatherford. p. 135. ^ Jump up to: Foltz. pp. 105-- 06. Jump up ^ Ezzati. The Spread of Islam: The Contributing Factors . p. 274. Jump up ^ Bukharaev. Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons . p. 145. Jump up ^ Hull. The Mongol Empire . p. 60 Jump up ^ Chambers, James. The Devil's Horsemen Atheneum, 1979, ISBN 0-689-10942-3 Jump up ^ Secret History of the Mongols Jump up ^ Guoli Liu Chinese Foreign Policy in Transition . p. 364 Jump up ^ Timothy May (February 2008). `` The Mongol Empire in World History'' . World History Connected . University of Illinois. 5 (2) . Retrieved 2014-02-15 . Jump up ^ Hahn, Reinhard F. (1991). Spoken Uyghur . London and Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98651-7 . Jump up ^ Svat Soucek. A History of Inner Asia . Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-521-65704-0 . P. 116. Jump up ^ Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2004). The Black Death, 1346-- 1353: the Complete History . Boydell Press. p. 382. ISBN 978-1843832140 . Jump up ^ R. Ward, Steven (2009). Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces . Georgetown University Press. p. 39. ISBN 1-58901-258-5 . ^ Jump up to: `` Mongol Conquests'' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved 2014-02-15 . Jump up ^ `` History of Russia, Early Slavs history, Kievan Rus, Mongol invasion'' . Parallelsixty.com . Retrieved 2014-02-15 . Jump up ^ `` The Mongol invasion: the last Arpad kings'' . Britannica.com. 2013-11-20 . Retrieved 2014-02-15 . Jump up ^ Andrea Peto in Richard Bessel; Dirk Schumann (2003). Life After Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s . Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 9780521009225 . Jump up ^ The Story of the Mongols Whom We Call the Tartars= Historia Mongalorum Quo s Nos Tartaros Appellamus: Friar Giovanni Di Plano Carpini's Account of His Embassy to the Court of the Mongol Khan by Da Pian Del Carpine Giovanni and Erik Hildinger (Branden BooksApril 1996 ISBN 978-0-8283-2017-7 ) Jump up ^ Michael Khodarkovsky (2002).`` Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making Of A Colonial Empire, 1500-- 1800 '' . Indiana University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0253217709 Sources ( edit ) Allsen, Thomas T. (1987). Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251-- 1259 . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520055278 . Allsen, Thomas T. (2004). Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60270-9 . Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995). Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-- 1281 . Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46226-6 . Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire . New York: Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9 . Barfield, Thomas Jefferson (1992). The perilous frontier: nomadic empires and China . Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-55786-324-9 . Burgan, Michael (2005). Empire of the Mongols . New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0318-1 . Diamond, Jared (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393317558 . Finlay, Robert (2010). The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24468-9 . Foltz, Richard C. (1999). Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-23338-8 . Franke, Herbert (1994). Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King, eds. Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-- 1368 . The Cambridge History of China . 6 . Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5 . CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter ( link ) Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (translated from French by Naomi Walford) . New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Halperin, Charles J. (1985). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History . Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20445-3 . Howorth, Henry H. (1965) (London edition, 1876). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part I: The Mongols Proper and the Kalmuks . New York: Burt Frankin. Hull, Mary. (1997). The Mongol Empire (World History Series) . Greenhaven Press. ISBN 978-1560063124 . Jackson, Peter (1978). `` The dissolution of the Mongol Empire'' . Central Asiatic Journal . XXXII: 208-- 351. Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History . Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54329-0 . Jackson, Peter (2005). The Mongols and the West: 1221-- 1410 . Harlow, UK; New York: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-36896-5 . Lane, George (2006). Daily life in the Mongol empire . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33226-5 . Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, death and resurrection . New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-36624-7 . Man, John (2007). Kublai Khan: from Xanadu to superpower . Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-81718-8 . Morgan, David (June 1989). Arbel, B.; et al., eds. `` The Mongols and the Eastern Mediterranean: Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204'' . Mediterranean Historical Review . Tel Aviv, Illinois: Routledge. 4 (1): 204. doi : 10.1080/09518968908569567 . ISSN 0951-8967 . CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter ( link ) Morgan, David (2007). The Mongols (2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-3539-9 . Prawdin, Michael (pseudonym for Charol, Michael) (1961) (1940). Mongol Empire . New Brunswick, New Jersey: Collier-Macmillan Canada. ISBN 1-4128-0519-8 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Ratchnevsky, Paul (1993). Haining, Thomas Nivison (translator), ed. Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy . Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631189497 . Rossabi, Morris (1983). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-- 14th Centuries . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04383-9 . Sanders, Alan J.K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6191-6 . Saunders, John Joseph (2001). The history of the Mongol conquests . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1766-7 . Rybatzki, Volker (2009). The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History . Indiana University. ISBN 978-0933070578 . Sverdrup, Carl (November 2010). `` Numbers in Mongol Warfare'' . In Rogers, Clifford J.; DeVries, Kelly ; France, John. Journal of Medieval Military History . 8 . Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-596-7 . CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter ( link ) Vladimortsov, Boris (1969). The Life of Chingis Khan . B. Blom. Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World . New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-609-80964-4 . Further reading ( edit ) Brent, Peter. The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and his Legacy . Book Club Associates, London. 1976. Buell, Paul D. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire . The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-4571-7 . Cleaves, Francis Woodman. 1954. `` A Medical Practice of the Mongols in the Thirteenth Century'' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 17 (3/4). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 428-- 44. doi:10.2307/2718323. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718323 Halperin, Charles J...1983. `` Russia in the Mongol Empire in Comparative Perspective'' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43 (1). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 239-- 61. doi:10.2307/2719023. Findlay, Ronald, and Mats Lundahl. 2016. `` The First Globalization Episode: The Creation of the Mongol Empire, or the Economics of Chinggis Khan.'' in The Economics of the Frontier , pp 173-- 221 May, Timothy. `` The Mongol Art of War.'' Westholme Publishing, Yardley. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59416-046-2 / ISBN 1-59416-046-5 May, Timothy. The Mongol Conquests in World History (Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2012) 319 pages Ostrowski, Donald. 1998. `` The `` tamma'' and the Dual-administrative Structure of the Mongol Empire'' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 61 (2). Cambridge University Press: 262-- 77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3107652 . Rossabi, Morris. The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0199840892 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mongol Empire . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mongol Empire . Genghis Khan and the Mongols The Mongol Empire Mongols The Mongols in World History The Mongol Empire for students Paradoxplace Insight Pages on the Mongol Emperors William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols Mongol invasion of Rus (pictures) Worldwide Death Toll Mongol Empire Google Earth Mongol Empire (1206-- 1368) Terminology Titles Khagan Khan Khatun Khanum Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan Political Military Jarlig Örtöö Orda Pax Mongolica Yassa Kurultai Paiza / Gerege Manghit / Mangudai Tümen Kheshig Politics Organization Life Topics Administrative divisions and vassals Banner ( Bunchuk ) Invasions and conquests Destructiveness Imperial Seal Military tactics and organization Organization under Genghis Khan Religion Society and economy House of Borjigin House of Ögedei Mongol Armenia Byzantine-- Mongol alliance Franco-Mongol alliance List of Mongol and Tatar raids against Rus' Mongol and Tatar states in Europe Khanates Yuan dynasty Chagatai Khanate House of Ögedei Golden Horde Wings Ilkhanate Major cities Almalik Avarga Azov (Azaq) Bukhara Bolghar Karakorum Dadu Majar Maragheh Qarshi Samarkand Sarai Batu/Berke Saray-Jük Shangdu (Xanadu) Soltaniyeh Tabriz Ukek Xacitarxan Campaigns Battles Asia Central Siberia (1207) Qara Khitai (1216-- 18) Khwarezmia (1218-- 1221) East Western Xia (1205 / 1207 / 1209-- 10 / 1225-- 27) Northern China and Manchuria (1211-- 34) Southern China (1235-- 79) Kingdom of Dali (1253-- 56) Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252) Korea (1231-- 60) Japan (1274 / 1281) Sakhalin (1264-- 1308) Southeast Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287) Java (1293) Vietnam (1257 / 1284-- 88) Burma (1300-- 02) South India (1221-- 1327) Europe Georgia (1220-- 22 / 1226-- 31 / 1237-- 64) Chechnya (1237-- 1300s) Volga Bulgaria (1229-- 36) Rus' (1223 / 1236-- 40) Poland and Bohemia (1240-- 41) Hungary (1241-42) Serbia (1242) Bulgaria (1242) Latin Empire (1242) Lithuania (1258-59) Poland (1259-- 60) Thrace (1264-65) Hungary (1285-- 86) Poland (1287-- 88) Serbia (1291) Poland (1340-1341) Middle East Anatolia (1241-- 43) Iraq (1258) Syria (1260-- 1323) Palestine (1260 / 1301) Civil wars Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War (1260-- 64) Berke-- Hulagu war (1262) Kaidu-- Kublai war (1268-- 1301) Esen Buqa-- Ayurbarwada war (1314-- 1318) People Great Khans Genghis Khan Tolui (regent) Ögedei Khan Töregene Khatun (regent) Güyük Khan Oghul Qaimish (regent) Möngke Khan Kublai Khan ( Khagans of the Yuan ) Khans Jochi Batu Khan Sartaq Khan Orda Khan Berke Toqta Öz Beg Khan Chagatai Khan Duwa Kebek Hulagu Abaqa Arghun Ghazan Military Subutai Jebe Muqali Negudar Bo'orchu Guo Kan Borokhula Jelme Chilaun Khubilai Aju Bayan Kadan Boroldai Nogai Khan Timeline of the Mongol Empire Yuan dynasty topics History Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War Kaidu-- Kublai war Kublai Khan's Campaigns Mongol invasion of China conquest of the Song dynasty Battle of Xiangyang Yamen Japan Vietnam Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) Burma Battle of Ngasaunggyan Pagan Java Second Mongol invasion of Burma Esen Buqa-- Ayurbarwada war War of the Two Capitals 1344 Yellow River flood Red Turban Rebellion Red Turban invasions of Goryeo Battle of Lake Poyang Ispah rebellion Government List of emperors family tree Empresses Imperial Preceptor Zhongshu Sheng Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia Mongolia under Yuan rule Manchuria under Yuan rule Tibet under Yuan rule Dpon-chen Korea under Yuan rule Science and technology Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns Chao (currency) Coinage Shiyi Dexiaofang Nong Shu Architecture Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) Miaoying Temple Pagoda of Bailin Temple Temple of Azure Clouds Jinan Great Southern Mosque Society and culture Yuan poetry History of Liao Jin Song Menggu Ziyun Wenxian Tongkao Zhongyuan Yinyun The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars Zaju The Chalk Circle The Injustice to Dou E The Orphan of Zhao The Story of the Western Wing Semu Islam during the Yuan dynasty Other topics Mongols Borjigin ' Phags-pa script History of Yuan Khanbaliq Shangdu Mongol Empire Northern Yuan dynasty Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Tang Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Elamite Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara-Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Samanid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko-Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro-Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First/Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Inner Asia history series Nomadic empire Xiongnu Xianbei state Rouran Khaganate Turkic Khaganate Uyghur Khaganate Qara Khitai Mongol Empire Timurid Empire Northern Yuan dynasty Dzungar Khanate Chinese empire Tang dynasty in Inner Asia Protectorate General to Pacify the North West Western Liao dynasty Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia Manchuria Mongolia Tibet Qing dynasty in Inner Asia Manchuria Mongolia Tibet Xinjiang Related topics The Cambridge History of Inner Asia Central Asia East Tartary Western Regions China proper Sinosphere Greater China VIAF : 256308779 NDL : 00979792 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol_Empire&oldid=835583781 '' Categories : Former countries in Europe Former countries in Asia States and territories established in 1206 States and territories disestablished in 1368 Mongol Empire Former countries in Central Asia Former monarchies of Central Asia History of Central Asia History of Mongolia Khaganates Mongols Mongol states Nomadic groups in Eurasia Medieval Asia 1368 disestablishments in the Mongol Empire 1206 establishments in the Mongol Empire Hidden categories: All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2012 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Former country articles requiring maintenance Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Russian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文Kabɩyɛ97moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon9April2018,at15:48.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 6925374749302965239 |
how many marines raised the flag at iwo jima | Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is an iconic photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal on February 23 , 1945 , which depicts six United States Marines raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi , during the Battle of Iwo Jima , in World War II . | [
[
"six"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is an iconic photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal on February 23 , 1945 , which depicts six United States Marines raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi , during the Battle of Iwo Jima , in World War II .",
"The photograph was first published in Sunday newspapers on February 25 , 1945 . It was extremely popular and was reprinted in thousands of publications . Later , it became the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the same year as its publication , and came to be regarded in the United States as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war .",
"Three Marines in the photograph , Sergeant Michael Strank , Corporal Harlon Block ( misidentified as Sergeant Hank Hansen until January 1947 ) , and Private First Class Franklin Sousley were killed in action over the next few days . The other three surviving flag - raisers in the photograph were Corporals ( then Private First Class ) Rene Gagnon , Ira Hayes , and Harold Schultz ( misidentified as PhM2c . John Bradley until June 2016 ) . Both men originally misidentified as flag raisers had helped raise a smaller flag about 90 minutes earlier , and were both still on the mountaintop and witnessed -- but were not part of -- the specific moment of raising the larger flag that was captured in the Pulitzer Prize - winning photo . All men were under the command of Brigadier General Harry B. Liversedge .",
"The image was later used by Felix de Weldon to sculpt the Marine Corps War Memorial , which was dedicated in 1954 to all Marines who died for their country and is located in Arlington Ridge Park , near the Ord - Weitzel Gate to Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon .",
"On February 19 , 1945 , the United States invaded Iwo Jima as part of its island - hopping strategy to defeat Japan . Iwo Jima originally was not a target , but the relatively quick fall of the Philippines left the Americans with a longer - than - expected lull prior to the planned invasion of Okinawa . Iwo Jima is located halfway between Japan and the Mariana Islands , where American long - range bombers were based , and was used by the Japanese as an early warning station , radioing warnings of incoming American bombers to the Japanese homeland . The Americans , after capturing the island , weakened the Japanese early warning system , and used it as an emergency landing strip for damaged bombers .",
"Iwo Jima is a volcanic island , shaped like a trapezoid . Marines on the island described it as `` a large , gray pork chop '' . The island was heavily fortified , and the invading Marines suffered high casualties . Politically , the island is part of the prefecture of Tokyo . It would be the first Japanese homeland soil to be captured by the Americans , and it was a matter of honor for the Japanese to prevent its capture .",
"The island is dominated by Mount Suribachi , a 546 - foot ( 166 m ) dormant volcanic cone at the southern tip of the island . Tactically , the top of Suribachi was one of the most important locations on the island . From that vantage point , the Japanese defenders were able to spot artillery accurately onto the Americans -- particularly the landing beaches . The Japanese fought most of the battle from underground bunkers and pillboxes . It was common for Marines to knock out one pillbox using grenades or a flamethrower , only to come under renewed fire from it a few minutes later , after more Japanese infantry slipped into the pillbox using a tunnel . The American effort concentrated on isolating and capturing Suribachi first , a goal that was achieved on February 23 , four days after the battle began . Despite capturing Suribachi , the battle continued to rage for many days , and the island would not be declared `` secure '' until 31 days later , on March 26 .",
"There were two American flags raised on top of Mount Suribachi , on February 23 , 1945 . The photograph Rosenthal took was actually of the second flag - raising in which a larger replacement flag was raised by Marines who did not raise the first flag .",
"A U.S. flag was first raised atop Mount Suribachi soon after the mountaintop was captured at around 10 : 20 on February 23 , 1945 .",
"Lieutenant Colonel Chandler Johnson , commander of the 2nd Battalion , 28th Marine Regiment , 5th Marine Division , ordered Marine Captain Dave Severance , commander of Easy Company , 2nd Battalion , 28th Marines , to send a platoon to seize and occupy the crest of Mount Suribachi . First Lieutenant Harold G. Schrier , executive officer of Easy Company , who had replaced the wounded Third Platoon commander , John Keith Wells , volunteered to lead a 40 - man combat patrol up the mountain . Lieutenant Colonel Johnson ( or 1st Lieutenant George G. Wells , the battalion adjutant , whose job it was to carry the flag ) had taken the 54 - by - 28 - inch / 140 - by - 71 - centimeter flag from the battalion 's transport ship , USS Missoula , and handed the flag to Schrier . Johnson said to Schrier , `` If you get to the top , put it up . '' Schrier assembled the patrol at 8 AM to begin the climb up the mountain .",
"Despite the large numbers of Japanese troops in the immediate vicinity , Schrier 's patrol made it to the rim of the crater at about 10 : 15 am , having come under little or no enemy fire , as the Japanese were being bombarded at the time . The flag was attached by Schrier and two Marines to a Japanese iron water pipe found on top , and the flagstaff was raised and planted by Schrier , assisted by Platoon Sergeant Ernest Thomas and Sergeant Oliver Hansen at about 10 : 30 am ( on February 25 , during a CBS press interview aboard the flagship USS Eldorado about the flag - raising , Thomas stated that he , Schrier , and Hansen ( platoon guide ) had actually raised the flag ) . The raising of the national colors immediately caused a loud cheering reaction from the Marines , sailors , and coast guardsmen on the beach below and from the men on the ships near the beach . The loud noise made by the servicemen and blasts of the ship horns alerted the Japanese , who up to this point had stayed in their cave bunkers . Schrier and his men near the flagstaff then came under fire from Japanese troops , but the Marines quickly eliminated the threat . Schrier was later awarded the Navy Cross for volunteering to take the patrol up Mount Suribachi and raising the American flag , and a Silver Star Medal for a heroic action in March while in command of D Company , 2 / 28 Marines on Iwo Jima .",
"Photographs of the first flag flown on Mount Suribachi were taken by Staff Sergeant Louis R. Lowery of Leatherneck magazine , who accompanied the patrol up the mountain , and other photographers . Others involved with the first flag - raising include Corporal Charles W. Lindberg , Privates First Class James Michels and Raymond Jacobs , Private Phil Ward , and Navy corpsman John Bradley This flag was too small , however , to be easily seen from the northern side of Mount Suribachi , where heavy fighting would go on for several more days .",
"The Secretary of the Navy , James Forrestal , had decided the previous night that he wanted to go ashore and witness the final stage of the fight for the mountain . Now , under a stern commitment to take orders from Howlin ' Mad Smith , the secretary was churning ashore in the company of the blunt , earthy general . Their boat touched the beach just after the flag went up , and the mood among the high command turned jubilant . Gazing upward , at the red , white , and blue speck , Forrestal remarked to Smith : `` Holland , the raising of that flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next five hundred years '' .",
"Forrestal was so taken with fervor of the moment that he decided he wanted the Second Battalion 's flag flying on Mt . Suribachi as a souvenir . The news of this wish did not sit well with 2nd Battalion Commander Chandler Johnson , whose temperament was every bit as fiery as Howlin Mad 's . `` To hell with that ! '' the colonel spat when the message reached him . The flag belonged to the battalion , as far as Johnson was concerned . He decided to secure it as soon as possible , and dispatched his assistant operations officer , Lieutenant Ted Tuttle , to the beach to obtain a replacement flag . As an afterthought , Johnson called after Tuttle : `` And make it a bigger one . ''",
"The photograph taken by Rosenthal was the second flag - raising on top of Mount Suribachi , on February 23 , 1945 .",
"On orders from Colonel Chandler Johnson -- passed on by Easy Company 's commander , Captain Dave Severance -- Sergeant Michael Strank , one of Second Platoon 's squad leaders , was to take three members of his rifle squad ( Corporal Harlon H. Block and Privates First Class Franklin R. Sousley and Ira H. Hayes ) and climb up Mount Suribachi to raise a replacement flag on top ; the three took supplies or laid telephone wire on the way up to the top . Severance also dispatched Private First Class Rene A. Gagnon , the battalion runner ( messenger ) for Easy Company , to the command post for fresh SCR - 300 walkie - talkie batteries to take to the top .",
"Meanwhile , Lieutenant Albert Theodore Tuttle under Johnson 's orders , had found a large ( 96 - by - 56 -- inch ) flag in nearby Tank Landing Ship USS LST - 779 . He made his way back to the command post and gave it to Johnson . Johnson , in turn , gave it to Rene Gagnon , with orders to take it up to Schrier on Mount Suribachi and raise it . The official Marine Corps history of the event is that Tuttle received the flag from Navy Ensign Alan Wood of USS LST - 779 , who in turn had received the flag from a supply depot in Pearl Harbor . Severance had confirmed that the second larger flag was in fact provided by Alan Wood even though Wood could not recognize any of the pictures of the 2nd flag raisers as Gagnon . The flag was sewn by Mabel Sauvageau , a worker at the `` flag loft '' of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard .",
"First Lieutenant George Greeley Wells , who had been the Second Battalion , 28th Marines adjutant officially in charge of the two American flags flown on Mount Suribachi , stated in the New York Times in 1991 , that Lieutenant Colonel Johnson ordered him ( Wells ) to get the second flag , and that he ( Wells ) sent Rene Gagnon his battalion runner , to the ships on shore for the flag , and that Gagnon returned with a flag and gave it to him ( Wells ) , and that Gagnon took this flag up Mt . Suribachi with a message for Schrier to raise it and send the other flag down with Gagnon . Wells stated that he received the first flag back from Gagnon and secured it at the Marine headquarters command post . Wells also stated that he had handed the first flag to Lieutenant Schrier to take up Mount Suribachi .",
"The Coast Guard Historian 's Office recognizes the claims made by former U.S. Coast Guardsman Quartermaster Robert Resnick , who served aboard the USS Duval County at Iwo Jima . `` Before he died in November 2004 , Resnick said Gagnon came aboard LST - 758 the morning of February 23 looking for a flag . Resnick said he grabbed a flag from a bunting box and asked permission from his ship 's commanding officer Lt. Felix Molenda to donate it . Resnick kept quiet about his participation until 2001 . ''",
"Strank with his three Marines , and Gagnon , reached the top of the mountain around noon without being fired upon . Rosenthal , along with Marine photographers Sergeant Bill Genaust ( who was killed in action after the flag - raising ) and Private First Class Bob Campbell were climbing Suribachi at this time . On the way up , the trio met Lowery , who had photographed the first flag - raising , coming down . They considered turning around , but Lowery told them that the summit was an excellent vantage point from which to take photographs . The three photographers reached the summit as the Marines were attaching the flag to an old Japanese water pipe .",
"Rosenthal put his Speed Graphic camera on the ground ( set to 1 / 400 sec shutter speed , with the f - stop between 8 and 11 and Agfa film ) so he could pile rocks to stand on for a better vantage point . In doing so , he nearly missed the shot . The Marines began raising the flag . Realizing he was about to miss the action , Rosenthal quickly swung his camera up and snapped the photograph without using the viewfinder . Ten years after the flag - raising , Rosenthal wrote :",
"Out of the corner of my eye , I had seen the men start the flag up . I swung my camera and shot the scene . That is how the picture was taken , and when you take a picture like that , you do n't come away saying you got a great shot . You do n't know .",
"Sergeant Genaust , who was standing almost shoulder - to - shoulder with Rosenthal about three feet away , was shooting motion - picture film during the second flag - raising . His film captures the second event at an almost - identical angle to Rosenthal 's shot . Of the six flag - raisers in the picture -- Ira Hayes , Harold Schultz ( identified in June 2016 ) , Michael Strank , Franklin Sousley , Rene Gagnon , and Harlon Block -- only Hayes , Gagnon , and Schultz ( Navy corpsman John Bradley was incorrectly identified in the Rosenthal flag - raising photo ) survived the battle . Strank and Block were killed on March 1 , six days after the flag - raising , Strank by a shell , possibly fired from an offshore American destroyer and Block a few hours later by a mortar round . Sousley was shot and killed by a Japanese sniper on March 21 , a few days before the island was declared secure .",
"Following the flag - raising , Rosenthal sent his film to Guam to be developed and printed . George Tjaden of Hendricks , Minnesota , was likely the technician who printed it . Upon seeing it , Associated Press ( AP ) photograph editor John Bodkin exclaimed `` Here 's one for all time ! '' and immediately transmitted the image to the AP headquarters in New York City at 7 : 00 am , Eastern War Time . The photograph was quickly picked up off the wire by hundreds of newspapers . It `` was distributed by Associated Press within seventeen and one - half hours after Rosenthal shot it -- an astonishingly fast turnaround time in those days . ''",
"However , the photograph was not without controversy . Following the second flag - raising , Rosenthal had the Marines of Easy Company pose for a group shot , the `` gung - ho '' shot . A few days after the photograph was taken , Rosenthal -- back on Guam -- was asked if he had posed the photograph . Thinking the questioner was referring to the ' gung - ho ' photograph , he replied `` Sure . '' After that , Robert Sherrod , a Time - Life correspondent , told his editors in New York that Rosenthal had staged the flag - raising photograph . Time 's radio show , Time Views the News , broadcast a report , charging that `` Rosenthal climbed Suribachi after the flag had already been planted ... Like most photographers ( he ) could not resist reposing his characters in historic fashion . '' As a result of this report , Rosenthal was repeatedly accused of staging the photograph or covering up the first flag - raising . One New York Times book reviewer even went so far as to suggest revoking his Pulitzer Prize . In the following decades , Rosenthal repeatedly and vociferously denied claims that the flag - raising was staged . `` I do n't think it is in me to do much more of this sort of thing ... I do n't know how to get across to anybody what 50 years of constant repetition means . '' Genaust 's film also shows that the flag - raising was not staged .",
"President Franklin D. Roosevelt , upon seeing Joe Rosenthal 's flag - raising photograph , realized the image would make an excellent symbol for the upcoming Seventh War Loan Drive to help pay for the war , and ordered the flag - raisers identified and sent to Washington , D.C. after the fighting on the island ended ( March 26 , 1945 ) . Using a photographic enlargement , Rene Gagnon identified four other flag - raisers in the photograph besides himself , but refused to identify Ira Hayes as the sixth flag - raiser because Hayes warned him not to . Gagnon revealed Hayes ' name only after being brought to Marine Corps headquarters and informed that he was being ordered by the President to reveal the information and that refusing would be a serious crime .",
"President Roosevelt died on April 12 , 1945 . The three surviving second flag - raisers , identified then as Bradley , Gagnon , and Hayes , met President Truman on April 20 at the White House before going on the bond tour which began on May 11 in New York City ; Hayes had drinking problems during the tour and was ordered back to his former combat unit in Hawaii on May 24 before the tour ended on July 4 in Washington , D.C. The bond drive was a success , raising $26.3 billion , twice the tour 's goal .",
"Gagnon misidentified Corporal Harlon Block as Sergeant Henry O. `` Hank '' Hansen in Rosenthal 's photo ( both were killed in action on March 1 ) . Initially , Bradley concurred with all of Gagnon 's identifications . On April 8 , 1945 , the Marine Corps released the identification of five of the six flag raisers including Hansen rather than Block -- Sousley 's identity was temporarily withheld pending notification of his family of his death during the battle . Block 's mother , Belle Block , refused to accept the official identification , noting that she had `` changed so many diapers on that boy 's butt , I know it 's my boy . '' Immediately upon his arrival in Washington , D.C. on April 19 , Hayes noticed the incorrect identification in the photograph . When he was interviewed about the identities in the photo by the Marine colonel assigned to the flag - raisers and told him that it was definitely Harlon Block and not Hansen in the photograph , the public relations officer then told Hayes that the identifications had already been officially released , and ordered Hayes to keep silent about it ( during the investigation , the colonel denied Hayes told him about Block ) . Block , Sousley , and Hayes were close friends in the same squad of Second Platoon , E Company , while Hansen , who helped raise the first flag , was a member of Third Platoon , E Company .",
"In 1946 , Hayes hitchhiked to Texas and informed Harlon Block 's father and mother that Harlon had , in fact , been one of the six flag raisers . Block 's mother , Belle , immediately sent a letter that Hayes gave her explaining the error to her congressional representative Milton West . West , in turn , forwarded the letter to Marine Corps Commandant Alexander Vandegrift , who ordered an investigation . John Bradley ( formerly in Third Platoon with Hansen ) , upon being shown the evidence ( Hansen , a former Paramarine , wore his large parachutist boots in an exposed manner on Iwo Jima ) , agreed that it was probably Block and not Hansen . In January 1947 , the Marine Corps officially concluded and announced it was Block in the photo and not Hansen .",
"Ira remembered what Rene Gagnon and John Bradley could not have remembered , because they did not join the little cluster until the last moment : that it was Harlon ( Block ) , Mike ( Strank ) , Franklin ( Sousley ) and ( Hayes ) who had ascended Suribachi midmorning to lay telephone wire ; it was Rene ( Gagnon ) who had come along with the replacement flag . Hansen had not been part of this action .",
"The Marine Corps made a public announcement on June 23 , 2016 stating that Marine Corporal ( then Private First Class ) Harold Schultz was in the Rosenthal photograph of the flag - raising and Navy Corpsman John Bradley was not ( Schultz is now in Franklin Sousley 's named position in the photo and Sousley is in Bradley 's ) . Schultz and John Bradley were both present at the first and second flag raising and Sousley only the second raising .",
"Bradley , who died in 1994 , gave few interviews , at times saying that he raised the flag , pitched in to raise the flag , raised the second flag ( he also said he was on , and not on , Mount Suribachi when the first flag was raised ) . Bradley was usually tight - lipped after the war about his wartime experiences , including both flag raisings and did not attend Iwo Jima veterans reunions . He often deflected questions by claiming he had forgotten . During his 47 - year marriage , he only talked about it with his wife Betty once , on their first date , and never again afterwards . Within the Bradley family , it was considered a taboo subject , and when they received calls or invitations to speak on certain holidays , they were told to say he was away fishing at his cottage . One of the few interviews he did was in 1985 at the urging of his wife , who had told him to do it for the sake of their grandchildren . Following his death in 1994 , his family went to Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima in 1997 and placed a plaque in memory of John Bradley `` Flag Raiser '' ( made of Wisconsin granite and shaped like that state ) at the spot where the flag - raising took place . At the time of Bradley 's death , his son James claimed he knew almost nothing from his father about his wartime experiences . James Bradley spent four years interviewing the families of all the flag raisers , and in 2000 , published Flags of Our Fathers , a definitive book on the flag - raising and its participants . This book inspired a 2006 movie of the same name , directed by Clint Eastwood . Schultz died in 1995 .",
"Photographic comparisons gathered on the first and second flag - raising which were made public in November 2014 by Eric Krelle , a history buff and collector of World War II - era Marine Corps memorabilia , strongly suggested that John Bradley was not one of the actual six flag raisers . According to this research , Franklin Sousley was in the fourth position ( left to right ) instead of Bradley , and Harold Schultz of Los Angeles ( originally from Detroit ) was in the second position , previously attributed to Franklin Sousley . Initially , Marine Corps historians and officials and others were not willing to accept these findings . On May 2 , 2016 , the Marine Corps announced that it was investigating the possibility that Bradley was not one of the flag raisers and Schultz was , a fact they confirmed on June 23 , 2016 . James Bradley has also subsequently stated that he no longer believes that his father was one of the six men in the Rosenthal photograph .",
"Rosenthal 's photograph won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Photography , the only photograph to win the prize in the same year it was taken .",
"News pros were not the only ones greatly impressed by the photo . Navy Captain T.B. Clark was on duty at Patuxent Air Station in Maryland that Saturday when it came humming off the wire in 1945 . He studied it for a minute , and then thrust it under the gaze of Navy Petty Officer Felix de Weldon . De Weldon was an Austrian immigrant schooled in European painting and sculpture . De Weldon could not take his eyes off the photo . In its classic triangular lines he recognized similarities with the ancient statues he had studied . He reflexively reached for some sculptor 's clay and tools . With the photograph before him he labored through the night . Within 72 hours of the photo 's release , he had replicated the six boys pushing a pole , raising a flag . Upon seeing the finished model , the Marine Corps commandant had de Weldon assigned to the Marine Corps until de Weldon was discharged from the navy after the war was over .",
"Starting in 1951 , de Weldon was commissioned to design a memorial to the Marine Corps . It took de Weldon and hundreds of his assistants three years to finish it . Hayes , Gagnon , and Bradley , posed for de Weldon , who used their faces as a model . The three Marine flag raisers who did not survive the battle were sculpted from photographs .",
"The flag - raising Rosenthal ( and Genaust ) photographed was the replacement flag / flagstaff for the first flag / flagstaff that was raised on Mount Suribachi on February 23 , 1945 . There was some resentment from former Marines of the original 40 - man patrol that went up Mount Suribachi including by those involved with the first flag - raising , that they did not receive the recognition they deserved . These included : Staff Sgt. Lou Lowery , who took the first photos of the first flag flying over Mt . Suribachi ; Charles W. Lindberg , who helped tie the first American flag to the first flagpole on Mount Suribachi ( and who was , until his death in June 2007 , one of the last living persons depicted in either flag - flying scene ) , who complained for several years that he helped to raise the flag and `` was called a liar and everything else . It was terrible '' ( because of all the recognition and publicity over and directed to the replacement flag - raisers and that flag - raising ) ; and Raymond Jacobs , photographed with the patrol commander around the base of the first flag flying over Mt . Suribachi , who complained until he died in 2008 that he was still not recognized by the Marine Corps by name as being the radioman in the photo .",
"The original Rosenthal photograph is currently in the possession of Roy H. Williams , who bought it from the estate of John Faber , the official historian for the National Press Photographers Association , who had received it from Rosenthal . Both flags ( from the first and second flag - raisings ) are now located in the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Quantico , Virginia .",
"Ira Hayes , following the war , was plagued with depression brought on by survivor guilt and became an alcoholic . His tragic life and death in 1955 at the age of 32 were memorialized in the 1961 motion picture The Outsider , starring Tony Curtis as Hayes , and the folk song `` The Ballad of Ira Hayes '' , written by Peter LaFarge and recorded by Johnny Cash in 1964 . Bob Dylan later covered the song , as did Kinky Friedman . According to the song , after the war :",
"Then Ira started drinkin ' hard Jail was often his home They 'd let him raise the flag and lower it Like you 'd throw a dog a bone ! He died drunk early one mornin ' Alone in the land he fought to save Two inches of water in a lonely ditch Was a grave for Ira Hayes .",
"Rene Gagnon , his wife , and his son visited Tokyo and Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima during the 20th anniversary of the battle of Iwo Jima in 1965 . He worked at Delta Air Lines as a ticket agent , opened his own travel agency , and was a maintenance director of an apartment complex in Manchester . He died at work in Manchester in 1979 at the age of 54 .",
"Rosenthal 's photograph has been reproduced in a number of other formats . It appeared on 3.5 million posters for the seventh war bond drive . It has also been reproduced with many unconventional media such as Lego bricks , butter , ice , Etch A Sketch and corn mazes .",
"The Iwo Jima flag - raising has been depicted in other films including 1949 's Sands of Iwo Jima ( in which the three surviving flag raisers make a cameo appearance at the end of the film ) and 1961 's The Outsider , a biography of Ira Hayes starring Tony Curtis .",
"In July 1945 , the United States Postal Service released a postage stamp bearing the image . The U.S. issued another stamp in 1995 showing the flag - raising as part of its 10 - stamp series marking the 50th anniversary of World War II . In 2005 , the United States Mint released a commemorative silver dollar bearing the image .",
"A similar photograph was taken by Thomas E. Franklin of the Bergen Record in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks . Officially known as Ground Zero Spirit , the photograph is perhaps better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero , and shows three firefighters raising a U.S. flag in the ruins of the World Trade Center shortly after 5 pm . Painter Jamie Wyeth also painted a related image entitled September 11th based on this scene . It illustrates rescue workers raising a flag at Ground Zero . Other iconic photographs frequently compared include V -- J day in Times Square , Into the Jaws of Death , Raising a flag over the Reichstag , and the Raising of the Ink Flag .",
"The highly recognizable image is one of the most parodied photographs in history . Anti-war activists in the 1960s altered the flag to bear a peace symbol , as well as several anti-establishment artworks . Edward Kienholz 's Portable War Memorial in 1968 depicted faceless Marines raising the flag on an outdoor picnic table in a typical American consumerist environment of the 1960s . It was parodied again during the Iran hostage crisis of 1979 to depict the flag being planted into Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 's behind . In the early 2000s , to represent gay pride , photographer Ed Freeman shot a photograph for the cover of an issue of Frontiers magazine , reenacting the scene with a rainbow flag instead of an American flag. Time magazine came under fire in 2008 after altering the image for use on its cover , replacing the American flag with a tree for an issue focused on global warming . The British Airlines Stewards and Stewardesses Association likewise came under criticism in 2010 for a poster depicting employees raising a flag marked `` BASSA '' at the edge of a runway .",
"The photograph also received another brief parody in July 2015 in the Syfy television movie Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! , when Fin , April , the President of the United States and a few others hold up the American Flag at the White House in a similar way to the real photograph to impale an incoming shark , with Fin reciting `` God bless America . ''"
] | Raising the flag on Iwo Jima - Wikipedia Raising the flag on Iwo Jima Jump to: navigation , search Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima , by Joe Rosenthal / the Associated Press Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is an iconic photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal on February 23, 1945, which depicts six United States Marines raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi , during the Battle of Iwo Jima , in World War II. The photograph was first published in Sunday newspapers on February 25, 1945. It was extremely popular and was reprinted in thousands of publications. Later, it became the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the same year as its publication, and came to be regarded in the United States as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war. Three Marines in the photograph, Sergeant Michael Strank , Corporal Harlon Block (misidentified as Sergeant Hank Hansen until January 1947), and Private First Class Franklin Sousley were killed in action over the next few days. The other three surviving flag-raisers in the photograph were Corporals (then Private First Class) Rene Gagnon , Ira Hayes , and Harold Schultz (misidentified as PhM2c. John Bradley until June 2016). Both men originally misidentified as flag raisers had helped raise a smaller flag about 90 minutes earlier, and were both still on the mountaintop and witnessed -- but were not part of -- the specific moment of raising the larger flag that was captured in the Pulitzer Prize -winning photo. All men were under the command of Brigadier General Harry B. Liversedge . The image was later used by Felix de Weldon to sculpt the Marine Corps War Memorial , which was dedicated in 1954 to all Marines who died for their country and is located in Arlington Ridge Park , near the Ord-Weitzel Gate to Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Photo history 2 Two flag-raisings 2.1 Raising the first flag 2.2 Raising the second flag 2.2.1 Rosenthal's photograph 3 Publication and staging confusion 4 Mistaken identifications 4.1 Harlon Block and Henry Hansen 4.2 Harold H. Schultz and John Bradley 5 Legacy 5.1 In other media 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Photo History ( edit ) Main article: Battle of Iwo Jima Mount Suribachi is the dominant geographical feature of the island of Iwo Jima On February 19, 1945, the United States invaded Iwo Jima as part of its island-hopping strategy to defeat Japan . Iwo Jima originally was not a target, but the relatively quick fall of the Philippines left the Americans with a longer-than-expected lull prior to the planned invasion of Okinawa . Iwo Jima is located halfway between Japan and the Mariana Islands , where American long-range bombers were based, and was used by the Japanese as an early warning station , radioing warnings of incoming American bombers to the Japanese homeland. The Americans, after capturing the island, weakened the Japanese early warning system, and used it as an emergency landing strip for damaged bombers. Iwo Jima is a volcanic island, shaped like a trapezoid . Marines on the island described it as `` a large, gray pork chop'' . The island was heavily fortified, and the invading Marines suffered high casualties. Politically, the island is part of the prefecture of Tokyo . It would be the first Japanese homeland soil to be captured by the Americans, and it was a matter of honor for the Japanese to prevent its capture. The island is dominated by Mount Suribachi , a 546-foot (166 m) dormant volcanic cone at the southern tip of the island. Tactically, the top of Suribachi was one of the most important locations on the island. From that vantage point, the Japanese defenders were able to spot artillery accurately onto the Americans -- particularly the landing beaches. The Japanese fought most of the battle from underground bunkers and pillboxes . It was common for Marines to knock out one pillbox using grenades or a flamethrower , only to come under renewed fire from it a few minutes later, after more Japanese infantry slipped into the pillbox using a tunnel. The American effort concentrated on isolating and capturing Suribachi first, a goal that was achieved on February 23, four days after the battle began. Despite capturing Suribachi, the battle continued to rage for many days, and the island would not be declared `` secure'' until 31 days later, on March 26. Two flag-raisings ( edit ) There were two American flags raised on top of Mount Suribachi, on February 23, 1945. The photograph Rosenthal took was actually of the second flag-raising in which a larger replacement flag was raised by Marines who did not raise the first flag. Raising the first flag ( edit ) A U.S. flag was first raised atop Mount Suribachi soon after the mountaintop was captured at around 10:20 on February 23, 1945. Raising the First Flag on Iwo Jima by SSgt. Louis R. Lowery , USMC, is the most widely circulated photograph of the first flag flown on Mt. Suribachi (after the flag raising). Left to right: 1st Lt. Harold Schrier (kneeling behind radioman's legs), Pfc. Raymond Jacobs (radioman reassigned from F Company), Sgt. Henry `` Hank'' Hansen wearing cap, holding flagstaff with left hand), Platoon Sgt. Ernest `` Boots'' Thomas (seated), Pvt. Phil Ward (holding lower flagstaff with both hands), PhM2c. John Bradley , USN (holding flagstaff with right hand above Ward), Pfc. James Michels (holding M1 Carbine ), and Cpl. Charles W. Lindberg (standing above Michels). Lieutenant Colonel Chandler Johnson, commander of the 2nd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment , 5th Marine Division , ordered Marine Captain Dave Severance, commander of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, to send a platoon to seize and occupy the crest of Mount Suribachi. First Lieutenant Harold G. Schrier , executive officer of Easy Company, who had replaced the wounded Third Platoon commander, John Keith Wells , volunteered to lead a 40-man combat patrol up the mountain. Lieutenant Colonel Johnson (or 1st Lieutenant George G. Wells, the battalion adjutant, whose job it was to carry the flag) had taken the 54-by-28-inch/140-by-71-centimeter flag from the battalion's transport ship, USS Missoula , and handed the flag to Schrier. Johnson said to Schrier, `` If you get to the top, put it up.'' Schrier assembled the patrol at 8 AM to begin the climb up the mountain. Despite the large numbers of Japanese troops in the immediate vicinity, Schrier's patrol made it to the rim of the crater at about 10:15 am, having come under little or no enemy fire, as the Japanese were being bombarded at the time. The flag was attached by Schrier and two Marines to a Japanese iron water pipe found on top, and the flagstaff was raised and planted by Schrier, assisted by Platoon Sergeant Ernest Thomas and Sergeant Oliver Hansen at about 10:30 am (on February 25, during a CBS press interview aboard the flagship USS Eldorado about the flag-raising, Thomas stated that he, Schrier, and Hansen ( platoon guide ) had actually raised the flag). The raising of the national colors immediately caused a loud cheering reaction from the Marines, sailors, and coast guardsmen on the beach below and from the men on the ships near the beach. The loud noise made by the servicemen and blasts of the ship horns alerted the Japanese, who up to this point had stayed in their cave bunkers. Schrier and his men near the flagstaff then came under fire from Japanese troops, but the Marines quickly eliminated the threat. Schrier was later awarded the Navy Cross for volunteering to take the patrol up Mount Suribachi and raising the American flag, and a Silver Star Medal for a heroic action in March while in command of D Company, 2/28 Marines on Iwo Jima. Photographs of the first flag flown on Mount Suribachi were taken by Staff Sergeant Louis R. Lowery of Leatherneck magazine , who accompanied the patrol up the mountain, and other photographers. Others involved with the first flag-raising include Corporal Charles W. Lindberg , Privates First Class James Michels and Raymond Jacobs , Private Phil Ward, and Navy corpsman John Bradley This flag was too small, however, to be easily seen from the northern side of Mount Suribachi, where heavy fighting would go on for several more days. The Secretary of the Navy , James Forrestal , had decided the previous night that he wanted to go ashore and witness the final stage of the fight for the mountain. Now, under a stern commitment to take orders from Howlin' Mad Smith , the secretary was churning ashore in the company of the blunt, earthy general. Their boat touched the beach just after the flag went up, and the mood among the high command turned jubilant. Gazing upward, at the red, white, and blue speck, Forrestal remarked to Smith: `` Holland, the raising of that flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next five hundred years'' . Forrestal was so taken with fervor of the moment that he decided he wanted the Second Battalion's flag flying on Mt. Suribachi as a souvenir. The news of this wish did not sit well with 2nd Battalion Commander Chandler Johnson, whose temperament was every bit as fiery as Howlin Mad's . `` To hell with that!'' the colonel spat when the message reached him. The flag belonged to the battalion, as far as Johnson was concerned. He decided to secure it as soon as possible, and dispatched his assistant operations officer, Lieutenant Ted Tuttle , to the beach to obtain a replacement flag. As an afterthought, Johnson called after Tuttle: `` And make it a bigger one.'' Raising the second flag ( edit ) The photograph taken by Rosenthal was the second flag-raising on top of Mount Suribachi, on February 23, 1945. Play media Sgt. Genaust 's film shot of the second flag-raising excerpted from the 1945 `` Carriers Hit Tokyo'' newsreel On orders from Colonel Chandler Johnson-- passed on by Easy Company's commander, Captain Dave Severance-- Sergeant Michael Strank, one of Second Platoon's squad leaders, was to take three members of his rifle squad (Corporal Harlon H. Block and Privates First Class Franklin R. Sousley and Ira H. Hayes) and climb up Mount Suribachi to raise a replacement flag on top; the three took supplies or laid telephone wire on the way up to the top. Severance also dispatched Private First Class Rene A. Gagnon, the battalion runner (messenger) for Easy Company, to the command post for fresh SCR-300 walkie-talkie batteries to take to the top. Meanwhile, Lieutenant Albert Theodore Tuttle under Johnson's orders, had found a large (96-by-56-- inch) flag in nearby Tank Landing Ship USS LST-779 . He made his way back to the command post and gave it to Johnson. Johnson, in turn, gave it to Rene Gagnon, with orders to take it up to Schrier on Mount Suribachi and raise it. The official Marine Corps history of the event is that Tuttle received the flag from Navy Ensign Alan Wood of USS LST-779 , who in turn had received the flag from a supply depot in Pearl Harbor . Severance had confirmed that the second larger flag was in fact provided by Alan Wood even though Wood could not recognize any of the pictures of the 2nd flag raisers as Gagnon. The flag was sewn by Mabel Sauvageau, a worker at the `` flag loft'' of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard . First Lieutenant George Greeley Wells, who had been the Second Battalion, 28th Marines adjutant officially in charge of the two American flags flown on Mount Suribachi, stated in the New York Times in 1991, that Lieutenant Colonel Johnson ordered him (Wells) to get the second flag, and that he (Wells) sent Rene Gagnon his battalion runner, to the ships on shore for the flag, and that Gagnon returned with a flag and gave it to him (Wells), and that Gagnon took this flag up Mt. Suribachi with a message for Schrier to raise it and send the other flag down with Gagnon. Wells stated that he received the first flag back from Gagnon and secured it at the Marine headquarters command post. Wells also stated that he had handed the first flag to Lieutenant Schrier to take up Mount Suribachi. The Coast Guard Historian's Office recognizes the claims made by former U.S. Coast Guardsman Quartermaster Robert Resnick, who served aboard the USS Duval County at Iwo Jima. `` Before he died in November 2004, Resnick said Gagnon came aboard LST-758 the morning of February 23 looking for a flag. Resnick said he grabbed a flag from a bunting box and asked permission from his ship's commanding officer Lt. Felix Molenda to donate it. Resnick kept quiet about his participation until 2001.'' Rosenthal's photograph ( edit ) A diagram of the photograph indicating the six Marines who raised the second flag. Left to right: Ira Hayes , Harold Schultz , Michael Strank († ), Franklin Sousley († ), Rene Gagnon , and Harlon Block († ). `` † '' = killed in Iwo Jima Strank with his three Marines, and Gagnon, reached the top of the mountain around noon without being fired upon. Rosenthal, along with Marine photographers Sergeant Bill Genaust (who was killed in action after the flag-raising) and Private First Class Bob Campbell were climbing Suribachi at this time. On the way up, the trio met Lowery, who had photographed the first flag-raising, coming down. They considered turning around, but Lowery told them that the summit was an excellent vantage point from which to take photographs. The three photographers reached the summit as the Marines were attaching the flag to an old Japanese water pipe. Rosenthal put his Speed Graphic camera on the ground (set to 1/400 sec shutter speed , with the f-stop between 8 and 11 and Agfa film ) so he could pile rocks to stand on for a better vantage point. In doing so, he nearly missed the shot. The Marines began raising the flag. Realizing he was about to miss the action, Rosenthal quickly swung his camera up and snapped the photograph without using the viewfinder . Ten years after the flag-raising, Rosenthal wrote: Out of the corner of my eye, I had seen the men start the flag up. I swung my camera and shot the scene. That is how the picture was taken, and when you take a picture like that, you don't come away saying you got a great shot. You don't know. Sergeant Genaust, who was standing almost shoulder-to-shoulder with Rosenthal about three feet away, was shooting motion-picture film during the second flag-raising. His film captures the second event at an almost-identical angle to Rosenthal's shot. Of the six flag-raisers in the picture -- Ira Hayes , Harold Schultz (identified in June 2016), Michael Strank , Franklin Sousley , Rene Gagnon , and Harlon Block -- only Hayes, Gagnon, and Schultz (Navy corpsman John Bradley was incorrectly identified in the Rosenthal flag-raising photo) survived the battle. Strank and Block were killed on March 1, six days after the flag-raising, Strank by a shell, possibly fired from an offshore American destroyer and Block a few hours later by a mortar round . Sousley was shot and killed by a Japanese sniper on March 21, a few days before the island was declared secure. Publication and staging confusion ( edit ) Following the flag-raising, Rosenthal sent his film to Guam to be developed and printed. George Tjaden of Hendricks , Minnesota , was likely the technician who printed it. Upon seeing it, Associated Press (AP) photograph editor John Bodkin exclaimed `` Here's one for all time!'' and immediately transmitted the image to the AP headquarters in New York City at 7:00 am, Eastern War Time . The photograph was quickly picked up off the wire by hundreds of newspapers. It `` was distributed by Associated Press within seventeen and one-half hours after Rosenthal shot it-- an astonishingly fast turnaround time in those days.'' However, the photograph was not without controversy. Following the second flag-raising, Rosenthal had the Marines of Easy Company pose for a group shot, the `` gung-ho '' shot. A few days after the photograph was taken, Rosenthal-- back on Guam-- was asked if he had posed the photograph. Thinking the questioner was referring to the ' gung-ho' photograph, he replied `` Sure.'' After that, Robert Sherrod , a Time-Life correspondent, told his editors in New York that Rosenthal had staged the flag-raising photograph. Time 's radio show, Time Views the News , broadcast a report, charging that `` Rosenthal climbed Suribachi after the flag had already been planted... Like most photographers (he) could not resist reposing his characters in historic fashion.'' As a result of this report, Rosenthal was repeatedly accused of staging the photograph or covering up the first flag-raising. One New York Times book reviewer even went so far as to suggest revoking his Pulitzer Prize. In the following decades, Rosenthal repeatedly and vociferously denied claims that the flag-raising was staged. `` I don't think it is in me to do much more of this sort of thing ... I don't know how to get across to anybody what 50 years of constant repetition means.'' Genaust's film also shows that the flag-raising was not staged. Mistaken identifications ( edit ) Joe Rosenthal in 1990 President Franklin D. Roosevelt , upon seeing Joe Rosenthal's flag-raising photograph, realized the image would make an excellent symbol for the upcoming Seventh War Loan Drive to help pay for the war, and ordered the flag-raisers identified and sent to Washington, D.C. after the fighting on the island ended (March 26, 1945). Using a photographic enlargement, Rene Gagnon identified four other flag-raisers in the photograph besides himself, but refused to identify Ira Hayes as the sixth flag-raiser because Hayes warned him not to. Gagnon revealed Hayes' name only after being brought to Marine Corps headquarters and informed that he was being ordered by the President to reveal the information and that refusing would be a serious crime. President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. The three surviving second flag-raisers, identified then as Bradley, Gagnon, and Hayes, met President Truman on April 20 at the White House before going on the bond tour which began on May 11 in New York City ; Hayes had drinking problems during the tour and was ordered back to his former combat unit in Hawaii on May 24 before the tour ended on July 4 in Washington, D.C. The bond drive was a success, raising $26.3 billion, twice the tour's goal. Harlon Block and Henry Hansen ( edit ) Gagnon misidentified Corporal Harlon Block as Sergeant Henry O. `` Hank'' Hansen in Rosenthal's photo (both were killed in action on March 1). Initially, Bradley concurred with all of Gagnon's identifications. On April 8, 1945, the Marine Corps released the identification of five of the six flag raisers including Hansen rather than Block-- Sousley's identity was temporarily withheld pending notification of his family of his death during the battle. Block's mother, Belle Block, refused to accept the official identification, noting that she had `` changed so many diapers on that boy's butt, I know it's my boy.'' Immediately upon his arrival in Washington, D.C. on April 19, Hayes noticed the incorrect identification in the photograph. When he was interviewed about the identities in the photo by the Marine colonel assigned to the flag-raisers and told him that it was definitely Harlon Block and not Hansen in the photograph, the public relations officer then told Hayes that the identifications had already been officially released, and ordered Hayes to keep silent about it (during the investigation, the colonel denied Hayes told him about Block). Block, Sousley, and Hayes were close friends in the same squad of Second Platoon, E Company, while Hansen, who helped raise the first flag, was a member of Third Platoon, E Company. In 1946, Hayes hitchhiked to Texas and informed Harlon Block's father and mother that Harlon had, in fact, been one of the six flag raisers. Block's mother, Belle, immediately sent a letter that Hayes gave her explaining the error to her congressional representative Milton West . West, in turn, forwarded the letter to Marine Corps Commandant Alexander Vandegrift , who ordered an investigation. John Bradley (formerly in Third Platoon with Hansen), upon being shown the evidence (Hansen, a former Paramarine, wore his large parachutist boots in an exposed manner on Iwo Jima), agreed that it was probably Block and not Hansen. In January 1947, the Marine Corps officially concluded and announced it was Block in the photo and not Hansen. Ira remembered what Rene Gagnon and John Bradley could not have remembered, because they did not join the little cluster until the last moment: that it was Harlon (Block), Mike (Strank), Franklin (Sousley) and (Hayes) who had ascended Suribachi midmorning to lay telephone wire; it was Rene (Gagnon) who had come along with the replacement flag. Hansen had not been part of this action. Harold H. Schultz and John Bradley ( edit ) The Marine Corps made a public announcement on June 23, 2016 stating that Marine Corporal (then Private First Class) Harold Schultz was in the Rosenthal photograph of the flag-raising and Navy Corpsman John Bradley was not (Schultz is now in Franklin Sousley's named position in the photo and Sousley is in Bradley's ). Schultz and John Bradley were both present at the first and second flag raising and Sousley only the second raising. Bradley, who died in 1994, gave few interviews, at times saying that he raised the flag, pitched in to raise the flag, raised the second flag (he also said he was on, and not on, Mount Suribachi when the first flag was raised). Bradley was usually tight-lipped after the war about his wartime experiences, including both flag raisings and did not attend Iwo Jima veterans reunions. He often deflected questions by claiming he had forgotten. During his 47-year marriage, he only talked about it with his wife Betty once, on their first date, and never again afterwards. Within the Bradley family, it was considered a taboo subject, and when they received calls or invitations to speak on certain holidays, they were told to say he was away fishing at his cottage. One of the few interviews he did was in 1985 at the urging of his wife, who had told him to do it for the sake of their grandchildren. Following his death in 1994, his family went to Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima in 1997 and placed a plaque in memory of John Bradley `` Flag Raiser'' (made of Wisconsin granite and shaped like that state) at the spot where the flag-raising took place. At the time of Bradley's death, his son James claimed he knew almost nothing from his father about his wartime experiences. James Bradley spent four years interviewing the families of all the flag raisers, and in 2000, published Flags of Our Fathers , a definitive book on the flag-raising and its participants. This book inspired a 2006 movie of the same name , directed by Clint Eastwood . Schultz died in 1995. Photographic comparisons gathered on the first and second flag-raising which were made public in November 2014 by Eric Krelle, a history buff and collector of World War II-era Marine Corps memorabilia, strongly suggested that John Bradley was not one of the actual six flag raisers. According to this research, Franklin Sousley was in the fourth position (left to right) instead of Bradley, and Harold Schultz of Los Angeles (originally from Detroit) was in the second position, previously attributed to Franklin Sousley. Initially, Marine Corps historians and officials and others were not willing to accept these findings. On May 2, 2016, the Marine Corps announced that it was investigating the possibility that Bradley was not one of the flag raisers and Schultz was, a fact they confirmed on June 23, 2016. James Bradley has also subsequently stated that he no longer believes that his father was one of the six men in the Rosenthal photograph. Legacy ( edit ) The flags from the first and second flag-raisings are conserved in the National Museum of the Marine Corps ; the second flag, pictured here, was damaged by the high winds at the peak of Suribachi ( American flags during World War II had 48 stars, since Alaska and Hawaii were not yet U.S. states ). Rosenthal's photograph won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Photography , the only photograph to win the prize in the same year it was taken. News pros were not the only ones greatly impressed by the photo. Navy Captain T.B. Clark was on duty at Patuxent Air Station in Maryland that Saturday when it came humming off the wire in 1945. He studied it for a minute, and then thrust it under the gaze of Navy Petty Officer Felix de Weldon . De Weldon was an Austrian immigrant schooled in European painting and sculpture. De Weldon could not take his eyes off the photo. In its classic triangular lines he recognized similarities with the ancient statues he had studied. He reflexively reached for some sculptor's clay and tools. With the photograph before him he labored through the night. Within 72 hours of the photo's release, he had replicated the six boys pushing a pole, raising a flag. Upon seeing the finished model, the Marine Corps commandant had de Weldon assigned to the Marine Corps until de Weldon was discharged from the navy after the war was over. Starting in 1951, de Weldon was commissioned to design a memorial to the Marine Corps . It took de Weldon and hundreds of his assistants three years to finish it. Hayes, Gagnon, and Bradley, posed for de Weldon, who used their faces as a model. The three Marine flag raisers who did not survive the battle were sculpted from photographs. The U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington , Virginia The flag-raising Rosenthal (and Genaust) photographed was the replacement flag/flagstaff for the first flag/flagstaff that was raised on Mount Suribachi on February 23, 1945. There was some resentment from former Marines of the original 40-man patrol that went up Mount Suribachi including by those involved with the first flag-raising, that they did not receive the recognition they deserved. These included: Staff Sgt. Lou Lowery , who took the first photos of the first flag flying over Mt. Suribachi; Charles W. Lindberg , who helped tie the first American flag to the first flagpole on Mount Suribachi (and who was, until his death in June 2007, one of the last living persons depicted in either flag-flying scene), who complained for several years that he helped to raise the flag and `` was called a liar and everything else. It was terrible'' (because of all the recognition and publicity over and directed to the replacement flag-raisers and that flag-raising); and Raymond Jacobs , photographed with the patrol commander around the base of the first flag flying over Mt. Suribachi, who complained until he died in 2008 that he was still not recognized by the Marine Corps by name as being the radioman in the photo. The original Rosenthal photograph is currently in the possession of Roy H. Williams, who bought it from the estate of John Faber, the official historian for the National Press Photographers Association , who had received it from Rosenthal. Both flags (from the first and second flag-raisings) are now located in the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Quantico , Virginia. Ira Hayes, following the war, was plagued with depression brought on by survivor guilt and became an alcoholic. His tragic life and death in 1955 at the age of 32 were memorialized in the 1961 motion picture The Outsider , starring Tony Curtis as Hayes, and the folk song `` The Ballad of Ira Hayes '' , written by Peter LaFarge and recorded by Johnny Cash in 1964. Bob Dylan later covered the song, as did Kinky Friedman . According to the song, after the war: Then Ira started drinkin' hard Jail was often his home They'd let him raise the flag and lower it Like you'd throw a dog a bone! He died drunk early one mornin' Alone in the land he fought to save Two inches of water in a lonely ditch Was a grave for Ira Hayes. Rene Gagnon, his wife, and his son visited Tokyo and Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima during the 20th anniversary of the battle of Iwo Jima in 1965. He worked at Delta Air Lines as a ticket agent, opened his own travel agency, and was a maintenance director of an apartment complex in Manchester. He died at work in Manchester in 1979 at the age of 54. In other media ( edit ) U.S. postage stamp, 1945 issue, commemorating the battle of Iwo Jima Rosenthal's photograph has been reproduced in a number of other formats. It appeared on 3.5 million posters for the seventh war bond drive. It has also been reproduced with many unconventional media such as Lego bricks, butter, ice, Etch A Sketch and corn mazes. The Iwo Jima flag-raising has been depicted in other films including 1949's Sands of Iwo Jima (in which the three surviving flag raisers make a cameo appearance at the end of the film) and 1961's The Outsider , a biography of Ira Hayes starring Tony Curtis . In July 1945, the United States Postal Service released a postage stamp bearing the image. The U.S. issued another stamp in 1995 showing the flag-raising as part of its 10-stamp series marking the 50th anniversary of World War II. In 2005, the United States Mint released a commemorative silver dollar bearing the image. A similar photograph was taken by Thomas E. Franklin of the Bergen Record in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks . Officially known as Ground Zero Spirit , the photograph is perhaps better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero , and shows three firefighters raising a U.S. flag in the ruins of the World Trade Center shortly after 5 pm. Painter Jamie Wyeth also painted a related image entitled September 11th based on this scene. It illustrates rescue workers raising a flag at Ground Zero. Other iconic photographs frequently compared include V-- J day in Times Square , Into the Jaws of Death , Raising a flag over the Reichstag , and the Raising of the Ink Flag . The highly recognizable image is one of the most parodied photographs in history. Anti-war activists in the 1960s altered the flag to bear a peace symbol , as well as several anti-establishment artworks. Edward Kienholz 's Portable War Memorial in 1968 depicted faceless Marines raising the flag on an outdoor picnic table in a typical American consumerist environment of the 1960s. It was parodied again during the Iran hostage crisis of 1979 to depict the flag being planted into Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 's behind. In the early 2000s, to represent gay pride , photographer Ed Freeman shot a photograph for the cover of an issue of Frontiers magazine , reenacting the scene with a rainbow flag instead of an American flag. Time magazine came under fire in 2008 after altering the image for use on its cover, replacing the American flag with a tree for an issue focused on global warming . The British Airlines Stewards and Stewardesses Association likewise came under criticism in 2010 for a poster depicting employees raising a flag marked `` BASSA'' at the edge of a runway. The photograph also received another brief parody in July 2015 in the Syfy television movie Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! , when Fin, April, the President of the United States and a few others hold up the American Flag at the White House in a similar way to the real photograph to impale an incoming shark, with Fin reciting `` God bless America.'' See also ( edit ) United States Marine Corps portal Shadow of Suribachi: Raising the Flags on Iwo Jima Raising a Flag over the Reichstag History of the United States Marine Corps C.C. Beall References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carriers Hit Tokyo! . Universal Newsreel . March 19, 1945. Event occurs at 5:05-- 5:14 . Retrieved May 29, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: USMC Statement on Marine Corps Flag Raisers , Office of U.S. Marine Corps Communication, 23 June 2016 Jump up ^ `` Arlington Ridge Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway'' . National Park Service . July 3, 2012 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1999 , pp. 866-- 868. Jump up ^ Leckie, Robert (1967). The Battle of Iwo Jima . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0394904184 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Lindberg, 86; Marine helped raise first U.S. flag over Iwo Jima'' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press. 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Willie, Clarence E. (2010). African American Voices from Iwo Jima: Personal Accounts of the Battle . McFarland. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7864-5694-9 . ^ Jump up to: David Knopf (January 2, 2012). `` Camden-Fleming man an unsung hero at Iwo Jima'' . Richmond News . Retrieved March 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 306. Jump up ^ Lance Hernandez (February 14, 2016). `` World War II ' Hero of Iwo Jima,' John Keith Wells, dies in Arvada'' . The Denver Channel . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: G. Greeley Wells (October 17, 1991). `` The Man Who Carried the Flag at Iwo Jima'' . The New York Times . p. A 26. Jump up ^ Lucas, Dean (July 9, 2007). `` Famous Pictures Magazine -- Raising The Flag On Iwo Jima'' . Famous Pictures Magazine . Retrieved May 23, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Naval Historical Center -- Recollections of the flag raising on Mount Suribachi by John Bradley'' . History.navy.mil. January 16, 2008 . Retrieved May 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ (1) Rural Florida Living. CBS Radio interview by Dan Pryor with flag raiser Ernest `` Boots'' Thomas on February 25, 1945 aboard the USS Eldorado (AGC-11) : `` Three of us actually raised the flag'' . Jump up ^ Alexander 1994 , sec. 4 . Jump up ^ Alexander 1994 , cover . Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 205. Jump up ^ (2) World War II Stories in Their Own Words Jump up ^ Warren, James A. (2007). American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History from Iwo Jima to Iraq . New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4165-3297-2 . Jump up ^ Clancy, Tom (1996). Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit . Penguin Group US. p. 670. ISBN 978-1-4295-2009-6 . ^ Jump up to: Bradley 2006 , p. 207. ^ Jump up to: Buell, Hal (2006). Uncommon Valor, Common Virtue: Iwo Jima and the Photograph that Captured America . Berkeley, California: Berkeley Publishing Group/Penguin Group. pp. 104, 221. ISBN 978-0-425-20980-6 . Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 210. Jump up ^ `` Alan Wood, US veteran who provided flag for Iwo Jima picture, dies aged 90'' . Associated Press . The Guardian . 2013-04-28 . Retrieved 2013-05-26 . Jump up ^ Chawkins, Steve (2013-04-25). `` Alan Wood dies at 90; provided Iwo Jima flag in World War II'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013-05-26 . Jump up ^ Scott, David Clark (2013-04-27). `` Alan Wood dies, leaves legacy of Iwo Jima flag'' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2013-05-26 . Jump up ^ Battle of Iwo Jima: Alan Wood and the Famous Flag on Mount Suribachi HistoryNet, June 12, 2006 Jump up ^ Patterson, Rod (June 13, 1973). `` Fame Eludes Creator Of Iwo Jima banner'' . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ LST-758 Jump up ^ Coast Guard Linked to Iwo Jima Jump up ^ USS LST-758 Jump up ^ USCG Veteran Provided Stars and Stripes for U.S. Marines Silverstein, Judy L.; U.S. Coast Guard. Jump up ^ Kime, Patricia (December 12, 2005). `` Iwo Jima flag legend puts services at odds'' . armytimes.com . Retrieved May 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ Farhi, Paul (February 22, 2013) `` The Iwo Jima photo and the man who helped save it'' The Washington Post , page c1 (3) Jump up ^ Fiery, Glenn (February 2004). `` Iwo Jima flag raising A Brief History'' . Marine Corps League. Archived from the original on April 16, 2012 . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ Rubin, Cyma; Newton, Eric (eds.). The Pulitzer Prize Photographs . Newseum Inc. ISBN 978-0-9799521-3-5 . ^ Jump up to: Rosenthal, Joe; Heinz, W.C. (February 18, 1955). `` The Picture that will Live Forever'' . Collier's Magazine . Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . CS1 maint: Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , pp. 209-- 211. Jump up ^ `` Ira Hamilton Hayes, Corporal, United States Marine Corps'' . ArlingtonCemetery.net. May 20, 2001 . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is America -- Six Men, a World War, a Pacific Island and an Image for All Time'' . Manythings.org. May 30, 2010 . Retrieved May 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ Hemmingsen, Steve (November 11, 2005). `` Hemmingsen: A Developing Story'' . Keloland Television. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012 . Retrieved May 29, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Bradley 2006 , p. 220. Jump up ^ `` Center for American History Spring 2005 Newsletter'' (PDF) . Retrieved May 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ Upson, Cyd (February 19, 2009). `` Fact or Fiction: Was the Photo of the Iwo Jima Flag-Raising Staged?'' . foxnews.com . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Landsberg, Mitchell. `` Fifty Years Later, Iwo Jima Photographer Fights His Own Battle'' . Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 12, 2004 . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ Montney III, Frederick C. `` History of the Flag-Raising On Iwo Jima'' . Montney.com . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 268. Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 294. ^ Jump up to: Bradley, James J. (October 3, 2001). Leadership and Doing the Impossible (Speech). Zeien Lecture Series. Webb Institute . Archived from the original on June 15, 2013 . Retrieved November 6, 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 275. Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 312. Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 313. Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 274. Jump up ^ `` John Bradley's Account of the Iwo Flag Raising'' . July 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 343. Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 352. Jump up ^ Bradley 2006 , p. 5. ^ Jump up to: Hansen, Matthew (23 November 2014). `` New mystery arises from iconic Iwo Jima image'' . Omaha World-News . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Times, Marine Corps. `` marine-corps-history-disputed'' . Marine Corps Times . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/marines-investigating-claim-about-men-in-iwo-jima-photo/ar-BBsxSdO?ocid=spartandhp Jump up ^ Schmidt, Michael S. (3 May 2016). `` ' Flags of Our Fathers' Author Now Doubts His Father Was in Iwo Jima Photo'' . New York Times . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mcfetridge, Scott (2016-05-03). `` Detroit Marine could be in iconic Iwo Jima photo'' . The Detroit News , Associated Press . Retrieved 2016-05-22 . Jump up ^ Hansen, Matthew (2016-05-06). `` Hansen: After studying OWH column, ' Flags of Our Fathers' author James Bradley says father isn't in iconic Iwo Jima photo'' . Omaha World-Herald . Retrieved 2016-05-22 . Jump up ^ Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2003). Complete historical handbook of the Pulitzer Prize system, 1917-2000 decision-making processes in all award categories based on unpublished sources . München : K.G. Saur. pp. 200-- 201. ISBN 9783110939125 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post (June 9, 2003). `` Felix De Weldon, 96, Iwo Jima Memorial Sculptor'' . Sun Sentinel . South Florida . Retrieved January 29, 2012 . The image mesmerized Mr. de Weldon, who began sculpting a model the day the photo was released...a model that he completed in 72 hours. Jump up ^ Martin, Douglas (June 15, 2003). `` Felix de Weldon Is Dead at 96; Sculptured Memorial to Marines'' . New York Times . Retrieved January 29, 2012 . When his finished work was wheeled into the office of the Marine Corps commandant, the man was so impressed that he transferred Mr. de Weldon into the Marine Corps. Jump up ^ `` USMC War Memorial'' . National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 20, 1999 . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Flag Raiser'' . Mediatechnics.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005 . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ Wurzer, Cathy; Siple, Julie (February 18, 2005). `` Vets still fight Iwo Jima flag flap'' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams, Roy H. (2003). `` An Island in WWII'' . invisibleheroes.com . Retrieved May 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Collections of the National Museum of the Marine Corps'' . Usmcmuseum.org . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner, Steve (23 September 2004). The Man Called CASH: The Life, Love and Faith of an American Legend . Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4185-7809-1 . Jump up ^ Dunn, Tim (2008). The Bob Dylan Copyright Files 1962-2007 . AuthorHouse. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4389-1589-0 . Jump up ^ Drake, Hal (February 21, 1965) Flag raiser's return To Iwo Jima: ' It all seems impossible' (4) Stars and Stripes Jump up ^ Duckler, Ray (Concord Monitor, May 25, 2014) Ray Duckler: Son of Marine in iconic photo pays tribute to his father `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved January 5, 2015 . Retrieved January 4, 2015 ^ Jump up to: `` '' Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima`` :The Most Reproduced and Parodied Photo in History?'' . U.S. Naval Institute . Retrieved January 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ Burrell, Robert S. (2006). The Ghosts of Iwo Jima . Texas A&M University Press. pp. 178, 246. ISBN 978-1-58544-483-0 . ^ Jump up to: `` Battle of Iwo Jima'' (PDF) . Veterans and the Military on Stamps . United States Postal Service . p. 20 . Retrieved November 6, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the Photo'' . Ground Zero Spirit . North Jersey Media Group Foundation . Retrieved November 6, 2013 . Jump up ^ Aderet, Ofer (Sep 29, 2012). `` Former IDF General Israeli Icon Avraham Adan Dies at 86'' . Haaretz Newspaper in Israel . Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd . Retrieved July 24, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Lamothe, Dan (March 15, 2010). `` BASSA-ckward: British labor group alters iconic Marine image'' . Marine Corps Times . p. 6. Jump up ^ Willick, Damon (May 6, 1996). `` Good morning, my name is Ed Kienholz'' . Contemporary Art Quarterly. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012 . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ Upshaw, Reagan (1996). `` Scavenger's Parade: the Edward Kienholz Retrospective Now on View in Los Angeles Reviews the Career of a Pioneer of American Postwar Assemblage'' . Art in America . Vol. 84 no. 10. pp. 98-- 107. Jump up ^ `` Gay Pride High-Res Stock Photography'' . Getty Images . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iwo Jima Marines, gay pride and a photo adaptation that spawns fury'' . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Alexander, Joseph H. (1994). Closing In: Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima . Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. OCLC 32194668 . Bradley, James (2006) (2000). Flags of Our Fathers . New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-38415-4 . Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-55879-2 . Further reading ( edit ) Buell, Hal, ed. (2006). Uncommon Valor, Common Virtue: Iwo Jima and the Photograph that Captured America . Berkeley, CA: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-425-20980-6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima . Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima : The most parodied photo in history? Captain Dave Severance talks about the Battle of Iwo Jima and raising the flag Chlosta, SSgt Matthew, U.S. Army (July 6, 2007). `` JPAC investigation team returns from Iwo Jima (re: William Genaust)'' . Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC). Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Second World War -- Mass on Mount Suribachi United States Marine Corps Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Marine Corps generals United States Congress House Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Small Wars Center and Irregular Warfare Integration Division (SWC/IWID) Operations Analysis Directorate (OAD) Training & Education Command (TECOM) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Structure Marine Air-Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF/Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personnel and training Personnel Personnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment History and traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Ball Eagle, Globe, and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Marine One Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marine Detachments Marines' Hymn National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman's Creed Semper Fidelis History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Portal Category World War II Asia and the Pacific China South-East Asia North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France (from June 1940) Greece India Italy (from September 1943) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines (Commonwealth) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis-aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines (Second Republic) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo (1941-- 42) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu (occupation) Kiska Zhejiang-Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun-- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi-Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines (1944-- 1945) Burma (1944-- 45) 1945 Vistula-- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy (Spring 1945) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942-- 43 Greek Famine of 1941-1944 Dutch famine of 1944-- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend-Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima&oldid=836240844 '' Categories : 1945 photographs Battle of Iwo Jima Black-and-white photographs Flags of the United States Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II Photography in Japan Pulitzer Prize for Photography winners Special events flags United States Marine Corps in popular culture United States Marine Corps in World War II United States Marine Corps lore and symbols World War II photographs Associated Press Flags in art Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Unfit url All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from May 2012 Use American English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай -малкъар Latviešu മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 15:06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -666857002098019625 |
when did the united states get its independence | On July 2 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , still meeting in Philadelphia , voted unanimously to declare the independence as the `` United States of America '' . Two days later , on July 4 , Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence . The drafting of the Declaration was the responsibility of a Committee of Five , which included , among others , John Adams and Benjamin Franklin ; it was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and revised by the others and the Congress as a whole . It contended that `` all men are created equal '' with `` certain unalienable rights , that among these are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' , and that `` to secure these rights governments are instituted among men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed '' , as well as listing the main colonial grievances against the crown . July 4 ever since has been celebrated as the birthday of the United States . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal",
"Part of a series on the",
"History of the United States",
"Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present",
"Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period",
"1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865",
"1776 -- 1789",
"1789 -- 1849",
"1849 -- 1865",
"1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964",
"1865 -- 1918",
"1918 -- 1945",
"1945 -- 1964",
"1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008",
"1964 -- 1980",
"1980 -- 1991",
"1991 -- 2008",
"2008 -- present",
"2008 -- present",
"By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American",
"African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American",
"By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown",
"Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown",
"Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968",
"1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968",
"1896 -- 1954",
"1955 -- 1968",
"Frontier ( Old West )",
"Technology and industry",
"This Is America , Charlie Brown",
"United States portal",
"",
"",
"Between 1776 and 1789 , the United States of America emerged as an independent country , creating and ratifying its new constitution and establishing its national government . In order to assert their traditional rights , American Patriots seized control of the colonies and launched a war for independence . The Americans declared independence on July 4 , 1776 , proclaiming `` all men are created equal '' . Congress raised the Continental Army under the command of General George Washington , forged a military alliance with France and defeated the two main British invasion armies . Nationalists replaced the governing Articles of Confederation to strengthen the federal government 's powers of defense and taxation with the Constitution of the United States of America in 1789 , still in effect today .",
"During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , the British colonies in America had been largely left to their own devices by the crown ; it was called salutary neglect . The colonies were thus largely self - governing ; half the white men in America could vote , compared to one percent in Britain . They developed their own political identities and systems which were in many ways separate from those in Britain . This new ideology was a decidedly republican political viewpoint , which rejected royalty , aristocracy , and corruption and called for sovereignty of the people and emphasized civic duty . In 1763 with British victory in the French and Indian War , this period of isolation came to an end with the Stamp Act of 1765 . The British government began to impose taxes in a way that deliberately provoked the Americans , who complained that they were alien to the unwritten English Constitution because Americans were not represented in parliament . Parliament said the Americans were `` virtually '' represented and had no grounds for complaint . From the Stamp Act of 1765 onward , disputes with London escalated . By 1772 the colonists began the transfer of political legitimacy to their own hands and started to form shadow governments built on committees of correspondence that coordinated protest and resistance . They called the First Continental Congress in 1774 to inaugurate a trade boycott against Britain . Thirteen colonies were represented at the Congress . The other British colonies were under tight British control and did not rebel .",
"When resistance in Boston culminated in the Boston Tea Party in 1773 with the dumping of taxed tea shipments into the harbor , London imposed the Intolerable Acts on the colony of Massachusetts , ended self - government , and sent in the Army to take control . The Patriots in Massachusetts and the other colonies readied their militias and prepared to fight .",
"General Washington assumed five main roles during the war .",
"First , he designed the overall strategy of the war , in cooperation with Congress . The goal was always independence . When France entered the war , he worked closely with the soldiers it sent -- they were decisive in the great victory at Yorktown in 1781 .",
"Second , he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775 -- 77 and again in 1781 . He lost many of his battles , but he never surrendered his army during the war , and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war 's end . Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations and plans . In 1778 , he formed the Culper Ring to spy on the British movements in New York City . In 1780 it discovered Benedict Arnold was a traitor .",
"Third , he was charged selecting and guiding the generals . In June 1776 , Congress made its first attempt at running the war effort with the committee known as `` Board of War and Ordnance '' , succeeded by the Board of War in July 1777 , a committee which eventually included members of the military . The command structure of the armed forces was a hodgepodge of Congressional appointees ( and Congress sometimes made those appointments without Washington 's input ) with state - appointments filling the lower ranks . The results of his general staff were mixed , as some of his favorites never mastered the art of command , such as John Sullivan . Eventually , he found capable officers such as Nathanael Greene , Daniel Morgan , Henry Knox ( chief of artillery ) , and Alexander Hamilton ( chief of staff ) . The American officers never equaled their opponents in tactics and maneuver , and they lost most of the pitched battles . The great successes at Boston ( 1776 ) , Saratoga ( 1777 ) , and Yorktown ( 1781 ) came from trapping the British far from base with much larger numbers of troops .",
"Fourth he took charge of training the army and providing supplies , from food to gunpowder to tents ... He recruited regulars and assigned Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , a veteran of the Prussian general staff , to train them . He transformed Washington 's army into a disciplined and effective force . The war effort and getting supplies to the troops were under the purview of Congress , but Washington pressured the Congress to provide the essentials . There was never nearly enough .",
"Washington 's fifth and most important role in the war effort was the embodiment of armed resistance to the Crown , serving as the representative man of the Revolution . His long - term strategy was to maintain an army in the field at all times , and eventually this strategy worked . His enormous personal and political stature and his political skills kept Congress , the army , the French , the militias , and the states all pointed toward a common goal . Furthermore , he permanently established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs by voluntarily resigning his commission and disbanding his army when the war was won , rather than declaring himself monarch . He also helped to overcome the distrust of a standing army by his constant reiteration that well - disciplined professional soldiers counted for twice as much as poorly trained and led militias .",
"On April 19 , 1775 , the royal military governor sent a detachment of troops to seize gunpowder and arrest local leaders in Concord . At Lexington , Massachusetts , shots broke out with the Lexington militia , leaving eight colonists dead . The British failed to find their targets in Concord , and as they retreated back to Boston , the British came under continuous assault by upwards of 3,800 militia who had prepared an ambush . The Battle of Lexington and Concord ignited the American Revolutionary War . As news spread , local shadow governments ( called `` committees of correspondence '' ) in each of the 13 colonies drove out royal officials and sent militiamen to Boston to besiege the British there .",
"The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in the aftermath of armed clashes in April . With all thirteen colonies represented , it immediately began to organize itself as a central government with control over the army and diplomacy and instructed the colonies to write constitutions for themselves as states . On June 1775 , George Washington , a charismatic Virginia political leader with combat experience was unanimously appointed commander of a newly organized Continental Army . He took command in Boston and sent for artillery to barrage the British . In every state , a minority professed loyalty to the King , but nowhere did they have power . These Loyalists were kept under close watch by standing Committees of Safety created by the Provincial Congresses . The unwritten rule was such people could remain silent , but vocal or financial or military support for the King would not be tolerated . The estates of outspoken Loyalists were seized ; they fled to British - controlled territory , especially New York City .",
"During the winter of 1775 -- 76 , an attempt by the Patriots to capture Quebec failed , and the buildup of British forces at Halifax , Nova Scotia , precluded that colony from joining the 13 colonies . The Americans were able to capture a British fort at Ticonderoga , New York , and to drag its cannon over the snow to the outskirts of Boston . The appearance of troops and a cannon on Dorchester Heights outside Boston led the British Army to evacuate the city on March 17 , 1776 .",
"On July 2 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , still meeting in Philadelphia , voted unanimously to declare the independence as the `` United States of America '' . Two days later , on July 4 , Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence . The drafting of the Declaration was the responsibility of a Committee of Five , which included , among others , John Adams and Benjamin Franklin ; it was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and revised by the others and the Congress as a whole . It contended that `` all men are created equal '' with `` certain unalienable rights , that among these are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' , and that `` to secure these rights governments are instituted among men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed '' , as well as listing the main colonial grievances against the crown . July 4 ever since has been celebrated as the birthday of the United States .",
"The British returned in force in August 1776 , landing in New York and defeating the fledgling Continental Army at the Battle of Long Island in one of the largest engagements of the war . They quickly seized New York City and nearly captured General Washington and his army . The British made the city their main political and military base of operations in North America , holding it until late 1783 . Patriot evacuation and British military occupation made the city the destination for Loyalist refugees , and a focal point of Washington 's intelligence network . The British soon seized New Jersey , and American fortunes looked dim ; Thomas Paine proclaimed `` these are the times that try men 's souls '' . But Washington struck back in a surprise attack , crossing the icy Delaware River into New Jersey and defeated British armies at Trenton and Princeton , thereby regaining New Jersey . The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging , and have become iconic images of the war .",
"In early 1777 , a grand British strategic plan , the Saratoga Campaign , was drafted in London . The plan called for two British armies to converge on Albany , New York from the north and south , dividing the colonies in two and separating New England from the rest . Failed communications and poor planning resulted in the army descending from Canada , commanded by General John Burgoyne , bogging down in dense forest north of Albany . Meanwhile , the British Army that was supposed to advance up the Hudson River to meet Burgoyne went instead to Philadelphia , in a vain attempt to end the war by capturing the American capital city . Burgoyne 's army was overwhelmed at Saratoga by a swarming of local militia , spearheaded by a cadre of American regulars . The battle showed the British , who had until then considered the colonials a ragtag mob that could easily be dispersed , that the Americans had the strength and determination to fight on . Said one British officer :",
"The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone , and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them , incapable of standing a regular engagement , and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works .",
"The American victory at Saratoga led the French into an open military alliance with the United States through the Treaty of Alliance ( 1778 ) . France was soon joined by Spain and the Netherlands , both major naval powers with an interest in undermining British strength . Britain now faced a major European war , and the involvement of the French navy neutralized their previous dominance of the war on the sea . Britain was without allies and faced the prospect of invasion across the English Channel .",
"With the British in control of most northern coastal cities and Patriot forces in control of the hinterlands , the British attempted to force a result by a campaign to seize the southern states . With limited regular troops at their disposal , the British commanders realized that success depended on a large - scale mobilization of Loyalists .",
"In late December 1778 , the British had captured Savannah . In 1780 they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston as well . A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that the invaders soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina . The British set up a network of forts inland , hoping the Loyalists would rally to the flag . Not enough Loyalists turned out , however , and the British had to move out . They fought their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army . Behind them , much of the territory they left dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , as the bands of Loyalists , one by one , were overwhelmed by the patriots .",
"The British army under Lord Cornwallis marched to Yorktown , Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet . When that fleet was defeated by a French fleet , however , they were trapped , and were surrounded by a much stronger force of Americans and French under Washington 's command . On October 1781 , Cornwallis surrendered .",
"News of the defeat effectively ended the fighting in America , although the naval war continued . Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain , where many sympathized with the rebels , but now it reached a new low . King George III personally wanted to fight on , but he lost control of Parliament , and had to agree to peace negotiations .",
"Long negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which provided highly favorable boundaries for the United States ; it included nearly all land east of the Mississippi River and south of Canada , except British West Florida , which was awarded to Spain . Encompassing a vast region nearly as large as Western Europe , the western territories contained a few thousand American pioneers and tens of thousands of Indians , most of whom had been allied to the British but were now abandoned by London .",
"Every nation constructs and honors the memory of its founding , and following generations use it to establish its identity and define patriotism . The memory of the Founding and the Revolution has long been used as a political weapon . For example , the right - wing `` Tea Party movement '' of the 21st century explicitly memorialized the Boston Tea Party as a protest against intrusive government .",
"The Patriot reliance on Catholic France for military , financial and diplomatic aid led to a sharp drop in anti-Catholic rhetoric . Indeed the king replaced the pope as the demon patriots had to fight against . Anti-Catholicism remained strong among Loyalists , some of whom went to Canada after the war while 80 % remained in the new nation . By the 1780s , Catholics were extended legal toleration in all of the New England states that previously had been so hostile . `` In the midst of war and crisis , New Englanders gave up not only their allegiance to Britain but one of their most dearly held prejudices . ''",
"Historians have portrayed the Revolution became the main source of the non-denominational `` American civil religion '' that has shaped patriotism , and the memory and meaning of the nation 's birth ever since . Key events and people were viewed as icons of fundamental virtues . Thus the Revolution produced a Moses - like leader ( George Washington ) , prophets ( Thomas Jefferson , Tom Paine ) , disciples ( Alexander Hamilton , James Madison ) and martyrs ( Boston Massacre , Nathan Hale ) , as well as devils ( Benedict Arnold ) . There are sacred places ( Valley Forge , Bunker Hill ) , rituals ( Boston Tea Party ) , emblems ( the new flag ) , sacred days ( Independence Day ) , and sacred scriptures whose every sentence is carefully studied ( The Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Bill of Rights ) .",
"During the 1780s , the nation was a loose confederation of 13 states and was beset with a wide array of foreign and domestic problems . The states engaged in small scale trade wars against each other , and they had difficulty suppressing insurrections such as Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts . The treasury was empty and there was no way to pay the war debts . There was no national executive authority . The world was at peace and the economy flourished . Some historians depict a bleak challenging time for the new nation . Merrill Jensen and others say the term `` Critical Period '' is exaggerated , and that it was also a time of economic growth and political maturation .",
"The Treaty of Paris left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure . The Second Continental Congress had drawn up Articles of Confederation on November 15 , 1777 , to regularize its own status . These described a permanent confederation , but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced . There was no president and no judiciary .",
"Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together , they do give Congress credit for resolving the conflict between the states over ownership of the western territories . The states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control . The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government , set up protocols for the admission of new states , the division of land into useful units , and set aside land in each township for public use . This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization , as in Europe , and provided the basis for the rest of American continental expansion through the 19th Century .",
"By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilist policies of the European powers . Before the war the Americans had shipped food and other products to the British colonies in the Caribbean , but now these ports were closed , since only British ships could trade there . France and Spain had similar policies for their empires . The former imposed restrictions on imports of New England fish and Chesapeake tobacco . New Orleans was closed by the Spanish , hampering settlement of the West , although it did n't stop frontiersmen from pouring west in great numbers . Simultaneously , American manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . The inability of the Congress to redeem the currency or the public debts incurred during the war , or to facilitate trade and financial links among the states aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays 's Rebellion , an uprising of farmers in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government and the Congress was powerless to help .",
"The Continental Congress did have power to print paper money ; it printed so much that its value plunged until the expression `` not worth a continental '' was used for some worthless item . Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the states , which did not respond generously . Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784 , although the states had been asked for two million in 1783 alone . In 1785 , Alexander Hamilton issued a curt statement that the Treasury had received absolutely no taxes from New York for the year .",
"States handled their debts with varying levels of success . The South for the most part refused to pay its debts off , which was damaging to local banks , but Virginia , North Carolina , and Georgia fared well due to their production of cash crops such as cotton and tobacco . South Carolina would have done the same except for a series of crop failures . Maryland suffered from financial chaos and political infighting . New York and Pennsylvania fared well , although the latter also suffered from political quarrels . New Jersey , New Hampshire , Delaware , and Connecticut struggled . Massachusetts was in a state of virtual civil war ( see above ) and suffered from high taxes and the decline of its economy . Rhode Island alone among the New England states prospered and mostly because of its notorious harboring of pirates and smugglers .",
"When Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the states to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the states themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each state acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports .",
"By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping . State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit . Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population .",
"The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis .",
"Congress , meeting in New York , called on each state to send delegates to a Constitutional Convention , meeting in Philadelphia . While the stated purpose of the convention was to amend the Articles of Confederation , many delegates , including James Madison and George Washington , wanted to use it to craft a new constitution for the United States . The Convention convened in May 1787 and the delegates immediately selected Washington to preside over them . Madison soon proved the driving force behind the Convention , engineering the compromises necessary to create a government that was both strong and acceptable to all of the states . The Constitution , proposed by the Convention , called for a federal government -- limited in scope but independent of and superior to the states -- within its assigned role able to tax and equipped with both Executive and Judicial branches as well as a two house legislature . The national legislature -- or Congress -- envisioned by the Convention embodied the key compromise of the Convention between the small states which wanted to retain the power they had under the one state / one vote Congress of the Articles of Confederation and the large states which wanted the weight of their larger populations and wealth to have a proportionate share of power . The upper House -- the Senate -- would represent the states equally , while the House of Representatives would be elected from districts of approximately equal population .",
"The Constitution itself called for ratification by state conventions specially elected for the purpose , and the Confederation Congress recommended the Constitution to the states , asking that ratification conventions be called .",
"Several of the smaller states , led by Delaware , embraced the Constitution with little reservation . But in the most populous two states , New York and Virginia , the matter became one of controversy . Virginia had been the first successful British colony in North America , had a large population , and its political leadership had played prominent roles in the Revolution . New York was likewise large and populous ; with the best situated and sited port on the coast , the state was essential for the success of the United States . Local New York politics were tightly controlled by a parochial elite led by Governor George Clinton , and local political leaders did not want to share their power with the national politicians . The New York ratification convention became the focus for a struggle over the wisdom of adopting the Constitution .",
"Those who advocated the Constitution took the name Federalists and quickly gained supporters throughout the nation . The most influential Federalists were Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , the anonymous authors of The Federalist Papers , a series of 85 essays published in New York newspapers , under the pen name `` Publius '' . The papers became seminal documents for the new United States and have often been cited by jurists . These were written to sway the closely divided New York legislature .",
"Opponents of the plan for stronger government , the Anti-Federalists , feared that a government with the power to tax would soon become as despotic and corrupt as Great Britain had been only decades earlier . The most notable Anti-federalist writers included Patrick Henry and George Mason , who demanded a Bill of Rights in the Constitution .",
"The Federalists gained a great deal of prestige and advantage from the approval of George Washington , who had chaired the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson , serving as Minister to France at the time , had reservations about the proposed Constitution . He resolved to remain neutral in the debate and to accept either outcome .",
"Promises of a Bill of Rights from Madison secured ratification in Virginia , while in New York , the Clintons , who controlled New York politics , found themselves outmaneuvered as Hamilton secured ratification by a 30 -- 27 vote . North Carolina and Rhode Island eventually signed on to make it unanimous among the 13 states .",
"The old Confederation Congress now set elections to the new Congress as well as the first presidential election . The electoral college unanimously chose Washington as first President ; John Adams became the first Vice President . New York was designated as the national capital ; they were inaugurated in April 1789 at Federal Hall .",
"Under the leadership of Madison , the first Congress set up all the necessary government agencies , and made good on the Federalist pledge of a Bill of Rights . The new government at first had no political parties . Alexander Hamilton in 1790 -- 92 created a national network of friends of the government that became the Federalist party ; it controlled the national government until 1801 .",
"However , there continued to be a strong sentiment in favor of states ' rights and a limited federal government . This became the platform of a new party , the Republican or Democratic - Republican Party , which assumed the role of opposition to the Federalists . Jefferson and Madison were its founders and leaders . The Democratic - Republicans strongly opposed Hamilton 's First Bank of the United States . American foreign policy was dominated by the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars between the United Kingdom and France . The Republicans supported France , encouraging the French Revolution as a force for democracy , while the Washington administration favored continued peace and commerce with Britain , signing the Jay Treaty much to the disgust of Democratic - Republicans , who accused Hamilton and the Federalists of supporting aristocracy and tyranny . John Adams succeeded Washington as President in 1797 and continued the policies of his administration . The Jeffersonian Republicans took control of the Federal government in 1801 and the Federalists never returned to power ."
] | History of the United states (1776-- 89) - wikipedia History of the United states (1776-- 89) Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline (hide) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776-- 1789 1789-- 1849 1849-- 1865 1865-- 1918 1918-- 1945 1945-- 1964 1964-- 1980 1980-- 1991 1991-- 2008 2008-- present By ethnicity (show) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic (show) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896-- 1954 1955-- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier (Old West) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America, Charlie Brown United States portal Map of the thirteen colonies in 1775 Between 1776 and 1789 , the United States of America emerged as an independent country, creating and ratifying its new constitution and establishing its national government . In order to assert their traditional rights, American Patriots seized control of the colonies and launched a war for independence . The Americans declared independence on July 4, 1776, proclaiming `` all men are created equal'' . Congress raised the Continental Army under the command of General George Washington , forged a military alliance with France and defeated the two main British invasion armies. Nationalists replaced the governing Articles of Confederation to strengthen the federal government's powers of defense and taxation with the Constitution of the United States of America in 1789, still in effect today. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 American Revolution 2.1 George Washington's roles 2.2 Military hostilities begin 2.3 Invasion of Canada 2.4 Declaration of Independence 2.5 Campaigns of 1776 and 1777 2.6 The British move South, 1778-- 1783 2.7 Peace and memory 3 Critical Period: 1783-- 1789 3.1 Articles of Confederation 3.2 Constitutional Convention 3.3 Struggle for ratification 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 6.1 Primary sources 7 External links Background ( edit ) See also: Colonial history of the United States During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British colonies in America had been largely left to their own devices by the crown; it was called salutary neglect. The colonies were thus largely self-governing; half the white men in America could vote, compared to one percent in Britain. They developed their own political identities and systems which were in many ways separate from those in Britain. This new ideology was a decidedly republican political viewpoint, which rejected royalty, aristocracy, and corruption and called for sovereignty of the people and emphasized civic duty. In 1763 with British victory in the French and Indian War , this period of isolation came to an end with the Stamp Act of 1765 . The British government began to impose taxes in a way that deliberately provoked the Americans, who complained that they were alien to the unwritten English Constitution because Americans were not represented in parliament. Parliament said the Americans were `` virtually'' represented and had no grounds for complaint. From the Stamp Act of 1765 onward, disputes with London escalated. By 1772 the colonists began the transfer of political legitimacy to their own hands and started to form shadow governments built on committees of correspondence that coordinated protest and resistance. They called the First Continental Congress in 1774 to inaugurate a trade boycott against Britain. Thirteen colonies were represented at the Congress. The other British colonies were under tight British control and did not rebel. When resistance in Boston culminated in the Boston Tea Party in 1773 with the dumping of taxed tea shipments into the harbor, London imposed the Intolerable Acts on the colony of Massachusetts, ended self-government, and sent in the Army to take control. The Patriots in Massachusetts and the other colonies readied their militias and prepared to fight. American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles: American Revolution and American Revolutionary War George Washington's roles ( edit ) Main article: George Washington in the American Revolution General Washington assumed five main roles during the war. First, he designed the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress. The goal was always independence. When France entered the war, he worked closely with the soldiers it sent--they were decisive in the great victory at Yorktown in 1781. Second, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775-- 77 and again in 1781. He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations and plans. In 1778, he formed the Culper Ring to spy on the British movements in New York City. In 1780 it discovered Benedict Arnold was a traitor. Third, he was charged selecting and guiding the generals. In June 1776, Congress made its first attempt at running the war effort with the committee known as `` Board of War and Ordnance'' , succeeded by the Board of War in July 1777, a committee which eventually included members of the military. The command structure of the armed forces was a hodgepodge of Congressional appointees (and Congress sometimes made those appointments without Washington's input) with state-appointments filling the lower ranks. The results of his general staff were mixed, as some of his favorites never mastered the art of command, such as John Sullivan . Eventually, he found capable officers such as Nathanael Greene , Daniel Morgan , Henry Knox (chief of artillery), and Alexander Hamilton (chief of staff). The American officers never equaled their opponents in tactics and maneuver, and they lost most of the pitched battles. The great successes at Boston (1776), Saratoga (1777), and Yorktown (1781) came from trapping the British far from base with much larger numbers of troops. Fourth he took charge of training the army and providing supplies, from food to gunpowder to tents... He recruited regulars and assigned Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , a veteran of the Prussian general staff, to train them. He transformed Washington's army into a disciplined and effective force. The war effort and getting supplies to the troops were under the purview of Congress, but Washington pressured the Congress to provide the essentials. There was never nearly enough. Washington's fifth and most important role in the war effort was the embodiment of armed resistance to the Crown, serving as the representative man of the Revolution. His long-term strategy was to maintain an army in the field at all times, and eventually this strategy worked. His enormous personal and political stature and his political skills kept Congress, the army, the French, the militias, and the states all pointed toward a common goal. Furthermore, he permanently established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs by voluntarily resigning his commission and disbanding his army when the war was won, rather than declaring himself monarch. He also helped to overcome the distrust of a standing army by his constant reiteration that well-disciplined professional soldiers counted for twice as much as poorly trained and led militias. Military hostilities begin ( edit ) On April 19, 1775, the royal military governor sent a detachment of troops to seize gunpowder and arrest local leaders in Concord. At Lexington, Massachusetts , shots broke out with the Lexington militia, leaving eight colonists dead. The British failed to find their targets in Concord, and as they retreated back to Boston, the British came under continuous assault by upwards of 3,800 militia who had prepared an ambush. The Battle of Lexington and Concord ignited the American Revolutionary War . As news spread, local shadow governments (called `` committees of correspondence '' ) in each of the 13 colonies drove out royal officials and sent militiamen to Boston to besiege the British there. The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , in the aftermath of armed clashes in April. With all thirteen colonies represented, it immediately began to organize itself as a central government with control over the army and diplomacy and instructed the colonies to write constitutions for themselves as states. On June 1775, George Washington , a charismatic Virginia political leader with combat experience was unanimously appointed commander of a newly organized Continental Army . He took command in Boston and sent for artillery to barrage the British. In every state, a minority professed loyalty to the King, but nowhere did they have power. These Loyalists were kept under close watch by standing Committees of Safety created by the Provincial Congresses. The unwritten rule was such people could remain silent, but vocal or financial or military support for the King would not be tolerated. The estates of outspoken Loyalists were seized; they fled to British-controlled territory, especially New York City. Invasion of Canada ( edit ) During the winter of 1775-- 76, an attempt by the Patriots to capture Quebec failed, and the buildup of British forces at Halifax , Nova Scotia , precluded that colony from joining the 13 colonies. The Americans were able to capture a British fort at Ticonderoga, New York , and to drag its cannon over the snow to the outskirts of Boston. The appearance of troops and a cannon on Dorchester Heights outside Boston led the British Army to evacuate the city on March 17, 1776. Declaration of independence ( edit ) On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, still meeting in Philadelphia, voted unanimously to declare the independence as the `` United States of America '' . Two days later, on July 4, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence . The drafting of the Declaration was the responsibility of a Committee of Five , which included, among others, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin ; it was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and revised by the others and the Congress as a whole. It contended that `` all men are created equal'' with `` certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness'' , and that `` to secure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed'' , as well as listing the main colonial grievances against the crown. July 4 ever since has been celebrated as the birthday of the United States. Campaigns of 1776 and 1777 ( edit ) Further information: New York and New Jersey campaign , Saratoga campaign , and Philadelphia campaign Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851), by Emanuel Leutze The British returned in force in August 1776, landing in New York and defeating the fledgling Continental Army at the Battle of Long Island in one of the largest engagements of the war. They quickly seized New York City and nearly captured General Washington and his army. The British made the city their main political and military base of operations in North America, holding it until late 1783. Patriot evacuation and British military occupation made the city the destination for Loyalist refugees, and a focal point of Washington's intelligence network . The British soon seized New Jersey, and American fortunes looked dim; Thomas Paine proclaimed `` these are the times that try men's souls'' . But Washington struck back in a surprise attack, crossing the icy Delaware River into New Jersey and defeated British armies at Trenton and Princeton , thereby regaining New Jersey. The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging, and have become iconic images of the war. In early 1777, a grand British strategic plan, the Saratoga Campaign , was drafted in London. The plan called for two British armies to converge on Albany, New York from the north and south, dividing the colonies in two and separating New England from the rest. Failed communications and poor planning resulted in the army descending from Canada, commanded by General John Burgoyne , bogging down in dense forest north of Albany. Meanwhile, the British Army that was supposed to advance up the Hudson River to meet Burgoyne went instead to Philadelphia, in a vain attempt to end the war by capturing the American capital city . Burgoyne's army was overwhelmed at Saratoga by a swarming of local militia, spearheaded by a cadre of American regulars. The battle showed the British, who had until then considered the colonials a ragtag mob that could easily be dispersed, that the Americans had the strength and determination to fight on. Said one British officer: The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone, and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them, incapable of standing a regular engagement, and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works. The American victory at Saratoga led the French into an open military alliance with the United States through the Treaty of Alliance (1778) . France was soon joined by Spain and the Netherlands, both major naval powers with an interest in undermining British strength. Britain now faced a major European war, and the involvement of the French navy neutralized their previous dominance of the war on the sea. Britain was without allies and faced the prospect of invasion across the English Channel . The British move south, 1778-- 1783 ( edit ) Further information: Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War and Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War With the British in control of most northern coastal cities and Patriot forces in control of the hinterlands, the British attempted to force a result by a campaign to seize the southern states. With limited regular troops at their disposal, the British commanders realized that success depended on a large-scale mobilization of Loyalists. In late December 1778, the British had captured Savannah . In 1780 they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston as well. A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that the invaders soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina. The British set up a network of forts inland, hoping the Loyalists would rally to the flag. Not enough Loyalists turned out, however, and the British had to move out. They fought their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army. Behind them, much of the territory they left dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , as the bands of Loyalists, one by one, were overwhelmed by the patriots. The siege of Yorktown ended with the surrender of a British army, ending most of the fighting The British army under Lord Cornwallis marched to Yorktown, Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet. When that fleet was defeated by a French fleet , however, they were trapped, and were surrounded by a much stronger force of Americans and French under Washington's command. On October 1781, Cornwallis surrendered. News of the defeat effectively ended the fighting in America, although the naval war continued. Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain, where many sympathized with the rebels, but now it reached a new low. King George III personally wanted to fight on, but he lost control of Parliament, and had to agree to peace negotiations. United States 1783-- 1803 Peace and memory ( edit ) Main articles: Treaty of Paris (1783) and Commemoration of the American Revolution Long negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Paris (1783) , which provided highly favorable boundaries for the United States; it included nearly all land east of the Mississippi River and south of Canada, except British West Florida , which was awarded to Spain. Encompassing a vast region nearly as large as Western Europe, the western territories contained a few thousand American pioneers and tens of thousands of Indians, most of whom had been allied to the British but were now abandoned by London. Every nation constructs and honors the memory of its founding, and following generations use it to establish its identity and define patriotism. The memory of the Founding and the Revolution has long been used as a political weapon. For example, the right-wing `` Tea Party movement '' of the 21st century explicitly memorialized the Boston Tea Party as a protest against intrusive government. The Patriot reliance on Catholic France for military, financial and diplomatic aid led to a sharp drop in anti-Catholic rhetoric. Indeed the king replaced the pope as the demon patriots had to fight against. Anti-Catholicism remained strong among Loyalists, some of whom went to Canada after the war while 80% remained in the new nation. By the 1780s, Catholics were extended legal toleration in all of the New England states that previously had been so hostile. `` In the midst of war and crisis, New Englanders gave up not only their allegiance to Britain but one of their most dearly held prejudices.'' Historians have portrayed the Revolution became the main source of the non-denominational `` American civil religion '' that has shaped patriotism, and the memory and meaning of the nation's birth ever since. Key events and people were viewed as icons of fundamental virtues. Thus the Revolution produced a Moses-like leader (George Washington), prophets (Thomas Jefferson, Tom Paine), disciples (Alexander Hamilton, James Madison) and martyrs (Boston Massacre, Nathan Hale), as well as devils (Benedict Arnold). There are sacred places (Valley Forge, Bunker Hill), rituals (Boston Tea Party), emblems (the new flag), sacred days (Independence Day), and sacred scriptures whose every sentence is carefully studied (The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights). Critical period: 1783-- 1789 ( edit ) Main article: Confederation Period During the 1780s, the nation was a loose confederation of 13 states and was beset with a wide array of foreign and domestic problems. The states engaged in small scale trade wars against each other, and they had difficulty suppressing insurrections such as Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts. The treasury was empty and there was no way to pay the war debts. There was no national executive authority. The world was at peace and the economy flourished. Some historians depict a bleak challenging time for the new nation. Merrill Jensen and others say the term `` Critical Period'' is exaggerated, and that it was also a time of economic growth and political maturation. Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Main article: Articles of Confederation The Treaty of Paris left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Second Continental Congress had drawn up Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777, to regularize its own status. These described a permanent confederation, but granted to the Congress-- the only federal institution-- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced. There was no president and no judiciary. Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast-growing nation together, they do give Congress credit for resolving the conflict between the states over ownership of the western territories. The states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control. The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government, set up protocols for the admission of new states, the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for public use. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and provided the basis for the rest of American continental expansion through the 19th Century. By 1783, with the end of the British blockade, the new nation was regaining its prosperity. However, trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilist policies of the European powers. Before the war the Americans had shipped food and other products to the British colonies in the Caribbean, but now these ports were closed, since only British ships could trade there. France and Spain had similar policies for their empires. The former imposed restrictions on imports of New England fish and Chesapeake tobacco. New Orleans was closed by the Spanish, hampering settlement of the West, although it didn't stop frontiersmen from pouring west in great numbers. Simultaneously, American manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again. The inability of the Congress to redeem the currency or the public debts incurred during the war, or to facilitate trade and financial links among the states aggravated a gloomy situation. In 1786-- 87, Shays's Rebellion , an uprising of farmers in western Massachusetts against the state court system, threatened the stability of state government and the Congress was powerless to help. The Continental Congress did have power to print paper money; it printed so much that its value plunged until the expression `` not worth a continental'' was used for some worthless item. Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the states, which did not respond generously. Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784, although the states had been asked for two million in 1783 alone. In 1785, Alexander Hamilton issued a curt statement that the Treasury had received absolutely no taxes from New York for the year. States handled their debts with varying levels of success. The South for the most part refused to pay its debts off, which was damaging to local banks, but Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia fared well due to their production of cash crops such as cotton and tobacco. South Carolina would have done the same except for a series of crop failures. Maryland suffered from financial chaos and political infighting. New York and Pennsylvania fared well, although the latter also suffered from political quarrels. New Jersey, New Hampshire, Delaware, and Connecticut struggled. Massachusetts was in a state of virtual civil war (see above) and suffered from high taxes and the decline of its economy. Rhode Island alone among the New England states prospered and mostly because of its notorious harboring of pirates and smugglers. When Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States, he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce. Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty. Adams stated it was necessary for the states to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress, or that the states themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain. Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws. Meanwhile, each state acted individually against Great Britain to little effect. When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping, Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports. By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population. The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor. Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress. Hamilton led a group of like-minded nationalists, won Washington's endorsement, and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long-term crisis. Constitutional Convention ( edit ) Main article: History of the United States Constitution For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution . Congress, meeting in New York, called on each state to send delegates to a Constitutional Convention , meeting in Philadelphia. While the stated purpose of the convention was to amend the Articles of Confederation, many delegates, including James Madison and George Washington, wanted to use it to craft a new constitution for the United States. The Convention convened in May 1787 and the delegates immediately selected Washington to preside over them. Madison soon proved the driving force behind the Convention, engineering the compromises necessary to create a government that was both strong and acceptable to all of the states. The Constitution, proposed by the Convention, called for a federal government-- limited in scope but independent of and superior to the states-- within its assigned role able to tax and equipped with both Executive and Judicial branches as well as a two house legislature. The national legislature-- or Congress-- envisioned by the Convention embodied the key compromise of the Convention between the small states which wanted to retain the power they had under the one state/one vote Congress of the Articles of Confederation and the large states which wanted the weight of their larger populations and wealth to have a proportionate share of power. The upper House-- the Senate -- would represent the states equally, while the House of Representatives would be elected from districts of approximately equal population. The Constitution itself called for ratification by state conventions specially elected for the purpose, and the Confederation Congress recommended the Constitution to the states, asking that ratification conventions be called. Several of the smaller states, led by Delaware, embraced the Constitution with little reservation. But in the most populous two states, New York and Virginia, the matter became one of controversy. Virginia had been the first successful British colony in North America, had a large population, and its political leadership had played prominent roles in the Revolution. New York was likewise large and populous; with the best situated and sited port on the coast, the state was essential for the success of the United States. Local New York politics were tightly controlled by a parochial elite led by Governor George Clinton , and local political leaders did not want to share their power with the national politicians. The New York ratification convention became the focus for a struggle over the wisdom of adopting the Constitution. Struggle for ratification ( edit ) U.S. states in 1790 Those who advocated the Constitution took the name Federalists and quickly gained supporters throughout the nation. The most influential Federalists were Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , the anonymous authors of The Federalist Papers , a series of 85 essays published in New York newspapers, under the pen name `` Publius'' . The papers became seminal documents for the new United States and have often been cited by jurists. These were written to sway the closely divided New York legislature. Opponents of the plan for stronger government, the Anti-Federalists , feared that a government with the power to tax would soon become as despotic and corrupt as Great Britain had been only decades earlier. The most notable Anti-federalist writers included Patrick Henry and George Mason , who demanded a Bill of Rights in the Constitution. The Federalists gained a great deal of prestige and advantage from the approval of George Washington, who had chaired the Constitutional Convention. Thomas Jefferson , serving as Minister to France at the time, had reservations about the proposed Constitution. He resolved to remain neutral in the debate and to accept either outcome. Promises of a Bill of Rights from Madison secured ratification in Virginia, while in New York, the Clintons, who controlled New York politics, found themselves outmaneuvered as Hamilton secured ratification by a 30-- 27 vote. North Carolina and Rhode Island eventually signed on to make it unanimous among the 13 states. The old Confederation Congress now set elections to the new Congress as well as the first presidential election . The electoral college unanimously chose Washington as first President ; John Adams became the first Vice President . New York was designated as the national capital; they were inaugurated in April 1789 at Federal Hall . Under the leadership of Madison, the first Congress set up all the necessary government agencies, and made good on the Federalist pledge of a Bill of Rights . The new government at first had no political parties. Alexander Hamilton in 1790-- 92 created a national network of friends of the government that became the Federalist party ; it controlled the national government until 1801. However, there continued to be a strong sentiment in favor of states' rights and a limited federal government. This became the platform of a new party, the Republican or Democratic-Republican Party , which assumed the role of opposition to the Federalists. Jefferson and Madison were its founders and leaders. The Democratic-Republicans strongly opposed Hamilton's First Bank of the United States . American foreign policy was dominated by the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars between the United Kingdom and France. The Republicans supported France, encouraging the French Revolution as a force for democracy, while the Washington administration favored continued peace and commerce with Britain, signing the Jay Treaty much to the disgust of Democratic-Republicans, who accused Hamilton and the Federalists of supporting aristocracy and tyranny. John Adams succeeded Washington as President in 1797 and continued the policies of his administration. The Jeffersonian Republicans took control of the Federal government in 1801 and the Federalists never returned to power. See also ( edit ) America's Critical Period American Revolution American Revolutionary War Commemoration of the American Revolution First Party System History of the United States (1789-- 1849) History of the United States Timeline of the American Revolution (1760-- 1789) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins, `` Forty Years of Salutary Neglect: A Retrospective.'' Reviews in American History 40#3 (2012): 370-- 375 online . Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole, eds. A Companion to the American Revolution (2003) ch 15-- 17 Jump up ^ Richard Alan Ryerson, The Revolution is Now Begun: The Radical Committees of Philadelphia, 1765-- 1776 (2012). Jump up ^ Greene and Pole, eds. A Companion to the American Revolution (2003) ch 23 Jump up ^ Jerrilyn Greene Marston, King and Congress: The transfer of political legitimacy, 1774-- 1776 (2014). Jump up ^ Greene and Pole, eds. A Companion to the American Revolution (2003) ch 24 Jump up ^ Krull, Kathleen (2013). What was the Boston Tea Party? . Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 9780448462882 . Jump up ^ R. Don Higginbotham, George Washington and the American Military Tradition (1985) ch 3 Jump up ^ Robert Selig, March to victory: Washington, Rochambeau, and the Yorktown Campaign of 1781 (2005) online . Jump up ^ Alexander Rose, Washington's Spies (2006). pp 258-- 61. Jump up ^ William Gardner Bell (2005). Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775-2005: Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer . pp. 3-- 4. Jump up ^ Douglas S. Freeman, and Richard Harwell, Washington (1968) p 42. Jump up ^ Higginbotham, George Washington and the American Military Tradition (1985) ch 3 Jump up ^ Arnold Whitridge, `` Baron von Steuben, Washington's Drillmaster.'' History Today (July 1976) 26#7 pp 429-36. Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp, To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775-1783 (1990) p 220. Jump up ^ Edward G. Lengel, General George Washington: A Military Life (2005) pp 365-71. Jump up ^ Robert A. Gross, The minutemen`` (1976). Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere's ride (1994). Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Washington: A Life (2011) pp 186-- 94 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole, eds. A Companion to the American Revolution (2003) ch 29 Jump up ^ McCullough, 1776 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole, eds. A Companion to the American Revolution (2003) ch 32 Jump up ^ Barnet Schecter, The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution (2002) Jump up ^ McCullough, 1776 . Jump up ^ Andrew J. O'Shaughnessy , `` Military Genius?: The Generalship of George Washington.'' Reviews in American History 42.3 (2014): 405-- 410. online Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Washington's Crossing (2005) Jump up ^ Michael O. Logusz, With Musket And Tomahawk: The Saratoga Campaign and the Wilderness War of 1777 (2010) Jump up ^ Victor Brooks; Robert Hohwald (1999). How America Fought Its Wars: Military Strategy from the American Revolution to the Civil War . Da Capo Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-58097-002-0 . Jump up ^ Howard Jones, Crucible of power: a history of American foreign relations to 1913 (2002) p. 12 Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin, From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South (2000) Jump up ^ Richard M. Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown: The Campaign That Won the Revolution (2004) Jump up ^ Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783 (1986). Jump up ^ Barry Schwartz, `` The social context of commemoration: A study in collective memory.'' Social forces 61.2 (1982): 374-- 402. online Jump up ^ Jill Lepore, The Whites Of Their Eyes: The Tea Party's Revolution and the Battle Over American History (Princeton University Press, 2010). Jump up ^ Francis Cogliano, No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England (1995) pp 154-55, quote p 155. online Jump up ^ Barry Schwartz, `` The social context of commemoration: A study in collective memory.'' Social forces 61.2 (1982): 374-- 402. online Jump up ^ Robert P. Hay, `` George Washington: American Moses,'' American Quarterly (1969) 21#4 pp 780-- 91 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Catherine L. Albanese, Sons of the Fathers: The Civil Religion of the American Revolution (1977) Jump up ^ Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781-- 1789 (1968). Jump up ^ Bouton, Terry (2012). `` The Trials of the Confederation'' . In Gray, Edward G.; Kamensky, Jane. The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution . pp. 370-- 87. Jump up ^ Richard Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781-- 1789 (1988), is the standard scholarly history Jump up ^ Jack N. Rakove, `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation,'' in The American Founding: Essays on the Formation of the Constitution ed. by J. Jackson Barlow, Leonard W. Levy and Ken Masugi (1988) pp 225-- 45 Jump up ^ Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (2004) Jump up ^ David O. Stewart, The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution (2008) Jump up ^ Pauline Maier, Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-- 1788 (2010) p 84 Jump up ^ Maier, Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-- 1788 (2010) p 396 Jump up ^ Leonard W. Levy and Dennis J. Mahoney, The Framing and Ratification of the Constitution (1987) Jump up ^ The Akhil Reed Amar The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction (2000) Further reading ( edit ) Chernow, Ron . Washington: A Life (2010), Pulitzer Prize Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton (2004) Cogliano, Francis D. Revolutionary America, 1763-- 1815; A Political History (2008), British textbook Ellis, Joseph J. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (2000) Ellis, Joseph J. Revolutionary Summer: The Birth of American Independence (2013) on 1776 Ferling, John . A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic (2003) online edition Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, and Richard A. Ryerson, eds. The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History (5 vol. 2006) 1000 entries by 150 experts, covering all topics Graebner, Norman A., Richard Dean Burns, and Joseph M. Siracusa. Foreign Affairs and the Founding Fathers: From Confederation to Constitution, 1776-- 1787 (Praeger, 2011) 199 pp. Gray, Edward G., and Jane Kamensky, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution (2013) 672 pp; 33 topical essays by scholars Greene, Jack P. and J.R. Pole, eds. A Companion to the American Revolution (2nd ed, 2003), excerpt and text search , 90 essays by leading scholars; strong on all political, social and international themes; thin on military Higginbotham, Don. The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763-- 1789 . Massachusetts:Northeastern University Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0-93035-043-7 . Online in ACLS History E-book Project. Comprehensive coverage of military and other aspects of the war. Jensen, Merrill. `` The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution,'' Political Science Quarterly (1943) 58#3 pp: 356-- 379 in JSTOR Jensen, Merrill. The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774-- 1781 (1959) Jensen, Merrill. The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781-- 1789 (1981) Kerber, Linda K. Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (1979) McCullough, David. 1776 (2005) Middlekauff, Robert . The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-- 1789 . (2nd ed. 2005). ISBN 0-19-516247-1 . 696pp online edition Miller, John C. Triumph of Freedom, 1775-- 1783 (1948) online edition Morris, Richard B. The Forging of the Union, 1781-- 1789 (The New American Nation series) ( ISBN 006015733X ) (1987) Nevins, Allan ; The American States during and after the Revolution, 1775-- 1789 (1927) online edition . Taylor, Alan. American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750-- 1804 (2016) 704pp; recent survey by leading scholar Wood, Gordon S. The American Revolution: A History (2003), short survey by leading scholar Primary sources ( edit ) Commager, Henry Steele and Morris, Richard B., eds. The Spirit of ' Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants (1975) ( ISBN 0060108347 ) Humphrey; Carol Sue, ed. The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800 Greenwood Press, 2003 Morison, S.E. ed. Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution, 1764-- 1788, and the Formation of the Federal Constitution (1923) External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: US History Interactive Google Map of the American Revolution Zoom in on the actual forts and battlefields of the American Revolution, complete with Wikipedia linked descriptions of each battle hide History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776-- 89 1789-- 1849 1849-- 65 1865-- 1918 1918-- 45 1945-- 64 1964-- 80 1980-- 91 1991-- 2008 2008-- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal hide Years in the United States (1776-- present) 18th century 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776-- 89)&oldid =846513620 '' Categories : History of the United States (1776-- 89) Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018, at 06:53 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 2356311430217121454 |
which of the following was not a result of the european colonization and conquest of latin america | The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right - wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from economic liberalism and conservatism in opposition to left - wing policies . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The term `` Latin America '' primarily refers to the Spanish and Portuguese - speaking countries in the New World .",
"Before the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th and early 16th centuries , the region was home to many indigenous peoples , a number of which had advanced civilizations , most notably from North to South ; the Olmec , Maya , Muisca and Inca .",
"The region came under control of the crowns of Spain and Portugal , which imposed both Roman Catholicism and their respective languages . Both the Spanish and the Portuguese brought African slaves to their colonies , as laborers , particularly in regions where indigenous populations who could be made to work were absent .",
"In the early nineteenth century nearly all of areas of Spanish America attained independence by armed struggle , with the exceptions of Cuba and Puerto Rico . Brazil , which had become a monarchy separate from Portugal , became a republic in the late nineteenth century . Political independence from European monarchies did not result in the abolition of black slavery in the new sovereign nations . Political independence resulted in political and economic instability in Spanish America immediately after independence . Great Britain and the United States exercised significant influence in the post-independence era , resulting in a form of neo-colonialism , whereby a country 's political sovereignty remained in place , but foreign powers exercised considerable power in the economic sphere .",
"The idea that a part of the Americas has a cultural or racial affinity with all Romance cultures can be traced back to the 1830s , in particular in the writing of the French Saint - Simonian Michel Chevalier , who postulated that this part of the Americas were inhabited by people of a `` Latin race , '' and that it could , therefore , ally itself with `` Latin Europe '' in a struggle with `` Teutonic Europe , '' `` Anglo - Saxon America '' and `` Slavic Europe . '' The idea was later taken up by Latin American intellectuals and political leaders of the mid - and late - nineteenth century , who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models , but rather to France . The actual term `` Latin America '' was coined in France under Napoleon III and played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship with France , transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area and install Maximilian as emperor of Mexico .",
"In the mid-twentieth century , especially in the United States , there was a trend to occasionally classify all of the territory south of the United States as `` Latin America , '' especially when the discussion focused on its contemporary political and economic relations to the rest of the world , rather than solely on its cultural aspects . Concurrently , there has been a move to avoid this oversimplification by talking about `` Latin America and the Caribbean , '' as in the United Nations geoscheme .",
"Since , the concept and definitions of Latin American are very modern , going back only to the nineteenth century , it is anachronistic to talk about `` a history of Latin America '' before the arrival of the Europeans . Nevertheless , the many and varied cultures that did exist in the pre-Columbian period had a strong and direct influence on the societies that emerged as a result of the conquest , and therefore , they can not be overlooked . They are introduced in the next section .",
"What is now Latin America has been populated for several millennia , possibly for as long as 30,000 years . There are many models of migration to the New World . Precise dating of many of the early civilizations is difficult because there are few text sources . However , highly developed civilizations flourished at various times and places , such as in the Andes and Mesoamerica .",
"Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492 . Subsequently , the major sea powers in Europe sent expeditions to the New World to build trade networks and colonies and to convert the native peoples to Christianity . Spain concentrated on building its empire on the central and southern parts of the Americas allotted to it by the Treaty of Tordesillas , because of presence of large , settled societies like the Aztec , the Inca , the Maya and the Muisca , whose human and material resources it could exploit , and large concentrations of silver and gold . The Portuguese built their empire in Brazil , which fell in their sphere of influence owing to the Treaty of Tordesillas , by developing the land for sugar production since there was a lack of a large , complex society or mineral resources .",
"During the European colonization of the western hemisphere , most of the native population died , mainly by disease . In what has come to be known as the Columbian exchange , diseases such as smallpox and measles decimated populations with no immunity . The size of the indigenous populations has been studied in the modern era by historians , but Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas raised the alarm in the earliest days of Spanish settlement in the Caribbean in his A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies .",
"Because the Spanish were now in power , native culture and religion were forbidden . The Spanish even went as far as burning the Maya Codices ( like books ) . These codices contained information about astrology , religion , Gods , and rituals . There are four codices known to exist today ; these are the Dresden Codex , Paris Codex , Madrid Codex , and HI Codex .",
"The Spanish Crown regulated immigration to its overseas colonies , with travelers required to register with the House of Trade in Seville . Since the crown wished to exclude anyone who was non-Christian ( Jews , crypto - Jews , and Muslims ) passing as Christian , travelers ' backgrounds were vetted . The ability to regulate the flow of people enabled the Spanish Crown to keep a grip on the religious purity of its overseas empire . The Spanish Crown was rigorous in their attempt to allow only Christians passage to the New World and required proof of religion by way of personal testimonies . Specific examples of individuals dealing with the Crown allow for an understanding of how religion affected passage into the New World .",
"Francisca de Figueroa , an African - Iberian woman seeking entrance into the Americas , petitioned the Spanish Crown in 1600 in order to gain a license to sail to Cartagena . On her behalf she had a witness attest to her religious purity , Elvira de Medina wrote , `` this witness knows that she and parents and her grandparents have been and are Old Christians and of unsullied cast and lineage . They are not of Moorish or Jewish caste or of those recently converted to Our Holy Catholic Faith . '' Despite Francisca 's race , she was allowed entrance into the Americas in 1601 when a ' Decree from His Majesty ' was presented , it read , `` My presidents and official judges of the Case de Contraction of Seville . I order you to allow passage to the Province of Cartagena for Francisca de Figueroa ... '' This example points to the importance of religion when attempting to travel to the Americas during colonial times . Individuals had to work within the guidelines of Christianity in order to appeal to the Crown and be granted access to travel .",
"Once in the New World , religion was still a prevalent issue which had to be considered in everyday life . Many of the laws were based in religious beliefs and traditions and often these laws clashed with the many other cultures throughout colonial Latin America . One of the central clashes was between African and Iberian cultures ; this difference in culture resulted in the aggressive prosecution of witches , both African and Iberian , throughout Latin America . According to European tradition `` ( a ) witch -- a bruja -- was thought to reject God and the sacraments and instead worship the devil and observe the witches ' Sabbath . '' This rejection of God was seen as an abomination and was not tolerated by the authorities either in Spain nor Latin America . A specific example , the trial of Paula de Eguiluz , shows how an appeal to Christianity can help to lessen punishment even in the case of a witch trial .",
"Paula de Eguiluz was a woman of African descent who was born in Santo Domingo and grew up as a slave , sometime in her youth she learned the trade of witches and was publicly known to be a sorceress . `` In 1623 , Paula was accused of witchcraft ( brujeria ) , divination and apostasy ( declarations contrary to Church doctrine ) . '' Paula was tried in 1624 and began her hearings without much knowledge of the Crowns way of conducting legal proceedings . There needed to be appeals to Christianity and announcements of faith if an individual hoped to lessen the sentence . Learning quickly , Paula correctly `` recited the Lord 's Prayer , the Creed , the Salve Regina , and the Ten Commandments '' before the second hearing of her trial . Finally , in the third hearing of the trial Paula ended her testimony by `` ask ( ing ) Our Lord to forgive ( me ) for these dreadful sins and errors and requests ... a merciful punishment . '' The appeals to Christianity and profession of faith allowed Paula to return to her previous life as a slave with minimal punishment . The Spanish Crown placed a high importance on the preservation of Christianity in Latin America , this preservation of Christianity allowed colonialism to rule Latin America for over three hundred years .",
"Following the model of the U.S. and French revolutions , most of Latin America achieved its independence by 1825 . Independence destroyed the old common market that existed under the Spanish Empire after the Bourbon Reforms and created an increased dependence on the financial investment provided by nations which had already begun to industrialize ; therefore , Western European powers , in particular Great Britain and France , and the United States began to play major roles , since the region became economically dependent on these nations . Independence also created a new , self - consciously `` Latin American '' ruling class and intelligentsia which at times avoided Spanish and Portuguese models in their quest to reshape their societies . This elite looked towards other Catholic European models -- in particular France -- for a new Latin American culture , but did not seek input from indigenous peoples .",
"The failed efforts in Spanish America to keep together most of the initial large states that emerged from independence -- Gran Colombia , the Federal Republic of Central America and the United Provinces of South America -- resulted a number of domestic and interstate conflicts , which plagued the new countries . Brazil , in contrast to its Hispanic neighbors , remained a united monarchy and avoided the problem of civil and interstate wars . Domestic wars were often fights between federalists and centrists who ended up asserted themselves through the military repression of their opponents at the expense of civilian political life . The new nations inherited the cultural diversity of the colonial era and strived to create a new identity based around the shared European ( Spanish or Portuguese ) language and culture . Within each country , however , there were cultural and class divisions that created tension and hurt national unity .",
"For the next few decades there was a long process to create a sense of nationality . Most of the new national borders were created around the often centuries - old audiencia jurisdictions or the Bourbon intendancies , which had become areas of political identity . In many areas the borders were unstable , since the new states fought wars with each other to gain access to resources , especially in the second half of the nineteenth century . The more important conflicts were the Paraguayan War ( 1864 -- 70 ; also known as the War of the Triple Alliance ) and the War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 84 ) . The Paraguayan War pitted Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay , which was utterly defeated . As a result , Paraguay suffered a demographic collapse : the population went from an estimated 525,000 persons in 1864 to 221,000 in 1871 and out of this last population , only around 28,000 were men . In the War of the Pacific , Chile defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru . Chile gained control of saltpeter - rich areas , previously controlled by Peru and Bolivia , and Bolivia became a land - locked nation . By mid-century the region also confronted a growing United States , seeking to expand on the North American continent and extend its influence in the hemisphere . In Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) , Mexico lost over half of its territory to the United States . In the 1860s France attempted to indirectly control Mexico . In South America , Brazil consolidated its control of large swaths of the Amazon Basin at the expense of its neighbors . In the 1880s the United States implemented an aggressive policy to defend and expand its political and economic interests in all of Latin America , which culminated in the creation of the Pan-American Conference , the successful completion of the Panama Canal and the United States intervention in the final Cuban war of independence .",
"The export of natural resources provided the basis of most Latin American economies in the nineteenth century , which allowed for the development of wealthy elite . The restructuring of colonial economic and political realities resulted in a sizable gap between rich and poor , with landed elites controlling the vast majority of land and resources . In Brazil , for instance , by 1910 85 % of the land belonged to 1 % of the population . Gold mining and fruit growing , in particular , were monopolized by these wealthy landowners . These `` Great Owners '' completely controlled local activity and , furthermore , were the principal employers and the main source of wages . This led to a society of peasants whose connection to larger political realities remained in thrall to farming and mining magnates .",
"The endemic political instability and the nature of the economy resulted in the emergence of caudillos , military chiefs whose hold on power depended on their military skill and ability to dispense patronage . The political regimes were at least in theory democratic and took the form of either presidential or parliamentary governments . Both were prone to being taken over by a caudillo or an oligarchy . The political landscape was occupied by conservatives , who believed that the preservation of the old social hierarchies served as the best guarantee of national stability and prosperity , and liberals , who sought to bring about progress by freeing up the economy and individual initiative . Popular insurrections were often influential and repressed : 100,000 were killed during the suppression of a Colombian revolt between 1899 and 1902 during the Thousand Days ' War . Some states did manage to have some of democracy : Uruguay , and partially Argentina , Chile , Costa Rica and Colombia . The others were clearly oligarchist or authoritarian , although these oligarchs and caudillos sometimes enjoyed support from a majority in the population . All of these regimes sought to maintain Latin America 's lucrative position in the world economy as a provider of raw materials .",
"By the start of the century , the United States continued its interventionist attitude , which aimed to directly defend its interests in the region . This was officially articulated in Theodore Roosevelt 's Big Stick Doctrine , which modified the old Monroe Doctrine , which had simply aimed to deter European intervention in the hemisphere . At the conclusion of the Spanish -- American War the new government of Cuba and the United States signed the Platt Amendment in 1902 , which authorized the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs when the United States deemed necessary . In Colombia , United States sought the concession of a territory in Panama to build a much anticipated canal across the isthmus . The Colombian government opposed this , but a Panamanian insurrection provided the United States with an opportunity . The United States backed Panamanian independence and the new nation granted the concession . These were not the only interventions carried out in the region by the United States . In the first decades of the twentieth century , there were several military incursions into Central America and the Caribbean , mostly in defense of commercial interests , which became known as the `` Banana Wars . ''",
"The greatest political upheaval in the second decade of the century took place in Mexico . In 1908 , President Porfirio Díaz , who had been in office since 1884 , promised that he would step down in 1910 . Francisco I. Madero , a moderate liberal whose aim was to modernize the country while preventing a socialist revolution , launched an election campaign in 1910 . Díaz , however , changed his mind and ran for office once more . Madero was arrested on election day and Díaz declared the winner . These events provoked uprisings , which became the start of the Mexican Revolution . Revolutionary movements were organized and some key leaders appeared : Pancho Villa in the north , Emiliano Zapata in the south , and Madero in Mexico City . Madero 's forces defeated the federal army in early 1911 , assumed temporary control of the government and won a second election later on November 6 , 1911 . Madero undertook moderate reforms to implement greater democracy in the political system but failed to satisfy many of the regional leaders in what had become a revolutionary situation . Madero 's failure to address agrarian claims led Zapata to break with Madero and resume the revolution . On February 18 , 1913 Victoriano Huerta , a conservative general organized a coup d'état with the support of the United States ; Madero was killed four days later . Other revolutionary leaders such as Villa , Zapata , and Venustiano Carranza continued to militarily oppose the federal government , now under Huerta 's control . Allies Zapata and Villa took Mexico City in March 1914 , but found themselves outside of their elements in the capital and withdrew to their respective bastions . This allowed Carranza to assume control of the central government . He then organized the repression of the rebel armies of Villa and Zapata , led in particular by General Álvaro Obregón . The Mexican Constitution of 1917 , still the current constitution , was proclaimed but initially little enforced . The efforts against the other revolutionary leaders continued . Zapata was assassinated on April 10 , 1919 . Carranza himself was assassinated on May 15 , 1920 , leaving Obregón in power , who was officially elected president later that year . Finally in 1923 Villa was also assassinated . With the removal of the main rivals Obregón is able to consolidate power and relative peace returned to Mexico . Under the Constitution a liberal government is implemented but some of the aspirations of the working and rural classes remained unfulfilled . ( See also , Agrarian land reform in Mexico . )",
"Sports became increasingly popular , drawing enthusiastic fans to large stadia . The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) worked to encourage Olympic ideals and participation . Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro , the IOC helped to establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition . In Brazil , however , sporting and political rivalries slowed progress as opposing factions fought to control of international sport . The 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1928 Summer Olympics games in Amsterdam saw greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes . English and Scottish engineers brought futebol ( soccer ) to Brazil in the late 1800s . The International Committee of the YMCA of North America and the Playground Association of America played major roles in training coaches ...",
"The Great Depression posed a great challenge to the region . The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined , undermining many of the economies of Latin America . Intellectuals and government leaders in Latin America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned toward import substitution industrialization . The goal was to create self - sufficient economies , which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the ups and downs of the global economy . Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests , the Roosevelt administration ( 1933 -- 1945 ) understood that the United States could not wholly oppose import substitution . Roosevelt implemented a Good Neighbor policy and allowed the nationalization of some American companies in Latin America . Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized American oil companies , out of which he created Pemex . Cárdenas also oversaw the redistribution of a quantity of land , fulfilling the hopes of many since the start of the Mexican Revolution . The Platt Amendment was also repealed , freeing Cuba from legal and official interference of the United States in its politics . The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together .",
"In the postwar period , the expansion of communism became the greatest political issue for both the United States and governments in the region . The start of the Cold War forced governments to choose between the United States and the Soviet Union . Following the 1948 Costa Rica Civil War , the nation established a new constitution and was recognized as the first legitimate democracy in Latin America However , the new Costa Rican government , which now was constitutionally required to ban the presence of a standing military , did not seek regional influence and was distracted further by conflicts with neighboring Nicaragua .",
"Several socialist and communist insurgencies broke out in Latin America throughout the entire twentieth century , but the most successful one was in Cuba . The Cuban Revolution was led by Fidel Castro against the regime of Fulgencio Batista , who since 1933 was the principal autocrat in Cuba . Since the 1860s the Cuban economy had focused on the cultivation of sugar , of which 82 % was sold in the American market by the twentieth century . Despite the repeal of the Platt Amendment , the United States still had considerable influence in Cuba , both in politics and in everyday life . In fact Cuba had a reputation of being the `` brothel of the United States , '' a place where Americans could find all sorts of licit and illicit pleasures , provided they had the cash . Despite having the socially advanced constitution of 1940 , Cuba was plagued with corruption and the interruption of constitutional rule by autocrats like Batista . Batista began his final turn as the head of the government in a 1952 coup . The coalition that formed under the revolutionaries hoped to restore the constitution , reestablish a democratic state and free Cuba from the American influence . The revolutionaries succeeded in toppling Batista on January 1 , 1959 . Castro , who initially declared himself as a non-socialist , initiated a program of agrarian reforms and nationalizations in May 1959 , which alienated the Eisenhower administration ( 1953 -- 61 ) and resulted in the United States breaking of diplomatic relations , freezing Cuban assets in the United States and placing an embargo on the nation in 1960 . The Kennedy administration ( 1961 -- 1963 ) authorized the funding and support of an invasion of Cuba by exiles . The invasion failed and radicalized the revolutionary government 's position . Cuba officially proclaimed itself socialist and openly became an ally of the Soviet Union . The military collaboration between Cuba and the Soviet Union , which included the placement of intercontinental ballistic missiles in Cuba precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 .",
"By the 1970s , leftists had acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right - wing , ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of each individual country 's upper class to support coups d'état to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat . This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization . Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America .",
"Around the 1970s , the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents , including some urban guerrillas .",
"The set of specific economic policy prescriptions that were considered the `` standard '' reform package were promoted for crisis - wracked developing countries by Washington , DC - based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , World Bank , and the US Treasury Department during the 1980s and ' 90s .",
"In recent years , several Latin American countries led by socialist or other left wing governments -- including Argentina and Venezuela -- have campaigned for ( and to some degree adopted ) policies contrary to the Washington Consensus set of policies . ( Other Latin counties with governments of the left , including Brazil , Chile and Peru , have in practice adopted the bulk of the policies ) . Also critical of the policies as actually promoted by the International Monetary Fund have been some US economists , such as Joseph Stiglitz and Dani Rodrik , who have challenged what are sometimes described as the `` fundamentalist '' policies of the International Monetary Fund and the US Treasury for what Stiglitz calls a `` one size fits all '' treatment of individual economies . The term has become associated with neoliberal policies in general and drawn into the broader debate over the expanding role of the free market , constraints upon the state , and US influence on other countries ' national sovereignty .",
"Since the 2000s , or 1990s in some countries , left - wing political parties have risen to power . Hugo Chávez in Venezuela , Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil , Fernando Lugo in Paraguay , Néstor and Cristina Kirchner in Argentina , Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica in Uruguay , the Lagos and Bachelet governments in Chile , Evo Morales in Bolivia , Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua , Manuel Zelaya in Honduras ( although deposed by the 28 June 2009 coup d'état ) , and Rafael Correa of Ecuador are all part of this wave of left - wing politicians who also often declare themselves socialists , Latin Americanists or anti-imperialists .",
"The conservative wave ( Portuguese : onda conservadora ) is a political phenomenon that emerged in mid-2010 in South America . In Brazil , it began roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff , in a tight election , won the 2014 presidential election , kicking off the fourth term of the Workers ' Party in the highest position of government . In addition , according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice , Antônio Augusto de Queiroz , the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the `` re-democratization '' movement , noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments , as ruralists , military , police and religious .",
"The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right - wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from economic liberalism and conservatism in opposition to left - wing policies ."
] | History of Latin America - wikipedia History of Latin America Jump to: navigation , search The term `` Latin America '' primarily refers to the Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries in the New World . Before the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the region was home to many indigenous peoples, a number of which had advanced civilizations, most notably from North to South; the Olmec , Maya , Muisca and Inca . A 17th-century map of the Americas The region came under control of the crowns of Spain and Portugal, which imposed both Roman Catholicism and their respective languages. Both the Spanish and the Portuguese brought African slaves to their colonies, as laborers, particularly in regions where indigenous populations who could be made to work were absent. In the early nineteenth century nearly all of areas of Spanish America attained independence by armed struggle, with the exceptions of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Brazil, which had become a monarchy separate from Portugal, became a republic in the late nineteenth century. Political independence from European monarchies did not result in the abolition of black slavery in the new sovereign nations. Political independence resulted in political and economic instability in Spanish America immediately after independence. Great Britain and the United States exercised significant influence in the post-independence era, resulting in a form of neo-colonialism , whereby a country's political sovereignty remained in place, but foreign powers exercised considerable power in the economic sphere. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term and definition 2 The Pre-Columbian period 3 Colonial Era 4 Colonial-era Religion 4.1 Traveling to the New World 4.2 Religion in Latin America 5 Nineteenth-century revolutions: the postcolonial era 6 20th century 6.1 1900-- 1929 6.1.1 Sports 6.2 1930-- 1960 6.3 Late 20th century military regimes and revolutions 6.4 Washington Consensus 7 21st century 7.1 Turn to the left 7.2 Turn to the right 8 See also 8.1 Pre-Columbian 8.2 Colonization 8.3 History by region 8.4 History by country 8.5 Other topics 9 Further reading 9.1 Historiography 9.2 Colonial era 9.3 Independence era 9.4 Modern era 10 References Origin of the term and definition ( edit ) See also: Latin America: Definition The idea that a part of the Americas has a cultural or racial affinity with all Romance cultures can be traced back to the 1830s, in particular in the writing of the French Saint-Simonian Michel Chevalier , who postulated that this part of the Americas were inhabited by people of a `` Latin race ,'' and that it could, therefore, ally itself with `` Latin Europe '' in a struggle with `` Teutonic Europe ,'' `` Anglo-Saxon America '' and `` Slavic Europe.'' The idea was later taken up by Latin American intellectuals and political leaders of the mid- and late-nineteenth century, who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models, but rather to France. The actual term `` Latin America'' was coined in France under Napoleon III and played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship with France, transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area and install Maximilian as emperor of Mexico. In the mid-twentieth century, especially in the United States, there was a trend to occasionally classify all of the territory south of the United States as `` Latin America,'' especially when the discussion focused on its contemporary political and economic relations to the rest of the world, rather than solely on its cultural aspects. Concurrently, there has been a move to avoid this oversimplification by talking about `` Latin America and the Caribbean ,'' as in the United Nations geoscheme. Since, the concept and definitions of Latin American are very modern, going back only to the nineteenth century, it is anachronistic to talk about `` a history of Latin America'' before the arrival of the Europeans. Nevertheless, the many and varied cultures that did exist in the pre-Columbian period had a strong and direct influence on the societies that emerged as a result of the conquest, and therefore, they cannot be overlooked. They are introduced in the next section. The pre-Columbian period ( edit ) Main article: Pre-Columbian What is now Latin America has been populated for several millennia, possibly for as long as 30,000 years. There are many models of migration to the New World . Precise dating of many of the early civilizations is difficult because there are few text sources. However, highly developed civilizations flourished at various times and places, such as in the Andes and Mesoamerica . Colonial era ( edit ) Main articles: Spanish colonization of the Americas and Portuguese colonization of the Americas See also: Spanish empire and Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492. Subsequently, the major sea powers in Europe sent expeditions to the New World to build trade networks and colonies and to convert the native peoples to Christianity . Spain concentrated on building its empire on the central and southern parts of the Americas allotted to it by the Treaty of Tordesillas , because of presence of large, settled societies like the Aztec , the Inca , the Maya and the Muisca , whose human and material resources it could exploit, and large concentrations of silver and gold . The Portuguese built their empire in Brazil , which fell in their sphere of influence owing to the Treaty of Tordesillas , by developing the land for sugar production since there was a lack of a large, complex society or mineral resources. During the European colonization of the western hemisphere, most of the native population died, mainly by disease. In what has come to be known as the Columbian exchange , diseases such as smallpox and measles decimated populations with no immunity. The size of the indigenous populations has been studied in the modern era by historians, but Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas raised the alarm in the earliest days of Spanish settlement in the Caribbean in his A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies . Because the Spanish were now in power, native culture and religion were forbidden. The Spanish even went as far as burning the Maya Codices (like books). These codices contained information about astrology, religion, Gods, and rituals. There are four codices known to exist today; these are the Dresden Codex, Paris Codex, Madrid Codex, and HI Codex. Colonial-era religion ( edit ) Traveling to the New World ( edit ) The Spanish Crown regulated immigration to its overseas colonies, with travelers required to register with the House of Trade in Seville. Since the crown wished to exclude anyone who was non-Christian (Jews, crypto-Jews , and Muslims) passing as Christian, travelers' backgrounds were vetted. The ability to regulate the flow of people enabled the Spanish Crown to keep a grip on the religious purity of its overseas empire. The Spanish Crown was rigorous in their attempt to allow only Christians passage to the New World and required proof of religion by way of personal testimonies. Specific examples of individuals dealing with the Crown allow for an understanding of how religion affected passage into the New World. Francisca de Figueroa, an African-Iberian woman seeking entrance into the Americas, petitioned the Spanish Crown in 1600 in order to gain a license to sail to Cartagena. On her behalf she had a witness attest to her religious purity, Elvira de Medina wrote, `` this witness knows that she and parents and her grandparents have been and are Old Christians and of unsullied cast and lineage. They are not of Moorish or Jewish caste or of those recently converted to Our Holy Catholic Faith.'' Despite Francisca's race, she was allowed entrance into the Americas in 1601 when a ' Decree from His Majesty' was presented, it read, `` My presidents and official judges of the Case de Contraction of Seville. I order you to allow passage to the Province of Cartagena for Francisca de Figueroa ...'' This example points to the importance of religion when attempting to travel to the Americas during colonial times. Individuals had to work within the guidelines of Christianity in order to appeal to the Crown and be granted access to travel. Religion in Latin America ( edit ) Once in the New World, religion was still a prevalent issue which had to be considered in everyday life. Many of the laws were based in religious beliefs and traditions and often these laws clashed with the many other cultures throughout colonial Latin America. One of the central clashes was between African and Iberian cultures; this difference in culture resulted in the aggressive prosecution of witches, both African and Iberian, throughout Latin America. According to European tradition `` (a) witch -- a bruja -- was thought to reject God and the sacraments and instead worship the devil and observe the witches' Sabbath .'' This rejection of God was seen as an abomination and was not tolerated by the authorities either in Spain nor Latin America. A specific example, the trial of Paula de Eguiluz , shows how an appeal to Christianity can help to lessen punishment even in the case of a witch trial. Paula de Eguiluz was a woman of African descent who was born in Santo Domingo and grew up as a slave, sometime in her youth she learned the trade of witches and was publicly known to be a sorceress. `` In 1623, Paula was accused of witchcraft (brujeria), divination and apostasy (declarations contrary to Church doctrine).'' Paula was tried in 1624 and began her hearings without much knowledge of the Crowns way of conducting legal proceedings. There needed to be appeals to Christianity and announcements of faith if an individual hoped to lessen the sentence. Learning quickly, Paula correctly `` recited the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, the Salve Regina, and the Ten Commandments'' before the second hearing of her trial. Finally, in the third hearing of the trial Paula ended her testimony by `` ask(ing) Our Lord to forgive (me) for these dreadful sins and errors and requests ... a merciful punishment.'' The appeals to Christianity and profession of faith allowed Paula to return to her previous life as a slave with minimal punishment. The Spanish Crown placed a high importance on the preservation of Christianity in Latin America, this preservation of Christianity allowed colonialism to rule Latin America for over three hundred years. Nineteenth-century revolutions: the postcolonial era ( edit ) See also: Latin American wars of independence Countries in Latin America by date of independence Following the model of the U.S. and French revolutions, most of Latin America achieved its independence by 1825. Independence destroyed the old common market that existed under the Spanish Empire after the Bourbon Reforms and created an increased dependence on the financial investment provided by nations which had already begun to industrialize ; therefore, Western European powers, in particular Great Britain and France, and the United States began to play major roles, since the region became economically dependent on these nations. Independence also created a new, self-consciously `` Latin American'' ruling class and intelligentsia which at times avoided Spanish and Portuguese models in their quest to reshape their societies. This elite looked towards other Catholic European models-- in particular France-- for a new Latin American culture, but did not seek input from indigenous peoples. The failed efforts in Spanish America to keep together most of the initial large states that emerged from independence-- Gran Colombia , the Federal Republic of Central America and the United Provinces of South America -- resulted a number of domestic and interstate conflicts, which plagued the new countries. Brazil, in contrast to its Hispanic neighbors, remained a united monarchy and avoided the problem of civil and interstate wars. Domestic wars were often fights between federalists and centrists who ended up asserted themselves through the military repression of their opponents at the expense of civilian political life. The new nations inherited the cultural diversity of the colonial era and strived to create a new identity based around the shared European (Spanish or Portuguese) language and culture. Within each country, however, there were cultural and class divisions that created tension and hurt national unity. Map of disputed territories in Latin America For the next few decades there was a long process to create a sense of nationality . Most of the new national borders were created around the often centuries-old audiencia jurisdictions or the Bourbon intendancies , which had become areas of political identity. In many areas the borders were unstable, since the new states fought wars with each other to gain access to resources, especially in the second half of the nineteenth century. The more important conflicts were the Paraguayan War (1864-- 70; also known as the War of the Triple Alliance) and the War of the Pacific (1879-- 84). The Paraguayan War pitted Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay, which was utterly defeated. As a result, Paraguay suffered a demographic collapse : the population went from an estimated 525,000 persons in 1864 to 221,000 in 1871 and out of this last population, only around 28,000 were men. In the War of the Pacific, Chile defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru. Chile gained control of saltpeter -rich areas, previously controlled by Peru and Bolivia, and Bolivia became a land-locked nation. By mid-century the region also confronted a growing United States, seeking to expand on the North American continent and extend its influence in the hemisphere. In Mexican-- American War (1846-- 48), Mexico lost over half of its territory to the United States. In the 1860s France attempted to indirectly control Mexico . In South America, Brazil consolidated its control of large swaths of the Amazon Basin at the expense of its neighbors. In the 1880s the United States implemented an aggressive policy to defend and expand its political and economic interests in all of Latin America, which culminated in the creation of the Pan-American Conference , the successful completion of the Panama Canal and the United States intervention in the final Cuban war of independence . The export of natural resources provided the basis of most Latin American economies in the nineteenth century, which allowed for the development of wealthy elite. The restructuring of colonial economic and political realities resulted in a sizable gap between rich and poor, with landed elites controlling the vast majority of land and resources. In Brazil , for instance, by 1910 85% of the land belonged to 1% of the population. Gold mining and fruit growing, in particular, were monopolized by these wealthy landowners. These `` Great Owners'' completely controlled local activity and, furthermore, were the principal employers and the main source of wages. This led to a society of peasants whose connection to larger political realities remained in thrall to farming and mining magnates. The endemic political instability and the nature of the economy resulted in the emergence of caudillos , military chiefs whose hold on power depended on their military skill and ability to dispense patronage . The political regimes were at least in theory democratic and took the form of either presidential or parliamentary governments. Both were prone to being taken over by a caudillo or an oligarchy . The political landscape was occupied by conservatives , who believed that the preservation of the old social hierarchies served as the best guarantee of national stability and prosperity, and liberals , who sought to bring about progress by freeing up the economy and individual initiative. Popular insurrections were often influential and repressed: 100,000 were killed during the suppression of a Colombian revolt between 1899 and 1902 during the Thousand Days' War . Some states did manage to have some of democracy: Uruguay , and partially Argentina , Chile , Costa Rica and Colombia . The others were clearly oligarchist or authoritarian , although these oligarchs and caudillos sometimes enjoyed support from a majority in the population. All of these regimes sought to maintain Latin America's lucrative position in the world economy as a provider of raw materials. 20th century ( edit ) 1900-- 1929 ( edit ) 1903 political cartoon: President Roosevelt intimidating Colombia to acquire the Panama Canal Zone . By the start of the century, the United States continued its interventionist attitude, which aimed to directly defend its interests in the region. This was officially articulated in Theodore Roosevelt 's Big Stick Doctrine , which modified the old Monroe Doctrine , which had simply aimed to deter European intervention in the hemisphere. At the conclusion of the Spanish-- American War the new government of Cuba and the United States signed the Platt Amendment in 1902, which authorized the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs when the United States deemed necessary. In Colombia , United States sought the concession of a territory in Panama to build a much anticipated canal across the isthmus. The Colombian government opposed this, but a Panamanian insurrection provided the United States with an opportunity. The United States backed Panamanian independence and the new nation granted the concession. These were not the only interventions carried out in the region by the United States. In the first decades of the twentieth century, there were several military incursions into Central America and the Caribbean, mostly in defense of commercial interests, which became known as the `` Banana Wars .'' The greatest political upheaval in the second decade of the century took place in Mexico. In 1908, President Porfirio Díaz , who had been in office since 1884, promised that he would step down in 1910. Francisco I. Madero , a moderate liberal whose aim was to modernize the country while preventing a socialist revolution , launched an election campaign in 1910. Díaz , however, changed his mind and ran for office once more. Madero was arrested on election day and Díaz declared the winner. These events provoked uprisings, which became the start of the Mexican Revolution . Revolutionary movements were organized and some key leaders appeared: Pancho Villa in the north, Emiliano Zapata in the south, and Madero in Mexico City. Madero's forces defeated the federal army in early 1911, assumed temporary control of the government and won a second election later on November 6, 1911. Madero undertook moderate reforms to implement greater democracy in the political system but failed to satisfy many of the regional leaders in what had become a revolutionary situation. Madero's failure to address agrarian claims led Zapata to break with Madero and resume the revolution. On February 18, 1913 Victoriano Huerta , a conservative general organized a coup d'état with the support of the United States; Madero was killed four days later. Other revolutionary leaders such as Villa, Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza continued to militarily oppose the federal government, now under Huerta's control. Allies Zapata and Villa took Mexico City in March 1914, but found themselves outside of their elements in the capital and withdrew to their respective bastions. This allowed Carranza to assume control of the central government. He then organized the repression of the rebel armies of Villa and Zapata, led in particular by General Álvaro Obregón . The Mexican Constitution of 1917 , still the current constitution, was proclaimed but initially little enforced. The efforts against the other revolutionary leaders continued. Zapata was assassinated on April 10, 1919. Carranza himself was assassinated on May 15, 1920, leaving Obregón in power, who was officially elected president later that year. Finally in 1923 Villa was also assassinated. With the removal of the main rivals Obregón is able to consolidate power and relative peace returned to Mexico. Under the Constitution a liberal government is implemented but some of the aspirations of the working and rural classes remained unfulfilled. (See also, Agrarian land reform in Mexico .) Sports ( edit ) Sports became increasingly popular, drawing enthusiastic fans to large stadia. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) worked to encourage Olympic ideals and participation. Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro, the IOC helped to establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition. In Brazil, however, sporting and political rivalries slowed progress as opposing factions fought to control of international sport. The 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1928 Summer Olympics games in Amsterdam saw greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes. English and Scottish engineers brought futebol (soccer) to Brazil in the late 1800s. The International Committee of the YMCA of North America and the Playground Association of America played major roles in training coaches... 1930-- 1960 ( edit ) See also: Latin America during World War II A mural celebrating Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán and the Guatemalan Revolution The Great Depression posed a great challenge to the region. The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined, undermining many of the economies of Latin America. Intellectuals and government leaders in Latin America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned toward import substitution industrialization . The goal was to create self-sufficient economies, which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the ups and downs of the global economy. Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests, the Roosevelt administration (1933-- 1945) understood that the United States could not wholly oppose import substitution. Roosevelt implemented a Good Neighbor policy and allowed the nationalization of some American companies in Latin America. Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized American oil companies , out of which he created Pemex . Cárdenas also oversaw the redistribution of a quantity of land, fulfilling the hopes of many since the start of the Mexican Revolution. The Platt Amendment was also repealed, freeing Cuba from legal and official interference of the United States in its politics. The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together. In the postwar period, the expansion of communism became the greatest political issue for both the United States and governments in the region. The start of the Cold War forced governments to choose between the United States and the Soviet Union . Following the 1948 Costa Rica Civil War , the nation established a new constitution and was recognized as the first legitimate democracy in Latin America However, the new Costa Rican government, which now was constitutionally required to ban the presence of a standing military, did not seek regional influence and was distracted further by conflicts with neighboring Nicaragua. Several socialist and communist insurgencies broke out in Latin America throughout the entire twentieth century, but the most successful one was in Cuba. The Cuban Revolution was led by Fidel Castro against the regime of Fulgencio Batista , who since 1933 was the principal autocrat in Cuba. Since the 1860s the Cuban economy had focused on the cultivation of sugar, of which 82% was sold in the American market by the twentieth century. Despite the repeal of the Platt Amendment, the United States still had considerable influence in Cuba, both in politics and in everyday life. In fact Cuba had a reputation of being the `` brothel of the United States,'' a place where Americans could find all sorts of licit and illicit pleasures, provided they had the cash. Despite having the socially advanced constitution of 1940 , Cuba was plagued with corruption and the interruption of constitutional rule by autocrats like Batista. Batista began his final turn as the head of the government in a 1952 coup. The coalition that formed under the revolutionaries hoped to restore the constitution, reestablish a democratic state and free Cuba from the American influence. The revolutionaries succeeded in toppling Batista on January 1, 1959. Castro, who initially declared himself as a non-socialist, initiated a program of agrarian reforms and nationalizations in May 1959, which alienated the Eisenhower administration (1953-- 61) and resulted in the United States breaking of diplomatic relations, freezing Cuban assets in the United States and placing an embargo on the nation in 1960. The Kennedy administration (1961-- 1963) authorized the funding and support of an invasion of Cuba by exiles. The invasion failed and radicalized the revolutionary government's position. Cuba officially proclaimed itself socialist and openly became an ally of the Soviet Union . The military collaboration between Cuba and the Soviet Union, which included the placement of intercontinental ballistic missiles in Cuba precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. Late 20th century military regimes and revolutions ( edit ) The military junta of Argentina saw widespread repression against those it deemed to be political dissidents By the 1970s, leftists had acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing, ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of each individual country's upper class to support coups d'état to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat. This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization. Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America. Around the 1970s, the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents, including some urban guerrillas . Washington Consensus ( edit ) Main article: Washington Consensus The set of specific economic policy prescriptions that were considered the `` standard'' reform package were promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, DC-based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank , and the US Treasury Department during the 1980s and ' 90s. In recent years, several Latin American countries led by socialist or other left wing governments-- including Argentina and Venezuela-- have campaigned for (and to some degree adopted) policies contrary to the Washington Consensus set of policies. (Other Latin counties with governments of the left, including Brazil, Chile and Peru, have in practice adopted the bulk of the policies). Also critical of the policies as actually promoted by the International Monetary Fund have been some US economists, such as Joseph Stiglitz and Dani Rodrik , who have challenged what are sometimes described as the `` fundamentalist'' policies of the International Monetary Fund and the US Treasury for what Stiglitz calls a `` one size fits all'' treatment of individual economies. The term has become associated with neoliberal policies in general and drawn into the broader debate over the expanding role of the free market, constraints upon the state, and US influence on other countries' national sovereignty. 21st century ( edit ) Turn to the left ( edit ) See also: Pink tide Left-leaning leaders of Bolivia, Brazil and Chile at the Union of South American Nations summit in 2008 Since the 2000s, or 1990s in some countries, left-wing political parties have risen to power. Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil, Fernando Lugo in Paraguay, Néstor and Cristina Kirchner in Argentina, Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica in Uruguay, the Lagos and Bachelet governments in Chile, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua, Manuel Zelaya in Honduras (although deposed by the 28 June 2009 coup d'état ), and Rafael Correa of Ecuador are all part of this wave of left-wing politicians who also often declare themselves socialists , Latin Americanists or anti-imperialists . Turn to the right ( edit ) See also: Conservative wave In blue countries under right-wing governments as of 2017 The conservative wave ( Portuguese : onda conservadora ) is a political phenomenon that emerged in mid-2010 in South America. In Brazil, it began roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff , in a tight election, won the 2014 presidential election , kicking off the fourth term of the Workers' Party in the highest position of government. In addition, according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, Antônio Augusto de Queiroz, the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the `` re-democratization'' movement, noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, as ruralists , military , police and religious . The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from economic liberalism and conservatism in opposition to left-wing policies . See also ( edit ) Historiography#Latin America Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Latin American economy Latin America-- UK relations List of historians , inclusive of most major historians List of history journals#Latin America and the Caribbean Conference on Latin American History Latin American studies Pre-Columbian ( edit ) Oasisamerica : Apache Comanche Coahuiltecan Cocopah Pima Puebloan peoples Navajo Quechan Aridoamerica : Caxcan Guachichil Guamare Chichimeca Jonaz Cora Huichol Mayos Otomi O'odham Pame Tecuexe Tepehuánes Yaquis Zacateco Mesoamerica : Aztec Huastec Mixtec Maya Olmec Pipil Tarascan Teotihuacán Toltec Totonac Zapotec South America: Arawak Chavín Chibcha Chimor Chachapoya Huari Inca Island Carib Kalina Mapuche Moche Nazca Tairona Tiwanaku Colonization ( edit ) British colonization of the Americas , Danish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , New Netherland , French New France , Portuguese , Russian , Spanish , New Spain , Conquistador , Spanish conquest of Yucatán , Spanish conquest of Mexico , Spanish missions in California , Swedish History by region ( edit ) History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo-Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Oldest churches Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three-age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future History by country ( edit ) History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands History of Central America Sovereign states Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama History of the Caribbean Greater Antilles Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico Leeward Antilles Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Federal Dependencies of Venezuela Leeward Islands Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda British Virgin Islands Guadeloupe Montserrat Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Kitts and Nevis Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Windward Islands Dominica Grenada Martinique Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Other islands Barbados Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Continental coasts Belize Bermuda Colombia Costa Rica French Guiana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Suriname Venezuela History of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Other topics ( edit ) Latin Americans Latin American integration Feminist history in Latin America History of the Jews in Latin America Latin America-- United States relations Latin American debt crisis Territorial evolution of the Caribbean Further reading ( edit ) Bakewell, Peter, A History of Latin America'' (Blackwell History of the World (Blackwell, 1997) Bethell, Leslie (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America , Cambridge University Press, 12 vol, 1984-- 2008 Burns, E. Bradford, Latin America: A Concise Interpretive History , paperback, PrenticeHall 2001, 7th edition Goebel, Michael, `` Globalizatitionalism in Latin America, c.1750-1950'' , New Global Studies 3 (2009) . Halperín Donghi, Tulio. The contemporary history of Latin America . Durham : Duke University Press, 1993. Herring, Hubert, A History of Latin America: from the Beginnings to the Present , 1955. ISBN 0-07-553562-9 Mignolo, Walter. The Idea of Latin America . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 2005. ISBN 978-1-4051-0086-1 . Miller, Rory. Britain and Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries . London: Longman 1993. Miller, Shawn William. An Environmental History of Latin America . New York: Cambridge University Press 2007. Schwaller, John Frederick. The History of the Catholic Church in Latin America: From Conquest to Revolution and Beyond (New York University Press; 2011) 319 pages Trigger, Bruce, and Wilcomb E. Washburn, eds. The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas (3 vols. 1996) Historiography ( edit ) Murillo, Dana Velasco. `` Modern local history in Spanish American historiography.'' History Compass 15.7 (2017). DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12387 Colonial era ( edit ) Adelman, Jeremy, ed. Colonial Legacies: The Problem of Persistence in Latin American History . New York: Routledge 1999. Alchon, Suzanne Austin. A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in Global Perspective . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2003. Andrien, Kenneth J. The Human Tradition in Colonial Spanish America . Wilmington: Scholarly Resources 2002. Brading, D.A. . The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867 . New York: Cambridge University Press 1991. Cañizares -Esguerra, Jorge . How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World . Stanford: Stanford University Press 2001. Brown, Jonathan C. Latin America: A Social History of the Colonial Period , Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2nd edition 2004. Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 . 30th anniversary edition. Westport: Praeger 2003. Denevan, William M., ed. The Native Population of the Americas ca. 1492 . 2nd edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1992. Donahue-Wallace, Kelly. Art and Architecture of Viceregal Latin America, 1521-1821 . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2008. Fisher, John R. Economic Aspects of Spanish Imperialism in America, 1492-1810 . Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 1997. Gonzalez, Ondina E. and Bianca Premo, eds. Raising an Empire: Children in Early Modern Iberia and Colonial Latin America . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2007. Haring, Clarence H. , The Spanish Empire in America . New York: Oxford University Press 1947. Hill, Ruth. Hierarchy, Commerce, and Fraud in Bourbon Spanish America . Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press 2006. Hoberman, Louisa Schell and Susan Migden Socolow, eds. Cities and Society in Colonial Spanish America . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986. Hoberman, Louisa Schell and Susan Migden Socolow, eds. The Countryside in Colonial Spanish America . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986. Johnson, Lyman L. and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera, eds. The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1998. Kagan, Richard. Urban Images of the Hispanic World, 1493-1793 . New Haven: Yale University Press 2000. Kinsbruner, Jay. The Colonial Spanish-American City: Urban Life in the Age of Atlantic Capitalism . Austin: University of Texas Press 2005. Klein, Herbert S. , The American Finances of the Spanish Empire: Royal Income and Expenditures in Colonial Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia, 1680-1809 . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1998. Klein, Herbert S. and Ben Vinson III. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean . 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press 2007. Landers, Jane G. and Barry M. Robinson, eds. Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2006. Lane, Kris, Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750 . Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe 1998. Lanning, John Tate . The Royal Protomedicato: The Regulation of the Medical Profession in the Spanish Empire . Ed. John Jay TePaske. Durham: Duke University Press 1985. Lockhart, James and Schwartz, Stuart B. , Early Latin America . New York: Cambridge University Press 1983. Lynch, John. The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change, 1598-1700 . Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1992. MacLeod, Murdo J. , Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520-1720 . Revised edition. Austin: University of Texas Press 2007. McKnight, Kathryn J. Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero-Atlantic World, 1550-- 1812 (Hackett Publishing Company 2009) Muldoon, James. The Americas in the Spanish World Order: The Justification of Conquest in the Seventeenth Century . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1998. Myers, Kathleen Ann. Neither Saints nor Sinners: Writing the Lives of Women in Spanish America . New York: Oxford University Press 2003. Pagden, Anthony. Spanish Imperialism and the Political Imagination: Studies in European and Spanish-American Social and Political Theory, 1513-1830 . New Haven: Yale University Press 1990. Paquette, Gabriel B. Enlightenment, Governance, and Reform in Spain and its Empire, 1759-1808 . New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2008. Pearce, Adrian. British Trade with Spanish America, 1763-1808 . Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 2008. Perry, Elizabeth Mary and Anne J. Cruz, eds. Cultural Encounters: The Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New World . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1991. Powers, Karen Vieira. Women in the Crucible of Conquest: The Gendered Genesis of Spanish American Society, 1500-1600 . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2005. Robinson, David J., ed. Migration in Colonial Spanish America . New York: Cambridge University Press 1990. Russell-Wood, A.J.R. Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Brazil . 2nd. ed. Oneworld Publications 2002. Safier, Neil. Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America . Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2008. Schwartz, Stuart B. All Can be Saved: Religious Tolerance and Salvation in the Atlantic World . New Haven: Yale University Press 1981. Socolow, Susan Migden. The Women of Colonial Latin America . New York: Cambridge University Press 2000. Stein, Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein. Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759-1789 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003. Stein, Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein. Silver, Trade, and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2000. Super, John D. Food, Conquest, and Colonization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1988. Trusted, Marjorie. The Arts of Spain: Iberia and Latin America 1450-1700 . University Park: Penn State Press 2007. Twinam, Ann. Public Lives, Private Secrets: Gender, Honor, Sexuality, and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America . Stanford: Stanford University Press 1999. Van Oss, A.C. Church and Society in Spanish America . Amsterdam: Aksant 2003. Weber, David J. Bárbaros : Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment . New Haven: Yale University Press 2005. Independence era ( edit ) Adelman, Jeremy. Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic . Princeton: Princeton University Press 2006. Andrien, Kenneth J. and Lyman L. Johnson, eds. The Political Economy of Spanish America in the Age of Revolution, 1750-1850 . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1994. Blanchard, Peter. Under the Flags of Freedom: Slave Soldiers and the Wars of Independence in Spanish America . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 2008. Chasteen, John Charles. Americanos: Latin America's Struggle for Independence . New York: Oxford University Press 2008. Davies, Catherine, Claire Brewster, and Hilary Owen. South American Independence: Gender, Politics, Text . Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 2007. Halperín Donghi, Tulio. The aftermath of revolution in Latin America . New York, Harper & Row (1973) Johnson, Lyman L. and Enrique Tandanter, eds. Essays on the Price History of Eighteenth-Century Latin America . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1990. Lynch, John, ed. Latin American revolutions, 1808-1826: old and new world origins (University of Oklahoma Press, 1994) Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1826 (1973) McFarlane, Anthony. War and Independence in Spanish America (2008) Rodríguez , Jaime E. Independence of Spanish America (Cambridge University Press, 1998) Modern era ( edit ) Barclay, Glen. Struggle for a Continent: The Diplomatic History of South America, 1917-1945 (1972) 214pp Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. The Economic History of Latin America since Independence (2nd ed. Cambridge UP, 2003) online Burns, E. Bradford, The Poverty of Progress: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1980. Drinot, Paulo and Alan Knight, eds. The Great Depression in Latin America (2014) excerpt Gilderhus, Mark T. The Second Century: US--Latin American Relations Since 1889 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000) Green, Duncan, Silent Revolution: The Rise and Crisis of Market Economics in Latin America , New York University Press 2003 Kirkendall, Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America: The State of the Field'' H-Diplo Essay No. 119: An H-Diplo State of the Field Essay (Nov. 2014) online evaluates 50+ scholarly books and articles Schoultz, Lars, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America , Harvard University Press 1998 Skidmore, Thomas E. and Smith, Peter H., Modern Latin America , Oxford University Press 2005 Stein, Stanley J. and Shane J. Hunt. `` Principal Currents in the Economic Historiography of Latin America,'' Journal of Economic History Vol. 31, No. 1, (March 1971), pp. 222-- 253 in JSTOR Valenzuela, Arturo . `` Latin American Presidencies Interrupted '' in Journal of Democracy Volume 15, Number 4 October 2004 Woodward, Ralph Lee, Positivism in Latin America, 1850-1900: Are order and progress reconcilable? Lexington, Mass., Heath (1971) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mignolo, Walter (2005). The Idea of Latin America . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 77-- 80. ISBN 978-1-4051-0086-1 . Jump up ^ McGuiness, Aims (2003). `` Searching for ' Latin America' : Race and Sovereignty in the Americas in the 1850s'' in Appelbaum, Nancy P. et al. (eds.). Race and Nation in Modern Latin America . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 87-107. ISBN 0-8078-5441-7 Jump up ^ Chasteen, John Charles (2001). Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America . W.W. Norton. p. 156. ISBN 0-393-97613-0 . Jump up ^ Butland, Gilbert J. (1960). Latin America: A Regional Geography . New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 115-- 188. ISBN 0-470-12658-2 . Dozer, Donald Marquand (1962). Latin America: An Interpretive History . New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1-- 15. Szulc, Tad (1965). Latin America . New York Times Company. pp. 13-- 17. Olien, Michael D. (1973). Latin Americans: Contemporary Peoples and Their Cultural Traditions . New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 1-- 5. ISBN 0-03-086251-5 . Black, Jan Knippers (ed.) (1984). Latin America: Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction . Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 362-- 378. ISBN 0-86531-213-3 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Bruns, E. Bradford (1986). Latin America: A Concise Interpretive History (4 ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. 224-- 227. ISBN 0-13-524356-4 . Skidmore, Thomas E.; Peter H. Smith (2005). Modern Latin America (6 ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 351-- 355. ISBN 0-19-517013-X . Jump up ^ Sherburne F. Cook and Woodrow Borah, Essays in Population History 3 vols. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1971-1979. Jump up ^ David P. Henige, Numbers from Nowhere: the American Indian Contact Population Debate , Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1998. Jump up ^ Nobel David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492-1650 . New York: Cambridge University Press 1998. Jump up ^ `` The Maya Codices'' . about.com. Jump up ^ McKnight, Afro-Latino Voices p 52. Jump up ^ McKnight, Afro-Latino Voices p 61. Jump up ^ McKnight, Afro-Latino Voices p 64. Jump up ^ McKnight, Afro-Latino Voices p 176. Jump up ^ McKnight, Afro-Latino Voices p 175. Jump up ^ McKnight, Afro-Latino Voices p 193. Jump up ^ Christopher Minster (2007). `` The Federal Republic of Central America (1823-1840)'' . About.com . Retrieved 2009-05-01 . Jump up ^ David M.K. Sheinin, ed., Sports Culture in Latin American History (2015). Jump up ^ Cesar R. Torres, `` The Latin American ' Olympic Explosion' of the 1920s: causes and consequences.'' International Journal of the History of Sport 23.7 (2006): 1088-1111. Jump up ^ Claudia Guedes, `` ' Changing the cultural landscape' : English engineers, American missionaries, and the YMCA bring sports to Brazil-- the 1870s to the 1930s.'' International Journal of the History of Sport 28.17 (2011): 2594-2608. Jump up ^ Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America since Independence (2nd ed. 2003) pp 189-231. Jump up ^ Mainwaring, Scott; Pérez -Liñán , Aníbal (December 2008). `` Regime legacies and democratization: explaining variance in the level of democracy in Latin America, 1978-2004'' (PDF) . Kellogg Institute. Jump up ^ Victor Flores Olea. `` Editoriales -- El Universal -- 10 de abril 2006 : Operacion Condor'' (in Spanish). El Universal (Mexico) . Retrieved 2009-03-24 . Jump up ^ Boulos, Guilherme. `` Onda Conservadora'' . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Latin_America&oldid=841747581 '' Categories : History of the Americas History of North America History of South America Latin American history Latin American studies Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing Portuguese-language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Latina Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018, at 20:00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 3540351941859855951 |
when was model secondary school for the deaf founded | The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15 , 1966 ( P.L. 89 - 694 ) . In May 1969 , the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health , Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf ( MSSD ) at the College . MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus . | [
[
"October 15, 1966"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The Model Secondary School ( MSSD ) is a residential four - year high school for deaf and hard - of - hearing students located on the Gallaudet University campus in Washington , D.C. .",
"The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15 , 1966 ( P.L. 89 - 694 ) . In May 1969 , the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health , Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf ( MSSD ) at the College . MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus .",
"MSSD provides a tuition - free comprehensive day and residential four - year high school program for deaf and hard of hearing students from the United States and its territories . MSSD is fully accredited by two organizations :",
"Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and Programs for the Deaf",
"Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools",
"Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and Programs for the Deaf",
"MSSD is a demonstration school of the Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center . Their Belief and Mission Statements can be viewed at the Clerc Center website .",
"The school is tuition - free and open only to residents of the United States and its territories . The school enrollment ranges from 160 to 180 students . Students are typically between ages 14 and 21 . The majority of new students begin in the fall semester , but students are also admitted in the spring . An array of support services are available to all MSSD students , including a new signer program , communication support services , audiological services , counseling services , social work services , psychological services , and health services . MSSD students are expected to graduate ready for the challenges of adult life .",
"Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 76 ° 59 ′ 21.6 '' W / 38.90750 ° N 76.989333 ° W / 38.90750 ; - 76.989333"
] | Model Secondary school for the Deaf - wikipedia Model Secondary school for the Deaf Jump to: navigation , search The Model Secondary School (MSSD) is a residential four-year high school for deaf and hard-of-hearing students located on the Gallaudet University campus in Washington, D.C. . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campus and student body 3 References 4 See also History ( edit ) The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89-694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus. MSSD provides a tuition-free comprehensive day and residential four-year high school program for deaf and hard of hearing students from the United States and its territories. MSSD is fully accredited by two organizations: Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and Programs for the Deaf MSSD is a demonstration school of the Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center. Their Belief and Mission Statements can be viewed at the Clerc Center website. Campus and student body ( edit ) The school is tuition-free and open only to residents of the United States and its territories. The school enrollment ranges from 160 to 180 students. Students are typically between ages 14 and 21. The majority of new students begin in the fall semester, but students are also admitted in the spring. An array of support services are available to all MSSD students, including a new signer program, communication support services, audiological services, counseling services, social work services, psychological services, and health services. MSSD students are expected to graduate ready for the challenges of adult life. Coordinates : 38° 54′ 27'' N 76° 59′ 21.6'' W / 38.90750° N 76.989333° W / 38.90750; -76.989333 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: http://www.perceptions4people.org/component/content/article/55-general/118-model-secondary-school-for-the-deaf-laurent-clerc-national-deaf-.html Jump up ^ http://www.gallaudet.edu/mssd.html Jump up ^ Clerc Center Jump up ^ About MSSD See also ( edit ) The Model Secondary School (website) District of Columbia High Schools District of Columbia Public Schools Zoned schools Anacostia Ballou Cardozo Education Campus Coolidge Dunbar Eastern Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson Woodson Closed Spingarn High School Magnet/alternative schools Benjamin Banneker Academic Bell Multicultural Duke Ellington School of the Arts McKinley Technology School Without Walls District of Columbia Public Charter School Board Charter schools Washington Latin Public Charter School Independent schools Secular private British International School of Washington Emerson Preparatory School The Field School Georgetown Day School Maret School Model Secondary School for the Deaf Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C. Washington International School Religious Archbishop Carroll High School Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School Gonzaga College High School National Cathedral School Sidwell Friends School St. Albans School St. Anselm's Abbey School St. John's College High School This list is incomplete. The international schools of France and Germany are in the State of Maryland and the international school of Saudi Arabia is in Virginia, outside of the District of Columbia's boundaries. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Model_Secondary_School_for_the_Deaf&oldid=801255561 '' Categories : Private high schools in Washington, D.C. Independent School League Educational institutions established in 1969 1969 establishments in Washington, D.C. Schools for the deaf in the United States Gallaudet University Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 16:40. About Wikipedia | 2001995827731802841 |
where is epithelial tissue found in the skin | Epithelium ( epi - + thele + - ium ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue , along with connective tissue , muscle tissue and nervous tissue . Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body . | [
[
"line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Epithelium Types of epithlium Identifiers TH H2. 00.02. 0.00002 FMA 9639 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"Epithelium",
"Types of epithlium",
"Identifiers",
"TH H2. 00.02. 0.00002",
"FMA 9639",
"Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"This article is one of a series on Epithelia Squamous epithelial cell Simple Stratified Columnar epithelial cell Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Cuboidal epithelial cell Simple Stratified Specialised epithelia Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Germinal female male Other Table of epithelia of human organs",
"This article is one of a series on",
"Epithelia",
"Squamous epithelial cell",
"Simple Stratified",
"Simple Stratified",
"Columnar epithelial cell",
"Simple Stratified Pseudostratified",
"Simple Stratified Pseudostratified",
"Cuboidal epithelial cell",
"Simple Stratified",
"Simple Stratified",
"Specialised epithelia",
"Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Germinal female male",
"Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Germinal female male",
"Germinal female male",
"female male",
"Other",
"Table of epithelia of human organs",
"Table of epithelia of human organs",
"Table of epithelia of human organs",
"",
"",
"Epithelium ( epi - + thele + - ium ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue , along with connective tissue , muscle tissue and nervous tissue . Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body .",
"There are three principal shapes of epithelial cell : squamous , columnar , and cuboidal . These can be arranged in a single layer of cells as simple epithelium , either squamous , columnar , cuboidal , pseudo-stratified columnar or in layers of two or more cells deep as stratified ( layered ) , either squamous , columnar or cuboidal . All glands are made up of epithelial cells . Functions of epithelial cells include secretion , selective absorption , protection , transcellular transport , and sensing .",
"Epithelial layers contain no blood vessels , so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue , through the basement membrane . Cell junctions are well - employed in epithelial tissues .",
"In general , epithelial tissues are classified by the number of their layers and by the shape and function of the cells .",
"The three principal shapes associated with epithelial cells are -- squamous , cuboidal and columnar .",
"Squamous epithelium has cells that are wider than their height ( flat and scale - like ) . Cuboidal epithelium has cells whose height and width are approximately the same ( cube shaped ) . Columnar epithelium has cells taller than they are wide ( column - shaped ) .",
"Squamous epithelium has cells that are wider than their height ( flat and scale - like ) .",
"Cuboidal epithelium has cells whose height and width are approximately the same ( cube shaped ) .",
"Columnar epithelium has cells taller than they are wide ( column - shaped ) .",
"By layer , epithelium is classed as either simple epithelium , only one cell thick ( unilayered ) or stratified epithelium as stratified squamous epithelium , stratified cuboidal epithelium , and stratified columnar epithelium that are two or more cells thick ( multi-layered ) , and both types of layering can be made up of any of the cell shapes . However , when taller simple columnar epithelial cells are viewed in cross section showing several nuclei appearing at different heights , they can be confused with stratified epithelia . This kind of epithelium is therefore described as pseudostratified columnar epithelium .",
"Transitional epithelium has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal , depending on the amount of tension on the epithelium .",
"Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the basement membrane that separates it from the underlying connective tissue . In general , it is found where absorption and filtration occur . The thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes .",
"In general , simple epithelial tissues are classified by the shape of their cells . The four major classes of simple epithelium are : ( 1 ) simple squamous ; ( 2 ) simple cuboidal ; ( 3 ) simple columnar ; ( 4 ) pseudostratified .",
"( 1 ) simple squamous ; which is found lining areas where passive diffusion of gases occur . e.g. skin , walls of capillaries , linings of the pericardial , pleural , and peritoneal cavities , as well as the linings of the alveoli of the lungs . ( 2 ) simple cuboidal : these cells may have secretory , absorptive , or excretory functions . examples include small collecting ducts of kidney , pancreas , and salivary gland . ( 3 ) simple columnar ; cells can be secretory , absorptive , or excretory ; Simple columnar epithelium can be ciliated or non-ciliated ; ciliated columnar is found in the female reproductive tract and uterus . Non-ciliated epithelium can also possess microvilli . ( 4 ) pseudostratified columnar epithelium ; can be ciliated or non-ciliated . The ciliated type is also called respiratory epithelium as it is almost exclusively confined to the larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity , trachea and bronchi .",
"( 1 ) simple squamous ; which is found lining areas where passive diffusion of gases occur . e.g. skin , walls of capillaries , linings of the pericardial , pleural , and peritoneal cavities , as well as the linings of the alveoli of the lungs .",
"( 2 ) simple cuboidal : these cells may have secretory , absorptive , or excretory functions . examples include small collecting ducts of kidney , pancreas , and salivary gland .",
"( 3 ) simple columnar ; cells can be secretory , absorptive , or excretory ; Simple columnar epithelium can be ciliated or non-ciliated ; ciliated columnar is found in the female reproductive tract and uterus . Non-ciliated epithelium can also possess microvilli .",
"( 4 ) pseudostratified columnar epithelium ; can be ciliated or non-ciliated . The ciliated type is also called respiratory epithelium as it is almost exclusively confined to the larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity , trachea and bronchi .",
"Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium in that it is multilayered . It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult such that layers can be abraded and lost without exposing subepithelial layers . Cells flatten as the layers become more apical , though in their most basal layers the cells can be squamous , cuboidal or columnar .",
"Stratified epithelia ( of columnar , cuboidal or squamous type ) can have the following specializations :",
"Specialization Description Keratinized In this particular case , the most apical layers ( exterior ) of cells are dead and lose their nucleus and cytoplasm , instead contain a tough , resistant protein called keratin . This specialization makes the epithelium waterproof , so is found in the mammalian skin . The lining of the esophagus is an example of a non-keratinized or `` moist '' stratified epithelium . Parakeratinized In this case , the most apical layers of cells are filled with keratin , but they still retain their nuclei . These nuclei are pyknotic , meaning that they are highly condensed . Parakeratinized epithelium is sometimes found in the oral mucosa and in the upper regions of the esophagus . Transitional Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is not stretched or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches . It is sometimes called urothelium since it is almost exclusively found in the bladder , ureters and urethra .",
"Specialization Description",
"Keratinized In this particular case , the most apical layers ( exterior ) of cells are dead and lose their nucleus and cytoplasm , instead contain a tough , resistant protein called keratin . This specialization makes the epithelium waterproof , so is found in the mammalian skin . The lining of the esophagus is an example of a non-keratinized or `` moist '' stratified epithelium .",
"Parakeratinized In this case , the most apical layers of cells are filled with keratin , but they still retain their nuclei . These nuclei are pyknotic , meaning that they are highly condensed . Parakeratinized epithelium is sometimes found in the oral mucosa and in the upper regions of the esophagus .",
"Transitional Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is not stretched or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches . It is sometimes called urothelium since it is almost exclusively found in the bladder , ureters and urethra .",
"The basic cell types are squamous , cuboidal , and columnar classed by their shape .",
"Type Description Squamous Squamous cells have the appearance of thin , flat plates that can look polygonal when viewed from above . Their name comes from squāma , Latin for scale -- as on fish or snake skin . The cells fit closely together in tissues ; providing a smooth , low - friction surface over which fluids can move easily . The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and helps to identify the type of epithelium . Squamous cells tend to have horizontally flattened , nearly oval shaped nuclei because of the thin flattened form of the cell . Squamous epitheliium is found lining surfaces such as the skin , and alveoli in the lung , enabling simple passive diffusion as also found in the alveolar epithelium in the lungs . Specialized squamous epithelium also forms the lining of cavities such as in blood vessels , as endothelium and in the pericardium , as mesothelium and in other body cavities . Cuboidal Cuboidal epithelial cells have a cube - like shape and appear square in cross-section . The cell nucleus is large , spherical and is in the centre of the cell . Cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in secretive tissue such as the exocrine glands , or in absorptive tissue such as the pancreas , the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands . The germinal epithelium that covers the female ovary , and the germinal epithelium that lines the walls of the seminferous tubules in the testes are also of the cuboidal type . Cuboidal cells provide protection and may be active in pumping material in or out of the lumen , or passive depending on their location and specialisation . Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands . Stratified cuboidal epithelium protects areas such as the ducts of sweat glands , mammary glands , and salivary glands . Columnar Columnar epithelial cells are elongated and column - shaped and have a height of at least four times their width . Their nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells . Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines . The cells here may possess microvilli for maximising the surface area for absorption and these microvilli may form a brush border . Other cells may be ciliated to move mucus in the function of mucociliary clearance . Other ciliated cells are found in the fallopian tubes , the uterus and central canal of the spinal cord . Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory reception such as in the nose , ears and the taste buds . Hair cells in the inner ears have stereocilia which are similar to microvilli . Goblet cells are modified columnar cells and are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum . They secrete mucus , which acts as a lubricant . Single - layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium tends to indicate an absorptive function . Stratified columnar epithelium is rare but is found in lobar ducts in the salivary glands , the eye , pharynx and sex organs . This consists of a layer of cells resting on at least one other layer of epithelial cells which can be squamous , cuboidal , or columnar . Pseudostratified These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights , giving the misleading ( hence `` pseudo '' ) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section . Ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells have cilia . Cilia are capable of energy dependent pulsatile beating in a certain direction through interaction of cytoskeletal microtubules and connecting structural proteins and enzymes . In the respiratory tract the wafting effect produced causes mucus secreted locally by the goblet cells ( to lubricate and to trap pathogens and particles ) to flow in that direction ( typically out of the body ) . Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways ( nose , bronchi ) , but is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes , where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus .",
"Type Description",
"Squamous Squamous cells have the appearance of thin , flat plates that can look polygonal when viewed from above . Their name comes from squāma , Latin for scale -- as on fish or snake skin . The cells fit closely together in tissues ; providing a smooth , low - friction surface over which fluids can move easily . The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and helps to identify the type of epithelium . Squamous cells tend to have horizontally flattened , nearly oval shaped nuclei because of the thin flattened form of the cell . Squamous epitheliium is found lining surfaces such as the skin , and alveoli in the lung , enabling simple passive diffusion as also found in the alveolar epithelium in the lungs . Specialized squamous epithelium also forms the lining of cavities such as in blood vessels , as endothelium and in the pericardium , as mesothelium and in other body cavities .",
"Cuboidal Cuboidal epithelial cells have a cube - like shape and appear square in cross-section . The cell nucleus is large , spherical and is in the centre of the cell . Cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in secretive tissue such as the exocrine glands , or in absorptive tissue such as the pancreas , the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands . The germinal epithelium that covers the female ovary , and the germinal epithelium that lines the walls of the seminferous tubules in the testes are also of the cuboidal type . Cuboidal cells provide protection and may be active in pumping material in or out of the lumen , or passive depending on their location and specialisation . Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands . Stratified cuboidal epithelium protects areas such as the ducts of sweat glands , mammary glands , and salivary glands .",
"Columnar Columnar epithelial cells are elongated and column - shaped and have a height of at least four times their width . Their nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells . Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines . The cells here may possess microvilli for maximising the surface area for absorption and these microvilli may form a brush border . Other cells may be ciliated to move mucus in the function of mucociliary clearance . Other ciliated cells are found in the fallopian tubes , the uterus and central canal of the spinal cord . Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory reception such as in the nose , ears and the taste buds . Hair cells in the inner ears have stereocilia which are similar to microvilli . Goblet cells are modified columnar cells and are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum . They secrete mucus , which acts as a lubricant . Single - layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium tends to indicate an absorptive function . Stratified columnar epithelium is rare but is found in lobar ducts in the salivary glands , the eye , pharynx and sex organs . This consists of a layer of cells resting on at least one other layer of epithelial cells which can be squamous , cuboidal , or columnar .",
"Pseudostratified These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights , giving the misleading ( hence `` pseudo '' ) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section . Ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells have cilia . Cilia are capable of energy dependent pulsatile beating in a certain direction through interaction of cytoskeletal microtubules and connecting structural proteins and enzymes . In the respiratory tract the wafting effect produced causes mucus secreted locally by the goblet cells ( to lubricate and to trap pathogens and particles ) to flow in that direction ( typically out of the body ) . Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways ( nose , bronchi ) , but is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes , where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus .",
"Cells of epithelial tissue are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet . They have almost no intercellular spaces . All epithelia is usually separated from underlying tissues by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane . The lining of the mouth , lung alveoli and kidney tubules all are made of epithelial tissue . The lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels are of a specialised form of epithelium called endothelium .",
"Epithelium lines both the outside ( skin ) and the inside cavities and lumina of bodies . The outermost layer of human skin is composed of dead stratified squamous , keratinized epithelial cells .",
"Tissues that line the inside of the mouth , the oesophagus , the vagina , and part of the rectum are composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium . Other surfaces that separate body cavities from the outside environment are lined by simple squamous , columnar , or pseudostratified epithelial cells . Other epithelial cells line the insides of the lungs , the gastrointestinal tract , the reproductive and urinary tracts , and make up the exocrine and endocrine glands . The outer surface of the cornea is covered with fast - growing , easily regenerated epithelial cells . A specialised form of epithelium -- endothelium forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart , and is known as vascular endothelium , and lining lymphatic vessels as lymphatic endothelium . Another type , mesothelium , forms the walls of the pericardium , pleurae , and peritoneum .",
"In arthropods , the integument , or external `` skin '' , consists of a single layer of epithelial ectoderm from which arises the cuticle , an outer covering of chitin the rigidity of which varies as per its chemical composition .",
"Epithelial tissue rests on a basement membrane , which acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries . Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply , but no blood supply and must be nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels in the underlying tissue . The basement membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that determines which substances will be able to enter the epithelium .",
"Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues . They consist of protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells , between a cell and the extracellular matrix , or they build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the paracellular transport .",
"Cell junctions are the contact points between plasma membrane and tissue cells . There are mainly 5 different types of cell junctions : tight junctions , adherens junctions , desmosomes , hemidesmosomes , and gap junctions . Tight junctions are a pair of trans - membrane protein fused on outer plasma membrane . Adherens junctions are a plaque ( protein layer on the inside plasma membrane ) which attaches both cells ' microfilaments . Desmosomes attach to the microfilaments of cytoskeleton made up of keratin protein . Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes on a section . They are made up of the integrin ( a transmembrane protein ) instead of cadherin . They attach the epithelial cell to the basement membrane . Gap junctions connect the cytoplasm of two cells and are made up of proteins called connexins ( six of which come together to make a connexion ) .",
"Epithelial tissues are derived from all of the embryological germ layers :",
"from ectoderm ( e.g. , the epidermis ) ; from endoderm ( e.g. , the lining of the gastrointestinal tract ) ; from mesoderm ( e.g. , the inner linings of body cavities ) .",
"from ectoderm ( e.g. , the epidermis ) ;",
"from endoderm ( e.g. , the lining of the gastrointestinal tract ) ;",
"from mesoderm ( e.g. , the inner linings of body cavities ) .",
"However , it is important to note that pathologists do not consider endothelium and mesothelium ( both derived from mesoderm ) to be true epithelium . This is because such tissues present very different pathology . For that reason , pathologists label cancers in endothelium and mesothelium sarcomas , whereas true epithelial cancers are called carcinomas . Also , the filaments that support these mesoderm - derived tissues are very distinct . Outside of the field of pathology , it is , in general , accepted that the epithelium arises from all three germ layers .",
"Epithelial tissues have as their primary functions :",
"to protect the tissues that lie beneath from radiation , desiccation , toxins , invasion by pathogens , and physical trauma the regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying tissues and a body cavity the secretion of hormones into the circulatory system , as well as the secretion of sweat , mucus , enzymes , and other products that are delivered by ducts to provide sensation",
"to protect the tissues that lie beneath from radiation , desiccation , toxins , invasion by pathogens , and physical trauma",
"the regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying tissues and a body cavity",
"the secretion of hormones into the circulatory system , as well as the secretion of sweat , mucus , enzymes , and other products that are delivered by ducts",
"to provide sensation",
"Glandular tissue is the type of epithelium that forms the glands from the infolding of epithelium and subsequent growth in the underlying connective tissue . There are two major classifications of glands : endocrine glands and exocrine glands :",
"Endocrine glands secrete their product into the extracellular space where it is rapidly taken up by the circulatory system . Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct that then delivers the product to the lumen of an organ or onto the free surface of the epithelium .",
"Endocrine glands secrete their product into the extracellular space where it is rapidly taken up by the circulatory system .",
"Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct that then delivers the product to the lumen of an organ or onto the free surface of the epithelium .",
"`` Some epithelial cells are ciliated , especially in respiratory epithelium , and they commonly exist as a sheet of polarised cells forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the lumen . '' Primary cilia on epithelial cells provide chemosensation , thermoception , and mechanosensation of the extracellular environment by playing `` a sensory role mediating specific signalling cues , including soluble factors in the external cell environment , a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow , and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are motile . ''",
"The slide shows at ( 1 ) an epithelial cell infected by Chlamydia pneumonia ; their inclusion bodies shown at ( 3 ) ; an uninfected cell shown at ( 2 ) and ( 4 ) showing the difference between an infected cell nucleus and an uninfected cell nucleus .",
"Epithelium grown in culture can be identified by examining its morphological characteristics . Epithelial cells tend to cluster together , and have a `` characteristic tight pavement - like appearance '' . But this is not always the case , such as when the cells are derived from a tumor . In these cases , it is often necessary to use certain biochemical markers to make a positive identification . The intermediate filament proteins in the cytokeratin group are almost exclusively found in epithelial cells , and so are often used for this purpose .",
"Carcinomas develop in epithelial tissues . Sarcomas develop in connective tissue .",
"When epithelial cells or tissues are damaged from cystic fibrosis , sweat glands are also damaged , causing a frosty coating of the skin .",
"The word epithelium ( / ˌɛpɪˈθiːliəm / ) uses the Greek roots ἐπί ( epi ) , `` on '' or `` upon '' , and θηλή ( thēlē ) , `` nipple '' . Epithelium is so called because the name was originally used to describe the translucent covering of small `` nipples '' of tissue on the lip . The word has both mass and count senses ; the plural form is epithelia .",
"Squamous Epithelium 100x Human cheek cells ( Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium ) 500x Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium",
"Squamous Epithelium 100x",
"Squamous Epithelium 100x",
"Human cheek cells ( Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium ) 500x",
"Human cheek cells ( Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium ) 500x",
"Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium",
"Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium",
"Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium",
"Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium"
] | Epithelium - wikipedia Epithelium Jump to: navigation , search This article is about epithelium in animal anatomy. For the fungal structure of the same name, see Pileipellis . Epithelium Types of epithlium Identifiers TH H2.00.02.0.00002 FMA 9639 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series on Epithelia Squamous epithelial cell Simple Stratified Columnar epithelial cell Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Cuboidal epithelial cell Simple Stratified Specialised epithelia Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Germinal female male Other Table of epithelia of human organs Epithelium ( epi- + thele + -ium ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue , along with connective tissue , muscle tissue and nervous tissue . Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body. There are three principal shapes of epithelial cell: squamous, columnar, and cuboidal. These can be arranged in a single layer of cells as simple epithelium, either squamous, columnar, cuboidal, pseudo-stratified columnar or in layers of two or more cells deep as stratified (layered), either squamous, columnar or cuboidal. All glands are made up of epithelial cells. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion , selective absorption , protection, transcellular transport , and sensing . Epithelial layers contain no blood vessels, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane . Cell junctions are well-employed in epithelial tissues. Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 1.1 Simple epithelium 1.2 Stratified epithelium 2 Cell types 3 Structure 3.1 Location 3.2 Basement membrane 3.3 Cell junctions 3.4 Development 4 Functions 4.1 Glandular tissue 4.2 Sensing the extracellular environment 5 Clinical significance 6 Etymology and pronunciation 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Classification ( edit ) Summary showing different epithelial cells/tissues and their characteristics. In general, epithelial tissues are classified by the number of their layers and by the shape and function of the cells. The three principal shapes associated with epithelial cells are-- squamous, cuboidal and columnar. Squamous epithelium has cells that are wider than their height (flat and scale-like). Cuboidal epithelium has cells whose height and width are approximately the same (cube shaped). Columnar epithelium has cells taller than they are wide (column-shaped). By layer, epithelium is classed as either simple epithelium, only one cell thick (unilayered) or stratified epithelium as stratified squamous epithelium , stratified cuboidal epithelium , and stratified columnar epithelium that are two or more cells thick (multi-layered), and both types of layering can be made up of any of the cell shapes. However, when taller simple columnar epithelial cells are viewed in cross section showing several nuclei appearing at different heights, they can be confused with stratified epithelia. This kind of epithelium is therefore described as pseudostratified columnar epithelium . Transitional epithelium has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal, depending on the amount of tension on the epithelium. Simple epithelium ( edit ) Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the basement membrane that separates it from the underlying connective tissue. In general, it is found where absorption and filtration occur. The thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes. In general, simple epithelial tissues are classified by the shape of their cells. The four major classes of simple epithelium are: (1) simple squamous; (2) simple cuboidal; (3) simple columnar; (4) pseudostratified. (1) simple squamous ; which is found lining areas where passive diffusion of gases occur. e.g. skin, walls of capillaries, linings of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, as well as the linings of the alveoli of the lungs. (2) simple cuboidal : these cells may have secretory, absorptive, or excretory functions. examples include small collecting ducts of kidney, pancreas, and salivary gland. (3) simple columnar ; cells can be secretory, absorptive, or excretory; Simple columnar epithelium can be ciliated or non-ciliated; ciliated columnar is found in the female reproductive tract and uterus. Non-ciliated epithelium can also possess microvilli . (4) pseudostratified columnar epithelium ; can be ciliated or non-ciliated. The ciliated type is also called respiratory epithelium as it is almost exclusively confined to the larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi. Stratified epithelium ( edit ) Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium in that it is multilayered. It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult such that layers can be abraded and lost without exposing subepithelial layers. Cells flatten as the layers become more apical, though in their most basal layers the cells can be squamous, cuboidal or columnar. Stratified epithelia (of columnar, cuboidal or squamous type) can have the following specializations: Specialization Description Keratinized In this particular case, the most apical layers (exterior) of cells are dead and lose their nucleus and cytoplasm, instead contain a tough, resistant protein called keratin. This specialization makes the epithelium waterproof, so is found in the mammalian skin. The lining of the esophagus is an example of a non-keratinized or `` moist'' stratified epithelium. Parakeratinized In this case, the most apical layers of cells are filled with keratin, but they still retain their nuclei. These nuclei are pyknotic , meaning that they are highly condensed. Parakeratinized epithelium is sometimes found in the oral mucosa and in the upper regions of the esophagus. Transitional Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is not stretched or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches. It is sometimes called urothelium since it is almost exclusively found in the bladder, ureters and urethra. Cell types ( edit ) The basic cell types are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar classed by their shape. Type Description Squamous Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates that can look polygonal when viewed from above. Their name comes from squāma , Latin for scale -- as on fish or snake skin. The cells fit closely together in tissues; providing a smooth, low-friction surface over which fluids can move easily. The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and helps to identify the type of epithelium. Squamous cells tend to have horizontally flattened, nearly oval shaped nuclei because of the thin flattened form of the cell. Squamous epitheliium is found lining surfaces such as the skin , and alveoli in the lung , enabling simple passive diffusion as also found in the alveolar epithelium in the lungs. Specialized squamous epithelium also forms the lining of cavities such as in blood vessels, as endothelium and in the pericardium , as mesothelium and in other body cavities . Cuboidal Cuboidal epithelial cells have a cube-like shape and appear square in cross-section. The cell nucleus is large, spherical and is in the centre of the cell. Cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in secretive tissue such as the exocrine glands , or in absorptive tissue such as the pancreas, the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands. The germinal epithelium that covers the female ovary , and the germinal epithelium that lines the walls of the seminferous tubules in the testes are also of the cuboidal type. Cuboidal cells provide protection and may be active in pumping material in or out of the lumen, or passive depending on their location and specialisation. Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands. Stratified cuboidal epithelium protects areas such as the ducts of sweat glands , mammary glands , and salivary glands . Columnar Columnar epithelial cells are elongated and column-shaped and have a height of at least four times their width. Their nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells. Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines. The cells here may possess microvilli for maximising the surface area for absorption and these microvilli may form a brush border . Other cells may be ciliated to move mucus in the function of mucociliary clearance . Other ciliated cells are found in the fallopian tubes , the uterus and central canal of the spinal cord . Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory reception such as in the nose, ears and the taste buds . Hair cells in the inner ears have stereocilia which are similar to microvilli. Goblet cells are modified columnar cells and are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum. They secrete mucus, which acts as a lubricant. Single-layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium tends to indicate an absorptive function. Stratified columnar epithelium is rare but is found in lobar ducts in the salivary glands , the eye , pharynx and sex organs . This consists of a layer of cells resting on at least one other layer of epithelial cells which can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar. Pseudostratified These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence `` pseudo'' ) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section. Ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells have cilia. Cilia are capable of energy dependent pulsatile beating in a certain direction through interaction of cytoskeletal microtubules and connecting structural proteins and enzymes. In the respiratory tract the wafting effect produced causes mucus secreted locally by the goblet cells (to lubricate and to trap pathogens and particles) to flow in that direction (typically out of the body). Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes , where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus. Structure ( edit ) Cells of epithelial tissue are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet. They have almost no intercellular spaces. All epithelia is usually separated from underlying tissues by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane. The lining of the mouth, lung alveoli and kidney tubules all are made of epithelial tissue. The lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels are of a specialised form of epithelium called endothelium . Location ( edit ) See also: Table of epithelia of human organs Epithelium lines both the outside ( skin ) and the inside cavities and lumina of bodies. The outermost layer of human skin is composed of dead stratified squamous , keratinized epithelial cells. Tissues that line the inside of the mouth, the oesophagus, the vagina, and part of the rectum are composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Other surfaces that separate body cavities from the outside environment are lined by simple squamous, columnar, or pseudostratified epithelial cells. Other epithelial cells line the insides of the lungs , the gastrointestinal tract , the reproductive and urinary tracts, and make up the exocrine and endocrine glands. The outer surface of the cornea is covered with fast-growing, easily regenerated epithelial cells. A specialised form of epithelium -- endothelium forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart , and is known as vascular endothelium, and lining lymphatic vessels as lymphatic endothelium. Another type, mesothelium , forms the walls of the pericardium , pleurae , and peritoneum . In arthropods, the integument , or external `` skin'' , consists of a single layer of epithelial ectoderm from which arises the cuticle , an outer covering of chitin the rigidity of which varies as per its chemical composition. Basement membrane ( edit ) Epithelial tissue rests on a basement membrane , which acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries. Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply , but no blood supply and must be nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels in the underlying tissue. The basement membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that determines which substances will be able to enter the epithelium. Cell junctions ( edit ) Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. They consist of protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells, between a cell and the extracellular matrix , or they build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the paracellular transport . Cell junctions are the contact points between plasma membrane and tissue cells. There are mainly 5 different types of cell junctions: tight junctions , adherens junctions , desmosomes , hemidesmosomes , and gap junctions . Tight junctions are a pair of trans-membrane protein fused on outer plasma membrane. Adherens junctions are a plaque (protein layer on the inside plasma membrane) which attaches both cells' microfilaments. Desmosomes attach to the microfilaments of cytoskeleton made up of keratin protein. Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes on a section. They are made up of the integrin (a transmembrane protein) instead of cadherin. They attach the epithelial cell to the basement membrane. Gap junctions connect the cytoplasm of two cells and are made up of proteins called connexins (six of which come together to make a connexion). Development ( edit ) Epithelial tissues are derived from all of the embryological germ layers : from ectoderm (e.g., the epidermis ); from endoderm (e.g., the lining of the gastrointestinal tract ); from mesoderm (e.g., the inner linings of body cavities ). However, it is important to note that pathologists do not consider endothelium and mesothelium (both derived from mesoderm) to be true epithelium. This is because such tissues present very different pathology. For that reason, pathologists label cancers in endothelium and mesothelium sarcomas , whereas true epithelial cancers are called carcinomas . Also, the filaments that support these mesoderm-derived tissues are very distinct. Outside of the field of pathology, it is, in general, accepted that the epithelium arises from all three germ layers. Functions ( edit ) Forms of secretion in glandular tissue Different characteristics of glands of the body Epithelial tissues have as their primary functions: to protect the tissues that lie beneath from radiation , desiccation, toxins , invasion by pathogens, and physical trauma the regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying tissues and a body cavity the secretion of hormones into the circulatory system , as well as the secretion of sweat, mucus, enzymes, and other products that are delivered by ducts to provide sensation Glandular tissue ( edit ) Glandular tissue is the type of epithelium that forms the glands from the infolding of epithelium and subsequent growth in the underlying connective tissue. There are two major classifications of glands: endocrine glands and exocrine glands : Endocrine glands secrete their product into the extracellular space where it is rapidly taken up by the circulatory system. Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct that then delivers the product to the lumen of an organ or onto the free surface of the epithelium. Sensing the extracellular environment ( edit ) `` Some epithelial cells are ciliated , especially in respiratory epithelium , and they commonly exist as a sheet of polarised cells forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the lumen .'' Primary cilia on epithelial cells provide chemosensation, thermoception , and mechanosensation of the extracellular environment by playing `` a sensory role mediating specific signalling cues, including soluble factors in the external cell environment, a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow, and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are motile .'' Clinical significance ( edit ) Epithelial cell infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae The slide shows at (1) an epithelial cell infected by Chlamydia pneumonia ; their inclusion bodies shown at (3); an uninfected cell shown at (2) and (4) showing the difference between an infected cell nucleus and an uninfected cell nucleus. Epithelium grown in culture can be identified by examining its morphological characteristics. Epithelial cells tend to cluster together, and have a `` characteristic tight pavement-like appearance'' . But this is not always the case, such as when the cells are derived from a tumor. In these cases, it is often necessary to use certain biochemical markers to make a positive identification. The intermediate filament proteins in the cytokeratin group are almost exclusively found in epithelial cells, and so are often used for this purpose. Carcinomas develop in epithelial tissues. Sarcomas develop in connective tissue . When epithelial cells or tissues are damaged from cystic fibrosis , sweat glands are also damaged, causing a frosty coating of the skin. Etymology and pronunciation ( edit ) The word epithelium ( / ˌɛpɪˈθiːliəm / ) uses the Greek roots ἐπί ( epi ), `` on'' or `` upon'' , and θηλή ( thēlē ), `` nipple'' . Epithelium is so called because the name was originally used to describe the translucent covering of small `` nipples'' of tissue on the lip . The word has both mass and count senses; the plural form is epithelia . Additional images ( edit ) Squamous Epithelium 100x Human cheek cells (Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium) 500x Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium See also ( edit ) Blastula Dark cell Epithelial-mesenchymal transition Epithelial polarity Gastrulation Glycocalyx Neuroepithelial cell Skin cancer Sulcular epithelium Triploblasty References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Eurell, Jo Ann C.; et al., eds. (2006). Dellmann's textbook of veterinary histology . Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7817-4148-4 . ^ Jump up to: Freshney, 2002: p. 3 ^ Jump up to: Marieb, Elaine M. (1995). Human Anatomy and Physiology (3rd ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. pp. 103-- 104. ISBN 0-8053-4281-8 . Jump up ^ Platzer, Werner (2008). Color atlas of human anatomy: Locomotor system . Thieme. p. 8. ISBN 978-3-13-533306-9 . Jump up ^ van Lommel, 2002: p. 97 Jump up ^ van Lommel, 2002: p. 94 Jump up ^ Melfi, Rudy C.; Alley, Keith E., eds. (2000). Permar's oral embryology and microscopic anatomy: a textbook for students in dental hygiene . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-683-30644-6 . Jump up ^ Pratt, Rebecca. `` Epithelial Cells'' . AnatomyOne . Amirsys, Inc. Archived from the original on 2012-12-19 . Retrieved 2012-09-28 . ^ Jump up to: Jenkins, Gail W.; Tortora, Gerard J. (2013). Anatomy and Physiology from Science to Life (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 110-- 115. ISBN 978-1-118-12920-3 . Jump up ^ Ross, Michael H.; Pawlina, Wojciech (2015). Histology: A Text and Atlas: With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 528, 604. ISBN 978-1451187427 . Jump up ^ Kühnel , Wolfgang (2003). Color atlas of cytology, histology, and microscopic anatomy . Thieme. p. 102. ISBN 978-3-13-562404-4 . Jump up ^ Pratt, Rebecca. `` Simple Cuboidal Epithelium'' . AnatomyOne . Amirsys, Inc . Retrieved 2012-09-28 . Jump up ^ Eroschenko, Victor P. (2008). `` Integumentary System'' . DiFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 212-- 234. ISBN 9780781770576 . Jump up ^ Marieb, Elaine (2011). Anatomy & Physiology . Boston: Benjamin Cummings. p. 133. ISBN 0321616405 . Jump up ^ Kristensen, Niels P.; Georges, Chauvin (1 December 2003). `` Integument'' . Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies: Morphology, Physiology, and Development : Teilband . Walter de Gruyter. p. 484. ISBN 978-3-11-016210-3 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McConnell, Thomas H. (2006). The nature of disease: pathology for the health professions . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7817-5317-3 . Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce (2002). Molecular biology of the cell (4. ed.). New York (u.a.): Garland. p. 1067. ISBN 0-8153-4072-9 . Jump up ^ van Lommel, 2002: p. 91 Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce (2002). Molecular biology of the cell (4 ed.). New York (u.a.): Garland. p. 1267. ISBN 0-8153-4072-9 . Jump up ^ Adams, M.; Smith, U.M.; Logan, C.V.; Johnson, C.A. (2008). `` Recent advances in the molecular pathology, cell biology and genetics of ciliopathies'' . Journal of Medical Genetics . 45 (5): 257-- 267. doi : 10.1136/jmg.2007.054999 . PMID 18178628 . Jump up ^ Freshney, 2002: p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Types of cancer'' . Cancer Research UK . 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Blerkom, edited by Jonathan Van; Gregory, Linda (2004). Essential IVF : basic research and clinical applications . Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4020-7551-3 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Freshney, R.I. (2002). `` Introduction'' . In Freshney, R. Ian; Freshney, Mary. Culture of epithelial cells . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-40121-6 . van Lommel, Alfons T.L. (2002). From cells to organs: a histology textbook and atlas . Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-7257-4 . Further reading ( edit ) Green H (September 2008). `` The birth of therapy with cultured cells'' . BioEssays. 30 (9): 897-- 903. doi : 10.1002/bies.20797 . PMID 18693268 . Kefalides, Nicholas A.; Borel, Jacques P., eds. (2005). Basement membranes: cell and molecular biology . Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 978-0-12-153356-4 . Nagpal R; Patel A; Gibson MC (March 2008). `` Epithelial topology'' . BioEssays. 30 (3): 260-- 6. doi : 10.1002/bies.20722 . PMID 18293365 . Yamaguchi Y; Brenner M; Hearing VJ (September 2007). `` The regulation of skin pigmentation'' (Review) . J. Biol. Chem. 282 (38): 27557-- 61. doi : 10.1074/jbc.R700026200 . PMID 17635904 . External links ( edit ) Look up epithelium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Epithelium Photomicrographs 1 Histology at KUMC epithel-epith02 Simple squamous epithelium of the glomerulus (kidney) 2 Diagrams of simple squamous epithelium 3 Histology at KUMC epithel-epith12 Stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina 4 Histology at KUMC epithel-epith14 Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (thin skin) 5 Histology at KUMC epithel-epith15 Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (thick skin) 6 Stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus Microanatomy Web Atlas Epithelial tissue Cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Types Simple squamous epithelium Endothelium Mesothelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Respiratory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium Urothelium Glands Types Mechanism Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian Shape Tubular gland Alveolar gland Secretion Serous glands Mucous glands Components Myoepithelial cell Serous demilune Ducts : Interlobar Interlobular Intralobular Striated Intercalated Acinus / Lobe Biological tissues Animals Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Plants Dermal tissue Epidermis : Cuticle Pavement cell Guard cell Subsidiary cell Periderm : Phellem Phelloderm Vascular tissue Phloem : Sieve tube Companion cell Phloem fiber Phloem parenchyma Xylem : Tracheid Vessel element Xylem fiber Xylem parenchyma Ground tissue Parenchyma : Chlorenchyma Aerenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma : Sclereid Fiber Meristematic tissue Primary : Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem Secondary : Cork cambium Vascular cambium Histology : Epithelial proteins ( TH H1.00.01.1 ) Lateral/ cell-cell Cell adhesion molecules : Adherens junction Cadherin Desmosome Desmoglein Ion channels : Gap junction / Connexon Connexin Cytoskeleton : Desmosome Desmoplakin Plakoglobin Tonofibril other membrane proteins : Tight junction Claudin Occludin MARVELD2 Basal/ cell-matrix Basal lamina Hemidesmosome / Tonofibril Focal adhesion Costamere Apical Cilia / Kinocilium Microvilli / Stereocilia ( STRC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&oldid=818781629 '' Categories : Epithelium Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018, at 15:16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 3657242918851807927 |
snoop ft pharrell drop it like its hot | sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' Single by Snoop Dogg featuring Pharrell from the album R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece B - side `` Get 2 Know U '' Released September 12 , 2004 Format 12 '' single CD single Recorded Genre Hip hop gangsta rap Length 4 : 30 Label Doggystyle Star Trak Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Chad Hugo Calvin Broadus Pharrell Williams Tim Stahl John Guldberg Producer ( s ) The Neptunes Snoop Dogg singles chronology `` Beautiful '' ( 2003 ) `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) `` Let 's Get Blown '' ( 2004 ) Pharrell Williams singles chronology `` Change Clothes '' ( 2003 ) `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) `` Tit 4 Tat '' ( 2004 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Drop It Like It 's Hot on YouTube",
"`` Drop It Like It 's Hot ''",
"Single by Snoop Dogg featuring Pharrell",
"from the album R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece",
"B - side `` Get 2 Know U ''",
"Released September 12 , 2004",
"Format 12 '' single CD single",
"12 '' single CD single",
"12 '' single",
"Recorded",
"Genre Hip hop gangsta rap",
"Hip hop gangsta rap",
"Length 4 : 30",
"Label Doggystyle Star Trak Geffen",
"Doggystyle Star Trak Geffen",
"Songwriter ( s ) Chad Hugo Calvin Broadus Pharrell Williams Tim Stahl John Guldberg",
"Chad Hugo Calvin Broadus Pharrell Williams Tim Stahl John Guldberg",
"Producer ( s ) The Neptunes",
"Snoop Dogg singles chronology",
"`` Beautiful '' ( 2003 ) `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) `` Let 's Get Blown '' ( 2004 )",
"`` Beautiful '' ( 2003 ) `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) `` Let 's Get Blown '' ( 2004 )",
"`` Beautiful '' ( 2003 ) `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) `` Let 's Get Blown '' ( 2004 )",
"Pharrell Williams singles chronology",
"`` Change Clothes '' ( 2003 ) `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) `` Tit 4 Tat '' ( 2004 )",
"`` Change Clothes '' ( 2003 ) `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) `` Tit 4 Tat '' ( 2004 )",
"`` Change Clothes '' ( 2003 ) `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) `` Tit 4 Tat '' ( 2004 )",
"Audio sample",
"file help",
"file help",
"Music video",
"`` Drop It Like It 's Hot on YouTube",
"`` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' is a hit single by American rapper Snoop Dogg featuring American singer and producer Pharrell . Snoop Dogg performs the chorus and the second and third verses , while Pharrell performs the first verse . Pharrell 's verse includes a line from `` Raspy Shit '' ( a song from his debut album In My Mind ) , which was produced by The Neptunes and contains vocal samples from Laid Back 's `` White Horse '' . Part of `` White Horse '' 's production is sampled in `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' as well .",
"The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from December 10 , 2004 , making it Snoop Dogg 's first number one on the chart . It was also his third Top 10 as a solo artist since 2003 's `` Beautiful '' ( 1994 's `` Gin and Juice '' was the other ) . The song also gave him his first number one on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . It also peaked at number one for four consecutive weeks in New Zealand , and number ten in the UK Singles Chart . It gained some critical attention for its minimal , extremely sparse production , consisting of tongue clicks , keyboards , a drum machine beat and white noise . It was nominated at the Grammy Awards of 2005 for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , though it lost both awards to the songs `` Jesus Walks '' and `` Let 's Get It Started '' , respectively . The single was Pharrell 's biggest hit worldwide , until 2013 's `` Get Lucky '' and `` Blurred Lines '' ( his highest peaking single as lead artist is `` Happy '' ) .",
"On December 10 , 2009 , `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' was named the most popular `` Rap Song '' of the decade by Billboard .",
"The phrase `` drop it like it 's hot '' was already in common use before the song was released , and had been used in various songs since the 1990s . It is a metaphorical description of a dance move commonly performed by women , and is performed by various women throughout the music video . It was used in Positive K 's 1992 album The Skills Dat Pay Da Bills , in the song `` Ai n't No Crime . '' It was also used by Lil Wayne as a guest rapper on Juvenile 's 1999 hit single `` Back That Azz Up '' from his album 400 Degreez , and in his own song called `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' from his 1999 debut album Tha Block is Hot featuring B.G. and Mannie Fresh . Clark Kent said `` drop it like it 's hot '' in the song `` Cashmere Thoughts '' from Jay - Z 's 1996 debut album , Reasonable Doubt . DJ Quik used the phrase in the song `` Sexuality '' from his album Balance & Options . Another song with the same name is `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' , but it 's sung by the Big Tymers , and featuring Chilli , Juvenile , & Lac . This version of the song was featured in the Big Tymers predecessor of their debut , How You Luv That Vol. 2 .",
"Outside of hip - hop , it was also the title of a song on indie rock band Minus the Bear 's 2002 EP Bands Like It When You Yell `` Yar ! '' at Them .",
"The line was also spoken in the 2000 film Big Momma 's House .",
"The music video of the single was shot in black - and - white . It was directed by Paul Hunter . It shows Snoop Dogg doing the dance step known as the Crip Walk in the very beginning and end . The video included both of Snoop Dogg 's sons , Corde and Cordell . Other appearances in the video include Terry Kennedy , Lauren London , Pharrell Williams ' fellow Neptunes member Chad Hugo , and Pusha T .",
"The video won the award for the best hip hop video at the 2006 MTV Australia Video Music Awards and a MOBO Award for Best Video in 2005 .",
"There are two radio edits for the song : one is a standard radio edit that removes profanities and drug references while the other is an `` Extra Clean '' edit that removes phrases with gun and gang references ( and the word `` roll '' from the chorus ) as well .",
"`` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' was the highest - ranking debut for the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated October 2 , 2004 , entering the chart at number 51 . The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from December 10 , 2004 . The song topped at number one in Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs , R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay , Rap Songs , Rhythmic Songs , Digital Songs and Hot 100 Airplay",
"Since its release the song has been certified Gold by the RIAA . The Mastertone version received certification of double platinum by the RIAA .",
"The song topped the Recorded Music NZ for four weeks , making it Snoop Dogg 's first number one on the chart . The single ten on the UK Singles Chart , and reached on the top ten in several countries .",
"CD Single",
"Drop It Like It 's Hot ( featuring Pharrell ) -- 4 : 32 Get 2 Know U ( featuring Jelly Roll ) -- 3 : 36",
"Drop It Like It 's Hot ( featuring Pharrell ) -- 4 : 32",
"Get 2 Know U ( featuring Jelly Roll ) -- 3 : 36",
"The official remix features new verses from Snoop Dogg , Pharrell Williams , and a verse from Jay - Z dissing R. Kelly for suing him , which appeared on the bonus CD of the Boss'n Up DVD . MTV DJ and Drum and Bass producer Roni Size performed a remix with Dynamite MC on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge on the 10th of January , 2005 . Glitch - hop producer Edit also created an unofficial , unreleased remix , which can be found on various mixtapes. ( 2 ) Lil Wayne released a remix of the song , titled `` Nah This Ai n't the Remix '' , on his mixtape The Dedication . He takes shots at Snoop Dogg for using his line , with lines like `` do n't touch my shit nigga '' and `` I rock a red flag ... '' . However , he claimed that he was n't mad , saying in the song , `` When I first heard this I got a little upset but then I thought to myself , what have n't I done yet ? '' and later , `` Nah , I ai n't hatin ' , do n't get me wrong , I made it a hot line , you made it a hot song . Peace . '' It can be taken as a reference to Jay - Z 's song dissing Nas `` Takeover '' in which Jay - Z says : `` I sampled your voice , you was usin ' it wrong , you made it a hot line , I made it a hot song . ''",
"The official remix features new verses from Snoop Dogg , Pharrell Williams , and a verse from Jay - Z dissing R. Kelly for suing him , which appeared on the bonus CD of the Boss'n Up DVD . MTV",
"DJ and Drum and Bass producer Roni Size performed a remix with Dynamite MC on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge on the 10th of January , 2005 .",
"Glitch - hop producer Edit also created an unofficial , unreleased remix , which can be found on various mixtapes. ( 2 )",
"Lil Wayne released a remix of the song , titled `` Nah This Ai n't the Remix '' , on his mixtape The Dedication . He takes shots at Snoop Dogg for using his line , with lines like `` do n't touch my shit nigga '' and `` I rock a red flag ... '' . However , he claimed that he was n't mad , saying in the song , `` When I first heard this I got a little upset but then I thought to myself , what have n't I done yet ? '' and later , `` Nah , I ai n't hatin ' , do n't get me wrong , I made it a hot line , you made it a hot song . Peace . '' It can be taken as a reference to Jay - Z 's song dissing Nas `` Takeover '' in which Jay - Z says : `` I sampled your voice , you was usin ' it wrong , you made it a hot line , I made it a hot song . ''",
"Mashup artist Party Ben mashed `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' with the Led Zeppelin song `` Whole Lotta Love '' . dj BC mashed up the song with Nu Shooz 's I Ca n't Wait .",
"Mashup artist Party Ben mashed `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' with the Led Zeppelin song `` Whole Lotta Love '' .",
"dj BC mashed up the song with Nu Shooz 's I Ca n't Wait .",
"Jamie Foxx 's hit `` Blame It '' ( featuring T - Pain ) sampled the song with cameo appearance by Snoop Dogg at the 2009 BET Awards .",
"Jamie Foxx 's hit `` Blame It '' ( featuring T - Pain ) sampled the song with cameo appearance by Snoop Dogg at the 2009 BET Awards .",
"MADtv did a parody music video of `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' called `` Smokin ' Too Much Pot . '' ( The real song also contains references to marijuana . ) A remix of the song uses a new sample of the Gap Band song `` Outstanding '' . The remix features E-40 , Killer Mike , Warren G and Jadakiss . British comedian Lenny Henry performed an elaborate parody of the song , complete with a music video closely mimicking that of the original , on the second episode of his 2005 comedy series , The Lenny Henry Show . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included a few lines from the song in `` Polkarama ! '' , a medley of popular songs set to polka music on his 2006 release Straight Outta Lynwood . Carlos Mencia parodied rappers who went to jail in his new rap video on Mind of Mencia . He parodied Snoop 's `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' , DMX 's `` Ruff Ryders Anthem '' and Mystikal 's `` Shake It Fast '' . Bulgarian comedy rappers DJ Damian & Dinamit parodied the video of Drop It Like It 's Hot and Fat Joe 's song Lean Back ( Remix ) ( produced by Lil Jon ) in their song `` Kachak '' ( Къчак ) satirizing the lifestyle of the gypsies of Bulgaria . The music video was parodied by country group Hot Apple Pie for their 2005 video `` Hillbillies '' . Snoop Dogg recently adapted the song to `` Pocket like it 's Hot '' in an advertising campaign for Hot Pockets Iman Crosson , better known as Alphacat , made a parody of this song which focuses on Barack Obama 's presidency and his health care , ObamaCare . Kendrick Lamar parodied this song on his first mixtape `` Hub City Threat : Minor Of The Year '' which he recorded in 2003",
"MADtv did a parody music video of `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' called `` Smokin ' Too Much Pot . '' ( The real song also contains references to marijuana . )",
"A remix of the song uses a new sample of the Gap Band song `` Outstanding '' . The remix features E-40 , Killer Mike , Warren G and Jadakiss .",
"British comedian Lenny Henry performed an elaborate parody of the song , complete with a music video closely mimicking that of the original , on the second episode of his 2005 comedy series , The Lenny Henry Show .",
"`` Weird Al '' Yankovic included a few lines from the song in `` Polkarama ! '' , a medley of popular songs set to polka music on his 2006 release Straight Outta Lynwood .",
"Carlos Mencia parodied rappers who went to jail in his new rap video on Mind of Mencia . He parodied Snoop 's `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' , DMX 's `` Ruff Ryders Anthem '' and Mystikal 's `` Shake It Fast '' .",
"Bulgarian comedy rappers DJ Damian & Dinamit parodied the video of Drop It Like It 's Hot and Fat Joe 's song Lean Back ( Remix ) ( produced by Lil Jon ) in their song `` Kachak '' ( Къчак ) satirizing the lifestyle of the gypsies of Bulgaria .",
"The music video was parodied by country group Hot Apple Pie for their 2005 video `` Hillbillies '' .",
"Snoop Dogg recently adapted the song to `` Pocket like it 's Hot '' in an advertising campaign for Hot Pockets",
"Iman Crosson , better known as Alphacat , made a parody of this song which focuses on Barack Obama 's presidency and his health care , ObamaCare .",
"Kendrick Lamar parodied this song on his first mixtape `` Hub City Threat : Minor Of The Year '' which he recorded in 2003",
"The song was covered by the German band The BossHoss on their 2007 release ' Stallion Battalion ' . Jimmy Fallon and Justin Timberlake covered the song in a `` History of Rap '' skit . The song was covered by German singer Lena Meyer - Landrut .",
"The song was covered by the German band The BossHoss on their 2007 release ' Stallion Battalion ' .",
"Jimmy Fallon and Justin Timberlake covered the song in a `` History of Rap '' skit .",
"The song was covered by German singer Lena Meyer - Landrut .",
"The song appears in the game Dance Central for Kinect on the Xbox 360 , in a commercial for the soft drink Sun Drop , and the 2013 animated film Turbo and its soundtrack ( using the clean radio version ) The song was featured on the NBA 2K15 soundtrack . The song was featured in The Wire , Season 3 , Episode 12 , `` Mission Accomplished '' A remixed version of the song is available as downloadable content for the music video game series Rock Band . The song features the original vocal track ( censored to maintain an ESRB `` Teen '' rating ) with an added electric guitar and bass line , as well as an expanded drum pattern .",
"The song appears in the game Dance Central for Kinect on the Xbox 360 , in a commercial for the soft drink Sun Drop , and the 2013 animated film Turbo and its soundtrack ( using the clean radio version )",
"The song was featured on the NBA 2K15 soundtrack .",
"The song was featured in The Wire , Season 3 , Episode 12 , `` Mission Accomplished ''",
"A remixed version of the song is available as downloadable content for the music video game series Rock Band . The song features the original vocal track ( censored to maintain an ESRB `` Teen '' rating ) with an added electric guitar and bass line , as well as an expanded drum pattern .",
"Snoop Dogg 's cousin Sasha Banks took her stage name and persona The Boss from the lyrics `` Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' after the late Dusty Rhodes mentioned to her about Snoop being her cousin after struggling to a create a persona for the WWE . Coincidentally , at WrestleMania 32 Snoop escorted Sasha ( and performed a freestyle rap ) for her entrance and also changed the lyrics `` I 'm a gangsta , but y'all knew that / Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' to `` She 's a legit boss , but y'all knew that / Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' in her entrance music .",
"Snoop Dogg 's cousin Sasha Banks took her stage name and persona The Boss from the lyrics `` Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' after the late Dusty Rhodes mentioned to her about Snoop being her cousin after struggling to a create a persona for the WWE . Coincidentally , at WrestleMania 32 Snoop escorted Sasha ( and performed a freestyle rap ) for her entrance and also changed the lyrics `` I 'm a gangsta , but y'all knew that / Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' to `` She 's a legit boss , but y'all knew that / Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' in her entrance music .",
"Coincidentally , at WrestleMania 32 Snoop escorted Sasha ( and performed a freestyle rap ) for her entrance and also changed the lyrics `` I 'm a gangsta , but y'all knew that / Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' to `` She 's a legit boss , but y'all knew that / Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' in her entrance music .",
"Coincidentally , at WrestleMania 32 Snoop escorted Sasha ( and performed a freestyle rap ) for her entrance and also changed the lyrics `` I 'm a gangsta , but y'all knew that / Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' to `` She 's a legit boss , but y'all knew that / Da Big Bo $ $ Dogg , yeah I had to do that '' in her entrance music .",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 40 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Latin Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 32 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 71 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 43 Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 69 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 66 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 65 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) End of decade chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 48 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Rap Songs ( Billboard ) All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 -- 2018 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 350",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 40 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Latin Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 32 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 71 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 43 Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 69 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 66 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 65 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) End of decade chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 48 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Rap Songs ( Billboard ) All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 -- 2018 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 350",
"Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 40 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Latin Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 32 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard )",
"Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position",
"Australia ( ARIA )",
"Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12",
"Denmark ( Tracklisten )",
"Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13",
"France ( SNEP ) 21",
"Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8",
"Italy ( FIMI ) 11",
"Ireland ( IRMA ) 7",
"Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )",
"Norway ( VG - lista ) 9",
"Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 40",
"Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 25",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )",
"Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 16",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10",
"UK R&B ( Official Charts Company )",
"US Billboard Hot 100",
"US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard )",
"US Latin Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 32",
"US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5",
"US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard )",
"US Rhythmic ( Billboard )",
"Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 71 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 43",
"Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position",
"US Billboard Hot 100 71",
"US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 43",
"Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 69 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 66 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 65 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5",
"Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position",
"Australia ( ARIA ) 36",
"Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 14",
"Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 69",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 66",
"Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 65",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16",
"US Billboard Hot 100 23",
"US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5",
"End of decade chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 48 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Rap Songs ( Billboard )",
"End of decade chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Peak position",
"US Billboard Hot 100 48",
"US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 13",
"US Rap Songs ( Billboard )",
"Chart ( 1958 -- 2018 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 350",
"Chart ( 1958 -- 2018 ) Rank",
"US Billboard Hot 100 350",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Mastertone ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales",
"Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000",
"Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000",
"New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500",
"United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000",
"United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000",
"United States ( RIAA ) ( Mastertone ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000",
"sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone"
] | Drop It Like It's Hot - wikipedia Drop It Like It's Hot `` Drop It Like It's Hot'' Single by Snoop Dogg featuring Pharrell from the album R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece B-side `` Get 2 Know U'' Released September 12, 2004 Format 12'' single CD single Recorded Genre Hip hop gangsta rap Length 4 : 30 Label Doggystyle Star Trak Geffen Songwriter(s) Chad Hugo Calvin Broadus Pharrell Williams Tim Stahl John Guldberg Producer(s) The Neptunes Snoop Dogg singles chronology `` Beautiful '' (2003) `` Drop It Like It's Hot '' (2004) `` Let's Get Blown '' (2004) Pharrell Williams singles chronology `` Change Clothes '' (2003) `` Drop It Like It's Hot '' (2004) `` Tit 4 Tat'' (2004) Audio sample file help Music video `` Drop It Like It's Hot on YouTube `` Drop It Like It's Hot '' is a hit single by American rapper Snoop Dogg featuring American singer and producer Pharrell . Snoop Dogg performs the chorus and the second and third verses, while Pharrell performs the first verse. Pharrell's verse includes a line from `` Raspy Shit'' (a song from his debut album In My Mind ), which was produced by The Neptunes and contains vocal samples from Laid Back 's `` White Horse '' . Part of `` White Horse'' 's production is sampled in `` Drop It Like It's Hot'' as well. The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from December 10, 2004, making it Snoop Dogg's first number one on the chart. It was also his third Top 10 as a solo artist since 2003's `` Beautiful '' (1994's `` Gin and Juice '' was the other). The song also gave him his first number one on the Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs chart. It also peaked at number one for four consecutive weeks in New Zealand , and number ten in the UK Singles Chart . It gained some critical attention for its minimal, extremely sparse production, consisting of tongue clicks , keyboards, a drum machine beat and white noise . It was nominated at the Grammy Awards of 2005 for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , though it lost both awards to the songs `` Jesus Walks '' and `` Let's Get It Started '' , respectively. The single was Pharrell's biggest hit worldwide, until 2013's `` Get Lucky '' and `` Blurred Lines '' (his highest peaking single as lead artist is `` Happy '' ). On December 10, 2009, `` Drop It Like It's Hot'' was named the most popular `` Rap Song'' of the decade by Billboard . Contents 1 Origin of title 2 Music video 3 Radio edits 4 Commercial performance 4.1 North America 4.2 Europe 5 Track listing 6 Remixes 7 Mashups 8 Samples 9 Parodies 10 Covers 11 Soundtrack appearances 12 Trivia 13 Charts 13.1 Weekly charts 13.2 Year-end charts 13.3 Decade-end charts 13.4 All-time charts 14 Certifications 15 See also 16 References Origin of title ( edit ) The phrase `` drop it like it's hot'' was already in common use before the song was released, and had been used in various songs since the 1990s. It is a metaphorical description of a dance move commonly performed by women, and is performed by various women throughout the music video. It was used in Positive K 's 1992 album The Skills Dat Pay Da Bills , in the song `` Ain't No Crime.'' It was also used by Lil Wayne as a guest rapper on Juvenile 's 1999 hit single `` Back That Azz Up '' from his album 400 Degreez , and in his own song called `` Drop It Like It's Hot'' from his 1999 debut album Tha Block is Hot featuring B.G. and Mannie Fresh . Clark Kent said `` drop it like it's hot'' in the song `` Cashmere Thoughts'' from Jay-Z 's 1996 debut album, Reasonable Doubt . DJ Quik used the phrase in the song `` Sexuality'' from his album Balance & Options . Another song with the same name is `` Drop It Like It's Hot'' , but it's sung by the Big Tymers , and featuring Chilli, Juvenile, & Lac. This version of the song was featured in the Big Tymers predecessor of their debut, How You Luv That Vol. 2 . Outside of hip-hop, it was also the title of a song on indie rock band Minus the Bear 's 2002 EP Bands Like It When You Yell `` Yar!'' at Them . The line was also spoken in the 2000 film Big Momma's House . Music video ( edit ) The music video of the single was shot in black-and-white . It was directed by Paul Hunter . It shows Snoop Dogg doing the dance step known as the Crip Walk in the very beginning and end. The video included both of Snoop Dogg's sons, Corde and Cordell. Other appearances in the video include Terry Kennedy , Lauren London , Pharrell Williams' fellow Neptunes member Chad Hugo , and Pusha T . The video won the award for the best hip hop video at the 2006 MTV Australia Video Music Awards and a MOBO Award for Best Video in 2005. Radio edits ( edit ) There are two radio edits for the song: one is a standard radio edit that removes profanities and drug references while the other is an `` Extra Clean'' edit that removes phrases with gun and gang references (and the word `` roll'' from the chorus) as well. Commercial Performance ( edit ) North america ( edit ) `` Drop It Like It's Hot'' was the highest-ranking debut for the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated October 2, 2004, entering the chart at number 51. The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from December 10, 2004. The song topped at number one in Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs , R&B /Hip-Hop Airplay , Rap Songs , Rhythmic Songs , Digital Songs and Hot 100 Airplay Since its release the song has been certified Gold by the RIAA . The Mastertone version received certification of double platinum by the RIAA . Europe ( edit ) The song topped the Recorded Music NZ for four weeks, making it Snoop Dogg's first number one on the chart. The single ten on the UK Singles Chart , and reached on the top ten in several countries. Track listing ( edit ) CD Single Drop It Like It's Hot (featuring Pharrell) -- 4:32 Get 2 Know U (featuring Jelly Roll) -- 3:36 Remixes ( edit ) The official remix features new verses from Snoop Dogg, Pharrell Williams, and a verse from Jay-Z dissing R. Kelly for suing him, which appeared on the bonus CD of the Boss'n Up DVD. MTV DJ and Drum and Bass producer Roni Size performed a remix with Dynamite MC on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge on the 10th of January, 2005. Glitch-hop producer Edit also created an unofficial, unreleased remix, which can be found on various mixtapes. (2) Lil Wayne released a remix of the song, titled `` Nah This Ain't the Remix'' , on his mixtape The Dedication . He takes shots at Snoop Dogg for using his line, with lines like `` don't touch my shit nigga'' and `` I rock a red flag..'' . However, he claimed that he wasn't mad, saying in the song, `` When I first heard this I got a little upset but then I thought to myself, what haven't I done yet?'' and later, `` Nah, I ain't hatin' , don't get me wrong, I made it a hot line, you made it a hot song. Peace.'' It can be taken as a reference to Jay-Z's song dissing Nas `` Takeover'' in which Jay-Z says: `` I sampled your voice, you was usin' it wrong, you made it a hot line, I made it a hot song.'' Mashups ( edit ) Mashup artist Party Ben mashed `` Drop It Like It's Hot'' with the Led Zeppelin song `` Whole Lotta Love '' . dj BC mashed up the song with Nu Shooz 's I Can't Wait . Samples ( edit ) Jamie Foxx 's hit `` Blame It '' (featuring T-Pain ) sampled the song with cameo appearance by Snoop Dogg at the 2009 BET Awards . Parodies ( edit ) MADtv did a parody music video of `` Drop It Like It's Hot'' called `` Smokin' Too Much Pot .'' (The real song also contains references to marijuana.) A remix of the song uses a new sample of the Gap Band song `` Outstanding '' . The remix features E-40 , Killer Mike , Warren G and Jadakiss . British comedian Lenny Henry performed an elaborate parody of the song, complete with a music video closely mimicking that of the original, on the second episode of his 2005 comedy series, The Lenny Henry Show . `` Weird Al'' Yankovic included a few lines from the song in `` Polkarama! '' , a medley of popular songs set to polka music on his 2006 release Straight Outta Lynwood . Carlos Mencia parodied rappers who went to jail in his new rap video on Mind of Mencia . He parodied Snoop's `` Drop It Like It's Hot'' , DMX 's `` Ruff Ryders Anthem'' and Mystikal 's `` Shake It Fast'' . Bulgarian comedy rappers DJ Damian & Dinamit parodied the video of Drop It Like It's Hot and Fat Joe 's song Lean Back (Remix) (produced by Lil Jon ) in their song `` Kachak'' (Къчак ) satirizing the lifestyle of the gypsies of Bulgaria . The music video was parodied by country group Hot Apple Pie for their 2005 video `` Hillbillies'' . Snoop Dogg recently adapted the song to `` Pocket like it's Hot'' in an advertising campaign for Hot Pockets Iman Crosson , better known as Alphacat , made a parody of this song which focuses on Barack Obama's presidency and his health care, ObamaCare . Kendrick Lamar parodied this song on his first mixtape `` Hub City Threat: Minor Of The Year'' which he recorded in 2003 Covers ( edit ) The song was covered by the German band The BossHoss on their 2007 release ' Stallion Battalion' . Jimmy Fallon and Justin Timberlake covered the song in a `` History of Rap'' skit. The song was covered by German singer Lena Meyer-Landrut . Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) The song appears in the game Dance Central for Kinect on the Xbox 360 , in a commercial for the soft drink Sun Drop , and the 2013 animated film Turbo and its soundtrack (using the clean radio version) The song was featured on the NBA 2K15 soundtrack. The song was featured in The Wire , Season 3, Episode 12, `` Mission Accomplished '' A remixed version of the song is available as downloadable content for the music video game series Rock Band . The song features the original vocal track (censored to maintain an ESRB `` Teen'' rating) with an added electric guitar and bass line, as well as an expanded drum pattern. Trivia ( edit ) Snoop Dogg's cousin Sasha Banks took her stage name and persona The Boss from the lyrics `` Da Big Bo$$ Dogg, yeah I had to do that'' after the late Dusty Rhodes mentioned to her about Snoop being her cousin after struggling to a create a persona for the WWE . Coincidentally, at WrestleMania 32 Snoop escorted Sasha (and performed a freestyle rap) for her entrance and also changed the lyrics `` I'm a gangsta, but y'all knew that/Da Big Bo$$ Dogg, yeah I had to do that'' to `` She's a legit boss, but y'all knew that/Da Big Bo$$ Dogg, yeah I had to do that'' in her entrance music. Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (2004-- 05) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG-lista ) 9 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 40 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Scotland (Official Charts Company) 16 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 10 UK R&B (Official Charts Company) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Latin Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 32 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (2004) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 71 US R&B /Hip-Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 43 Chart (2005) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 69 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) 66 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 65 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US R&B /Hip-Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Decade-end charts ( edit ) End of decade chart (2000-- 2009) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 48 US R&B /Hip-Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Rap Songs ( Billboard ) All-time charts ( edit ) Chart (1958-- 2018) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 350 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) (Mastertone) 2× Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number-one singles from the 2000s (New Zealand)#2005 List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2004 (U.S.) List of number-one R&B singles of 2004 (U.S.) List of Billboard number-one rap singles of the 2000s List of Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 number-one songs of the 2000s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ (1) Archived November 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Music Video Database Music video database. Accessed October 25, 2007. Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100: The Week of October 2, 2004'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 25, 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitmire, Margo (December 2, 2004). `` Snoop's ' Drop' Rises To No. 1'' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved January 12, 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitmire, Margo (December 9, 2004). `` Snoop's ' Hot' For A Second Week'' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved January 12, 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitmire, Margo (December 16, 2004). `` Snoop Posts Third ' Hot' Week At No. 1'' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved January 12, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` American single certifications -- Snoop Dogg -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to: `` Charts.nz -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Peak Positions on Charts'' . Acharts.us . Retrieved 2012-05-12 . Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . Discogs . Retrieved March 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' (in French). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . Tracklisten . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell: Drop It Like It's Hot'' (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' (in French). Les classement single . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2013-10-18 . Retrieved 2011-06-21 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . VG-lista . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Romanian peak Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg: Artist Chart History'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 20, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg Chart History (Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Snoop Dogg Billboard awards Allmusic Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg Chart History (Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg Chart History (Rhythmic)'' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Top 100 Songs of 2004 - Billboard Year End Charts Jump up ^ `` The Billboard R&B /Hip-Hop Songs - Year End Charts 2004'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2005'' . ARIA . Archived from the original on December 11, 2014 . Retrieved April 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Urban Singles 2005'' . ARIA . Retrieved April 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zeitraum für die Auswertung: 02.01.2005 - 23.12.2005'' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Archived from the original on September 12, 2010 . Retrieved April 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart'' . Ultratop 50. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008 . Retrieved April 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Year-End Charts 2005'' . MegaCharts . Archived from the original on July 4, 2014 . Retrieved April 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2005'' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved April 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year-End Charts 2005'' . Schweizer Hitparade . Retrieved April 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ Top 100 Songs of 2005 - Billboard Year End Charts Jump up ^ `` The Billboard R&B /Hip-Hop Songs - Year End Charts 2005'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 9, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks - Decade Year End Charts'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 10, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Rap songs - Decade Year End Charts'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 10, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 turns 60'' . Billboard . Retrieved August 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations - 2005 Singles'' . Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Archived from the original on March 16, 2009 . Retrieved March 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell; ' Drop It Like It's Hot' )'' (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved May 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Singles Chart: Chart #1442 (Monday 10 January 2005)'' . RadioScope. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011 . Retrieved November 12, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Snoop Dogg feat. Pharrell Williams -- Drop It Like It's Hot'' . British Phonographic Industry . 2004. Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Enter Drop It Like It's Hot in the search field and then press Enter. Snoop Dogg songs Discography Awards and nominations Tha Dogg Pound singles discography 213 singles discography Tha Eastsidaz singles discography 7 Days of Funk singles discography Doggystyle `` Gin and Juice '' `` Lodi Dodi '' `` Murder Was the Case '' `` What's My Name? '' `` Doggy Dogg World '' Tha Doggfather `` Doggfather '' `` Vapors '' `` Snoop's Upside Ya Head '' Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told `` Woof '' `` Still a G Thang '' No Limit Top Dogg `` Snoopafella '' `` G Bedtime Stories '' `` Down for My N's '' `` Bitch Please '' `` Just Dippin' '' Tha Last Meal `` Hennesey n Buddah '' `` Snoop Dogg (What's My Name Pt. 2) '' `` Wrong Idea '' `` Lay Low '' `` Loosen' Control '' Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' `` Beautiful '' `` Paper'd Up '' `` Pimp Slapp'd '' `` Mission Cleopatra '' R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece `` Drop It Like It's Hot '' `` Ups & Downs '' `` Let's Get Blown '' `` Signs '' `` Girl Like U '' Tha Blue Carpet Treatment `` Vato '' `` That's That '' `` Candy (Drippin' Like Water) '' `` Boss' Life '' `` I Wanna Fuck You '' `` Imagine '' Ego Trippin' `` Neva Have 2 Worry '' `` Sexual Eruption '' `` Life of da Party '' `` My Medicine '' `` Those Gurlz '' Malice n Wonderland `` I Wanna Rock '' `` Gangsta Luv '' More Malice: Deluxe Album & Movie `` I Wanna Rock (G-Mix) '' `` That Tree '' Doggumentary `` Platinum '' `` Boom '' `` Wet '' Mac & Devin Go to High School `` Smokin' On '' `` Young, Wild & Free '' Reincarnated `` Rebel Way '' `` Here Comes the King '' `` Lighters Up '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` Smoke the Weed '' `` The Good Good '' `` Torn Apart '' `` Ashtrays and Heartbreaks '' `` La La La '' 7 Days of Funk `` Hit Da Pavement '' `` Faden Away '' Bush `` California Roll '' `` Awake '' `` So Many Pros '' `` Peaches N Cream '' Coolaid `` Point Seen Money Gone '' `` Kush Ups '' Neva Left `` Lavender (Nightfall Remix) '' `` Vapors (DJ Battlecat Remix) '' As featured artist `` Deep Cover '' `` Nuthin' but a ' G' Thang '' `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Bitches Ain't Shit '' `` Afro Puffs '' `` What Would You Do '' `` New York, New York '' `` All bout U '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` Come and Get with Me '' `` Cali Chronic '' `` Fuck You '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Bow Wow (That's My Name) '' `` Crybaby '' `` The Next Episode '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` Welcome to Atlanta (Coast to Coast Remix)'' `` Holidae In '' `` P.I.M.P. (Remix)'' `` I Wanna Thank Ya '' `` The Wash '' `` Gangsta Zone '' `` Say Somethin' '' `` Keep Bouncin' '' `` Buttons '' `` Cali Iz Active '' `` Go to Church '' `` Gangsta Walk '' `` Hollywood Divorce '' `` My 64 '' `` 9mm '' `` What a Job '' `` Ghetto '' `` Bottle Pop '' `` Day Dreaming '' `` Hot Girl '' `` Dime Piece '' `` I Do '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` California Gurls '' `` Get ' Em Girls '' `` Kush '' `` Boyfriend '' `` Mr Endowed (Remix) '' `` Last Night '' `` If I Was You (OMG) '' `` The Mack '' `` Want U Back `` I Drink I Smoke '' `` Slow Motion '' `` Major Distribution '' `` Dynamite '' `` Wiggle '' `` Hangover '' `` You and Your Friends '' `` Stuck on a Feeling '' `` Dumb Shit '' `` My Cutie Pie '' `` Professional Rapper '' `` No Social Media '' `` Westside '' `` Way Back '' Other singles `` We Just Wanna Party with You '' `` Undercova Funk (Give Up the Funk) '' `` Do U Wanna Roll (Dolittle Theme) '' `` Just a Baby Boy '' `` Real Soon '' `` Back Up '' `` I'm from Long Beach '' `` Late Nights '' Book Template Pharrell Williams singles Discography The Neptunes Present... Clones `` Frontin ' '' In My Mind `` Can I Have It Like That '' `` Angel '' `` Number One '' Girl `` Happy '' `` Marilyn Monroe '' `` Come Get It Bae '' `` Gust of Wind '' `` It Girl '' Featured singles `` I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me) '' `` Shake Ya Ass '' `` Southern Hospitality '' `` Formal Invite '' `` Nothin' '' `` Boys (The Co-Ed Remix) '' `` When the Last Time '' `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' `` Pass the Courvoisier, Part II '' `` Beautiful '' `` Excuse Me Miss '' `` Belly Dancer '' `` Change Clothes '' `` Drop It Like It's Hot '' `` Let's Get Blown '' `` Wanna Love U Girl '' `` Mr. Me Too '' `` Money Maker '' `` Sex ' n' Money '' `` Give It Up '' `` Blue Magic '' `` I Know '' `` Zock On! '' `` Give It 2 Me '' `` Universal Mind Control '' `` Announcement '' `` Work That! '' `` Blanco '' `` I'm Good '' `` One (Your Name) '' `` ADD SUV '' `` Here Ye, Hear Ye '' `` Celebrate '' `` Blurred Lines '' `` Get Lucky '' `` Feds Watching '' `` Get Like Me '' `` ATM Jam '' `` Lose Yourself to Dance '' `` Move That Dope '' `` Aerosol Can '' `` Hugs '' `` WTF (Where They From) '' `` Safari '' `` Surfin' '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Feels '' Other singles `` Yummy '' `` My Drive Thru '' `` Tacky '' `` Shine '' `` Freedom '' `` Yellow Light '' `` Sangria Wine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drop_It_Like_It%27s_Hot&oldid=854275979 '' Categories : 2004 singles Snoop Dogg songs Pharrell Williams songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Billboard Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles Billboard Rap Songs number-one singles Music videos directed by Paul Hunter (director) Number-one singles in New Zealand Song recordings produced by The Neptunes Songs written by Pharrell Williams Songs written by Chad Hugo Songs written by Snoop Dogg Geffen Records singles Black-and-white music videos 2004 songs Compositions in D-flat major Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2015 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Edit Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018, at 04:39 (UTC) . TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -2914200646935286875 |
how many fast and furious movies are there | The Fast and the Furious ( also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing , heists and espionage , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series , and as of May 2017 , it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time , currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion . | [
[
"The Fast and the Furious",
"followed by seven sequels"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The Fast and the Furious Created by Gary Scott Thompson Original work The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Owner Universal Pictures Films and television Film ( s ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Short film ( s ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Fast & Furious Live Audio Original music BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift , Fast Five , Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 ) Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged ( 2015 ) Official website http://www.fastandfurious.com/",
"The Fast and the Furious",
"Created by Gary Scott Thompson",
"Original work The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 )",
"Owner Universal Pictures",
"Films and television",
"Film ( s ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 )",
"The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 )",
"The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 )",
"2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 )",
"The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 )",
"Fast & Furious ( 2009 )",
"Fast Five ( 2011 )",
"Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 )",
"Furious 7 ( 2015 )",
"The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 )",
"Short film ( s ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 )",
"The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 )",
"The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 )",
"Los Bandoleros ( 2009 )",
"Theatrical presentations",
"Play ( s ) Fast & Furious Live",
"Audio",
"Original music BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift , Fast Five , Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 )",
"BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift , Fast Five , Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 )",
"BT ( The Fast and the Furious )",
"David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious )",
"Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift , Fast Five , Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious )",
"Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 )",
"Miscellaneous",
"Theme park attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged ( 2015 )",
"Official website",
"http://www.fastandfurious.com/",
"The Fast and the Furious ( also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing , heists and espionage , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series , and as of May 2017 , it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time , currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion .",
"Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 22 ) Rob Cohen Gary Scott Thompson , Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Neal H. Moritz 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 06 ) John Singleton Gary Scott Thompson , Michael Brandt and Derek Haas The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 16 ) Justin Lin Chris Morgan Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 03 ) Neal H. Moritz , Michael K Ross , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast Five April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Clayton Townsend Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) James Wan Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) F. Gary Gray Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell and Chris Morgan",
"Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s )",
"The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 22 ) Rob Cohen Gary Scott Thompson , Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Neal H. Moritz",
"2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 06 ) John Singleton Gary Scott Thompson , Michael Brandt and Derek Haas",
"The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 16 ) Justin Lin Chris Morgan",
"Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 03 ) Neal H. Moritz , Michael K Ross , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell",
"Fast Five April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell",
"Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Clayton Townsend",
"Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) James Wan Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell",
"The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) F. Gary Gray Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell and Chris Morgan",
"The film is based on an article , titled `` Racer X '' , about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night , although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles . While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and his crew : Jesse ( Chad Lindberg ) , Leon ( Johnny Strong ) , Vince ( Matt Schulze ) and Letty Ortiz ( Michelle Rodriguez ) , are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment . He works for FBI agent Bilkins ( Thom Barry ) and LAPD Sgt . Tanner ( Ted Levine ) .",
"Falling for Dominic 's younger sister , Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) , Brian confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers , who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies . He tracks Dominic 's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in progress to find Letty , badly injured in a car accident , and Vince critically wounded , having lacerated his arm and been shot by a truck driver . Brian and Mia work together with Dominic , Leon and Letty to rescue Vince . Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac . The revelation enrages Dominic , who flees with Leon , Letty , and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince .",
"Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further . Jesse arrives shortly afterwards , apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic 's help with Johnny Tran ( Rick Yune ) . Moments later , Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen ( Reggie Lee ) perform a drive - by shooting , killing Jesse . Brian and Dominic chase them , with Dominic driving his late father 's modified 1970 Dodge Charger . Dominic forces Lance 's motorcycle off the road , severely injuring him , while Brian shoots and kills Tran . Afterwards , Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race , narrowly avoiding a passing train . However , Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice , injuring himself , and rendering the Charger undrivable . Instead of arresting him , Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape , using the line `` I owe you a ten - second car . ''",
"Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes ( Eva Mendes ) , Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham ( James Remar ) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Cole Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record . Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner , refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him . Brian heads home to Barstow , California , where he recruits Roman Pearce ( Tyrese Gibson ) , a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest , to help him . Pearce agrees , but only for the same deal Brian was offered , and with the help of Monica , Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone . After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers , the duo return to a Customs / FBI hideout , where Roman confronts Markham over the latter 's interference with the mission . After the situation is cooled down , Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off , but also suspects something wrong with Monica 's role in the mission .",
"Later , Brian and Roman race two of Verone 's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry . Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone 's men . On the day of the mission , Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone 's money , with two of Verone 's men Enrique ( Mo Gallini ) and Roberto ( Roberto Sanchez ) riding along to watch Brian and Roman . Before the 15 - minute window is set , the detective in charge , Whitworth ( Mark Boone Junior ) , decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest , resulting in a high - speed chase across the city . The duo lead the police to a warehouse , where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police . Following the scramble , police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse , only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian 's new crew , friends , Tej Parker ( Ludacris ) and Suki ( Devon Aoki ) .",
"As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro , Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield . Meanwhile , Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his ( orange ) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide . At the airfield , Customs Agents have Verone 's plane and convoy surrounded , only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away . As he knew Monica was an undercover agent , he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage . When Brian arrives at the intended drop - off point , Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique . Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht , but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp , crashing on top of the yacht . The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica .",
"With their crimes pardoned , Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage . Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money , as Roman also reveals that his pockets are n't empty , having taken money for himself .",
"This film 's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7 .",
"After totaling his car in an illegal street race , Sean Boswell ( Lucas Black ) is sent to live in Tokyo , Japan , with his father , a U.S. Navy officer , in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail .",
"While in school , he befriends Twinkie ( Bow Wow ) , a `` military brat '' who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan . Though forbidden to drive , he decides to race against Takashi ( Brian Tee ) aka D.K. ( Drift King ) . He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) , now a business partner to Takashi , and loses , totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting . To repay his debt for the car he destroyed , Sean works for Han . Later on , Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift .",
"Takashi 's uncle Kamata ( Sonny Chiba ) ( the head of the Yakuza ) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him . Takashi confronts Han , Sean and Neela ( Nathalie Kelley ) , and in doing so , they flee . During the chase , Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire . Takashi , Sean , and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi . Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole , which Sean then returns to Kamata .",
"Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo . Sean and Han 's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang , with an inline - 6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han 's Silvia that Sean had destroyed . Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto .",
"Fast & Furious , as well as its succeeding films , takes place before the events of The Fast and The Furious : Tokyo Drift .",
"About five years after the events of the first film , Dominic and his new crew ( Letty , Han , Leo , Santos and Cara ) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic . When their trail gets too hot , Dominic disbands the crew . However , he is later informed that Letty has been murdered . Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro - methane at the crash site , and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park . Meanwhile , Brian O'Conner , who has been working as an FBI agent , is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga . When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park 's apartment , Dominic is about to drop David out the window . But Brian intervenes , and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga 's team of drivers . Although Dominic wins the four - car race by bumping Brian 's car , Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga 's other drivers .",
"The team meets Fenix Calderon ( Laz Alonso ) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection . Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission , and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty , Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car , blowing up a bunch of vehicles . In the chaos , Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin . Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles , hiding the heroin in an impound lot . When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty , he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian , tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic 's name . Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash . However , at the drop site , it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy , and that the real Braga ( John Ortiz ) has escaped , fleeing to Mexico .",
"Suspended from duty , Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga . Although Braga agreeably surrenders , they are pursued by Braga 's men through town and then the tunnels . Fenix T - bones Brian 's car right outside the tunnel exit , but before he can kill Brian , Dominic drives into and kills Fenix . As the police arrive , Dominic refuses to escape , saying he is tired of running . Despite Brian 's request for clemency , the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life . During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary , Brian and Mia , along with Leo and Santos , arrive in their cars and intercept the bus .",
"When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that the lead participant , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse .",
"While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash .",
"Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men .",
"Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways .",
"On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver .",
"In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead .",
"Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son , Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury . Meanwhile , DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw . Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz , Dom 's former lover . Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty , allowing them to return to the United States .",
"In London , Shaw 's hideout is found , but this is revealed to be a trap , distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building . Shaw flees by car , detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police , leaving Dom , Brian , Tej , Han , Gisele , Hobbs , and Riley to pursue him . Letty arrives to help Shaw , shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping . Back at their headquarters , Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device , intending to sell it to the highest bidder . Meanwhile , Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom , but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia . Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga . Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga , who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia . With FBI help , Brian is released from prison , regrouping with the team in London .",
"Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards , he returns her cross necklace he had kept . After Letty leaves , Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away , threatening to otherwise hurt his family , but Dom refuses . Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base . Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device . Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw , accompanied by Letty , commandeers a tank , destroying cars en route . Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage , resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her . Shaw and his crew are captured , but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw . Hobbs is forced to release Shaw , and Riley , revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice , leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom .",
"Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase . Dom , Letty , and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia , escaping in an onboard car . The plane attempts to take - off , but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles . Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman ; Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety , but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip . As the plane crashes into the ground , Shaw is thrown from it , seriously injuring him , and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane . Dom reunites with his crew , and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons . Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles . Hobbs and Elena , now working together , arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty . As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal , Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no , but it feels like home . ''",
"In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car . The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash , and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes , saying , `` You do n't know me . You 're about to . ''",
"After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto , Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again . Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father , while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory . Meanwhile , Owen 's older brother , Deckard Shaw , breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team , before breaking into Luke Hobbs ' Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew . After revealing his identity , Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight , and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs . Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian . However , a bomb , disguised in a package sent from Tokyo , explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han , a member of Dom 's team , is killed by Shaw in Tokyo . Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital , where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother . Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han 's body , and meets and races Sean Boswell , a friend of Han 's who gives him personal items found at Han 's crash site .",
"Back at Han 's funeral in Los Angeles , Dom notices a car observing them , and after a chase , confronts its driver , who is revealed to be Shaw . Both prepare to fight , but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire , led by Mr. Nobody . Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God 's Eye , a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person , and save its creator , a hacker named Ramsey , from a mercenary named Mose Jakande . Dom , Brian , Letty , Roman Pearce , and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan , ambush Jakande 's convoy , and rescue Ramsey . The team then heads to Abu Dhabi , where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God 's Eye , and manages to steal it from the owner . With God 's Eye near telecommunications repeaters , the team tracks down Shaw , who is waiting at a remote factory . Dom , Brian , Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw , but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God 's Eye . At his own request , the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him . To reduce their disadvantage , the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw , Jakande and his men . Meanwhile , Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw , he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family .",
"While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone , Ramsey attempts to hack into God 's Eye . Hobbs , seeing the team in trouble , leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance . Brian engages Jakande 's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft , allowing Ramsey to regain control of God 's Eye and shut it down . Dom and Shaw engage in a one - on - one brawl on top of a public parking garage , before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both . Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him . Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande 's helicopter , tossing Shaw 's bag of grenades onto its skids , before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes . Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level , destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande . Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car , believed to be dead . As Letty cradles Dom 's body in her arms , she reveals that she has regained her memories , and that she remembers their wedding . Dom regains consciousness soon after , remarking , `` It 's about time '' .",
"Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret , high - security prison . At a beach , Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom , Letty , Roman , Tej , and Ramsey observe , acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family . Dom silently leaves , Ramsey asks if he 's gon na say goodbye . Dom says , `` It 's never goodbye . '' He drives away , but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad . As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian , they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions , as the screen fades to `` For Paul '' written on a white title screen .",
"Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom 's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo . Sensing Raldo is a loan shark , Dom challenges Raldo to a race , pitting Fernando 's reworked car against Raldo 's , and wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car .",
"The next day , Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her . Shortly afterwards , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom questions Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , of whose existence Dom was previously unaware . Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos .",
"In New York City , Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Prior to the theft , Dom briefly evades Cipher and persuades Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help him . Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars , causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football . The team intercepts Dom , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom .",
"Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , who attempt to shut down the sub , and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters . Meanwhile , Deckard , whose death was apparently faked , teams up with Owen , and under Magdalene 's behest , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts a defeated Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane .",
"Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard delivers Dom his son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs . Dom names his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate .",
"In February 2016 , Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10 , 2020 , and April 2 , 2021 , respectively , and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series . Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment . It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment .",
"In May 2018 , Daniel Casey from Kin , was announced to write a screenplay for the ninth film , making the first film in the franchise without long - time screenwriter Chris Morgan .",
"Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin - offs were in the early stages of development . A spin - off film centered around two characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw was announced by Universal and set with release date of July 26 , 2019 , with Variety reporting that Shane Black was being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script . The announcement of the spin - off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson , criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year .",
"On October 23 , 2017 , Dwayne Johnson posted a video on Instagram which showed the finished script for the spin - off , titled Hobbs and Shaw . In February 2018 , David Leitch entered talks to direct the film , which was confirmed later that April . In March 2018 , it was reported that the film would start production in September 2018 . In May 2018 , the release date of the film was pushed back a week to August 2 , 2019 .",
"On April 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Universal and DreamWorks Animation are creating an animated series based on the franchise that will be launched on Netflix .",
"The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films .",
"Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles , before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape . While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him , Brian travels across Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , winning every street race he participates in , with his red Dodge Stealth . However , he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence . When they collect the car , he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman ( Minka Kelly ) , despite her knowing who he really is . She drops him at a used car lot , with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man . There , he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 . Later , collecting money from street races , he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way . Upon reaching Jacksonville , Florida , Brian heads south toward Miami , where he sees Slap Jack 's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius ' Mazda RX - 7 ( both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters ) before the screen reads `` 2 be continued ... '' .",
"Tego Leo ( Tego Calderón ) is in a Dominican Republic prison , ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil . Meanwhile , on the streets , Rico Santos ( Don Omar ) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas . Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara ( Mirtha Michelle ) and Malo ( F. Valentino Morales ) . They drive him back to Santos ' house , where his aunt Rubia ( Adria Carrasco ) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car . The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family . After breaking Leo out of prison , they head to a club , where Han and Cara flirt , while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis ( Juan Fernandez ) , who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment . While relaxing at the club afterwards , Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty , who has tracked him from Mexico . The two drive together to the beach , where they `` rekindle their relationship '' .",
"Below is a table of all films , both short and feature length , in chronological order . Real world release dates are also noted .",
"Timeline order Title Release date The Fast and the Furious 2001 - 06 - 22 ! June 22 , 2001 -- The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 03 ! June 3 , 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 06 ! June 6 , 2003 -- Los Bandoleros 2009 - 07 - 28 ! July 28 , 2009 Fast & Furious 2009 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2009 Fast Five 2011 - 04 - 29 ! April 29 , 2011 5 Fast & Furious 6 2013 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2013 6 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 2006 - 06 - 16 ! June 16 , 2006 7 Furious 7 2015 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2015 8 The Fate of the Furious 2017 - 04 - 12 ! April 14 , 2017 -- Hobbs & Shaw 2019 - 2 - 8 ! August 2 , 2019",
"Timeline order Title Release date",
"The Fast and the Furious 2001 - 06 - 22 ! June 22 , 2001",
"-- The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 03 ! June 3 , 2003",
"2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 06 ! June 6 , 2003",
"-- Los Bandoleros 2009 - 07 - 28 ! July 28 , 2009",
"Fast & Furious 2009 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2009",
"Fast Five 2011 - 04 - 29 ! April 29 , 2011",
"5 Fast & Furious 6 2013 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2013",
"6 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 2006 - 06 - 16 ! June 16 , 2006",
"7 Furious 7 2015 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2015",
"8 The Fate of the Furious 2017 - 04 - 12 ! April 14 , 2017",
"-- Hobbs & Shaw 2019 - 2 - 8 ! August 2 , 2019",
"Crew / Detail The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Director Rob Cohen John Singleton Justin Lin James Wan F. Gary Gray Producer ( s ) Neal H. Moritz Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Clayton Townsend Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell , Chris Morgan Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Gary Scott Thompson and Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Story by : Gary Scott Thompson Based on : `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Screenplay by : Michael Brandt & Derek Haas Story by : Michael Brandt & Derek Haas and Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Cinematographer ( s ) Ericson Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon Composer BT David Arnold Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal Brian Tyler Editor ( s ) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Costume Designer ( s ) Sanja Milkovic Hays Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs Bill Brzeski Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes ( extended - 132 minutes ) 130 minutes ( extended - 131 minutes ) 137 minutes ( extended - 140 minutes ) 136 minutes ( extended , only on digital - 148 minutes ) MPAA rating PG - 13 PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended Director 's Cut , only on Digital )",
"Crew / Detail The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 )",
"Director Rob Cohen John Singleton Justin Lin James Wan F. Gary Gray",
"Producer ( s ) Neal H. Moritz Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Clayton Townsend Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell , Chris Morgan",
"Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Gary Scott Thompson and Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Story by : Gary Scott Thompson Based on : `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Screenplay by : Michael Brandt & Derek Haas Story by : Michael Brandt & Derek Haas and Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson",
"Cinematographer ( s ) Ericson Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon",
"Composer BT David Arnold Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal Brian Tyler",
"Editor ( s ) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell",
"Costume Designer ( s ) Sanja Milkovic Hays",
"Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs Bill Brzeski",
"Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes ( extended - 132 minutes ) 130 minutes ( extended - 131 minutes ) 137 minutes ( extended - 140 minutes ) 136 minutes ( extended , only on digital - 148 minutes )",
"MPAA rating PG - 13 PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended Director 's Cut , only on Digital )",
"Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 $38 million $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 # 299 # 573 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 $76 million $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 # 388 # 476 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 $85 million $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 # 1,121 Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 $85 million $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 # 281 # 257 # 244 Fast Five April 29 , 2011 $125 million $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 137 # 85 # 89 Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 $160 million $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 # 101 # 38 # 49 Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 $190 million $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 # 37 # 3 # 6 The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 $250 million $226,008,385 $1,009,996,733 $1,236,005,118 # 140 # 6 # 11 Total $1 billion $1,516,800,436 $3,615,335,261 $5,132,135,697 10 - 6 List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film .",
"Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s )",
"North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide",
"The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 $38 million $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 # 299 # 573",
"2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 $76 million $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 # 388 # 476",
"The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 $85 million $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 # 1,121",
"Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 $85 million $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 # 281 # 257 # 244",
"Fast Five April 29 , 2011 $125 million $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 137 # 85 # 89",
"Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 $160 million $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 # 101 # 38 # 49",
"Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 $190 million $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 # 37 # 3 # 6",
"The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 $250 million $226,008,385 $1,009,996,733 $1,236,005,118 # 140 # 6 # 11",
"Total $1 billion $1,516,800,436 $3,615,335,261 $5,132,135,697 10 - 6",
"List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film .",
"A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film .",
"A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film .",
"Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fast and the Furious 53 % ( 147 reviews ) 58 ( 34 reviews ) 7001750000000000000 ♠ B+ 2 Fast 2 Furious 36 % ( 160 reviews ) 38 ( 36 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 37 % ( 114 reviews ) 45 ( 32 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast & Furious 29 % ( 175 reviews ) 46 ( 28 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast Five 77 % ( 196 reviews ) 66 ( 41 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Fast & Furious 6 69 % ( 198 reviews ) 61 ( 39 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Furious 7 80 % ( 243 reviews ) 67 ( 50 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A The Fate of the Furious 66 % ( 259 reviews ) 56 ( 45 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A",
"Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore",
"The Fast and the Furious 53 % ( 147 reviews ) 58 ( 34 reviews ) 7001750000000000000 ♠ B+",
"2 Fast 2 Furious 36 % ( 160 reviews ) 38 ( 36 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A -",
"The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 37 % ( 114 reviews ) 45 ( 32 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A -",
"Fast & Furious 29 % ( 175 reviews ) 46 ( 28 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A -",
"Fast Five 77 % ( 196 reviews ) 66 ( 41 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A",
"Fast & Furious 6 69 % ( 198 reviews ) 61 ( 39 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A",
"Furious 7 80 % ( 243 reviews ) 67 ( 50 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A",
"The Fate of the Furious 66 % ( 259 reviews ) 56 ( 45 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A",
"Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise . Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles . From 2006 to 2013 , The Fast & The Furious : Extreme Close - Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour . On June 25 , 2015 , Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious : Supercharged . Universal Orlando announced the development of a ride of the same name to open in 2018 .",
"Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers , pyrotechnics and projection mapping . The show had two preview shows on January 11 -- 12 at Liverpool 's Echo Arena . It officially began its tour at London 's The O2 Arena on January 19 , 2018 , followed by a worldwide tour until later in 2018 . On March 1 , 2018 , it was revealed on the tour 's website that five new dates had been released for September .",
"The following list is sourced from the tour 's website .",
"Tour Cities Shows Start date End date UK London 19 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 20 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 20 ) Newcastle ; Manchester ; Birmingham ; Sheffield ; Belfast ; Glasgow 18 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 13 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) Worldwide Antwerp ; Turin ; Vienna ; Munich ; Arnhem ; Cologne ; Montpellier ; Lisbon 22 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 17 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) Zürich ; Stockholm ; Oslo ; Helsinki ; Copenhagen ; Berlin ; Paris ; Turin ; Amsterdam ; Prague 26 18 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 22 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 22 )",
"Tour Cities Shows Start date End date",
"UK London 19 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 20 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 20 )",
"Newcastle ; Manchester ; Birmingham ; Sheffield ; Belfast ; Glasgow 18 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 13 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 )",
"Worldwide Antwerp ; Turin ; Vienna ; Munich ; Arnhem ; Cologne ; Montpellier ; Lisbon 22 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 17 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 )",
"Zürich ; Stockholm ; Oslo ; Helsinki ; Copenhagen ; Berlin ; Paris ; Turin ; Amsterdam ; Prague 26 18 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 22 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 22 )",
"Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) The O2 Arena London 19 / 20 January 2018 Metro Radio Arena Newcastle 6 - 8 April 2018 Manchester Arena Manchester 13 - 15 April 2018 Arena Birmingham Birmingham 20 - 22 April 2018 The SSE Arena Belfast 27 - 29 April 2018 FlyDSA Arena Sheffield 4 - 6 May 2018 The SSE Hydro Glasgow 11 - 13 May 2018",
"Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s )",
"The O2 Arena London 19 / 20 January 2018",
"Metro Radio Arena Newcastle 6 - 8 April 2018",
"Manchester Arena Manchester 13 - 15 April 2018",
"Arena Birmingham Birmingham 20 - 22 April 2018",
"The SSE Arena Belfast 27 - 29 April 2018",
"FlyDSA Arena Sheffield 4 - 6 May 2018",
"The SSE Hydro Glasgow 11 - 13 May 2018",
"Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Country ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) Sportpaleis Antwerp Belgium 26 - 28 January 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 2 - 4 February 2018 Wiener Stadthalle Vienna Austria 9 - 11 February 2018 Olympiahalle Munich Germany 16 - 18 February 2018 Gelredome Arnhem The Netherlands 24 / 25 February 2018 Lanxess Arena Cologne Germany 2 - 4 March 2018 Park&Suites Arena Montpellier France 9 - 11 March 2018 Altice Arena Lisbon Portugal 16 / 17 March 2018 Hallenstadion Zürich Switzerland 18 - 20 May 2018 Ericsson Globe Stockholm Sweden 25 - 27 May 2018 Telenor Arena Oslo Norway 1 - 3 June 2018 Hartwall Arena Helsinki Finland 8 - 10 June 2018 Royal Arena Copenhagen Denmark 15 - 17 June 2018 Mercedes - Benz Arena Berlin Germany 22 - 24 June 2018 AccorHotels Arena Paris France 29 June -- 1 July 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 7 / 8 September 2018 Ziggo Dome Amsterdam The Netherlands 15 September 2018 O2 Arena Prague Czech Republic 21 / 22 September 2018",
"Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Country ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s )",
"Sportpaleis Antwerp Belgium 26 - 28 January 2018",
"Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 2 - 4 February 2018",
"Wiener Stadthalle Vienna Austria 9 - 11 February 2018",
"Olympiahalle Munich Germany 16 - 18 February 2018",
"Gelredome Arnhem The Netherlands 24 / 25 February 2018",
"Lanxess Arena Cologne Germany 2 - 4 March 2018",
"Park&Suites Arena Montpellier France 9 - 11 March 2018",
"Altice Arena Lisbon Portugal 16 / 17 March 2018",
"Hallenstadion Zürich Switzerland 18 - 20 May 2018",
"Ericsson Globe Stockholm Sweden 25 - 27 May 2018",
"Telenor Arena Oslo Norway 1 - 3 June 2018",
"Hartwall Arena Helsinki Finland 8 - 10 June 2018",
"Royal Arena Copenhagen Denmark 15 - 17 June 2018",
"Mercedes - Benz Arena Berlin Germany 22 - 24 June 2018",
"AccorHotels Arena Paris France 29 June -- 1 July 2018",
"Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 7 / 8 September 2018",
"Ziggo Dome Amsterdam The Netherlands 15 September 2018",
"O2 Arena Prague Czech Republic 21 / 22 September 2018",
"Fast & Furious soundtrack albums Title Release date The Fast and the Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film 2 Fast 2 Furious : Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film Fast & Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast Five : Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast & Furious 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film The Fate of the Furious : The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film The Fate of the Furious : Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film",
"Title Release date",
"The Fast and the Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film",
"More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film",
"2 Fast 2 Furious : Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film",
"The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film",
"The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film",
"Fast & Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film",
"Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film",
"Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film",
"Fast Five : Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film",
"Fast & Furious 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film",
"Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film",
"Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film",
"The Fate of the Furious : The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film",
"The Fate of the Furious : Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film",
"The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems . The arcade game The Fast and the Furious ( known as Wild Speed in Japan ) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004 . In 2006 , the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . Several games ( The Fast and the Furious : Pink Slip , Fast & Furious , Fast Five , Fast & Furious : Adrenaline , Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy ) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store ; for Android devices there is an official version of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy . In 2013 , Fast & Furious : Showdown was released for the PC ( Windows OS ) , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U and Nintendo 3DS . Various cars , locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town . In 2015 , in a deal with Microsoft Studios , a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious .",
"Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64 . RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002 . 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . Johnny Lightning , under the JL Full Throttle Brand , released 1 / 64th and 1 / 24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift . These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne . Greenlight has also sold cars from the new films in the series and some from the previous films . Hot Wheels has released 1 / 64 models since 2013 .",
"The Fast and the Furious franchise was filmed in a number of countries including : Brazil , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Mexico , Panama , Puerto Rico , Spain , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and the United States ."
] | The Fast and the Furious - wikipedia The Fast and the Furious Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the film franchise. For the franchise's first film, see The Fast and the Furious (2001 film) . For other uses, see The Fast and the Furious (disambiguation) . The Fast and the Furious Created by Gary Scott Thompson Original work The Fast and the Furious (2001) Owner Universal Pictures Films and television Film(s) The Fast and the Furious (2001) 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) Fast & Furious (2009) Fast Five (2011) Fast & Furious 6 (2013) Furious 7 (2015) The Fate of the Furious (2017) Short film(s) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) Los Bandoleros (2009) Theatrical presentations Play(s) Fast & Furious Live Audio Original music BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift, Fast Five, Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 ) Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Fast & Furious: Supercharged (2015) Official website http://www.fastandfurious.com/ The Fast and the Furious (also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing , heists and espionage , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films. Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series, and as of May 2017, it has become Universal's biggest franchise of all time, currently the sixth-highest-grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion. Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Released films 1.2 Main series 1.2.1 The Fast and the Furious (2001) 1.2.2 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) 1.2.3 The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) 1.2.4 Fast & Furious (2009) 1.2.5 Fast Five (2011) 1.2.6 Fast & Furious 6 (2013) 1.2.7 Furious 7 (2015) 1.2.8 The Fate of the Furious (2017) 1.2.9 Future 1.3 Spin-off 1.3.1 Hobbs & Shaw (2019) 2 Television series 3 Short films 3.1 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) 3.2 Los Bandoleros (2009) 4 Storyline chronology 5 Cast and crew members 5.1 Characters 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 Franchise extension 7.1 Theme park attractions 7.2 Fast & Furious Live 7.2.1 Tour overview 7.2.2 UK tour dates 7.2.3 Worldwide tour dates 7.3 Soundtracks 7.4 Video games 7.5 Toys and model kits 8 International locations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Films ( edit ) Released films ( edit ) Film Release date Director Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) The Fast and the Furious June 22, 2001 ( 2001-06-22 ) Rob Cohen Gary Scott Thompson , Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Neal H. Moritz 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6, 2003 ( 2003-06-06 ) John Singleton Gary Scott Thompson, Michael Brandt and Derek Haas The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift June 16, 2006 ( 2006-06-16 ) Justin Lin Chris Morgan Fast & Furious April 3, 2009 ( 2009-04-03 ) Neal H. Moritz, Michael K Ross, Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast Five April 29, 2011 ( 2011-04-29 ) Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast & Furious 6 May 24, 2013 ( 2013-05-24 ) Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel and Clayton Townsend Furious 7 April 3, 2015 ( 2015-04-03 ) James Wan Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell The Fate of the Furious April 14, 2017 ( 2017-04-14 ) F. Gary Gray Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Michael Fottrell and Chris Morgan Main series ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious (2001) ( edit ) Main article: The Fast and the Furious (2001 film) The film is based on an article, titled `` Racer X'' , about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night, although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles. While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and his crew: Jesse ( Chad Lindberg ), Leon ( Johnny Strong ), Vince ( Matt Schulze ) and Letty Ortiz ( Michelle Rodriguez ), are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks, Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment. He works for FBI agent Bilkins ( Thom Barry ) and LAPD Sgt. Tanner ( Ted Levine ). Falling for Dominic's younger sister, Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ), Brian confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers, who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies. He tracks Dominic's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in progress to find Letty, badly injured in a car accident, and Vince critically wounded, having lacerated his arm and been shot by a truck driver. Brian and Mia work together with Dominic, Leon and Letty to rescue Vince. Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac. The revelation enrages Dominic, who flees with Leon, Letty, and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince. Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further. Jesse arrives shortly afterwards, apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic's help with Johnny Tran ( Rick Yune ). Moments later, Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen ( Reggie Lee ) perform a drive-by shooting, killing Jesse. Brian and Dominic chase them, with Dominic driving his late father's modified 1970 Dodge Charger. Dominic forces Lance's motorcycle off the road, severely injuring him, while Brian shoots and kills Tran. Afterwards, Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race, narrowly avoiding a passing train. However, Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice, injuring himself, and rendering the Charger undrivable. Instead of arresting him, Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape, using the line `` I owe you a ten-second car.'' 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) ( edit ) Main article: 2 Fast 2 Furious Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes ( Eva Mendes ), Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham ( James Remar ) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Cole Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record. Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner, refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him. Brian heads home to Barstow, California, where he recruits Roman Pearce ( Tyrese Gibson ), a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest, to help him. Pearce agrees, but only for the same deal Brian was offered, and with the help of Monica, Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone. After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers, the duo return to a Customs/FBI hideout, where Roman confronts Markham over the latter's interference with the mission. After the situation is cooled down, Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off, but also suspects something wrong with Monica's role in the mission. Later, Brian and Roman race two of Verone's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry. Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone's men. On the day of the mission, Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone's money, with two of Verone's men Enrique ( Mo Gallini ) and Roberto (Roberto Sanchez) riding along to watch Brian and Roman. Before the 15-minute window is set, the detective in charge, Whitworth ( Mark Boone Junior ), decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest, resulting in a high-speed chase across the city. The duo lead the police to a warehouse, where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police. Following the scramble, police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse, only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian's new crew, friends, Tej Parker ( Ludacris ) and Suki ( Devon Aoki ). As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro , Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield. Meanwhile, Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his (orange) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide. At the airfield, Customs Agents have Verone's plane and convoy surrounded, only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away. As he knew Monica was an undercover agent, he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage. When Brian arrives at the intended drop-off point, Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique. Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht, but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp, crashing on top of the yacht. The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica. With their crimes pardoned, Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage. Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money, as Roman also reveals that his pockets aren't empty, having taken money for himself. The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) ( edit ) Main article: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift This film's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7 . After totaling his car in an illegal street race, Sean Boswell ( Lucas Black ) is sent to live in Tokyo, Japan, with his father, a U.S. Navy officer, in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail. While in school, he befriends Twinkie ( Bow Wow ), a `` military brat'' who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan. Though forbidden to drive, he decides to race against Takashi ( Brian Tee ) aka D.K. (Drift King). He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue ( Sung Kang ), now a business partner to Takashi, and loses, totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting. To repay his debt for the car he destroyed, Sean works for Han. Later on, Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift. Takashi's uncle Kamata ( Sonny Chiba ) (the head of the Yakuza ) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him. Takashi confronts Han, Sean and Neela ( Nathalie Kelley ), and in doing so, they flee. During the chase, Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire. Takashi, Sean, and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi. Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole, which Sean then returns to Kamata. Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo. Sean and Han's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang , with an inline-6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han's Silvia that Sean had destroyed. Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto. Fast & Furious (2009) ( edit ) Main article: Fast & Furious (2009 film) Fast & Furious , as well as its succeeding films, takes place before the events of The Fast and The Furious: Tokyo Drift . About five years after the events of the first film , Dominic and his new crew (Letty, Han, Leo, Santos and Cara) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic. When their trail gets too hot, Dominic disbands the crew. However, he is later informed that Letty has been murdered. Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro-methane at the crash site, and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park. Meanwhile, Brian O'Conner , who has been working as an FBI agent, is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga . When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park's apartment, Dominic is about to drop David out the window. But Brian intervenes, and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga's team of drivers. Although Dominic wins the four-car race by bumping Brian's car, Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga's other drivers. The team meets Fenix Calderon ( Laz Alonso ) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection. Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission, and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty, Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car, blowing up a bunch of vehicles. In the chaos, Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin. Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles, hiding the heroin in an impound lot. When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty, he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian, tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic's name. Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash. However, at the drop site, it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy, and that the real Braga ( John Ortiz ) has escaped, fleeing to Mexico. Suspended from duty, Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga. Although Braga agreeably surrenders, they are pursued by Braga's men through town and then the tunnels. Fenix T-bones Brian's car right outside the tunnel exit, but before he can kill Brian, Dominic drives into and kills Fenix. As the police arrive, Dominic refuses to escape, saying he is tired of running. Despite Brian's request for clemency , the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life . During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary , Brian and Mia, along with Leo and Santos, arrive in their cars and intercept the bus. Fast Five (2011) ( edit ) Main article: Fast Five This section is transcluded from Fast Five . ( edit history ) When Dominic `` Dom'' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus, his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus, causing it to crash and freeing Dom. While the authorities search for them, the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom's arrival, Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train. Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property. When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants, he realizes that the lead participant, Zizi, is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen, during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles. Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes, the owner of the cars and Zizi's boss. Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car, but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse. While Brian, Dom, and Mia examine the car to discover its importance, Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it. He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own, and Dom forces him to leave. Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes' criminal empire, including the locations of US$100 million in cash. Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian. With the help of local officer Elena Neves, they travel to Dom's safehouse, but find it under assault by Reyes' men. Brian, Dom and Mia escape; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio, but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian's child. Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life. They organize a team to perform the heist: Han, Roman, Tej, Gisele, Leo, and Santos. Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes' men. Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom, Mia, Brian, and Vince. While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States, the convoy is attacked by Reyes' men, who kill Hobbs' team. Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom, Brian, Mia, and Vince as they fight back and escape, but Vince is shot in the process and dies. Wanting to avenge his murdered team, Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist. The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes' money from the building using their cars, dragging it through the city. After an extensive police chase, Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes, using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles. Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom's assault. Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team. Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free, he gives them a 24-hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is. However, the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase. After splitting the cash (Vince's share is given to his family), they go their separate ways. On a tropical beach, Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax. They are met by Dom and Elena. Brian challenges Dom to a final, no-stakes race to prove who is the better driver. In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom's former girlfriend Letty, who had been presumed dead. Fast & Furious 6 (2013) ( edit ) Main article: Fast & Furious 6 This section is transcluded from Fast & Furious 6 . ( edit history ) Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom'' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world: Dom lives with Elena; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son, Jack; Gisele and Han live together; and Roman and Tej live in luxury. Meanwhile, DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw. Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long-dead Letty Ortiz, Dom's former lover. Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty, allowing them to return to the United States. In London, Shaw's hideout is found, but this is revealed to be a trap, distracting them and the police while Shaw's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building. Shaw flees by car, detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police, leaving Dom, Brian, Tej, Han, Gisele, Hobbs, and Riley to pursue him. Letty arrives to help Shaw, shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping. Back at their headquarters, Hobbs tells Dom's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device, intending to sell it to the highest bidder. Meanwhile, Shaw's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty's relationship with Dom, but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia. Dominic's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga. Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga, who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia. With FBI help, Brian is released from prison, regrouping with the team in London. Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition; afterwards, he returns her cross necklace he had kept. After Letty leaves, Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away, threatening to otherwise hurt his family, but Dom refuses. Tej tracks Shaw's next attack to a Spanish NATO base. Shaw's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device. Dom's crew interferes while Shaw, accompanied by Letty, commandeers a tank, destroying cars en route. Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage, resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her. Shaw and his crew are captured, but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw. Hobbs is forced to release Shaw, and Riley, revealed to be Shaw's covert accomplice, leaves with him; Letty chooses to remain with Dom. Shaw's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom's crew gives chase. Dom, Letty, and Brian board the craft; Brian rescues Mia, escaping in an onboard car. The plane attempts to take-off, but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles. Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw's henchman; Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety, but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip. As the plane crashes into the ground, Shaw is thrown from it, seriously injuring him, and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane. Dom reunites with his crew, and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons. Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles. Hobbs and Elena, now working together, arrive to confirm the crew's freedom; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty. As Roman says grace over the crew's meal, Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar; she answers `` no, but it feels like home.'' In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car. The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty's cross necklace by the crash, and calls Dom as Han's car fatally explodes, saying, `` You don't know me. You're about to .'' Furious 7 (2015) ( edit ) Main article: Furious 7 This section is transcluded from Furious 7 . ( edit history ) After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes, Dominic `` Dom'' Toretto , Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again. Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father, while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory. Meanwhile, Owen's older brother, Deckard Shaw, breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team, before breaking into Luke Hobbs' Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) office to extract profiles of Dom's crew. After revealing his identity, Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight, and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs. Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian. However, a bomb, disguised in a package sent from Tokyo , explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han, a member of Dom's team, is killed by Shaw in Tokyo. Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital, where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother. Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han's body, and meets and races Sean Boswell, a friend of Han's who gives him personal items found at Han's crash site. Back at Han's funeral in Los Angeles , Dom notices a car observing them, and after a chase, confronts its driver, who is revealed to be Shaw. Both prepare to fight, but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire, led by Mr. Nobody . Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God's Eye, a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person, and save its creator, a hacker named Ramsey, from a mercenary named Mose Jakande. Dom, Brian, Letty, Roman Pearce, and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan, ambush Jakande's convoy, and rescue Ramsey. The team then heads to Abu Dhabi , where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God's Eye, and manages to steal it from the owner. With God's Eye near telecommunications repeaters , the team tracks down Shaw, who is waiting at a remote factory. Dom, Brian, Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw, but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God's Eye. At his own request, the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him. To reduce their disadvantage, the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw, Jakande and his men. Meanwhile, Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw, he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family. While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone , Ramsey attempts to hack into God's Eye. Hobbs, seeing the team in trouble, leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance. Brian engages Jakande's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft, allowing Ramsey to regain control of God's Eye and shut it down. Dom and Shaw engage in a one-on-one brawl on top of a public parking garage, before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both. Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him. Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande's helicopter, tossing Shaw's bag of grenades onto its skids, before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes. Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level, destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande. Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car, believed to be dead. As Letty cradles Dom's body in her arms, she reveals that she has regained her memories, and that she remembers their wedding. Dom regains consciousness soon after, remarking, `` It's about time'' . Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret, high-security prison. At a beach, Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom, Letty, Roman, Tej, and Ramsey observe, acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family. Dom silently leaves, Ramsey asks if he's gonna say goodbye. Dom says, `` It's never goodbye.'' He drives away, but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad. As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian, they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions , as the screen fades to `` For Paul'' written on a white title screen. The Fate of the Furious (2017) ( edit ) Main article: The Fate of the Furious This section is transcluded from The Fate of the Furious . ( edit history ) Dominic `` Dom'' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo. Sensing Raldo is a loan shark , Dom challenges Raldo to a race, pitting Fernando's reworked car against Raldo's , and wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race, Dom allows Raldo to keep his car, earning his respect, and instead leaves his cousin with his show car. The next day, Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her. Shortly afterwards, Dom and his team, comprising Letty, Roman Pearce, Tej Parker, and Ramsey, are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway, Dom goes rogue, forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher. Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high-security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in. After escaping, Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher. Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God's Eye, Ramsey's software program. The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God's Eye. When Dom questions Cipher's motives, she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves-- as well as their son, of whose existence Dom was previously unaware. Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child's first name, having already given him the middle name Marcos. In New York City , Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Prior to the theft, Dom briefly evades Cipher and persuades Deckard and Owen's mother, Magdalene Shaw, to help him. Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars, causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football. The team intercepts Dom, but Dom escapes, shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process. Letty catches up to Dom, but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher's enforcer, Connor Rhodes, before Dom rescues her. In retaliation, Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom. Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war. They are once again intercepted by the team, who attempt to shut down the sub, and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters. Meanwhile, Deckard, whose death was apparently faked, teams up with Owen, and under Magdalene's behest, infiltrates Cipher's plane to rescue Dom's son. Once Deckard reports that the child is safe, Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes, avenging Elena's death, before rejoining his team. Outraged, Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom, but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it, causing the missile to hit the submarine instead. The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom, shielding him from the ensuing explosion. When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts a defeated Cipher, she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane. Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back, but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter. Deckard delivers Dom his son, putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs. Dom names his son Brian, after his friend and brother-in-law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate. Future ( edit ) In February 2016, Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10, 2020, and April 2, 2021, respectively, and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series. Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment. It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment. In May 2018, Daniel Casey from Kin , was announced to write a screenplay for the ninth film, making the first film in the franchise without long-time screenwriter Chris Morgan . Spin-off ( edit ) Hobbs & Shaw (2019) ( edit ) Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin-offs were in the early stages of development. A spin-off film centered around two characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw was announced by Universal and set with release date of July 26, 2019, with Variety reporting that Shane Black was being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script. The announcement of the spin-off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson , criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year. On October 23, 2017, Dwayne Johnson posted a video on Instagram which showed the finished script for the spin-off, titled Hobbs and Shaw . In February 2018, David Leitch entered talks to direct the film, which was confirmed later that April. In March 2018, it was reported that the film would start production in September 2018. In May 2018, the release date of the film was pushed back a week to August 2, 2019. Television series ( edit ) On April 23, 2018, it was announced that Universal and DreamWorks Animation are creating an animated series based on the franchise that will be launched on Netflix . Short films ( edit ) The turbo charged prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) ( edit ) Main article: The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films. Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles, before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape. While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him, Brian travels across Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , winning every street race he participates in, with his red Dodge Stealth . However, he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence. When they collect the car, he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman ( Minka Kelly ), despite her knowing who he really is. She drops him at a used car lot, with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man. There, he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT-R R34 . Later, collecting money from street races, he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way. Upon reaching Jacksonville, Florida , Brian heads south toward Miami , where he sees Slap Jack's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius' Mazda RX-7 (both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters) before the screen reads `` 2 be continued...'' . Los bandoleros (2009) ( edit ) Main article: Los Bandoleros (film) Tego Leo ( Tego Calderón ) is in a Dominican Republic prison, ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil. Meanwhile, on the streets, Rico Santos ( Don Omar ) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas. Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara ( Mirtha Michelle ) and Malo (F. Valentino Morales). They drive him back to Santos' house, where his aunt Rubia (Adria Carrasco) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car. The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family. After breaking Leo out of prison, they head to a club, where Han and Cara flirt, while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis ( Juan Fernandez ), who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment. While relaxing at the club afterwards, Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty, who has tracked him from Mexico. The two drive together to the beach, where they `` rekindle their relationship'' . Storyline chronology ( edit ) Below is a table of all films, both short and feature length, in chronological order. Real world release dates are also noted. Timeline order Title Release date The Fast and the Furious 2001-06-22 ! June 22, 2001 -- The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003-06-03 ! June 3, 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003-06-06 ! June 6, 2003 -- Los Bandoleros 2009-07-28 ! July 28, 2009 Fast & Furious 2009-04-03 ! April 3, 2009 Fast Five 2011-04-29 ! April 29, 2011 5 Fast & Furious 6 2013-05-24 ! May 24, 2013 6 The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift 2006-06-16 ! June 16, 2006 7 Furious 7 2015-04-03 ! April 3, 2015 8 The Fate of the Furious 2017-04-12 ! April 14, 2017 -- Hobbs & Shaw 2019-2-8 ! August 2, 2019 Cast and crew members ( edit ) Crew/Detail The Fast and the Furious (2001) 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) Fast & Furious (2009) Fast Five (2011) Fast & Furious 6 (2013) Furious 7 (2015) The Fate of the Furious (2017) Director Rob Cohen John Singleton Justin Lin James Wan F. Gary Gray Producer(s) Neal H. Moritz Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Clayton Townsend Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Michael Fottrell, Chris Morgan Writer(s) Screenplay by: Gary Scott Thompson and Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Story by: Gary Scott Thompson Based on: `` Racer X'' by Ken Li Screenplay by: Michael Brandt & Derek Haas Story by: Michael Brandt & Derek Haas and Gary Scott Thompson Written by: Chris Morgan Based on characters by: Gary Scott Thompson Cinematographer(s) Ericson Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon Composer BT David Arnold Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal Brian Tyler Editor(s) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Costume Designer(s) Sanja Milkovic Hays Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs Bill Brzeski Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes (extended - 132 minutes) 130 minutes (extended - 131 minutes) 137 minutes (extended - 140 minutes) 136 minutes (extended, only on digital - 148 minutes) MPAA rating PG-13 PG-13 (Theatrical version) Unrated (Extended version) PG-13 (Theatrical version) Unrated (Extended Director's Cut, only on Digital) Characters ( edit ) Main article: List of The Fast and the Furious characters Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film, see the `` Reception'' section on each film's article. Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref(s) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide The Fast and the Furious June 22, 2001 $38 million $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 #299 #573 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6, 2003 $76 million $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 #388 #476 The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift June 16, 2006 $85 million $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 #1,121 Fast & Furious April 3, 2009 $85 million $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 #281 #257 #244 Fast Five April 29, 2011 $125 million $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 #137 #85 #89 Fast & Furious 6 May 24, 2013 $160 million $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 #101 #38 #49 Furious 7 April 3, 2015 $190 million $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 #37 #3 #6 The Fate of the Furious April 14, 2017 $250 million $226,008,385 $1,009,996,733 $1,236,005,118 #140 #6 #11 Total $1 billion $1,516,800,436 $3,615,335,261 $5,132,135,697 10 - 6 List indicator(s) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film. Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fast and the Furious 53% (147 reviews) 58 (34 reviews) 7001750000000000000♠ B+ 2 Fast 2 Furious 36% (160 reviews) 38 (36 reviews) 7001833300000000000♠ A- The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift 37% (114 reviews) 45 (32 reviews) 7001833300000000000♠ A- Fast & Furious 29% (175 reviews) 46 (28 reviews) 7001833300000000000♠ A- Fast Five 77% (196 reviews) 66 (41 reviews) 7001916700000000000♠ A Fast & Furious 6 69% (198 reviews) 61 (39 reviews) 7001916700000000000♠ A Furious 7 80% (243 reviews) 67 (50 reviews) 7001916700000000000♠ A The Fate of the Furious 66% (259 reviews) 56 (45 reviews) 7001916700000000000♠ A Franchise extension ( edit ) Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise. Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles. From 2006 to 2013, The Fast & The Furious: Extreme Close-Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour. On June 25, 2015, Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious: Supercharged . Universal Orlando announced the development of a ride of the same name to open in 2018. Fast & Furious live ( edit ) Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers , pyrotechnics and projection mapping . The show had two preview shows on January 11-- 12 at Liverpool's Echo Arena . It officially began its tour at London's The O2 Arena on January 19, 2018, followed by a worldwide tour until later in 2018. On March 1, 2018, it was revealed on the tour's website that five new dates had been released for September. The following list is sourced from the tour's website. Tour overview ( edit ) Tour Cities Shows Start date End date UK London 19 January 2018 ( 2018-01-19 ) 20 January 2018 ( 2018-01-20 ) Newcastle; Manchester; Birmingham; Sheffield; Belfast; Glasgow 18 6 April 2018 ( 2018-04-06 ) 13 May 2018 ( 2018-05-13 ) Worldwide Antwerp; Turin; Vienna; Munich; Arnhem; Cologne; Montpellier; Lisbon 22 26 January 2018 ( 2018-01-26 ) 17 March 2018 ( 2018-03-17 ) Zürich ; Stockholm; Oslo; Helsinki; Copenhagen; Berlin; Paris; Turin; Amsterdam; Prague 26 18 May 2018 ( 2018-05-18 ) 22 September 2018 ( 2018-09-22 ) UK tour dates ( edit ) Venue(s) City(s) Show(s) Date(s) The O2 Arena London 19/20 January 2018 Metro Radio Arena Newcastle 6-8 April 2018 Manchester Arena Manchester 13-15 April 2018 Arena Birmingham Birmingham 20-22 April 2018 The SSE Arena Belfast 27-29 April 2018 FlyDSA Arena Sheffield 4-6 May 2018 The SSE Hydro Glasgow 11-13 May 2018 Worldwide tour dates ( edit ) Venue(s) City(s) Country(s) Show(s) Date(s) Sportpaleis Antwerp Belgium 26-28 January 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 2-4 February 2018 Wiener Stadthalle Vienna Austria 9-11 February 2018 Olympiahalle Munich Germany 16-18 February 2018 Gelredome Arnhem The Netherlands 24/25 February 2018 Lanxess Arena Cologne Germany 2-4 March 2018 Park&Suites Arena Montpellier France 9-11 March 2018 Altice Arena Lisbon Portugal 16/17 March 2018 Hallenstadion Zürich Switzerland 18-20 May 2018 Ericsson Globe Stockholm Sweden 25-27 May 2018 Telenor Arena Oslo Norway 1-3 June 2018 Hartwall Arena Helsinki Finland 8-10 June 2018 Royal Arena Copenhagen Denmark 15-17 June 2018 Mercedes-Benz Arena Berlin Germany 22-24 June 2018 AccorHotels Arena Paris France 29 June-- 1 July 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 7/8 September 2018 Ziggo Dome Amsterdam The Netherlands 15 September 2018 O2 Arena Prague Czech Republic 21/22 September 2018 Soundtracks ( edit ) Fast & Furious soundtrack albums Title Release date The Fast and the Furious: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film 2 Fast 2 Furious: Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (Original Motion Picture Score) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film Fast & Furious: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast & Furious (Original Motion Picture Score) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast Five (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast Five: Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast & Furious 6 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film Furious 7: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film Furious 7: Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film The Fate of the Furious: The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film The Fate of the Furious: Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film Video games ( edit ) The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems. The arcade game The Fast and the Furious (known as Wild Speed in Japan) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004. In 2006, the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . Several games ( The Fast and the Furious: Pink Slip , Fast & Furious , Fast Five , Fast & Furious: Adrenaline , Fast & Furious 6: The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy ) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store ; for Android devices there is an official version of Fast & Furious 6: The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy . In 2013, Fast & Furious: Showdown was released for the PC ( Windows OS ), Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U and Nintendo 3DS . Various cars, locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town . In 2015, in a deal with Microsoft Studios , a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious . Toys and model kits ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film's cars in different scales from 1/18 to 1/64. RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002. 1/24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . Johnny Lightning, under the JL Full Throttle Brand, released 1/64th and 1/24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift. These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne. Greenlight has also sold cars from the new films in the series and some from the previous films. Hot Wheels has released 1/64 models since 2013. International locations ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious franchise was filmed in a number of countries including: Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Spain, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States. See also ( edit ) List of highest-grossing film franchises References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office'' . Box Office Mojo . June 15, 2015 . Retrieved March 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ David Gonzales (6 April 2015). `` ' Furious 7' Marks Universal's Biggest Franchise Ever'' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott. `` Box Office: ' Fast And Furious 9' Delay Offers Answer To Universal's ' Wicked' Problem'' . Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (October 4, 2017). `` ' Fast and Furious 9' Moved Back a Year to 2020'' . Jump up ^ Rahman, Abid (February 3, 2016). `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious' Parts 9 and 10'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 10 will be the final movie of the series'' . April 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys. `` Fast and Furious Spinoff Gets July 2019 Release Date'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 9 Taps Writer Daniel Casey'' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (November 16, 2015). `` ' Fast & Furious' Spinoffs In the Works (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious 10 Cast and Crew'' . Fast and Furious . January 22, 2017. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017 . Retrieved January 28, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Fast & Furious: The Rock And Jason Statham Spin-Off Coming In 2019'' . October 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (October 5, 2017). `` Dwayne Johnson and Jason Statham's ' Fast and Furious' Spinoff Gets 2019 Release Date'' . Variety. Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2' Director in Early Talks for Dwayne Johnson's ' Fast and Furious' Spinoff'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Rock's Fast and Furious Spin-Off Begins Shooting This Fall'' . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast & Furious' Spinoff with Dwayne Johnson & Jason Statham Shifts To August 2019 -- Update'' . Deadline Hollywood . May 9, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ' Fast and Furious' Animated Series From DreamWorks Animation Set at Netflix'' . Variety . April 23, 2018 . Retrieved April 23, 2018 . Jump up ^ aegies. `` The Fast & Furious Timeline'' . Polygon . Retrieved May 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious (2001)'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003)'' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Challenge (2006)'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Challenge'' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious (2009)'' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five (2011)'' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6'' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 (2015)'' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- WORLDWIDE GROSSES - Overseas'' . Retrieved June 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious (2017)'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- Franchise Index'' . Retrieved April 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Gross'' . Archived from the original on June 13, 2015 . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo -- Alltime Box Office -- Worldwide Grosses & #1-100'' . Retrieved May 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TheNumbers Movie Franchises'' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved May 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious (2001)'' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` CinemaScore'' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003)'' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006)'' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 5, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious (2009)'' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five (2011)'' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 (2013)'' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 4, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 (2015)'' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious (2017)'' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` theStudioTour.com - Universal Studios Hollywood - The Fast and the Furious'' . thestudiotour.com . Retrieved December 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious attraction takes shape at Universal Studios Hollywood'' . Los Angeles Times . May 5, 2015 . Retrieved December 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN Cars (July 11, 2006). `` Fast and Furious: Extreme Close Up'' . IGN . Retrieved December 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser. `` ' Fast & Furious-Supercharged' Opening at Universal Studios June 25 - Variety'' . Variety . Retrieved December 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Orlando Close Up - New Fast & Furious Ride Coming - Universal Orlando Blog'' . Close Up . Jump up ^ Spectacular Fast and Furious car stunt live show is a £ 25m gamble - Mark Brown, The Guardian, 22 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on April 23, 2005 . Retrieved October 24, 2013 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on October 11, 2004 . Retrieved May 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mods -- RadioShack ZipZaps -- These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack'' . Micro RC Cars. November 25, 2002 . Retrieved December 1, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on November 2, 2004 . Retrieved May 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ HW City / Speed Power Series (2013 New Model): Toyota Supra - Orange Track Diecast, 8 January 2016 Jump up ^ The Fate of the Furious (2017) , retrieved 2017-09-05 Jump up ^ As depicted in 2013 film Fast & Furious 6 External links ( edit ) Official website The Fast and the Furious on IMDb ( hide ) The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious: Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious: Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious&oldid=843573271 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 2001 The Fast and the Furious Action films by series American action adventure films Action thriller films Auto racing films Crime films by series Crime thriller films Film series American road movies Techno-thriller films Thriller films by series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories: CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel' 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 01:23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 6583977141652157584 |
what's the joker for in a deck of cards | The Joker is a playing card found in most modern card decks , as an addition to the standard four suits ( clubs , diamonds , hearts and spades ) . The Joker originated in the United States during the civil war and was created as a trump card for the game of Euchre . It has since been adopted into many other card games where it may function as a wild card . The card is unique in that it lacks an industry - wide standard appearance . | [
[
"a trump card for the game of Euchre"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The Joker is a playing card found in most modern card decks , as an addition to the standard four suits ( clubs , diamonds , hearts and spades ) . The Joker originated in the United States during the civil war and was created as a trump card for the game of Euchre . It has since been adopted into many other card games where it may function as a wild card . The card is unique in that it lacks an industry - wide standard appearance .",
"In the game of Euchre , the highest trump card is the Jack of the trump suit , called the right bower ( from the German Bauer ) ; the second - highest trump , the left bower , is the Jack of the suit of the same color as trumps . Around 1860 , American Euchre players may have devised a higher trump , the `` Best Bower '' , out of a blank card .",
"Samuel Hart is credited with printing the first illustrated `` Best Bower '' card in 1863 with his `` Imperial Bower '' . Best Bower - type jokers continued to be produced well into the 20th - century . Cards labelled `` Joker '' began appearing around the late 1860s with some depicting clowns and jesters . It is believed that the term `` Joker '' comes from Juker or Juckerspiel , the original German spelling of Euchre . One British manufacturer , Charles Goodall , was manufacturing packs with Jokers for the American market in 1871 . The first joker for the domestic British market was sold in 1874 . Italians call jokers `` Jolly '' as many early cards were labelled `` Jolly Joker '' .",
"The next game to use a joker was poker around 1875 where it functioned as a wild card . Packs with two jokers started to become the norm during the late 1940s for the game of Canasta . Since the 1950s , German and Austrian decks have included three jokers to play German rummy ; in Poland the third joker is known as the blue joker . In Schleswig - Holstein , Zwickern decks come with six jokers .",
"Jokers do not have any standardized appearance across the card manufacturing industry . Each company produces their own depictions of the card . The publishers of playing cards trademark their jokers , which have unique artwork that often reflect contemporary culture . Out of convention , jokers tend to be illustrated as jesters . There are usually two Jokers per deck , often noticeably different . For instance , the United States Playing Card Company ( USPCC ) prints their company 's guarantee claim on only one . More common traits are the appearance of colored and black / non-colored Jokers . At times , the Jokers will each be colored to match the colors used for suits ; there will be a red Joker , and a black Joker . In games where the jokers may need to be compared , the red , full - color , or larger - graphic Joker usually outranks the black , monochrome , or smaller - graphic one . If the joker colors are similar , the joker without a guarantee will outrank the guaranteed one . With the red and black jokers , the red one can alternately be counted as a heart / diamond and the black is used to substitute clubs / spades . The Unicode for playing cards provide symbols for three jokers : red , black , and white .",
"Many decks do not provide the Joker with a corner index symbol , of those that do , the most common is a solid five - pointed star or a star within a circle . It is also very common for decks to simply use a stylized `` J '' or the word `` JOKER '' in the corner .",
"Like sports trading cards , jokers are often prized by collectors . Many unusual jokers are available for purchase online while other collectible jokers are catalogued online for viewing .",
"The Joker is often compared to `` ( the ) Fool '' in the Tarot deck . They share many similarities both in appearance and play function . In Central Europe , the Fool is the highest trump ; elsewhere as an `` excuse '' that can be played at any time to avoid following suit but can not win .",
"Practitioners of cartomancy often include a Joker in the standard 52 - card deck , with a meaning similar to the Fool card of Tarot . Sometimes the two Jokers are used : one approach is to identify the `` black '' Joker with the Fool and the `` red '' Joker with `` the Magician , '' also known as the Juggler , a card which is somewhat similar in interpretation and is considered the first step in the `` Fool 's Journey . ''",
"In a standard deck , there are usually two Jokers . The Joker 's use varies greatly . Many card games omit the card entirely ; as a result , Jokers are often used as informal replacements for lost or damaged cards in a deck by simply noting the lost card 's rank and suit on the joker . Other games , such as a 25 - card variant of Euchre which uses the joker as the highest trump , make it one of the most important in the game . Often , the joker is a wild card , and thereby allowed to represent other existing cards . The term `` joker 's wild '' originates from this practice , as does the game show of the same name . The Joker Is Wild is also the name of a 1957 film starring Frank Sinatra .",
"The Joker can be an extremely beneficial , or an extremely harmful , card . In Euchre it is often used to represent the highest trump . In poker , it is wild . However , in the children 's game named Old Maid , a solitary joker represents the Maid , a card that is to be avoided .",
"Euchre , 500 : As the highest trump or `` top Bower '' . Canasta : The joker , like the deuce , is a wild card . However , the joker is worth 50 points in melding , as opposed to 20 for the deuce . Gin Rummy : a wild card , able to be used as any necessary rank or suit to complete a meld . Chase the Joker : An alternative version of Old Maid where the Joker card is used instead of the Ace . War : In some variations , beats all other cards . Pitch : A point card in some variations . Jokers usually are marked as `` High '' and `` Low '' , one outranking the other . Mighty : Second most - powerful card in the game , though it can not be legally played on the first or last trick . Daihinmin : a wild card , or a deuce ( which ends the round and clears the discard pile ) . Crazy Eights : a `` skip '' card , playable on top of any other card , that forces the next player to lose a turn . Spades : uncommon , but can fulfill one of two roles . When playing with three or six players they are added to make the cards deal evenly ( 18 or 9 cards each , respectively ) . They are either `` junk '' cards playable anytime that can not win a trick , or they count as the two highest trumps ( the two Jokers must be differentiable ; the `` big Joker '' outranks the `` little Joker '' ) . They also can be used in conjunction with teammates cards to create a pseudo - `` trump '' , i.e. an Ace of Hearts and Joker played together would be counted as an Ace of Spades , inferior only to a natural Ace of Spades . Double King Pede : As the lowest - ranked card , but worth 18 points . Go Fish : In a game with two players , the joker pair is often used to bring the number of pairs to 27 and prevent a 13 - 13 tie .",
"Euchre , 500 : As the highest trump or `` top Bower '' .",
"Canasta : The joker , like the deuce , is a wild card . However , the joker is worth 50 points in melding , as opposed to 20 for the deuce .",
"Gin Rummy : a wild card , able to be used as any necessary rank or suit to complete a meld .",
"Chase the Joker : An alternative version of Old Maid where the Joker card is used instead of the Ace .",
"War : In some variations , beats all other cards .",
"Pitch : A point card in some variations . Jokers usually are marked as `` High '' and `` Low '' , one outranking the other .",
"Mighty : Second most - powerful card in the game , though it can not be legally played on the first or last trick .",
"Daihinmin : a wild card , or a deuce ( which ends the round and clears the discard pile ) .",
"Crazy Eights : a `` skip '' card , playable on top of any other card , that forces the next player to lose a turn .",
"Spades : uncommon , but can fulfill one of two roles . When playing with three or six players they are added to make the cards deal evenly ( 18 or 9 cards each , respectively ) . They are either `` junk '' cards playable anytime that can not win a trick , or they count as the two highest trumps ( the two Jokers must be differentiable ; the `` big Joker '' outranks the `` little Joker '' ) . They also can be used in conjunction with teammates cards to create a pseudo - `` trump '' , i.e. an Ace of Hearts and Joker played together would be counted as an Ace of Spades , inferior only to a natural Ace of Spades .",
"Double King Pede : As the lowest - ranked card , but worth 18 points .",
"Go Fish : In a game with two players , the joker pair is often used to bring the number of pairs to 27 and prevent a 13 - 13 tie ."
] | Joker (Playing card) - wikipedia Joker (Playing card) Jump to: navigation , search A Joker card The Joker is a playing card found in most modern card decks, as an addition to the standard four suits (clubs, diamonds, hearts and spades). The Joker originated in the United States during the civil war and was created as a trump card for the game of Euchre . It has since been adopted into many other card games where it may function as a wild card . The card is unique in that it lacks an industry-wide standard appearance. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Appearance 3 Tarot and cartomancy 4 Use of the Joker in card games 4.1 Specific roles 5 References Origin ( edit ) Imperial Bower, the earliest Joker, by Samuel Hart, c. 1863. In the game of Euchre , the highest trump card is the Jack of the trump suit, called the right bower (from the German Bauer ); the second-highest trump, the left bower , is the Jack of the suit of the same color as trumps. Around 1860, American Euchre players may have devised a higher trump, the `` Best Bower'' , out of a blank card. Samuel Hart is credited with printing the first illustrated `` Best Bower'' card in 1863 with his `` Imperial Bower'' . Best Bower-type jokers continued to be produced well into the 20th-century. Cards labelled `` Joker'' began appearing around the late 1860s with some depicting clowns and jesters . It is believed that the term `` Joker'' comes from Juker or Juckerspiel , the original German spelling of Euchre. One British manufacturer, Charles Goodall, was manufacturing packs with Jokers for the American market in 1871. The first joker for the domestic British market was sold in 1874. Italians call jokers `` Jolly'' as many early cards were labelled `` Jolly Joker'' . The next game to use a joker was poker around 1875 where it functioned as a wild card . Packs with two jokers started to become the norm during the late 1940s for the game of Canasta . Since the 1950s, German and Austrian decks have included three jokers to play German rummy ; in Poland the third joker is known as the blue joker. In Schleswig-Holstein , Zwickern decks come with six jokers. Appearance ( edit ) Jokers do not have any standardized appearance across the card manufacturing industry. Each company produces their own depictions of the card. The publishers of playing cards trademark their jokers, which have unique artwork that often reflect contemporary culture. Out of convention, jokers tend to be illustrated as jesters. There are usually two Jokers per deck, often noticeably different. For instance, the United States Playing Card Company (USPCC) prints their company's guarantee claim on only one. More common traits are the appearance of colored and black/non-colored Jokers. At times, the Jokers will each be colored to match the colors used for suits ; there will be a red Joker, and a black Joker. In games where the jokers may need to be compared, the red, full-color, or larger-graphic Joker usually outranks the black, monochrome, or smaller-graphic one. If the joker colors are similar, the joker without a guarantee will outrank the guaranteed one. With the red and black jokers, the red one can alternately be counted as a heart/diamond and the black is used to substitute clubs/spades. The Unicode for playing cards provide symbols for three jokers: red, black, and white. Many decks do not provide the Joker with a corner index symbol, of those that do, the most common is a solid five-pointed star or a star within a circle. It is also very common for decks to simply use a stylized `` J'' or the word `` JOKER'' in the corner. Like sports trading cards, jokers are often prized by collectors. Many unusual jokers are available for purchase online while other collectible jokers are catalogued online for viewing. Tarot and cartomancy ( edit ) The Joker is often compared to `` (the) Fool '' in the Tarot deck. They share many similarities both in appearance and play function. In Central Europe, the Fool is the highest trump; elsewhere as an `` excuse'' that can be played at any time to avoid following suit but cannot win. Practitioners of cartomancy often include a Joker in the standard 52-card deck, with a meaning similar to the Fool card of Tarot. Sometimes the two Jokers are used: one approach is to identify the `` black'' Joker with the Fool and the `` red'' Joker with `` the Magician ,'' also known as the Juggler, a card which is somewhat similar in interpretation and is considered the first step in the `` Fool's Journey.'' Use of the Joker in card games ( edit ) Three jokers and four aces from Poland with its characteristic blue third joker. In a standard deck, there are usually two Jokers. The Joker's use varies greatly. Many card games omit the card entirely; as a result, Jokers are often used as informal replacements for lost or damaged cards in a deck by simply noting the lost card's rank and suit on the joker. Other games, such as a 25-card variant of Euchre which uses the joker as the highest trump, make it one of the most important in the game. Often, the joker is a wild card , and thereby allowed to represent other existing cards. The term `` joker's wild'' originates from this practice, as does the game show of the same name . The Joker Is Wild is also the name of a 1957 film starring Frank Sinatra . The Joker can be an extremely beneficial, or an extremely harmful, card. In Euchre it is often used to represent the highest trump. In poker , it is wild . However, in the children's game named Old Maid , a solitary joker represents the Maid, a card that is to be avoided. Specific roles ( edit ) Euchre , 500 : As the highest trump or `` top Bower'' . Canasta : The joker, like the deuce, is a wild card. However, the joker is worth 50 points in melding, as opposed to 20 for the deuce. Gin Rummy : a wild card, able to be used as any necessary rank or suit to complete a meld. Chase the Joker: An alternative version of Old Maid where the Joker card is used instead of the Ace. War : In some variations, beats all other cards. Pitch : A point card in some variations. Jokers usually are marked as `` High'' and `` Low'' , one outranking the other. Mighty : Second most-powerful card in the game, though it cannot be legally played on the first or last trick. Daihinmin : a wild card, or a deuce (which ends the round and clears the discard pile). Crazy Eights : a `` skip'' card, playable on top of any other card, that forces the next player to lose a turn. Spades : uncommon, but can fulfill one of two roles. When playing with three or six players they are added to make the cards deal evenly (18 or 9 cards each, respectively). They are either `` junk'' cards playable anytime that cannot win a trick, or they count as the two highest trumps (the two Jokers must be differentiable; the `` big Joker'' outranks the `` little Joker'' ). They also can be used in conjunction with teammates cards to create a pseudo-`` trump'' , i.e. an Ace of Hearts and Joker played together would be counted as an Ace of Spades, inferior only to a natural Ace of Spades. Double King Pede : As the lowest-ranked card, but worth 18 points. Go Fish : In a game with two players, the joker pair is often used to bring the number of pairs to 27 and prevent a 13-13 tie. References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jokers (playing card) . Jump up ^ Parlett, David (1990), The Oxford Guide to Card Games , Oxford University Press , p. 190, ISBN 0-19-214165-1 Jump up ^ Beal, George. Playing cards and their story. 1975. New York: Arco Publishing Comoany Inc. p. 58 Jump up ^ Trumps The modern pocket Hoyle. 1868. New York; Dick & Fitzgerald. p. 94 . Jump up ^ Dawson, Tom and Judy. (2014). The Hochman Encyclopedia of American Playing Cards . Ch. 5. Jump up ^ Wintle, Simon. Samuel Hart at The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 17 July 2015. Jump up ^ Parlett, David . Euchre at davidparlett.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2015. Jump up ^ Joker at the International Playing-Card Society . Retrieved 17 July 2015. Jump up ^ Wintle, Simon (10 April 2008). `` The Evolution, History, and Imagery of Playing Cards'' . Collectors Weekly . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodall, Michael. (2001). `` The Origin of the First English Joker'' . The Playing-Card Vol. 29, p.244-246 Jump up ^ Anderson, Matthew. `` The foreign words that seem like English - but aren't '' . BBC Culture . BBC Online . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Parlett, David (1990), The Oxford Guide to Card Games , Oxford University Press , p. 191, ISBN 0-19-214165-1 Jump up ^ Powills, Dorothy. (1989). `` A Voice From the Past'' . Chicago Playing Cards Collectors Bulletin . Vol. 36-3, p. 1809. Jump up ^ McLeod, John. (2005). `` Playing the Game: Canasta Relatives'' . The Playing-Card , Vol. 34-2, p.141. Jump up ^ Wintle, Simon. Canasta at The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 17 July 2015. Jump up ^ McLeod, John. Zwickern at pagat.com . Retrieved 17 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` playing card joker collection'' . dotpattern. 2003-06-07 . Retrieved 2012-03-31 . Jump up ^ `` joker web sites - alphabetical order'' . dotpattern. 2003-10-18 . Retrieved 2012-03-31 . Jump up ^ `` The Joker Is Wild (1957) - Overview'' . TCM.com . Retrieved 2012-11-13 . ( hide ) Playing cards Standard 52-card deck Suit /rank Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Spades ♠ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Hearts ♥ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Diamonds Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Clubs ♣ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Others Face card Pip card Knight Joker Card nicknames Stripped deck Unicode Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joker_(playing_card)&oldid=812824944 '' Categories : Playing cards Card game terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017, at 02:32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -5106760427959107794 |
where is ben and jerry made in europe | Ben & Jerry 's used to have a policy that no employee 's rate of pay shall exceed five times that of entry - level employees . In 1995 , entry - level employees were paid $12 hourly , and the highest paid employee was President and Chief Operating Officer Chuck Lacy , who earned $150,000 annually . When Ben Cohen resigned as Chief Executive Officer and Ben & Jerry 's announced the search for a new CEO in 1995 , the company ended the five - to - one - ratio policy . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Ben & Jerry 's Homemade Holdings , Inc . Type Subsidiary Industry Food processing Founded May 5 , 1978 ; 40 years ago ( 1978 - 05 - 05 ) Burlington , Vermont , U.S. Founders Ben Cohen Jerry Greenfield Headquarters South Burlington , Vermont , U.S. Key people Jostein Solheim ( CEO ) Ben Cohen ( co-founder ) Jerry Greenfield ( co-founder ) Products Ice cream Parent Unilever ( 2000 -- present ) Website www.benjerry.com",
"Type Subsidiary",
"Industry Food processing",
"Founded May 5 , 1978 ; 40 years ago ( 1978 - 05 - 05 ) Burlington , Vermont , U.S.",
"Founders Ben Cohen Jerry Greenfield",
"Headquarters South Burlington , Vermont , U.S.",
"Key people Jostein Solheim ( CEO ) Ben Cohen ( co-founder ) Jerry Greenfield ( co-founder )",
"Products Ice cream",
"Parent Unilever ( 2000 -- present )",
"Website www.benjerry.com",
"Ben & Jerry 's Homemade Holdings Inc , trading and commonly known as Ben & Jerry 's , is an American company that manufactures ice cream , frozen yogurt , and sorbet . It was founded in 1978 in Burlington , Vermont , and sold in 2000 to Anglo - Dutch conglomerate Unilever . Today it operates globally as a fully owned subsidiary of Unilever . Its present - day headquarters is in South Burlington , Vermont , with its main factory in Waterbury , Vermont .",
"Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were childhood friends from Merrick , New York . Although Greenfield finished college , he found himself unable to make his way into medical school . Cohen dropped out of school . In 1977 , Cohen and Greenfield completed a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University 's creamery. Cohen has severe anosmia , a lack of a sense of smell or taste , and so relied on `` mouth feel '' and texture to provide variety in his diet . This led to the company 's trademark chunks being mixed in with their ice cream . On May 5 , 1978 , with a $12,000 investment , the two business partners opened an ice cream parlor in a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington , Vermont . In 1979 , they marked their anniversary by holding the first - ever free cone day , now an international annual celebration at every Ben & Jerry 's store .",
"In 1980 , they rented space in an old spool and bobbin mill on South Champlain Street in Burlington and started packing their ice cream in pints . In 1981 , the first Ben & Jerry 's franchise opened on Route 7 in Shelburne , Vermont . In 1983 , Ben & Jerry 's ice cream was used to build `` the world 's largest ice cream sundae '' in St. Albans , Vermont ; the sundae weighed 27,102 pounds ( 12,293 kg ) . That same year , the cows on their cartons were redesigned by local artist Woody Jackson .",
"In 1984 , Häagen - Dazs wanted to limit distribution of Ben & Jerry 's in Boston , prompting Ben & Jerry 's to file suit against the parent company , Pillsbury , in its now famous `` What 's the Doughboy Afraid Of ? '' campaign . In 1987 , Häagen - Dazs again tried to enforce exclusive distribution , and Ben & Jerry 's filed its second lawsuit against the Pillsbury Company .",
"In 1985 , the Ben & Jerry 's Foundation was established at the end of the year with a gift from Ben & Jerry 's to fund community - oriented projects ; it was then provided with 7.5 % of the company 's annual pre-tax profits . In 1986 , Ben & Jerry 's launched its `` Cowmobile '' , a modified mobile home used to distribute free scoops of Ben & Jerry 's ice cream in a unique , cross-country `` marketing drive '' -- driven and served by Ben and Jerry themselves . The `` Cowmobile '' burned to the ground outside of Cleveland four months later , but there were no injuries . Ben said it looked like `` the world 's largest baked Alaska '' . In 1987 , as a tribute to guitarist Jerry Garcia & Grateful Dead fans everywhere , Ben & Jerry 's presented it 's first ice cream named for a rock legend and the most famous of fan - suggested flavors . In 1988 , the two men won the title of U.S. Small Business Persons Of The Year , awarded by U.S. President Ronald Reagan . Also that year , the first brownies were ordered from Greyston Bakery , which led to the development of the popular Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor . In 1992 , Ben & Jerry 's joined in a co-operative campaign with the national non-profit Children 's Defense Fund ; the campaign goal was to bring children 's basic needs to the top of the national agenda . Over 70,000 postcards were sent to Congress concerning kids and other national issues . In 1995 , they hired Robert Holland , Jr. as CEO after holding a `` Yo ! I 'm your C.E.O. '' essay contest as part of the search . Holland left after 20 months following philosophical differences and was replaced by Perry Odak in 1997 .",
"In 1989 , Ben & Jerry 's revealed their opposition of the use of rBGH ( recombinant bovine growth hormone ) in all their products . This genetically engineered hormone is sometimes given to cows in order to boost milk production , but Ben & Jerry 's does not support this practice and is in favor of utilizing less chemically intensive ingredients for the safety of consumers and the environment .",
"In 1994 , Ben & Jerry 's : The Inside Scoop , written by Fred `` Chico '' Lager , former CEO of Ben & Jerry 's Ice Cream , was published . The book tracks the history of how Ben & Jerry 's Ice Cream got started . The book focuses on `` How Two Real Guys Built a Business with a Social Conscience and a Sense of Humor . ''",
"In April 2000 , Ben & Jerry 's sold the company to Anglo - Dutch multinational food giant Unilever . Unilever said it hoped to carry on the tradition of engaging `` in these critical , global economic and social missions '' . Although the founders ' names are still attached to the product , they do not hold any board or management position and are not involved in day - to - day management of the company .",
"In 2001 , Ben & Jerry 's U.S. completed the transition to `` Eco-Pint '' packaging , which packaged all pint flavors in environmentally friendly unbleached paperboard Eco-Pint containers , a decision it later reversed . The use of brown - kraft unbleached paperboard had been a critical first step toward a totally biodegradable pint made without added chlorine . Due to what they described as increasing supply , quality , and cost challenges , Ben & Jerry 's discontinued their use of the Eco-Pint in 2006 , transitioning to a pint container made out of a bleached paperboard that it said was more readily available .",
"On Earth Day in 2005 , when a vote in the U.S. Senate proposed the opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling , Ben & Jerry 's launched a protest by creating the largest ever Baked Alaska , which weighed 900 pounds ( 410 kg ) , and placed it in front of the U.S. Capitol Building .",
"In March 2009 , `` CyClone Dairy '' launched an advertising campaign and a website to promote its milk products , which purportedly came exclusively from cloned cows . On April 1 , 2009 ( April Fool 's Day ) , Ben & Jerry 's announced that it was behind this fake company . Ben & Jerry 's had created the tongue - in - cheek hoax to raise awareness of the increasing presence of products from cloned animals within American food and to campaign for a tracking system of cloned - animal products . The hoax was revealed on April Fool 's Day with the message : `` We believe you should have the right to choose which foods you eat -- and not to eat cloned foods if you do n't want to . And that 's why Ben & Jerry 's believes we need a national clone tracking system , so people and companies can know where their food is coming from . ''",
"In 2010 , Jostein Solheim , a Unilever executive from Norway , became the new CEO of the company and had this to say about the transition : `` My mantra that I 've repeated a hundred times since starting at Ben & Jerry 's is : ' Change is a wonderful thing , ' '' he said . `` The world needs dramatic change to address the social and environmental challenges we are facing . Values led businesses can play a critical role in driving that positive change . We need to lead by example , and prove to the world that this is the best way to run a business . Historically , this company has been and must continue to be a pioneer to continually challenge how business can be a force for good and address inequities inherent in global business . ''",
"On February 24 , 2012 , Ben & Jerry 's released a new Greek Frozen Yogurt line , which came in several flavors : `` Strawberry Shortcake '' , `` Blueberry Vanilla Graham '' , `` Raspberry Fudge Chunk '' , `` Banana Peanut Butter '' , and `` Vanilla '' ( scoop shop exclusive ) : On April 12 , 2013 , `` Pineapple Passionfruit '' , `` Vanilla Honey Caramel '' , and `` Liz Lemon '' were added to the Greek Yogurt line . The Liz Lemon flavor was inspired by a character of the same name created by actress Tina Fey as the main character on the NBC television sitcom 30 Rock .",
"In 2013 , Ben & Jerry 's committed to making their products GMO - free in support of mandatory GMO labeling legislation .",
"The `` Vermonster '' is a large ice cream sundae served in a `` Vermonster Bucket '' in Ben & Jerry 's `` scoop shops . '' Its ingredients are 20 scoops of ice cream , 4 bananas , 4 ladles of hot fudge , 3 chocolate chip cookies , 1 chocolate fudge brownie , 10 scoops of walnuts , 2 scoops each of any 4 toppings , and whipped cream . It contains 14,000 calories ( kcal ) , and 500 grams ( 17.64 oz ) of fat . Since 2009 , the Vermonster Challenge is an annual charity event held by Ben & Jerry 's in which teams of four compete to finish a Vermonster and win free ice cream for a year .",
"`` Chubby Hubby '' consists of vanilla malt ice cream swirled with fudge and peanut butter , and containing pretzel nuggets covered in fudge and filled with peanut butter . During the month of September 2009 , Ben and Jerry 's , in partnership with Freedom to Marry , renamed `` Chubby Hubby '' to `` Hubby Hubby , '' in celebration of the legalization of same - sex marriage in the company 's home state of Vermont . The carton featured the image of two men getting married beneath a rainbow .",
"On March 13 , 2012 , Ben & Jerry 's announced it would be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavors in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for same - sex couples . `` Oh ! My ! Apple Pie ! '' would become `` Apple - y Ever After '' and tubs would feature a gay couple atop a wedding cake decorated with rainbows .",
"`` Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough '' was temporarily renamed `` I Dough , I Dough '' in the United States during the summer of 2015 . This was in celebration of United States Supreme Court 's ruling in support of same - sex marriage . The proceeds from sales were to go to the Human Rights Campaign ( a nonprofit advocacy group for LGBT rights ) .",
"Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield appeared on The Colbert Report on March 5 , 2007 , to promote their new ice cream flavor , `` Stephen Colbert 's AmeriCone Dream '' , and Cohen 's progressive advocacy group TrueMajority .",
"The company renamed a flavor , `` Yes Pecan ! '' , in reference to Barack Obama 's victory in the 2008 U.S. presidential election . They decided in January 2009 to donate all proceeds made on the sale of that flavor to the Common Cause Education Fund .",
"On March 2 , 2011 , Cohen and Greenfield appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream , `` Late Night Snack '' , whose carton features a picture of Jimmy Fallon on it .",
"On February 17 , 2015 , Cohen and Greenfield appeared on The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream , `` The Tonight Dough '' , with all of its proceeds going to the SeriousFun Children 's Network that supports camps for children with major illnesses .",
"In 2015 , Charoset flavored ice cream became widely available in time for the Passover holiday .",
"In April 2015 , the company confirmed that it was working on vegan options , after hearing consumers ' feedback , led by a petition and FARM organization . In early February 2016 , the company announced a new all - vegan line with four flavors . Two of these are versions of existing flavors - `` Chunky Monkey '' and `` Chocolate Fudge Brownie '' - and two are all - new vegan - only flavors : `` Coffee Caramel Fudge '' and `` Peanut Butter & Cookies '' .",
"In January 2017 , three new non-dairy flavors were added : Caramel Almond Brittle , Cherry Garcia , and Coconut Seven Layer Bar .",
"In January 2018 , the company added two new non-dairy flavors to its growing line of vegan options . Peanut Butter Half Baked features chocolate and peanut butter with fudge brownies and pieces of peanut butter cookie dough , while Cinnamon Buns is made with cinnamon - spiced ice cream and features cinnamon bun dough and a cinnamon streusel swirl . Ben and Jerry 's non-dairy line also features flavors such as PB & Cookies , Chocolate Fudge Brownie , and Caramel Coffee fudge . They continue to take new non-dairy flavor suggestions on their website .",
"Free Cone Day is an annual event held between late March and early May , in which Ben & Jerry 's scoop shops give out free ice cream cups and cones . Free Cone Day was first held on Saturday , May 5 , 1979 , by Ben and Jerry as a customer and staff appreciation event for the first anniversary of their store 's opening .",
"Over one million free cones are given away each year , prompting the company 's ad slogan `` Be One In A Million . '' Charitable organizations are often present at the stores each year and enjoy a significant amount of fundraising success . Often , local celebrities show up at various stores , promoting the day and the charities there . Sometimes the event is scheduled to coincide with Earth Day and sometimes volunteers are on hand with clipboards and voter registration forms to help those who would like to register to vote .",
"The Center for Science in the Public Interest , a consumer - advocacy group , urged Ben & Jerry 's to stop labeling their ice cream as `` all natural '' due to the company 's use of corn syrup , alkalised cocoa , and other chemically modified ingredients . In September 2010 , the company agreed to stop labeling their ice cream and frozen yogurt as `` all natural '' .",
"In 1999 , Ben & Jerry 's released a flavor named Schweddy Balls , in homage to the Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) skit of the same name . This received protest from One Million Moms , a project of the conservative Christian group American Family Associated , who said that the name was too explicit for grocery store shelves . Spokesperson Monica Cole explained to the media : `` I realize it could be a lot worse , but are they going to progressively get worse if we do n't say something ? Maybe they 'll think twice before they come up with another inappropriate name for ice cream . '' However , the expression of disdain was not unanimous among U.S. parents , as mother Gina Ragusa said to The Huffington Post : `` We just think it 's funny , that 's all , and honestly we all really want to try it '' , adding that she consistently checks for the item 's availability at her local supermarket . Actor Alec Baldwin , who appeared in the SNL skit as baker Pete Schweddy , hosted the September 24 , 2011 episode of the 37th season of the show and responded to the protests by stating that a new flavor called `` Go Fudge Yourself '' had been produced for those in opposition to the tribute . Following the initial release of the flavor , Baldwin informed the media that `` thanks to Ben & Jerry 's , the goodness of the Schweddy family recipe wo n't go with me to the great beyond , '' as he had previously feared that his association with the SNL episode would remain permanent until his death .",
"Following rumors that suggested that Ben & Jerry 's supported the defense of Mumia Abu - Jamal -- who was convicted in 1982 of killing Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner -- the company confirmed that Cohen did sign a petition , as a private citizen , asking that `` the system of American justice be followed fully in the case '' .",
"Controversy emerged in 2006 after the company released a flavor of ice cream called `` Black and Tan '' . It had named the flavor after the alcoholic drink , which is made by mixing stout with pale ale , but the `` Black and Tans '' are also known as a paramilitary police force of British World War I veterans recruited during the Irish Revolution . At the time that the flavor was released , the Irish nationalist movement was still offended by the historical association of the title .",
"In 2012 , Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine / Israel ( VTJP ) contacted Ben Cohen , Jerry Greenfield and the CEO of Ben & Jerry 's after learning that ice cream produced by Ben & Jerry 's franchise in Israel was being sold in Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem . Leafleting occurred at locations in Vermont , New York and California on ' Free Cone Day ' in April 2013 and April 2014 . As of November 2014 , 232 organizations across the United States and in seventeen countries worldwide have signed a letter written by VTJP calling on Ben & Jerry 's to end its commercial ties to such settlements .",
"In late April 2014 , Ben & Jerry 's signed onto the `` Fight for the Reef '' campaign , a partnership between the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) - Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society ( AMCS ) . Premier Campbell Newman and Queensland state senator Matt Canavan both said in statements that Ben & Jerry 's was making misleading statements that exaggerated the detrimental impact that proposed government programs would have on the Great Barrier Reef , and Environment Minister Andrew Powell said that `` The only people taking a scoop out of the reef is Ben and Jerry 's and Unilever . If you understand the facts , you 'd want to be boycotting Ben and Jerry 's '' . Australian Ben & Jerry 's brand manager Kalli Swaik responded that `` Ben & Jerry 's believes that dredging and dumping in world heritage waters surrounding the marine park area will be detrimental to the reef ecology . It threatens the health of one of Australia 's most iconic treasures . ''",
"In February 2016 , Ben & Jerry 's cofounder Ben Cohen created an ice cream flavor called `` Bernie 's Yearning '' in support of U.S Senator from Vermont , Bernie Sanders , run for president in the 2016 Democratic Primaries against Secretary of State , Hillary Clinton . The flavor consists of plain mint ice cream covered by solid chunk of chocolate . According to Cohen , `` The chocolate disk represents the huge majority of economic gains that have gone to the top 1 percent since the end of the recession . Beneath it , the rest of us . '' This was done in an effort to showcase the United States ' current socioeconomic issues .",
"In April 2016 , Ben & Jerry 's cofounders , Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield , were both arrested at the Democracy Awakening protests on the U.S. Capitol steps in Washington , D.C.",
"In May 2017 , Ben and Jerry 's announced they would not serve two scoops of the same ice cream flavor in Australia , due to the refusal of the Australian government to legalize same - sex marriage . They said this would encourage `` fans to contact their MP 's to tell them the time has come - make marriage equality legal ! '' . This stance they said will continue for however long it takes for same - sex marriage to be legalized .",
"In June 2018 Ben & Jerry announced their support for some 9,000 Afghan asylum seekers ' right to stay in Sweden , drawing heavy criticism from some commentators .",
"In February 2012 , a Ben & Jerry 's franchise near Harvard University created a limited edition frozen yogurt flavor named `` Taste the Lin - Sanity '' in honor of Asian - American basketball player Jeremy Lin , a Harvard alumnus . At inception , the product contained vanilla frozen yogurt , lychee honey swirls , and fortune cookie pieces , leading to a widely publicized controversy about racial stereotyping due to the association of the fortune cookie ingredient with Chinese culture . The latter ingredient was later replaced with waffle cookies , as the fortune cookies became soggy and the franchise received returns from customers . Ben & Jerry 's general manager for Boston and Cambridge explained to the media : `` we obviously were n't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive . '' Ben & Jerry 's released an official statement shortly after the launch of the product apologizing to those who were offended .",
"In September 2014 , anti-hazing activists raised concerns about the ice cream flavor `` Hazed & Confused '' , which had been released earlier that year . The concern was that the name could be perceived as belittling of hazing and bullying problems . The company has noted that the name was based on the word hazelnut and a play on the phrase `` dazed and confused '' , which is both a song popularized by Led Zeppelin and a coming - of - age comedy film from the early 1990s . The decision was made in October to not rename the flavor .",
"Attempts by migrant laborers to directly contact company Ben & Jerry 's officials in Waterbury , Vermont , during 2018 resulted in arrests by Immigration and Customs Enforcement . `` Zero '' farms are reported to be in compliance with the Milk With Dignity Code of Conduct , according to Will Lambek of Migrant Justice .",
"The Organic Consumers Association announced in July 2017 that it found traces of the herbicide glyphosate in 10 of 11 samples of the company 's ice creams . The traces were found to be at levels below the ceiling set by the Environmental Protection Agency for environmental contamination .",
"Ben and Jerry 's has locations around the world .",
"Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium Brazil Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kosovo Mexico Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Serbia Singapore Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States",
"United Arab Emirates",
"Estonia Hong Kong Morocco Russia",
"Ben & Jerry 's used to have a policy that no employee 's rate of pay shall exceed five times that of entry - level employees . In 1995 , entry - level employees were paid $12 hourly , and the highest paid employee was President and Chief Operating Officer Chuck Lacy , who earned $150,000 annually . When Ben Cohen resigned as Chief Executive Officer and Ben & Jerry 's announced the search for a new CEO in 1995 , the company ended the five - to - one - ratio policy ."
] | Ben & Jerry's - Wikipedia Ben & Jerry's `` B&J '' redirects here. For the beverage company, see Bartles and Jaymes . Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings, Inc. Type Subsidiary Industry Food processing Founded May 5, 1978 ; 40 years ago ( 1978-05-05 ) Burlington, Vermont , U.S. Founders Ben Cohen Jerry Greenfield Headquarters South Burlington, Vermont , U.S. Key people Jostein Solheim ( CEO ) Ben Cohen ( co-founder ) Jerry Greenfield ( co-founder ) Products Ice cream Parent Unilever (2000-- present) Website www.benjerry.com Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc , trading and commonly known as Ben & Jerry's , is an American company that manufactures ice cream , frozen yogurt , and sorbet . It was founded in 1978 in Burlington, Vermont , and sold in 2000 to Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever . Today it operates globally as a fully owned subsidiary of Unilever. Its present-day headquarters is in South Burlington, Vermont , with its main factory in Waterbury, Vermont . Contents 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 Unilever era 2 Original flavors and sundaes 3 Controversies 3.1 Commercial 3.2 Political 3.3 Social 3.4 Product safety 4 Global locations 4.1 Former markets 5 Wages 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) Jerry Greenfield (left) and Ben Cohen (right) in 2010 Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were childhood friends from Merrick, New York . Although Greenfield finished college, he found himself unable to make his way into medical school. Cohen dropped out of school. In 1977, Cohen and Greenfield completed a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University 's creamery. Cohen has severe anosmia , a lack of a sense of smell or taste, and so relied on `` mouth feel'' and texture to provide variety in his diet. This led to the company's trademark chunks being mixed in with their ice cream. On May 5, 1978, with a $12,000 investment, the two business partners opened an ice cream parlor in a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington, Vermont . In 1979, they marked their anniversary by holding the first-ever free cone day, now an international annual celebration at every Ben & Jerry's store. In 1980, they rented space in an old spool and bobbin mill on South Champlain Street in Burlington and started packing their ice cream in pints . In 1981, the first Ben & Jerry's franchise opened on Route 7 in Shelburne, Vermont . In 1983, Ben & Jerry's ice cream was used to build `` the world's largest ice cream sundae'' in St. Albans, Vermont ; the sundae weighed 27,102 pounds (12,293 kg). That same year, the cows on their cartons were redesigned by local artist Woody Jackson. Ben & Jerry's display freezer at a Domino's store In 1984, Häagen -Dazs wanted to limit distribution of Ben & Jerry's in Boston , prompting Ben & Jerry's to file suit against the parent company, Pillsbury , in its now famous `` What's the Doughboy Afraid Of?'' campaign. In 1987, Häagen -Dazs again tried to enforce exclusive distribution, and Ben & Jerry's filed its second lawsuit against the Pillsbury Company. In 1985, the Ben & Jerry's Foundation was established at the end of the year with a gift from Ben & Jerry's to fund community-oriented projects; it was then provided with 7.5% of the company's annual pre-tax profits. In 1986, Ben & Jerry's launched its `` Cowmobile'' , a modified mobile home used to distribute free scoops of Ben & Jerry's ice cream in a unique, cross-country `` marketing drive'' -- driven and served by Ben and Jerry themselves. The `` Cowmobile'' burned to the ground outside of Cleveland four months later, but there were no injuries. Ben said it looked like `` the world's largest baked Alaska '' . In 1987, as a tribute to guitarist Jerry Garcia & Grateful Dead fans everywhere, Ben & Jerry's presented it's first ice cream named for a rock legend and the most famous of fan-suggested flavors. In 1988, the two men won the title of U.S. Small Business Persons Of The Year , awarded by U.S. President Ronald Reagan . Also that year, the first brownies were ordered from Greyston Bakery , which led to the development of the popular Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor. In 1992, Ben & Jerry's joined in a co-operative campaign with the national non-profit Children's Defense Fund ; the campaign goal was to bring children's basic needs to the top of the national agenda. Over 70,000 postcards were sent to Congress concerning kids and other national issues. In 1995, they hired Robert Holland, Jr. as CEO after holding a `` Yo! I'm your C.E.O.'' essay contest as part of the search. Holland left after 20 months following philosophical differences and was replaced by Perry Odak in 1997. In 1989, Ben & Jerry's revealed their opposition of the use of rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone) in all their products. This genetically engineered hormone is sometimes given to cows in order to boost milk production, but Ben & Jerry's does not support this practice and is in favor of utilizing less chemically intensive ingredients for the safety of consumers and the environment. In 1994, Ben & Jerry's : The Inside Scoop , written by Fred `` Chico'' Lager, former CEO of Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream, was published. The book tracks the history of how Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream got started. The book focuses on `` How Two Real Guys Built a Business with a Social Conscience and a Sense of Humor.'' Ben & Jerry's ice-cream branch at the United Square Shopping Mall in Singapore Unilever era ( edit ) In April 2000, Ben & Jerry's sold the company to Anglo-Dutch multinational food giant Unilever . Unilever said it hoped to carry on the tradition of engaging `` in these critical, global economic and social missions'' . Although the founders' names are still attached to the product, they do not hold any board or management position and are not involved in day-to-day management of the company. In 2001, Ben & Jerry's U.S. completed the transition to `` Eco-Pint'' packaging, which packaged all pint flavors in environmentally friendly unbleached paperboard Eco-Pint containers, a decision it later reversed. The use of brown-kraft unbleached paperboard had been a critical first step toward a totally biodegradable pint made without added chlorine. Due to what they described as increasing supply, quality, and cost challenges, Ben & Jerry's discontinued their use of the Eco-Pint in 2006, transitioning to a pint container made out of a bleached paperboard that it said was more readily available. On Earth Day in 2005, when a vote in the U.S. Senate proposed the opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling , Ben & Jerry's launched a protest by creating the largest ever Baked Alaska , which weighed 900 pounds (410 kg), and placed it in front of the U.S. Capitol Building . In March 2009, `` CyClone Dairy'' launched an advertising campaign and a website to promote its milk products, which purportedly came exclusively from cloned cows. On April 1, 2009 ( April Fool's Day ), Ben & Jerry's announced that it was behind this fake company. Ben & Jerry's had created the tongue-in-cheek hoax to raise awareness of the increasing presence of products from cloned animals within American food and to campaign for a tracking system of cloned-animal products. The hoax was revealed on April Fool's Day with the message: `` We believe you should have the right to choose which foods you eat -- and not to eat cloned foods if you don't want to. And that's why Ben & Jerry's believes we need a national clone tracking system, so people and companies can know where their food is coming from.'' In 2010, Jostein Solheim, a Unilever executive from Norway , became the new CEO of the company and had this to say about the transition: `` My mantra that I've repeated a hundred times since starting at Ben & Jerry's is: ' Change is a wonderful thing,' '' he said. `` The world needs dramatic change to address the social and environmental challenges we are facing. Values led businesses can play a critical role in driving that positive change. We need to lead by example, and prove to the world that this is the best way to run a business. Historically, this company has been and must continue to be a pioneer to continually challenge how business can be a force for good and address inequities inherent in global business.'' On February 24, 2012, Ben & Jerry's released a new Greek Frozen Yogurt line, which came in several flavors: `` Strawberry Shortcake'' , `` Blueberry Vanilla Graham'' , `` Raspberry Fudge Chunk'' , `` Banana Peanut Butter'' , and `` Vanilla'' (scoop shop exclusive): On April 12, 2013, `` Pineapple Passionfruit'' , `` Vanilla Honey Caramel'' , and `` Liz Lemon'' were added to the Greek Yogurt line. The Liz Lemon flavor was inspired by a character of the same name created by actress Tina Fey as the main character on the NBC television sitcom 30 Rock . In 2013, Ben & Jerry's committed to making their products GMO -free in support of mandatory GMO labeling legislation. Original flavors and sundaes ( edit ) A pint of Ben & Jerry's ice cream The `` Vermonster'' is a large ice cream sundae served in a `` Vermonster Bucket'' in Ben & Jerry's `` scoop shops .'' Its ingredients are 20 scoops of ice cream, 4 bananas, 4 ladles of hot fudge , 3 chocolate chip cookies, 1 chocolate fudge brownie, 10 scoops of walnuts, 2 scoops each of any 4 toppings, and whipped cream. It contains 14,000 calories (kcal), and 500 grams (17.64 oz) of fat. Since 2009, the Vermonster Challenge is an annual charity event held by Ben & Jerry's in which teams of four compete to finish a Vermonster and win free ice cream for a year. `` Chubby Hubby'' consists of vanilla malt ice cream swirled with fudge and peanut butter, and containing pretzel nuggets covered in fudge and filled with peanut butter. During the month of September 2009, Ben and Jerry's , in partnership with Freedom to Marry , renamed `` Chubby Hubby'' to `` Hubby Hubby,'' in celebration of the legalization of same-sex marriage in the company's home state of Vermont . The carton featured the image of two men getting married beneath a rainbow. On March 13, 2012, Ben & Jerry's announced it would be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavors in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for same-sex couples . `` Oh! My! Apple Pie!'' would become `` Apple-y Ever After'' and tubs would feature a gay couple atop a wedding cake decorated with rainbows. `` Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough'' was temporarily renamed `` I Dough, I Dough'' in the United States during the summer of 2015. This was in celebration of United States Supreme Court 's ruling in support of same-sex marriage . The proceeds from sales were to go to the Human Rights Campaign (a nonprofit advocacy group for LGBT rights). Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield appeared on The Colbert Report on March 5, 2007, to promote their new ice cream flavor, `` Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream '' , and Cohen's progressive advocacy group TrueMajority . The company renamed a flavor, `` Yes Pecan!'' , in reference to Barack Obama 's victory in the 2008 U.S. presidential election . They decided in January 2009 to donate all proceeds made on the sale of that flavor to the Common Cause Education Fund. On March 2, 2011, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream, `` Late Night Snack'' , whose carton features a picture of Jimmy Fallon on it. On February 17, 2015, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream, `` The Tonight Dough'' , with all of its proceeds going to the SeriousFun Children's Network that supports camps for children with major illnesses. In 2015, Charoset flavored ice cream became widely available in time for the Passover holiday. In April 2015, the company confirmed that it was working on vegan options, after hearing consumers' feedback, led by a petition and FARM organization. In early February 2016, the company announced a new all-vegan line with four flavors. Two of these are versions of existing flavors - `` Chunky Monkey'' and `` Chocolate Fudge Brownie'' - and two are all-new vegan-only flavors: `` Coffee Caramel Fudge'' and `` Peanut Butter & Cookies'' . In January 2017, three new non-dairy flavors were added: Caramel Almond Brittle, Cherry Garcia, and Coconut Seven Layer Bar. In January 2018, the company added two new non-dairy flavors to its growing line of vegan options. Peanut Butter Half Baked features chocolate and peanut butter with fudge brownies and pieces of peanut butter cookie dough, while Cinnamon Buns is made with cinnamon-spiced ice cream and features cinnamon bun dough and a cinnamon streusel swirl. Ben and Jerry's non-dairy line also features flavors such as PB & Cookies, Chocolate Fudge Brownie, and Caramel Coffee fudge. They continue to take new non-dairy flavor suggestions on their website. Girl in cow costume promoting Free Cone Day outside a Ben & Jerry's shop in Stockholm, Sweden Free Cone Day is an annual event held between late March and early May, in which Ben & Jerry's scoop shops give out free ice cream cups and cones. Free Cone Day was first held on Saturday, May 5, 1979, by Ben and Jerry as a customer and staff appreciation event for the first anniversary of their store's opening. Over one million free cones are given away each year, prompting the company's ad slogan `` Be One In A Million.'' Charitable organizations are often present at the stores each year and enjoy a significant amount of fundraising success. Often, local celebrities show up at various stores, promoting the day and the charities there. Sometimes the event is scheduled to coincide with Earth Day and sometimes volunteers are on hand with clipboards and voter registration forms to help those who would like to register to vote. Controversies ( edit ) Commercial ( edit ) The Center for Science in the Public Interest , a consumer-advocacy group, urged Ben & Jerry's to stop labeling their ice cream as `` all natural'' due to the company's use of corn syrup , alkalised cocoa , and other chemically modified ingredients. In September 2010, the company agreed to stop labeling their ice cream and frozen yogurt as `` all natural'' . In 1999, Ben & Jerry's released a flavor named Schweddy Balls, in homage to the Saturday Night Live (SNL) skit of the same name . This received protest from One Million Moms , a project of the conservative Christian group American Family Associated, who said that the name was too explicit for grocery store shelves. Spokesperson Monica Cole explained to the media: `` I realize it could be a lot worse, but are they going to progressively get worse if we don't say something? Maybe they'll think twice before they come up with another inappropriate name for ice cream.'' However, the expression of disdain was not unanimous among U.S. parents, as mother Gina Ragusa said to The Huffington Post : `` We just think it's funny, that's all, and honestly we all really want to try it'' , adding that she consistently checks for the item's availability at her local supermarket . Actor Alec Baldwin , who appeared in the SNL skit as baker Pete Schweddy, hosted the September 24, 2011 episode of the 37th season of the show and responded to the protests by stating that a new flavor called `` Go Fudge Yourself'' had been produced for those in opposition to the tribute. Following the initial release of the flavor, Baldwin informed the media that `` thanks to Ben & Jerry's , the goodness of the Schweddy family recipe won't go with me to the great beyond,'' as he had previously feared that his association with the SNL episode would remain permanent until his death. Political ( edit ) Following rumors that suggested that Ben & Jerry's supported the defense of Mumia Abu-Jamal -- who was convicted in 1982 of killing Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner -- the company confirmed that Cohen did sign a petition, as a private citizen, asking that `` the system of American justice be followed fully in the case'' . Controversy emerged in 2006 after the company released a flavor of ice cream called `` Black and Tan'' . It had named the flavor after the alcoholic drink , which is made by mixing stout with pale ale , but the `` Black and Tans '' are also known as a paramilitary police force of British World War I veterans recruited during the Irish Revolution . At the time that the flavor was released, the Irish nationalist movement was still offended by the historical association of the title. In 2012, Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel (VTJP) contacted Ben Cohen, Jerry Greenfield and the CEO of Ben & Jerry's after learning that ice cream produced by Ben & Jerry's franchise in Israel was being sold in Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Leafleting occurred at locations in Vermont, New York and California on ' Free Cone Day' in April 2013 and April 2014. As of November 2014 , 232 organizations across the United States and in seventeen countries worldwide have signed a letter written by VTJP calling on Ben & Jerry's to end its commercial ties to such settlements. In late April 2014, Ben & Jerry's signed onto the `` Fight for the Reef'' campaign, a partnership between the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) -Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS). Premier Campbell Newman and Queensland state senator Matt Canavan both said in statements that Ben & Jerry's was making misleading statements that exaggerated the detrimental impact that proposed government programs would have on the Great Barrier Reef , and Environment Minister Andrew Powell said that `` The only people taking a scoop out of the reef is Ben and Jerry's and Unilever. If you understand the facts, you'd want to be boycotting Ben and Jerry's '' . Australian Ben & Jerry's brand manager Kalli Swaik responded that `` Ben & Jerry's believes that dredging and dumping in world heritage waters surrounding the marine park area will be detrimental to the reef ecology. It threatens the health of one of Australia's most iconic treasures.'' In February 2016, Ben & Jerry's cofounder Ben Cohen created an ice cream flavor called `` Bernie's Yearning'' in support of U.S Senator from Vermont, Bernie Sanders , run for president in the 2016 Democratic Primaries against Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton . The flavor consists of plain mint ice cream covered by solid chunk of chocolate. According to Cohen, `` The chocolate disk represents the huge majority of economic gains that have gone to the top 1 percent since the end of the recession. Beneath it, the rest of us.'' This was done in an effort to showcase the United States' current socioeconomic issues. In April 2016, Ben & Jerry's cofounders, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield , were both arrested at the Democracy Awakening protests on the U.S. Capitol steps in Washington, D.C. In May 2017, Ben and Jerry's announced they would not serve two scoops of the same ice cream flavor in Australia, due to the refusal of the Australian government to legalize same-sex marriage . They said this would encourage `` fans to contact their MP's to tell them the time has come-make marriage equality legal!'' . This stance they said will continue for however long it takes for same-sex marriage to be legalized. In June 2018 Ben & Jerry announced their support for some 9,000 Afghan asylum seekers' right to stay in Sweden , drawing heavy criticism from some commentators. Social ( edit ) In February 2012, a Ben & Jerry's franchise near Harvard University created a limited edition frozen yogurt flavor named `` Taste the Lin-Sanity'' in honor of Asian-American basketball player Jeremy Lin , a Harvard alumnus. At inception, the product contained vanilla frozen yogurt, lychee honey swirls, and fortune cookie pieces, leading to a widely publicized controversy about racial stereotyping due to the association of the fortune cookie ingredient with Chinese culture. The latter ingredient was later replaced with waffle cookies, as the fortune cookies became soggy and the franchise received returns from customers. Ben & Jerry's general manager for Boston and Cambridge explained to the media: `` we obviously weren't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive.'' Ben & Jerry's released an official statement shortly after the launch of the product apologizing to those who were offended. In September 2014, anti-hazing activists raised concerns about the ice cream flavor `` Hazed & Confused'' , which had been released earlier that year. The concern was that the name could be perceived as belittling of hazing and bullying problems. The company has noted that the name was based on the word hazelnut and a play on the phrase `` dazed and confused'' , which is both a song popularized by Led Zeppelin and a coming-of-age comedy film from the early 1990s. The decision was made in October to not rename the flavor. Attempts by migrant laborers to directly contact company Ben & Jerry's officials in Waterbury, Vermont, during 2018 resulted in arrests by Immigration and Customs Enforcement . `` Zero'' farms are reported to be in compliance with the Milk With Dignity Code of Conduct, according to Will Lambek of Migrant Justice. Product safety ( edit ) The Organic Consumers Association announced in July 2017 that it found traces of the herbicide glyphosate in 10 of 11 samples of the company's ice creams. The traces were found to be at levels below the ceiling set by the Environmental Protection Agency for environmental contamination. Global locations ( edit ) Ben & Jerry's Puerto Rico sidewalk cafe Ben and Jerry's has locations around the world. Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium Brazil Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kosovo Mexico Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Serbia Singapore Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Former markets ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Estonia Hong Kong Morocco Russia Wages ( edit ) Ben & Jerry's used to have a policy that no employee's rate of pay shall exceed five times that of entry-level employees. In 1995, entry-level employees were paid $12 hourly, and the highest paid employee was President and Chief Operating Officer Chuck Lacy, who earned $150,000 annually. When Ben Cohen resigned as Chief Executive Officer and Ben & Jerry's announced the search for a new CEO in 1995, the company ended the five-to-one-ratio policy. See also ( edit ) Vermont portal Companies portal Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's new CEO'' . Ben & Jerry's Press Release. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007 . Retrieved April 23, 2007 . Jump up ^ Dreifus, Claudia. `` PASSING THE SCOOP; BEN & JERRY'' . Retrieved 2018-04-03 . Jump up ^ `` Our History'' . Ben & Jerry's . ^ Jump up to: `` Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream -- History'' . Ben & Jerry's . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream -- History'' . Ben & Jerry's . Archived from the original on March 25, 2010 . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ Dan Chu and Martha Babcock. `` The Whole Country Cowtows as Artist Woody Jackson Makes His Big Moove Toward Udder Success'' Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. , People magazine, August 28, 1989 Jump up ^ `` Cookies, Cream ' n' Controversy'' . Newsweek . July 4, 1993 . Retrieved July 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Greenfield'' . Celebrity Websites. March 2005. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008 . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.benjerry.com/flavors/cherry-garcia-ice-cream Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's founders are named Small Business Persons of the Year'' . Palm Beach Post . May 10, 1988. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Baking In The Glory'' . Ben & Jerry's . Archived from the original on May 11, 2008 . Retrieved July 21, 2008 . Jump up ^ Collins, Glenn (1995-02-02). `` Ben & Jerry's Talent Hunt Ends'' . The New York Times . New York, New York . Retrieved 2016-05-02 . Jump up ^ Staff report (January 3, 1997). Ben & Jerry's Appoints Former Gun Exec as CEO. Archived January 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` Issues We Care About'' . Ben & Jerry's . Retrieved February 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ Lager, Fred `` Chico'' . Ben & Jerry's : The Inside Scoop . 1st ed. New York: Crown Publishers , 1994. Print. Jump up ^ Meadows, Donella (April 13, 2000). `` The Globalization of Ben & Jerry's '' . Common Dreams . Archived from the original on September 1, 2000. Jump up ^ `` Coneheads'' . Boston Phoenix. August 14, 2003. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008 . Retrieved April 15, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Social & Environmental Assessment Report'' . Ben & Jerry's . Retrieved 2016-05-12 . Jump up ^ http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_9.1.2.cfm Archived September 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.benjerry.com/features/baked_alaska/index.cfm Archived November 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cyclone Dairy - Perfect Cows. Perfect Milk'' . archive.org . March 30, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Perfect Cows. Perfect Milk'' . Cyclone Dairy. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010 . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FDA'S flawed approach to assessing the safety of food from animal clones'' (PDF) . Center for Food Safety . March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2007 . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ Paynter, Ben (October 16, 2007). `` Cloned Beef (and Pork and Milk): It's What's for Dinner'' . Wired . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Take Action: Tell Congress to create a tracking system for cloned animals!'' . Ga3.org. Archived from the original on April 16, 2010 . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream -- Cow Cloning'' . Ben & Jerry's . Archived from the original on April 26, 2010 . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jostein Solheim'' . Food Processing. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28 . Retrieved April 1, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Frozen Yogurt'' . Ben & Jerry's . Archived from the original on May 29, 2013 . Retrieved May 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's `` Our Flavors '' `` . Ben & Jerry's . Retrieved June 1, 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallon, Jonathan (2013-04-02). `` Ben & Jerry's Announces New Flavors For 2013'' . Archived from the original on October 9, 2016 . Retrieved 2016-05-12 . Jump up ^ Eby, Margaret (2013-02-01). `` Ben & Jerry's premieres ' 30 Rock' frozen yogurt flavor called ' Liz Lemon ' '' . New York Daily News . New York, New York . Retrieved 2016-05-02 . Jump up ^ `` Our History'' . Ben & Jerry's . Retrieved February 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh, Erica (October 2009). `` Extreme Pig Outs: Meals That Will Blow Your Mind and Tip the Scale'' . Travel Channel . Jump up ^ Moore, Matthew (September 2, 2009). `` Ben and Jerry's renames ice cream Hubby Hubby in celebration of gay marriage'' . The Daily Telegraph . UK. Archived from the original on September 2, 2009 . Retrieved September 2, 2009 . Jump up ^ Daley, Bill (September 2, 2009). `` Hubba hubba! Hubby Hubby ice cream introduced'' . Chicago Tribune . (leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com). Archived from the original on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved September 2, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream -- Flavors -- HubbyHubby'' . Ben & Jerry's . September 1, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2010 . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ice cream giant supports gay marriage with new flavor'' . www.dangerousminds.net . March 13, 2012 . Retrieved March 13, 2012 . `` Ice cream giant Ben and Jerry's has announced today it will be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavours in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for gays.' Jump up ^ Luckerson, Victor (2015-06-27). `` Ben & Jerry's Just Renamed This Ice Cream Flavor in Honor of Gay Marriage'' . Retrieved 2016-05-12 . Jump up ^ Strzemien, Anya (January 9, 2009). `` Yes Pecan!: Ben & Jerry's Announces Obama Ice Cream'' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream - Late Night Snack'' . Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's launches the Tonight Dough ice cream inspired by Jimmy Fallon'' . Retrieved 19 Feb 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Haroset Flavored Ice Cream'' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2016-04-12 . Jump up ^ `` Ben And Jerry's Sells Charoset-Flavored Ice Cream Just In Time For Passover'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016-04-12 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Cherry Garcia. How about Ben and Jerry's Passover ice cream?'' . Public Radio International . Retrieved 2016-04-12 . Jump up ^ `` Charoset Ben & Jerry's : Who's brave enough to try?'' . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . Retrieved 2016-04-12 . Jump up ^ JTA (2015-03-25). `` Ben & Jerry's Charoset Flavor and 10 More Passover Ice Cream Ideas'' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2016-04-12 . Jump up ^ `` Charoset-Flavored Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream Exists in Israel, And Yes, It's Kosher for Passover'' . www.bustle.com . Retrieved 2016-05-12 . Jump up ^ `` Ben and Jerry's vegan ice cream is coming'' . True Icon . Retrieved April 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's announces 4 vegan flavors'' . Philly.com . Retrieved February 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Debuts Two New Vegan Ice Cream Flavors'' . VegNews.com . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . Jump up ^ VegasNews.com (April 22, 2009). `` Ben & Jerry's 31st Annual `` Free Cone Day'' Serves More Than 7,300 Scoops & Raises Money for Local Charities`` . Retrieved February 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark, Andrew (September 28, 2010). `` Ben and Jerry's admits ice-cream with a liberal conscience not ' all natural ' '' . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010 . Retrieved September 28, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Takes ' All Natural' Claims Off Ice Cream Labels'' . NPR. September 27, 2010. Archived from the original on September 30, 2010 . Retrieved September 30, 2010 . Jump up ^ Reitz, Stephanie (October 21, 2011). `` Supermarkets Give Ben & Jerry's ' Schweddy Balls' The Cold Shoulder'' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Alec Baldwin sets record hosting `` SNL '' `` . CBS News . 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The FOP's Boycott for Daniel Faulkner'' . BreakTheChain.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010 . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Support Home Page'' . Ben & Jerry's . Archived from the original on July 7, 2012 . Retrieved April 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott, Owen (April 19, 2006). `` Ben & Jerry's new flavour leaves bad taste'' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved August 6, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel'' . Retrieved November 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's to open new factory in Be'er Tuvia,'' . Y-Net News.com, 03.02.10, . Retrieved Nov 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Business in Israel Scrutinized'' . Burlington Free Press. Archived from the original on November 24, 2014 . Retrieved Nov 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign News'' . Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel . Retrieved Nov 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organizations Worldwide Sign a Letter Urging Ben & Jerry's to Honor its Social Mission'' . Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel . Retrieved Nov 25, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Sarah Vogler (1 May 2014). `` LNP refers ice cream company Ben and Jerry's to ACCC over Barrier Reef campaign'' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ AAP (29 April 2014). `` Ben and Jerry's ice cream hurting reef: Qld govt'' . The Brisbane Times . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben & Jerry's founder creates Bernie Sanders ice cream flavor 30 October 2018 Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Co-Founders Arrested During Protest at the U.S. Capitol'' . People.com . Retrieved April 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's Oz on Twitter'' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017-05-27 . Jump up ^ `` Ben and Jerry's Won't Serve ' Same Scoop' Ice Cream in Australia Until Gay Marriage Is Legal'' . LADbible . Retrieved 2017-05-27 . Jump up ^ https://www.metro.se/artikel/lisa-magnusson-kliv-inte-p%C3%A5-k%C3%A4rlekst%C3%A5get Jump up ^ https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0E76pG/uppmanar-till-bojkott-efter-glassjattens-flyktingutspel Jump up ^ Rocheleau, Matt (February 24, 2012). `` Ben & Jerry's launches ' Lin-Sanity' flavor, takes out fortune cookie ingredient'' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved February 24, 2012 . `` There seemed to be a bit of an initial backlash about it, but we obviously weren't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive,'' he said. Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's sorry for fortune cookies'' . ESPN.com . February 26, 2012 . Retrieved February 26, 2012 . `` We offer a heartfelt apology if anyone was offended by our handmade Lin-Sanity flavor,'' Ben & Jerry's said in a statement. Jump up ^ Stanford, Duane D. (2014-09-18). `` Ben & Jerry's Mulls Renaming ' Hazed and Confused' After Complaints'' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2016-05-02 . Jump up ^ kaufman, Alexander C. (2014-10-18). `` Ben & Jerry's Won't Rename ' Hazed & Confused ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016-05-02 . Jump up ^ https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/08/13/migrant-injustice-ben-jerrys-farmworker-exploitation/ Jump up ^ Strom, Stephanie (July 25, 2017). `` Traces of Controversial Herbicide Are Found in Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream'' -- via NYTimes.com. Jump up ^ `` International Locations'' . Ben & Jerry's . Retrieved September 21, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ben&Jerry's Romania'' . Ben & Jerry's . Retrieved July 1, 2014 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on September 10, 2016 . Retrieved 2015-03-02 . CS1 maint: Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry's in Hong Kong - Legal Stuff'' . Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Home'' . Archived from the original on December 20, 2005. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on April 27, 2016 . Retrieved 2016-02-21 . CS1 maint: Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Torres, Blanca (May 15, 2005). `` Debate swirls around CEO pay'' . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved 2013-07-11 . Jump up ^ Carlin, Peter (February 5, 1995). `` Pure Profit -- For Small Companies That Stress Social Values as Much as the Bottom Line, Growing Up Hasn't Been an Easy Task. Just Ask Ben & Jerry's , Patagonia and Starbucks'' . Los Angeles Times . Further reading ( edit ) Criswell, Ann. `` Ben & Jerry's is sweet on social issues '' . Houston Chronicle . Wednesday June 24, 1992. Food 1. Lager, Fred `` Chico'' . Ben & Jerry's : The Inside Scoop . 1st ed. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1994. Print. Wieder, Tamara. `` Coneheads '' . The Boston Phoenix . August 8-- 14, 2003. -- Boston Phoenix Interview with founders Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ben & Jerry's . Official website Ben & Jerry's Australia official website Unilever Subsidiaries Current Alberto-Culver Hindustan Unilever Maille Unilever Australasia Unilever Bangladesh Unilever Ghana Unilever Indonesia Unilever Nepal Unilever Philippines Unilever Pakistan Former Elizabeth Arden, Inc. BiFi Calvin Klein (Fragrances only) Fabergé Gorton's of Gloucester Mac Fisheries Palm Line United Africa Company Brands Beverages Brooke Bond Lipton PG Tips Scottish Blend Tazo Food Becel Ben & Jerry's Bertolli (except olive oil and U.S. frozen foods) Bovril Colman's Conimex Continental Country Crock Cup-a-Soup Flora Grom Hellmann's /Best Foods Hertog I Can't Believe It's Not Butter! Imperial Margarine Kibon Knorr Chicken Tonight (Netherlands) Lady's Choice Maille Marmite Pot Noodle Pot Rice Rafhan Sana Selecta Sir Kensington's Spry Stork Talenti Unox Heartbrand Ice Cream Division Calippo Cornetto GB Glace Glidat Strauss HB Kibon Kwality Wall's Langnese Magnum Olá Selecta Solero Streets Golden Gaytime Paddle Pop Viennetta Wall's HB Wall's Good Humor-Breyers ( Good Humor , Breyers , Klondike , ( Choco Taco ), Popsicle , Dickie Dee ) Home products Bio-Tex Breeze Cif Comfort Closan Domestos Finitex Lever 2000 Neutral OMO Persil ( Persil Power & Persil Service ) (brand owned by Henkel) Probat Rinso (except the United States) Seventh Generation Sunlight Surf (except for North America) Personal care Axe/Lynx Bed Head Brylcreem Clear Close-Up Degree Dove Dollar Shave Club Faberge Helene Curtis Impulse Lakmé Lifebuoy Lux Mentadent (except for North America) Noxzema Pears soap Pepsodent Pond's Prince Matchabelli Q-tips Radox Rexona Salon Selectives Signal Simple Suave Sunsilk Sure Timotei TRESemmé Twink VO5 (except the United States) Vaseline zendium Predecessors Lever Brothers Margarine Unie W.H. Burford & Sons Places Colworth House Lever Brothers Factory Lever House Lipton Institute of Tea Port Sunlight Unilever House Unilever Leeds Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight Laboratory People Antonius Johannes Jurgens William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme Paul Polman Morris Tabaksblat Samuel van den Bergh Sidney J. van den Bergh Simon van den Bergh Eugenio Minvielle Lagos Commons Food chains in Australia Casual dining Hog's Breath Café La Porchetta Nando's Pancake Parlour Sizzler Fast food Bing Boy Boost Juice Bucking Bull Burger Urge Chicken Treat Chooks Fresh & Tasty Domino's Pizza Eagle Boys Fast Eddys Grill'd Guzman y Gomez Hungry Jack's ( Burger King ) KFC Mad Mex Fresh Mexican Grill McDonald's Noodle Box Oporto Pizza Capers Pizza Haven Pizza Showtime Red Rooster Salsa's Fresh Mex Grill Spudbar Sumo Salad Schnitz Uncle Tony's Kebabs Zambrero Baked goods Donut King Bakers Delight Breadtop Brumby's Bakeries Krispy Kreme Pie Face Subway Coffeehouses and tea rooms The Coffee Club Dôme Gloria Jean's Coffees Hudsons Coffee Jamaica Blue McDonald's McCafé Michel's Patisserie Muffin Break Muzz Buzz Shingle Inn Starbucks Coffee Vittoria Coffee Zarraffas Coffee Dairy Baskin-Robbins Ben & Jerry's Cold Rock Ice Creamery Mr Whippy Wendy's Supa Sundaes List of restaurant chains in Australia Food chains in the United Kingdom Casual dining Angus Steakhouse Ask Beefeater Grill Belgo Bella Italia Bill's Brewers Fayre Byron Hamburgers Café Rouge Carluccio's Chiquito Côte Damon's Dishoom Ed's Easy Diner Franco Manca Frankie & Benny's Giraffe Gourmet Burger Kitchen Harry Ramsden's Harvester Jimmy's Restaurants Las Iguanas La Tasca Little Chef Loch Fyne Restaurants Nando's OK Diner Pizza Hut PizzaExpress Prezzo Sticks'n'Sushi Strada Table Table T.G.I. Friday's Toby Carvery Tony Roma's Wagamama Wahaca Wildwood Kitchen Zizzi Fast food Barburrito Burger King Chicken Cottage Chipotle Mexican Grill Dixy Chicken Domino's Pizza Five Guys Itsu KFC Leon McDonald's Morley's Papa John's Pizza Sam's Chicken Southern Fried Chicken Square Pie Subway Taco Bell Tops Pizza Tortilla Wasabi Wimpy YO! Sushi Baked goods Auntie Anne's Cinnabon Cooplands Dunkin' Donuts Eat Greggs Krispy Kreme Millie's Cookies Patisserie Valerie Poundbakery Pret a Manger Sayers Spudulike Upper Crust The West Cornwall Pasty Company Coffee shops and tea rooms AMT Coffee Betty's Caffè Nero Caffè Ritazza Coffee #1 Coffee Republic Costa Coffee Harris + Hoole Starbucks Dairy Baskin-Robbins Ben & Jerry's Kaspa's Pub chains All Bar One Chef & Brewer Hungry Horse O'Neill's Slug and Lettuce Walkabout Wetherspoons Yates's Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Burger chains Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Wiener chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl's Jr. Checkers/Rally's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Culver's Dairy Queen Fatburger Five Guys Freddy's Fuddruckers The Habit Hardee's Hwy 55 In-N-Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak ' n Shake Wayback Wendy's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P.F. Chang's China Bistro Pick Up Stix Baked goods Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne's Bruegger's Cheesecake Factory Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Duck Donuts Dunkin' Donuts Einstein Bros. Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Insomnia Cookies Krispy Kreme Mrs. Fields Nestlé Toll House Panera Bread Pretzelmaker/Pretzel Time Shipley Do-Nuts Tim Hortons T.J. Cinnamons Wetzel's Winchell's Beverages Argo Tea Biggby Coffee Caribou Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunn Bros Gloria Jean's Heine Brothers' Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea Jamba Juice Juice It Up! Orange Julius Peet's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully's Frozen desserts Baskin-Robbins Ben & Jerry's Braum's Bruster's Carvel Cold Stone Creamery Culver's Dairy Queen Dippin' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly's Golden Spoon Graeter's Häagen -Dazs Handel's MaggieMoo's Marble Slab Menchie's Oberweis Pinkberry Red Mango Rita's Sweet Frog Tastee-Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan's Famous Portillo's Wienerschnitzel Mexican-style / Tex-Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green/Red Burrito La Salsa Moe's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio's Rusty Taco Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo's Fish Taco Other Fazoli's The Halal Guys Hooters Noodles & Company Sbarro Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti's Charley's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne's Erbert & Gerbert's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason's Jerry's Subs Jersey Mike's Jimmy John's Lee's Sandwiches Lenny's Sub McAlister's Deli Miami Subs Newk's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Primo Hoagies Quiznos Rax Sandella's Schlotzsky's Steak Escape Subway Togo's Tubby's Tudor's Biscuit World Which Wich? Seafood Arthur Treacher's California Fish Grill Captain D's H. Salt Esquire Ivar's Long John Silver's Red Lobster Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler's Brigham's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther's Henry's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy's Teavana White Tower Zantigo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_%26_Jerry%27s&oldid=866228901 '' Categories : Ben & Jerry's Agriculture in Vermont Business duos Food and drink companies based in Vermont Fast-food franchises Ice cream brands Ice cream parlors Restaurants established in 1978 Unilever brands Vermont culture American brands 1978 establishments in Vermont Ice cream manufacturers Specialty food shops in Singapore Benefit corporations South Burlington, Vermont Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: Archived copy as title Use mdy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2018 Incomplete lists from April 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân -lâm -gú Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית कॉशुर / کٲشُر لۊری شومالی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche 中文 19 more EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon29October2018,at02:44(UTC).TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 1327690004001380746 |
blue bird that looks like a blue jay | The binomial commemorates the Scottish naturalist Alexander Collie . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Black - throated magpie - jay Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Passeriformes Family : Corvidae Genus : Calocitta Species : C. colliei Binomial name Calocitta colliei Vigors , 1829 Synonyms Calocitta elegans Finsch , 1871 Corvus bellockii",
"Black - throated magpie - jay",
"Conservation status",
"Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 )",
"Scientific classification",
"Kingdom : Animalia",
"Phylum : Chordata",
"Class : Aves",
"Order : Passeriformes",
"Family : Corvidae",
"Genus : Calocitta",
"Species : C. colliei",
"Binomial name",
"Calocitta colliei Vigors , 1829",
"Synonyms",
"Calocitta elegans Finsch , 1871 Corvus bellockii",
"Calocitta elegans Finsch , 1871 Corvus bellockii",
"Calocitta elegans Finsch , 1871",
"The black - throated magpie - jay ( Calocitta colliei ) is a strikingly long - tailed magpie - jay of northwestern Mexico .",
"This species is 58.5 to 76.5 cm ( 23 to 30 inches ) long , more than half of which is the tail , and weight is 225 - 251 grams ( 8 - 9 oz . ) . Only a very few corvids , including the black - billed magpie , the red - billed blue magpie and the closely related white - throated magpie - jay , have a comparable tail length . The upperparts are blue with white tips to the tail feathers ; the underparts are white . The bill , legs , head , and conspicuous crest are black except for a pale blue crescent over the eyes and a patch under the eye . In juveniles , the crest has a white tip and the patch below the eye is smaller and darker blue than in adults . In most birds , the throat and chest are also black , but some in the southern part of the range have various amounts of white there .",
"The calls are varied , loud , raucous , sometimes parrot - like .",
"This species occurs in pairs or small groups in woodland , except for humid woodland , and partially open areas on the Pacific Slope of Mexico from southern Sonora south to Jalisco and northwestern Colima , for a total of 160,000 km . As of 1993 there was some evidence of a population decline .",
"The species has become established in southern San Diego County ( 2013 ) , especially in the Tijuana River Valley . The birds are presumably descendants of escapees from nearby Tijuana , Baja California , where the trade in birds is unregulated .",
"The diet is the omnivorous one typical of the crow family .",
"The nest is also typical of the family : a big cup of sticks lined with softer material . The female lays 3 to 7 whitish eggs with brown and gray spots .",
"This species interbreeds with the white - throated magpie - jay in Jalisco and Colima , where intermediate birds are common . It has been considered a subspecies of the white - throated magpie - jay , Calocitta formosa colliei .",
"The binomial commemorates the Scottish naturalist Alexander Collie ."
] | Black-throated magpie-jay - wikipedia Black-throated magpie-jay Black-throated magpie-jay Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae Genus: Calocitta Species: C. colliei Binomial name Calocitta colliei Vigors , 1829 Synonyms Calocitta elegans Finsch, 1871 Corvus bellockii The black-throated magpie-jay ( Calocitta colliei ) is a strikingly long-tailed magpie-jay of northwestern Mexico . Contents 1 Description 2 Range and habitat 3 Behavior 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) This species is 58.5 to 76.5 cm (23 to 30 inches) long, more than half of which is the tail , and weight is 225-251 grams (8-9 oz.). Only a very few corvids , including the black-billed magpie , the red-billed blue magpie and the closely related white-throated magpie-jay , have a comparable tail length. The upperparts are blue with white tips to the tail feathers; the underparts are white. The bill , legs, head, and conspicuous crest are black except for a pale blue crescent over the eyes and a patch under the eye. In juveniles, the crest has a white tip and the patch below the eye is smaller and darker blue than in adults. In most birds, the throat and chest are also black, but some in the southern part of the range have various amounts of white there. The calls are varied, loud, raucous, sometimes parrot -like. Range and habitat ( edit ) This species occurs in pairs or small groups in woodland, except for humid woodland, and partially open areas on the Pacific Slope of Mexico from southern Sonora south to Jalisco and northwestern Colima , for a total of 160,000 km . As of 1993 there was some evidence of a population decline. The species has become established in southern San Diego County (2013), especially in the Tijuana River Valley . The birds are presumably descendants of escapees from nearby Tijuana , Baja California , where the trade in birds is unregulated . Behavior ( edit ) The diet is the omnivorous one typical of the crow family . The nest is also typical of the family: a big cup of sticks lined with softer material. The female lays 3 to 7 whitish eggs with brown and gray spots. This species interbreeds with the white-throated magpie-jay in Jalisco and Colima, where intermediate birds are common. It has been considered a subspecies of the white-throated magpie-jay, Calocitta formosa colliei . The binomial commemorates the Scottish naturalist Alexander Collie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: BirdLife International (2012). `` Calocitta colliei '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.centralfloridazoo.org/black-throatedmagpiejay ^ Jump up to: Howell, Steve N.G. ; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America . Oxford University Press. p. 538. ISBN 0-19-854012-4 . Jump up ^ Towhee.net - Home Page External links ( edit ) Bird-stamps.org: Stamps of Mexico with species range maps VIREO.org: `` Black-throated magpie-jay'' Photo-High Res--(Close-up) ; Whozoo.org: Black-throated magpie-jay article + high resolution photo . Extant species of family Corvidae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Subclass: Neornithes Superorder: Neognathae Order: Passeriformes Family Corvidae Choughs Pyrrhocorax Alpine chough ( P. graculus ) Red-billed chough ( P. pyrrhocorax ) Treepies Crypsirina Hooded treepie ( C. cucullata ) Black racket-tailed treepie ( C. temia ) Dendrocitta Andaman treepie ( D. bayleyi ) Bornean treepie ( D. cinerascens ) Grey treepie ( D. formosae ) Black-faced treepie ( D. frontalis ) White-bellied treepie ( D. leucogastra ) Sumatran treepie ( D. occipitalis ) Rufous treepie ( D. vagabunda ) Platysmurus Black magpie ( P. leucopterus ) Bornean black magpie ( P. l. aterrimus ) Temnurus Ratchet-tailed treepie ( T. temnurus ) Oriental magpies Cissa Common green magpie ( C. chinensis ) Indochinese green magpie ( C. hypoleuca ) Bornean green magpie ( C. jefferyi ) Javan green magpie ( C. thalassina ) Urocissa Taiwan blue magpie ( U. caerulea ) Red-billed blue magpie ( U. erythrorhyncha ) Yellow-billed blue magpie ( U. flavirostris ) Sri Lanka blue magpie ( U. ornata ) White-winged magpie ( U. whiteheadi ) Old World jays Garrulus Eurasian jay ( G. glandarius ) Lanceolated jay ( G. lanceolatus ) Lidth's jay ( G. lidthi ) Podoces (Ground jays) Biddulph's ground jay ( P. biddulphi ) Henderson's ground jay ( P. hendersoni ) Pander's ground jay ( P. panderi ) Persian ground jay ( P. pleskei ) Ptilostomus Piapiac ( P. afer ) Stresemann's bushcrow Zavattariornis Stresemann's bushcrow ( Z. stresemanni ) Family Corvidae (continued) Nutcrackers Nucifraga Spotted nutcracker ( N. caryocatactes ) Clark's nutcracker ( N. columbiana ) Holarctic magpies Pica Black-billed magpie ( P. hudsonia ) Yellow-billed magpie ( P. nuttalli ) Eurasian magpie ( P. pica ) Oriental magpie ( P. sericea ) Maghreb magpie ( P. mauritanica ) Asir magpie ( P. asirensis ) Black-rumped magpie ( P. bottanensis ) True crows ( crows , ravens , jackdaws and rooks ) Corvus Australian and Melanesian species Little crow ( C. bennetti ) Australian raven ( C. coronoides ) Bismarck crow ( C. insularis ) Brown-headed crow ( C. fuscicapillus ) Bougainville crow ( C. meeki ) Little raven ( C. mellori ) New Caledonian crow ( C. moneduloides ) Torresian crow ( C. orru ) Forest raven ( C. tasmanicus ) Grey crow ( C. tristis ) Long-billed crow ( C. validus ) White-billed crow ( C. woodfordi ) Pacific island species Hawaiian crow ( C. hawaiiensis ) Mariana crow ( C. kubaryi ) Tropical Asian species Daurian jackdaw ( C. dauuricus ) Slender-billed crow ( C. enca ) Flores crow ( C. florensis ) Large-billed crow ( C. macrorhynchos ) Eastern jungle crow ( C. levaillantii ) Indian jungle crow ( C. culminatus ) House crow ( C. splendens ) Collared crow ( C. torquatus ) Piping crow ( C. typicus ) Banggai crow ( C. unicolor ) Violet crow ( C. violaceus ) Eurasian and North African species Mesopotamian crow ( C. capellanus ) Hooded crow ( C. cornix ) Carrion crow ( C. corone ) Rook ( C. frugilegus ) Jackdaw ( C. monedula ) Eastern carrion crow ( C. orientalis ) Fan-tailed raven ( C. rhipidurus ) Brown-necked raven ( C. ruficollis ) Holarctic species Common raven ( C. corax ) North and Central American species American crow ( C. brachyrhynchos ) Northwestern crow ( C. caurinus ) Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) Tamaulipas crow ( C. imparatus ) Jamaican crow ( C. jamaicensis ) White-necked crow ( C. leucognaphalus ) Cuban crow ( C. nasicus ) Fish crow ( C. ossifragus ) Palm crow ( C. palmarum ) Sinaloan crow ( C. sinaloae ) Tropical African species White-necked raven ( C. albicollis ) Pied crow ( C. albus ) Cape crow ( C. capensis ) Thick-billed raven ( C. crassirostris ) Somali crow ( C. edithae ) Family Corvidae (continued) Azure-winged magpies Cyanopica Iberian magpie ( C. cooki ) Azure-winged magpie ( C. cyanus ) Grey jays Perisoreus Grey jay ( P. canadensis ) Siberian jay ( P. infaustus ) Sichuan jay ( P. internigrans ) New World jays Aphelocoma (Scrub jays) California scrub jay ( A. californica ) Island scrub jay ( A. insularis ) Woodhouse's scrub jay ( A. woodhouseii ) Florida scrub jay ( A. coerulescens ) Transvolcanic jay ( A. ultramarina ) Unicolored jay ( A. unicolor ) Mexican jay ( A. wollweberi ) Calocitta (Magpie-Jays) Black-throated magpie-jay ( C. colliei ) White-throated Magpie-jay ( C. formosa ) Cyanocitta Blue jay ( C. cristata ) Steller's jay ( C. stelleri ) Cyanocorax Black-chested jay ( C. affinis ) Purplish-backed jay ( C. beecheii ) Azure jay ( C. caeruleus ) Cayenne jay ( C. cayanus ) Plush-crested jay ( C. chrysops ) Curl-crested jay ( C. cristatellus ) Purplish jay ( C. cyanomelas ) White-naped jay ( C. cyanopogon ) Tufted jay ( C. dickeyi ) Azure-naped jay ( C. heilprini ) Bushy-crested jay ( C. melanocyaneus ) Brown jay ( C. morio ) White-tailed jay ( C. mystacalis ) San Blas jay ( C. sanblasianus ) Violaceous jay ( C. violaceus ) Green jay ( C. ynca ) Yucatan jay ( C. yucatanicus ) Cyanolyca Silvery-throated jay ( C. argentigula ) Black-collared jay ( C. armillata ) Azure-hooded jay ( C. cucullata ) White-throated jay ( C. mirabilis ) Dwarf jay ( C. nana ) Beautiful jay ( C. pulchra ) Black-throated jay ( C. pumilo ) Turquoise jay ( C. turcosa ) White-collared jay ( C. viridicyana ) Gymnorhinus Pinyon jay ( G. cyanocephalus ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q1586267 Wikispecies : Calocitta colliei ADW : Calocitta_colliei eBird : btmjay EoL : 916439 GBIF : 2482459 iNaturalist : 8650 IRMNG: 11369285 ITIS : 558992 NCBI : 114082 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-throated_magpie-jay&oldid=825739290 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Calocitta Endemic birds of Western Mexico Natural history of the Mexican Plateau Natural history of Sinaloa Natural history of Sonora Birds described in 1829 Hidden categories: Articles with ' species' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Български Cebuano Cymraeg Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 03:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -8859903447847556973 |
when is the world cup going to be in usa | ^ Jump up to : http://www.gousabid.com/news/entry/58-venues-interested-in-holding-fifa-world-cup-matches-in-2018-or-2022/ | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The United States Soccer Federation submitted a bid with the hope of hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup . U.S. Soccer first said in February 2007 that it would put forth a bid for the 2018 World Cup . On January 28 , 2009 , U.S. Soccer announced that it would submit bids for both the 2018 and 2022 Cups . In October 2010 it withdrew from the 2018 bid process to focus on winning the 2022 edition . On December 2 , 2010 , it was announced that Qatar would be the host of the 2022 FIFA World Cup . Bill Clinton remarked `` The FIFA people were in a mood to give it to people who did n't have it . I think they wanted to make soccer a world sport . ''",
"David Downs , president of Univision Sports , was executive director of the bid . The United States previously hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1994 , as well as the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 1999 and 2003 .",
"Date Notes January 15 , 2009 Applications formally invited February 2 , 2009 Closing date for registering intention to bid March 16 , 2009 Deadline to submit completed bid registration forms May 14 , 2010 Deadline for submission of full details of bid September 6 -- 9 , 2010 Inspection committee visits the United States December 2 , 2010 FIFA to appoint hosts for 2018 and 2022 World Cups",
"Date Notes",
"January 15 , 2009 Applications formally invited",
"February 2 , 2009 Closing date for registering intention to bid",
"March 16 , 2009 Deadline to submit completed bid registration forms",
"May 14 , 2010 Deadline for submission of full details of bid",
"September 6 -- 9 , 2010 Inspection committee visits the United States",
"December 2 , 2010 FIFA to appoint hosts for 2018 and 2022 World Cups",
"The American bid was being organized by USA Bid Committee , Inc .",
"The executive director of the bid was David Downs , CEO of Univision sports . Other members include U.S. Soccer President Sunil Gulati , Major League Soccer Commissioner Don Garber , Phil Murphy , the former national finance chair for the Democratic National Committee , former U.S. Secretary of State Dr. Henry Kissinger , New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , Clinton adviser Douglas Band , film director Spike Lee , former boxer Oscar De La Hoya , and Washington Post publisher Katharine Weymouth .",
"In April 2009 , the U.S. identified 70 stadiums in 50 communities as possible venues for the tournament , with 58 confirming their interest . The list of stadia was trimmed two months later to 38 existing venues , one scheduled for completion in 2010 , and one proposed venue . On August 20 , 2009 the list was further trimmed down to 32 stadiums in 27 cities . On January 12 , 2010 the USA Bid Committee narrowed the 27 cities down to 18 as the official host cities for the United States ' Bid for the 2018 or 2022 World Cup .",
"Those 18 cities are : Atlanta , Baltimore , Boston , Dallas , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Miami , Nashville , New York City , Philadelphia , Phoenix , San Diego , Seattle , Tampa and Washington , D.C . The 18 stadiums selected host NFL or NCAA American football games , with a capacity over 65,000 spectators . No soccer - specific stadium was selected , since none in the country has capacity for more than 30,000 spectators .",
"Image Stadium Capacity City State Surface Home teams Notes Rose Bowl 94,542 Pasadena ( Host City : Los Angeles ) California Grass UCLA Bruins † Rose Bowl Game 1994 World Cup final venue 1999 Women 's World Cup final venue CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XI , Super Bowl XIV , Super Bowl XVII , Super Bowl XXI , and Super Bowl XXVII Hosts Three BCS National Championship Games May be replaced by Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 93,607 Los Angeles California Grass USC Trojans † 1932 and 1984 Olympic stadium CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl I and Super Bowl VII host 1959 World Series May be replaced by Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park AT&T Stadium 91,600 Arlington ( Host City : Dallas ) Texas Matrix artificial turf Cowboys Classic Dallas Cowboys † Cotton Bowl Classic Southwest Classic Opened in 2009 Retractable roof CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2010 NBA All - Star Game venue Super Bowl XLV in 2011 Wrestlemania 32 in 2016 FedExField 91,704 Landover ( Host City : Washington , D.C. ) Maryland Grass Washington Redskins † 1999 Women 's World Cup venue MetLife Stadium 82,566 East Rutherford ( Host City : New York City ) New Jersey FieldTurf New York Giants † New York Jets † Opened in 2010 Hosted Super Bowl XLVIII Wrestlemania XXIX Sun Life Stadium 80,240 Miami Gardens ( Host City : Miami ) Florida Grass Miami Dolphins † Miami Hurricanes † Orange Bowl Multi-purpose stadium Marlins moved to their new ballpark and it was also host to WWE 's WrestleMania XXVIII in 2012 Super Bowl XXIII , Super Bowl XXIX , Super Bowl XXXIII , Super Bowl XLI , and Super Bowl XLIV hosts Three BCS National Championship Games Reliant Stadium 76,000 Houston Texas Grass Houston Texans † Texas Bowl CONCACAF Gold Cup venue , 2010 MLS All - Star Game host , WrestleMania XXV hosts , NCAA Final Four 2011 & 2016 host , Super Bowl XXXVIII host , Retractable roof Arrowhead Stadium 75,364 Kansas City Missouri Grass Kansas City Chiefs † Invesco Field at Mile High 75,165 Denver Colorado Grass Denver Broncos † 2008 Democratic National Convention Host 2006 National Football League AFC Championship Game Raymond James Stadium 75,000 Tampa Florida Grass Tampa Bay Buccaneers † South Florida Bulls † Outback Bowl Olympic qualifying venue . Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLIII hosts Gillette Stadium 73,393 Foxborough ( Host City : Boston ) Massachusetts FieldTurf New England Patriots † New England Revolution NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship in 2008 and 2009 , 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup venue , and the MLS Cup 2002 Husky Stadium 72,500 Seattle Washington FieldTurf Washington Huskies † Renovation completed in 2013 . Track was removed but capacity decreased from 72,500 to 70,138 . 1990 Goodwill Games track and field events . University of Phoenix Stadium 71,362 Glendale ( Host City : Phoenix ) Arizona Grass Arizona Cardinals † Fiesta Bowl Retractable roof and playing surface CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XLII hosts WrestleMania XXVI hosts Three BCS National Championship Games Georgia Dome 71,228 Atlanta Georgia FieldTurf & able to install grass . Atlanta Falcons † Georgia State Panthers † Chick - fil - A Bowl Indoor stadium Super Bowl XXXIV & Super Bowl XXVIII hosts World Football Challenge hosts Indoor Stadium , DCI Atlanta Southeastern Championship 1996 Summer Olympics World Football Challenge WrestleMania XXVII hosts To be demolished in 2017 once its replacement , Mercedes - Benz Stadium , opens M&T Bank Stadium 71,008 Baltimore Maryland Sportexe Momentum Turf Baltimore Ravens † Only stadium to sell out their World Football Challenge game Lincoln Financial Field 69,111 Philadelphia Pennsylvania Grass Philadelphia Eagles † Temple Owls † Army - Navy Game 2003 Women 's World Cup venue CONCACAF Gold Cup venue . LP Field 69,143 Nashville Tennessee Grass Tennessee Titans † Tennessee State Tigers † Music City Bowl Olympic qualifying venue CenturyLink Field 68,056 Seattle Washington FieldTurf Seattle Seahawks † Seattle Sounders FC CONCACAF Gold Cup venue MLS Cup 2009 venue , Highest home attendance in MLS Qualcomm Stadium 67,700 San Diego California Grass San Diego Chargers † Holiday Bowl Poinsettia Bowl CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XXII , Super Bowl XXXII , and Super Bowl XXXVII Hosts May be replaced by New Chargers Stadium Lucas Oil Stadium 66,500 Indianapolis Indiana FieldTurf Indianapolis Colts † Built in 2008 Retractable roof Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 , NCAA men 's basketball Final Four in 2010 and 2015 , NCAA women 's basketball Final Four in 2016 , DCI World Championship Finals Since 2009",
"Image Stadium Capacity City State Surface Home teams Notes",
"Rose Bowl 94,542 Pasadena ( Host City : Los Angeles ) California Grass UCLA Bruins † Rose Bowl Game 1994 World Cup final venue 1999 Women 's World Cup final venue CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XI , Super Bowl XIV , Super Bowl XVII , Super Bowl XXI , and Super Bowl XXVII Hosts Three BCS National Championship Games May be replaced by Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park",
"Super Bowl XI , Super Bowl XIV , Super Bowl XVII , Super Bowl XXI , and Super Bowl XXVII Hosts Three BCS National Championship Games May be replaced by Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park",
"Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 93,607 Los Angeles California Grass USC Trojans † 1932 and 1984 Olympic stadium CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl I and Super Bowl VII host 1959 World Series May be replaced by Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park",
"Super Bowl I and Super Bowl VII host 1959 World Series May be replaced by Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park",
"AT&T Stadium 91,600 Arlington ( Host City : Dallas ) Texas Matrix artificial turf Cowboys Classic Dallas Cowboys † Cotton Bowl Classic Southwest Classic Opened in 2009 Retractable roof CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2010 NBA All - Star Game venue Super Bowl XLV in 2011 Wrestlemania 32 in 2016",
"2010 NBA All - Star Game venue Super Bowl XLV in 2011 Wrestlemania 32 in 2016",
"FedExField 91,704 Landover ( Host City : Washington , D.C. ) Maryland Grass Washington Redskins † 1999 Women 's World Cup venue",
"MetLife Stadium 82,566 East Rutherford ( Host City : New York City ) New Jersey FieldTurf New York Giants † New York Jets † Opened in 2010 Hosted Super Bowl XLVIII Wrestlemania XXIX",
"New York Jets †",
"Sun Life Stadium 80,240 Miami Gardens ( Host City : Miami ) Florida Grass Miami Dolphins † Miami Hurricanes † Orange Bowl Multi-purpose stadium Marlins moved to their new ballpark and it was also host to WWE 's WrestleMania XXVIII in 2012 Super Bowl XXIII , Super Bowl XXIX , Super Bowl XXXIII , Super Bowl XLI , and Super Bowl XLIV hosts Three BCS National Championship Games",
"Reliant Stadium 76,000 Houston Texas Grass Houston Texans † Texas Bowl CONCACAF Gold Cup venue , 2010 MLS All - Star Game host , WrestleMania XXV hosts , NCAA Final Four 2011 & 2016 host , Super Bowl XXXVIII host , Retractable roof",
"Arrowhead Stadium 75,364 Kansas City Missouri Grass Kansas City Chiefs †",
"Invesco Field at Mile High 75,165 Denver Colorado Grass Denver Broncos † 2008 Democratic National Convention Host 2006 National Football League AFC Championship Game",
"Raymond James Stadium 75,000 Tampa Florida Grass Tampa Bay Buccaneers † South Florida Bulls † Outback Bowl Olympic qualifying venue . Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLIII hosts",
"Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLIII hosts",
"Gillette Stadium 73,393 Foxborough ( Host City : Boston ) Massachusetts FieldTurf New England Patriots † New England Revolution NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship in 2008 and 2009 , 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup venue , and the MLS Cup 2002",
"Husky Stadium 72,500 Seattle Washington FieldTurf Washington Huskies † Renovation completed in 2013 . Track was removed but capacity decreased from 72,500 to 70,138 . 1990 Goodwill Games track and field events .",
"University of Phoenix Stadium 71,362 Glendale ( Host City : Phoenix ) Arizona Grass Arizona Cardinals † Fiesta Bowl Retractable roof and playing surface CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XLII hosts WrestleMania XXVI hosts Three BCS National Championship Games",
"Georgia Dome 71,228 Atlanta Georgia FieldTurf & able to install grass . Atlanta Falcons † Georgia State Panthers † Chick - fil - A Bowl Indoor stadium Super Bowl XXXIV & Super Bowl XXVIII hosts World Football Challenge hosts Indoor Stadium , DCI Atlanta Southeastern Championship 1996 Summer Olympics World Football Challenge WrestleMania XXVII hosts To be demolished in 2017 once its replacement , Mercedes - Benz Stadium , opens",
"M&T Bank Stadium 71,008 Baltimore Maryland Sportexe Momentum Turf Baltimore Ravens † Only stadium to sell out their World Football Challenge game",
"Lincoln Financial Field 69,111 Philadelphia Pennsylvania Grass Philadelphia Eagles † Temple Owls † Army - Navy Game 2003 Women 's World Cup venue CONCACAF Gold Cup venue .",
"LP Field 69,143 Nashville Tennessee Grass Tennessee Titans † Tennessee State Tigers † Music City Bowl Olympic qualifying venue",
"CenturyLink Field 68,056 Seattle Washington FieldTurf Seattle Seahawks † Seattle Sounders FC CONCACAF Gold Cup venue MLS Cup 2009 venue , Highest home attendance in MLS",
"Qualcomm Stadium 67,700 San Diego California Grass San Diego Chargers † Holiday Bowl Poinsettia Bowl CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XXII , Super Bowl XXXII , and Super Bowl XXXVII Hosts May be replaced by New Chargers Stadium",
"Lucas Oil Stadium 66,500 Indianapolis Indiana FieldTurf Indianapolis Colts † Built in 2008 Retractable roof Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 , NCAA men 's basketball Final Four in 2010 and 2015 , NCAA women 's basketball Final Four in 2016 , DCI World Championship Finals Since 2009",
"† -- American football team . Although sponsored stadium names are listed in this article , they were not used in the actual bid documents , and would not be used during the World Cup . FIFA controls all naming rights related to the World Cup , and generally prohibits the use of such names . Even stadiums that bear the names of FIFA sponsors are subject to this restriction -- the venue then known commercially as Coca - Cola Park in Johannesburg was known by its non-commercial name of Ellis Park Stadium during the 2010 World Cup , even though The Coca - Cola Company is one of FIFA 's main sponsors . Capacities listed are estimated capacity for the FIFA World Cup .",
"† -- American football team .",
"Although sponsored stadium names are listed in this article , they were not used in the actual bid documents , and would not be used during the World Cup . FIFA controls all naming rights related to the World Cup , and generally prohibits the use of such names . Even stadiums that bear the names of FIFA sponsors are subject to this restriction -- the venue then known commercially as Coca - Cola Park in Johannesburg was known by its non-commercial name of Ellis Park Stadium during the 2010 World Cup , even though The Coca - Cola Company is one of FIFA 's main sponsors .",
"Capacities listed are estimated capacity for the FIFA World Cup .",
"The following venues were considered as possible candidate venues but were not chosen to be included in the final bid .",
"Image Stadium Capacity City State Surface Home teams Notes Michigan Stadium 109,901 Ann Arbor Michigan Artificial Michigan Wolverines † Largest non-motorsports stadium in the country , and third - largest non-racing stadium in the world . Jacksonville Municipal Stadium 77,000 Jacksonville Florida Grass Jacksonville Jaguars † Gator Bowl Super Bowl XXXIX hosts Bank of America Stadium 73,500 Charlotte North Carolina Grass Carolina Panthers † Belk Bowl ACC Championship Game 1999 and 2000 NCAA Men 's Soccer Championship venue , 2014 and 2015 International Champions Cup , 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Cleveland Browns Stadium 73,200 Cleveland Ohio Grass Cleveland Browns † Hosted International Matches Edward Jones Dome 67,268 St. Louis Missouri FieldTurf No Tenant Indoor stadium Ford Field 67,188 Detroit Michigan FieldTurf Detroit Lions † Little Caesar 's Pizza Bowl Super Bowl XL hosts WrestleMania 23 hosts Indoor stadium Citrus Bowl 65,616 Orlando Florida Grass Florida Tuskers † Capital One Bowl Champs Sports Bowl 1994 FIFA World Cup , 1996 Olympics and WrestleMania XXIV venue . O.co Coliseum 63,026 Oakland California Grass Oakland Raiders † Oakland A 's ‡ Multi-purpose stadium . Soldier Field 61,000 Chicago Illinois Grass Chicago Bears † 1994 FIFA World Cup venue . Stanford Stadium 50,500 Palo Alto California Grass Stanford Cardinal † Rebuilt 1984 Olympics , 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1999 Women 's World Cup venue RFK Stadium 45,600 Washington District of Columbia Grass D.C. United EagleBank Bowl 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1996 Olympics venue",
"Image Stadium Capacity City State Surface Home teams Notes",
"Michigan Stadium 109,901 Ann Arbor Michigan Artificial Michigan Wolverines † Largest non-motorsports stadium in the country , and third - largest non-racing stadium in the world .",
"Jacksonville Municipal Stadium 77,000 Jacksonville Florida Grass Jacksonville Jaguars † Gator Bowl Super Bowl XXXIX hosts",
"Bank of America Stadium 73,500 Charlotte North Carolina Grass Carolina Panthers † Belk Bowl ACC Championship Game 1999 and 2000 NCAA Men 's Soccer Championship venue , 2014 and 2015 International Champions Cup , 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup",
"Cleveland Browns Stadium 73,200 Cleveland Ohio Grass Cleveland Browns † Hosted International Matches",
"Edward Jones Dome 67,268 St. Louis Missouri FieldTurf No Tenant Indoor stadium",
"Ford Field 67,188 Detroit Michigan FieldTurf Detroit Lions † Little Caesar 's Pizza Bowl Super Bowl XL hosts WrestleMania 23 hosts Indoor stadium",
"Citrus Bowl 65,616 Orlando Florida Grass Florida Tuskers † Capital One Bowl Champs Sports Bowl 1994 FIFA World Cup , 1996 Olympics and WrestleMania XXIV venue .",
"O.co Coliseum 63,026 Oakland California Grass Oakland Raiders † Oakland A 's ‡ Multi-purpose stadium .",
"Soldier Field 61,000 Chicago Illinois Grass Chicago Bears † 1994 FIFA World Cup venue .",
"Stanford Stadium 50,500 Palo Alto California Grass Stanford Cardinal † Rebuilt 1984 Olympics , 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1999 Women 's World Cup venue",
"RFK Stadium 45,600 Washington District of Columbia Grass D.C. United EagleBank Bowl 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1996 Olympics venue",
"The following stadiums were eliminated in an earlier cut in August 2009",
"Image Stadium Capacity City State Surface Home teams Events Hosted Legion Field 71,594 Birmingham Alabama Artificial UAB Blazers † Papajohns.com Bowl 1996 Olympics Ohio Stadium 102,329 Columbus Ohio Artificial Ohio State Buckeyes † On National Register of Historic Places Neyland Stadium 102,455 Knoxville Tennessee Grass Tennessee Volunteers † Ranked as America 's No. 1 college football stadium by The Sporting News in 2001 Metrodome 64,111 Minneapolis Minnesota Artificial Minnesota Vikings † 1985 MLB All - Star Game Super Bowl XXVI 1992 and 2001 Final Four 1987 and 1991 World Series venue . Demolished in 2014 ; will be replaced on - site in 2016 by U.S. Bank Stadium . TCF Bank Stadium 50,805 Minneapolis Minnesota Artificial Minnesota Golden Gophers † One of three new Minneapolis stadiums ( along with Target Field and U.S. Bank Stadium ) Sun Devil Stadium 73,379 Tempe Arizona Grass Arizona State Sun Devils † Insight Bowl Super Bowl XXX former Fiesta Bowl venue Heinz Field 65,050 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Grass Pittsburgh Steelers † Pittsburgh Panthers † 2011 NHL Winter Classic Rice - Eccles Stadium 45,017 Salt Lake City Utah Artificial Utah Utes † 2002 Winter Olympics opening / closing venue Alamodome 65,000 San Antonio Texas Artificial Alamo Bowl Later became home to UTSA Roadrunners † 1998 , 2004 and 2008 Final Four venue U.S. Army All - American Bowl Las Vegas Stadium Proposed Las Vegas Nevada Proposed None Proposed",
"Image Stadium Capacity City State Surface Home teams Events Hosted",
"Legion Field 71,594 Birmingham Alabama Artificial UAB Blazers † Papajohns.com Bowl 1996 Olympics",
"Ohio Stadium 102,329 Columbus Ohio Artificial Ohio State Buckeyes † On National Register of Historic Places",
"Neyland Stadium 102,455 Knoxville Tennessee Grass Tennessee Volunteers † Ranked as America 's No. 1 college football stadium by The Sporting News in 2001",
"Metrodome 64,111 Minneapolis Minnesota Artificial Minnesota Vikings † 1985 MLB All - Star Game Super Bowl XXVI 1992 and 2001 Final Four 1987 and 1991 World Series venue . Demolished in 2014 ; will be replaced on - site in 2016 by U.S. Bank Stadium .",
"TCF Bank Stadium 50,805 Minneapolis Minnesota Artificial Minnesota Golden Gophers † One of three new Minneapolis stadiums ( along with Target Field and U.S. Bank Stadium )",
"Sun Devil Stadium 73,379 Tempe Arizona Grass Arizona State Sun Devils † Insight Bowl Super Bowl XXX former Fiesta Bowl venue",
"Heinz Field 65,050 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Grass Pittsburgh Steelers † Pittsburgh Panthers † 2011 NHL Winter Classic",
"Rice - Eccles Stadium 45,017 Salt Lake City Utah Artificial Utah Utes † 2002 Winter Olympics opening / closing venue",
"Alamodome 65,000 San Antonio Texas Artificial Alamo Bowl Later became home to UTSA Roadrunners † 1998 , 2004 and 2008 Final Four venue U.S. Army All - American Bowl",
"Las Vegas Stadium Proposed Las Vegas Nevada Proposed None Proposed",
"The following stadiums were eliminated at the first cut in June , 2009 :",
"California Memorial Stadium , Berkeley , California Ralph Wilson Stadium , Buffalo , New York Memorial Stadium , Champaign , Illinois Paul Brown Stadium , Cincinnati Memorial Stadium , Clemson , South Carolina Faurot Field , Columbia , Missouri Williams - Brice Stadium , Columbia , South Carolina Razorback Stadium , Fayetteville , Arkansas Ben Hill Griffin Stadium , Gainesville , Florida Lambeau Field , Green Bay , Wisconsin Rice Stadium , Houston , Texas Kinnick Stadium , Iowa City , Iowa Commonwealth Stadium , Lexington , Kentucky Camp Randall Stadium , Madison , Wisconsin Yale Bowl , New Haven , Connecticut Louisiana Superdome , New Orleans Oklahoma Memorial Stadium , Norman , Oklahoma Doak Campbell Stadium , Tallahassee , Florida",
"California Memorial Stadium , Berkeley , California",
"Ralph Wilson Stadium , Buffalo , New York",
"Memorial Stadium , Champaign , Illinois",
"Paul Brown Stadium , Cincinnati",
"Memorial Stadium , Clemson , South Carolina",
"Faurot Field , Columbia , Missouri",
"Williams - Brice Stadium , Columbia , South Carolina",
"Razorback Stadium , Fayetteville , Arkansas",
"Ben Hill Griffin Stadium , Gainesville , Florida",
"Lambeau Field , Green Bay , Wisconsin",
"Rice Stadium , Houston , Texas",
"Kinnick Stadium , Iowa City , Iowa",
"Commonwealth Stadium , Lexington , Kentucky",
"Camp Randall Stadium , Madison , Wisconsin",
"Yale Bowl , New Haven , Connecticut",
"Louisiana Superdome , New Orleans",
"Oklahoma Memorial Stadium , Norman , Oklahoma",
"Doak Campbell Stadium , Tallahassee , Florida",
"Sanford Stadium , Athens , Georgia ; 1996 Summer Olympics soccer venue Jordan -- Hare Stadium , Auburn , Alabama Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium , Austin , Texas Tiger Stadium , Baton Rouge , Louisiana Lane Stadium , Blacksburg , Virginia Kyle Field , College Station , Texas Spartan Stadium , East Lansing , Michigan Memorial Stadium , Lincoln , Nebraska LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo , Utah Notre Dame Stadium , South Bend , Indiana Beaver Stadium , State College , Pennsylvania Bryant -- Denny Stadium , Tuscaloosa , Alabama",
"Sanford Stadium , Athens , Georgia ; 1996 Summer Olympics soccer venue",
"Jordan -- Hare Stadium , Auburn , Alabama",
"Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium , Austin , Texas",
"Tiger Stadium , Baton Rouge , Louisiana",
"Lane Stadium , Blacksburg , Virginia",
"Kyle Field , College Station , Texas",
"Spartan Stadium , East Lansing , Michigan",
"Memorial Stadium , Lincoln , Nebraska",
"LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo , Utah",
"Notre Dame Stadium , South Bend , Indiana",
"Beaver Stadium , State College , Pennsylvania",
"Bryant -- Denny Stadium , Tuscaloosa , Alabama",
"Fox Soccer Channel AT&T American Airlines The Walt Disney Company Chevron Corporation Kohl 's Subway Restaurants",
"Fox Soccer Channel",
"The Walt Disney Company",
"^ Jump up to : Goff , Steven ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` U.S. to Seek World Cup '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. to bid for 2018 and 2022 World Cups '' . ESPNsoccernet . Chicago . Associated Press . January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US withdraw bid to host 2018 World Cup '' . BBC Sport . October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup Hosts Announced '' . BBC News . December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Clinton on Why Qatar Got the World Cup '' . WSJ . December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` USA in ' 18 ( or ' 22 ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA receives bidding documents for 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' ( Press release ) . FIFA.com . May 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` USA in ' 18 ( or ' 22 ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Counselor To President Clinton , Douglas Band , Joins Team To Bring FIFA World Cup To United States in 2018 or 2022 '' . U.S. Soccer. April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Lee joins US World Cup bid committee '' . USA Today . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Bid Committee Issues Requests For Proposals to 37 Potential FIFA World Cup Host Cities For 2018 or 2022 '' ( Press release ) . United States Soccer Federation . June 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 Jun 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steven ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Weymouth Joins Cup Effort '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USA Bid Committee Receives Confirmation From 58 Venues Interested in Holding FIFA World Cup Matches in 2018 or 2022 '' ( Press release ) . United States Soccer Federation . April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USA Bid Committee Announces List of 27 Cities Still in Contention For Inclusion in U.S. Bid to Host FIFA World Cup in 2018 or 2022 '' ( Press release ) . United States Soccer Federation . August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bid Committee announces official bid cities '' ( Press release ) . The USA Bid Committee . January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Developers of LA 's proposed NFL stadium expand plans to lure World Cup , Developers of LA 's proposed NFL stadium expand plans to lure World Cup ^ Jump up to : http://www.gousabid.com/news/entry/58-venues-interested-in-holding-fifa-world-cup-matches-in-2018-or-2022/",
"^ Jump up to : Goff , Steven ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` U.S. to Seek World Cup '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2007 .",
"Jump up ^ `` U.S. to bid for 2018 and 2022 World Cups '' . ESPNsoccernet . Chicago . Associated Press . January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` US withdraw bid to host 2018 World Cup '' . BBC Sport . October 15 , 2010 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup Hosts Announced '' . BBC News . December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Bill Clinton on Why Qatar Got the World Cup '' . WSJ . December 3 , 2010 .",
"Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` USA in ' 18 ( or ' 22 ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` FIFA receives bidding documents for 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' ( Press release ) . FIFA.com . May 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 .",
"Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` USA in ' 18 ( or ' 22 ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Counselor To President Clinton , Douglas Band , Joins Team To Bring FIFA World Cup To United States in 2018 or 2022 '' . U.S. Soccer. April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Spike Lee joins US World Cup bid committee '' . USA Today . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 .",
"^ Jump up to : `` USA Bid Committee Issues Requests For Proposals to 37 Potential FIFA World Cup Host Cities For 2018 or 2022 '' ( Press release ) . United States Soccer Federation . June 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 Jun 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ Goff , Steven ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Weymouth Joins Cup Effort '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` USA Bid Committee Receives Confirmation From 58 Venues Interested in Holding FIFA World Cup Matches in 2018 or 2022 '' ( Press release ) . United States Soccer Federation . April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` USA Bid Committee Announces List of 27 Cities Still in Contention For Inclusion in U.S. Bid to Host FIFA World Cup in 2018 or 2022 '' ( Press release ) . United States Soccer Federation . August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 .",
"^ Jump up to : `` Bid Committee announces official bid cities '' ( Press release ) . The USA Bid Committee . January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 .",
"^ Jump up to : Developers of LA 's proposed NFL stadium expand plans to lure World Cup , Developers of LA 's proposed NFL stadium expand plans to lure World Cup",
"^ Jump up to : http://www.gousabid.com/news/entry/58-venues-interested-in-holding-fifa-world-cup-matches-in-2018-or-2022/"
] | United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid - wikipedia United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid Jump to: navigation , search Main article: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid logo The United States Soccer Federation submitted a bid with the hope of hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup . U.S. Soccer first said in February 2007 that it would put forth a bid for the 2018 World Cup. On January 28, 2009, U.S. Soccer announced that it would submit bids for both the 2018 and 2022 Cups. In October 2010 it withdrew from the 2018 bid process to focus on winning the 2022 edition. On December 2, 2010, it was announced that Qatar would be the host of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Bill Clinton remarked `` The FIFA people were in a mood to give it to people who didn't have it. I think they wanted to make soccer a world sport.'' David Downs, president of Univision Sports, was executive director of the bid. The United States previously hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1994 , as well as the FIFA Women's World Cup in 1999 and 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Schedule 2 Bid committee 3 Details of the bid 3.1 Candidate venues 3.2 Rejected venues 3.2.1 August 2009 cut 3.2.2 June cut 3.2.3 Denied interest in hosting 4 Official bid partners 5 Notes and references 6 External links Schedule ( edit ) Date Notes January 15, 2009 Applications formally invited February 2, 2009 Closing date for registering intention to bid March 16, 2009 Deadline to submit completed bid registration forms May 14, 2010 Deadline for submission of full details of bid September 6-- 9, 2010 Inspection committee visits the United States December 2, 2010 FIFA to appoint hosts for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Bid Committee ( edit ) U.S. Soccer President Sunil Gulati is the Bid Committee Chairman. The American bid was being organized by USA Bid Committee, Inc. The executive director of the bid was David Downs, CEO of Univision sports. Other members include U.S. Soccer President Sunil Gulati , Major League Soccer Commissioner Don Garber , Phil Murphy , the former national finance chair for the Democratic National Committee , former U.S. Secretary of State Dr. Henry Kissinger , New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , Clinton adviser Douglas Band , film director Spike Lee , former boxer Oscar De La Hoya , and Washington Post publisher Katharine Weymouth . Details of the bid ( edit ) See also: List of soccer stadiums in the United States Los Angeles San Diego Pasadena Seattle Arlington (Dallas) Landover (Washington) Denver Kansas City Philadelphia East Rutherford (New York City) Baltimore Foxborough (Boston) Atlanta Nashville Miami Glendale (Phoenix) Houston Indianapolis Tampa United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid (the US) In April 2009, the U.S. identified 70 stadiums in 50 communities as possible venues for the tournament, with 58 confirming their interest. The list of stadia was trimmed two months later to 38 existing venues, one scheduled for completion in 2010, and one proposed venue. On August 20, 2009 the list was further trimmed down to 32 stadiums in 27 cities. On January 12, 2010 the USA Bid Committee narrowed the 27 cities down to 18 as the official host cities for the United States' Bid for the 2018 or 2022 World Cup. Those 18 cities are: Atlanta , Baltimore , Boston , Dallas , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Miami , Nashville , New York City , Philadelphia , Phoenix , San Diego , Seattle , Tampa and Washington, D.C . The 18 stadiums selected host NFL or NCAA American football games, with a capacity over 65,000 spectators. No soccer-specific stadium was selected, since none in the country has capacity for more than 30,000 spectators. Candidate venues ( edit ) Image Stadium Capacity City State Surface Home teams Notes Rose Bowl 94,542 Pasadena (Host City: Los Angeles) California Grass UCLA Bruins † Rose Bowl Game 1994 World Cup final venue 1999 Women's World Cup final venue CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XI , Super Bowl XIV , Super Bowl XVII , Super Bowl XXI , and Super Bowl XXVII Hosts Three BCS National Championship Games May be replaced by Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 93,607 Los Angeles California Grass USC Trojans † 1932 and 1984 Olympic stadium CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl I and Super Bowl VII host 1959 World Series May be replaced by Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park AT&T Stadium 91,600 Arlington (Host City: Dallas ) Texas Matrix artificial turf Cowboys Classic Dallas Cowboys † Cotton Bowl Classic Southwest Classic Opened in 2009 Retractable roof CONCACAF Gold Cup venue 2010 NBA All-Star Game venue Super Bowl XLV in 2011 Wrestlemania 32 in 2016 FedExField 91,704 Landover (Host City: Washington, D.C.) Maryland Grass Washington Redskins † 1999 Women's World Cup venue MetLife Stadium 82,566 East Rutherford (Host City: New York City) New Jersey FieldTurf New York Giants † New York Jets † Opened in 2010 Hosted Super Bowl XLVIII Wrestlemania XXIX Sun Life Stadium 80,240 Miami Gardens (Host City: Miami ) Florida Grass Miami Dolphins † Miami Hurricanes † Orange Bowl Multi-purpose stadium Marlins moved to their new ballpark and it was also host to WWE 's WrestleMania XXVIII in 2012 Super Bowl XXIII , Super Bowl XXIX , Super Bowl XXXIII , Super Bowl XLI , and Super Bowl XLIV hosts Three BCS National Championship Games Reliant Stadium 76,000 Houston Texas Grass Houston Texans † Texas Bowl CONCACAF Gold Cup venue, 2010 MLS All-Star Game host, WrestleMania XXV hosts, NCAA Final Four 2011 & 2016 host, Super Bowl XXXVIII host, Retractable roof Arrowhead Stadium 75,364 Kansas City Missouri Grass Kansas City Chiefs † Invesco Field at Mile High 75,165 Denver Colorado Grass Denver Broncos † 2008 Democratic National Convention Host 2006 National Football League AFC Championship Game Raymond James Stadium 75,000 Tampa Florida Grass Tampa Bay Buccaneers † South Florida Bulls † Outback Bowl Olympic qualifying venue. Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLIII hosts Gillette Stadium 73,393 Foxborough (Host City: Boston ) Massachusetts FieldTurf New England Patriots † New England Revolution NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship in 2008 and 2009, 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup venue, and the MLS Cup 2002 Husky Stadium 72,500 Seattle Washington FieldTurf Washington Huskies † Renovation completed in 2013. Track was removed but capacity decreased from 72,500 to 70,138. 1990 Goodwill Games track and field events. University of Phoenix Stadium 71,362 Glendale (Host City: Phoenix ) Arizona Grass Arizona Cardinals † Fiesta Bowl Retractable roof and playing surface CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XLII hosts WrestleMania XXVI hosts Three BCS National Championship Games Georgia Dome 71,228 Atlanta Georgia FieldTurf & able to install grass. Atlanta Falcons † Georgia State Panthers † Chick-fil-A Bowl Indoor stadium Super Bowl XXXIV & Super Bowl XXVIII hosts World Football Challenge hosts Indoor Stadium, DCI Atlanta Southeastern Championship 1996 Summer Olympics World Football Challenge WrestleMania XXVII hosts To be demolished in 2017 once its replacement, Mercedes-Benz Stadium , opens M&T Bank Stadium 71,008 Baltimore Maryland Sportexe Momentum Turf Baltimore Ravens † Only stadium to sell out their World Football Challenge game Lincoln Financial Field 69,111 Philadelphia Pennsylvania Grass Philadelphia Eagles † Temple Owls † Army-Navy Game 2003 Women's World Cup venue CONCACAF Gold Cup venue. LP Field 69,143 Nashville Tennessee Grass Tennessee Titans † Tennessee State Tigers † Music City Bowl Olympic qualifying venue CenturyLink Field 68,056 Seattle Washington FieldTurf Seattle Seahawks † Seattle Sounders FC CONCACAF Gold Cup venue MLS Cup 2009 venue, Highest home attendance in MLS Qualcomm Stadium 67,700 San Diego California Grass San Diego Chargers † Holiday Bowl Poinsettia Bowl CONCACAF Gold Cup venue Super Bowl XXII , Super Bowl XXXII , and Super Bowl XXXVII Hosts May be replaced by New Chargers Stadium Lucas Oil Stadium 66,500 Indianapolis Indiana FieldTurf Indianapolis Colts † Built in 2008 Retractable roof Super Bowl XLVI in 2012, NCAA men's basketball Final Four in 2010 and 2015 , NCAA women's basketball Final Four in 2016 , DCI World Championship Finals Since 2009 † -- American football team. Although sponsored stadium names are listed in this article, they were not used in the actual bid documents, and would not be used during the World Cup. FIFA controls all naming rights related to the World Cup, and generally prohibits the use of such names. Even stadiums that bear the names of FIFA sponsors are subject to this restriction-- the venue then known commercially as Coca-Cola Park in Johannesburg was known by its non-commercial name of Ellis Park Stadium during the 2010 World Cup , even though The Coca-Cola Company is one of FIFA's main sponsors. Capacities listed are estimated capacity for the FIFA World Cup. Rejected venues ( edit ) The following venues were considered as possible candidate venues but were not chosen to be included in the final bid. Image Stadium Capacity City State Surface Home teams Notes Michigan Stadium 109,901 Ann Arbor Michigan Artificial Michigan Wolverines † Largest non-motorsports stadium in the country, and third-largest non-racing stadium in the world. Jacksonville Municipal Stadium 77,000 Jacksonville Florida Grass Jacksonville Jaguars † Gator Bowl Super Bowl XXXIX hosts Bank of America Stadium 73,500 Charlotte North Carolina Grass Carolina Panthers † Belk Bowl ACC Championship Game 1999 and 2000 NCAA Men's Soccer Championship venue, 2014 and 2015 International Champions Cup , 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Cleveland Browns Stadium 73,200 Cleveland Ohio Grass Cleveland Browns † Hosted International Matches Edward Jones Dome 67,268 St. Louis Missouri FieldTurf No Tenant Indoor stadium Ford Field 67,188 Detroit Michigan FieldTurf Detroit Lions † Little Caesar's Pizza Bowl Super Bowl XL hosts WrestleMania 23 hosts Indoor stadium Citrus Bowl 65,616 Orlando Florida Grass Florida Tuskers † Capital One Bowl Champs Sports Bowl 1994 FIFA World Cup , 1996 Olympics and WrestleMania XXIV venue. O.co Coliseum 63,026 Oakland California Grass Oakland Raiders † Oakland A's ‡ Multi-purpose stadium. Soldier Field 61,000 Chicago Illinois Grass Chicago Bears † 1994 FIFA World Cup venue. Stanford Stadium 50,500 Palo Alto California Grass Stanford Cardinal † Rebuilt 1984 Olympics , 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1999 Women's World Cup venue RFK Stadium 45,600 Washington District of Columbia Grass D.C. United EagleBank Bowl 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1996 Olympics venue August 2009 cut ( edit ) The following stadiums were eliminated in an earlier cut in August 2009 Image Stadium Capacity City State Surface Home teams Events Hosted Legion Field 71,594 Birmingham Alabama Artificial UAB Blazers † Papajohns.com Bowl 1996 Olympics Ohio Stadium 102,329 Columbus Ohio Artificial Ohio State Buckeyes † On National Register of Historic Places Neyland Stadium 102,455 Knoxville Tennessee Grass Tennessee Volunteers † Ranked as America's No. 1 college football stadium by The Sporting News in 2001 Metrodome 64,111 Minneapolis Minnesota Artificial Minnesota Vikings † 1985 MLB All-Star Game Super Bowl XXVI 1992 and 2001 Final Four 1987 and 1991 World Series venue. Demolished in 2014; will be replaced on-site in 2016 by U.S. Bank Stadium . TCF Bank Stadium 50,805 Minneapolis Minnesota Artificial Minnesota Golden Gophers † One of three new Minneapolis stadiums (along with Target Field and U.S. Bank Stadium) Sun Devil Stadium 73,379 Tempe Arizona Grass Arizona State Sun Devils † Insight Bowl Super Bowl XXX former Fiesta Bowl venue Heinz Field 65,050 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Grass Pittsburgh Steelers † Pittsburgh Panthers † 2011 NHL Winter Classic Rice-Eccles Stadium 45,017 Salt Lake City Utah Artificial Utah Utes † 2002 Winter Olympics opening/closing venue Alamodome 65,000 San Antonio Texas Artificial Alamo Bowl Later became home to UTSA Roadrunners † 1998 , 2004 and 2008 Final Four venue U.S. Army All-American Bowl Las Vegas Stadium Proposed Las Vegas Nevada Proposed None Proposed June cut ( edit ) The following stadiums were eliminated at the first cut in June, 2009: California Memorial Stadium , Berkeley, California Ralph Wilson Stadium , Buffalo, New York Memorial Stadium , Champaign, Illinois Paul Brown Stadium , Cincinnati Memorial Stadium , Clemson, South Carolina Faurot Field , Columbia, Missouri Williams-Brice Stadium , Columbia, South Carolina Razorback Stadium , Fayetteville, Arkansas Ben Hill Griffin Stadium , Gainesville, Florida Lambeau Field , Green Bay, Wisconsin Rice Stadium , Houston, Texas Kinnick Stadium , Iowa City, Iowa Commonwealth Stadium , Lexington, Kentucky Camp Randall Stadium , Madison, Wisconsin Yale Bowl , New Haven, Connecticut Louisiana Superdome , New Orleans Oklahoma Memorial Stadium , Norman, Oklahoma Doak Campbell Stadium , Tallahassee, Florida Denied interest in hosting ( edit ) Sanford Stadium , Athens, Georgia ; 1996 Summer Olympics soccer venue Jordan-- Hare Stadium , Auburn, Alabama Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium , Austin, Texas Tiger Stadium , Baton Rouge, Louisiana Lane Stadium , Blacksburg, Virginia Kyle Field , College Station, Texas Spartan Stadium , East Lansing, Michigan Memorial Stadium , Lincoln, Nebraska LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo, Utah Notre Dame Stadium , South Bend, Indiana Beaver Stadium , State College, Pennsylvania Bryant-- Denny Stadium , Tuscaloosa, Alabama Official bid partners ( edit ) Fox Soccer Channel AT&T American Airlines The Walt Disney Company Chevron Corporation Kohl's Subway Restaurants Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Goff, Steven (February 20, 2007). `` U.S. to Seek World Cup'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. to bid for 2018 and 2022 World Cups'' . ESPNsoccernet . Chicago. Associated Press. January 29, 2009 . Retrieved January 29, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US withdraw bid to host 2018 World Cup'' . BBC Sport . October 15, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup Hosts Announced'' . BBC News . December 2, 2010 . Retrieved December 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Clinton on Why Qatar Got the World Cup'' . WSJ. December 3, 2010. Jump up ^ Goff, Steve (February 2, 2009). `` USA in ' 18 (or ' 22)'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 4, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA receives bidding documents for 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups'' (Press release). FIFA.com. May 14, 2010 . Retrieved July 31, 2010 . Jump up ^ Goff, Steve (February 2, 2009). `` USA in ' 18 (or ' 22)'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 4, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Counselor To President Clinton, Douglas Band, Joins Team To Bring FIFA World Cup To United States in 2018 or 2022'' . U.S. Soccer. April 8, 2010 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Lee joins US World Cup bid committee'' . USA Today . January 4, 2010 . Retrieved May 26, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: `` USA Bid Committee Issues Requests For Proposals to 37 Potential FIFA World Cup Host Cities For 2018 or 2022'' (Press release). United States Soccer Federation. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on 19 Jun 2009 . Retrieved June 18, 2009 . Jump up ^ Goff, Steven (November 2, 2009). `` Weymouth Joins Cup Effort'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 2, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USA Bid Committee Receives Confirmation From 58 Venues Interested in Holding FIFA World Cup Matches in 2018 or 2022'' (Press release). United States Soccer Federation. April 23, 2009 . Retrieved April 24, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USA Bid Committee Announces List of 27 Cities Still in Contention For Inclusion in U.S. Bid to Host FIFA World Cup in 2018 or 2022'' (Press release). United States Soccer Federation. August 20, 2009 . Retrieved August 20, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` Bid Committee announces official bid cities'' (Press release). The USA Bid Committee. January 12, 2010 . Retrieved January 12, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Developers of LA's proposed NFL stadium expand plans to lure World Cup , Developers of LA's proposed NFL stadium expand plans to lure World Cup ^ Jump up to: http://www.gousabid.com/news/entry/58-venues-interested-in-holding-fifa-world-cup-matches-in-2018-or-2022/ External links ( edit ) US Soccer Official bid site ( hide ) 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids Host countries Russia (2018) Qatar (2022) 2018 FIFA World Cup bids Belgium-- Netherlands England Portugal-- Spain Russia 2022 FIFA World Cup bids Australia Japan Qatar South Korea United States Cancelled bids Indonesia Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_2022_FIFA_World_Cup_bid&oldid=793965606 '' Categories : 2022 FIFA World Cup bids United States Soccer Federation United States at the FIFA World Cup Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017, at 00:20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 3519651594503048842 |
i guess the lord must be in new york city midnight cowboy | `` Rainmaker '' ( alternate single mix ) -- 2 : 25 | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Harry Studio album by Harry Nilsson Released August 1969 Genre Pop , baroque pop Length 40 : 57 Label RCA Victor Producer Harry Nilsson , Rick Jarrard Harry Nilsson chronology Skidoo ( soundtrack ) ( 1968 ) Skidoo ( soundtrack ) 1968 Harry ( 1969 ) Nilsson Sings Newman ( 1970 ) Nilsson Sings Newman 1970",
"Harry",
"Studio album by Harry Nilsson",
"Released August 1969",
"Genre Pop , baroque pop",
"Length 40 : 57",
"Label RCA Victor",
"Producer Harry Nilsson , Rick Jarrard",
"Harry Nilsson chronology",
"Skidoo ( soundtrack ) ( 1968 ) Skidoo ( soundtrack ) 1968 Harry ( 1969 ) Nilsson Sings Newman ( 1970 ) Nilsson Sings Newman 1970",
"Skidoo ( soundtrack ) ( 1968 ) Skidoo ( soundtrack ) 1968 Harry ( 1969 ) Nilsson Sings Newman ( 1970 ) Nilsson Sings Newman 1970",
"Skidoo ( soundtrack ) ( 1968 ) Skidoo ( soundtrack ) 1968 Harry ( 1969 ) Nilsson Sings Newman ( 1970 ) Nilsson Sings Newman 1970",
"Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau B+ The Essential Rock Discography 6 / 10 MusicHound 2.5 / 5",
"Professional ratings",
"Review scores",
"Source Rating",
"AllMusic",
"Robert Christgau B+",
"The Essential Rock Discography 6 / 10",
"MusicHound 2.5 / 5",
"Harry is the fourth studio album by Harry Nilsson , released August 1969 on RCA . It was his first album to get onto Billboard Magazine 's Billboard 200 chart , reaching # 120 and remaining there for 15 weeks .",
"Harry features jazz saxophonist Tom Scott , pianist Mike Melvoin , flutist Jim Horn , session drummer Jim Gordon , Larry Knechtel on bass , and David Cohen and Howard Roberts on guitars .",
"The album has no one distinctive style but ranges over ballads , show tunes , nostalgic Americana , and tin pan alley - like soft shoe numbers .",
"William E. Martin , who wrote the songs `` Fairfax Rag '' and `` City Life '' that Harry covered on Harry , and who collaborated with Nilsson on the song `` Rainmaker , '' appears in a picture inside the gatefold version of the album wearing a bear suit that was made of an actual bear .",
"Nilsson wrote this song at Paul McCartney 's request for Mary Hopkin , an 18 - year - old singer that McCartney had signed to Apple records and whose first album , Post Card , would feature her version of Nilsson 's song . Nora Ephron would use Harry 's own version for the opening credits of her 1998 film , You 've Got Mail . Kenny Loggins covered it on his 2009 album All Join In .",
"Others have covered `` The Puppy Song '' as well : David Cassidy sang a cover of it and took it to a UK # 1 as a double A-side single with the song `` Daydreamer '' ; Victoria Williams covered it on For the Love of Harry : Everybody Sings Nilsson -- a tribute album released in 1995 ; Astrud Gilberto performed a bossa nova lounge version on 2001 's The Girl From Ipanema ; and 70 's Australian pop group New World released their cover on their Best of ... album in 2002 .",
"Ella Fitzgerald covered this song on her album Ella , released in 1969 , the same year as Harry . She also performed it live on Ella Fitzgerald in Budapest , recorded in May 1970 . Louis Bellson recorded a cover for his 1975 album , The Louis Bellson Explosion . In 1973 , The 5th Dimension recorded the song for their album Living Together , Growing Together .",
"The Beatles once referred to this recording as their favorite Beatles cover song .",
"This song , about a homeless woman 's confusion and misery , has been covered by Melanie Safka , Bobby Graham , Jennifer Trynin , Jiffipop , and Al Kooper .",
"Barbra Streisand covered this song on her 1971 album Stoney End . Karen Akers recorded a medley of `` Maybe '' and `` Nevertheless , I 'm in Love With You '' on her 1990 album , In a Very Unusual Way . Richard Barnes recorded a cover for his only album , Richard Barnes , released in 1970 .",
"This song is based on a song written by Bette Nilsson , Harry 's mother .",
"Nilsson wrote this song for the film Midnight Cowboy . Director John Schlesinger had been using Nilsson 's cover of Fred Neil 's `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' as an example of the kind of song he wanted on the final soundtrack , but then decided not to replace it . If `` I Guess the Lord ... '' had been included , it would have been eligible for an Oscar , as it was an original song . Harry Nilsson did win a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' , however . `` I Guess the Lord ... '' was used in a film -- 1971 's La Mortadella ( US title : Lady Liberty ) , starring Sophia Loren .",
"In 1969 a popular cover version of the song was released in UK by Eternal Triangle on the Decca Label .",
"Sinéad O'Connor recorded a cover of the song for the film You 've Got Mail , but director Nora Ephron decided to use Nilsson 's original . O'Connor's version appears on the soundtrack album .",
"Co-written with William `` Bill '' Martin in 1968 , this song has been covered by Michael Nesmith ( Nevada Fighter , 1971 ) and The 5th Dimension ( Love 's Lines , Angles and Rhymes , 1971 ) . Country group the Wright Brothers Band did a medley of this song together with `` Dawson '' , in both studio and live versions , on the albums Cornfield Cowboys and Memorabila Box . The song charted for folk / rock singer Tom Northcott in Canada in 1970 . It also appeared on Valdy 's debut album Country Man in 1972 .",
"This is a cover of a song written by Randy Newman and popularized by the Alan Price Set . The song also appeared on an episode of The Muppet Show , performed by Fozzie Bear and Scooter .",
"Nilsson was impressed by Newman 's talents and his next album was Nilsson Sings Newman , ten covers of songs by Newman , with Newman on piano and Nilsson doing vocals .",
"In 2000 , BMG released a combined CD of Harry and Nilsson Sings Newman .",
"All tracks composed by Harry Nilsson , except where noted . All tracks arranged and conducted by George Tipton ( * = produced by Rick Jarrard )",
"`` The Puppy Song '' -- 2 : 43 `` Nobody Cares About the Railroads Anymore '' -- 2 : 47 `` Open Your Window '' -- 2 : 08 * `` Mother Nature 's Son '' ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney ) -- 2 : 42 `` Fairfax Rag '' ( Bill Martin ) -- 2 : 14 `` City Life '' ( Bill Martin ) -- 2 : 31 `` Mournin ' Glory Story '' -- 2 : 13 * `` Maybe '' -- 3 : 10 `` Marchin ' Down Broadway '' -- 1 : 05 * `` I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City '' -- 2 : 44 `` Rainmaker '' ( Nilsson , Bill Martin ) -- 2 : 25 `` Mr. Bojangles '' ( Jerry Jeff Walker ) -- 3 : 53 `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' ( Randy Newman ) -- 2 : 47",
"`` The Puppy Song '' -- 2 : 43",
"`` Nobody Cares About the Railroads Anymore '' -- 2 : 47",
"`` Open Your Window '' -- 2 : 08 *",
"`` Mother Nature 's Son '' ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney ) -- 2 : 42",
"`` Fairfax Rag '' ( Bill Martin ) -- 2 : 14",
"`` City Life '' ( Bill Martin ) -- 2 : 31",
"`` Mournin ' Glory Story '' -- 2 : 13 *",
"`` Maybe '' -- 3 : 10",
"`` Marchin ' Down Broadway '' -- 1 : 05 *",
"`` I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City '' -- 2 : 44",
"`` Rainmaker '' ( Nilsson , Bill Martin ) -- 2 : 25",
"`` Mr. Bojangles '' ( Jerry Jeff Walker ) -- 3 : 53",
"`` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' ( Randy Newman ) -- 2 : 47",
"BMG 's 1997 re-issue bonus tracks",
"`` I Will Take You There '' -- 2 : 35 `` Waiting '' ( non-LP single ) -- 2 : 18 `` Rainmaker '' ( alternate single mix ) -- 2 : 25",
"`` I Will Take You There '' -- 2 : 35",
"`` Waiting '' ( non-LP single ) -- 2 : 18",
"`` Rainmaker '' ( alternate single mix ) -- 2 : 25"
] | Harry (album) - wikipedia Harry (album) Jump to: navigation , search Harry Studio album by Harry Nilsson Released August 1969 Genre Pop , baroque pop Length 40 : 57 Label RCA Victor Producer Harry Nilsson, Rick Jarrard Harry Nilsson chronology Skidoo (soundtrack) (1968) Skidoo (soundtrack) 1968 Harry (1969) Nilsson Sings Newman (1970) Nilsson Sings Newman 1970 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau B+ The Essential Rock Discography 6/10 MusicHound 2.5/5 Harry is the fourth studio album by Harry Nilsson , released August 1969 on RCA . It was his first album to get onto Billboard Magazine 's Billboard 200 chart, reaching #120 and remaining there for 15 weeks. Harry features jazz saxophonist Tom Scott , pianist Mike Melvoin , flutist Jim Horn , session drummer Jim Gordon , Larry Knechtel on bass, and David Cohen and Howard Roberts on guitars. The album has no one distinctive style but ranges over ballads, show tunes, nostalgic Americana, and tin pan alley-like soft shoe numbers. William E. Martin , who wrote the songs `` Fairfax Rag'' and `` City Life'' that Harry covered on Harry , and who collaborated with Nilsson on the song `` Rainmaker,'' appears in a picture inside the gatefold version of the album wearing a bear suit that was made of an actual bear. Contents ( hide ) 1 Songs 1.1 The Puppy Song 1.2 Open Your Window 1.3 Mother Nature's Son 1.4 Mournin' Glory Song 1.5 Maybe 1.6 Marchin' Down Broadway 1.7 I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City 1.8 Rainmaker 1.9 Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear 2 Track listing 3 Notes Songs ( edit ) The Puppy song ( edit ) Nilsson wrote this song at Paul McCartney 's request for Mary Hopkin , an 18-year-old singer that McCartney had signed to Apple records and whose first album, Post Card , would feature her version of Nilsson's song. Nora Ephron would use Harry's own version for the opening credits of her 1998 film, You've Got Mail . Kenny Loggins covered it on his 2009 album All Join In . Others have covered `` The Puppy Song'' as well: David Cassidy sang a cover of it and took it to a UK #1 as a double A-side single with the song `` Daydreamer'' ; Victoria Williams covered it on For the Love of Harry: Everybody Sings Nilsson -- a tribute album released in 1995; Astrud Gilberto performed a bossa nova lounge version on 2001's The Girl From Ipanema ; and 70's Australian pop group New World released their cover on their Best of... album in 2002. Open your window ( edit ) Ella Fitzgerald covered this song on her album Ella , released in 1969, the same year as Harry . She also performed it live on Ella Fitzgerald in Budapest , recorded in May 1970. Louis Bellson recorded a cover for his 1975 album, The Louis Bellson Explosion . In 1973, The 5th Dimension recorded the song for their album Living Together, Growing Together . Mother nature's son ( edit ) The Beatles once referred to this recording as their favorite Beatles cover song. Mournin' glory song ( edit ) This song, about a homeless woman's confusion and misery, has been covered by Melanie Safka , Bobby Graham , Jennifer Trynin , Jiffipop, and Al Kooper . Maybe ( edit ) Barbra Streisand covered this song on her 1971 album Stoney End . Karen Akers recorded a medley of `` Maybe'' and `` Nevertheless, I'm in Love With You'' on her 1990 album, In a Very Unusual Way . Richard Barnes recorded a cover for his only album, Richard Barnes , released in 1970. Marchin' down broadway ( edit ) This song is based on a song written by Bette Nilsson, Harry's mother. I Guess the Lord must be in New york City ( edit ) Nilsson wrote this song for the film Midnight Cowboy . Director John Schlesinger had been using Nilsson's cover of Fred Neil's `` Everybody's Talkin' '' as an example of the kind of song he wanted on the final soundtrack, but then decided not to replace it. If `` I Guess the Lord ...'' had been included, it would have been eligible for an Oscar, as it was an original song. Harry Nilsson did win a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for `` Everybody's Talkin' '' , however. `` I Guess the Lord ...'' was used in a film -- 1971's La Mortadella (US title: Lady Liberty ), starring Sophia Loren . In 1969 a popular cover version of the song was released in UK by Eternal Triangle on the Decca Label. Sinéad O'Connor recorded a cover of the song for the film You've Got Mail , but director Nora Ephron decided to use Nilsson's original. O'Connor's version appears on the soundtrack album. Rainmaker ( edit ) Co-written with William `` Bill'' Martin in 1968, this song has been covered by Michael Nesmith ( Nevada Fighter , 1971) and The 5th Dimension ( Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes , 1971). Country group the Wright Brothers Band did a medley of this song together with `` Dawson'' , in both studio and live versions, on the albums Cornfield Cowboys and Memorabila Box . The song charted for folk/rock singer Tom Northcott in Canada in 1970. It also appeared on Valdy 's debut album Country Man in 1972. Simon smith and the amazing dancing bear ( edit ) This is a cover of a song written by Randy Newman and popularized by the Alan Price Set . The song also appeared on an episode of The Muppet Show , performed by Fozzie Bear and Scooter . Nilsson was impressed by Newman's talents and his next album was Nilsson Sings Newman , ten covers of songs by Newman, with Newman on piano and Nilsson doing vocals. In 2000, BMG released a combined CD of Harry and Nilsson Sings Newman . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks composed by Harry Nilsson, except where noted. All tracks arranged and conducted by George Tipton (* = produced by Rick Jarrard) `` The Puppy Song '' -- 2:43 `` Nobody Cares About the Railroads Anymore'' -- 2:47 `` Open Your Window'' -- 2:08 * `` Mother Nature's Son '' ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney ) -- 2:42 `` Fairfax Rag'' ( Bill Martin ) -- 2:14 `` City Life'' (Bill Martin) -- 2:31 `` Mournin' Glory Story'' -- 2:13 * `` Maybe'' -- 3:10 `` Marchin' Down Broadway'' -- 1:05 * `` I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City'' -- 2:44 `` Rainmaker'' (Nilsson, Bill Martin) -- 2:25 `` Mr. Bojangles '' ( Jerry Jeff Walker ) -- 3:53 `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' ( Randy Newman ) -- 2:47 BMG's 1997 re-issue bonus tracks `` I Will Take You There'' -- 2:35 `` Waiting'' (non-LP single) -- 2:18 `` Rainmaker'' (alternate single mix) -- 2:25 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Harry - Harry Nilsson Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards'' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014-06-25 . Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert. `` Harry Nilsson'' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved 2014-06-25 . Jump up ^ Strong, Martin C. (2006). The Essential Rock Discography . Edinburgh, UK: Canongate. p. 758. ISBN 978-1-84195-827-9 . Jump up ^ Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (eds) (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide . Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. 815. ISBN 1-57859-061-2 . ^ Jump up to: (1) Archived June 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith, Roger: liner notes, BMG re-release CD , 1999 ( hide ) Harry Nilsson Studio albums Spotlight on Nilsson Pandemonium Shadow Show Aerial Ballet Harry Nilsson Sings Newman The Point! Nilsson Schmilsson Son of Schmilsson A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night Pussy Cats Duit on Mon Dei Sandman ...That's the Way It Is Knnillssonn Flash Harry Soundtracks Skidoo The Point! Son of Dracula Popeye Remixes Aerial Pandemonium Ballet Compilations Early Tymes A Touch More Schmilsson in the Night Nilsson ' 62: The Debut Sessions Hollywood Dreamer Nilsson The RCA Albums Collection Singles `` All for the Beatles '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` You Can't Do That '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` One '' `` Everybody's Talkin' '' `` Me and My Arrow '' `` Without You '' `` Jump into the Fire '' `` Coconut '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday) '' `` Sail Away '' `` Just One Look / Baby I'm Yours (medley)'' Other songs `` This Could Be the Night '' `` Ten Little Indians '' `` The Puppy Song '' `` Old Dirt Road '' `` You're Breakin' My Heart '' Collaborations John Lennon Pussy Cats Every Man Has a Woman Ringo Starr Ringo Son of Dracula Goodnight Vienna Ringo's Rotogravure Stop and Smell the Roses Keith Moon Two Sides of the Moon Hal Willner Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films Related articles Discography RCA Victor The Monkees Midnight Cowboy Richard Perry The Hollywood Vampires The Lost Weekend The Telephone `` Pussy Cats'' Starring the Walkmen For the Love of Harry: Everybody Sings Nilsson Who Is Harry Nilsson (And Why Is Everybody Talkin' About Him)? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_(album)&oldid=811911568 '' Categories : Harry Nilsson albums 1969 albums RCA Victor albums Albums produced by Rick Jarrard Albums produced by Harry Nilsson BMG albums Albums conducted by George Tipton Albums arranged by George Tipton Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017, at 20:12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -2545089166386968420 |
what does lance bass do for a living | James Lance Bass ( / bæs / ; born May 4 , 1979 ) is an American singer , dancer , actor , film and television producer , and author . He grew up in Mississippi and rose to fame as the bass singer for the American pop boy band NSYNC . NSYNC 's success led Bass to work in film and television . He starred in the 2001 film On the Line , which his company , Bacon & Eggs , also produced . Bass later formed a second production company , Lance Bass Productions , as well as a now - defunct music management company , Free Lance Entertainment , a joint venture with Mercury Records . | [
[
"singer",
"dancer",
"actor",
"film and television producer",
"author"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Lance Bass Bass in Beverly Hills , California on March 16 , 2014 James Lance Bass ( 1979 - 05 - 04 ) May 4 , 1979 ( age 39 ) Laurel , Mississippi , U.S. Other names Lansten Occupation Singer dancer entertainer actor film producer television producer author gay rights activist Years active 1994 -- present Spouse ( s ) Michael Turchin ( m . 2014 ) Musical career Genres Pop Instruments Vocals piano keyboards Associated acts NSYNC Meredith Edwards True Vibe Website LanceBass.com",
"Lance Bass",
"Bass in Beverly Hills , California on March 16 , 2014",
"James Lance Bass ( 1979 - 05 - 04 ) May 4 , 1979 ( age 39 ) Laurel , Mississippi , U.S.",
"Other names Lansten",
"Occupation Singer dancer entertainer actor film producer television producer author gay rights activist",
"Singer dancer entertainer actor film producer television producer author gay rights activist",
"gay rights activist",
"Years active 1994 -- present",
"Spouse ( s ) Michael Turchin ( m . 2014 )",
"Musical career",
"Genres Pop",
"Pop",
"Instruments Vocals piano keyboards",
"Vocals piano keyboards",
"Associated acts NSYNC Meredith Edwards True Vibe",
"NSYNC Meredith Edwards True Vibe",
"Website LanceBass.com",
"James Lance Bass ( / bæs / ; born May 4 , 1979 ) is an American singer , dancer , actor , film and television producer , and author . He grew up in Mississippi and rose to fame as the bass singer for the American pop boy band NSYNC . NSYNC 's success led Bass to work in film and television . He starred in the 2001 film On the Line , which his company , Bacon & Eggs , also produced . Bass later formed a second production company , Lance Bass Productions , as well as a now - defunct music management company , Free Lance Entertainment , a joint venture with Mercury Records .",
"After completion of NSYNC 's PopOdyssey Tour , Bass moved to Star City , Russia , in much publicized pursuit of a seat on a Soyuz space capsule . Bass was certified by both NASA and the Russian Space Program after several months of cosmonaut training , and planned to join the TMA - 1 mission to the International Space Station . However , after his financial sponsors backed out , Bass was denied a seat on the mission .",
"In July 2006 , Bass revealed that he is gay in a cover story for People magazine . He was awarded the Human Rights Campaign Visibility Award in October 2006 , and released an autobiography , Out of Sync , in October 2007 , which debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list .",
"James Lance Bass was born in Laurel , Mississippi , to James Irvin Bass , Jr. , a medical technologist , and Diane ( née Pulliam ) , a middle school mathematics , English , and career discovery teacher . Along with his older sister , Stacy , Bass grew up in adjacent Ellisville , Mississippi , and was raised as a Southern Baptist . Bass has described his family as devoutly Christian and conservative and has said that his childhood was `` extremely happy '' . As a young boy , Bass developed an interest in space , and at age 9 traveled to Cape Canaveral , Florida , with his father to watch his first live space shuttle launch . Of this experience Bass said , `` I was certain from then on that my future was to be involved with space . '' Shortly after , Bass attended space camp in Titusville , Florida , and aspired to attend college and study engineering , with the hope that he would one day work for NASA .",
"When Bass was 11 years old , his father was transferred to a different hospital , and the family moved to Clinton , Mississippi Bass began singing in his Baptist church choir , and was encouraged to audition for local performance groups by his childhood best friend , Darren Dale , the youngest child of former longtime Mississippi Insurance Commissioner George Dale . Bass joined the Mississippi Show Stoppers , a statewide music group sponsored by the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum , and the Attaché Show Choir , a national - award - winning competitive show choir group at Clinton High School . He was also a member of a seven - man vocal group named Seven Card Stud , which competed at state fairs and performed at several social and political events for Senator Trent Lott .",
"At Clinton High School , Bass was elected vice president of his junior class and has said that he performed well in math and science . However , Bass later stated that his primary focus during high school was singing , and when looking back , he remembers `` hardly anything '' about academia .",
"Bass 's music career has consisted primarily of his singing with NSYNC and running a small management company .",
"In 1995 , during his junior year of high school , Bass received a call from Justin Timberlake and his mother , Lynn Harless , who asked Bass if he would be interested in auditioning for the pop group NSYNC after the group 's original bass singer , Jason Galasso , had quit . Timberlake 's vocal coach ( who had worked with Bass during his time as a Mississippi Show Stopper ) recommended Bass as a replacement . Bass was accepted into the group after auditioning in front of the other bandmembers and Lou Pearlman , and soon left school to move to Orlando , Florida , and rehearse full - time . Bass has said that he did not know how to dance before he joined NSYNC , and therefore found much of the group 's choreography difficult to learn . According to an episode of VH1 's Driven , Jan Boltz , president of BMG 's German division , offered NSYNC a recording contract under the condition that they replace Bass , whose dancing , he felt , `` was n't at the same level as all the others . '' However , the other members of the group refused to accept the contract without Bass , and the group 's manager , Johnny Wright , convinced Bolz that Bass 's dancing would quickly improve . Bolz conceded , and the group soon moved to Munich , Germany to record their first album with BMG . ' N Sync began extensive touring in Europe , and Bass 's mother quit her job to tour with the group as a chaperone , as Bass was still a minor .",
"After gaining significant notability in Europe , NSYNC was signed to American record label RCA in 1997 . The group 's first single , `` I Want You Back '' began receiving major radio play in the United States , and NSYNC soon found themselves becoming an `` overnight sensation '' , a period which Bass describes in his autobiography as `` the death of my own innocence '' . Along with increasing fame and recognition in the United States the band also experienced a highly publicized legal battle with Pearlman , due to what the group believed were illicit business practices on his part . NSYNC sued Pearlman and his record company , Trans Continental , for defrauding the group of more than 50 % of their earnings , rather than his original promise of only receiving one - sixth of the profits . The group threatened to leave and sign with Jive Records , which prompted Pearlman and RCA to countersue NSYNC for $150 million US , citing breach of contract . The injunction was thrown out of court and , after winning back their earnings , NSYNC signed with Jive .",
"In March 2000 , NSYNC released No Strings Attached , which became the fastest - selling record of all time , selling 1.1 million copies in its first day of release . In 2001 , the group followed up with their Celebrity album , which scored the second highest first - week album sales ever , trumped only by the group 's previous album . NSYNC went on to sell over 56 million records worldwide . In 2002 , the group announced that they would be taking a `` hiatus '' , during which Timberlake began to record solo material . ' N Sync has not recorded new material since , and Bass has stated that he feels the group has officially disbanded .",
"In 2007 , Bass stated that he had faith Timberlake would return after six months off to record another album with NSYNC , and that he felt betrayed by Timberlake 's 2004 decision to pursue his solo career instead . Bass has also said that he has little hope for a reunion , since Timberlake has `` made it clear that he would n't be interested in discussing another album any time soon . '' Despite these statements , Bass has denied that he harbors any ill feelings towards Timberlake , saying : `` At that time ... it did feel like betrayal . I felt heartbroken . All these emotions went through me . Today , I 'm really happy , and Justin and I are really great friends . I do n't hate him at all . And I understand what he was going through , and it was as hard for him as it was for any of us . ''",
"In 2000 , Bass formed a music management company named Free Lance Entertainment , which was a joint venture with Mercury Nashville , a division of Mercury Records . Vowing to keep the company `` a strictly family - run operation , '' Bass employed his parents and sister as talent scouts , and recruited childhood friend and aspiring country singer Meredith Edwards for the company 's first release . Edwards began touring with NSYNC as an opening act in the fall of 2000 , and Bass teamed up with MTV to hold a nationwide talent search for more artists later that year . However , Free Lance soon folded after disappointing sales of Edwards 's debut album , Reach .",
"Bass guest - starred on the WB drama series 7th Heaven , playing Rick Palmer , a love interest for Beverley Mitchell 's character , Lucy . The following year , while NSYNC was in the midst of recording Celebrity , Bass received his first starring role in the 2001 motion picture On The Line . Bass played Kevin , a man who falls in love with a woman on a Chicago train and begins a search to find her again . The film was produced by Bass 's production company , A Happy Place ( later renamed Bacon & Eggs ) , and featured appearances by Jerry Stiller , Al Green , Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora , former WWE wrestler Chyna , and Bass 's bandmates Timberlake , Kirkpatrick and Fatone , the latter in a major role . The film also featured a soundtrack which included previously unreleased songs by NSYNC and Britney Spears . Bass collaborated with Joey Fatone , Mandy Moore , Christian Burns and True Vibe ( as the `` On The Line Allstars '' ) for the film 's theme song , `` On The Line '' .",
"Despite heavy marketing towards NSYNC teen fans , the film was a commercial failure , grossing only $4.2 million US domestically despite its $10 million US budget . The film , along with Bass 's acting , was also poorly received by critics . Bass later said that he felt the film 's success was greatly hindered by its release date , which came one week after the World Trade Center attacks of September 11 , 2001 . In his 2007 autobiography , Bass wrote , `` That was it -- our film was finished ... once the country went to war , there was no way our film was going to be on anyone 's top - priority list . ''",
"After On The Line , Bass appeared in Zoolander and Wes Craven 's Cursed as himself , and played a wedding singer in I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry . Bass has also lent his voice to several animated television programs , such as Robot Chicken and Disney 's Kim Possible , Handy Manny and Higglytown Heroes . In the video game realm , Bass voiced the Final Fantasy VII character Sephiroth in Kingdom Hearts . On August 14 , 2007 , Bass began a six - month stint playing Corny Collins in the Broadway musical Hairspray , coinciding with the play 's five - year stage anniversary . He ended his run in Hairspray on January 6 , 2008 . Bass made an appearance in the 2008 film Tropic Thunder . As a guest star in the 2013 Gravity Falls episode `` Boyz Crazy '' , Bass plays in the boy band , Sev'ral Timez ( which is a parody of NSYNC ) . In 2014 , Bass guest starred on an episode of the Comedy Central series , Review , in which he visited space along with the show 's lead character .",
"In 2015 , Bass joined season two of The Meredith Vieira Show as a full - time contributing panelist .",
"Bass and his mother competed with other duos in the FOX reality cooking series My Kitchen Rules .",
"Bass was a contestant on Season 7 of Dancing with the Stars , and was paired with swing dance champ Lacey Schwimmer . Bass and Schwimmer reached the grand finale in competition with Brooke Burke partnering with Derek Hough and Warren Sapp partnering with Kym Johnson . Lance Bass finished in third place with the title going to Burke .",
"Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli 1 , Night 1 Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' 8 6 8 Safe 1 , Night 2 Quickstep / `` Close To Me '' 7 6 8 Safe Paso Doble / `` I Kissed A Girl '' 7 6 7 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Let Me Leave '' 8 7 7 Last to be Called Safe Tango / `` Disturbia '' 9 8 9 Safe 5 West Coast Swing / `` Breakin ' Dishes '' 7 7 7 Safe 6 Jive / `` Tutti Frutti '' Old School Hip Hop / `` It Takes Two 9 No 9 * Scores 9 Given Safe 7 Rumba / `` Your Body Is A Wonderland '' Team Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Mercy '' 9 6 7 7 9 7 Safe 8 Foxtrot / `` Sweet Pea '' Samba / `` 1 Thing '' 9 8 8 7 9 9 Safe 9 Semi-finals Mambo / `` Straight to Number One ' '' Jitterbug / `` Jim Dandy '' 10 10 9 9 9 10 Safe 10 Finals Samba / `` Blame It on the Boogie '' Freestyle / `` It 's Tricky '' Jitterbug / `` Jim Dandy '' 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 10 Third place",
"Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result",
"Inaba Goodman Tonioli",
"1 , Night 1 Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' 8 6 8 Safe",
"1 , Night 2 Quickstep / `` Close To Me '' 7 6 8 Safe",
"Paso Doble / `` I Kissed A Girl '' 7 6 7 Safe",
"Viennese Waltz / `` Let Me Leave '' 8 7 7 Last to be Called Safe",
"Tango / `` Disturbia '' 9 8 9 Safe",
"5 West Coast Swing / `` Breakin ' Dishes '' 7 7 7 Safe",
"6 Jive / `` Tutti Frutti '' Old School Hip Hop / `` It Takes Two 9 No 9 * Scores 9 Given Safe",
"7 Rumba / `` Your Body Is A Wonderland '' Team Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Mercy '' 9 6 7 7 9 7 Safe",
"8 Foxtrot / `` Sweet Pea '' Samba / `` 1 Thing '' 9 8 8 7 9 9 Safe",
"9 Semi-finals Mambo / `` Straight to Number One ' '' Jitterbug / `` Jim Dandy '' 10 10 9 9 9 10 Safe",
"10 Finals Samba / `` Blame It on the Boogie '' Freestyle / `` It 's Tricky '' Jitterbug / `` Jim Dandy '' 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 10 Third place",
"In January 2001 , Bass formed his first film production company , A Happy Place , with film producers Rich Hull , Wendy Thorlakson and Joe Anderson . The company was geared towards family - friendly films , and received the Movieguide award for `` Excellence in Family - Oriented Programming '' for its first feature film , On the Line . After On The Line , A Happy Place changed its name to Bacon & Eggs and produced its second feature film , Lovewrecked , in 2005 . The film debuted on the ABC Family Channel in January 2007 , and starred Amanda Bynes , Chris Carmack and Jamie - Lynn Sigler , with Bass in a minor role . This too received mostly negative reviews .",
"Bass later formed a separate production company named Lance Bass Productions . On May 14 , 2007 , Brian Graden announced that Lance Bass Productions would be working with the Logo network in executive producing a reality television show about the music business . It was reported that the show will focus on the creation and development of an all - gay boy band . To date no such project has been developed or aired .",
"In 2008 , Bass co-produced The Grand , and Bass 's company is reported to be developing a music docudrama about the life of rock bands on tour .",
"In October 2011 , Bass debuted his own boy band called Heart2Heart . In August 2013 , Bass became an executive producer of the documentary film Kidnapped for Christ along with Mike C. Manning . The film sheds light on controversial behavior modification methods used on children , sent there by their parents , at an Evangelical Christian reform school in the Dominican Republic . The film was sold to Showtime , to be released on television July 10 , 2014 .",
"Bass hosted Dirty Pop with Lance Bass , a daily evening drive time radio show focusing on pop culture and entertainment news on OutQ , a LGBT - geared station on Sirius XM . Bass was also the host of the weekly `` Pop2Kountdown '' on Pop2K , which counts down the 30 biggest hits from that week from a different year in the 2000s .",
"Bass dated actress Danielle Fishel of TV 's Boy Meets World throughout 1999 and 2000 . Fishel stated that she was heavily invested in the relationship , commenting that she was `` so in love '' with Bass . Bass ended the relationship after one year , and continued to exclusively date women until he was 22 .",
"In his autobiography , Bass documents two gay relationships that predated media speculation ; one with a Miami , Florida , native named Jesse , with whom Bass lived for two years , and another with an Idaho native named Joe . Bass began dating Amazing Race winner Reichen Lehmkuhl in early 2006 , a courtship that garnered tabloid coverage and led to Bass 's decision to come out . Bass described his relationship with Lehmkuhl as `` very stable '' ; however , the couple split several months later . Shortly after his split with Lehmkuhl , Bass briefly dated Brazilian model and LXTV host Pedro Andrade . From August 2007 to March 2008 , Bass dated New York - based hairdresser Ben Thigpen . After a year and a half of dating , Bass became engaged to Michael Turchin in September 2013 . Bass and Turchin married on December 20 , 2014 in Los Angeles .",
"In a 2006 interview , Bass stated that he has Attention - Deficit Disorder . Bass 's favorite music bands are Aerosmith , the Goo Goo Dolls , and Journey , and his favorite actress is Lucille Ball , whom he grew up watching on I Love Lucy re-runs . He is a self - described `` huge Dr. Seuss fan '' , devoting an entire room in his Jackson , Mississippi estate to Seuss memorabilia . Bass has said that he is a Christian and that he regularly attends church , though he considers himself to be non-denominational . He is the godfather of former bandmate Joey Fatone 's daughters , Briahna and Kloey . Bass and Fatone are best friends .",
"Bass came out as gay in a cover story for People magazine on July 26 , 2006 . There had been considerable media speculation about his orientation due to numerous paparazzi snapshots of him at gay bars and nightclubs , most notably during the preceding Independence Day weekend in Provincetown , Massachusetts . Celebrity gossip blogger Perez Hilton had also been posting items on his website about Bass 's orientation since September 2005 , and New York gossip column Page Six ran a blurb on July 12 , 2006 , that reported a sighting of Bass at a gay bar with his then - boyfriend , Reichen Lehmkuhl . Bass 's publicist , Ken Sunshine , chose to release the story exclusively to People magazine , who bumped actor Johnny Depp off of that week 's cover in favor of Bass . In his coming out interview , Bass stated ,",
"The thing is , I 'm not ashamed -- that 's the one thing I want to say . I do n't think it 's wrong , I 'm not devastated going through this . I 'm more liberated and happy than I 've been my whole life . I 'm just happy .",
"Bass 's announcement received a large amount of media attention . The American public 's reaction was generally positive , with Bass receiving `` overwhelming support '' from many teenagers and young adults who grew up listening to ' N Sync . However , Bass received criticism from the LGBT community when he referred to himself and his friends as `` straight - acting '' in his People interview , stating , `` I call them the SAGs -- the straight - acting gays . We 're just normal , typical guys . I love to watch football and drink beer . '' This comment angered some members of the LGBT community , who believed that Bass not only implied that effeminate gay men were not ' normal ' , but further enforced unneeded stereotypes . In a 2007 interview with The Advocate , Bass called his comment a `` mistake '' and noted that he was unaware of the negative implications surrounding the term . Bass stated , `` Every community is hard to please . Our community is very fickle . It 's a touchy community because it 's the last civil rights movement we have left here in America . So when someone new like myself comes along and says off - the - mark things , yeah , I can see how people would get pissed . ''",
"Bass found himself in the midst of further controversy later that year when he , along with then - boyfriend Reichen Lehmkuhl , was awarded the 2006 Human Rights Campaign Visibility Award on October 7 , 2006 . The Washington Blade printed a guest editorial from a long - time HRC supporter who claimed that neither recipient had done enough to deserve the award and that The Human Rights Campaign was simply capitalizing on Bass 's fame to sell tickets . The Human Rights Campaign stood by Bass and defended his award , responding to critics by saying , `` Bass is the biggest music star since Melissa Etheridge to come out , and maybe some people think HRC should just ignore these moments of cultural significance , but his declaration did initiate a positive , national conversation that continues today . ''",
"Bass began dating painter and actor Michael Turchin in January 2011 and they became engaged in September 2013 . They married on December 20 , 2014 at the Park Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles . Former NSYNC bandmates Joey Fatone , Chris Kirkpatrick and JC Chasez were in attendance ; Justin Timberlake , who was then headlining his The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour , was not present . The ceremonial event was filmed and televised in a special E ! presentation : Lance Loves Michael : The Lance Bass Wedding that aired on February 5 , 2015 . Bass and Turchin were the first same - sex couple to exchange vows on cable television . After four years of marriage , the couple decided to extend their family and have a child with the help of a surrogate .",
"In February 2002 , Lena Banks , a space advocate and founder / producer of Think Tank Ink Productions , contacted Lance Bass to propose his involvement in her Youngest Person in Space project . Banks brought her longtime associate David Krieff of Destiny Productions on board and through a series of events in August 2002 , Bass entered cosmonaut training in Star City , Russia . Bass was considered as the US host of a space competition show to be entitled The Big Mission , which had been successful in Denmark , in which several contestants would go through rigorous training in order to win a seat on a Russian Soyuz space capsule . However , the game show concept was reconsidered , as the producers of the show decided it would be a much better idea to shoot a documentary of a celebrity actually training and going into space , and airing it on a major network . Lena Banks came up with the idea of the Youngest Person in Space many years before Dennis Tito had his historical flight . Through a series of events in early 2002 the chance of using Bass was presented when a colleague mentioned her space project to a friend and the friend 's daughter shouted out , `` Lance Bass wants to go into space ! '' The girl , who was an NSYNC fan , learned of Bass ' lifelong dream of space travel when she read it online via a MTV forum . Lena Banks spoke to Lance Bass 's management who then went to him with the proposal . `` At first he thought we were joking , '' Lena Banks remarks . `` I assured him it was for real ; he accepted and we moved forward with the project . ''",
"In order to be admitted into training , Bass had to go through strenuous physicals that saved his life . It was discovered he had cardiac arrhythmia , and he agreed to undergo heart surgery to correct it . Prior to this , in 1999 , he collapsed after a concert because of his condition . After several months of training , Bass received cosmonaut certification and went on to Houston 's Johnson Space Center ( JSC ) to take part in astronaut training . He was scheduled to fly into space on the Soyuz TMA - 1 mission that was to be launched on October 30 , 2002 . The capsule was scheduled to fly to the International Space Station and land in a desert in Kazakhstan .",
"Several months before Bass was scheduled to fly , the original deal to air the documentary about Bass fell through . Bass 's camp turned to MTV , who initially agreed to sponsor the trip but then backed out over `` payment , insurance , and indemnification issues . '' Shortly after , all of Bass 's other sponsorships fell through , including one sponsor that pulled out because they worried about the image of their brand possibly being tarnished if Bass were to die on the mission . Bass was eventually rejected from the program , and was replaced on the flight by Russian cosmonauts Yury Lonchakov , Sergei Zalyotin and Belgium 's Frank De Winne .",
"In 2003 , Bass began serving as World Space Week 's Youth Spokesman . Bass has stated that he believes young people becoming more interested in space exploration `` will help the future of our planet '' . From 2003 to 2005 , Bass spent World Space Week traveling to American high schools speaking with students about space exploration and encouraging them to explore careers in the fields of science and mathematics . Bass is a member of the National Space Society , a non-profit educational space advocacy organization founded by Dr. Wernher von Braun . Bass has served on the National Space Society 's Board of governors since October 2004 , alongside other space advocates such as actor Tom Hanks and author and futurist Sir Arthur C. Clarke . In a 2007 interview with GQ magazine , Bass stated that he `` absolutely '' still intends on going to space , and that he hopes to work on a space documentary . Bass has also retained fluency in Russian , which he was required to learn during his training .",
"Following public response surrounding his coming out , Bass announced that he was releasing an autobiography . The book , entitled Out of Sync , was published on October 23 , 2007 . It was co-written by The New York Times best - selling biographer Marc Eliot , who also wrote the book 's introduction , and was published by Simon Spotlight Entertainment , a division of Simon & Schuster . The 208 - page book covers what Bass describes as `` the first chapter '' in his life , from his childhood growing up in rural Mississippi , to his efforts to obtain a seat on a Russian space capsule and the proceeding financial issues he had with his sponsors , and culminating with Bass 's decision to go public with his sexuality . The book includes details about boyfriends that he kept from family and friends , and recounts NSYNC 's 2002 decision to go on an `` extended hiatus '' . Bass stated that Justin Timberlake was the sole reason NSYNC did not get back together . Out of Sync debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list for the week of November 11 , 2007 .",
"Bass has been involved with a number of charities during his career . In 2001 , Bass founded The Lance Bass Foundation , a non-profit organization that was designed to meet the health needs of low - income children . In 2003 , Bass donated $30,000 US to establish the Amber Pulliam Special Education Endowment at The University of Southern Mississippi . The endowment is in honor of his younger cousin , Amber Pulliam , who has Down syndrome , and was established to financially aid students from Mississippi 's Pine Belt who plan a career in special education .",
"After 2005 's Hurricane Katrina , Bass launched `` uBid For Hurricane Relief '' , a celebrity auction to benefit victims of the hurricane , with uBid.com . Proceeds from the auction were split between the Child Welfare League of America , The Brett Favre Fourward Foundation , and Ashton Kutcher 's RockWorks Foundation . Many of Bass 's family members in Mississippi were directly affected by the hurricane . That same year , Bass appeared on an episode of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition with a donation to a Russian woman to save a camp for disabled children in Russia .",
"Bass is a member of the Environmental Media Association 's board of directors . He has also been involved with Animal Avengers , Shannon Elizabeth 's animal rescue organization . He has two dogs which he adopted from a rescue shelter , both of whom he posed with in a PETA ad urging people to adopt rather than buy animals . In August 2007 , Bass wrote a guest commentary for LOGO 's `` Visible Vote ' 08 '' blog , in which he expressed support for gay marriage . In September 2007 , Bass participated in a series of GLAAD television advertisements promoting tolerance for the LGBT community . Bass has also been involved in fundraising for the Gay , Lesbian and Straight Education Network .",
"NSYNC ( 1997 ) No Strings Attached ( 2000 ) Celebrity ( 2001 )",
"NSYNC ( 1997 )",
"No Strings Attached ( 2000 )",
"Celebrity ( 2001 )",
"Year Title Role Notes 2000 Longshot Flight Engineer 2001 On The Line Kevin 2001 Zoolander Himself Cameo appearance 2005 Cursed Himself Cameo appearance 2005 Love Wrecked Dan 2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry Himself ( Band Leader ) 2008 Tropic Thunder Himself Cameo appearance 2014 Such Good People Stuart Hedron 2015 Hell & Back Boy Band Demon Voice",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"2000 Longshot Flight Engineer",
"2001 On The Line Kevin",
"2001 Zoolander Himself Cameo appearance",
"2005 Cursed Himself Cameo appearance",
"2005 Love Wrecked Dan",
"2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry Himself ( Band Leader )",
"2008 Tropic Thunder Himself Cameo appearance",
"2014 Such Good People Stuart Hedron",
"2015 Hell & Back Boy Band Demon Voice",
"Year Title Role Notes 2000 7th Heaven Rick Palmer Guest role , episode : `` Who Do You Trust ? '' 2000 All That Himself Guest 2001 The Simpsons Himself Episode : `` New Kids on the Blecch '' Guest voice Kim Possible Robbie Voice , episode : `` Oh Boyz '' Higglytown Heroes Electrician Hero Voice only Credited as James Lance Bass 2005 Robot Chicken Himself Voice 2006 -- 2012 Handy Manny Elliot Voice , 8 episodes Animated program 2006 Game Show Marathon 4th row ( green ) on The Price is Right Episode : `` Match Game '' 2008 Rick and Steve Himself Episode : `` Death of a Lesbian Bed '' 2011 Drop Dead Diva Jamie ( Talent Scout ) Episode : `` Prom '' 2012 Keeping Up with the Kardashians Himself Episode : `` Affairs of the Everhart '' 2013 Gravity Falls Sev'ral Timez Guest voice , episode : `` Boyz Crazy '' 2013 Cupcake Wars Himself Guest judge 2014 Review Himself Episode : `` Best Friend ; Space '' 2014 Real Husbands of Hollywood Himself Episode : `` Do n't Vote For Nick '' 2015 The Meredith Vieira Show Himself Full - time panelist 2015 BoJack Horseman Himself Episode : `` Out to Sea '' 2015 Hand of God Jerry Episode : `` Your Inside Voice '' 2016 Celebrity Family Feud Himself Episode : `` Lance Bass vs. Kellie Pickler '' 2016 Finding Prince Charming Himself Host 2016 Beat Bobby Flay Himself Host 2017 My Kitchen Rules Himself Contestant , teamed with his mother",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"2000 7th Heaven Rick Palmer Guest role , episode : `` Who Do You Trust ? ''",
"2000 All That Himself Guest",
"2001 The Simpsons Himself Episode : `` New Kids on the Blecch '' Guest voice",
"Kim Possible Robbie Voice , episode : `` Oh Boyz ''",
"Higglytown Heroes Electrician Hero Voice only Credited as James Lance Bass",
"2005 Robot Chicken Himself Voice",
"2006 -- 2012 Handy Manny Elliot Voice , 8 episodes Animated program",
"2006 Game Show Marathon 4th row ( green ) on The Price is Right Episode : `` Match Game ''",
"2008 Rick and Steve Himself Episode : `` Death of a Lesbian Bed ''",
"2011 Drop Dead Diva Jamie ( Talent Scout ) Episode : `` Prom ''",
"2012 Keeping Up with the Kardashians Himself Episode : `` Affairs of the Everhart ''",
"2013 Gravity Falls Sev'ral Timez Guest voice , episode : `` Boyz Crazy ''",
"2013 Cupcake Wars Himself Guest judge",
"2014 Review Himself Episode : `` Best Friend ; Space ''",
"2014 Real Husbands of Hollywood Himself Episode : `` Do n't Vote For Nick ''",
"2015 The Meredith Vieira Show Himself Full - time panelist",
"2015 BoJack Horseman Himself Episode : `` Out to Sea ''",
"2015 Hand of God Jerry Episode : `` Your Inside Voice ''",
"2016 Celebrity Family Feud Himself Episode : `` Lance Bass vs. Kellie Pickler ''",
"2016 Finding Prince Charming Himself Host",
"2016 Beat Bobby Flay Himself Host",
"2017 My Kitchen Rules Himself Contestant , teamed with his mother",
"Year Title Role Notes 2002 Kingdom Hearts Sephiroth Voice 2013 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix Sephiroth Voice ( archive footage )",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"2002 Kingdom Hearts Sephiroth Voice",
"2013 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix Sephiroth Voice ( archive footage )"
] | Lance Bass - wikipedia Lance Bass Lance Bass Bass in Beverly Hills, California on March 16, 2014 James Lance Bass ( 1979-05-04 ) May 4, 1979 (age 39) Laurel, Mississippi , U.S. Other names Lansten Occupation Singer dancer entertainer actor film producer television producer author gay rights activist Years active 1994-- present Spouse(s) Michael Turchin ( m. 2014) Musical career Genres Pop Instruments Vocals piano keyboards Associated acts NSYNC Meredith Edwards True Vibe Website LanceBass.com James Lance Bass ( / bæs / ; born May 4, 1979) is an American singer, dancer, actor, film and television producer, and author. He grew up in Mississippi and rose to fame as the bass singer for the American pop boy band NSYNC . NSYNC's success led Bass to work in film and television. He starred in the 2001 film On the Line , which his company, Bacon & Eggs, also produced. Bass later formed a second production company, Lance Bass Productions, as well as a now-defunct music management company, Free Lance Entertainment, a joint venture with Mercury Records . After completion of NSYNC's PopOdyssey Tour, Bass moved to Star City, Russia , in much publicized pursuit of a seat on a Soyuz space capsule . Bass was certified by both NASA and the Russian Space Program after several months of cosmonaut training, and planned to join the TMA-1 mission to the International Space Station . However, after his financial sponsors backed out, Bass was denied a seat on the mission. In July 2006, Bass revealed that he is gay in a cover story for People magazine. He was awarded the Human Rights Campaign Visibility Award in October 2006, and released an autobiography, Out of Sync , in October 2007, which debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Music 2.1.1 NSYNC 2.1.2 Free Lance Entertainment 2.2 Acting 2.2.1 Film, television and theater 2.3 Dancing with the Stars 2.4 Production 2.5 Radio 3 Personal life 3.1 Sexual orientation 3.2 Relationship and marriage 3.3 Spaceflight plans 3.3.1 Space advocacy 3.4 Autobiography 3.5 Philanthropy and causes 4 Discography 4.1 NSYNC 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early life and Education ( edit ) James Lance Bass was born in Laurel, Mississippi , to James Irvin Bass, Jr., a medical technologist , and Diane (née Pulliam), a middle school mathematics, English, and career discovery teacher. Along with his older sister, Stacy, Bass grew up in adjacent Ellisville, Mississippi , and was raised as a Southern Baptist . Bass has described his family as devoutly Christian and conservative and has said that his childhood was `` extremely happy'' . As a young boy, Bass developed an interest in space , and at age 9 traveled to Cape Canaveral, Florida , with his father to watch his first live space shuttle launch. Of this experience Bass said, `` I was certain from then on that my future was to be involved with space.'' Shortly after, Bass attended space camp in Titusville, Florida , and aspired to attend college and study engineering, with the hope that he would one day work for NASA . When Bass was 11 years old, his father was transferred to a different hospital, and the family moved to Clinton, Mississippi Bass began singing in his Baptist church choir , and was encouraged to audition for local performance groups by his childhood best friend, Darren Dale, the youngest child of former longtime Mississippi Insurance Commissioner George Dale. Bass joined the Mississippi Show Stoppers, a statewide music group sponsored by the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum, and the Attaché Show Choir , a national-award-winning competitive show choir group at Clinton High School . He was also a member of a seven-man vocal group named Seven Card Stud, which competed at state fairs and performed at several social and political events for Senator Trent Lott . At Clinton High School, Bass was elected vice president of his junior class and has said that he performed well in math and science. However, Bass later stated that his primary focus during high school was singing, and when looking back, he remembers `` hardly anything'' about academia. Career ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Bass's music career has consisted primarily of his singing with NSYNC and running a small management company. NSYNC ( edit ) Main article: NSYNC In 1995, during his junior year of high school, Bass received a call from Justin Timberlake and his mother, Lynn Harless, who asked Bass if he would be interested in auditioning for the pop group NSYNC after the group's original bass singer, Jason Galasso, had quit. Timberlake's vocal coach (who had worked with Bass during his time as a Mississippi Show Stopper) recommended Bass as a replacement. Bass was accepted into the group after auditioning in front of the other bandmembers and Lou Pearlman , and soon left school to move to Orlando, Florida , and rehearse full-time. Bass has said that he did not know how to dance before he joined NSYNC, and therefore found much of the group's choreography difficult to learn. According to an episode of VH1 's Driven , Jan Boltz, president of BMG 's German division, offered NSYNC a recording contract under the condition that they replace Bass, whose dancing, he felt, `` wasn't at the same level as all the others.'' However, the other members of the group refused to accept the contract without Bass, and the group's manager, Johnny Wright , convinced Bolz that Bass's dancing would quickly improve. Bolz conceded, and the group soon moved to Munich , Germany to record their first album with BMG. ' N Sync began extensive touring in Europe, and Bass's mother quit her job to tour with the group as a chaperone , as Bass was still a minor . Lance Bass in 2001 After gaining significant notability in Europe, NSYNC was signed to American record label RCA in 1997. The group's first single, `` I Want You Back '' began receiving major radio play in the United States, and NSYNC soon found themselves becoming an `` overnight sensation'' , a period which Bass describes in his autobiography as `` the death of my own innocence'' . Along with increasing fame and recognition in the United States the band also experienced a highly publicized legal battle with Pearlman, due to what the group believed were illicit business practices on his part. NSYNC sued Pearlman and his record company, Trans Continental, for defrauding the group of more than 50% of their earnings, rather than his original promise of only receiving one-sixth of the profits. The group threatened to leave and sign with Jive Records , which prompted Pearlman and RCA to countersue NSYNC for $150 million US, citing breach of contract . The injunction was thrown out of court and, after winning back their earnings, NSYNC signed with Jive. In March 2000, NSYNC released No Strings Attached , which became the fastest-selling record of all time, selling 1.1 million copies in its first day of release. In 2001, the group followed up with their Celebrity album, which scored the second highest first-week album sales ever, trumped only by the group's previous album. NSYNC went on to sell over 56 million records worldwide. In 2002, the group announced that they would be taking a `` hiatus'' , during which Timberlake began to record solo material. ' N Sync has not recorded new material since, and Bass has stated that he feels the group has officially disbanded. In 2007, Bass stated that he had faith Timberlake would return after six months off to record another album with NSYNC, and that he felt betrayed by Timberlake's 2004 decision to pursue his solo career instead. Bass has also said that he has little hope for a reunion, since Timberlake has `` made it clear that he wouldn't be interested in discussing another album any time soon.'' Despite these statements, Bass has denied that he harbors any ill feelings towards Timberlake, saying: `` At that time... it did feel like betrayal. I felt heartbroken. All these emotions went through me. Today, I'm really happy, and Justin and I are really great friends. I don't hate him at all. And I understand what he was going through, and it was as hard for him as it was for any of us.'' Free Lance Entertainment ( edit ) In 2000, Bass formed a music management company named Free Lance Entertainment, which was a joint venture with Mercury Nashville , a division of Mercury Records . Vowing to keep the company `` a strictly family-run operation,'' Bass employed his parents and sister as talent scouts, and recruited childhood friend and aspiring country singer Meredith Edwards for the company's first release. Edwards began touring with NSYNC as an opening act in the fall of 2000, and Bass teamed up with MTV to hold a nationwide talent search for more artists later that year. However, Free Lance soon folded after disappointing sales of Edwards's debut album, Reach . Acting ( edit ) Film, television and theater ( edit ) Bass guest-starred on the WB drama series 7th Heaven , playing Rick Palmer, a love interest for Beverley Mitchell 's character, Lucy. The following year, while NSYNC was in the midst of recording Celebrity , Bass received his first starring role in the 2001 motion picture On The Line . Bass played Kevin, a man who falls in love with a woman on a Chicago train and begins a search to find her again. The film was produced by Bass's production company, A Happy Place (later renamed Bacon & Eggs), and featured appearances by Jerry Stiller , Al Green , Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora , former WWE wrestler Chyna , and Bass's bandmates Timberlake, Kirkpatrick and Fatone, the latter in a major role. The film also featured a soundtrack which included previously unreleased songs by NSYNC and Britney Spears . Bass collaborated with Joey Fatone , Mandy Moore , Christian Burns and True Vibe (as the `` On The Line Allstars'' ) for the film's theme song, `` On The Line'' . Despite heavy marketing towards NSYNC teen fans, the film was a commercial failure, grossing only $4.2 million US domestically despite its $10 million US budget. The film, along with Bass's acting, was also poorly received by critics. Bass later said that he felt the film's success was greatly hindered by its release date, which came one week after the World Trade Center attacks of September 11, 2001. In his 2007 autobiography, Bass wrote, `` That was it -- our film was finished... once the country went to war , there was no way our film was going to be on anyone's top-priority list.'' After On The Line , Bass appeared in Zoolander and Wes Craven 's Cursed as himself, and played a wedding singer in I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry . Bass has also lent his voice to several animated television programs, such as Robot Chicken and Disney 's Kim Possible , Handy Manny and Higglytown Heroes . In the video game realm, Bass voiced the Final Fantasy VII character Sephiroth in Kingdom Hearts . On August 14, 2007, Bass began a six-month stint playing Corny Collins in the Broadway musical Hairspray , coinciding with the play's five-year stage anniversary. He ended his run in Hairspray on January 6, 2008. Bass made an appearance in the 2008 film Tropic Thunder . As a guest star in the 2013 Gravity Falls episode `` Boyz Crazy'' , Bass plays in the boy band, Sev'ral Timez (which is a parody of NSYNC). In 2014, Bass guest starred on an episode of the Comedy Central series, Review , in which he visited space along with the show's lead character. In 2015, Bass joined season two of The Meredith Vieira Show as a full-time contributing panelist. Bass and his mother competed with other duos in the FOX reality cooking series My Kitchen Rules . Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Main article: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7) Bass was a contestant on Season 7 of Dancing with the Stars , and was paired with swing dance champ Lacey Schwimmer . Bass and Schwimmer reached the grand finale in competition with Brooke Burke partnering with Derek Hough and Warren Sapp partnering with Kym Johnson . Lance Bass finished in third place with the title going to Burke. Week # Dance/Song Judges' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli 1, Night 1 Cha-Cha-Cha /`` Jumpin' Jack Flash '' 8 6 8 Safe 1, Night 2 Quickstep /`` Close To Me '' 7 6 8 Safe Paso Doble /`` I Kissed A Girl '' 7 6 7 Safe Viennese Waltz /`` Let Me Leave'' 8 7 7 Last to be Called Safe Tango /`` Disturbia '' 9 8 9 Safe 5 West Coast Swing /`` Breakin' Dishes '' 7 7 7 Safe 6 Jive /`` Tutti Frutti '' Old School Hip Hop/`` It Takes Two 9 No 9* Scores 9 Given Safe 7 Rumba /`` Your Body Is A Wonderland '' Team Cha-Cha-Cha /`` Mercy '' 9 6 7 7 9 7 Safe 8 Foxtrot /`` Sweet Pea '' Samba /`` 1 Thing '' 9 8 8 7 9 9 Safe 9 Semi-finals Mambo /`` Straight to Number One' '' Jitterbug /`` Jim Dandy '' 10 10 9 9 9 10 Safe 10 Finals Samba /`` Blame It on the Boogie '' Freestyle /`` It's Tricky '' Jitterbug /`` Jim Dandy '' 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 10 Third place Production ( edit ) In January 2001, Bass formed his first film production company, A Happy Place, with film producers Rich Hull, Wendy Thorlakson and Joe Anderson. The company was geared towards family-friendly films, and received the Movieguide award for `` Excellence in Family-Oriented Programming'' for its first feature film, On the Line . After On The Line , A Happy Place changed its name to Bacon & Eggs and produced its second feature film, Lovewrecked , in 2005. The film debuted on the ABC Family Channel in January 2007, and starred Amanda Bynes , Chris Carmack and Jamie-Lynn Sigler , with Bass in a minor role. This too received mostly negative reviews. Bass later formed a separate production company named Lance Bass Productions. On May 14, 2007, Brian Graden announced that Lance Bass Productions would be working with the Logo network in executive producing a reality television show about the music business. It was reported that the show will focus on the creation and development of an all-gay boy band . To date no such project has been developed or aired. In 2008, Bass co-produced The Grand , and Bass's company is reported to be developing a music docudrama about the life of rock bands on tour. In October 2011, Bass debuted his own boy band called Heart2Heart. In August 2013, Bass became an executive producer of the documentary film Kidnapped for Christ along with Mike C. Manning . The film sheds light on controversial behavior modification methods used on children, sent there by their parents, at an Evangelical Christian reform school in the Dominican Republic. The film was sold to Showtime , to be released on television July 10, 2014. Radio ( edit ) Bass hosted Dirty Pop with Lance Bass , a daily evening drive time radio show focusing on pop culture and entertainment news on OutQ , a LGBT-geared station on Sirius XM . Bass was also the host of the weekly `` Pop2Kountdown'' on Pop2K , which counts down the 30 biggest hits from that week from a different year in the 2000s. Personal life ( edit ) Bass dated actress Danielle Fishel of TV's Boy Meets World throughout 1999 and 2000. Fishel stated that she was heavily invested in the relationship, commenting that she was `` so in love'' with Bass. Bass ended the relationship after one year, and continued to exclusively date women until he was 22. In his autobiography, Bass documents two gay relationships that predated media speculation; one with a Miami, Florida, native named Jesse, with whom Bass lived for two years, and another with an Idaho native named Joe. Bass began dating Amazing Race winner Reichen Lehmkuhl in early 2006, a courtship that garnered tabloid coverage and led to Bass's decision to come out . Bass described his relationship with Lehmkuhl as `` very stable'' ; however, the couple split several months later. Shortly after his split with Lehmkuhl, Bass briefly dated Brazilian model and LXTV host Pedro Andrade . From August 2007 to March 2008, Bass dated New York-based hairdresser Ben Thigpen. After a year and a half of dating, Bass became engaged to Michael Turchin in September 2013. Bass and Turchin married on December 20, 2014 in Los Angeles. In a 2006 interview, Bass stated that he has Attention-Deficit Disorder . Bass's favorite music bands are Aerosmith , the Goo Goo Dolls , and Journey , and his favorite actress is Lucille Ball , whom he grew up watching on I Love Lucy re-runs. He is a self-described `` huge Dr. Seuss fan'' , devoting an entire room in his Jackson, Mississippi estate to Seuss memorabilia. Bass has said that he is a Christian and that he regularly attends church, though he considers himself to be non-denominational . He is the godfather of former bandmate Joey Fatone 's daughters, Briahna and Kloey. Bass and Fatone are best friends. Sexual orientation ( edit ) Bass in Atlanta , Georgia , October 2007 Bass came out as gay in a cover story for People magazine on July 26, 2006. There had been considerable media speculation about his orientation due to numerous paparazzi snapshots of him at gay bars and nightclubs, most notably during the preceding Independence Day weekend in Provincetown, Massachusetts . Celebrity gossip blogger Perez Hilton had also been posting items on his website about Bass's orientation since September 2005, and New York gossip column Page Six ran a blurb on July 12, 2006, that reported a sighting of Bass at a gay bar with his then-boyfriend, Reichen Lehmkuhl . Bass's publicist, Ken Sunshine , chose to release the story exclusively to People magazine, who bumped actor Johnny Depp off of that week's cover in favor of Bass. In his coming out interview, Bass stated, The thing is, I'm not ashamed -- that's the one thing I want to say. I don't think it's wrong, I'm not devastated going through this. I'm more liberated and happy than I've been my whole life. I'm just happy. Bass's announcement received a large amount of media attention. The American public's reaction was generally positive, with Bass receiving `` overwhelming support'' from many teenagers and young adults who grew up listening to ' N Sync. However, Bass received criticism from the LGBT community when he referred to himself and his friends as `` straight-acting '' in his People interview, stating, `` I call them the SAGs -- the straight-acting gays. We're just normal, typical guys. I love to watch football and drink beer.'' This comment angered some members of the LGBT community, who believed that Bass not only implied that effeminate gay men were not ' normal' , but further enforced unneeded stereotypes . In a 2007 interview with The Advocate , Bass called his comment a `` mistake'' and noted that he was unaware of the negative implications surrounding the term. Bass stated, `` Every community is hard to please. Our community is very fickle. It's a touchy community because it's the last civil rights movement we have left here in America. So when someone new like myself comes along and says off-the-mark things, yeah, I can see how people would get pissed.'' Bass found himself in the midst of further controversy later that year when he, along with then-boyfriend Reichen Lehmkuhl, was awarded the 2006 Human Rights Campaign Visibility Award on October 7, 2006. The Washington Blade printed a guest editorial from a long-time HRC supporter who claimed that neither recipient had done enough to deserve the award and that The Human Rights Campaign was simply capitalizing on Bass's fame to sell tickets. The Human Rights Campaign stood by Bass and defended his award, responding to critics by saying, `` Bass is the biggest music star since Melissa Etheridge to come out, and maybe some people think HRC should just ignore these moments of cultural significance, but his declaration did initiate a positive, national conversation that continues today.'' Relationship and marriage ( edit ) Bass began dating painter and actor Michael Turchin in January 2011 and they became engaged in September 2013. They married on December 20, 2014 at the Park Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles. Former NSYNC bandmates Joey Fatone , Chris Kirkpatrick and JC Chasez were in attendance; Justin Timberlake , who was then headlining his The 20/20 Experience World Tour , was not present. The ceremonial event was filmed and televised in a special E! presentation: Lance Loves Michael: The Lance Bass Wedding that aired on February 5, 2015. Bass and Turchin were the first same-sex couple to exchange vows on cable television. After four years of marriage, the couple decided to extend their family and have a child with the help of a surrogate. Spaceflight plans ( edit ) Bass's official cosmonaut photo, September 2002 In February 2002, Lena Banks, a space advocate and founder/producer of Think Tank Ink Productions, contacted Lance Bass to propose his involvement in her Youngest Person in Space project. Banks brought her longtime associate David Krieff of Destiny Productions on board and through a series of events in August 2002, Bass entered cosmonaut training in Star City, Russia . Bass was considered as the US host of a space competition show to be entitled The Big Mission , which had been successful in Denmark, in which several contestants would go through rigorous training in order to win a seat on a Russian Soyuz space capsule . However, the game show concept was reconsidered, as the producers of the show decided it would be a much better idea to shoot a documentary of a celebrity actually training and going into space, and airing it on a major network. Lena Banks came up with the idea of the Youngest Person in Space many years before Dennis Tito had his historical flight. Through a series of events in early 2002 the chance of using Bass was presented when a colleague mentioned her space project to a friend and the friend's daughter shouted out, `` Lance Bass wants to go into space!'' The girl, who was an NSYNC fan, learned of Bass' lifelong dream of space travel when she read it online via a MTV forum. Lena Banks spoke to Lance Bass's management who then went to him with the proposal. `` At first he thought we were joking,'' Lena Banks remarks. `` I assured him it was for real; he accepted and we moved forward with the project.'' In order to be admitted into training, Bass had to go through strenuous physicals that saved his life. It was discovered he had cardiac arrhythmia , and he agreed to undergo heart surgery to correct it. Prior to this, in 1999, he collapsed after a concert because of his condition. After several months of training, Bass received cosmonaut certification and went on to Houston's Johnson Space Center (JSC) to take part in astronaut training. He was scheduled to fly into space on the Soyuz TMA-1 mission that was to be launched on October 30, 2002. The capsule was scheduled to fly to the International Space Station and land in a desert in Kazakhstan . Several months before Bass was scheduled to fly, the original deal to air the documentary about Bass fell through. Bass's camp turned to MTV, who initially agreed to sponsor the trip but then backed out over `` payment, insurance, and indemnification issues.'' Shortly after, all of Bass's other sponsorships fell through, including one sponsor that pulled out because they worried about the image of their brand possibly being tarnished if Bass were to die on the mission. Bass was eventually rejected from the program, and was replaced on the flight by Russian cosmonauts Yury Lonchakov , Sergei Zalyotin and Belgium's Frank De Winne . Space advocacy ( edit ) In 2003, Bass began serving as World Space Week 's Youth Spokesman. Bass has stated that he believes young people becoming more interested in space exploration `` will help the future of our planet'' . From 2003 to 2005, Bass spent World Space Week traveling to American high schools speaking with students about space exploration and encouraging them to explore careers in the fields of science and mathematics. Bass is a member of the National Space Society , a non-profit educational space advocacy organization founded by Dr. Wernher von Braun . Bass has served on the National Space Society's Board of governors since October 2004, alongside other space advocates such as actor Tom Hanks and author and futurist Sir Arthur C. Clarke . In a 2007 interview with GQ magazine, Bass stated that he `` absolutely'' still intends on going to space, and that he hopes to work on a space documentary. Bass has also retained fluency in Russian, which he was required to learn during his training. Autobiography ( edit ) Main article: Out of Sync Following public response surrounding his coming out, Bass announced that he was releasing an autobiography. The book, entitled Out of Sync , was published on October 23, 2007. It was co-written by The New York Times best-selling biographer Marc Eliot, who also wrote the book's introduction, and was published by Simon Spotlight Entertainment , a division of Simon & Schuster . The 208-page book covers what Bass describes as `` the first chapter'' in his life, from his childhood growing up in rural Mississippi, to his efforts to obtain a seat on a Russian space capsule and the proceeding financial issues he had with his sponsors, and culminating with Bass's decision to go public with his sexuality . The book includes details about boyfriends that he kept from family and friends, and recounts NSYNC's 2002 decision to go on an `` extended hiatus'' . Bass stated that Justin Timberlake was the sole reason NSYNC did not get back together. Out of Sync debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list for the week of November 11, 2007. Philanthropy and causes ( edit ) Bass has been involved with a number of charities during his career. In 2001, Bass founded The Lance Bass Foundation, a non-profit organization that was designed to meet the health needs of low-income children. In 2003, Bass donated $30,000 US to establish the Amber Pulliam Special Education Endowment at The University of Southern Mississippi . The endowment is in honor of his younger cousin, Amber Pulliam, who has Down syndrome , and was established to financially aid students from Mississippi's Pine Belt who plan a career in special education. After 2005's Hurricane Katrina , Bass launched `` uBid For Hurricane Relief'' , a celebrity auction to benefit victims of the hurricane, with uBid.com. Proceeds from the auction were split between the Child Welfare League of America , The Brett Favre Fourward Foundation, and Ashton Kutcher 's RockWorks Foundation. Many of Bass's family members in Mississippi were directly affected by the hurricane. That same year, Bass appeared on an episode of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition with a donation to a Russian woman to save a camp for disabled children in Russia. Bass is a member of the Environmental Media Association 's board of directors. He has also been involved with Animal Avengers, Shannon Elizabeth 's animal rescue organization. He has two dogs which he adopted from a rescue shelter, both of whom he posed with in a PETA ad urging people to adopt rather than buy animals. In August 2007, Bass wrote a guest commentary for LOGO 's `` Visible Vote ' 08'' blog, in which he expressed support for gay marriage . In September 2007, Bass participated in a series of GLAAD television advertisements promoting tolerance for the LGBT community. Bass has also been involved in fundraising for the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network . Discography ( edit ) NSYNC ( edit ) NSYNC (1997) No Strings Attached (2000) Celebrity (2001) Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Longshot Flight Engineer 2001 On The Line Kevin 2001 Zoolander Himself Cameo appearance 2005 Cursed Himself Cameo appearance 2005 Love Wrecked Dan 2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry Himself (Band Leader) 2008 Tropic Thunder Himself Cameo appearance 2014 Such Good People Stuart Hedron 2015 Hell & Back Boy Band Demon Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 7th Heaven Rick Palmer Guest role, episode: `` Who Do You Trust?'' 2000 All That Himself Guest 2001 The Simpsons Himself Episode: `` New Kids on the Blecch '' Guest voice Kim Possible Robbie Voice, episode: `` Oh Boyz'' Higglytown Heroes Electrician Hero Voice only Credited as James Lance Bass 2005 Robot Chicken Himself Voice 2006-- 2012 Handy Manny Elliot Voice, 8 episodes Animated program 2006 Game Show Marathon 4th row (green) on The Price is Right Episode: `` Match Game'' 2008 Rick and Steve Himself Episode: `` Death of a Lesbian Bed'' 2011 Drop Dead Diva Jamie (Talent Scout) Episode: `` Prom'' 2012 Keeping Up with the Kardashians Himself Episode: `` Affairs of the Everhart'' 2013 Gravity Falls Sev'ral Timez Guest voice, episode: `` Boyz Crazy'' 2013 Cupcake Wars Himself Guest judge 2014 Review Himself Episode: `` Best Friend; Space'' 2014 Real Husbands of Hollywood Himself Episode: `` Don't Vote For Nick'' 2015 The Meredith Vieira Show Himself Full-time panelist 2015 BoJack Horseman Himself Episode: `` Out to Sea'' 2015 Hand of God Jerry Episode: `` Your Inside Voice'' 2016 Celebrity Family Feud Himself Episode: `` Lance Bass vs. Kellie Pickler'' 2016 Finding Prince Charming Himself Host 2016 Beat Bobby Flay Himself Host 2017 My Kitchen Rules Himself Contestant, teamed with his mother Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Kingdom Hearts Sephiroth Voice 2013 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix Sephiroth Voice (archive footage) References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ^ Jump up to: Bass, Lance (2007). Out of Sync . New York, Los Angeles: Simon Spotlight Entertainment . pp. 1-- 4. ISBN 978-1-4169-4788-2 . Jump up ^ Tortorici, Frank (May 4, 1999). `` ' N Sync's James Lance `` Lansten'' Bass`` . MTV News. Jump up ^ `` Lance Bass'' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved September 1, 2013 . Jump up ^ On The Line on IMDb ^ Jump up to: `` World Space Week Biography of Lance Bass'' . WorldSpaceWeek.org. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. ^ Jump up to: Stark, Phyllis. (May 27, 2000). `` Mercury Nashville, Free Lance Label Pact'' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 4, 2007 . Retrieved September 19, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: `` Lance Bass Named Youth Spokesperson for World Space Week'' . Space-Travel.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007 . Retrieved August 10, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Boyle, Alan (December 23, 2002). `` Pop star finishes his space training'' . MSNBC. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006 . Retrieved September 16, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: `` Lance Bass: I'm Gay'' . People . July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014 . Retrieved July 26, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: Beck, Rob. `` Boy in the Band'' . Southern Voice. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007 . Retrieved October 19, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: `` Out of Sync Debuts on New York Times Bestsellers List'' . The New York Times . November 11, 2007 . Retrieved November 11, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Bass (former ' N Sync member)'' . Ancestry.com. ^ Jump up to: Bailey, Karen; Jeff Hause (2000). `` 10 Questions with Lance Bass'' . Sports Hollywood . Retrieved September 27, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Westhoff, Ben. `` Odyssey With Lance Bass'' . The Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 26, 2007 . Jump up ^ Cormier, Ryan. (November 5, 2007). `` Straight Talk From Lance Bass'' . Delaware Online. Archived from the original on November 8, 2007 . Retrieved November 14, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Foust, Jeff. (July 26, 2006). `` Astromom and Basstronaut, Revisited'' . The Space Review . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Bass, First Entertainer and Youngest Person Plans To Travel into Space'' . SpaceRef.com. February 20, 2002 . Retrieved July 17, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: `` ' N Sync Discusses Their Rise to Stardom'' . Larry King Live . CNN.com . January 9, 2001 . Retrieved October 11, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: `` Lance Bass Brings Excitement of Spaceflight During World Space Week 2004'' . National Space Society. September 29, 2004 . Retrieved July 28, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: Bass, Lance. Out of Sync . pp. 10-- 19. Jump up ^ `` Lance Bass on Britney, those skeevy Lou Pearlman allegations, and why he said Bye, Bye, Bye to the closet'' . EDGE Boston. October 29, 2007. ^ Jump up to: `` VH1's Driven's ' N Sync Episode Summary'' . VH1.com . Retrieved January 4, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Schruers, Fred (May 19, 2000). `` ' N The Drivers Seat'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 5, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Bass, Lance. Out of Sync . pp. 28-- 30, 35-- 43. ^ Jump up to: Manning, Kara (November 24, 1999). `` ' N Sync Scores Small Victory As Legal Battle Begins'' . MTV News . Retrieved October 26, 2007 . Jump up ^ Wolk, Josh (October 13, 1999). `` ' N Sync are sued for $150 million'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Zomba Records, LTD: Company History'' . FundingUniverse.com . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' N Sync Celebrity Review'' . BBC . Retrieved July 11, 2007 . Jump up ^ Billboard. `` ' N Sync Artist Biography'' . Billboard.com . Retrieved August 20, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lycos Daily Report'' . Lycos. September 28, 2007. Archived from the original on May 28, 2006 . Retrieved July 26, 2006 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez, Pedro Ruz. (January 28, 2007). `` Pearlman's Money Woes Follow Him Downtown'' . The Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on October 12, 2007 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Westhoff, Ben (November 15, 2007). `` Out of Sync'' . The Denver Westword . Retrieved December 7, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Abbott, Jim. `` Lance Bass Book Comes Out'' . The Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on December 4, 2007 . Retrieved October 23, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Zhito, Lisa (March 16, 2001). `` Lance Bass Protégé Meredith Edwards in Sync With Country'' . MTV News . Retrieved November 11, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Hiatt, Brian. (May 27, 2000). `` Artist to Watch: OneRepublic'' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 27, 2007 . Retrieved November 22, 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith, Mary. `` Lance Bass Biography'' . ARS Compendium . Retrieved October 21, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Bonin, Liane (February 7, 2001). `` ' N Sync's Lance Bass Becomes a Movie Mogul'' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to: Schmitz, Greg Dean . (July 27, 2001). `` On The Line (2001) -- Greg's Preview'' . Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007 . Retrieved July 6, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On The Line Allstars -- `` On The Line'' : Song Review`` . KidzWorld.com . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: `` On The Line Box Office & Reviews'' . RottenTomatoes.com. Jump up ^ Bass, Lance. Out of Sync . p. 146. Jump up ^ IMDB. `` Biography for Lance Bass'' . IMDB . Retrieved September 19, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: `` Lance Bass: Voice Actor Profile'' . VoiceChasers.com. June 6, 2005 . Retrieved September 6, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Jones, Kenneth. (July 6, 2007). `` Lance Bass Gets Corny for Broadway, Joining Hairspray in August'' . Playbill.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007 . Retrieved July 6, 2007 . Jump up ^ Corneau, Allison (August 6, 2015). `` Lance Bass Is Joining Meredith Vieira's Talk Show as a Full-Time Season 2 Contributor: Details'' . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 13, 2016). `` Fox Orders ' My Kitchen Rules' Cooking Series With Curtis Stone & Cat Cora'' . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Episodes, Blogs and News -- ABC.com'' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2014-07-11 . ^ Jump up to: Gunn, Elston. Elston Gunn's Weekly Recap Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ... Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved December 7, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Roth Talent Associates: Lance Bass'' . Retrieved December 3, 2007 . Jump up ^ Clarke, John Jr. (May 14, 2007). `` Logo's in Sync With Bass'' . Variety . Retrieved July 13, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Ryzik, Melena (October 21, 2007). `` Boy-Band Grad's Next Act'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Kardashian Gets Classy in Playboy'' . MSNBC. October 22, 2007 . Retrieved November 15, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Variety Profile: Lance Bass'' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Q&A With Christina Martin'' . Sys-Con.com. Jump up ^ Marcus, Stephanie (October 7, 2011). `` Lance Bass's Boy Band Heart2Heart Releases ' Facebook Official' (VIDEO)'' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (August 8, 2013). `` ' N Sync Alum Lance Bass Joins ' Kidnapped for Christ' Doc as Executive Producer'' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 9, 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda. `` Showtime Presents Award-Winning Documentary ' Kidnapped for Christ ' '' . Zap2It . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Bass Launches Daily Show, `` Dirty Pop with Lance Bass,'' on SiriusXM`` . PR Newswire . September 7, 2012. Jump up ^ AskMen.com staff. `` Danielle Fishel'' . AskMen.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2006 . Retrieved October 23, 2006 . Jump up ^ People magazine staff (October 25, 2007). `` Lance Bass and Danielle Fishel's Near-Miss Intimate Moment'' . People . ^ Jump up to: Vineyard, Jennifer (July 26, 2006). `` ' N Sync's Lance Bass Reveals He's Gay'' . MTV News . Retrieved January 14, 2008 . Jump up ^ Bass, Lance. Out of Sync . pp. 103-- 104, 159-- 168. Jump up ^ Silverman, Stephen M.; Rodriguez, Brenda (January 29, 2007). `` Lance Bass & Reichen Lehmkuhl Split For Good'' . People . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Rapkin, Mickey (October 17, 2007). `` Lance Bass's Gay Adventure'' . GQ . Archived from the original on May 2, 2007 . Retrieved October 17, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Page Six staff. (December 8, 2007). `` Multilingual'' . Page Six. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007 . Retrieved December 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ Arnold, Shayna Rose. (November 7, 2007). `` Caught in the Act!'' . People . Retrieved November 7, 2007 . Jump up ^ Page Six staff (November 7, 2007). `` Buttering Up'' . Page Six. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007 . Retrieved November 7, 2007 . Jump up ^ Gomez, Patrick (September 1, 2013). `` Lance Bass and Michael Turchin Are Engaged'' . People Magazine . Retrieved September 1, 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomez, Patrick (December 20, 2014). `` Lance Bass Weds Michael Turchin'' . People . Retrieved December 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ People magazine staff. `` Lance Bass Diet and Workout'' . People . ^ Jump up to: West, Jennifer Ellis (July 1, 2001). `` Oh, The Places You'll Go'' . Mississippi Magazine. Jump up ^ Baldwin, Kristen (October 26, 2001). `` ' N Theaters Now'' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` The Religious Affiliation of Singer Lance Bass'' . Celebrity Faiths . Retrieved August 10, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' N Sync Members Suspected Lance Bass Was Gay'' . Starpulse. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved July 6, 2007 . Jump up ^ Stein, Joel (November 2001). `` ' NSYNC Rides Again'' . Teen People . Retrieved October 15, 2007 . Jump up ^ Bass, Lance. Out of Sync . p. 50. ^ Jump up to: `` No Privacy for Lance Bass at Gay Bar'' . ABC News. July 14, 2006 . Retrieved July 28, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Did gossip blogger out Lance Bass?'' . MSNBC. July 27, 2006 . Retrieved August 8, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: Buchanan, Kyle (January 15, 2008). `` Why Wasn't This The Year of Lance Bass?'' . The Advocate . ^ Jump up to: Orzeck, Kurt (July 6, 2007). `` Fans Overwhelmingly Support Lance Bass'' . MTV News . Retrieved July 27, 2006 . Jump up ^ Rice, Christopher. (September 25, 2006). `` The Myth of `` Straight Acting '' `` . The Advocate . Archived from the original on September 30, 2007 . Retrieved July 13, 2007 . Jump up ^ Foster, Randy. (September 8, 2006). `` Bye! Bye! Bye! to Lance's Award'' . The Washington Blade . Archived from the original on September 18, 2007 . Retrieved September 27, 2007 . Jump up ^ Snider, Mary. (August 12, 2007). `` Award To Lance Is For Visibility, Not Activism'' . Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007 . Retrieved September 27, 2007 . Jump up ^ Vena, Joceyln (December 21, 2014). `` LANCE BASS IS MARRIED: GET THE DETAILS'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ Carrie Dillivio (December 21, 2014). `` Lance Bass and Michael Turchin Are Officially Married--Find Out Which ' N Sync Member Performed at the Wedding'' . E! Online . Retrieved December 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ Drake, Aaron (February 6, 2015). `` PHOTOS: Relive the Lance Bass Wedding Via Instagram'' . The Advocate. Jump up ^ `` Lance Bass & Michael Turchin's Plan For Their First Child'' , E! Online , retrieved July 13, 2018 Jump up ^ Smith, Lizzie (July 12, 2018). `` Singer opens up about picking a donor on a ' Tinder for eggs' site and why his fatherhood plans mean there won't be an NSYNC reunion for at least a decade'' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved July 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Bass Has Heart Surgery'' . WENN. May 17, 2002 . Retrieved July 6, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Space Explorers chat with Lance Bass, World Space Week 2005'' . Space-Explorers.com . Retrieved January 4, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Associated Press. (March 7, 2007). `` Lance Bass Writes `` Out of Sync'' Memoir`` . USA Today . Retrieved April 10, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Simon Spotlight Entertainment. `` Simon & Schuster: Out of Sync'' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved September 28, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Tisdale, David. `` Northeast Jones High Senior Makes Mark on Southern Miss'' . University of Southern Mississippi . Retrieved August 10, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: `` uBid For Hurricane Relief Effort'' . uBid.com. 2006-03-01. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Media Pushes for Government Action on Hurricane Disaster'' . Showbiz Tonight . CNN.com . September 2, 2005 . Retrieved November 11, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Extreme Makeover: Home Edition -- Season Three -- Teas Family'' . ABC. October 15, 2005. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014 . Retrieved January 22, 2014 . Lance Bass also makes a donation to a former camper to save a similar camp back in her native Russia Jump up ^ `` Environmental Media Association Board of Directors'' . Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` '' It's All Going to the Dogs`` : Celebrity Poker Night Benefitting Shannon Elizabeth's Animal Avengers'' . Gambling911.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Jump up ^ Zach Dionne, `` Lance Bass Poses with His Dogs for PETA Archived October 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. ,'' PopEater.com December 7, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Guest Commentary: Lance Bass'' . LOGO Online: The Visible Vote ' 08. August 7, 2007. Jump up ^ Bauder, David (September 4, 2007). `` Celebrities GLAAD to Sign Up for Tolerance Ads'' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Adams, Cindy (January 29, 2008). `` Sports Memorabilia Raises Que$tion$s'' . The New York Post . Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lance Bass . Official Official website Biographical or discographical Lance Bass at People.com Lance Bass on IMDb Lance Bass at AllMovie NSYNC Lance Bass JC Chasez Joey Fatone Chris Kirkpatrick Justin Timberlake Studio albums NSYNC Home for Christmas No Strings Attached Celebrity Compilation albums The Winter Album Greatest Hits The Collection The Essential *NSYNC Soundtrack albums On the Line Singles `` I Want You Back '' `` Tearin' Up My Heart '' `` Here We Go '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Together Again '' `` (God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You '' `` U Drive Me Crazy '' `` Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays '' `` Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy) '' `` Music of My Heart '' `` Bye Bye Bye '' `` It's Gonna Be Me '' `` I'll Never Stop '' `` This I Promise You '' `` Pop '' `` Gone '' `` Girlfriend '' Tours NSYNC in Concert No Strings Attached Tour PopOdyssey Celebrity Tour Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Lou Pearlman Johnny Wright Jive Records `` New Kids on the Blecch '' On the Line Dead 7 BNF : cb15028411z (data) GND : 13369934X ISNI : 0000 0000 8362 5671 LCCN : n2007046335 MusicBrainz : 81f6372b-4cfa-4d8d-b560-c9e4235defaa VIAF : 19960975 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lance_Bass&oldid=854223613 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American singers American basses Living people People from Laurel, Mississippi American child singers American male dancers American male film actors American film producers American memoirists American male pop singers American pop singers American male musical theatre actors American television producers American male voice actors American male video game actors Baptists from the United States Gay actors Gay musicians Gay writers LGBT dancers LGBT memoirists LGBT musicians from the United States LGBT people from Mississippi LGBT producers LGBT Protestants LGBT singers Male actors from Mississippi Singers from Mississippi NSYNC members Participants in American reality television series People from Clinton, Mississippi People from Ellisville, Mississippi Space advocates Dancers from Mississippi Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018, at 19:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. AboutWikipedia | -570878170614022366 |
ed sheeran wrote a song for justin bieber | `` Love Yourself '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose ( 2015 ) . The song was released first as a promotional single on November 8 , 2015 , and later was released as the album 's third single . It was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Bieber , and produced by Blanco . An acoustic pop song , `` Love Yourself '' features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation . During the song , Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers . Lyrically , the song is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong . | [
[]
] | [
1
] | [
"`` Love Yourself '' Single by Justin Bieber from the album Purpose Released November 8 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Studio Record Plant ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Acoustic pop Length 3 : 53 Label Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Benny Blanco Justin Bieber Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 ) `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Love Yourself '' on YouTube",
"`` Love Yourself ''",
"Single by Justin Bieber",
"from the album Purpose",
"Released November 8 , 2015",
"Format Digital download",
"Recorded 2015",
"Studio Record Plant ( Los Angeles , California )",
"Genre Acoustic pop",
"Length 3 : 53",
"Label Def Jam",
"Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Benny Blanco Justin Bieber",
"Ed Sheeran Benny Blanco Justin Bieber",
"Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco",
"Justin Bieber singles chronology",
"`` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 )",
"`` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 )",
"`` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 )",
"`` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 )",
"`` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 )",
"`` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 )",
"Music video",
"`` Love Yourself '' on YouTube",
"`` Love Yourself '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose ( 2015 ) . The song was released first as a promotional single on November 8 , 2015 , and later was released as the album 's third single . It was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Bieber , and produced by Blanco . An acoustic pop song , `` Love Yourself '' features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation . During the song , Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers . Lyrically , the song is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong .",
"On the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart , the song became Bieber 's third consecutive number - one , where in the United States it spent 24 non-consecutive weeks in the top ten ( later named the best - performing single of 2016 ) and was also Bieber 's first number one on the Adult Contemporary chart , while in the United Kingdom it spent six weeks at the top . `` Love Yourself '' topped the charts in fifteen countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and Sweden . `` Love Yourself '' was nominated for two Grammy Awards : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . It was the seventh - best - selling song of 2016 in the US .",
"The music video for the song was released along with the Purpose : The Movement project on November 14 , 2015 . It features a couple doing an interpretive dance in their house . Bieber promoted the song with performances on TV shows , as well as awards shows throughout 2015 -- 16 , while adding it on the set list of his Purpose World Tour .",
"On September 29 , 2015 , Justin Bieber announced in an interview with Australia 's Sunrise morning show that British singer and songwriter Ed Sheeran had written a song for his then - upcoming album . Later , during an interview for Capital FM , Bieber revealed details about the song , saying : `` It 's just me and a guitar . Basically that 's how I started , playing on the street with a guitar . '' About Sheeran , he said : `` I think he 's one of the most talented writers in the game right now , so just to have his input and his stories and our stories and match them up together and say ' What have you been through ? , ' and telling the same story . '' In another interview for the same radio network , he commented about the collaboration , stating : `` It was a process . Just getting us together , you know , in the same room cause we did a lot of it separate . He is a good guy , super talented . Really good songwriter so just to be able to work with that calibre of songwriter was really , really awesome . '' In 2017 , Sheeran revealed that `` Love Yourself '' was written for his album ÷ . He said in an interview that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song .",
"On November 9 , 2015 `` Love Yourself '' premiered on Beats 1 along with `` The Feeling '' . The song was also made available on iTunes in the same day as a promotional single of Purpose , and later it was announced as the album 's official third radio single . When talking to Ryan Seacrest , Bieber said `` Love Yourself '' is `` definitely about someone in my past , someone who I do n't want to put on blast , '' he described the song as `` cool because so many people can resonate with that because how many women do we bring back that mom does n't really necessarily like ? . ''",
"`` Love Yourself '' A 23 - second sample of `` Love Yourself '' 's chorus , which Bieber described as relatable and `` cool '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"`` Love Yourself '' A 23 - second sample of `` Love Yourself '' 's chorus , which Bieber described as relatable and `` cool '' .",
"Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"`` Love Yourself '' was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Justin Bieber , with production being done by Benny Blanco , who was also responsible for the song 's instrumentation and programming . It features background vocals by Sheeran . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is composed in the key of E major with a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute and a time signature of . Bieber 's vocals range from the note of B to B. It is an acoustic pop song , featuring just vocals , an electric guitar , and a brief flurry of trumpets , which was considered `` the most subdued and least electronic of Bieber 's new tracks . ''",
"Lyrically , `` Love Yourself '' is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong , with Bieber singing in a snappy and spiteful tone while `` hating on a girl for loving herself too much . '' In the pre-chorus , he sings with a husky tone in the lower registers : `` My mama do n't like you , and she likes everyone , '' `` in a style that molds well to Sheeran 's , '' according to Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos . `` And I ( never ) like to admit that I was wrong . And I 've been so caught up in my job , did n't see what 's going on , and now I know , I 'm better sleeping on my own , '' he continues . In the chorus , Bieber sings , `` Cause if you like the way you look that much , oh baby you should go and love yourself , '' which according to Digital Spy 's Amy Davidson , `` ' love yourself ' means ' go f * * k yourself ' in this context . '' On March 7 , 2017 , composer Ed Sheeran stated on the Howard Stern Show that he had Rihanna in mind for the song at first , and the original lyric was indeed `` fuck yourself '' . In the song 's bridge , Bieber uses a `` brass - and - vocalese '' style .",
"Andrew Unterberger of Spin called it `` an earth - salting , cruelly chuckling kiss - off track , it features an unprecedented - for - Bieber caliber of lyrical detail , and its minimal arrangement allows every lyrical barb to pop like one of the song 's palm - mutes . For such sour grapes , though , ' Love Yourself ' still sounds exultant ; one of many reminders this year that for all his insistence on being a good person , Bieber may ultimately be best served as a Top 40 heel . '' Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly complimented the track as one of her favourites from the album , naming it `` the world 's first campfire - folk diss track . '' Amy Davidson of Digital Spy agreed , calling it a ' deliciously evil poison - pen ballad ' . Sheldon Pearce of Complex praised `` Sorry '' and `` Love Yourself '' for `` display ( ing ) the best of Bieber in tandem : the full scope of his pop stylings -- blue - eyed soul fleshing out both electronic and acoustic spaces . '' Kenneth Partridge of Billboard wrote that Bieber `` overplay ( s ) his renewed spirituality ... mak ( ing ) like John Mayer doing Sam Smith , '' citing the track as an example . Josh Gonzalez of Music Times thought the song was `` a cool change of pace and nod musically to his 2014 duet with Cody Simpson ' Home to Mama ' , '' adding : `` Bieber is a great vocalist and does well on acoustic tracks . ''",
"For Consequence of Sound editor Janine Schaults , `` all the credit goes to Sheeran 's cherubic magic powers . Refreshingly , just a guitar and a lonely trumpet interlude accompany Bieber 's coy delivery . '' Michelles Geslani of the same publication opined that the track `` sounds exactly what you 'd expect from a meeting of these two minds , '' considering it `` ' Thinking Out Loud ' crossed with low - key , lovelorn Bieber . '' Kitty Empire , writing for The Observer , aprecciated the song for `` strip ( ping ) everything back very effectively to a guitar line and a vocal . '' Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club was mixed , noting that `` despite being a nicely deadpan kiss - off to a snobby ex , is generic acoustic - pop . '' In a less favorable review , Pitchfork 's Brad Nelson wrote that , lyrically , `` it 's needlessly mean , neither funny nor clever , and it does n't do much to justify the severity of its perspective . '' Al Horner of NME noted that the song is `` more traditionally Bieber , and ( its ) big pop hook ( is ) out of place amidst the forward - thinking electronic scuttle . '' Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine called the lyrics `` unintentionally hilarious . '' Alex Macpherson of The National called it `` a cloying Ed Sheeran collaboration . '' Billboard ranked `` Love Yourself '' at number 34 on their `` 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 '' list .",
"In the United States , the song debuted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving Bieber his ninth top ten song and his third consecutive top ten debut from Purpose . It also debuted at number two and four on the Digital Songs and Streaming Songs charts , respectively , with 141,000 downloads and 17.4 million streams . The following week , it descended to number seven on the Hot 100 . Two weeks later , it ascended from seven to five on the Hot 100 , meanwhile Bieber 's `` Sorry '' and `` What Do You Mean ? '' were at number two and four , respectively . Thus , as he did three weeks prior when `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number four , Bieber had three concurrent songs in the Hot 100 's top five , becoming the third act to achieve it since 50 Cent in 2005 . Bieber and The Beatles are the only acts to earn the honor as a lead artist on all three songs . On the chart dated February 6 , 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' ascended from three to two on the Hot 100 , meanwhile Bieber 's `` Sorry '' was at number one . With the feat , Bieber became the 17th act in the Hot 100 's history to rank at numbers one and 2 simultaneously . He was also the 11th act to hold the Hot 100 's top two as a lead artist on both songs .",
"The following week , `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' at number one , becoming his third consecutive number - one single . Thus , Bieber was the 12th artist to succeed himself in the Hot 100 's 57 - year history ; the last artist before Bieber was The Weeknd , who is also from Canada . Additionally , Bieber 's Purpose became the first album by a male artist to produce three number - one songs since Justin Timberlake 's FutureSex / LoveSounds did so in 2006 -- 07 . After being replaced at the top of the Hot 100 by Zayn 's debut single as a solo artist , `` Pillowtalk '' , for one week , it returned to the number one position the following date . Also , `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' at the top of the Radio Songs chart with 144 million weekly audience , becoming Bieber 's second number - one song on the chart . However , the next week , `` Love Yourself '' was replaced at the top by Rihanna 's `` Work '' and descended to number two . By the middle of 2016 , the song had sold 1.6 million copies in the U.S. On the chart dated 7 May 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' spent its 23rd consecutive week in the Hot 100 's top ten , breaking the record for the most consecutive weeks logged in the top 10 from a song 's debut , previously set by Nicki Minaj 's `` Starships '' , Maroon 5 's `` Sugar '' and Bieber 's both `` What Do You Mean ? '' and `` Sorry '' . It has since been passed by The Chainsmokers 's `` Closer '' ( 2016 -- 2017 ) , which spent 32 weeks in the top 10 . Additionally , the song spent an eleventh week at the top of the Radio Songs chart . Additionally , on the chart dated 14 May 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' became Bieber 's first chart - topper on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song was the most - played song in the United States in 2016 , with nearly 4 billion audience impressions .",
"During 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' sold 1.8 million copies in the US , thus being listed seventh on the best - selling songs of the year list . Overall , it has sold 2.7 million copies in the country .",
"`` Love Yourself '' finished at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Year - End of 2016 released in December 2016 , becoming Bieber 's highest charting song on Hot 100 Year - End to date , surpassing `` Boyfriend '' on the Hot 100 Year - End of 2012 . This made him the youngest artist to date to receive a No. 1 single on a Hot 100 Year - End chart in Billboard 's history .",
"In the United Kingdom , `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart on 19 November 2015 , after the release of Purpose . The following week , it rose to number two before replacing `` Sorry '' at the top of the chart on 4 December 2015 . Bieber is the first artist to replace themselves at the chart 's summit since Elvis Presley in 2005 . `` Love Yourself '' marked Bieber 's third consecutive chart - topping song in Britain . The following week , the song stayed at the top of the chart with 114,000 combined sales and `` Sorry '' stayed at number two , which made Bieber the first artist ever to knock himself off the top spot with both songs holding at one and 2 for two consecutive weeks . `` Love Yourself '' and `` Sorry '' remained at the same place the next week , which made Bieber the first artist ever to log four weeks at numbers one and 2 consecutively , breaking the record previously held by The Beatles , who logged three consecutive weeks at numbers one and 2 in 1967 -- 68 . `` Love Yourself '' was beaten to the top by NHS Choir 's `` A Bridge Over You '' charity single by nearly 31,000 chart sales . However , the single rose to the number - one spot the next week , logging a fourth week at the summit and claiming the first number - one song of 2016 . The following week , it remained at number one , making Bieber the first artist on the UK Singles Chart to occupy the top three spots on the chart at the same time with `` Sorry '' at number two and `` What Do You Mean ? '' climbing one place to three . `` Love Yourself '' spent six non-consecutive weeks at number one . On 4 January 2016 , the Official Charts Company announced that ' Love Yourself ' has earned 719,000 combined sales .",
"In Australia , `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number three on the ARIA Singles Chart , after the release of Purpose , giving Bieber his fifth top - three single in the country . That week the singer had three songs inside the top ten : `` Sorry '' ( 2 ) , `` Love Yourself '' ( 3 ) and `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( 7 ) . Two weeks later , `` Love Yourself '' was the most streamed track in the country and rose to number two , also it earned a gold certification for sales of over 35,000 copies . In its fourth week , the song ascended from two to one , dethroning Adele 's `` Hello '' and earning a platinum certification for sales of over 70,000 copies . With that , Bieber became the only act to have two number - one songs in 2015 following previous single `` What Do You Mean ? '' , which topped the chart during four consecutive weeks in September . The song stayed at the top of the chart the following two weeks . On its third week at number one , Bieber 's ' Sorry ' and `` What Do You Mean ? '' were at number two and eight , respectively . With that , Bieber became the first act to dominate the top two positions since Macklemore & Ryan Lewis did in 2013 with `` Same Love '' and `` Thrift Shop '' . He also was the first act to have three singles inside the chart 's top ten since 2012 . The song was the first number - one song of 2016 and has spent seven consecutive weeks at number one , which places Bieber at number 8 on the list for the most accumulated weeks ( 11 ) at number one in the 2010s . Also , it is his longest - running number - one single in Australia . `` Love Yourself '' also topped the charts in Sweden , Ireland , New Zealand , Netherlands and Denmark .",
"The song 's music video was released on YouTube on November 14 , 2015 along with the other videos from `` Purpose : The Movement '' . The video starts with Bieber saying : `` Love is n't ' do this for me and I 'm going to do this for you . ' That 's not what love is . Love is just ' I 'm gon na do this for you because I wan na do this for you . ' '' Later , the video features husband and wife dancers Keone and Mari Madrid dancing their way through their house . They are later seen dancing on their phone screens . The video ends when the wife wakes up and finds a note on her husband 's pillow saying , `` Love Yourself '' .",
"As of February 2018 , the music video has received over 1.3 billion views on YouTube .",
"Bieber first performed `` Love Yourself '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show during ' Purpose ' week release . On November 18 , 2015 , the song was also performed on The Today Show along with other tracks from the album . Bieber also added the song to the set list of his show on Capital FM 's Jingle Bell Ball 2015 . He performed the song at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards . The singer performed an acoustic version of the track with James Bay on the guitar before performing `` Sorry '' during the 2016 Brit Awards . He also performed an acoustic version of the song during the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards before proceeding to a full performance of `` Company '' . `` Love Yourself '' is also part of the set list of his Purpose World Tour . The performance has Bieber on acoustic guitar while seated on a red velvet couch down center stage . He performed the song at Radio Disney Music Awards during a special pocket show for fans , previously recorded . On June 4 , 2017 , Bieber performed `` Love Yourself '' at the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing .",
"Canadian singer Alessia Cara posted a video covering of the song on her YouTube channel on November 14 , 2015 . English singer Conor Maynard also posted a video covering the song on his YouTube channel on November 17 , 2015 . American singer Halsey also performed a cover version for Triple J 's Like a Version studio in Australia on February 4 , 2016 . Her version garnered attention since she replaced `` love yourself '' with `` fuck yourself . '' British singers Yo Preston and Kelly Kiara teamed up to write a reply to the song , with the version being called `` Love Yourself vs F * ck Yourself . '' In their version , Kiara responds to Bieber 's lyrics taking about the boy 's cheating habits and overwhelming jealousy . Their version charted on the ARIA Charts , reaching the top - twenty , peaking at number 16 .",
"The song was also covered by American pop punk band Grayscale for Punk Goes Pop Vol. 7 , a compilation album of covers , which was released by Fearless Records on July 14 , 2017 .",
"Recorded at Record Plant , Los Angeles Mixed at Henson Recording Studios",
"Recorded at Record Plant , Los Angeles",
"Mixed at Henson Recording Studios",
"Ed Sheeran -- co written for the song . Benny Blanco -- writing , production , instrumentation , programming . Justin Bieber -- writing , vocals . Philip Beaudreau -- trumpet . Chris `` Anger Management '' Sclafani -- engineering . Simon Cohen -- engineering . Josh Gudwin -- engineering , mixing . Chris `` Tek '' O'Ryan -- additional engineering . Henrique Andrade -- additional engineering . Derrick Stockwell -- mixing assistant . Andrew `` McMuffin '' Luftman -- production coordinator . Seif `` Mageef '' Hussain -- production coordinator .",
"Ed Sheeran -- co written for the song . Benny Blanco -- writing , production , instrumentation , programming . Justin Bieber -- writing , vocals . Philip Beaudreau -- trumpet . Chris `` Anger Management '' Sclafani -- engineering . Simon Cohen -- engineering . Josh Gudwin -- engineering , mixing . Chris `` Tek '' O'Ryan -- additional engineering . Henrique Andrade -- additional engineering . Derrick Stockwell -- mixing assistant . Andrew `` McMuffin '' Luftman -- production coordinator . Seif `` Mageef '' Hussain -- production coordinator .",
"Ed Sheeran -- co written for the song . Benny Blanco -- writing , production , instrumentation , programming . Justin Bieber -- writing , vocals . Philip Beaudreau -- trumpet . Chris `` Anger Management '' Sclafani -- engineering . Simon Cohen -- engineering .",
"Ed Sheeran -- co written for the song .",
"Benny Blanco -- writing , production , instrumentation , programming .",
"Justin Bieber -- writing , vocals .",
"Philip Beaudreau -- trumpet .",
"Chris `` Anger Management '' Sclafani -- engineering .",
"Simon Cohen -- engineering .",
"Josh Gudwin -- engineering , mixing . Chris `` Tek '' O'Ryan -- additional engineering . Henrique Andrade -- additional engineering . Derrick Stockwell -- mixing assistant . Andrew `` McMuffin '' Luftman -- production coordinator . Seif `` Mageef '' Hussain -- production coordinator .",
"Josh Gudwin -- engineering , mixing .",
"Chris `` Tek '' O'Ryan -- additional engineering .",
"Henrique Andrade -- additional engineering .",
"Derrick Stockwell -- mixing assistant .",
"Andrew `` McMuffin '' Luftman -- production coordinator .",
"Seif `` Mageef '' Hussain -- production coordinator .",
"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Purpose , Def Jam Recordings .",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Ecuador ( National - Report ) 13 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 75 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea Chart ( Gaon ) 57 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 98 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 39 Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 21 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) France 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 23 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Ecuador ( National - Report ) 13 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 75 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea Chart ( Gaon ) 57 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 98 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 39 Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 21 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) France 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 23 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )",
"Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Ecuador ( National - Report ) 13 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 75 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea Chart ( Gaon ) 57 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard )",
"Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position",
"Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10",
"Australia ( ARIA )",
"Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 )",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia )",
"Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 )",
"Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 )",
"Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 )",
"Denmark ( Tracklisten )",
"Ecuador ( National - Report ) 13",
"Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7",
"France ( SNEP )",
"Germany ( Official German Charts )",
"Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6",
"Iceland ( RÚV )",
"Ireland ( IRMA )",
"Israel ( Media Forest )",
"Italy ( FIMI ) 10",
"Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 75",
"Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 )",
"Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 )",
"Netherlands ( Single Top 100 )",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )",
"Norway ( VG - lista )",
"Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 )",
"Portugal ( AFP )",
"Romania ( Media Forest )",
"Scotland ( Official Charts Company )",
"Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 )",
"Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 )",
"Slovenia ( SloTop50 )",
"South Africa ( EMA )",
"South Korea Chart ( Gaon ) 57",
"Spain ( PROMUSICAE )",
"Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )",
"US Billboard Hot 100",
"US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard )",
"US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard )",
"US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard )",
"US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )",
"US Rhythmic ( Billboard )",
"Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 98 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24",
"Chart ( 2015 ) Position",
"Australia ( ARIA ) 25",
"Germany ( Official German Charts ) 98",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24",
"Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 39 Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 21 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) France 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 23 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )",
"Chart ( 2016 ) Position",
"Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 39",
"Australia ( ARIA ) 10",
"Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13",
"Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 15",
"Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 21",
"Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 )",
"Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 )",
"Denmark ( Tracklisten )",
"France 13",
"Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12",
"Israel ( Media Forest ) 6",
"Italy ( FIMI ) 18",
"Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )",
"Poland ( ZPAV ) 23",
"Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 10",
"Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 12",
"Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8",
"US Billboard Hot 100",
"US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard )",
"US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7",
"US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 7 × Platinum 560,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 240,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 4 × Platinum + Gold 270,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 75,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 3 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 9 × Platinum 360,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 2,845,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales",
"Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000",
"Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000",
"Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000",
"Canada ( Music Canada ) 7 × Platinum 560,000",
"Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 240,000",
"Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000",
"Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000",
"Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 4 × Platinum + Gold 270,000",
"New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 75,000",
"Poland ( ZPAV ) 3 × Platinum 60,000",
"Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000",
"Sweden ( GLF ) 9 × Platinum 360,000",
"United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000",
"United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 2,845,000",
"sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone",
"sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone",
"Country Date Format Label Ref . Various November 9 , 2015 Digital download Def Jam Italy April 15 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal",
"Country Date Format Label Ref .",
"Various November 9 , 2015 Digital download Def Jam",
"Italy April 15 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal"
] | Love Yourself - wikipedia Love Yourself For other uses, see Love Yourself (disambiguation) . `` Love Yourself'' Single by Justin Bieber from the album Purpose Released November 8, 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Studio Record Plant ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Acoustic pop Length 3 : 53 Label Def Jam Songwriter(s) Ed Sheeran Benny Blanco Justin Bieber Producer(s) Benny Blanco Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Sorry '' (2015) `` Love Yourself '' (2015) `` Company '' (2016) `` Sorry '' (2015) `` Love Yourself '' (2015) `` Company '' (2016) Music video `` Love Yourself'' on YouTube `` Love Yourself '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose (2015). The song was released first as a promotional single on November 8, 2015, and later was released as the album's third single. It was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Bieber, and produced by Blanco. An acoustic pop song, `` Love Yourself'' features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation. During the song, Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers. Lyrically, the song is a kiss-off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong. On the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart , the song became Bieber's third consecutive number-one, where in the United States it spent 24 non-consecutive weeks in the top ten (later named the best-performing single of 2016 ) and was also Bieber's first number one on the Adult Contemporary chart, while in the United Kingdom it spent six weeks at the top. `` Love Yourself'' topped the charts in fifteen countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Sweden. `` Love Yourself'' was nominated for two Grammy Awards : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . It was the seventh-best-selling song of 2016 in the US. The music video for the song was released along with the Purpose: The Movement project on November 14, 2015. It features a couple doing an interpretive dance in their house. Bieber promoted the song with performances on TV shows, as well as awards shows throughout 2015-- 16, while adding it on the set list of his Purpose World Tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 4.1 United States 4.2 United Kingdom 4.3 Australia 5 Music video 5.1 Purpose: The Movement 6 Live performances and covers 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year-end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References Background and release ( edit ) Ed Sheeran (pictured) initially wrote `` Love Yourself'' for his album ÷ before giving it to Bieber. On September 29, 2015, Justin Bieber announced in an interview with Australia's Sunrise morning show that British singer and songwriter Ed Sheeran had written a song for his then-upcoming album. Later, during an interview for Capital FM , Bieber revealed details about the song, saying: `` It's just me and a guitar. Basically that's how I started, playing on the street with a guitar.'' About Sheeran, he said: `` I think he's one of the most talented writers in the game right now, so just to have his input and his stories and our stories and match them up together and say ' What have you been through?,' and telling the same story.'' In another interview for the same radio network, he commented about the collaboration, stating: `` It was a process. Just getting us together, you know, in the same room cause we did a lot of it separate. He is a good guy, super talented. Really good songwriter so just to be able to work with that calibre of songwriter was really, really awesome.'' In 2017, Sheeran revealed that `` Love Yourself'' was written for his album ÷ . He said in an interview that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song. On November 9, 2015 `` Love Yourself'' premiered on Beats 1 along with `` The Feeling'' . The song was also made available on iTunes in the same day as a promotional single of Purpose , and later it was announced as the album's official third radio single. When talking to Ryan Seacrest , Bieber said `` Love Yourself'' is `` definitely about someone in my past, someone who I don't want to put on blast,'' he described the song as `` cool because so many people can resonate with that because how many women do we bring back that mom doesn't really necessarily like?.'' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Love Yourself'' A 23-second sample of `` Love Yourself'' 's chorus , which Bieber described as relatable and `` cool'' . Problems playing this file? See media help . `` Love Yourself'' was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Justin Bieber , with production being done by Benny Blanco , who was also responsible for the song's instrumentation and programming. It features background vocals by Sheeran. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing , the song is composed in the key of E major with a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute and a time signature of . Bieber's vocals range from the note of B to B. It is an acoustic pop song, featuring just vocals, an electric guitar , and a brief flurry of trumpets , which was considered `` the most subdued and least electronic of Bieber's new tracks.'' Lyrically, `` Love Yourself'' is a kiss-off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong, with Bieber singing in a snappy and spiteful tone while `` hating on a girl for loving herself too much.'' In the pre-chorus, he sings with a husky tone in the lower registers: `` My mama don't like you, and she likes everyone,'' `` in a style that molds well to Sheeran's ,'' according to Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos. `` And I (never) like to admit that I was wrong. And I've been so caught up in my job, didn't see what's going on, and now I know, I'm better sleeping on my own,'' he continues. In the chorus, Bieber sings, `` Cause if you like the way you look that much, oh baby you should go and love yourself,'' which according to Digital Spy 's Amy Davidson, `` ' love yourself' means ' go f**k yourself' in this context.'' On March 7, 2017, composer Ed Sheeran stated on the Howard Stern Show that he had Rihanna in mind for the song at first, and the original lyric was indeed `` fuck yourself'' . In the song's bridge, Bieber uses a `` brass-and-vocalese '' style. Critical reception ( edit ) Andrew Unterberger of Spin called it `` an earth-salting, cruelly chuckling kiss-off track, it features an unprecedented-for-Bieber caliber of lyrical detail, and its minimal arrangement allows every lyrical barb to pop like one of the song's palm-mutes. For such sour grapes, though, ' Love Yourself' still sounds exultant; one of many reminders this year that for all his insistence on being a good person, Bieber may ultimately be best served as a Top 40 heel.'' Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly complimented the track as one of her favourites from the album, naming it `` the world's first campfire-folk diss track .'' Amy Davidson of Digital Spy agreed, calling it a ' deliciously evil poison-pen ballad' . Sheldon Pearce of Complex praised `` Sorry '' and `` Love Yourself'' for `` display(ing) the best of Bieber in tandem: the full scope of his pop stylings-- blue-eyed soul fleshing out both electronic and acoustic spaces.'' Kenneth Partridge of Billboard wrote that Bieber `` overplay(s) his renewed spirituality ... mak(ing) like John Mayer doing Sam Smith ,'' citing the track as an example. Josh Gonzalez of Music Times thought the song was `` a cool change of pace and nod musically to his 2014 duet with Cody Simpson ' Home to Mama ' ,'' adding: `` Bieber is a great vocalist and does well on acoustic tracks.'' For Consequence of Sound editor Janine Schaults, `` all the credit goes to Sheeran 's cherubic magic powers. Refreshingly, just a guitar and a lonely trumpet interlude accompany Bieber's coy delivery.'' Michelles Geslani of the same publication opined that the track `` sounds exactly what you'd expect from a meeting of these two minds,'' considering it `` ' Thinking Out Loud ' crossed with low-key, lovelorn Bieber.'' Kitty Empire, writing for The Observer , aprecciated the song for `` strip(ping) everything back very effectively to a guitar line and a vocal.'' Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club was mixed, noting that `` despite being a nicely deadpan kiss-off to a snobby ex, is generic acoustic-pop.'' In a less favorable review, Pitchfork 's Brad Nelson wrote that, lyrically, `` it's needlessly mean, neither funny nor clever, and it doesn't do much to justify the severity of its perspective.'' Al Horner of NME noted that the song is `` more traditionally Bieber, and (its) big pop hook (is) out of place amidst the forward-thinking electronic scuttle.'' Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine called the lyrics `` unintentionally hilarious.'' Alex Macpherson of The National called it `` a cloying Ed Sheeran collaboration.'' Billboard ranked `` Love Yourself'' at number 34 on their `` 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016'' list. Chart performance ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Bieber became the first male artist since Justin Timberlake (pictured) in 2006 to achieve three number-ones in the US from an album. In the United States, the song debuted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving Bieber his ninth top ten song and his third consecutive top ten debut from Purpose . It also debuted at number two and four on the Digital Songs and Streaming Songs charts, respectively, with 141,000 downloads and 17.4 million streams. The following week, it descended to number seven on the Hot 100. Two weeks later, it ascended from seven to five on the Hot 100, meanwhile Bieber's `` Sorry '' and `` What Do You Mean? '' were at number two and four, respectively. Thus, as he did three weeks prior when `` Love Yourself'' debuted at number four, Bieber had three concurrent songs in the Hot 100's top five, becoming the third act to achieve it since 50 Cent in 2005. Bieber and The Beatles are the only acts to earn the honor as a lead artist on all three songs. On the chart dated February 6, 2016, `` Love Yourself'' ascended from three to two on the Hot 100, meanwhile Bieber's `` Sorry'' was at number one. With the feat, Bieber became the 17th act in the Hot 100's history to rank at numbers one and 2 simultaneously. He was also the 11th act to hold the Hot 100's top two as a lead artist on both songs. The following week, `` Love Yourself'' replaced `` Sorry'' at number one, becoming his third consecutive number-one single. Thus, Bieber was the 12th artist to succeed himself in the Hot 100's 57-year history; the last artist before Bieber was The Weeknd , who is also from Canada. Additionally, Bieber's Purpose became the first album by a male artist to produce three number-one songs since Justin Timberlake 's FutureSex/LoveSounds did so in 2006-- 07. After being replaced at the top of the Hot 100 by Zayn 's debut single as a solo artist, `` Pillowtalk '' , for one week, it returned to the number one position the following date. Also, `` Love Yourself'' replaced `` Sorry'' at the top of the Radio Songs chart with 144 million weekly audience, becoming Bieber's second number-one song on the chart. However, the next week, `` Love Yourself'' was replaced at the top by Rihanna 's `` Work '' and descended to number two. By the middle of 2016, the song had sold 1.6 million copies in the U.S. On the chart dated 7 May 2016, `` Love Yourself'' spent its 23rd consecutive week in the Hot 100's top ten, breaking the record for the most consecutive weeks logged in the top 10 from a song's debut, previously set by Nicki Minaj 's `` Starships '' , Maroon 5 's `` Sugar '' and Bieber's both `` What Do You Mean?'' and `` Sorry'' . It has since been passed by The Chainsmokers 's `` Closer '' (2016-- 2017), which spent 32 weeks in the top 10. Additionally, the song spent an eleventh week at the top of the Radio Songs chart. Additionally, on the chart dated 14 May 2016, `` Love Yourself'' became Bieber's first chart-topper on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song was the most-played song in the United States in 2016, with nearly 4 billion audience impressions. During 2016, `` Love Yourself'' sold 1.8 million copies in the US, thus being listed seventh on the best-selling songs of the year list. Overall, it has sold 2.7 million copies in the country. `` Love Yourself'' finished at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Year-End of 2016 released in December 2016, becoming Bieber's highest charting song on Hot 100 Year-End to date, surpassing `` Boyfriend '' on the Hot 100 Year-End of 2012. This made him the youngest artist to date to receive a No. 1 single on a Hot 100 Year-End chart in Billboard's history. United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom, `` Love Yourself'' debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart on 19 November 2015, after the release of Purpose . The following week, it rose to number two before replacing `` Sorry '' at the top of the chart on 4 December 2015. Bieber is the first artist to replace themselves at the chart's summit since Elvis Presley in 2005. `` Love Yourself'' marked Bieber's third consecutive chart-topping song in Britain. The following week, the song stayed at the top of the chart with 114,000 combined sales and `` Sorry'' stayed at number two, which made Bieber the first artist ever to knock himself off the top spot with both songs holding at one and 2 for two consecutive weeks. `` Love Yourself'' and `` Sorry'' remained at the same place the next week, which made Bieber the first artist ever to log four weeks at numbers one and 2 consecutively, breaking the record previously held by The Beatles, who logged three consecutive weeks at numbers one and 2 in 1967-- 68. `` Love Yourself'' was beaten to the top by NHS Choir's `` A Bridge Over You '' charity single by nearly 31,000 chart sales. However, the single rose to the number-one spot the next week, logging a fourth week at the summit and claiming the first number-one song of 2016. The following week, it remained at number one, making Bieber the first artist on the UK Singles Chart to occupy the top three spots on the chart at the same time with `` Sorry'' at number two and `` What Do You Mean?'' climbing one place to three. `` Love Yourself'' spent six non-consecutive weeks at number one. On 4 January 2016, the Official Charts Company announced that ' Love Yourself' has earned 719,000 combined sales. Australia ( edit ) In Australia, `` Love Yourself'' debuted at number three on the ARIA Singles Chart , after the release of Purpose , giving Bieber his fifth top-three single in the country. That week the singer had three songs inside the top ten: `` Sorry'' (2), `` Love Yourself'' (3) and `` What Do You Mean?'' (7). Two weeks later, `` Love Yourself'' was the most streamed track in the country and rose to number two, also it earned a gold certification for sales of over 35,000 copies. In its fourth week, the song ascended from two to one, dethroning Adele 's `` Hello '' and earning a platinum certification for sales of over 70,000 copies. With that, Bieber became the only act to have two number-one songs in 2015 following previous single `` What Do You Mean?'' , which topped the chart during four consecutive weeks in September. The song stayed at the top of the chart the following two weeks. On its third week at number one, Bieber's ' Sorry' and `` What Do You Mean?'' were at number two and eight, respectively. With that, Bieber became the first act to dominate the top two positions since Macklemore & Ryan Lewis did in 2013 with `` Same Love '' and `` Thrift Shop '' . He also was the first act to have three singles inside the chart's top ten since 2012. The song was the first number-one song of 2016 and has spent seven consecutive weeks at number one, which places Bieber at number 8 on the list for the most accumulated weeks (11) at number one in the 2010s. Also, it is his longest-running number-one single in Australia. `` Love Yourself'' also topped the charts in Sweden, Ireland, New Zealand, Netherlands and Denmark. Music video ( edit ) Purpose: the Movement ( edit ) The song's music video was released on YouTube on November 14, 2015 along with the other videos from `` Purpose: The Movement'' . The video starts with Bieber saying: `` Love isn't ' do this for me and I'm going to do this for you.' That's not what love is. Love is just ' I'm gonna do this for you because I wanna do this for you.' '' Later, the video features husband and wife dancers Keone and Mari Madrid dancing their way through their house. They are later seen dancing on their phone screens. The video ends when the wife wakes up and finds a note on her husband's pillow saying, `` Love Yourself'' . As of February 2018, the music video has received over 1.3 billion views on YouTube . Live performances and covers ( edit ) Bieber during his show at 2016 Brit Awards Bieber first performed `` Love Yourself'' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show during ' Purpose' week release. On November 18, 2015, the song was also performed on The Today Show along with other tracks from the album. Bieber also added the song to the set list of his show on Capital FM 's Jingle Bell Ball 2015 . He performed the song at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards . The singer performed an acoustic version of the track with James Bay on the guitar before performing `` Sorry'' during the 2016 Brit Awards . He also performed an acoustic version of the song during the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards before proceeding to a full performance of `` Company '' . `` Love Yourself'' is also part of the set list of his Purpose World Tour . The performance has Bieber on acoustic guitar while seated on a red velvet couch down center stage. He performed the song at Radio Disney Music Awards during a special pocket show for fans, previously recorded. On June 4, 2017, Bieber performed `` Love Yourself'' at the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . Canadian singer Alessia Cara posted a video covering of the song on her YouTube channel on November 14, 2015. English singer Conor Maynard also posted a video covering the song on his YouTube channel on November 17, 2015. American singer Halsey also performed a cover version for Triple J 's Like a Version studio in Australia on February 4, 2016. Her version garnered attention since she replaced `` love yourself'' with `` fuck yourself.'' British singers Yo Preston and Kelly Kiara teamed up to write a reply to the song, with the version being called `` Love Yourself vs F*ck Yourself.'' In their version, Kiara responds to Bieber's lyrics taking about the boy's cheating habits and overwhelming jealousy. Their version charted on the ARIA Charts , reaching the top-twenty, peaking at number 16. The song was also covered by American pop punk band Grayscale for Punk Goes Pop Vol. 7 , a compilation album of covers, which was released by Fearless Records on July 14, 2017. Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Record Plant, Los Angeles Mixed at Henson Recording Studios Personnel Ed Sheeran -- co written for the song. Benny Blanco -- writing, production, instrumentation, programming. Justin Bieber -- writing, vocals. Philip Beaudreau -- trumpet. Chris `` Anger Management'' Sclafani -- engineering. Simon Cohen -- engineering. Josh Gudwin -- engineering, mixing. Chris `` Tek'' O'Ryan -- additional engineering. Henrique Andrade -- additional engineering. Derrick Stockwell -- mixing assistant. Andrew `` McMuffin'' Luftman -- production coordinator. Seif `` Mageef'' Hussain -- production coordinator. Credits adapted from the liner notes of Purpose , Def Jam Recordings . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (2015-- 16) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Ecuador ( National-Report ) 13 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 75 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG-lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Scotland (Official Charts Company) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea Chart ( Gaon ) 57 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles (Official Charts Company) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance/Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (2015) Position Australia (ARIA) 25 Germany (Official German Charts) 98 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 24 Chart (2016) Position Argentina (Monitor Latino) 39 Australia (ARIA) 10 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 13 Belgium (Ultratop Flanders) 15 Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia) 21 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada (Canadian Hot 100) Denmark (Tracklisten) France 13 Germany (Official German Charts) 12 Israel (Media Forest) 6 Italy (FIMI) 18 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 7 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) Poland (ZPAV) 23 Slovenia (SloTop50) 10 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 12 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 10 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 9 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6× Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2× Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 7× Platinum 560,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4× Platinum 240,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3× Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5× Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 4× Platinum+Gold 270,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5× Platinum 75,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 3× Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3× Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 9× Platinum 360,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3× Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6× Platinum 2,845,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref. Various November 9, 2015 Digital download Def Jam Italy April 15, 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2016 List of number-one singles of 2015 (Australia) List of number-one singles of 2016 (Australia) List of Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles of 2016 List of number-one singles of 2016 (South Africa) List of number-one international songs of 2016 (South Korea) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Spanos, Brittany (November 9, 2015). `` Hear Justin Bieber's Ed Sheeran-Penned Song, ' Love Yourself ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ Adelle Platon (November 9, 2015). `` Justin Bieber Shares Ed Sheeran-penned Tune ' Love Yourself,' Announces L.A. Gig'' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Best-Selling Singles of 2016'' . Yahoo! Music . December 19, 2016 . Retrieved December 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Wrote Song for Justin Bieber's New Album, but Not One Direction's '' . ABC News Radio . October 1, 2015 . Retrieved May 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE: Justin Bieber Tells Us ALL About His Ed Sheeran Song. We've Got ACTUAL Chills!'' . Capital FM . October 23, 2015 . Retrieved May 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ Garibaldi, Christina (October 23, 2015). `` Justin Bieber's Song With Ed Sheeran Is One of His ' Favorites' Off Purpose -- MTV'' . MTV News . Retrieved May 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH: Justin Bieber Reveals He Wants To Perform ' Love Yourself' Live With Ed Sheeran'' . Capital FM. November 19, 2015 . Retrieved May 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reveals ' Love Yourself' Was Originally Written For His New Album ' Divide ' '' . Billboard . January 9, 2017 . Retrieved January 24, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Thompson, Eliza (November 9, 2015). `` Listen to Justin Bieber's New Song, Cowritten by Ed Sheeran'' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved November 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (December 17, 2015). `` Adele's ' Hello' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week, Selena Gomez Goes Top 10'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Inocencio, Marc (November 13, 2015). `` Justin Bieber on Finally Releasing ' Purpose,' Explains Story Behind ' Love Yourself ' '' . Archived from the original on December 22, 2015 . Retrieved November 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- `` Love Yourself'' -- Digital Sheet Music`` . Musicnotes.com. Sony/ATV Music Publishing . MN0157475 . Retrieved May 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber ' Purpose' Album Review, Track-by-Track'' . Universal Music Canada. November 13, 2015 . Retrieved May 23, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Unterberger, Andrew (November 16, 2015). `` Review: Sorry Seems to Be the Easiest Word for Justin Bieber on ' Purpose ' '' . Spin . Retrieved May 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Davidson, Amy (November 10, 2016). `` Justin Bieber has premiered his Ed Sheeran collaboration ' Love Yourself ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 23, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Pearce, Sheldon (November 16, 2015). `` Review: Justin Bieber's New Album Will Almost Make You Forgive Him for His Troubled Past'' . Complex . Retrieved January 31, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Lewis, Casey (November 13, 2015). `` Purpose Is the Comeback Album Justin Bieber Needed'' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved January 31, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Davidson, Amy (November 12, 2015). `` Justin Bieber Purpose review: Track-by-track with his best album yet'' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reveals Original NSFW ' Love Yourself' Lyric He Wrote for Rihanna, Not Justin Bieber'' . Howard Stern . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: C. Mac, Sam (November 16, 2015). `` Justin Bieber: Purpose Album Review Slant Magazine'' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved January 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt, Leah (November 11, 2015). `` From Boys to Men: EW reviews Justin Bieber and One Direction's new albums'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14, 2015 . Jump up ^ Partridge, Kenneth (November 13, 2015). `` Justin Bieber Proves His Growth on ' Purpose' Review'' . Billboard . Retrieved November 17, 2015 . Jump up ^ Music Times Staff (November 16, 2015). `` Justin Bieber ' Purpose' Album Review: Junk Mail'' . Musc Times . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaults, Janine (November 18, 2015). `` Justin Bieber -- Purpose'' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved February 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Geslani, Michelle (November 9, 2015). `` Justin Bieber premieres two new songs `` The Feeling'' and `` Love Yourself'' -- listen`` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved March 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Empire, Kitty (November 15, 2015). `` Justin Bieber: Purpose review -- a grown-up sorry. Sort of'' . The Observer . The Guardian . Retrieved February 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Zaleski, Annie (November 13, 2015). `` Justin Bieber's comeback narrative has a few plot holes'' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson, Brad (November 17, 2015). `` Justin Bieber: Purpose Album Reviews Pitchfork'' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved January 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ Horner, Al (November 12, 2015). `` NME Reviews -- Justin Bieber -- ' Purpose' NME.COM'' . NME . Retrieved November 14, 2015 . Jump up ^ Macpherson, Alex (November 26, 2015). `` Album review: Does ' Purpose' establish Justin Bieber as now cool?'' . The National . Retrieved February 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016: Critics' Picks'' . Billboard. December 12, 2016 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (23 November 2015). `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week; Justin Bieber, Alessia Cara Hit Top 10'' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (30 November 2015). `` Adele's ' Hello' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week'' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (14 December 2015). `` Adele Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust (January 25, 2016). `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100, The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10'' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (February 1, 2016). `` Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (February 16, 2016). `` Justin Bieber Retakes No. 1 Spot From Zayn on Hot 100'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (February 22, 2016). `` Rihanna & Drake Rise to No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Work'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Nielsen Music Mid-Year Report'' (PDF) . Nielsen 2016 Mid Year Report . July 20, 2016 . Retrieved July 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (January 17, 2017). `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust (April 18, 2016). `` Desiigner's ' Panda' Claws to No. 1 on Hot 100, Bringing Americans Back to the Top'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (May 2, 2016). `` JJustin Bieber Earns First Adult Contemporary No. 1 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Hugh McIntyre (January 6, 2017). `` Justin Bieber's ' Love Yourself' Owned Radio in 2016, Ends The Year at No. 1'' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Year-End -- 2016'' . Billboard . December 8, 2016 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (4 December 2015). `` Justin Bieber replaces himself at the top of the Official Singles Chart with Love Yourself'' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (11 December 2015). `` Justin Bieber extends his record breaking reign over the Official Singles Chart'' . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (18 December 2015). `` Justin Bieber sets a new Official Singles Chart record'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (25 December 2015). `` NHS Choir defeat Justin Bieber to secure the UK's Official Christmas Number 1 2015'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (1 January 2016). `` Justin Bieber's Love Yourself is the first Number 1 single of 2016'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber sets UK singles chart record'' . BBC News . 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers, Justin (15 January 2016). `` JJustin Bieber's Love Yourself scores sixth week at Number 1'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Copsey, Rob (January 4, 2016). `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin, Ryan (19 November 2015). `` Justin Bieber tops the ARIA Albums chart with ' Purpose ' '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin, Ryan (9 December 2015). `` Adele reigns supreme for sixth week in a row'' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Gavin, Ryan (12 December 2015). `` Justin Bieber snatches back No. 1 spot'' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin, Ryan (26 December 2015). `` Justin Bieber hits three weeks at No. 1 with ' Love Yourself ' '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin, Ryan (2 January 2016). `` Justin Bieber holds the first No. 1 for 2016'' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin, Ryan (23 January 2016). `` Justin Bieber holds onto No. 1 with ' Love Yourself ' '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Ranking of Justin Bieber's New Music Videos'' . Beautycon. November 21, 2015. Archived from the original on June 5, 2016 . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodulfo, Kristina (November 16, 2015). `` Who Is the Incredible Dancing Couple in Justin Bieber's `` Love Yourself'' Music Video?`` . Elle . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . JustinBieberVEVO. YouTube . November 14, 2015 . Retrieved September 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now: A Full Recap of #BieberWeek So Far on Ellen'' . Universal Music Canada . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Norwin, Alyssa (November 18, 2015). `` Justin Bieber Rocks The Plaza With Hits From ' Purpose' : Epic ' Today' Show Concert'' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We're ALL Beliebers Now! Justin Bieber Closes Our #CapitalJBB with an INCREDIBLE Live Show!'' . Capital FM . December 6, 2015 . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bayber! How James Bay ended up playing with Justin Bieber'' . BBC . February 25, 2016 . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard Staff (April 3, 2016). `` Justin Bieber Performs ' Love Yourself' & ' Company' at the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Awards'' . Billboard . Retrieved March 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc (March 10, 2016). `` The 10 wildest moments from Justin Bieber's Purpose tour kick-off'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Surprised the Radio Disney Music Awards With an Acoustic Performance of `` Love Yourself '' `` . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Iasimone, Ashley (June 4, 2017). `` One Love Manchester: Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With ' Be Alright,' Joins Black Eyed Peas for ' Where Is the Love? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Polanco, Luis (November 16, 2015). `` Watch Alessia Cara Cover Justin Bieber's ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself (Conor Maynard version)'' . YouTube . November 17, 2015 . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitz-Gerald, Sean (February 5, 2016). `` Halsey Tweaked Justin Bieber's ' Love Yourself,' and Then Covered the Hell Out of It'' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey, Alyssa (February 5, 2016). `` Halsey Sings Bieber's `` Love Yourself'' Even Better Than Bieber`` . Elle . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood, Kendall (March 9, 2016). `` This Cover of Bieber's ' Love Yourself' Tells The Other Side of the Story'' . Elite Daily . Retrieved May 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-chart.com -- Yo Preston feat. Kelly Kiara -- Love Yourself vs. Fuck Yourself'' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Purpose (inlay cover). Justin Bieber. Def Jam Recordings. 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino > Top 20 Oficial Del 25 al 31 de Julio, 2016 (Argentina)'' . Archived from the original on August 1, 2016 . Retrieved September 12, 2016 ... MonitorLatino.com Retrieved 2016-07-24 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' (in French). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI'' (in Czech). Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201610 into search . Retrieved March 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI'' (in Czech). Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 20161 into search . Retrieved January 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . Tracklisten . Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Ecuador'' (in Spanish). National-Report . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber: Love Yourself'' (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' (in French). Les classement single . Retrieved February 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Justin Bieber Single-Chartverfolgung'' (in German). Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved January 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ'' (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History'' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track: Week 50, 2015'' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest . Retrieved January 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved February 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History (Japan Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Justin Bieber'' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . January 24, 2016 . Retrieved October 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Bieber'' (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved November 24, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 5, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . VG-lista . Retrieved November 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video'' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` (SEMANA 6) Top nacional da semana -- Section `` Top Nacional de Singles '' `` . Retrieved February 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart'' . Media Forest . May 30, 2016 . Retrieved October 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5, 2015. Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI'' (in Slovak). Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 20169 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI'' (in Slovak). Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 20168 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50: Slovenian official singles weekly chart'' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay: Week Ending 2016-02-23'' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved February 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 21, 2016'' (in Korean). Gaon . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved February 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History (Adult Contemporary)'' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved March 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History (Dance Mix/Show Airplay)'' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History (Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved February 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History (Rhythmic)'' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2015'' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts'' . GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved January 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016'' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22, 2017 . Retrieved August 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016'' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single-Charts 2016'' . oe3.orf.at. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016 . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016'' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016'' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016'' . Billboard Brasil (in Portuguese). January 4, 2017 . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top-100, 2016'' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top singles 2016'' . Pure Charts (in French). chartinfrance.net . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016'' . GfK Entertainment (in German). viva.tv . Retrieved January 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli airplay yearly chart 2016'' . Media Forest . Retrieved January 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music'' 2016 FIMI-GfK: La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali'' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year-end chart PDF documents ) (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2016'' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016'' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016'' (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50: Slovenian official year end singles chart'' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 Canciones Anual 2016'' . promusicae.es. February 2, 2017 . Retrieved February 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016'' (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch'' . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017 . Retrieved January 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016'' . Official Charts Company . December 30, 2016 . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year-End 2016'' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs -- Year-End 2016'' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year-End 2016'' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year-End 2016'' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles'' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved May 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' (in German). IFPI Austria. Enter Justin Bieber in the field Interpret . Enter Love Yourself in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2016'' . Ultratop . Hung Medien. Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` Love Yourself '' `` . IFPI Denmark . September 12, 2017 . Retrieved September 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Justin Bieber; ' Love Yourself' )'' (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones'' (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved February 19, 2017 . Type Justin Bieber in the box under the ARTISTA column heading. Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications'' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved April 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart'' , enter 2016 in the field `` Year'' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana'' . Click on `` Search Charts'' Jump up ^ `` Guld- och Platinacertifikat'' (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden . Type Justin Bieber in the top right search bar. Click on `` Sok'' and select Love Yourself and see certification. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 28, 2016 . Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter Love Yourself in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself'' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Yourself -- Justin Bieber'' . JustinBieberMusic.com . Retrieved May 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` Love Yourself'' (Radio Date: 15/04/2015)`` . Radio Date . Retrieved May 20, 2015 . Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds: The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never: The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You (SuperFestive!) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You (Mother's Day Dedication) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` #thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' (remix) `` I'm the One '' `` 2U '' `` Hard 2 Face Reality '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You (SuperFestive!) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad? (Infinity Remix) '' Ed Sheeran Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums + x ÷ Extended plays Loose Change Songs I Wrote with Amy No. 5 Collaborations Project The Slumdon Bridge Box sets 5 Videography Jumpers for Goalposts: Live at Wembley Stadium Tours x Tour ÷ Tour Related articles Nizlopi `` A Different Way '' `` Cold Water '' `` Don't Let Me Be Yours '' `` Little Things '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Moments '' `` Strip That Down '' `` Your Song '' Billboard Year-End number one singles (2000-- 2019) 2000: `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001: `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002: `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003: `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004: `` Yeah! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005: `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006: `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007: `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008: `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T-Pain 2009: `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010: `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011: `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012: `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013: `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014: `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015: `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016: `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017: `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946-- 1959 ) ( 1960-- 1979 ) ( 1980-- 1999 ) ( 2000-- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Yourself&oldid=846514865 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles 2010s ballads Justin Bieber songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Benny Blanco Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco Pop ballads Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles Dutch Top 40 number-one singles Single Top 100 number-one singles Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Number-one singles in Australia Number-one singles in Denmark Number-one singles in New Zealand Number-one singles in Sweden South African Airplay Chart number-one singles UK Singles Chart number-one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one singles Diss tracks Def Jam Recordings singles Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português РусскийScotsTürkçeTiếngViệt中文6moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon19June2018,at07:08(UTC).TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -7125281759852296540 |
what is the long walk at windsor castle | Iver Heath home to Pinewood Film Studios | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Windsor Great Park is a Royal Park of 2,020 hectares ( 5,000 acres ) , including a deer park , to the south of the town of Windsor on the border of Berkshire and Surrey in England . The park was , for many centuries , the private hunting ground of Windsor Castle and dates primarily from the mid-13th century . Historically the park covered an area many times the size known as Windsor Forest , Windsor Royal Park or its current name . The park is managed and funded by the Crown Estate . Most parts of the park are open to the public , free of charge , from dawn to dusk , although there is a charge to enter Savill Garden .",
"The park is Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens .",
"The Great Park is a gently undulating area of varied landscape . It has sweeping deer lawns , small woods , coverts and areas covered by huge solitary ancient oak trees . There is a small river in the north of the park called the Battle Bourne running to the Thames near Datchet . The River Bourne runs through a number of ponds to the south . Chief amongst these are Great Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond , near the great lake of Virginia Water . The most prominent hill is Snow Hill and the avenue of trees known as the Long Walk runs between here and Windsor Castle . The area is accessed by a number of gates : Queen Anne 's Gate , Ranger 's Gate , Cranbourne Gate , Forest Gate , Sandpit Gate , Prince Consort 's Gate , Blacknest Gate , Bishop 's Gate and Bear 's Rails Gate and the original medieval park pale can still be seen in places . The main Sheet Street Road ( A332 ) into Windsor runs through the northeast of the park . On the western side of the park is The Village , built in the 1930s to house Royal estate workers . It has a village shop . Other buildings include the Royal Lodge , Cumberland Lodge , the Cranbourne Tower and Norfolk Farm . The park lies mostly within the civil parish of Old Windsor , though the eastern regions are in the Borough of Runnymede and there are small areas in the parishes of Winkfield and Sunninghill . Areas associated with or attached to the Great Park , but not officially within its borders include the Home Park , Mote Park , Flemish Farm , Cranbourne Chase , Forest Lodge and South Forest .",
"The modern enclosed deer park is at the northern end of the Great Park . It is home to a large herd of semi-wild deer , reflecting the original medieval purpose of the park .",
"The Long Walk runs south from Windsor Castle to the 1829 Copper Horse statue of King George III atop Snow Hill where there are impressive views of the castle . It is 2.65 miles ( 4.26 km ) from George IV Gateway at Windsor Castle to The Copper Horse . Other equestrian statues in the park include one of the Prince Consort , to the west of the polo grounds , and one of Queen Elizabeth II near the Village .",
"The Royal Lodge was built in the centre of the park as the Deputy Ranger 's house . It was made into a retreat for the Prince Regent from 1812 , but was largely pulled down after his death . The remains were renovated , in the 1930s , as a home for the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as George VI and Queen Elizabeth . It is now the official residence of the Prince Andrew , Duke of York and not accessible by the public .",
"The Royal Chapel of All Saints was built after the chapels of the Royal and Cumberland Lodges proved too small for growing numbers of household staff . The chapel was built in 1825 by Jeffry Wyattville and regularly used by George IV during the refurbishment of Windsor Castle . It was later remodelled in the Gothic Revival style by Samuel Sanders Teulon and Anthony Salvin . Queen Victoria often attended the chapel as did the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as George VI and Queen Elizabeth .",
"Other notable buildings in the park include Cumberland Lodge , built in 1652 during the Commonwealth . After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the Lodge quickly became the home of the Ranger of the Great Park , an office in the gift of the sovereign . Each Ranger made his -- or in one case , that of Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , her -- own mark on the features of the house and its surroundings .",
"Throughout her life Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor . Her daughter Princess Helena of the United Kingdom lived at the Lodge for over fifty years , presiding over elaborate re-building after a bad fire in 1869 and extensive alterations in 1912 . Lord FitzAlan , last British Viceroy of Ireland , was the last private person to be entrusted with the Lodge . It was in his time , in 1936 , that the Prime Minister , Stanley Baldwin , discussed the crisis over King Edward VIII 's desire to marry Wallis Simpson , talks which led to his abdication of the crown a few weeks later . In 1947 , the King made the Lodge available to the newly established St. Catharine 's Foundation , later known as the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Foundation of St Catharine 's . Today the organisation is simply known as Cumberland Lodge . Cumberland Lodge today is an educational charity dedicated to initiating fresh debate on the burning questions facing society . The grounds are not generally open to the public , but the house is continually holding conferences , open days and lectures .",
"The private Cranbourne Tower is easily viewed from surrounding paths . It is all that survives of Cranbourne Lodge , the residence of the Keeper of Cranbourne Chase . It is thought to date back to the 16th century .",
"In the south - east of the park , near Englefield Green , are the well - endowed Savill Garden and Valley Gardens which were designed and built by Eric Savill in the 1930s and 1940s . They include an extraordinary range of flowers and trees from around the world . Smith 's Lawn and Polo Grounds are also nearby . The gardens are open to visitors between 10 : 00 and 16 : 30 in the winter and 10 : 00 and 18 : 00 in the summer .",
"Virginia Water Lake , in the south of the park , is an artificially - created lake of around 1 km ( 0.4 sq mi ) dating from the 1740s . Among the lakeside features are the 30 - metre - high ( 100 ft ) high Canadian totem pole , carved by Mungo Martin , Henry Hunt , and Tony Hunt Sr. , commemorating the centenary of British Columbia and a collection of ornamental Roman ruins , transported from the site of Leptis Magna ( modern - day Al - Khums ) in 1816 and installed at Virginia Water in 1826 .",
"Beside a smaller lake , known as the Obelisk Pond , is the Obelisk memorial to the Duke of Cumberland . This is inscribed",
"`` This Obelisk raised by command of King George the Second commemorates the services of his son William Duke of Cumberland The success of his arms and the gratitude of his father This tablet was inscribed by His Majesty King William the Fourth . ''",
"`` This Obelisk raised by command of King George the Second commemorates the services of his son William Duke of Cumberland The success of his arms and the gratitude of his father This tablet was inscribed by His Majesty King William the Fourth . ''",
"commemorates the services of his son William Duke of Cumberland The success of his arms and the gratitude of his father This tablet was inscribed by His Majesty King William the Fourth .",
"It was originally inscribed `` Culloden '' but this was erased on Queen Victoria 's orders and replaced with `` Cumberland '' : `` Cumberland '' is inscribed within an inset in the masonry , the original surface having had `` Culloden '' .",
"Windsor Castle was begun in the 11th century by William the Conqueror as it afforded a good defensive point over the River Thames . A vast area of Windsor Forest to the south of the castle became reserved by the King for personal hunting and also to supply the castle with wood , deer , boar and fish . It was not until later that it became necessary to formally define this area . In 1129 , the first parker was appointed , and in 1240 , King Henry III officially set out the borders of the `` Park '' , a region many times larger than the current Great Park . The castle was a mere fortress at this time and , when hunting , King Henry would have been resident at the more comfortable manor house of Old Windsor ( what later became known as Manor Lodge ) . The title `` Parker '' exists today as `` Ranger of the Park '' , the current title - holder being Prince Philip . Kings Edward I and Edward III used the park for jousts and tournaments and the latter had his Royal stud there to supply horses for the Hundred Years ' War . The moat at Bear 's Rails contained the manor house of Wychamere , the home of William of Wykeham while he was building the castle . It was later used for bear - baiting .",
"Except for a brief period of privatisation by Oliver Cromwell implying subdivision to pay for the civil war , the area remained the personal property of the monarch until the reign of George III when control over all Crown lands was handed over to Parliament . Today the Park is owned and administered by the Crown Estate , a public body established by Act of Parliament in which the monarch and family members associated with its particular parts have non-executive , advisory roles .",
"By the 18th century , the food value of the parkland to Windsor had decreased in importance and the new Hanoverian monarchs preferred to build and garden the land rather than hunt in it . The Long Walk had been laid out by King Charles II and the planting of its trees completed by William of Orange in the 1680s , with double rows of elms which lasted until World War II , but the Georges extended it and built numerous features and monuments , such as the Copper Horse ( depicting George III ) and the Obelisk ( in honour of William , Duke of Cumberland ) . George III had a set of 2,000 - year - old Roman ruins imported from Libya and placed in the park .",
"Virginia Water was begun in 1746 by William , Duke of Cumberland who was then Ranger of the Park . Few details are recorded of the building of the lake ; however it has been suggested that prisoners of war from the recent Jacobite risings , who were incamped at the nearby Breakheart hill , were involved . The original lake was much smaller than the current form , and was destroyed in a flood in 1768 . In 1780 , Paul and Thomas Sandby began construction of a much larger lake at the site , and went on to add an artificial waterfall , Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond . The lake replaced a small stream of the same name which was probably named after Queen Elizabeth I , who was known as the `` Virgin Queen '' .",
"Queen Victoria was probably the greatest patron of the Park . Following the death of her beloved Albert , she largely withdrew from public life , retreating in part to the Park . At adjoining Frogmore she built a Royal Mausoleum for Albert . She was later buried there upon her own death , along with a number of other subsequent members of the royal family .",
"During the 19th and early 20th century , one of the main events for farmers near and far was the Christmas sale of stock from the Royal Windsor Estates . Held on the same week as the Smithfield Show , buyers came from all over the country to buy something from the monarch . The sale in 1850 was held on 17 December by Messrs Buckland & Sons of Windsor , and included Superior Fat Heifers for £ 20 each ; 10 fat ewes , fed by Prince Albert for 33 / 10 ; Fine Old Wether Sheep fed by His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch for 40 / 6 . The sale made a total of £ 226 . On 12 December 1894 , Messrs Buckland & Sons were proud to announce :",
"The Prince Consort 's Flemish Farm A Xmas sale of fat stock belonging to HM the Queen ON WEDNESDAY , DECEMBER 12 , 1894 At One o'Clock precisely Carriages will meet the Trains at both Windsor Stations",
"During the World Wars , the Smith 's Lawn area of the Park was used for housing troops . During the 1940s , much of the deer park was ploughed and farmed for food , which involved the felling of hundreds of ancient trees . Over 200 large bombs fell on the land , including several V - 2 rockets . During the 1948 Summer Olympics , the park was used as the road cycling venue . In the 1950s , the Park was gradually turned into the recreation area open to the public that it is today . This involved the re-planting of Savill Gardens ( which had been allowed to run wild during the war ) and the new Valley Gardens . In 1951 , a large wall for creeping plants was built at Savill using bricks from bombed - out London buildings . In 1958 , a Totem pole was installed nearby , a gift from British Columbia to the Queen .",
"In 1972 Ubi Dwyer organised the `` People 's Free Festival '' , the first of the Windsor Free Festivals in the Park , attended by 700 people . A co-organiser Sid Rawle claimed that Windsor Great Park has been common land until the 18th century , and inclosed ( made private ) by George III . Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh was reported to be `` furious '' . Ubi and his allies repeated the festival in 1973 with at least 1,400 in attendance . In 1973 , the Windsor Great Park regulations were introduced . In 1974 , 7,000 people turned up but it was violently broken up by police , who made 220 arrests and the festival was banned . Dwyer was jailed the next year for distributing leaflets to promote another festival and Rawle was given three months for reproducing parts of Ubi 's leaflets in the underground newspaper International Times .",
"A new visitor centre designed by Glenn Howells Architects and Buro Happold was opened in June 2006 , and was nominated for the 2007 Stirling Prize .",
"This section is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this section from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this section from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"If travelling by road with satellite navigation , use the address : Windsor Great Park , Windsor , SL4 2HT to enter via Rangers Gate , but bear in mind that access is strictly for authorised vehicles only . There are several other road , horse and foot entrances which may have a different post code , particularly the Long Walk entrance off the A308 , SL4 2HH , some 1.05 mi ( 1.7 km ) south of Windsor .",
"If walking from Windsor , follow the A332 road south from Windsor for 1.86 mi ( 3 km ) .",
"Access to some of the extensive `` private '' areas of the Great Park is available , on application , for an annual `` key rental '' fee of £ 20 ( 2011 price ) plus deposit . Contact the Crown Estate Office , The Great Park , Windsor , Berkshire , SL4 2HT .",
"Access to the park is governed by Windsor Great Park Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973 / 1113 , displayed on boards at most entrances . However , in March 2016 , Prince Andrew ignored these rules and tried to gain access to the park by ramming the gates in his car .",
"Every five or six years since 1993 Windsor Great Park has been home to the Scout and Girlguiding camp WINGS ( Windsor International Guides and Scouts camp ) , last held in August 2014 .",
"Windsor Great Park was featured on the cover and inner booklet of the 1978 Elton John album A Single Man . The Crown Estate has allowed the use of the Park as a filming location and the Great Park has been used on Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ( Parts 1 and 2 ) , Pirates of the Caribbean , Sir Ridley Scott 's Robin Hood , and Snow White and the Huntsman . In 2014 the Park was used as a location for Into the Woods . The King 's Speech made extensive use of Cumberland Lodge . King Arthur : Legend of the Sword was on location in the South Forest in early 2015 ; The Huntsman used various locations during May and June 2015 ; Bridget Jones 's Baby was filming on location on Duke 's Lane in October 2015 , `` Flowers '' from Channel 4 was filming in December 2015 in South Forest & Penslade Bottom , and Windsor Great Park `` Friends and Members News '' Summer 2015 edition refers to the filming of Tarzan and Cinderella . It has doubled as Scottish lochside forests , the River Thames ( Robin Hood , 2010 , Virginia Water ) , and the slopes of Mount Fuji . The Great Park has also been seen on Countryfile and Midsomer Murders . In April 2016 , scenes from the film Annihilation were shot in South Forest , and in June 2018 The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle was location filming there also , and Disney filming with huge lighting cranes at Temple Hill .",
"Ascot Egham and Royal Holloway , University of London Eton and Eton College Maidenhead Old Windsor and Datchet Slough Virginia Water , Englefield Green and Runnymede , adjacent to the River Thames and with Air Forces Memorial and John F Kennedy memorial . Windsor and Windsor Castle Iver Heath home to Pinewood Film Studios",
"Egham and Royal Holloway , University of London",
"Eton and Eton College",
"Old Windsor and Datchet",
"Virginia Water , Englefield Green and Runnymede , adjacent to the River Thames and with Air Forces Memorial and John F Kennedy memorial .",
"Windsor and Windsor Castle",
"Iver Heath home to Pinewood Film Studios"
] | Windsor Great Park - Wikipedia Windsor Great Park Deer crossing the Long Walk to Windsor Castle Windsor Great Park is a Royal Park of 2,020 hectares (5,000 acres), including a deer park , to the south of the town of Windsor on the border of Berkshire and Surrey in England. The park was, for many centuries, the private hunting ground of Windsor Castle and dates primarily from the mid-13th century. Historically the park covered an area many times the size known as Windsor Forest , Windsor Royal Park or its current name. The park is managed and funded by the Crown Estate . Most parts of the park are open to the public, free of charge, from dawn to dusk, although there is a charge to enter Savill Garden . The park is Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Features 2.1 The Copper Horse 2.2 The Royal Lodge 2.3 The Royal Chapel of All Saints 2.4 Cumberland Lodge 2.5 Cranbourne Tower 2.6 Savill Garden 2.7 Virginia Water Lake 3 History 3.1 18th century 3.2 19th & 20th centuries 4 Access to the park 5 Events 6 Media location 7 Nearby places 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Geography ( edit ) One of many ancient oak trees The Great Park is a gently undulating area of varied landscape. It has sweeping deer lawns, small woods, coverts and areas covered by huge solitary ancient oak trees. There is a small river in the north of the park called the Battle Bourne running to the Thames near Datchet. The River Bourne runs through a number of ponds to the south. Chief amongst these are Great Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond, near the great lake of Virginia Water . The most prominent hill is Snow Hill and the avenue of trees known as the Long Walk runs between here and Windsor Castle. The area is accessed by a number of gates: Queen Anne's Gate, Ranger's Gate, Cranbourne Gate, Forest Gate, Sandpit Gate, Prince Consort's Gate, Blacknest Gate, Bishop's Gate and Bear's Rails Gate and the original medieval park pale can still be seen in places. The main Sheet Street Road (A332) into Windsor runs through the northeast of the park. On the western side of the park is The Village, built in the 1930s to house Royal estate workers. It has a village shop. Other buildings include the Royal Lodge , Cumberland Lodge , the Cranbourne Tower and Norfolk Farm. The park lies mostly within the civil parish of Old Windsor , though the eastern regions are in the Borough of Runnymede and there are small areas in the parishes of Winkfield and Sunninghill . Areas associated with or attached to the Great Park, but not officially within its borders include the Home Park , Mote Park, Flemish Farm, Cranbourne Chase, Forest Lodge and South Forest. Features ( edit ) George III depicted as Roman Emperor in the bronze statue in Windsor Great Park The modern enclosed deer park is at the northern end of the Great Park. It is home to a large herd of semi-wild deer, reflecting the original medieval purpose of the park. The Copper Horse ( edit ) Main article: The Copper Horse The Long Walk runs south from Windsor Castle to the 1829 Copper Horse statue of King George III atop Snow Hill where there are impressive views of the castle. It is 2.65 miles (4.26 km) from George IV Gateway at Windsor Castle to The Copper Horse. Other equestrian statues in the park include one of the Prince Consort , to the west of the polo grounds, and one of Queen Elizabeth II near the Village. The Royal Lodge ( edit ) Main article: Royal Lodge The Royal Lodge was built in the centre of the park as the Deputy Ranger's house. It was made into a retreat for the Prince Regent from 1812, but was largely pulled down after his death. The remains were renovated, in the 1930s, as a home for the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as George VI and Queen Elizabeth . It is now the official residence of the Prince Andrew, Duke of York and not accessible by the public. The Royal chapel of all Saints ( edit ) Main article: Royal Chapel of All Saints The Royal Chapel of All Saints was built after the chapels of the Royal and Cumberland Lodges proved too small for growing numbers of household staff. The chapel was built in 1825 by Jeffry Wyattville and regularly used by George IV during the refurbishment of Windsor Castle. It was later remodelled in the Gothic Revival style by Samuel Sanders Teulon and Anthony Salvin . Queen Victoria often attended the chapel as did the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Cumberland Lodge ( edit ) Main article: Cumberland Lodge Other notable buildings in the park include Cumberland Lodge, built in 1652 during the Commonwealth . After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the Lodge quickly became the home of the Ranger of the Great Park, an office in the gift of the sovereign. Each Ranger made his -- or in one case, that of Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough, her -- own mark on the features of the house and its surroundings. Throughout her life Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor. Her daughter Princess Helena of the United Kingdom lived at the Lodge for over fifty years, presiding over elaborate re-building after a bad fire in 1869 and extensive alterations in 1912. Lord FitzAlan, last British Viceroy of Ireland, was the last private person to be entrusted with the Lodge. It was in his time, in 1936, that the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin , discussed the crisis over King Edward VIII 's desire to marry Wallis Simpson , talks which led to his abdication of the crown a few weeks later. In 1947, the King made the Lodge available to the newly established St. Catharine's Foundation, later known as the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Foundation of St Catharine's . Today the organisation is simply known as Cumberland Lodge. Cumberland Lodge today is an educational charity dedicated to initiating fresh debate on the burning questions facing society. The grounds are not generally open to the public, but the house is continually holding conferences, open days and lectures. Cranbourne Tower ( edit ) Main article: Cranbourne Tower The private Cranbourne Tower is easily viewed from surrounding paths. It is all that survives of Cranbourne Lodge, the residence of the Keeper of Cranbourne Chase. It is thought to date back to the 16th century. The Valley Gardens overlooking Virginia Water Lake Savill Garden ( edit ) Main articles: Savill Garden and Valley Gardens In the south-east of the park, near Englefield Green , are the well-endowed Savill Garden and Valley Gardens which were designed and built by Eric Savill in the 1930s and 1940s. They include an extraordinary range of flowers and trees from around the world. Smith's Lawn and Polo Grounds are also nearby. The gardens are open to visitors between 10:00 and 16:30 in the winter and 10:00 and 18:00 in the summer. Virginia Water lake ( edit ) Main article: Virginia Water Lake Virginia Water Lake, in the south of the park, is an artificially-created lake of around 1 km (0.4 sq mi) dating from the 1740s. Among the lakeside features are the 30-metre-high (100 ft) high Canadian totem pole , carved by Mungo Martin , Henry Hunt, and Tony Hunt Sr. , commemorating the centenary of British Columbia and a collection of ornamental Roman ruins, transported from the site of Leptis Magna (modern-day Al-Khums ) in 1816 and installed at Virginia Water in 1826. Beside a smaller lake, known as the Obelisk Pond, is the Obelisk memorial to the Duke of Cumberland . This is inscribed `` This Obelisk raised by command of King George the Second commemorates the services of his son William Duke of Cumberland The success of his arms and the gratitude of his father This tablet was inscribed by His Majesty King William the Fourth. '' It was originally inscribed `` Culloden'' but this was erased on Queen Victoria's orders and replaced with `` Cumberland'' : `` Cumberland'' is inscribed within an inset in the masonry, the original surface having had `` Culloden'' . History ( edit ) The Great Park in winter Windsor Castle was begun in the 11th century by William the Conqueror as it afforded a good defensive point over the River Thames . A vast area of Windsor Forest to the south of the castle became reserved by the King for personal hunting and also to supply the castle with wood, deer, boar and fish. It was not until later that it became necessary to formally define this area. In 1129, the first parker was appointed, and in 1240, King Henry III officially set out the borders of the `` Park'' , a region many times larger than the current Great Park. The castle was a mere fortress at this time and, when hunting, King Henry would have been resident at the more comfortable manor house of Old Windsor (what later became known as Manor Lodge). The title `` Parker'' exists today as `` Ranger of the Park'' , the current title-holder being Prince Philip . Kings Edward I and Edward III used the park for jousts and tournaments and the latter had his Royal stud there to supply horses for the Hundred Years' War . The moat at Bear's Rails contained the manor house of Wychamere, the home of William of Wykeham while he was building the castle. It was later used for bear-baiting . Except for a brief period of privatisation by Oliver Cromwell implying subdivision to pay for the civil war , the area remained the personal property of the monarch until the reign of George III when control over all Crown lands was handed over to Parliament . Today the Park is owned and administered by the Crown Estate, a public body established by Act of Parliament in which the monarch and family members associated with its particular parts have non-executive, advisory roles. 18th century ( edit ) By the 18th century, the food value of the parkland to Windsor had decreased in importance and the new Hanoverian monarchs preferred to build and garden the land rather than hunt in it. The Long Walk had been laid out by King Charles II and the planting of its trees completed by William of Orange in the 1680s, with double rows of elms which lasted until World War II , but the Georges extended it and built numerous features and monuments, such as the Copper Horse (depicting George III) and the Obelisk (in honour of William, Duke of Cumberland). George III had a set of 2,000-year-old Roman ruins imported from Libya and placed in the park. Virginia Water was begun in 1746 by William, Duke of Cumberland who was then Ranger of the Park. Few details are recorded of the building of the lake; however it has been suggested that prisoners of war from the recent Jacobite risings, who were incamped at the nearby Breakheart hill, were involved. The original lake was much smaller than the current form, and was destroyed in a flood in 1768. In 1780, Paul and Thomas Sandby began construction of a much larger lake at the site, and went on to add an artificial waterfall , Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond. The lake replaced a small stream of the same name which was probably named after Queen Elizabeth I , who was known as the `` Virgin Queen'' . 19th & 20th centuries ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth II and Ronald Reagan riding on horseback in the grounds of Windsor Great Park during President Reagan's 1982 official visit to the United Kingdom. Queen Victoria was probably the greatest patron of the Park. Following the death of her beloved Albert, she largely withdrew from public life, retreating in part to the Park. At adjoining Frogmore she built a Royal Mausoleum for Albert. She was later buried there upon her own death, along with a number of other subsequent members of the royal family. During the 19th and early 20th century, one of the main events for farmers near and far was the Christmas sale of stock from the Royal Windsor Estates. Held on the same week as the Smithfield Show , buyers came from all over the country to buy something from the monarch. The sale in 1850 was held on 17 December by Messrs Buckland & Sons of Windsor, and included Superior Fat Heifers for £ 20 each; 10 fat ewes, fed by Prince Albert for 33/10; Fine Old Wether Sheep fed by His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch for 40/6. The sale made a total of £ 226. On 12 December 1894, Messrs Buckland & Sons were proud to announce: View from Snow Hill The Prince Consort's Flemish Farm A Xmas sale of fat stock belonging to HM the Queen ON WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1894 At One o'Clock precisely Carriages will meet the Trains at both Windsor Stations During the World Wars, the Smith's Lawn area of the Park was used for housing troops. During the 1940s, much of the deer park was ploughed and farmed for food, which involved the felling of hundreds of ancient trees. Over 200 large bombs fell on the land, including several V-2 rockets . During the 1948 Summer Olympics , the park was used as the road cycling venue. In the 1950s, the Park was gradually turned into the recreation area open to the public that it is today. This involved the re-planting of Savill Gardens (which had been allowed to run wild during the war) and the new Valley Gardens. In 1951, a large wall for creeping plants was built at Savill using bricks from bombed-out London buildings. In 1958, a Totem pole was installed nearby, a gift from British Columbia to the Queen. In 1972 Ubi Dwyer organised the `` People's Free Festival'' , the first of the Windsor Free Festivals in the Park, attended by 700 people. A co-organiser Sid Rawle claimed that Windsor Great Park has been common land until the 18th century, and inclosed (made private) by George III . Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was reported to be `` furious'' . Ubi and his allies repeated the festival in 1973 with at least 1,400 in attendance. In 1973, the Windsor Great Park regulations were introduced. In 1974, 7,000 people turned up but it was violently broken up by police, who made 220 arrests and the festival was banned. Dwyer was jailed the next year for distributing leaflets to promote another festival and Rawle was given three months for reproducing parts of Ubi's leaflets in the underground newspaper International Times . A new visitor centre designed by Glenn Howells Architects and Buro Happold was opened in June 2006, and was nominated for the 2007 Stirling Prize . Access to the Park ( edit ) This section is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this section from a descriptive, neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction. (April 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Windsor Great Park adjacent to the A332 Track, Holliday's Plain. If travelling by road with satellite navigation, use the address: Windsor Great Park, Windsor, SL4 2HT to enter via Rangers Gate, but bear in mind that access is strictly for authorised vehicles only. There are several other road, horse and foot entrances which may have a different post code , particularly the Long Walk entrance off the A308, SL4 2HH, some 1.05 mi (1.7 km) south of Windsor. If walking from Windsor, follow the A332 road south from Windsor for 1.86 mi (3 km). Access to some of the extensive `` private'' areas of the Great Park is available, on application, for an annual `` key rental'' fee of £ 20 (2011 price) plus deposit. Contact the Crown Estate Office, The Great Park, Windsor, Berkshire, SL4 2HT. Access to the park is governed by Windsor Great Park Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/1113, displayed on boards at most entrances. However, in March 2016, Prince Andrew ignored these rules and tried to gain access to the park by ramming the gates in his car. Events ( edit ) Every five or six years since 1993 Windsor Great Park has been home to the Scout and Girlguiding camp WINGS ( Windsor International Guides and Scouts camp), last held in August 2014. Media location ( edit ) Windsor Great Park was featured on the cover and inner booklet of the 1978 Elton John album A Single Man . The Crown Estate has allowed the use of the Park as a filming location and the Great Park has been used on Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ( Parts 1 and 2 ), Pirates of the Caribbean , Sir Ridley Scott's Robin Hood , and Snow White and the Huntsman . In 2014 the Park was used as a location for Into the Woods . The King's Speech made extensive use of Cumberland Lodge. King Arthur: Legend of the Sword was on location in the South Forest in early 2015; The Huntsman used various locations during May and June 2015; Bridget Jones's Baby was filming on location on Duke's Lane in October 2015, `` Flowers'' from Channel 4 was filming in December 2015 in South Forest & Penslade Bottom, and Windsor Great Park `` Friends and Members News'' Summer 2015 edition refers to the filming of Tarzan and Cinderella . It has doubled as Scottish lochside forests, the River Thames ( Robin Hood , 2010, Virginia Water ), and the slopes of Mount Fuji. The Great Park has also been seen on Countryfile and Midsomer Murders . In April 2016, scenes from the film Annihilation were shot in South Forest, and in June 2018 The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle was location filming there also, and Disney filming with huge lighting cranes at Temple Hill. Nearby places ( edit ) Ascot Egham and Royal Holloway, University of London Eton and Eton College Maidenhead Old Windsor and Datchet Slough Virginia Water , Englefield Green and Runnymede , adjacent to the River Thames and with Air Forces Memorial and John F Kennedy memorial. Windsor and Windsor Castle Iver Heath home to Pinewood Film Studios See also ( edit ) Herne the Hunter List of Ancient Woods in England List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Berkshire The Merry Wives of Windsor by William Shakespeare Violet click beetle Windsor Free Festival References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Windsor Great Park'' . Thecrownestate.co.uk . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Opening times and charges'' . The Crown Estate . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Historic England , `` The Royal Estate Windsor: Windsor Great Park (1001176)'' , National Heritage List for England , retrieved 10 February 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Long Walk, Windsor Great Park - Information pictures and history - The Royal Windsor Web Site by Thamesweb'' . Thamesweb.co.uk. 28 December 2000 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jane Roberts (1997). Royal Landscape: The Gardens and Parks of Windsor . Yale University Press. pp. 347-- . ISBN 978-0-300-07079-8 . Jump up ^ Caroline Davies. `` Princes return to a family in grief'' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fielder, Andrew (1 May 2010). Windsor Great Park: A Visitor's Guide . Copperhorse Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-9564703-0-0 . Jump up ^ The History of Buckland & Sons , Edward Barry Bowyer FRICS, (published 1973) Jump up ^ A history of the Auction ,Brian Learmount, Iver: Barnard & Learmont, 1985, pages 68-- 69 Jump up ^ `` 1948 Summer Olympics official report'' (PDF) . La84foundation.org . pp. 43-- 4 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Obituary, Sid Rawle, `` The Times'' , October 2010 Jump up ^ Siobhan Fenton. `` Prince Andrew reported to police by campaigners ' for ramming car into Windsor Great Park gates ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wings 2014 Homepage'' . Wings2014.org.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` News from The Royal Landscape'' booklet, Winter 2013, published by the Crown Estate . Jump up ^ https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4923902 Further reading ( edit ) R.J. Elliott. The Story of Windsor Great Park . ISBN 0-85933-158-X Andrew Fielder, 2010, `` Windsor Great Park, A Visitor's Guide'' , 144pages. ISBN 978-0-9564703-0-0 Anderson Geographics Ltd. The Essential Maps of Windsor Great Park and Central Windsor & Eton . ISBN 978-0-9548428-2-6 Charles Lyte. The Royal Gardens in Windsor Great Park . ISBN 0-85628-261-8 External links ( edit ) Official website hide Venues of the 1948 Summer Olympics Aldershot Arsenal Stadium Bisley National Rifle Association Ranges Champion Hill Craven Cottage Empire Pool Empire Stadium Empress Hall, Earl's Court Finchley Lido Green Pond Road Griffin Park Guinness Sports Club Harringay Arena Henley Royal Regatta Herne Hill Velodrome Lynn Road Lyons' Sports Club Polytechnic Sports Ground Royal Military Academy Selhurst Park Tweseldown Racecourse Torbay Wembley Palace of Engineering White Hart Lane Windsor Great Park hide Olympic venues in cycling 1896 Marathon (city) , Neo Phaliron Velodrome 1900 Vélodrome de Vincennes 1904 Francis Field 1908 White City Stadium 1912 Liljeholmen , Mälaren 1920 Antwerp , Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg 1924 Stade de Colombes , Vélodrome de Vincennes 1928 Amsterdam , Olympic Stadium 1932 Los Angeles Avenue , Pacific Coast Highway , Rose Bowl in Pasadena , Vineyard Avenue 1936 Avus Motor Road , BSV 92 Field & Stadium 1948 Herne Hill Velodrome , Windsor Great Park 1952 Käpylä , Maunula , Pakila , Velodrome 1956 Broadmeadows , Velodrome 1960 Olympic Velodrome , Via Cassia , Via Flaminia , Via Cristoforo Colombo , Via di Grottarossa 1964 Hachioji City , Hachioji Velodrome 1968 Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome , Satellite Circuit 1972 Bundesautobahn 96 , Grünwald , Radstadion 1976 Mount Royal Park , Olympic Velodrome , Quebec Autoroute 40 1980 Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit , Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome , Moscow-Minsk Highway 1984 Artesia Freeway , Olympic Velodrome , Streets of Mission Viejo Olympic Velodrome , Tongillo Road Course A-17 highway , Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya , Sant Sadurní Cycling Circuit , Velòdrom d'Horta Cycling road course, Georgia International Horse Park , Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome 2000 Centennial Parklands , Dunc Gray Velodrome , Western Sydney Parklands Athens Olympic Velodrome , Kotzia Square , Parnitha Olympic Mountain Bike Venue , Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre 2008 Laoshan Bicycle Moto Cross (BMX) Venue , Laoshan Mountain Bike Course , Laoshan Velodrome , Urban Road Cycling Course 2012 BMX Circuit , Hadleigh Farm , London Velodrome , Hampton Court Palace 2016 Fort Copacabana , Mountain Bike Centre , Olympic BMX Centre , Pontal , Rio Olympic Velodrome 2020 Izu Velodrome , Fuji Speedway , Olympic BMX Course 2024 Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines , Champs-Élysées , Élancourt Hill 2028 VELO Sports Center , Los Angeles Convention Center , Grand Park , Downtown Long Beach , Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park Coordinates : 51° 26′ 21'' N 0° 37′ 29'' W / 51.43917° N 0.62472° W / 51.43917; -0.62472 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windsor_Great_Park&oldid=844368319 '' Categories : 11th-century establishments in England Windsor Great Park 1948 Summer Olympic venues English royal forests Grade I listed parks and gardens in Surrey Olympic cycling venues Parks and open spaces in Berkshire Parks and open spaces in Surrey Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Berkshire Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Surrey Tourist attractions in Berkshire Tourist attractions in Surrey Hidden categories: EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2018 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Dansk Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Русский Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018, at 13:24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 198535944578748565 |
what's the difference between a pinto horse and a paint horse | Many breeds of horse carry pinto patterns . Pinto coloring , known simply as `` coloured '' in nations using British English , is most popular in the United States . While pinto colored horses are not a `` breed , '' several competing color breed registries have formed to encourage the breeding of pinto - colored horses . The word `` paint '' is sometimes used to describe pinto horses , but today is specifically used for the American Paint Horse , which is a pinto - colored horse with identifiable American Quarter Horse or Thoroughbred bloodlines . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"A pinto horse has a coat color that consists of large patches of white and any other color . The distinction between `` pinto '' and `` solid '' can be tenuous , as so - called `` solid '' horses frequently have areas of white hair . Various cultures throughout history appear to have selectively bred for pinto patterns .",
"Many breeds of horse carry pinto patterns . Pinto coloring , known simply as `` coloured '' in nations using British English , is most popular in the United States . While pinto colored horses are not a `` breed , '' several competing color breed registries have formed to encourage the breeding of pinto - colored horses . The word `` paint '' is sometimes used to describe pinto horses , but today is specifically used for the American Paint Horse , which is a pinto - colored horse with identifiable American Quarter Horse or Thoroughbred bloodlines .",
"Pinto patterns are visually and genetically distinct from the leopard complex spotting patterns characteristic of horse breeds such as the Appaloosa . Breeders who select for color are often careful not to cross the two patterns , and registries that include spotting color preferences often will refuse registration to horses who exhibit characteristics of the `` wrong '' pattern .",
"The word `` pinto '' is Spanish for ' painted ' , and also ' dappled ' or ' spotted ' .",
"While pinto coloration has yet to be identified as a wildtype by DNA studies or seen in cave art predating horse domestication , images from pottery and other art of ancient antiquity show horses with flashy spotted patterns , indicating that they were desired traits and may have been selectively bred . Images of spotted horses appear in the art of Ancient Egypt , and archaeologists have found evidence of horses with spotted coat patterns on the Russian steppes before the rise of the Roman Empire . Later , spotted horses were among those brought to the Americas by the Conquistadors .",
"By the 17th century in Europe , spotted horses were quite fashionable , though when the fad ended , large numbers of newly - unsellable horses were shipped to the Americas , some of which were sold while others were simply turned loose to run wild . The color became popular , particularly among Native Americans , and was specifically bred for in the United States , which now has the greatest number of pinto horses in the world .",
"There are a number of words which describe the various color and spotting patterns of pinto horses . Essentially , a pinto horse is genetically created when an allele for a spotting pattern is present . The genes that create the underlying base coat color are not related to the genes that create white spotting . The precise mechanisms that create spotting are not all fully understood , but those that are known often have human parallels , such as piebaldism . What horse terminology describes as `` pinto '' or `` coloured '' has been called leucism or `` partial albinism '' by pigment researchers . Common terms for describing different types of pinto horses include :",
"Piebald : ( term more commonly used in nations using British English ) . Any pinto pattern on a black base coat , thus a black - and - white spotted horse . Skewbald : ( term more commonly used in nations using British English ) . Any pinto pattern on any base coat other than black . As chestnut and bay are the most common base coat colors , skewbalds are most often chestnut and white or bay and white . At one time , the term may have applied more specifically to brown - looking pinto horses , but today it encompasses any color other than black . Coloured : The term for pinto coloration in nations using British English , including both piebald and skewbald . Tricolored or Tricoloured : a term for horse with three colors ( usually bay and white ) , in nations using British English . It is usually incorporated into the term skewbald .",
"Piebald : ( term more commonly used in nations using British English ) . Any pinto pattern on a black base coat , thus a black - and - white spotted horse .",
"Skewbald : ( term more commonly used in nations using British English ) . Any pinto pattern on any base coat other than black . As chestnut and bay are the most common base coat colors , skewbalds are most often chestnut and white or bay and white . At one time , the term may have applied more specifically to brown - looking pinto horses , but today it encompasses any color other than black .",
"Coloured : The term for pinto coloration in nations using British English , including both piebald and skewbald .",
"Tricolored or Tricoloured : a term for horse with three colors ( usually bay and white ) , in nations using British English . It is usually incorporated into the term skewbald .",
"Tobiano : The most common type of pinto , tobiano is a spotting pattern characterized by rounded markings with white legs and white across the back between the withers and the dock of the tail , usually arranged in a roughly vertical pattern and more white than dark , though the ideal is a 50 - 50 distribution , with the head usually dark , having markings also seen on a non-pinto horse . i.e. star , snip , strip , or blaze . Tobiano is a simple dominant trait caused by a single gene and therefore all tobiano horses have at least one tobiano parent . A DNA test exists for tobiano . Tobiano is not associated with any health concerns . Overo : A collective term used primarily by the American Paint Horse Association ( APHA ) , overo essentially means `` pinto , but not tobiano . '' It denotes patterns produced by at least three different genetic mechanisms : frame , splashed white or sabino , described below . These patterns are usually characterized by irregular markings with more jagged edges than tobiano markings . The white rarely crosses the back . While some currently - identified overo patterns appear to be dominant or incomplete dominant traits , overo - patterned foals ( called `` cropouts '' ) are occasionally produced from two apparently solid - colored parents . Frame or frame overo : Frame is a popular and easily recognized type of non-tobiano pinto . This spotting pattern , in the absence of genes for other patterns , is characterized by horizontally - oriented white patches with jagged , crisp edges . White patches typically include the head , face and lateral aspects of the neck and body , and the eyes can be blue . Frame overos may have very modest markings that are not obviously `` pinto . '' This quality allows the pattern to seemingly `` hide '' for generations , and is thought to be responsible for some cases of `` cropouts . '' Frame is an incomplete dominant trait for which there is a DNA test ; those without any copies of the `` frame gene '' ( N / N ) will not possess this pattern , while those with a single copy ( N / O ) usually exhibit frame patterning ( though sometimes in a very minimal form ) . However , foals born with two copies ( O / O ) have lethal white syndrome and die shortly after birth . N / O frame horses do not have any known health defects , but have a 25 % chance of producing lethal white foals if bred to another N / O horse . Splashed white : A less - common type of non-tobiano pinto pattern , splashed white coats have horizontally - oriented white markings with crisp , smooth edges and make the horse appear to have been dipped , head lowered , into white paint . The face has significant white markings , and the eyes are usually blue . Most splashed white pintos have normal hearing , but the trait is linked to congenital deafness . Some patterns identified as sabino in the USA may be splashed white . Sabino : Sometimes confused with roan or rabicano , sabino horses possess a slight spotting pattern characterized by high white on legs , belly spots , and white markings on the face extending past the eyes . The edges of markings may be `` lacy '' or there can be patches of roaning patterns standing alone or on the edges of white markings . Some forms of the sabino phenotype are thought to be polygenic or a gene complex . However , one form for which there is a DNA test , the sabino - 1 ( SB1 ) gene , is a dominant . Horses homozygous for SB - 1 sometimes are completely white . Sabino - 1 and other sabino patterns are not associated with any health defects . Though genetically unrelated to frame or splash , sabino is classified with the `` overo '' family of patterns by the APHA . Sabino is not necessarily classified as an overo pattern by other breed registries , particularly those whose horses do not carry the genes for other pinto patterns . Tovero : The tovero spotting pattern is a mix of tobiano and any form of overo coloration , usually reflecting that the horse carries more than one set of genes for a spotting pattern . For example , a tovero may have a mostly white tobiano pattern on the body , but also have blue eyes with or without a white head . Horses can carry multiple spotting genes at the same time , producing characteristics of several patterns . Dominant white : A family of sabino - like white spotting patterns , all dominant white coats are dominantly inherited , analogous to human piebaldism . While some forms are associated with pure white coats and are considered `` true white , '' not pinto , most actually show great variance in the amount of white . There are now over 20 different alleles labeled `` dominant white '' , all of which have occurred spontaneously in the past century from non-white parents . Many forms of white spotting that were called `` sabino '' by their owners and fanciers are now classified as dominant white . The distinction between sabino and dominant white is unclear , as they are visually similar and involve closely related genes .",
"Tobiano : The most common type of pinto , tobiano is a spotting pattern characterized by rounded markings with white legs and white across the back between the withers and the dock of the tail , usually arranged in a roughly vertical pattern and more white than dark , though the ideal is a 50 - 50 distribution , with the head usually dark , having markings also seen on a non-pinto horse . i.e. star , snip , strip , or blaze . Tobiano is a simple dominant trait caused by a single gene and therefore all tobiano horses have at least one tobiano parent . A DNA test exists for tobiano . Tobiano is not associated with any health concerns .",
"Overo : A collective term used primarily by the American Paint Horse Association ( APHA ) , overo essentially means `` pinto , but not tobiano . '' It denotes patterns produced by at least three different genetic mechanisms : frame , splashed white or sabino , described below . These patterns are usually characterized by irregular markings with more jagged edges than tobiano markings . The white rarely crosses the back . While some currently - identified overo patterns appear to be dominant or incomplete dominant traits , overo - patterned foals ( called `` cropouts '' ) are occasionally produced from two apparently solid - colored parents . Frame or frame overo : Frame is a popular and easily recognized type of non-tobiano pinto . This spotting pattern , in the absence of genes for other patterns , is characterized by horizontally - oriented white patches with jagged , crisp edges . White patches typically include the head , face and lateral aspects of the neck and body , and the eyes can be blue . Frame overos may have very modest markings that are not obviously `` pinto . '' This quality allows the pattern to seemingly `` hide '' for generations , and is thought to be responsible for some cases of `` cropouts . '' Frame is an incomplete dominant trait for which there is a DNA test ; those without any copies of the `` frame gene '' ( N / N ) will not possess this pattern , while those with a single copy ( N / O ) usually exhibit frame patterning ( though sometimes in a very minimal form ) . However , foals born with two copies ( O / O ) have lethal white syndrome and die shortly after birth . N / O frame horses do not have any known health defects , but have a 25 % chance of producing lethal white foals if bred to another N / O horse . Splashed white : A less - common type of non-tobiano pinto pattern , splashed white coats have horizontally - oriented white markings with crisp , smooth edges and make the horse appear to have been dipped , head lowered , into white paint . The face has significant white markings , and the eyes are usually blue . Most splashed white pintos have normal hearing , but the trait is linked to congenital deafness . Some patterns identified as sabino in the USA may be splashed white . Sabino : Sometimes confused with roan or rabicano , sabino horses possess a slight spotting pattern characterized by high white on legs , belly spots , and white markings on the face extending past the eyes . The edges of markings may be `` lacy '' or there can be patches of roaning patterns standing alone or on the edges of white markings . Some forms of the sabino phenotype are thought to be polygenic or a gene complex . However , one form for which there is a DNA test , the sabino - 1 ( SB1 ) gene , is a dominant . Horses homozygous for SB - 1 sometimes are completely white . Sabino - 1 and other sabino patterns are not associated with any health defects . Though genetically unrelated to frame or splash , sabino is classified with the `` overo '' family of patterns by the APHA . Sabino is not necessarily classified as an overo pattern by other breed registries , particularly those whose horses do not carry the genes for other pinto patterns .",
"Frame or frame overo : Frame is a popular and easily recognized type of non-tobiano pinto . This spotting pattern , in the absence of genes for other patterns , is characterized by horizontally - oriented white patches with jagged , crisp edges . White patches typically include the head , face and lateral aspects of the neck and body , and the eyes can be blue . Frame overos may have very modest markings that are not obviously `` pinto . '' This quality allows the pattern to seemingly `` hide '' for generations , and is thought to be responsible for some cases of `` cropouts . '' Frame is an incomplete dominant trait for which there is a DNA test ; those without any copies of the `` frame gene '' ( N / N ) will not possess this pattern , while those with a single copy ( N / O ) usually exhibit frame patterning ( though sometimes in a very minimal form ) . However , foals born with two copies ( O / O ) have lethal white syndrome and die shortly after birth . N / O frame horses do not have any known health defects , but have a 25 % chance of producing lethal white foals if bred to another N / O horse . Splashed white : A less - common type of non-tobiano pinto pattern , splashed white coats have horizontally - oriented white markings with crisp , smooth edges and make the horse appear to have been dipped , head lowered , into white paint . The face has significant white markings , and the eyes are usually blue . Most splashed white pintos have normal hearing , but the trait is linked to congenital deafness . Some patterns identified as sabino in the USA may be splashed white . Sabino : Sometimes confused with roan or rabicano , sabino horses possess a slight spotting pattern characterized by high white on legs , belly spots , and white markings on the face extending past the eyes . The edges of markings may be `` lacy '' or there can be patches of roaning patterns standing alone or on the edges of white markings . Some forms of the sabino phenotype are thought to be polygenic or a gene complex . However , one form for which there is a DNA test , the sabino - 1 ( SB1 ) gene , is a dominant . Horses homozygous for SB - 1 sometimes are completely white . Sabino - 1 and other sabino patterns are not associated with any health defects . Though genetically unrelated to frame or splash , sabino is classified with the `` overo '' family of patterns by the APHA . Sabino is not necessarily classified as an overo pattern by other breed registries , particularly those whose horses do not carry the genes for other pinto patterns .",
"Frame or frame overo : Frame is a popular and easily recognized type of non-tobiano pinto . This spotting pattern , in the absence of genes for other patterns , is characterized by horizontally - oriented white patches with jagged , crisp edges . White patches typically include the head , face and lateral aspects of the neck and body , and the eyes can be blue . Frame overos may have very modest markings that are not obviously `` pinto . '' This quality allows the pattern to seemingly `` hide '' for generations , and is thought to be responsible for some cases of `` cropouts . '' Frame is an incomplete dominant trait for which there is a DNA test ; those without any copies of the `` frame gene '' ( N / N ) will not possess this pattern , while those with a single copy ( N / O ) usually exhibit frame patterning ( though sometimes in a very minimal form ) . However , foals born with two copies ( O / O ) have lethal white syndrome and die shortly after birth . N / O frame horses do not have any known health defects , but have a 25 % chance of producing lethal white foals if bred to another N / O horse .",
"Splashed white : A less - common type of non-tobiano pinto pattern , splashed white coats have horizontally - oriented white markings with crisp , smooth edges and make the horse appear to have been dipped , head lowered , into white paint . The face has significant white markings , and the eyes are usually blue . Most splashed white pintos have normal hearing , but the trait is linked to congenital deafness . Some patterns identified as sabino in the USA may be splashed white .",
"Sabino : Sometimes confused with roan or rabicano , sabino horses possess a slight spotting pattern characterized by high white on legs , belly spots , and white markings on the face extending past the eyes . The edges of markings may be `` lacy '' or there can be patches of roaning patterns standing alone or on the edges of white markings . Some forms of the sabino phenotype are thought to be polygenic or a gene complex . However , one form for which there is a DNA test , the sabino - 1 ( SB1 ) gene , is a dominant . Horses homozygous for SB - 1 sometimes are completely white . Sabino - 1 and other sabino patterns are not associated with any health defects . Though genetically unrelated to frame or splash , sabino is classified with the `` overo '' family of patterns by the APHA . Sabino is not necessarily classified as an overo pattern by other breed registries , particularly those whose horses do not carry the genes for other pinto patterns .",
"Tovero : The tovero spotting pattern is a mix of tobiano and any form of overo coloration , usually reflecting that the horse carries more than one set of genes for a spotting pattern . For example , a tovero may have a mostly white tobiano pattern on the body , but also have blue eyes with or without a white head . Horses can carry multiple spotting genes at the same time , producing characteristics of several patterns .",
"Dominant white : A family of sabino - like white spotting patterns , all dominant white coats are dominantly inherited , analogous to human piebaldism . While some forms are associated with pure white coats and are considered `` true white , '' not pinto , most actually show great variance in the amount of white . There are now over 20 different alleles labeled `` dominant white '' , all of which have occurred spontaneously in the past century from non-white parents . Many forms of white spotting that were called `` sabino '' by their owners and fanciers are now classified as dominant white . The distinction between sabino and dominant white is unclear , as they are visually similar and involve closely related genes .",
"Chrome : an informal term of approval for appealing white markings on the horse , can be confusing , as it is also used to describe boldly - patterned Appaloosas Solid : a horse that does not visibly express a pinto pattern . It may have white markings on the legs or face akin to those of non-pinto horses . Solid horses may carry one of the various pinto pattern genes . Some color breed registries accept solid horses as breeding stock , while others do not . Breeding stock : a solid horse registered with one of the various registries that registers horses with pinto markings , such as the American Paint Horse Association ( APHA ) , which registers these horses under a special designation of `` Solid Paint Bred '' ( SPB ) . Medicine hat : an uncommon pattern where the poll and ears are dark , surrounded completely by white , a true `` medicine hat '' pinto or paint usually has a predominantly white body , sometimes with dark coloration by the flanks , chest , and above the eyes Shield : a large dark patch covering the chest , surrounded completely by white , usually on a predominantly white horse , sometimes associated with medicine hat patterning Cropout : a horse with spotting which had two apparently solid - colored parents , typically within a breed whose standard does not allow pinto coloration",
"Chrome : an informal term of approval for appealing white markings on the horse , can be confusing , as it is also used to describe boldly - patterned Appaloosas",
"Solid : a horse that does not visibly express a pinto pattern . It may have white markings on the legs or face akin to those of non-pinto horses . Solid horses may carry one of the various pinto pattern genes . Some color breed registries accept solid horses as breeding stock , while others do not .",
"Breeding stock : a solid horse registered with one of the various registries that registers horses with pinto markings , such as the American Paint Horse Association ( APHA ) , which registers these horses under a special designation of `` Solid Paint Bred '' ( SPB ) .",
"Medicine hat : an uncommon pattern where the poll and ears are dark , surrounded completely by white , a true `` medicine hat '' pinto or paint usually has a predominantly white body , sometimes with dark coloration by the flanks , chest , and above the eyes",
"Shield : a large dark patch covering the chest , surrounded completely by white , usually on a predominantly white horse , sometimes associated with medicine hat patterning",
"Cropout : a horse with spotting which had two apparently solid - colored parents , typically within a breed whose standard does not allow pinto coloration",
"A pinto differs from a `` Paint '' solely by breeding . Horses with pinto coloring and verifiable pedigrees tracing to Quarter Horses or Thoroughbreds have been named the American Paint Horse , and are recorded in a separate registry , the American Paint Horse Association . While a pinto may be of any breed or combination of breeds , and some registries for pintos may have additional restrictions ( some do not register draft horses or mules , for example ) , a horse that is registered as an American Paint Horse must have at least one parent recorded with the APHA and both parents must be only of registered American Quarter Horse , American Paint Horse , or Thoroughbred bloodlines . Therefore , most Paint horses may also be registered as pintos , but not all pintos are qualified to be registered as Paints .",
"Thus , while it is always correct to refer to a horse with a non-leopard spot pattern as a pinto , a spotted horse should only be called a Paint if its ancestry is known or if it displays conformation that is clearly akin to that of an American Quarter Horse . A leopard spotted horse is usually called an Appaloosa , whether it is a registered Appaloosa or not . However , `` paint '' or `` painted '' was also an archaic word used by 19th century writers for assorted spotted horses bred by various Plains Indian tribes and thus is occasionally used in this context when describing all types of spotted Mustangs .",
"There are a number of color breed registries that encourage the breeding of pinto - colored horses , with varying registration requirements . On one hand , the Pinto Horse Association of America ( PtHA ) considers pinto horses recorded in their registry as a true breed and accepts solid - colored offspring of registered pinto parents as breeding stock , though with strict requirements for full registration . The less restrictive organizations allow registration of a horse of any breed or combination of breeds with as little as three square inches of white above the knees or hocks , not including facial markings . Some pinto registries do not accept animals with draft horse or mule breeding , though others do . None accept horses with the genetically distinct Appaloosa pattern , produced by genes in the leopard complex , and the Appaloosa registry in turn does not accept animals with pinto patterns .",
"Many breed registries do not , or at some time in the past did not , accept `` cropout '' horses with spots or `` excess '' white for registration , believing such animals were likely to be crossbreds , or due to a fear of producing lethal white foals . This exclusion of offspring from pedigreed parents led to the formation not only of the American Paint Horse Association , but also other pinto registries as well . Among the breeds that excluded such horses were the Arabian horse and American Quarter Horse registries . However , modern DNA testing has revealed that some breeds do possess genes for spotting patterns , such as a non-SB - 1 sabino pattern in Arabians , and sabino , overo , and tobiano in Quarter Horses . Therefore , these registries have modified their rules , allowing horses with extra white , if parentage is verified through DNA testing , to be registered . On the other hand , the Jockey Club 's Thoroughbred registry still does not officially recognize pinto as a registerable color , though they do allow white body spots to be recorded under the category of markings . The Welsh Pony and Cob Society of the UK also does not accept `` piebald '' or `` skewbald '' horses for registration .",
"As noted in the description of patterns , above , the frame gene is associated with a condition called lethal white syndrome or `` lethal white overo '' . However , of the overo family of patterns , only frame is associated with lethal white . Also , some horses that do not visually appear to be frame patterned still do carry the gene . However , if a foal is born homozygous for the gene , it dies shortly after birth . This gene can be detected by DNA testing , and breeders can now avoid breeding two carrier horses to one another ."
] | Pinto horse - wikipedia Pinto horse This article is about a coat color of horses . For other uses, see Pinto (disambiguation) . Pinto with tobiano pattern Pinto with frame overo pattern A pinto horse has a coat color that consists of large patches of white and any other color. The distinction between `` pinto'' and `` solid'' can be tenuous, as so-called `` solid'' horses frequently have areas of white hair. Various cultures throughout history appear to have selectively bred for pinto patterns. Many breeds of horse carry pinto patterns. Pinto coloring, known simply as `` coloured'' in nations using British English , is most popular in the United States. While pinto colored horses are not a `` breed,'' several competing color breed registries have formed to encourage the breeding of pinto-colored horses. The word `` paint'' is sometimes used to describe pinto horses, but today is specifically used for the American Paint Horse , which is a pinto-colored horse with identifiable American Quarter Horse or Thoroughbred bloodlines. Pinto patterns are visually and genetically distinct from the leopard complex spotting patterns characteristic of horse breeds such as the Appaloosa . Breeders who select for color are often careful not to cross the two patterns, and registries that include spotting color preferences often will refuse registration to horses who exhibit characteristics of the `` wrong'' pattern. Contents 1 Origins 2 Color patterns and genetics of pinto horses 2.1 Colors 2.2 Patterns 2.3 Related terms 3 `` Paint'' vs. `` pinto'' 4 Organizations 5 Controversies 5.1 Breed registries and white markings 5.2 Lethal white syndrome 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origins ( edit ) The word `` pinto'' is Spanish for ' painted' , and also ' dappled' or ' spotted' . While pinto coloration has yet to be identified as a wildtype by DNA studies or seen in cave art predating horse domestication, images from pottery and other art of ancient antiquity show horses with flashy spotted patterns, indicating that they were desired traits and may have been selectively bred . Images of spotted horses appear in the art of Ancient Egypt , and archaeologists have found evidence of horses with spotted coat patterns on the Russian steppes before the rise of the Roman Empire . Later, spotted horses were among those brought to the Americas by the Conquistadors . By the 17th century in Europe, spotted horses were quite fashionable, though when the fad ended, large numbers of newly-unsellable horses were shipped to the Americas, some of which were sold while others were simply turned loose to run wild. The color became popular, particularly among Native Americans , and was specifically bred for in the United States, which now has the greatest number of pinto horses in the world. Color patterns and Genetics of pinto horses ( edit ) Main articles: Equine coat color , Equine coat color genetics , and leucism There are a number of words which describe the various color and spotting patterns of pinto horses. Essentially, a pinto horse is genetically created when an allele for a spotting pattern is present. The genes that create the underlying base coat color are not related to the genes that create white spotting. The precise mechanisms that create spotting are not all fully understood, but those that are known often have human parallels, such as piebaldism . What horse terminology describes as `` pinto'' or `` coloured'' has been called leucism or `` partial albinism'' by pigment researchers. Common terms for describing different types of pinto horses include: Colors ( edit ) Piebald : (term more commonly used in nations using British English ). Any pinto pattern on a black base coat, thus a black-and-white spotted horse. Skewbald : (term more commonly used in nations using British English ). Any pinto pattern on any base coat other than black. As chestnut and bay are the most common base coat colors, skewbalds are most often chestnut and white or bay and white. At one time, the term may have applied more specifically to brown-looking pinto horses, but today it encompasses any color other than black. Coloured: The term for pinto coloration in nations using British English , including both piebald and skewbald. Tricolored or Tricoloured : a term for horse with three colors (usually bay and white), in nations using British English . It is usually incorporated into the term skewbald. Patterns ( edit ) Tobiano : The most common type of pinto, tobiano is a spotting pattern characterized by rounded markings with white legs and white across the back between the withers and the dock of the tail, usually arranged in a roughly vertical pattern and more white than dark, though the ideal is a 50-50 distribution, with the head usually dark, having markings also seen on a non-pinto horse. i.e. star, snip, strip, or blaze. Tobiano is a simple dominant trait caused by a single gene and therefore all tobiano horses have at least one tobiano parent. A DNA test exists for tobiano. Tobiano is not associated with any health concerns. Overo : A collective term used primarily by the American Paint Horse Association (APHA), overo essentially means `` pinto, but not tobiano.'' It denotes patterns produced by at least three different genetic mechanisms: frame, splashed white or sabino, described below. These patterns are usually characterized by irregular markings with more jagged edges than tobiano markings. The white rarely crosses the back. While some currently-identified overo patterns appear to be dominant or incomplete dominant traits, overo-patterned foals (called `` cropouts '' ) are occasionally produced from two apparently solid-colored parents. Frame or frame overo: Frame is a popular and easily recognized type of non-tobiano pinto. This spotting pattern, in the absence of genes for other patterns, is characterized by horizontally-oriented white patches with jagged, crisp edges. White patches typically include the head, face and lateral aspects of the neck and body, and the eyes can be blue. Frame overos may have very modest markings that are not obviously `` pinto.'' This quality allows the pattern to seemingly `` hide'' for generations, and is thought to be responsible for some cases of `` cropouts .'' Frame is an incomplete dominant trait for which there is a DNA test; those without any copies of the `` frame gene'' (N/N) will not possess this pattern, while those with a single copy (N/O) usually exhibit frame patterning (though sometimes in a very minimal form). However, foals born with two copies (O/O) have lethal white syndrome and die shortly after birth. N/O frame horses do not have any known health defects, but have a 25% chance of producing lethal white foals if bred to another N/O horse. Splashed white : A less-common type of non-tobiano pinto pattern, splashed white coats have horizontally-oriented white markings with crisp, smooth edges and make the horse appear to have been dipped, head lowered, into white paint. The face has significant white markings, and the eyes are usually blue. Most splashed white pintos have normal hearing, but the trait is linked to congenital deafness . Some patterns identified as sabino in the USA may be splashed white. Sabino : Sometimes confused with roan or rabicano , sabino horses possess a slight spotting pattern characterized by high white on legs, belly spots, and white markings on the face extending past the eyes. The edges of markings may be `` lacy'' or there can be patches of roaning patterns standing alone or on the edges of white markings. Some forms of the sabino phenotype are thought to be polygenic or a gene complex . However, one form for which there is a DNA test, the sabino-1 (SB1) gene, is a dominant. Horses homozygous for SB-1 sometimes are completely white . Sabino-1 and other sabino patterns are not associated with any health defects. Though genetically unrelated to frame or splash, sabino is classified with the `` overo'' family of patterns by the APHA. Sabino is not necessarily classified as an overo pattern by other breed registries , particularly those whose horses do not carry the genes for other pinto patterns. Tovero : The tovero spotting pattern is a mix of tobiano and any form of overo coloration, usually reflecting that the horse carries more than one set of genes for a spotting pattern. For example, a tovero may have a mostly white tobiano pattern on the body, but also have blue eyes with or without a white head. Horses can carry multiple spotting genes at the same time, producing characteristics of several patterns. Dominant white : A family of sabino-like white spotting patterns, all dominant white coats are dominantly inherited, analogous to human piebaldism . While some forms are associated with pure white coats and are considered `` true white ,'' not pinto, most actually show great variance in the amount of white. There are now over 20 different alleles labeled `` dominant white'' , all of which have occurred spontaneously in the past century from non-white parents. Many forms of white spotting that were called `` sabino'' by their owners and fanciers are now classified as dominant white. The distinction between sabino and dominant white is unclear, as they are visually similar and involve closely related genes . Related terms ( edit ) See also: Horse markings A `` medicine hat'' marking, dark ears on a white head Chrome : an informal term of approval for appealing white markings on the horse, can be confusing, as it is also used to describe boldly-patterned Appaloosas Solid : a horse that does not visibly express a pinto pattern. It may have white markings on the legs or face akin to those of non-pinto horses. Solid horses may carry one of the various pinto pattern genes. Some color breed registries accept solid horses as breeding stock, while others do not. Breeding stock : a solid horse registered with one of the various registries that registers horses with pinto markings, such as the American Paint Horse Association (APHA), which registers these horses under a special designation of `` Solid Paint Bred'' (SPB). Medicine hat : an uncommon pattern where the poll and ears are dark, surrounded completely by white, a true `` medicine hat'' pinto or paint usually has a predominantly white body, sometimes with dark coloration by the flanks, chest, and above the eyes Shield : a large dark patch covering the chest, surrounded completely by white, usually on a predominantly white horse, sometimes associated with medicine hat patterning Cropout : a horse with spotting which had two apparently solid-colored parents, typically within a breed whose standard does not allow pinto coloration `` Paint'' vs. `` pinto'' ( edit ) Main article: American Paint Horse A pinto differs from a `` Paint'' solely by breeding. Horses with pinto coloring and verifiable pedigrees tracing to Quarter Horses or Thoroughbreds have been named the American Paint Horse , and are recorded in a separate registry, the American Paint Horse Association . While a pinto may be of any breed or combination of breeds, and some registries for pintos may have additional restrictions (some do not register draft horses or mules, for example), a horse that is registered as an American Paint Horse must have at least one parent recorded with the APHA and both parents must be only of registered American Quarter Horse , American Paint Horse, or Thoroughbred bloodlines. Therefore, most Paint horses may also be registered as pintos, but not all pintos are qualified to be registered as Paints. Thus, while it is always correct to refer to a horse with a non-leopard spot pattern as a pinto, a spotted horse should only be called a Paint if its ancestry is known or if it displays conformation that is clearly akin to that of an American Quarter Horse . A leopard spotted horse is usually called an Appaloosa , whether it is a registered Appaloosa or not. However, `` paint'' or `` painted'' was also an archaic word used by 19th century writers for assorted spotted horses bred by various Plains Indian tribes and thus is occasionally used in this context when describing all types of spotted Mustangs . Organizations ( edit ) See also: Pinto Horse Association of America Pinto (left), leopard-spotted Appaloosa (right) There are a number of color breed registries that encourage the breeding of pinto-colored horses, with varying registration requirements. On one hand, the Pinto Horse Association of America (PtHA) considers pinto horses recorded in their registry as a true breed and accepts solid-colored offspring of registered pinto parents as breeding stock, though with strict requirements for full registration. The less restrictive organizations allow registration of a horse of any breed or combination of breeds with as little as three square inches of white above the knees or hocks, not including facial markings. Some pinto registries do not accept animals with draft horse or mule breeding, though others do. None accept horses with the genetically distinct Appaloosa pattern, produced by genes in the leopard complex , and the Appaloosa registry in turn does not accept animals with pinto patterns. Controversies ( edit ) Breed registries and white markings ( edit ) Many breed registries do not, or at some time in the past did not, accept `` cropout '' horses with spots or `` excess'' white for registration, believing such animals were likely to be crossbreds , or due to a fear of producing lethal white foals. This exclusion of offspring from pedigreed parents led to the formation not only of the American Paint Horse Association, but also other pinto registries as well. Among the breeds that excluded such horses were the Arabian horse and American Quarter Horse registries. However, modern DNA testing has revealed that some breeds do possess genes for spotting patterns, such as a non-SB-1 sabino pattern in Arabians, and sabino, overo, and tobiano in Quarter Horses. Therefore, these registries have modified their rules, allowing horses with extra white, if parentage is verified through DNA testing, to be registered. On the other hand, the Jockey Club's Thoroughbred registry still does not officially recognize pinto as a registerable color, though they do allow white body spots to be recorded under the category of markings . The Welsh Pony and Cob Society of the UK also does not accept `` piebald'' or `` skewbald'' horses for registration. Lethal white syndrome ( edit ) Main article: Lethal White Syndrome As noted in the description of patterns, above, the frame gene is associated with a condition called lethal white syndrome or `` lethal white overo'' . However, of the overo family of patterns, only frame is associated with lethal white. Also, some horses that do not visually appear to be frame patterned still do carry the gene. However, if a foal is born homozygous for the gene, it dies shortly after birth. This gene can be detected by DNA testing, and breeders can now avoid breeding two carrier horses to one another. See also ( edit ) Equine coat color Equine coat color genetics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` pinto'' . WordReference.com Spanish-English Dictionary . Retrieved 2012-10-27 . Jump up ^ Bennett, Deb. Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship. Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition 1998. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6 . Jump up ^ `` Tobiano - Horse Coat Color'' . www.vgl.ucdavis.edu . Retrieved 2017-11-18 . Jump up ^ `` Pinto Horse Association registration requirements'' . pinto.org . Jump up ^ `` Jockey Club Interactive Registration'' . www.registry.jockeyclub.com . Retrieved 2017-11-18 . Jump up ^ `` Registration Regulations'' . wpcs.uk.com . Retrieved 2017-11-18 . External links ( edit ) Pinto Horse Registry of America . National Pinto Horse Registry (United States) . `` Pinto Horse'' , from International Museum of the Horse . `` Horse coat color tests'' from the UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Lab. `` Introduction to Coat Color Genetics'' from Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Web Site accessed January 12, 2008. Equine coat colors Base coat colors Extension (MC1R) base colors Black Chestnut (also known as Sorrel ) Agouti (ASIP)-influenced colors Bay Seal brown Gray Gray Dilution genes Champagne Cream Buckskin Palomino (also known as Isabelline ) Smoky black Cremello Perlino Smoky cream Dun (see also Blue dun or Grullo ) Pearl Silver dapple White Dominant white Sabino-white Lethal white syndrome Horse markings and patterns Pinto patterns Overo Splashed white Frame Sabino Tobiano Tovero Base color variations (primarily UK English ) Piebald Skewbald Tricoloured Leopard complex Varnish roan See also Appaloosa and Knabstrupper Roaning patterns Roan Rabicano Other Bend-Or spots Brindle Cropout Liver Pangaré Point coloration Primitive markings Sooty Flaxen Mushroom Genetics and breeding Equine coat color genetics Color breed Horse genome Wildtype Melanin Agouti signalling peptide KIT gene Endothelin receptor type B STX17 (Gray) Category:Horse coat colors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinto_horse&oldid=810897398 '' Categories : Horse coat colors Color breeds Hidden categories: Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017, at 04:35 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -3793148606020077958 |
when was the state bank of india established | State Bank of India ( SBI ) is an Indian multinational , public sector banking and financial services company . It is a government - owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra . On 1st April , 2017 , State Bank of India , which is India 's largest Bank merged with five of its Associate Banks ( State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore ) and Bharatiya Mahila Bank with itself . This is the first ever large scale consolidation in the Indian Banking Industry . With the merger , State Bank of India will enter the league of top 50 global banks with a balance sheet size of ₹ 33 trillion , 278,000 employees , 420 million customers , and more than 24,000 branches and 59,000 ATMs . SBI 's market share will increase to 22 percent from 17 per cent . It has 198 offices in 37 countries ; 301 correspondents in 72 countries . The company is ranked 232nd on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world 's biggest corporations as of 2016 . | [
[
"1st April, 2017"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"State Bank of India State Bank Bhavan at Nariman Point in ( Mumbai ) Type Public Traded as NSE : SBIN BSE : 500112 LSE : SBID BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent Industry Banking , financial services Founded 2 June 1806 , Bank of Calcutta 27 January 1921 , Imperial Bank of India 1 July 1955 , State Bank of India 2 June 1956 , nationalization Headquarters Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Area served Worldwide Key people Rajnish Kumar ( banker ) ( Chairman ) Products Consumer banking , corporate banking , finance and insurance , investment banking , mortgage loans , private banking , private equity , savings , securities , asset management , wealth management , credit cards Revenue ₹ 298,640.45 crore ( US $47 billion ) ( 2017 ) ₹ 273,461.13 crore ( US $43 billion ) ( 2016 ) Operating income ₹ 50,847.90 crore ( US $7.9 billion ) ( 2017 ) Profit ₹ 10,484.10 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2017 ) ₹ 9,950.65 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2016 ) Total assets ₹ 2,705,966.30 crore ( US $420 billion ) ( 2017 ) Total equity ₹ 144,274.65 crore ( US $22 billion ) ( 2016 ) Owner Government of India ( 61.23 % ) Number of employees 209,567 ( 2017 ) 207,739 ( 2016 ) Capital ratio 13.12 % ( 2016 ) Website bank. sbi Footnotes / references",
"State Bank Bhavan at Nariman Point in ( Mumbai )",
"Type Public",
"Traded as NSE : SBIN BSE : 500112 LSE : SBID BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent",
"NSE : SBIN BSE : 500112 LSE : SBID BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent",
"NSE : SBIN",
"BSE : 500112",
"LSE : SBID",
"BSE SENSEX Constituent",
"CNX Nifty Constituent",
"Industry Banking , financial services",
"Founded 2 June 1806 , Bank of Calcutta 27 January 1921 , Imperial Bank of India 1 July 1955 , State Bank of India 2 June 1956 , nationalization",
"2 June 1806 , Bank of Calcutta 27 January 1921 , Imperial Bank of India 1 July 1955 , State Bank of India 2 June 1956 , nationalization",
"2 June 1806 , Bank of Calcutta",
"27 January 1921 , Imperial Bank of India",
"1 July 1955 , State Bank of India",
"2 June 1956 , nationalization",
"Headquarters Mumbai , Maharashtra , India",
"Area served Worldwide",
"Key people Rajnish Kumar ( banker ) ( Chairman )",
"Products Consumer banking , corporate banking , finance and insurance , investment banking , mortgage loans , private banking , private equity , savings , securities , asset management , wealth management , credit cards",
"Revenue ₹ 298,640.45 crore ( US $47 billion ) ( 2017 ) ₹ 273,461.13 crore ( US $43 billion ) ( 2016 )",
"₹ 298,640.45 crore ( US $47 billion ) ( 2017 ) ₹ 273,461.13 crore ( US $43 billion ) ( 2016 )",
"₹ 298,640.45 crore ( US $47 billion ) ( 2017 )",
"₹ 273,461.13 crore ( US $43 billion ) ( 2016 )",
"Operating income ₹ 50,847.90 crore ( US $7.9 billion ) ( 2017 )",
"Profit ₹ 10,484.10 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2017 ) ₹ 9,950.65 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2016 )",
"₹ 10,484.10 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2017 ) ₹ 9,950.65 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2016 )",
"₹ 10,484.10 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2017 )",
"₹ 9,950.65 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2016 )",
"Total assets ₹ 2,705,966.30 crore ( US $420 billion ) ( 2017 )",
"Total equity ₹ 144,274.65 crore ( US $22 billion ) ( 2016 )",
"Owner Government of India ( 61.23 % )",
"Number of employees 209,567 ( 2017 ) 207,739 ( 2016 )",
"209,567 ( 2017 ) 207,739 ( 2016 )",
"209,567 ( 2017 )",
"207,739 ( 2016 )",
"Capital ratio 13.12 % ( 2016 )",
"Website bank. sbi",
"Footnotes / references",
"State Bank of India ( SBI ) is an Indian multinational , public sector banking and financial services company . It is a government - owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra . On 1st April , 2017 , State Bank of India , which is India 's largest Bank merged with five of its Associate Banks ( State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore ) and Bharatiya Mahila Bank with itself . This is the first ever large scale consolidation in the Indian Banking Industry . With the merger , State Bank of India will enter the league of top 50 global banks with a balance sheet size of ₹ 33 trillion , 278,000 employees , 420 million customers , and more than 24,000 branches and 59,000 ATMs . SBI 's market share will increase to 22 percent from 17 per cent . It has 198 offices in 37 countries ; 301 correspondents in 72 countries . The company is ranked 232nd on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world 's biggest corporations as of 2016 .",
"The bank traces its ancestry to British India , through the Imperial Bank of India , to the founding , in 1806 , of the Bank of Calcutta , making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent . Bank of Madras merged into the other two `` presidency banks '' in British India , Bank of Calcutta and Bank of Bombay , to form the Imperial Bank of India , which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955 . Government of India owned the Imperial Bank of India in 1955 , with Reserve Bank of India ( India 's Central Bank ) taking a 60 % stake , and renamed it the State Bank of India . In 2008 , the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India .",
"State Bank of India has 20 % market share in deposits and loans among Indian commercial banks .",
"The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century , when the Bank of np later renamed the Bank of Bengal , was established on 2 June 1806 . The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks , the other two being the Bank of Bombay ( incorporated on 15 April 1840 ) and the Bank of Madras ( incorporated on 1 July 1843 ) . All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint stock companies and were the result of royal charters . These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when , with the Paper Currency Act , the right was taken over by the Government of India . The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921 , and the re-organised banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India . The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint stock company but without Government participation .",
"Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955 , the Reserve Bank of India , which is India 's central bank , acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India . On 1 July 1955 , the imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India . In 2008 , the Government of India acquired the Reserve Bank of India 's stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country 's banking regulatory authority .",
"In 1959 , the government passed the State Bank of India ( Subsidiary Banks ) Act . This made SBI subsidiaries of eight that had belonged to princely states prior to their nationalization and operatonal takeover between September 1959 and October 1960 , which made eight state banks associates of SBI . This une with the first Five Year Plan , which prioritised the development of rural India . The government integrated these banks into the State Bank of India system to expand its rural outreach . In 1963 SBI merged State Bank of Jaipur ( est. 1943 ) and State Bank of Bikaner ( est. 1944 ) .",
"SBI has acquired local banks in rescues . The first was the Bank of Bihar ( est. 1911 ) , which SBI acquired in 1969 , together with its 28 branches . The next year SBI acquired National Bank of Lahore ( est. 1942 ) , which had 24 branches . Five years later , in 1975 , SBI acquired Krishnaram Baldeo Bank , which had been established in 1916 in Gwalior State , under the patronage of Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia . The bank had been the Dukan Pichadi , a small moneylender , owned by the Maharaja . The new bank 's first manager was Jall N. Broacha , a Parsi . In 1985 , SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin in Kerala , which had 120 branches . SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate , the State Bank of Travancore , already had an extensive network in Kerala .",
"There has been a proposal to merge all the associate banks into SBI to create a `` mega bank '' and streamline the group 's operations .",
"The first step towards unification occurred on 13 August 2008 when State Bank of Saurashtra merged with SBI , reducing the number of associate state banks from seven to six . On 19 June 2009 , the SBI board approved the absorption of State Bank of Indore . SBI holds 98.3 % in State Bank of Indore . ( Individuals who held the shares prior to its takeover by the government hold the balance of 1.7 % . )",
"The acquisition of State Bank of Indore added 470 branches to SBI 's existing network of branches . Also , following the acquisition , SBI 's total assets will approach ₹ 10 trillion . The total assets of SBI and the State Bank of Indore were ₹ 9,981,190 million as of March 2009 . The process of merging of State Bank of Indore was completed by April 2010 , and the SBI Indore branches started functioning as SBI branches on 26 August 2010 .",
"On 7 October 2013 , Arundhati Bhattacharya became the first woman to be appointed Chairperson of the bank . Mrs. Bhattacharya received an extension of two years of service to merge into SBI the five remaining associated banks .",
"SBI provides a range of banking products through its network of branches in India and overseas , including products aimed at non-resident Indians ( NRIs ) . SBI has 14 regional hubs and 57 Zonal Offices that are located at important cities throughout India .",
"SBI has 18,354 branches in India . In the financial year 2012 -- 13 , its revenue was ₹ 2.005 trillion ( US $31 billion ) , out of which domestic operations contributed to 95.35 % of revenue . Similarly , domestic operations contributed to 88.37 % of total profits for the same financial year .",
"Under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana of financial inclusion launched by Government in August 2014 , SBI held 11,300 camps and opened over 3 million accounts by September , which included 2.1 million accounts in rural areas and 1.57 million accounts in urban areas .",
"As of 2014 -- 15 , the bank had 191 overseas offices spread over 36 countries having the largest presence in foreign markets among Indian banks . It has branches in Singapore , Moscow , Colombo , Dhaka , Frankfurt , Hong Kong , Tehran , Johannesburg , London , Los Angeles , Male in the Maldives , Muscat , Dubai , New York , Osaka , Sydney , and Tokyo . It has offshore banking units in the Bahamas and Bahrain , and representative offices in Myanmar , Bhutan and Cape Town .",
"SBI has 7 retail banking branches in Singapore .",
"The Canadian subsidiary SBI Canada Bank ( previously State Bank of India ( Canada ) ) also dates to 1982 . It has six branches , four in the Toronto area and two in the Vancouver area .",
"SBI operates several foreign subsidiaries or affiliates .",
"In 1989 , SBI established an offshore bank : State Bank of India International ( Mauritius ) Ltd in Mauritius . SBI International ( Mauritius ) Ltd amalgamated with The Indian Ocean International Bank , which has been doing retail banking business in Mauritius since 1979 with the new name , SBI ( Mauritius ) Ltd . Today , SBI ( Mauritius ) Ltd is having fully integrated 14 branches - 13 Retail Branches covering major cities and town of Mauritius , including Rodrigues , and 1 Global Business Branch at Ebene in Mauritius . Apart from Branch Banking , customers also have the convenience of 24x7 ATM Banking at 18 ATMs across the country . Bank also has a 24x7 robust Internet Banking Channel enabling customers to work from their homes and offices .",
"SBI Sri Lanka now has three branches located in Colombo , Kandy and Jaffna . The Jaffna branch was opened on 9 September 2013 . SBI Sri Lanka , the oldest bank in Sri Lanka , celebrated its 150th year in Sri Lanka on 1 July 2014 .",
"In 1982 , the bank established a subsidiary , State Bank of India , which now has ten branches -- nine branches in the state of California and one in Washington , D.C. The 10th branch was opened in Fremont , California on 28 March 2011 . The other eight branches in California are located in Los Angeles , Artesia , San Jose , Canoga Park , Fresno , San Diego , Tustin and Bakersfield .",
"In Nigeria , SBI operates as INMB Bank . This bank began in 1981 as the Indo -- Nigerian Merchant Bank and received permission in 2002 to commence retail banking . It now has five branches in Nigeria .",
"In Nepal , SBI owns 49 % of SBI Nepal ( State Bank in Nepal ) share with Nepal Government owing the rest and SBI NEPAL has branches throughout the country in each and every city as banking has become the major part of daily life for Nepalese people .",
"In Moscow , SBI owns 60 % of Commercial Bank of India , with Canara Bank owning the rest .",
"In Indonesia , it owns 76 % of PT Bank Indo Monex .",
"The State Bank of India already has a branch in Shanghai and plans to open one in Tianjin .",
"In Kenya , State Bank of India owns 76 % of Giro Commercial Bank , which it acquired for US $ 8 million in October 2005 .",
"In January 2016 , SBI opened its first branch in Seoul , South Korea following the continuous and significant increase in trade due to the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement signed between New Delhi and Seoul in 2009 .",
"SBI acquired the control of seven associate banks in 1960 . They were the seven regional banks of former Indian princely states , all of them which were renamed with the prefix ' State Bank ' . These seven banks were State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur ( SBBJ ) , State Bank of Hyderabad ( SBH ) , State Bank of Mysore ( SBM ) , State Bank of Patiala ( SBP ) , State Bank of Travancore ( SBT ) , State Bank of Saurashtra ( SBS ) and State Bank of Indore ( SBI - Indore ) . All these banks used the same logo as its parent bank .",
"The plans for making SBI a mega bank with trillion dollar business by merging associate banks started in 2008 , and in September the same year , SBS merged with SBI . The very next year , SBI - Indore also merged . In the same year , another subsidiary named Bharatiya Mahila Bank was formed . The negotiations for merging of 6 associate banks ( State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore and Bharatiya Mahila Bank ) by acquire their businesses including assets and liabilities with SBI started in 2016 . The merger of these six subsidiaries was approved by Union Cabinet on 15 June 2016 . The State Bank of India and all its associate banks use the same blue keyhole logo . The State Bank of India wordmark usually has one standard typeface , but also utilises other typefaces .",
"On 15 February 2017 , the Union Cabinet approved the merger of five associate banks with SBI. What was overlooked , however , were different pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans , based on regional risks .",
"The State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore , and Bharatiya Mahila Bank were merged with State Bank of India with effect from 1 April 2017 .",
"Apart from its five associate banks , SBI also has the following non-banking subsidiaries :",
"SBI Capital Markets Ltd SBI Funds Management Pvt Ltd SBI Factors & Commercial Services Pvt Ltd SBI Cards & Payments Services Pvt. Ltd . ( SBICPSL ) SBI DFHI Ltd SBI Life Insurance Company Limited SBI General Insurance",
"SBI Capital Markets Ltd",
"SBI Funds Management Pvt Ltd",
"SBI Factors & Commercial Services Pvt Ltd",
"SBI Cards & Payments Services Pvt. Ltd . ( SBICPSL )",
"SBI DFHI Ltd",
"SBI Life Insurance Company Limited",
"SBI General Insurance",
"In March 2001 , SBI ( with 74 % of the total capital ) , joined with BNP Paribas ( with 26 % of the remaining capital ) , to form a joint venture life insurance company named SBI Life Insurance company Ltd . In 2004 , SBI DFHI ( Discount and Finance House of India ) was founded with its headquarters in Mumbai .",
"As of 31 March 2017 , SBI group ( including associate banks ) has 59,291 ATMs .",
"As on 31 March 2017 , Government of India held around 61.23 % equity shares in SBI . Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 8.82 % shareholding .",
"Shareholders Shareholding Promoters : Government of India 61.23 % FIIs / GDRs / OCBs / NRIs 11.17 % Banks & Insurance Companies 10.00 % Mutual Funds & UTI 8.29 % Others 9.31 % Total 100.0 %",
"Shareholders Shareholding",
"Promoters : Government of India 61.23 %",
"FIIs / GDRs / OCBs / NRIs 11.17 %",
"Banks & Insurance Companies 10.00 %",
"Mutual Funds & UTI 8.29 %",
"Others 9.31 %",
"Total 100.0 %",
"The equity shares of SBI are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange , where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index , and the National Stock Exchange of India , where it is a constituent of the CNX Nifty . Its Global Depository Receipts ( GDRs ) are listed on the London Stock Exchange .",
"SBI is one of the largest employers in the country with 209,567 employees as on 31 March 2017 , out of which there were 23 % female employees and 3,179 ( 1.5 % ) employees with disabilities . On the same date , SBI had 37,875 Scheduled Castes ( 18 % ) , 17,069 Scheduled Tribes ( 8.1 % ) and 39,709 Other Backward Classes ( 18.9 % ) employees . The percentage of Officers , Associates and Sub-staff was 38.6 % , 44.3 % and 16.9 % respectively on the same date . Around 13,000 employees have joined the Bank in FY 2016 - 17 . Each employee contributed a net profit of ₹ 511,000 ( US $8,000 ) during FY 2016 - 17 .",
"SBI was ranked as the top bank in India based on tier 1 capital by The Banker magazine in a 2014 ranking . SBI was ranked 232nd in the Fortune Global 500 rankings of the world 's biggest corporations for the year 2016 . SBI was named the 29th most reputed company in the world according to Forbes 2009 rankings SBI was 50th Most Trusted brand in India as per the Brand Trust Report 2013 , an annual study conducted by Trust Research Advisory , a brand analytics company and subsequently , in the Brand Trust Report 2014 , SBI finished as India 's 19th Most Trusted Brand in India .",
"SBI was ranked as the top bank in India based on tier 1 capital by The Banker magazine in a 2014 ranking .",
"SBI was ranked 232nd in the Fortune Global 500 rankings of the world 's biggest corporations for the year 2016 .",
"SBI was named the 29th most reputed company in the world according to Forbes 2009 rankings",
"SBI was 50th Most Trusted brand in India as per the Brand Trust Report 2013 , an annual study conducted by Trust Research Advisory , a brand analytics company and subsequently , in the Brand Trust Report 2014 , SBI finished as India 's 19th Most Trusted Brand in India ."
] | State Bank of India - Wikipedia State Bank of India Jump to: navigation , search State Bank of India State Bank Bhavan at Nariman Point in (Mumbai) Type Public Traded as NSE : SBIN BSE : 500112 LSE : SBID BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent Industry Banking, financial services Founded 2 June 1806, Bank of Calcutta 27 January 1921, Imperial Bank of India 1 July 1955, State Bank of India 2 June 1956, nationalization Headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Area served Worldwide Key people Rajnish Kumar (banker) (Chairman) Products Consumer banking , corporate banking , finance and insurance , investment banking , mortgage loans , private banking , private equity , savings, securities , asset management , wealth management , credit cards Revenue ₹ 298,640.45 crore (US$47 billion) (2017) ₹ 273,461.13 crore (US$43 billion) (2016) Operating income ₹ 50,847.90 crore (US$7.9 billion) (2017) Profit ₹ 10,484.10 crore (US$1.6 billion) (2017) ₹ 9,950.65 crore (US$1.6 billion) (2016) Total assets ₹ 2,705,966.30 crore (US$420 billion) (2017) Total equity ₹ 144,274.65 crore (US$22 billion) (2016) Owner Government of India (61.23%) Number of employees 209,567 (2017) 207,739 (2016) Capital ratio 13.12% (2016) Website bank. sbi Footnotes / references State Bank of India ( SBI ) is an Indian multinational, public sector banking and financial services company. It is a government-owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra . On 1st April, 2017, State Bank of India, which is India's largest Bank merged with five of its Associate Banks (State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur, State Bank of Hyderabad, State Bank of Mysore, State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore) and Bharatiya Mahila Bank with itself. This is the first ever large scale consolidation in the Indian Banking Industry. With the merger, State Bank of India will enter the league of top 50 global banks with a balance sheet size of ₹ 33 trillion, 278,000 employees, 420 million customers, and more than 24,000 branches and 59,000 ATMs. SBI's market share will increase to 22 percent from 17 per cent. It has 198 offices in 37 countries; 301 correspondents in 72 countries. The company is ranked 232nd on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016. The bank traces its ancestry to British India , through the Imperial Bank of India , to the founding, in 1806, of the Bank of Calcutta , making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent . Bank of Madras merged into the other two `` presidency banks'' in British India, Bank of Calcutta and Bank of Bombay , to form the Imperial Bank of India , which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955. Government of India owned the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with Reserve Bank of India (India's Central Bank) taking a 60% stake, and renamed it the State Bank of India. In 2008, the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India. State Bank of India has 20% market share in deposits and loans among Indian commercial banks. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operations 2.1 Domestic presence 2.2 International presence 2.3 Associate banks 2.4 Non-banking subsidiaries 2.5 Other SBI service points 3 Listings and shareholding 4 Employees 5 Recent awards and recognition 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Share of the Bank of Bengal, issued 13 May 1876 Seal of Imperial Bank of India The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century, when the Bank of np later renamed the Bank of Bengal , was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the Bank of Madras (incorporated on 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint stock companies and were the result of royal charters . These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when, with the Paper Currency Act, the right was taken over by the Government of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the re-organised banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India . The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint stock company but without Government participation. Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955, the Reserve Bank of India , which is India's central bank , acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India. On 1 July 1955, the imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. In 2008, the Government of India acquired the Reserve Bank of India's stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country's banking regulatory authority. In 1959, the government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act. This made SBI subsidiaries of eight that had belonged to princely states prior to their nationalization and operatonal takeover between September 1959 and October 1960, which made eight state banks associates of SBI. This une with the first Five Year Plan, which prioritised the development of rural India. The government integrated these banks into the State Bank of India system to expand its rural outreach. In 1963 SBI merged State Bank of Jaipur (est. 1943) and State Bank of Bikaner (est.1944). SBI has acquired local banks in rescues. The first was the Bank of Bihar (est. 1911), which SBI acquired in 1969, together with its 28 branches. The next year SBI acquired National Bank of Lahore (est. 1942), which had 24 branches. Five years later, in 1975, SBI acquired Krishnaram Baldeo Bank, which had been established in 1916 in Gwalior State , under the patronage of Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia . The bank had been the Dukan Pichadi , a small moneylender, owned by the Maharaja. The new bank's first manager was Jall N. Broacha, a Parsi. In 1985, SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin in Kerala , which had 120 branches. SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate, the State Bank of Travancore , already had an extensive network in Kerala. There has been a proposal to merge all the associate banks into SBI to create a `` mega bank'' and streamline the group's operations. The first step towards unification occurred on 13 August 2008 when State Bank of Saurashtra merged with SBI, reducing the number of associate state banks from seven to six. On 19 June 2009, the SBI board approved the absorption of State Bank of Indore . SBI holds 98.3% in State Bank of Indore . (Individuals who held the shares prior to its takeover by the government hold the balance of 1.7%.) The acquisition of State Bank of Indore added 470 branches to SBI's existing network of branches. Also, following the acquisition, SBI's total assets will approach ₹ 10 trillion. The total assets of SBI and the State Bank of Indore were ₹ 9,981,190 million as of March 2009. The process of merging of State Bank of Indore was completed by April 2010, and the SBI Indore branches started functioning as SBI branches on 26 August 2010. On 7 October 2013, Arundhati Bhattacharya became the first woman to be appointed Chairperson of the bank. Mrs. Bhattacharya received an extension of two years of service to merge into SBI the five remaining associated banks. Operations ( edit ) SBI provides a range of banking products through its network of branches in India and overseas, including products aimed at non-resident Indians (NRIs). SBI has 14 regional hubs and 57 Zonal Offices that are located at important cities throughout India. Domestic presence ( edit ) SBI has 18,354 branches in India. In the financial year 2012-- 13, its revenue was ₹ 2.005 trillion (US$31 billion), out of which domestic operations contributed to 95.35% of revenue. Similarly, domestic operations contributed to 88.37% of total profits for the same financial year. Under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana of financial inclusion launched by Government in August 2014, SBI held 11,300 camps and opened over 3 million accounts by September, which included 2.1 million accounts in rural areas and 1.57 million accounts in urban areas. International presence ( edit ) The Israeli branch of the State Bank of India located in Ramat Gan As of 2014-- 15, the bank had 191 overseas offices spread over 36 countries having the largest presence in foreign markets among Indian banks. It has branches in Singapore, Moscow, Colombo , Dhaka , Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Tehran , Johannesburg , London, Los Angeles, Male in the Maldives, Muscat , Dubai , New York, Osaka , Sydney, and Tokyo. It has offshore banking units in the Bahamas and Bahrain, and representative offices in Myanmar, Bhutan and Cape Town . SBI has 7 retail banking branches in Singapore. The Canadian subsidiary SBI Canada Bank (previously State Bank of India (Canada)) also dates to 1982. It has six branches, four in the Toronto area and two in the Vancouver area. SBI operates several foreign subsidiaries or affiliates. In 1989, SBI established an offshore bank: State Bank of India International (Mauritius) Ltd in Mauritius. SBI International (Mauritius) Ltd amalgamated with The Indian Ocean International Bank, which has been doing retail banking business in Mauritius since 1979 with the new name, SBI (Mauritius) Ltd. Today, SBI (Mauritius) Ltd is having fully integrated 14 branches- 13 Retail Branches covering major cities and town of Mauritius, including Rodrigues, and 1 Global Business Branch at Ebene in Mauritius. Apart from Branch Banking, customers also have the convenience of 24x7 ATM Banking at 18 ATMs across the country. Bank also has a 24x7 robust Internet Banking Channel enabling customers to work from their homes and offices. State Bank of India Branch at Jaffna , Sri Lanka SBI Sri Lanka now has three branches located in Colombo , Kandy and Jaffna . The Jaffna branch was opened on 9 September 2013. SBI Sri Lanka, the oldest bank in Sri Lanka, celebrated its 150th year in Sri Lanka on 1 July 2014. State Bank of India (S.B.I.) Branch at Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong In 1982, the bank established a subsidiary, State Bank of India , which now has ten branches-- nine branches in the state of California and one in Washington, D.C. The 10th branch was opened in Fremont, California on 28 March 2011. The other eight branches in California are located in Los Angeles, Artesia, San Jose, Canoga Park, Fresno, San Diego, Tustin and Bakersfield. In Nigeria, SBI operates as INMB Bank. This bank began in 1981 as the Indo-- Nigerian Merchant Bank and received permission in 2002 to commence retail banking. It now has five branches in Nigeria. In Nepal, SBI owns 49% of SBI Nepal (State Bank in Nepal) share with Nepal Government owing the rest and SBI NEPAL has branches throughout the country in each and every city as banking has become the major part of daily life for Nepalese people. In Moscow, SBI owns 60% of Commercial Bank of India , with Canara Bank owning the rest. In Indonesia, it owns 76% of PT Bank Indo Monex. The State Bank of India already has a branch in Shanghai and plans to open one in Tianjin . In Kenya, State Bank of India owns 76% of Giro Commercial Bank , which it acquired for US$ 8 million in October 2005. In January 2016, SBI opened its first branch in Seoul , South Korea following the continuous and significant increase in trade due to the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement signed between New Delhi and Seoul in 2009. Associate banks ( edit ) Main Branch of SBI in Mumbai SBI acquired the control of seven associate banks in 1960. They were the seven regional banks of former Indian princely states, all of them which were renamed with the prefix ' State Bank' . These seven banks were State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur (SBBJ), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH), State Bank of Mysore (SBM), State Bank of Patiala (SBP), State Bank of Travancore (SBT), State Bank of Saurashtra (SBS) and State Bank of Indore (SBI - Indore). All these banks used the same logo as its parent bank. The plans for making SBI a mega bank with trillion dollar business by merging associate banks started in 2008, and in September the same year, SBS merged with SBI. The very next year, SBI-Indore also merged. In the same year, another subsidiary named Bharatiya Mahila Bank was formed. The negotiations for merging of 6 associate banks ( State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore and Bharatiya Mahila Bank ) by acquire their businesses including assets and liabilities with SBI started in 2016. The merger of these six subsidiaries was approved by Union Cabinet on 15 June 2016. The State Bank of India and all its associate banks use the same blue keyhole logo. The State Bank of India wordmark usually has one standard typeface, but also utilises other typefaces. On 15 February 2017, the Union Cabinet approved the merger of five associate banks with SBI. What was overlooked, however, were different pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans, based on regional risks. State Bank of India Mumbai LHO The State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore , and Bharatiya Mahila Bank were merged with State Bank of India with effect from 1 April 2017. Non-banking subsidiaries ( edit ) Apart from its five associate banks, SBI also has the following non-banking subsidiaries: SBI Capital Markets Ltd SBI Funds Management Pvt Ltd SBI Factors & Commercial Services Pvt Ltd SBI Cards & Payments Services Pvt. Ltd. (SBICPSL) SBI DFHI Ltd SBI Life Insurance Company Limited SBI General Insurance In March 2001, SBI (with 74% of the total capital), joined with BNP Paribas (with 26% of the remaining capital), to form a joint venture life insurance company named SBI Life Insurance company Ltd. In 2004, SBI DFHI (Discount and Finance House of India) was founded with its headquarters in Mumbai. Other SBI service points ( edit ) As of 31 March 2017, SBI group (including associate banks) has 59,291 ATMs. Listings and shareholding ( edit ) As on 31 March 2017 , Government of India held around 61.23% equity shares in SBI. Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 8.82% shareholding. Shareholders Shareholding Promoters: Government of India 61.23% FIIs/GDRs/OCBs/NRIs 11.17% Banks & Insurance Companies 10.00% Mutual Funds & UTI 8.29% Others 9.31% Total 100.0% The equity shares of SBI are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange , where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India , where it is a constituent of the CNX Nifty . Its Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) are listed on the London Stock Exchange . Employees ( edit ) State Bank Learning Centre in Machilipatnam SBI is one of the largest employers in the country with 209,567 employees as on 31 March 2017, out of which there were 23% female employees and 3,179 (1.5%) employees with disabilities. On the same date, SBI had 37,875 Scheduled Castes (18%), 17,069 Scheduled Tribes (8.1%) and 39,709 Other Backward Classes (18.9%) employees. The percentage of Officers, Associates and Sub-staff was 38.6%, 44.3% and 16.9% respectively on the same date. Around 13,000 employees have joined the Bank in FY 2016-17. Each employee contributed a net profit of ₹ 511,000 (US$8,000) during FY 2016-17. Recent awards and recognition ( edit ) SBI was ranked as the top bank in India based on tier 1 capital by The Banker magazine in a 2014 ranking. SBI was ranked 232nd in the Fortune Global 500 rankings of the world's biggest corporations for the year 2016. SBI was named the 29th most reputed company in the world according to Forbes 2009 rankings SBI was 50th Most Trusted brand in India as per the Brand Trust Report 2013, an annual study conducted by Trust Research Advisory, a brand analytics company and subsequently, in the Brand Trust Report 2014 , SBI finished as India's 19th Most Trusted Brand in India. See also ( edit ) List of largest banks John Mathai YONO all-in-one digital platform introduced by SBI References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Annual Report (2016-17) of State Bank of India'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Consolidated Yearly Results, State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts'' . www.moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 2017-06-26 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Yearly Results, State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts'' . www.moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 2017-06-26 . Jump up ^ `` From Imperial Bank to State Bank'' (PDF) . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One unified entity'' (jpg) . SBI. Jump up ^ SBI website: https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/web/international/international Jump up ^ `` Fortune Global 500 list'' . CNN Money . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rajesh. Banking Theory Law N Practice . Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 8 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBI accounts for one-fifth of country's loans'' . Livemint.com. 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Banks' Association'' . Iba.org.in. 23 April 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Business Standard (21 June 2010). `` Approvals for State Bank of Indore merger by July: SBI'' . Jump up ^ Economic Times (26 August 2010). `` State Bank of Indore branches to become SBI units from Aug 26 : SBI'' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Arundhati Bhattacharya, first woman to head SBI'' . ^ Jump up to: `` Fortune ' Global 500' 2016:State Bank of India'' . CNN . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SBI takes lead in opening bank accounts under Jan Dhan Yojana'' . The Economic Times . 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBI Annual Report 2014-15'' . State Bank of India . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.sbimauritius.com/new/files/about.php Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India set to open second branch in China'' . The Hindu . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Acquired 76% Shareholding in Giro Commercial Bank in 2005'' . Accessmylibrary.com. 8 October 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Five associate banks to merge with SBI'' . 18 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 -- via The Hindu. Jump up ^ Iyer, Aparna (17 May 2016). `` SBI merger: India may soon have a global Top 50 bank'' . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SBI merges with 5 associates: New entity set to enter world's top 50 banks list'' . Mumbai: Financial Express . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ahead of merger with SBI, associate SBT to raise up to Rs 600 crore'' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans. (1) (2) (3) Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India List of ATM's and POS'' . Jump up ^ `` Stake in PSBs: LIC holding drops as stress mounts'' . The Indian Express . 2016-02-15 . Retrieved 2017-03-28 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India'' . BSEindia.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX'' . BSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India'' . NSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv)'' . NSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SBID State Bank of India GDR (Each Rep 2 SHS INR10)'' . London Stock Exchange. 11 October 1996 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The top five banks in India'' . thebanker.com. 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kneale, Klaus (6 May 2009). `` World's Most Reputable Companies: The Rankings'' . Forbes . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brand Mahatma lags behind Sachin, Aamir: Study'' . India Today. 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Economic Times'' . Jump up ^ `` Brand Trust Report 2014'' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State Bank of India . Official website Central public sector companies of India Air India Balmer Lawrie Bharat Electronics Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Bharat Petroleum Bharat Sanchar Nigam BHAVINI Cement Corporation of India Coal India Limited Dredging Corporation of India Limited Electronics Corporation of India Limited Food Corporation of India GAIL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited India Trade Promotion Organisation Indian Oil Corporation Indian Rare Earths Limited Life Insurance Corporation of India Mazagon Dock Limited MECON Limited Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited NTPC Limited Nuclear Power Corporation of India Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Power Grid Corporation of India Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Rural Electrification Corporation Limited State Bank of India Steel Authority of India Uranium Corporation of India Banking in India Reserve bank Reserve Bank of India Public sector banks Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Post Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab National Bank State Bank of India Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of India Vijaya Bank Private sector banks Axis Bank Bandhan Bank Catholic Syrian Bank City Union Bank DCB Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank Federal Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank IDFC Bank IndusInd Bank Jammu & Kashmir Bank Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Nainital Bank RBL Bank (Ratnakar Bank) South Indian Bank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited Yes Bank Small finance bank Ujjivan Small Finance Bank Equitas Small Finance Bank AU Small Finance Bank Cooperative banks Buldhana Urban Cosmos Bank Repco Bank Saraswat Bank Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank TNSC Bank Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank Foreign banks ABN AMRO Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Bank Maybank Indonesia Bank of America Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Bank of Ceylon The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse DBS Bank Deutsche Bank HSBC Rabobank Royal Bank of Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered Regional Rural Banks Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kerala Gramin Bank North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin Bank List of regional rural banks in Uttar Pradesh Interbank networks Cirrus NFS PLUS ATM networks BANCS Cashnet CashTree India 1 ATM (White Label ATM) Indicash (White Label ATM) MITR Electronic funds transfers IMPS NEFT RTGS UPI ( VPA ) AEPS Cards MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro RuPay Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Visa payWave Defunct banks Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank of Chettinad Bank of Cochin Bank of Hindostan Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bank of Thanjavur Bareilley Corporation Bank Bengal Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Bharatiya Mahila Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Hindustan Commercial Bank Imperial Bank of India ING Vysya Bank Lakshmi Commercial Bank Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank of India, London and China Miraj State Bank Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan Bank Sikkim Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Bank of Travancore Times Bank United Industrial Bank United Western Bank Related topics ATM usage fees in India Banks Board Bureau Banking Codes and Standards Board of India Bharat Bill Payment System De-Materialisation (DEMAT) Foreign Exchange (FOREX) Indian Financial System Code (IFSC) List of banks in India National Payments Corporation of India Prepaid Payment Instruments in India Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS) BSE SENSEX companies of India Airtel Axis Bank Bajaj Auto BHEL Cipla Coal India Dr. Reddy's Laboratories GAIL HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco HUL ICICI Bank Infosys ITC L&T Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Suzuki NTPC ONGC Reliance Industries SBI Sesa Sterlite Sun Pharma Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel TCS Wipro CNX Nifty companies of India ACC Ambuja Cements Asian Paints Ltd Axis Bank Bajaj Auto Bank of Baroda BHEL BPCL Bharti Airtel Cairn India Cipla Coal India DLF Dr. Reddy's Laboratories GAIL Grasim Industries HCL Technologies HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco Industries HUL Infosys ICICI Bank IDFC IndusInd Bank Ltd. ITC Limited Jindal Steel and Power Kotak Mahindra Bank L&T Lupin Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Udyog NMDC NTPC ONGC Power Grid Corporation PNB Reliance Industries Sesa Sterlite Limited SBI Sun Pharmaceutical TCS Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel Tech Mahindra Ultratech Cement Wipro Zee Entertainment Enterprises State Bank of India Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Bank_of_India&oldid=811864902 '' Categories : Government-owned banks of India Banks headquartered in Mumbai State Bank of India Companies established in 1955 Banks of India Companies nationalised by the Government of India BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government-owned companies of India Multinational companies headquartered in India Hidden categories: EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017, at 14:36. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 3795966355073759527 |
who signed the constitution of the united states of america | By unanimous Order of the Convention . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book",
"This article is part of a series on the",
"Constitution of the United States of America",
"Preamble and Articles of the Constitution",
"Preamble II III IV V VI VII",
"Preamble",
"II III IV V VI VII",
"Amendments to the Constitution",
"Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII",
"Bill of Rights",
"Bill of Rights",
"II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X",
"XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII",
"Unratified Amendments",
"Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights",
"Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights",
"Titles of Nobility",
"D.C. Voting Rights",
"History",
"Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism",
"Drafting and ratification timeline",
"Drafting and ratification timeline",
"Convention Signing",
"Federalism Republicanism",
"Full text of the Constitution and Amendments",
"Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments",
"Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X",
"Preamble and Articles I -- VII",
"Amendments I -- X",
"Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments",
"Amendments XI -- XXVII",
"United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book",
"United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book",
"United States portal",
"U.S. Government portal",
"",
"",
"The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17 , 1787 , at Independence Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention , representing 12 states ( all but Rhode Island , which declined to send delegates ) , endorsed the Constitution created during the four - month - long convention . In addition to signatures , this endorsement , the Constitution 's eschatocol , included a brief declaration that the delegates ' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document . Included are , a statement pronouncing the document 's adoption by the states present , a formulaic dating of its adoption , along with the signatures of those endorsing it . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures . He also made a few secretarial notes .",
"The language of the concluding endorsement , conceived by Gouverneur Morris and presented to the convention by Benjamin Franklin , was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates . Advocates for the new frame of government , realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed for it to become operational , were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state . It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution . Therefore , in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous , the formula , Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present ... was devised .",
"The U.S. Constitution lays out the frame of the nation 's federal government and delineates how its 3 branches ( legislative , executive , and judicial ) are to function . Of those who signed it , virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution ; seven had signed the Declaration of Independence , and thirty had served on active military duty . In general , they represented a cross-section of 18th - century American leadership , with individuals having experience in local or colonial and state government . Jonathan Dayton , age 26 , was the youngest to sign the Constitution , while Benjamin Franklin , age 81 , was the oldest .",
"Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth . In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names , George Washington -- President and deputy from Virginia",
"Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth . In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names ,",
"George Washington -- President and deputy from Virginia",
"Delaware ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) George Read Gunning Bedford , Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Blair James Madison North Carolina ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Few Abraham Baldwin New Hampshire ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Alexander Hamilton New Jersey ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris",
"Delaware ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) George Read Gunning Bedford , Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Blair James Madison North Carolina ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Few Abraham Baldwin New Hampshire ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Alexander Hamilton New Jersey ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris",
"",
"Delaware ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) George Read Gunning Bedford , Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Blair James Madison North Carolina ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Few Abraham Baldwin",
"",
"Delaware ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) George Read Gunning Bedford , Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom",
"Maryland ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll",
"Virginia ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Blair James Madison",
"North Carolina ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson",
"South Carolina ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler",
"Georgia ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Few Abraham Baldwin",
"New Hampshire ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Alexander Hamilton New Jersey ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris",
"",
"New Hampshire ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) John Langdon Nicholas Gilman",
"Massachusetts ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King",
"Connecticut ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman",
"New York ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Alexander Hamilton",
"New Jersey ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton",
"Pennsylvania ( ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( cases ) \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris",
"The Word `` the '' , being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page , The Word `` Thirty '' being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page . The Words `` is tried '' being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word `` the '' being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page . Attest William Jackson Secretary",
"The Word `` the '' , being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page , The Word `` Thirty '' being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page . The Words `` is tried '' being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word `` the '' being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page . Attest William Jackson Secretary",
"Attest William Jackson Secretary",
"On July 24 , 1787 convention delegates selected a Committee of Detail to write - up a draft constitution reflective of the resolutions passed by the convention up to that point . The final report of this committee , a twenty - three article ( plus a preamble ) document , became the first draft of the constitution . Overall , the draft produced by the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention , though some portions were rephrased during the process .",
"Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . The draft constitution was discussed , section by section and clause by clause . Details were attended to , and further compromises were effected .",
"On September 8 , 1787 , a Committee of Style , with different members , was impaneled to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty - three approved articles . The final draft , presented to the convention on September 12 , contained seven articles , a preamble , and a closing statement , cleverly written by Gouverneur Morris so as to make the constitution seem unanimous . The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to the Congress of the Confederation .",
"The final document , engrossed by Jacob Shallus , was taken up on Monday , September 17 , at the Convention 's final session . Several delegates were disappointed by the numerous compromises contained in the final document , believing that they had impaired its quality .",
"Alexander Hamilton called the Constitution a `` weak and worthless fabric '' , certain to be superseded . Luther Martin regarded it as a stab in the back of the goddess of liberty . The most that Madison and the majority of delegates hoped , was that this practical , workable constitution , planned to meet the immediate needs of thirteen states with approximately four million people , would last a generation .",
"In all , twelve of the thirteen states sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention ; a total of 74 were named , 55 attended and 39 signed . Several attendees left before the signing ceremony , and three that did not refused to sign . Benjamin Franklin summed up the sentiments of those who did sign , stating : `` There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them . '' He would accept the Constitution , `` because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best '' .",
"The closing endorsement of the U.S. Constitution serves an authentication function only . It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . It does however , provide essential documentation of the Constitution 's validity , a statement of `` This is what was agreed to . '' It records who signed the Constitution , plus when and where they signed . It also describes the role played by the signers in developing the document . Due to this limited function , it is frequently overlooked and no court has ever cited it when reaching a judicial decision .",
"On the final day of the Constitutional Convention , Benjamin Franklin delivered an address ( read by James Wilson ) strongly endorsing the Constitution despite any perceived imperfections . Hoping to gain the support of critics and create a sense of common accord , Franklin then proposed , and the convention agreed , that the Constitution be endorsed by the delegates as individual witnesses of the unanimous consent of the states present . Thus the signers subscribed their names as witnesses to what was done in convention ( rather than on the part and behalf of particular states , as they had in the Articles of Confederation ) . The signers ' names are , with the exception of Convention President George Washington , grouped by state , with the listing of states arraigned geographically , from north to south .",
"Seventy - four individuals were selected to attend the Constitutional Convention , but a number of them could not attend or chose not to attend . In all , fifty - five delegates participated in the convention , though thirteen of them dropped out , either for personal reasons in protest over decisions made during the deliberations . Three individuals remained engaged in the work of the convention until its completion , but then refused to sign the final draft .",
"The names of thirty - nine delegates are inscribed upon the proposed constitution . Among them is John Dickinson , who , indisposed by illness , authorized George Read to sign his name by proxy . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , while not himself a delegate , signed the document to authenticate the results of the Convention 's sessions and the signatures . George Washington , as president of the Convention , signed first , followed by the other delegates , grouped by states in progression from north to south . Washington , however , signed near the right margin of the page , and when the delegates ran out of space they began a second column of signatures to the left .",
"Jonathan Dayton , aged 26 , was the youngest to sign the Constitution , while Benjamin Franklin , aged 81 , was the oldest . Franklin was also the first signer to die , in April 1790 , while James Madison was the last , dying in June 1836 . Virtually every signer had taken part in the Revolution ; at least 29 had served in the Continental forces , most of them in positions of command . All but seven were native to the thirteen colonies : Pierce Butler , Thomas Fitzsimons , James McHenry , and William Paterson were born in Ireland , Robert Morris in England , James Wilson in Scotland , and Alexander Hamilton in the West Indies .",
"When the Constitutional Convention adjourned on September 17 , 1787 William Jackson was ordered to carry the Constitution to Congress in New York City . He also carried two letters with him . One was a resolution , adopted by the delegates , that the recommendation of the Constitutional Convention be received by Congress and distributed to the states , for their approval or disapproval . The other was written by George Washington , on behalf of the delegates , to the President of the Continental Congress , Arthur St. Clair , regarding the proposed Constitution .",
"show Resolution to the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION Monday September 17 . 1787 PRESENT The States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Mr. Hamilton from New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia . RESOLVED THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled , and that it is the Opinion of this Convention , that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates , chosen in each State by the People thereof , under the Recommendation of its Legislature , for their Assent and Ratification ; and that each Convention assenting to , and ratifying the Same , should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled . Resolved , That it is the Opinion of this Convention , that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution , the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same , and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President , and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution . That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed , and the Senators and Representatives elected : That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President , and should transmit their votes certified signed , sealed and directed , as the Constitution requires , to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled , that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned ; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate , for the sole Purpose of receiving , opening and counting the Votes for President ; and , that after he shall be chosen , the Congress , together with the President , should , without Delay , proceed to execute this Constitution . By the Unanimous Order of the Convention , GEORGE WASHINGTON President . William Jackson Secretary",
"show Resolution to the Continental Congress",
"IN CONVENTION Monday September 17 . 1787 PRESENT The States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Mr. Hamilton from New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia . RESOLVED THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled , and that it is the Opinion of this Convention , that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates , chosen in each State by the People thereof , under the Recommendation of its Legislature , for their Assent and Ratification ; and that each Convention assenting to , and ratifying the Same , should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled . Resolved , That it is the Opinion of this Convention , that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution , the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same , and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President , and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution . That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed , and the Senators and Representatives elected : That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President , and should transmit their votes certified signed , sealed and directed , as the Constitution requires , to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled , that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned ; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate , for the sole Purpose of receiving , opening and counting the Votes for President ; and , that after he shall be chosen , the Congress , together with the President , should , without Delay , proceed to execute this Constitution . By the Unanimous Order of the Convention , GEORGE WASHINGTON President . William Jackson Secretary",
"IN CONVENTION Monday September 17 . 1787 PRESENT The States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Mr. Hamilton from New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia . RESOLVED THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled , and that it is the Opinion of this Convention , that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates , chosen in each State by the People thereof , under the Recommendation of its Legislature , for their Assent and Ratification ; and that each Convention assenting to , and ratifying the Same , should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled . Resolved , That it is the Opinion of this Convention , that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution , the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same , and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President , and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution . That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed , and the Senators and Representatives elected : That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President , and should transmit their votes certified signed , sealed and directed , as the Constitution requires , to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled , that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned ; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate , for the sole Purpose of receiving , opening and counting the Votes for President ; and , that after he shall be chosen , the Congress , together with the President , should , without Delay , proceed to execute this Constitution . By the Unanimous Order of the Convention , GEORGE WASHINGTON President . William Jackson Secretary",
"IN CONVENTION Monday September 17 . 1787 PRESENT The States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Mr. Hamilton from New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia . RESOLVED THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled , and that it is the Opinion of this Convention , that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates , chosen in each State by the People thereof , under the Recommendation of its Legislature , for their Assent and Ratification ; and that each Convention assenting to , and ratifying the Same , should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled . Resolved , That it is the Opinion of this Convention , that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution , the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same , and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President , and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution . That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed , and the Senators and Representatives elected : That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President , and should transmit their votes certified signed , sealed and directed , as the Constitution requires , to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled , that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned ; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate , for the sole Purpose of receiving , opening and counting the Votes for President ; and , that after he shall be chosen , the Congress , together with the President , should , without Delay , proceed to execute this Constitution . By the Unanimous Order of the Convention , GEORGE WASHINGTON President . William Jackson Secretary",
"Monday September 17 . 1787",
"The States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Mr. Hamilton from New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia .",
"THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled , and that it is the Opinion of this Convention , that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates , chosen in each State by the People thereof , under the Recommendation of its Legislature , for their Assent and Ratification ; and that each Convention assenting to , and ratifying the Same , should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled .",
"Resolved , That it is the Opinion of this Convention , that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution , the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same , and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President , and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution . That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed , and the Senators and Representatives elected : That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President , and should transmit their votes certified signed , sealed and directed , as the Constitution requires , to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled , that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned ; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate , for the sole Purpose of receiving , opening and counting the Votes for President ; and , that after he shall be chosen , the Congress , together with the President , should , without Delay , proceed to execute this Constitution .",
"By the Unanimous Order of the Convention , GEORGE WASHINGTON President . William Jackson Secretary",
"show Letter to the President of the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION , September 17 , 1787 . Sir , We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled , that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable . The friends of our country have long seen and desired , that the power of making war , peace and treaties , that of levying money and regulating commerce , and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union : but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident -- Hence results the necessity of a different organization . It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States , to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each , and yet provide for the interest and safety of all -- Individuals entering into society , must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest . The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance , as on the object to be obtained . It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered , and those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation , extent , habits , and particular interests . In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view , that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American , the consolidation of our Union , in which is involved our prosperity , felicity , safety , perhaps our national existence . This important consideration , seriously and deeply impressed on our minds , led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude , than might have been otherwise expected ; and thus the Constitution , which we now present , is the result of a spirit of amity , and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable . That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider , that had her interest alone been consulted , the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others ; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected , we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all , and secure her freedom and happiness , is our most ardent wish . With great respect , We have the honor to be . SIR , Your Excellency 's most Obedient and humble Servants , GEORGE WASHINGTON , PRESIDENT . By unanimous Order of the Convention .",
"show Letter to the President of the Continental Congress",
"IN CONVENTION , September 17 , 1787 . Sir , We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled , that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable . The friends of our country have long seen and desired , that the power of making war , peace and treaties , that of levying money and regulating commerce , and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union : but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident -- Hence results the necessity of a different organization . It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States , to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each , and yet provide for the interest and safety of all -- Individuals entering into society , must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest . The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance , as on the object to be obtained . It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered , and those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation , extent , habits , and particular interests . In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view , that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American , the consolidation of our Union , in which is involved our prosperity , felicity , safety , perhaps our national existence . This important consideration , seriously and deeply impressed on our minds , led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude , than might have been otherwise expected ; and thus the Constitution , which we now present , is the result of a spirit of amity , and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable . That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider , that had her interest alone been consulted , the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others ; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected , we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all , and secure her freedom and happiness , is our most ardent wish . With great respect , We have the honor to be . SIR , Your Excellency 's most Obedient and humble Servants , GEORGE WASHINGTON , PRESIDENT . By unanimous Order of the Convention .",
"IN CONVENTION , September 17 , 1787 . Sir , We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled , that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable . The friends of our country have long seen and desired , that the power of making war , peace and treaties , that of levying money and regulating commerce , and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union : but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident -- Hence results the necessity of a different organization . It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States , to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each , and yet provide for the interest and safety of all -- Individuals entering into society , must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest . The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance , as on the object to be obtained . It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered , and those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation , extent , habits , and particular interests . In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view , that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American , the consolidation of our Union , in which is involved our prosperity , felicity , safety , perhaps our national existence . This important consideration , seriously and deeply impressed on our minds , led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude , than might have been otherwise expected ; and thus the Constitution , which we now present , is the result of a spirit of amity , and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable . That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider , that had her interest alone been consulted , the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others ; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected , we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all , and secure her freedom and happiness , is our most ardent wish . With great respect , We have the honor to be . SIR , Your Excellency 's most Obedient and humble Servants , GEORGE WASHINGTON , PRESIDENT . By unanimous Order of the Convention .",
"IN CONVENTION , September 17 , 1787 . Sir , We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled , that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable . The friends of our country have long seen and desired , that the power of making war , peace and treaties , that of levying money and regulating commerce , and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union : but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident -- Hence results the necessity of a different organization . It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States , to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each , and yet provide for the interest and safety of all -- Individuals entering into society , must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest . The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance , as on the object to be obtained . It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered , and those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation , extent , habits , and particular interests . In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view , that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American , the consolidation of our Union , in which is involved our prosperity , felicity , safety , perhaps our national existence . This important consideration , seriously and deeply impressed on our minds , led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude , than might have been otherwise expected ; and thus the Constitution , which we now present , is the result of a spirit of amity , and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable . That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider , that had her interest alone been consulted , the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others ; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected , we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all , and secure her freedom and happiness , is our most ardent wish . With great respect , We have the honor to be . SIR , Your Excellency 's most Obedient and humble Servants , GEORGE WASHINGTON , PRESIDENT . By unanimous Order of the Convention .",
"Sir , We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled , that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable .",
"The friends of our country have long seen and desired , that the power of making war , peace and treaties , that of levying money and regulating commerce , and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union : but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident -- Hence results the necessity of a different organization .",
"It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States , to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each , and yet provide for the interest and safety of all -- Individuals entering into society , must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest . The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance , as on the object to be obtained . It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered , and those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation , extent , habits , and particular interests .",
"In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view , that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American , the consolidation of our Union , in which is involved our prosperity , felicity , safety , perhaps our national existence . This important consideration , seriously and deeply impressed on our minds , led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude , than might have been otherwise expected ; and thus the Constitution , which we now present , is the result of a spirit of amity , and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable .",
"That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider , that had her interest alone been consulted , the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others ; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected , we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all , and secure her freedom and happiness , is our most ardent wish .",
"With great respect ,",
"We have the honor to be .",
"Your Excellency 's most",
"Obedient and humble Servants ,",
"GEORGE WASHINGTON , PRESIDENT .",
"By unanimous Order of the Convention ."
] | Signing of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Signing of the United States Constitution Not to be confused with Howard Chandler Christy's painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I-- VII Amendments I-- X Amendments XI-- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17, 1787, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention , representing 12 states (all but Rhode Island , which declined to send delegates), endorsed the Constitution created during the four-month-long convention. In addition to signatures, this endorsement, the Constitution's eschatocol , included a brief declaration that the delegates' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document. Included are, a statement pronouncing the document's adoption by the states present, a formulaic dating of its adoption, along with the signatures of those endorsing it. Additionally, the convention's secretary, William Jackson , signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures. He also made a few secretarial notes. The language of the concluding endorsement, conceived by Gouverneur Morris and presented to the convention by Benjamin Franklin , was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates. Advocates for the new frame of government, realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed for it to become operational, were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state. It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution. Therefore, in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous, the formula, Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present ... was devised. The U.S. Constitution lays out the frame of the nation's federal government and delineates how its 3 branches ( legislative , executive , and judicial ) are to function. Of those who signed it, virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution ; seven had signed the Declaration of Independence , and thirty had served on active military duty. In general, they represented a cross-section of 18th-century American leadership, with individuals having experience in local or colonial and state government. Jonathan Dayton , age 26, was the youngest to sign the Constitution, while Benjamin Franklin , age 81, was the oldest. Contents 1 Text 2 Background 3 About the endorsement 4 About the signers 5 Accompanying documents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, George Washington -- President and deputy from Virginia Delaware ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\\\\\\\end(cases))) George Read Gunning Bedford, Jr. John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\\\end(cases))) James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\end(cases))) John Blair James Madison North Carolina ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\\\end(cases))) William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\\\\\end(cases))) John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\end(cases))) William Few Abraham Baldwin New Hampshire ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\end(cases))) John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\end(cases))) Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\end(cases))) William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\end(cases))) Alexander Hamilton New Jersey ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\\\\\end(cases))) William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania ( (\displaystyle (\begin(cases)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\end(cases))) Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris The closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution The Word `` the'' , being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, The Word `` Thirty'' being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page. The Words `` is tried'' being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word `` the'' being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page. Attest William Jackson Secretary Background ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States , by Howard Chandler Christy On July 24, 1787 convention delegates selected a Committee of Detail to write-up a draft constitution reflective of the resolutions passed by the convention up to that point. The final report of this committee, a twenty-three article (plus a preamble ) document, became the first draft of the constitution. Overall, the draft produced by the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention, though some portions were rephrased during the process. Even after it issued this report, the committee continued to meet off and on until early September. The draft constitution was discussed, section by section and clause by clause. Details were attended to, and further compromises were effected. On September 8, 1787, a Committee of Style, with different members, was impaneled to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty-three approved articles. The final draft, presented to the convention on September 12, contained seven articles, a preamble, and a closing statement, cleverly written by Gouverneur Morris so as to make the constitution seem unanimous. The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to the Congress of the Confederation . The final document, engrossed by Jacob Shallus , was taken up on Monday, September 17, at the Convention's final session. Several delegates were disappointed by the numerous compromises contained in the final document, believing that they had impaired its quality. Alexander Hamilton called the Constitution a `` weak and worthless fabric'' , certain to be superseded. Luther Martin regarded it as a stab in the back of the goddess of liberty. The most that Madison and the majority of delegates hoped, was that this practical, workable constitution, planned to meet the immediate needs of thirteen states with approximately four million people, would last a generation. In all, twelve of the thirteen states sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention; a total of 74 were named, 55 attended and 39 signed. Several attendees left before the signing ceremony, and three that did not refused to sign. Benjamin Franklin summed up the sentiments of those who did sign, stating: `` There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them.'' He would accept the Constitution, `` because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best'' . About the endorsement ( edit ) Gouverneur Morris, author of the Constitution's closing endorsement The closing endorsement of the U.S. Constitution serves an authentication function only. It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action. It does however, provide essential documentation of the Constitution's validity, a statement of `` This is what was agreed to.'' It records who signed the Constitution, plus when and where they signed. It also describes the role played by the signers in developing the document. Due to this limited function, it is frequently overlooked and no court has ever cited it when reaching a judicial decision. On the final day of the Constitutional Convention, Benjamin Franklin delivered an address (read by James Wilson) strongly endorsing the Constitution despite any perceived imperfections. Hoping to gain the support of critics and create a sense of common accord, Franklin then proposed, and the convention agreed, that the Constitution be endorsed by the delegates as individual witnesses of the unanimous consent of the states present. Thus the signers subscribed their names as witnesses to what was done in convention (rather than on the part and behalf of particular states, as they had in the Articles of Confederation ). The signers' names are, with the exception of Convention President George Washington, grouped by state, with the listing of states arraigned geographically, from north to south. About the signers ( edit ) Seventy-four individuals were selected to attend the Constitutional Convention, but a number of them could not attend or chose not to attend. In all, fifty-five delegates participated in the convention, though thirteen of them dropped out, either for personal reasons in protest over decisions made during the deliberations. Three individuals remained engaged in the work of the convention until its completion, but then refused to sign the final draft. The names of thirty-nine delegates are inscribed upon the proposed constitution. Among them is John Dickinson, who, indisposed by illness, authorized George Read to sign his name by proxy. Additionally, the convention's secretary, William Jackson, while not himself a delegate, signed the document to authenticate the results of the Convention's sessions and the signatures. George Washington, as president of the Convention, signed first, followed by the other delegates, grouped by states in progression from north to south. Washington, however, signed near the right margin of the page, and when the delegates ran out of space they began a second column of signatures to the left. Jonathan Dayton , aged 26, was the youngest to sign the Constitution, while Benjamin Franklin , aged 81, was the oldest. Franklin was also the first signer to die, in April 1790, while James Madison was the last, dying in June 1836. Virtually every signer had taken part in the Revolution; at least 29 had served in the Continental forces, most of them in positions of command. All but seven were native to the thirteen colonies: Pierce Butler , Thomas Fitzsimons , James McHenry , and William Paterson were born in Ireland, Robert Morris in England, James Wilson in Scotland, and Alexander Hamilton in the West Indies. Independence Hall's Assembly Room, where both the Constitution and Declaration of Independence were debated and signed. The Syng inkstand , used at the signing of the Constitution and, eleven years earlier, the Declaration of Independence. Accompanying documents ( edit ) When the Constitutional Convention adjourned on September 17, 1787 William Jackson was ordered to carry the Constitution to Congress in New York City . He also carried two letters with him. One was a resolution, adopted by the delegates, that the recommendation of the Constitutional Convention be received by Congress and distributed to the states, for their approval or disapproval. The other was written by George Washington, on behalf of the delegates, to the President of the Continental Congress , Arthur St. Clair , regarding the proposed Constitution. show Resolution to the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION Monday September 17. 1787 PRESENT The States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. RESOLVED THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled, and that it is the Opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the Recommendation of its Legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention assenting to, and ratifying the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled. Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same, and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected: That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President, and should transmit their votes certified signed, sealed and directed, as the Constitution requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole Purpose of receiving, opening and counting the Votes for President; and, that after he shall be chosen, the Congress, together with the President, should, without Delay, proceed to execute this Constitution. By the Unanimous Order of the Convention, GEORGE WASHINGTON President. William Jackson Secretary show Letter to the President of the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION, September 17, 1787. Sir, We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled, that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable. The friends of our country have long seen and desired, that the power of making war, peace and treaties, that of levying money and regulating commerce, and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union: but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident-- Hence results the necessity of a different organization. It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States, to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each, and yet provide for the interest and safety of all-- Individuals entering into society, must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest. The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance, as on the object to be obtained. It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered, and those which may be reserved; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation, extent, habits, and particular interests. In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view, that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American, the consolidation of our Union, in which is involved our prosperity, felicity, safety, perhaps our national existence. This important consideration, seriously and deeply impressed on our minds, led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude, than might have been otherwise expected; and thus the Constitution, which we now present, is the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable. That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected; but each will doubtless consider, that had her interest alone been consulted, the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected, we hope and believe; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all, and secure her freedom and happiness, is our most ardent wish. With great respect, We have the honor to be. SIR, Your Excellency's most Obedient and humble Servants, GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT. By unanimous Order of the Convention. See also ( edit ) Constitution Day (United States) Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Wright, Jr., Robert K.; MacGregor, Jr., Morris J. (1987). `` Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution'' . Army historical series. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 33-- 45 . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Committees at the Constitutional Convention'' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates August 6'' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary'' . Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` America's Founding Fathers-Delegates to the Constitutional Convention'' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Morison, Samuel Eliot (1965). The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 311. Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 12'' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Vile, John R. (2005). The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M) . ABC-CLIO. p. 705. ISBN 1-85109-669-8 . Retrieved October 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 15'' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Spaulding, Matthew. `` Attestation Clause'' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the U.S. Constitution - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net'' . usconstitution.net . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers: Delegates to the Constitutional Convention'' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Federal Convention, Resolution and Letter to the Continental Congress'' . The Founders' Constitution . The University of Chicago Press. pp. 194-- 195, Volume 1, Chapter 6, Document 11 . Retrieved March 6, 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Founding Fathers of the United States . The Founding Fathers: Delegates to the Constitutional Convention National Constitution Center United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import-Export Ineligibility Militia Natural-born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self-Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution (painting) A More Perfect Union (film) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=865273098 '' Categories : United States Constitution 1787 in American politics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español עברית Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018, at 21:23 (UTC) . About Wikipedia | -3294720211354112775 |
when do paige and phoebe find out about chris | In 2016 , Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of Charmed articles in the run - up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale . The sixth was a complete season review of season six , in which Gavin comments that the season is his `` least favourite '' . Critical of the season as a whole , Gavin did note the importance of the inclusion of Chris , who called him an `` exceptional addition to the cast '' , and he `` helped make a sucky season a lot better '' . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Charmed ( season 6 ) DVD cover art Starring Alyssa Milano Rose McGowan Holly Marie Combs Brian Krause Drew Fuller Dorian Gregory No. of episodes 23 Release Original network The WB Original release September 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Charmed episodes",
"Charmed ( season 6 )",
"DVD cover art",
"Starring Alyssa Milano Rose McGowan Holly Marie Combs Brian Krause Drew Fuller Dorian Gregory",
"Alyssa Milano Rose McGowan Holly Marie Combs Brian Krause Drew Fuller Dorian Gregory",
"Holly Marie Combs",
"No. of episodes 23",
"Release",
"Original network The WB",
"Original release September 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 16 )",
"Season chronology",
"← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7",
"List of Charmed episodes",
"The sixth season of Charmed , an American supernatural drama television series , began airing on September 28 , 2003 on The WB . Airing on Sundays at 8 : 00 pm , the season consisted of 23 episodes and concluded its airing on May 16 , 2004 . Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete sixth season in a six - disc box set on October 17 , 2006 .",
"Alyssa Milano as Phoebe Halliwell Rose McGowan as Paige Matthews Holly Marie Combs as Piper Halliwell Brian Krause as Leo Wyatt Drew Fuller as Chris Halliwell Dorian Gregory as Darryl Morris",
"Alyssa Milano as Phoebe Halliwell",
"Rose McGowan as Paige Matthews",
"Holly Marie Combs as Piper Halliwell",
"Brian Krause as Leo Wyatt",
"Drew Fuller as Chris Halliwell",
"Dorian Gregory as Darryl Morris",
"Jennifer Rhodes as Penny Halliwell James Read as Victor Bennett Rebecca Balding as Elise Rothman Sandra Prosper as Sheila Morris Eric Dane as Jason Dean Balthazar Getty as Richard Montana Christopher Neiman as Sigmund Betsy Randle as Mrs. Winterbourne Gildart Jackson as Gideon Billy Drago as Barbas Jenya Lano as Inspector Sheridan",
"Jennifer Rhodes as Penny Halliwell",
"James Read as Victor Bennett",
"Rebecca Balding as Elise Rothman",
"Sandra Prosper as Sheila Morris",
"Eric Dane as Jason Dean",
"Balthazar Getty as Richard Montana",
"Christopher Neiman as Sigmund",
"Betsy Randle as Mrs. Winterbourne",
"Gildart Jackson as Gideon",
"Billy Drago as Barbas",
"Jenya Lano as Inspector Sheridan",
"Melissa George as Freyja Ivana Miličević as Mist Evan Marriott as Oscar Jenny McCarthy as Mitzy Stillman Rachelle Lefevre as Olivia Callaway Michael Muhney as Seth Mako as Potion Sorcerer Gina Ravera as Mary Kathryn Joosten as Old Magician 's Wife Keith Szarabajka as Zahn Marisol Nichols as Bianca Jake Busey as Nigel Patrick Cassidy as Allen Halliwell Eduardo Verástegui as Mr. Right Sarah Rafferty as Carol Scott Adsit as Transformed Male Nymph Ian Abercrombie as Aramis Ken Page as Adair Gabriel Olds as Vincent Right / Vincent Wrong Elaine Hendrix as Clea David Ramsey as Upper - Level Demon",
"Melissa George as Freyja",
"Ivana Miličević as Mist",
"Evan Marriott as Oscar",
"Jenny McCarthy as Mitzy Stillman",
"Rachelle Lefevre as Olivia Callaway",
"Michael Muhney as Seth",
"Mako as Potion Sorcerer",
"Gina Ravera as Mary",
"Kathryn Joosten as Old Magician 's Wife",
"Keith Szarabajka as Zahn",
"Marisol Nichols as Bianca",
"Jake Busey as Nigel",
"Patrick Cassidy as Allen Halliwell",
"Eduardo Verástegui as Mr. Right",
"Sarah Rafferty as Carol",
"Scott Adsit as Transformed Male Nymph",
"Ian Abercrombie as Aramis",
"Ken Page as Adair",
"Gabriel Olds as Vincent Right / Vincent Wrong",
"Elaine Hendrix as Clea",
"David Ramsey as Upper - Level Demon",
"Smash Mouth Steadman Ziggy Marley Andy Stochansky",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 112 113 `` Valhalley of the Dolls '' James L. Conway Brad Kern September 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 28 ) 4301112 4301113 6.3 Even though Leo is gone , Piper is in a surprisingly good ' chipper ' mood , leading Paige to suspect that Leo altered Piper 's memory . However , Paige 's spell to restore Piper 's memory clashes with Leo 's and causes total amnesia . When calling upon Leo for help , Phoebe and Paige discover that he is being held captive on the Island of Valhalla , a mythical place ruled by warrior - maidens known as Valkyries . Phoebe also discovers she is an empath , where she can feel people 's emotions , much to the worry of Chris . The Charmed Ones disguise themselves as Valkyries and infiltrate Valhalla to try to rescue Leo . In order for them to get close to him , they must convince the Valkyries that they are one of them . While Phoebe and Paige go to Darryl to borrow his soul , Chris killed a Valkyrie by crushing her heart through his telekinetic power , to possess a Valkyrie 's necklace . The sight of Leo causes Piper 's pain to come flooding back , prompting her to stay behind on the island to forget the pain while everyone else escapes . Three fallen warriors follow Paige and Phoebe across dimensions to San Francisco and wreak havoc on the city . Phoebe has to control her new power in order to convince Piper that she belongs with her sisters , not the Valkyries . Meanwhile , Paige takes a job as a dog walker and is amazed when one of her dogs is transformed back into a man . Leo later uncovered evidence that Chris had killed two Valkyries but opted not to use it because Chris had finally earned the Charmed Ones ' trust . 114 `` Forget Me ... Not '' John T. Kretchmer Henry Alonso Myers October 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 05 ) 4301114 5.8 When Wyatt inadvertently brings a dragon to life , the Cleaners , a neutral group dedicated to protecting magic from being exposed , take him away and erase all signs and memories of his existence . Aware that they are forgetting something important but not sure of what it is , Piper , Phoebe , and Paige cast a spell to return their memory . The sisters then set out to expose magic , to strike up a deal with the Cleaners . 115 `` The Power of Three Blondes '' John Behring Daniel Cerone October 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 12 ) 4301115 5.4 When three evil sisters magically steal the Charmed Ones ' identities and powers , Piper , Phoebe , and Paige must convince Chris that they are the real Charmed Ones in order to get their lives back . Meanwhile , Piper realizes that Wyatt needs time with Leo , who continues on his quest to find out who put him on the Island of Valhalla . 116 5 `` Love 's a Witch '' Stuart Gillard Jeannine Renshaw October 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 19 ) 4301116 5.4 When Paige 's latest temp job puts her in the middle of an ongoing feud between two magical families , the Montanas and the Callaways , she falls for Richard Montana and urges both families to consider a truce . Paige , Phoebe , and Piper hold a séance with both families and everyone is stunned to learn that Richard 's first love , Olivia Callaway , is the one who has been escalating the feud to avenge her death . Paige becomes possessed by Olivia 's spirit , and Phoebe and Piper must banish Olivia in order to save Paige and the two families . However , Paige 's abduction of Richard while possessed and the near death of his mother , cause the families to end the feud , having decided they want no more death . Olivia 's dad and Richard 's mom lead Phoebe and Piper to Olivia 's grave where Paige tries to attack , but is prevented by Piper . Phoebe and Piper go to vanquish her but are stopped by Paige who felt Olivia 's intense pain while possessed by her and Paige and Richard are able to convince her to move on peacefully . Meanwhile , Leo is suspicious when Chris travels to The Underworld in search of a potion and trails him in secret . The potion turns out to be an empath blocking potion , and Piper and Paige are able to use it to block Phoebe 's new power on them , however , when they are gone , Chris secretly uses it on himself too . 117 6 `` My Three Witches '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Scott Lipsey & Whip Lipsey October 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 26 ) 4301117 5.5 Worried that the Charmed Ones are drifting apart by putting their personal lives before their `` Charmed '' duties , Chris tries to teach them a lesson by enlisting the help of the demon Gith , who creates an alternate reality for the sisters by tapping into their secret desires . Piper 's secret desire is to live a normal life , Phoebe feels her boyfriend 's , Jason Dean , desire , for her to be a famous celebrity and have her own television show , and Paige 's is to not have to hide her magic . Chris tries to kill Gith , but is prevented by when he is shot with a Darklighter arrow . Wyatt ends up becoming seriously ill and when Piper tries to get him to the hospital , she ends up in a car crash while Paige gets attacked by multiple demons and insane fans try to kill Phoebe . Chris manages to put Phoebe into Paige 's world and together they manage to channel themselves into Piper 's . Gith , desperate , transports himself to Piper 's world , but Phoebe fights him off . Gith is vanquished when Piper 's SVU explodes and he is consumed in the explosion . His vanquish frees the sisters and Wyatt and they discover a near - death Chris . Piper quickly calls for Leo who heals Wyatt of his illness and Chris of his wound and they return home where the sisters have learned their lesson . 118 7 `` Soul Survivor '' Mel Damski Curtis Kheel November 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 4301118 5.2 In an attempt to save her boss ' soul , Paige goes behind her sisters backs and makes a deal with a demon . Meanwhile , Piper learns that Wyatt has been sabotaging her dates . Phoebe gets a new writing partner , and Chris and Leo accidentally travel back in time . 119 8 `` Sword and the City '' Derek Johansen David Simkins November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) 4301119 5.2 The Lady of the Lake appears before the Charmed Ones , pleading for their help in protecting Excalibur , the legendary Sword in the Stone . A dozen magical beings arrive at the manor to try their hand at pulling the sword from the stone , but it is Piper who pulls Excalibur out , causing a whirlwind that coalesces into a mysterious figure called Mordaunt . Piper is unaware that she is meant to pass it on to Wyatt , heir of Excalibur and the next King Arthur . Richard realizes that Mordaunt can not be trusted , but before he can intervene , Mordaunt tricks Piper into relinquishing the sword and its power to him . 120 9 `` Little Monsters '' James L. Conway Julie Hess November 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 16 ) 4301120 5.3 After vanquishing a Manticore demon , Piper , Phoebe , and Paige become foster parents to its orphaned half - breed infant , whose human father Derek ( Seth Peterson ) holds Piper hostage until his son is returned . Upon Chris ' plea to vanquish the child , the sisters come to believe that , by raising the child with love , they can change its destiny . Meanwhile , Phoebe surprises her boyfriend Jason when she responds to feelings he has not expressed yet , and Paige gives Darryl a superpower . 121 10 `` Chris - Crossed '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Cameron Litvack November 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 23 ) 4301121 6.0 A mysterious woman from the future named Bianca arrives to take Chris ' powers and bring him back with her forcefully . Piper feels that being witches is stopping her sisters from having the life they want , and advises them to move out and follow their hearts . Bianca is revealed to actually be Chris ' fiancée who only came back as `` he '' would have sent someone else if she had not come . Bianca is revealed to have helped Chris come back in time in the first place and apparently met him after the unnamed evil that rules their future sent her to kill him . Chris also reveals some truth about himself after Piper tries to freeze him and Bianca and fails : he is not a true Whitelighter , he is half - Whitelighter , half - witch like Paige and Wyatt . Bianca strips his powers and brings him back to his terrible future where the evil who rules confronts Chris and Bianca alone ; an evil Wyatt . Future Wyatt tries to convince Chris to join him , offering to spare his life if he does . Chris refuses and Wyatt tries to kill him , but he is saved by Bianca who switches back to his side to protect him . Using a spell the sisters left in the attic in the present , Chris reclaims his powers and defeats Wyatt temporarily , but Bianca is mortally wounded and dies . Chris manages to open a time portal and escapes as Wyatt recovers , taking the spell with him so that Wyatt can not send another assassin back in time . In the present , the sisters forgive him and he remains their Whitelighter , but he swears that if he ca n't prevent Baby Wyatt from becoming evil , then he will stop him permanently . 122 11 `` Witchstock '' James A. Contner Daniel Cerone January 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) 4301122 5.3 After trying on a pair of her Grams ' go - go boots , Paige finds herself transported back in time to an era of free love and free magic . She discovers Grams , a peace - loving hippie , who is on a crusade to rid the world of evil through the magical power of love , preparing for a `` magical be-in '' at the manor . Meanwhile in present time a magic - sucking slime attacks the manor . 123 12 `` Prince Charmed '' David Jackson Henry Alonso Myers January 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 18 ) 4301123 3.9 After vanquishing a demon from Wyatt 's room , Piper has an epiphany and decides to swear off men so that she can devote the rest of her life to raising and protecting Wyatt . Unable to handle Piper 's revelation , Paige and Phoebe decide to remind Piper of the importance of love by conjuring up a `` Mr. Right '' as Piper 's birthday present . The Order , a demonic brotherhood , manage to kidnap Wyatt after Chris ' meddling with `` Prince Charmed 's '' attractiveness backfires , turning a birthday dinner party into a food fight . The sisters vanquish the Order and with Chris ' help restore Wyatt to normal . Doing so apparently earns Wyatt 's trust for Chris and Leo confirms later that he still trusts Chris , but Chris needs to earn back the sisters ' trust . 124 13 `` Used Karma '' John T. Kretchmer Jeannine Renshaw January 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 25 ) 4301124 4.2 Piper , Phoebe , and Paige inadvertently expose themselves as witches in front of Jason , causing him to leave Phoebe . Richard casts a spell to free himself of his family 's negative karma , but accidentally channels the spirit of Mata Hari , a double agent for Germany and France during WWI , into Phoebe . Phoebe decides to get revenge on Jason by arranging for a demonic firing squad to kill him . Meanwhile , Piper and Paige try to vanquish a group of Swarm Demons , the last on Chris ' list of the most significant threats to Wyatt . 125 14 `` The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell '' Jon Paré Cameron Litvack February 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 08 ) 4301125 4.8 The three sisters are railing at the complications and deleterious impact magic has on their lives when a portal opens in the middle of their stairway landing . An Elder named Gideon , Leo 's old mentor at Magic School , calls upon Piper , Phoebe , and Paige to find out who cast the spell of darkness upon the school and conjured up the Headless Horseman , who has been beheading the teachers . While Piper and Paige tackle a group of surly teenagers , Piper becomes the horseman 's next victim and become a functioning head on a table . Meanwhile , Phoebe is sent on a vision quest by a student Enola , who is a young shaman , and gets a glimpse into the demon free future , where she discovers she will have a child and she sees an older Wyatt and a brunette boy . Piper refers to the brunette as Wyatt 's little brother . The little boy asks her for help and the vision ends and she sees Chris asking the same question which gives her a revelation . Questioning whether such a future is even possible , she is told she must be herself and accept her bad with the good about who she is and then it can happen -- the advice the three sisters give the youth terrorizing the teaching staff . It is revealed that Zachary , a desperately unhappy telepath , is behind the attacks by using his power to tap into others powers . The sisters vanquish the Headless Horseman and convince Zachary to stop . Later at P3 , Phoebe confronts Chris about who he really is and asks is he is really Wyatt 's brother and thus Piper and Leo 's son . For once Chris does n't lie and confirms this , but only if he can get Piper and Leo back together in time . 126 15 `` I Dream of Phoebe '' John T. Kretchmer Curtis Kheel February 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 15 ) 4301126 4.1 Phoebe frees a genie , Jinny ( Saba Homayoon ) , from a bottle , only to find that Jinny is a demon that has tricked her into becoming a genie herself . Anxious to get Leo and Piper back together so he can be conceived , Chris uses Phoebe to make his wish come true , but she takes his instructions too literally . When Chris reveals to Paige that he made the wish to make Piper and Leo sleep together , she calls him a pervert , and he reveals to her that Piper and Leo are his parents and that Piper needs to get pregnant within a few weeks or he will perish . Feeling that he is losing Paige , Richard opportunistically covets the genie 's magic and steals the bottle so he can wish Paige back into his life . Paige and Richard reconciled to permanent separation , but Richard must drink a power - stripping potion for his own good . 127 16 `` The Courtship of Wyatt 's Father '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Brad Kern February 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) 4301127 5.0 A Darklighter named Damien sends both Leo and Piper into a trap on the ghostly plane where they are without powers and wounds Leo with his Darklighter crossbow , leaving Phoebe and Paige to fear that they are dead . Meanwhile , Chris is obsessing over the fact that he is out of time , for he must be conceived by Piper and Leo sometime in the next day before he disappears forever having never been conceived . An Angel of Death comes for Chris even as he begins fading but he manages to resist and make a communication bridge between Phoebe and Piper ... The two consult with Gideon who is convinced Leo is doomed , provides a way to access the dimension to rescue Piper thinking Leo will be dead . At the end he convinces Leo to act as an Elder and sunder himself from his family , and Gideon is revealed to have plotted the cross dimensional attack to rid himself of Leo , and to have ill intentions towards Wyatt , his real target . By being trapped on the ghostly plane causes Piper and Leo to temporarily rekindle their relationship and sleep together , conceiving Chris . Piper learns at the end of the episode that Chris is her son and that she is pregnant from Phoebe and Paige who realize what happened as Chris returns to existence . 128 17 `` Hyde School Reunion '' Jonathan West David Simkins March 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 14 ) 4301128 4.8 While preparing for her high school reunion , Phoebe 's wild teenage personality takes over her body when she inadvertently casts a spell on herself reading a rhyme she had inscribed in her high school year book . At the reunion , aggravated by an old rival , the teenage Phoebe persona takes over , reconnects with her former gang and finds herself following a suggestion to use her magic to visit another old gang member Rick , who is in jail awaiting trial . Rick , takes advantage of their visit to break out of jail , and uses Phoebe 's magic to aid his plans of fleeing justice . Meanwhile , Scabber demons requiring the Power of Three to vanquish are closing in on Chris . Earlier that evening , Piper being increasingly concerned that Chris is staying distant , had asked her father Victor to talk to him . Chris explains that Piper dies when he turns fourteen , and he has been distancing himself from his mother because he believes that to bond with her only to return to a future where she is dead would be too painful . Victor convinces Chris that he needs to spend as much time with Piper as possible so he has more fond memories of her when he goes back . All the while Phoebe is under the dual pressures of knowing one high school friend is seriously , perhaps even grievously wounded , and Rick has hidden one of their female classmates where no - one can ever find her . Both parties arrive back at the manor where Paige casts the appearance changing spell to make him look like Chris . The Scabber Demons spit their acid at what looks like Chris and Rick is melted , but not before he gives up the information on where to find the others . 129 18 `` Spin City '' Mel Damski Andy Reaser & Doug E. Jones April 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 18 ) 456006 3.8 Piper is kidnapped and cocooned by the Spider Demon , a creature that emerges every hundred years to feed off a powerful magical being . During the attack , Chris is infected with the demon 's venom , causing him to mutate into a spider demon himself . In need of desperate help , Paige calls Leo . Phoebe then reveals to Leo that Chris is his son . While trying to save him , Chris attacks Leo and starts repeatedly punching Leo , yelling that Leo does not know him . Later , Leo finds Chris on the Golden Gate bridge and begs him to tell him why he hates him so much . Chris replies that Leo was never there for him , but he was there for Piper , Wyatt , and half the world . Leo tells him that maybe he did not come back just to save Wyatt , but to save their relationship as well . 130 19 `` Crimes and Witch Demeanors '' John T. Kretchmer Henry Alonso Myers April 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 25 ) 4301130 3.4 When Phoebe and Paige are caught on tape using their powers by SFPD Inspector Sheridan , the Cleaners , beings who prevent the exposure of magic , cover up the situation by implicating their friend , Detective Darryl Morris , as a murderer and in a huge time jump , end up sending him to death row to cover up the exposure of magic . The Halliwells fight to have the outcome reversed , initially summoning the Cleaners by deliberate acts that would expose magic if left unfixed . Their confrontation proves inconclusive , and they learn that their only recourse is to have a hearing in front of the mysterious Tribunal , which is a council that oversees all magic and made up of demons and Elders with Barbas ( Billy Drago ) empaneled as the prosecutor . He turns the proceedings around on their head and puts the sisters on trial for recklessly abusing their powers. Meanwhile , Inspector Sheridan , nudged magically by Barbas , takes aim at the sisters with her partner Inspector Miles and begins looking into the trail of disappearances and odd happenings over the last half decade starting with the collection of unsolved homicides SFPD Internal Affairs had harassed Andy Trudeau about . Meanwhile , Leo and Chris work together to help free the sisters and Darryl , but the outcome leaves Phoebe stripped of her active powers as penance for occasional lapses in the past where she used magic to benefit herself . 131 20 `` A Wrong Day 's Journey into Right '' Derek Johansen Cameron Litvack May 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 02 ) 4301131 4.1 With Piper away at Magic School and Phoebe without her powers , an overworked Paige re-conjures `` Mr. Right '' for stress relief , but unknowingly releases his evil twin , a demon called Vincent who immediately hatches a plot to separate the sisters while sending assassins after witches . Appealing to Paige 's dark side , Mr. Wrong / Vincent uses his pheromones to trick her into realizing that the only way to achieve her secret desire is to be free and use her magic without fear of consequence , eventually killing her sisters . Chris accidentally gets arrested for stealing a car to chase Vincent and Darryl will not cover . To prevent Paige from executing his plan , Phoebe goes undercover as one of Mr. Wrong 's Demonatrix assassins . Paige and Phoebe try to keep Piper out of the situation , but that backfires when Paige , under Vincent 's control , kidnaps her so that the Demonatrix assassins can kill her . Phoebe regains confidence in herself when she makes Mr. Right real to test a potion that will make Vincent real so he can be vanquished and infiltrates the Demonatrixes . As the Demonatrixes are about to kill a confused Piper , Phoebe saves her and together they vanquish them . They go after Vincent who is confident they can not harm him as they do not have the potion to make him real , but Phoebe takes the chance that making Mr. Right real will turn him real too . She proves to be right and Vincent is easily vanquished which breaks his hold over Paige . Later , Leo erases the memory of the car dealership manager to save Chris from having to go to jail . 132 21 `` Witch Wars '' David Jackson Krista Vernoff May 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 09 ) 4301132 2.7 Aware that Piper , Phoebe and Paige are on the verge of discovering that he is after Wyatt , Gideon conspires with two demons to make the girls part of Witch Wars , a new demonic reality television show where demon contestants compete to hunt down the Charmed Ones , with the winning demon acquiring the witches ' powers . Gideon makes the girls believe that the game masters , Corr and Clea , are the ones after Wyatt in order to protect himself and his own agenda . In the end they find out , but the two demons grow extremely powerful due to them absorbing the powers of vanquished demon contestants . Phoebe comes up with a plan to vanquish them without the Power of Three as they do not want to risk Piper . Leo vanquishes Clea with a power - sucking athame and Phoebe takes Clea 's powers for herself . Using her new powers , Phoebe shimmers to the attic and vanquishes Corr with an energy ball . She then shimmers to a demonic bar where demons have been watching Witch Wars and vanquishes many with energy balls to make a point while the rest flee before she returns home . Paige stabs her with the athame to remove the demonic powers . Later , the group celebrates the victory and believe the threat to Wyatt over . Meanwhile , Gideon 's assistant has second thoughts about their plan and goes to tell the sisters the truth , but is murdered by Gideon before he can . 133 134 22 23 `` It 's a Bad , Bad , Bad , Bad World '' Jon Paré Jeannine Renshaw Curtis Kheel May 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 16 ) 4301133 4301134 4.7 Under the guise of sending Chris back to the future , Gideon creates a portal that puts Chris and Leo in a mirrored world where evil prevails . Phoebe and Paige travel to the parallel universe to rescue Chris and Leo , only to find themselves in a battle with their evil counterparts . Unable to vanquish one another , both sets of sisters realize that Wyatt is unprotected and in danger from Gideon . Upon returning to their own world , Phoebe and Paige realize that their world is now too good , and every little infraction is a capital offense . The shift between universes causes Piper 's memory to be erased , and Gideon tricks Piper into casting a spell on Phoebe and Paige so that they too , forget Gideon 's evil intentions . With the Charmed sisters under the spell , and Piper having a complicated delivery , only Leo and Chris are left to stop Gideon from completing his plan . When Chris is left alone with Wyatt in the attic , Gideon attacks just as Chris goes to orb Wyatt out after suspecting something was not right . Gideon summons an athame and disappears . Chris rushes to grab Wyatt , but Gideon reappears and he stabs Chris in the stomach . While Chris lies there wounded , Gideon takes Wyatt to the Underworld . Chris calls out to Leo . When Leo arrives he tries to heal him , but Chris tells him that it will not work because it was Gideon 's magic and only he can stop it . He tells Leo to find Gideon and save Wyatt . Unfortunately , Chris dies , sending Leo into a rage . He discovers the inter-dimensional mirror , meets with his analog self and realizes to return balance , a great evil needs to be done in the Charmed One 's universe , and when he goes to save Wyatt he kills Gideon while his other self looks on through the mirror which at the end they both destroy , so the universes can not be linked again in the future . Wyatt is safe , and though future Chris is dead , baby Chris is born healthy .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions )",
"112 113 `` Valhalley of the Dolls '' James L. Conway Brad Kern September 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 28 ) 4301112 4301113 6.3",
"Even though Leo is gone , Piper is in a surprisingly good ' chipper ' mood , leading Paige to suspect that Leo altered Piper 's memory . However , Paige 's spell to restore Piper 's memory clashes with Leo 's and causes total amnesia . When calling upon Leo for help , Phoebe and Paige discover that he is being held captive on the Island of Valhalla , a mythical place ruled by warrior - maidens known as Valkyries . Phoebe also discovers she is an empath , where she can feel people 's emotions , much to the worry of Chris . The Charmed Ones disguise themselves as Valkyries and infiltrate Valhalla to try to rescue Leo . In order for them to get close to him , they must convince the Valkyries that they are one of them . While Phoebe and Paige go to Darryl to borrow his soul , Chris killed a Valkyrie by crushing her heart through his telekinetic power , to possess a Valkyrie 's necklace . The sight of Leo causes Piper 's pain to come flooding back , prompting her to stay behind on the island to forget the pain while everyone else escapes . Three fallen warriors follow Paige and Phoebe across dimensions to San Francisco and wreak havoc on the city . Phoebe has to control her new power in order to convince Piper that she belongs with her sisters , not the Valkyries . Meanwhile , Paige takes a job as a dog walker and is amazed when one of her dogs is transformed back into a man . Leo later uncovered evidence that Chris had killed two Valkyries but opted not to use it because Chris had finally earned the Charmed Ones ' trust .",
"114 `` Forget Me ... Not '' John T. Kretchmer Henry Alonso Myers October 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 05 ) 4301114 5.8",
"When Wyatt inadvertently brings a dragon to life , the Cleaners , a neutral group dedicated to protecting magic from being exposed , take him away and erase all signs and memories of his existence . Aware that they are forgetting something important but not sure of what it is , Piper , Phoebe , and Paige cast a spell to return their memory . The sisters then set out to expose magic , to strike up a deal with the Cleaners .",
"115 `` The Power of Three Blondes '' John Behring Daniel Cerone October 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 12 ) 4301115 5.4",
"When three evil sisters magically steal the Charmed Ones ' identities and powers , Piper , Phoebe , and Paige must convince Chris that they are the real Charmed Ones in order to get their lives back . Meanwhile , Piper realizes that Wyatt needs time with Leo , who continues on his quest to find out who put him on the Island of Valhalla .",
"116 5 `` Love 's a Witch '' Stuart Gillard Jeannine Renshaw October 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 19 ) 4301116 5.4",
"When Paige 's latest temp job puts her in the middle of an ongoing feud between two magical families , the Montanas and the Callaways , she falls for Richard Montana and urges both families to consider a truce . Paige , Phoebe , and Piper hold a séance with both families and everyone is stunned to learn that Richard 's first love , Olivia Callaway , is the one who has been escalating the feud to avenge her death . Paige becomes possessed by Olivia 's spirit , and Phoebe and Piper must banish Olivia in order to save Paige and the two families . However , Paige 's abduction of Richard while possessed and the near death of his mother , cause the families to end the feud , having decided they want no more death . Olivia 's dad and Richard 's mom lead Phoebe and Piper to Olivia 's grave where Paige tries to attack , but is prevented by Piper . Phoebe and Piper go to vanquish her but are stopped by Paige who felt Olivia 's intense pain while possessed by her and Paige and Richard are able to convince her to move on peacefully . Meanwhile , Leo is suspicious when Chris travels to The Underworld in search of a potion and trails him in secret . The potion turns out to be an empath blocking potion , and Piper and Paige are able to use it to block Phoebe 's new power on them , however , when they are gone , Chris secretly uses it on himself too .",
"117 6 `` My Three Witches '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Scott Lipsey & Whip Lipsey October 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 26 ) 4301117 5.5",
"Worried that the Charmed Ones are drifting apart by putting their personal lives before their `` Charmed '' duties , Chris tries to teach them a lesson by enlisting the help of the demon Gith , who creates an alternate reality for the sisters by tapping into their secret desires . Piper 's secret desire is to live a normal life , Phoebe feels her boyfriend 's , Jason Dean , desire , for her to be a famous celebrity and have her own television show , and Paige 's is to not have to hide her magic . Chris tries to kill Gith , but is prevented by when he is shot with a Darklighter arrow . Wyatt ends up becoming seriously ill and when Piper tries to get him to the hospital , she ends up in a car crash while Paige gets attacked by multiple demons and insane fans try to kill Phoebe . Chris manages to put Phoebe into Paige 's world and together they manage to channel themselves into Piper 's . Gith , desperate , transports himself to Piper 's world , but Phoebe fights him off . Gith is vanquished when Piper 's SVU explodes and he is consumed in the explosion . His vanquish frees the sisters and Wyatt and they discover a near - death Chris . Piper quickly calls for Leo who heals Wyatt of his illness and Chris of his wound and they return home where the sisters have learned their lesson .",
"118 7 `` Soul Survivor '' Mel Damski Curtis Kheel November 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 4301118 5.2",
"In an attempt to save her boss ' soul , Paige goes behind her sisters backs and makes a deal with a demon . Meanwhile , Piper learns that Wyatt has been sabotaging her dates . Phoebe gets a new writing partner , and Chris and Leo accidentally travel back in time .",
"119 8 `` Sword and the City '' Derek Johansen David Simkins November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) 4301119 5.2",
"The Lady of the Lake appears before the Charmed Ones , pleading for their help in protecting Excalibur , the legendary Sword in the Stone . A dozen magical beings arrive at the manor to try their hand at pulling the sword from the stone , but it is Piper who pulls Excalibur out , causing a whirlwind that coalesces into a mysterious figure called Mordaunt . Piper is unaware that she is meant to pass it on to Wyatt , heir of Excalibur and the next King Arthur . Richard realizes that Mordaunt can not be trusted , but before he can intervene , Mordaunt tricks Piper into relinquishing the sword and its power to him .",
"120 9 `` Little Monsters '' James L. Conway Julie Hess November 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 16 ) 4301120 5.3",
"After vanquishing a Manticore demon , Piper , Phoebe , and Paige become foster parents to its orphaned half - breed infant , whose human father Derek ( Seth Peterson ) holds Piper hostage until his son is returned . Upon Chris ' plea to vanquish the child , the sisters come to believe that , by raising the child with love , they can change its destiny . Meanwhile , Phoebe surprises her boyfriend Jason when she responds to feelings he has not expressed yet , and Paige gives Darryl a superpower .",
"121 10 `` Chris - Crossed '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Cameron Litvack November 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 23 ) 4301121 6.0",
"A mysterious woman from the future named Bianca arrives to take Chris ' powers and bring him back with her forcefully . Piper feels that being witches is stopping her sisters from having the life they want , and advises them to move out and follow their hearts . Bianca is revealed to actually be Chris ' fiancée who only came back as `` he '' would have sent someone else if she had not come . Bianca is revealed to have helped Chris come back in time in the first place and apparently met him after the unnamed evil that rules their future sent her to kill him . Chris also reveals some truth about himself after Piper tries to freeze him and Bianca and fails : he is not a true Whitelighter , he is half - Whitelighter , half - witch like Paige and Wyatt . Bianca strips his powers and brings him back to his terrible future where the evil who rules confronts Chris and Bianca alone ; an evil Wyatt . Future Wyatt tries to convince Chris to join him , offering to spare his life if he does . Chris refuses and Wyatt tries to kill him , but he is saved by Bianca who switches back to his side to protect him . Using a spell the sisters left in the attic in the present , Chris reclaims his powers and defeats Wyatt temporarily , but Bianca is mortally wounded and dies . Chris manages to open a time portal and escapes as Wyatt recovers , taking the spell with him so that Wyatt can not send another assassin back in time . In the present , the sisters forgive him and he remains their Whitelighter , but he swears that if he ca n't prevent Baby Wyatt from becoming evil , then he will stop him permanently .",
"122 11 `` Witchstock '' James A. Contner Daniel Cerone January 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) 4301122 5.3",
"After trying on a pair of her Grams ' go - go boots , Paige finds herself transported back in time to an era of free love and free magic . She discovers Grams , a peace - loving hippie , who is on a crusade to rid the world of evil through the magical power of love , preparing for a `` magical be-in '' at the manor . Meanwhile in present time a magic - sucking slime attacks the manor .",
"123 12 `` Prince Charmed '' David Jackson Henry Alonso Myers January 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 18 ) 4301123 3.9",
"After vanquishing a demon from Wyatt 's room , Piper has an epiphany and decides to swear off men so that she can devote the rest of her life to raising and protecting Wyatt . Unable to handle Piper 's revelation , Paige and Phoebe decide to remind Piper of the importance of love by conjuring up a `` Mr. Right '' as Piper 's birthday present . The Order , a demonic brotherhood , manage to kidnap Wyatt after Chris ' meddling with `` Prince Charmed 's '' attractiveness backfires , turning a birthday dinner party into a food fight . The sisters vanquish the Order and with Chris ' help restore Wyatt to normal . Doing so apparently earns Wyatt 's trust for Chris and Leo confirms later that he still trusts Chris , but Chris needs to earn back the sisters ' trust .",
"124 13 `` Used Karma '' John T. Kretchmer Jeannine Renshaw January 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 25 ) 4301124 4.2",
"Piper , Phoebe , and Paige inadvertently expose themselves as witches in front of Jason , causing him to leave Phoebe . Richard casts a spell to free himself of his family 's negative karma , but accidentally channels the spirit of Mata Hari , a double agent for Germany and France during WWI , into Phoebe . Phoebe decides to get revenge on Jason by arranging for a demonic firing squad to kill him . Meanwhile , Piper and Paige try to vanquish a group of Swarm Demons , the last on Chris ' list of the most significant threats to Wyatt .",
"125 14 `` The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell '' Jon Paré Cameron Litvack February 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 08 ) 4301125 4.8",
"The three sisters are railing at the complications and deleterious impact magic has on their lives when a portal opens in the middle of their stairway landing . An Elder named Gideon , Leo 's old mentor at Magic School , calls upon Piper , Phoebe , and Paige to find out who cast the spell of darkness upon the school and conjured up the Headless Horseman , who has been beheading the teachers . While Piper and Paige tackle a group of surly teenagers , Piper becomes the horseman 's next victim and become a functioning head on a table . Meanwhile , Phoebe is sent on a vision quest by a student Enola , who is a young shaman , and gets a glimpse into the demon free future , where she discovers she will have a child and she sees an older Wyatt and a brunette boy . Piper refers to the brunette as Wyatt 's little brother . The little boy asks her for help and the vision ends and she sees Chris asking the same question which gives her a revelation . Questioning whether such a future is even possible , she is told she must be herself and accept her bad with the good about who she is and then it can happen -- the advice the three sisters give the youth terrorizing the teaching staff . It is revealed that Zachary , a desperately unhappy telepath , is behind the attacks by using his power to tap into others powers . The sisters vanquish the Headless Horseman and convince Zachary to stop . Later at P3 , Phoebe confronts Chris about who he really is and asks is he is really Wyatt 's brother and thus Piper and Leo 's son . For once Chris does n't lie and confirms this , but only if he can get Piper and Leo back together in time .",
"126 15 `` I Dream of Phoebe '' John T. Kretchmer Curtis Kheel February 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 15 ) 4301126 4.1",
"Phoebe frees a genie , Jinny ( Saba Homayoon ) , from a bottle , only to find that Jinny is a demon that has tricked her into becoming a genie herself . Anxious to get Leo and Piper back together so he can be conceived , Chris uses Phoebe to make his wish come true , but she takes his instructions too literally . When Chris reveals to Paige that he made the wish to make Piper and Leo sleep together , she calls him a pervert , and he reveals to her that Piper and Leo are his parents and that Piper needs to get pregnant within a few weeks or he will perish . Feeling that he is losing Paige , Richard opportunistically covets the genie 's magic and steals the bottle so he can wish Paige back into his life . Paige and Richard reconciled to permanent separation , but Richard must drink a power - stripping potion for his own good .",
"127 16 `` The Courtship of Wyatt 's Father '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Brad Kern February 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) 4301127 5.0",
"A Darklighter named Damien sends both Leo and Piper into a trap on the ghostly plane where they are without powers and wounds Leo with his Darklighter crossbow , leaving Phoebe and Paige to fear that they are dead . Meanwhile , Chris is obsessing over the fact that he is out of time , for he must be conceived by Piper and Leo sometime in the next day before he disappears forever having never been conceived . An Angel of Death comes for Chris even as he begins fading but he manages to resist and make a communication bridge between Phoebe and Piper ... The two consult with Gideon who is convinced Leo is doomed , provides a way to access the dimension to rescue Piper thinking Leo will be dead . At the end he convinces Leo to act as an Elder and sunder himself from his family , and Gideon is revealed to have plotted the cross dimensional attack to rid himself of Leo , and to have ill intentions towards Wyatt , his real target . By being trapped on the ghostly plane causes Piper and Leo to temporarily rekindle their relationship and sleep together , conceiving Chris . Piper learns at the end of the episode that Chris is her son and that she is pregnant from Phoebe and Paige who realize what happened as Chris returns to existence .",
"128 17 `` Hyde School Reunion '' Jonathan West David Simkins March 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 14 ) 4301128 4.8",
"While preparing for her high school reunion , Phoebe 's wild teenage personality takes over her body when she inadvertently casts a spell on herself reading a rhyme she had inscribed in her high school year book . At the reunion , aggravated by an old rival , the teenage Phoebe persona takes over , reconnects with her former gang and finds herself following a suggestion to use her magic to visit another old gang member Rick , who is in jail awaiting trial . Rick , takes advantage of their visit to break out of jail , and uses Phoebe 's magic to aid his plans of fleeing justice . Meanwhile , Scabber demons requiring the Power of Three to vanquish are closing in on Chris . Earlier that evening , Piper being increasingly concerned that Chris is staying distant , had asked her father Victor to talk to him . Chris explains that Piper dies when he turns fourteen , and he has been distancing himself from his mother because he believes that to bond with her only to return to a future where she is dead would be too painful . Victor convinces Chris that he needs to spend as much time with Piper as possible so he has more fond memories of her when he goes back . All the while Phoebe is under the dual pressures of knowing one high school friend is seriously , perhaps even grievously wounded , and Rick has hidden one of their female classmates where no - one can ever find her . Both parties arrive back at the manor where Paige casts the appearance changing spell to make him look like Chris . The Scabber Demons spit their acid at what looks like Chris and Rick is melted , but not before he gives up the information on where to find the others .",
"129 18 `` Spin City '' Mel Damski Andy Reaser & Doug E. Jones April 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 18 ) 456006 3.8",
"Piper is kidnapped and cocooned by the Spider Demon , a creature that emerges every hundred years to feed off a powerful magical being . During the attack , Chris is infected with the demon 's venom , causing him to mutate into a spider demon himself . In need of desperate help , Paige calls Leo . Phoebe then reveals to Leo that Chris is his son . While trying to save him , Chris attacks Leo and starts repeatedly punching Leo , yelling that Leo does not know him . Later , Leo finds Chris on the Golden Gate bridge and begs him to tell him why he hates him so much . Chris replies that Leo was never there for him , but he was there for Piper , Wyatt , and half the world . Leo tells him that maybe he did not come back just to save Wyatt , but to save their relationship as well .",
"130 19 `` Crimes and Witch Demeanors '' John T. Kretchmer Henry Alonso Myers April 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 25 ) 4301130 3.4",
"When Phoebe and Paige are caught on tape using their powers by SFPD Inspector Sheridan , the Cleaners , beings who prevent the exposure of magic , cover up the situation by implicating their friend , Detective Darryl Morris , as a murderer and in a huge time jump , end up sending him to death row to cover up the exposure of magic . The Halliwells fight to have the outcome reversed , initially summoning the Cleaners by deliberate acts that would expose magic if left unfixed . Their confrontation proves inconclusive , and they learn that their only recourse is to have a hearing in front of the mysterious Tribunal , which is a council that oversees all magic and made up of demons and Elders with Barbas ( Billy Drago ) empaneled as the prosecutor . He turns the proceedings around on their head and puts the sisters on trial for recklessly abusing their powers. Meanwhile , Inspector Sheridan , nudged magically by Barbas , takes aim at the sisters with her partner Inspector Miles and begins looking into the trail of disappearances and odd happenings over the last half decade starting with the collection of unsolved homicides SFPD Internal Affairs had harassed Andy Trudeau about . Meanwhile , Leo and Chris work together to help free the sisters and Darryl , but the outcome leaves Phoebe stripped of her active powers as penance for occasional lapses in the past where she used magic to benefit herself .",
"131 20 `` A Wrong Day 's Journey into Right '' Derek Johansen Cameron Litvack May 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 02 ) 4301131 4.1",
"With Piper away at Magic School and Phoebe without her powers , an overworked Paige re-conjures `` Mr. Right '' for stress relief , but unknowingly releases his evil twin , a demon called Vincent who immediately hatches a plot to separate the sisters while sending assassins after witches . Appealing to Paige 's dark side , Mr. Wrong / Vincent uses his pheromones to trick her into realizing that the only way to achieve her secret desire is to be free and use her magic without fear of consequence , eventually killing her sisters . Chris accidentally gets arrested for stealing a car to chase Vincent and Darryl will not cover . To prevent Paige from executing his plan , Phoebe goes undercover as one of Mr. Wrong 's Demonatrix assassins . Paige and Phoebe try to keep Piper out of the situation , but that backfires when Paige , under Vincent 's control , kidnaps her so that the Demonatrix assassins can kill her . Phoebe regains confidence in herself when she makes Mr. Right real to test a potion that will make Vincent real so he can be vanquished and infiltrates the Demonatrixes . As the Demonatrixes are about to kill a confused Piper , Phoebe saves her and together they vanquish them . They go after Vincent who is confident they can not harm him as they do not have the potion to make him real , but Phoebe takes the chance that making Mr. Right real will turn him real too . She proves to be right and Vincent is easily vanquished which breaks his hold over Paige . Later , Leo erases the memory of the car dealership manager to save Chris from having to go to jail .",
"132 21 `` Witch Wars '' David Jackson Krista Vernoff May 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 09 ) 4301132 2.7",
"Aware that Piper , Phoebe and Paige are on the verge of discovering that he is after Wyatt , Gideon conspires with two demons to make the girls part of Witch Wars , a new demonic reality television show where demon contestants compete to hunt down the Charmed Ones , with the winning demon acquiring the witches ' powers . Gideon makes the girls believe that the game masters , Corr and Clea , are the ones after Wyatt in order to protect himself and his own agenda . In the end they find out , but the two demons grow extremely powerful due to them absorbing the powers of vanquished demon contestants . Phoebe comes up with a plan to vanquish them without the Power of Three as they do not want to risk Piper . Leo vanquishes Clea with a power - sucking athame and Phoebe takes Clea 's powers for herself . Using her new powers , Phoebe shimmers to the attic and vanquishes Corr with an energy ball . She then shimmers to a demonic bar where demons have been watching Witch Wars and vanquishes many with energy balls to make a point while the rest flee before she returns home . Paige stabs her with the athame to remove the demonic powers . Later , the group celebrates the victory and believe the threat to Wyatt over . Meanwhile , Gideon 's assistant has second thoughts about their plan and goes to tell the sisters the truth , but is murdered by Gideon before he can .",
"133 134 22 23 `` It 's a Bad , Bad , Bad , Bad World '' Jon Paré Jeannine Renshaw Curtis Kheel May 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 16 ) 4301133 4301134 4.7",
"Under the guise of sending Chris back to the future , Gideon creates a portal that puts Chris and Leo in a mirrored world where evil prevails . Phoebe and Paige travel to the parallel universe to rescue Chris and Leo , only to find themselves in a battle with their evil counterparts . Unable to vanquish one another , both sets of sisters realize that Wyatt is unprotected and in danger from Gideon . Upon returning to their own world , Phoebe and Paige realize that their world is now too good , and every little infraction is a capital offense . The shift between universes causes Piper 's memory to be erased , and Gideon tricks Piper into casting a spell on Phoebe and Paige so that they too , forget Gideon 's evil intentions . With the Charmed sisters under the spell , and Piper having a complicated delivery , only Leo and Chris are left to stop Gideon from completing his plan . When Chris is left alone with Wyatt in the attic , Gideon attacks just as Chris goes to orb Wyatt out after suspecting something was not right . Gideon summons an athame and disappears . Chris rushes to grab Wyatt , but Gideon reappears and he stabs Chris in the stomach . While Chris lies there wounded , Gideon takes Wyatt to the Underworld . Chris calls out to Leo . When Leo arrives he tries to heal him , but Chris tells him that it will not work because it was Gideon 's magic and only he can stop it . He tells Leo to find Gideon and save Wyatt . Unfortunately , Chris dies , sending Leo into a rage . He discovers the inter-dimensional mirror , meets with his analog self and realizes to return balance , a great evil needs to be done in the Charmed One 's universe , and when he goes to save Wyatt he kills Gideon while his other self looks on through the mirror which at the end they both destroy , so the universes can not be linked again in the future . Wyatt is safe , and though future Chris is dead , baby Chris is born healthy .",
"In 2016 , Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of Charmed articles in the run - up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale . The sixth was a complete season review of season six , in which Gavin comments that the season is his `` least favourite '' . Critical of the season as a whole , Gavin did note the importance of the inclusion of Chris , who called him an `` exceptional addition to the cast '' , and he `` helped make a sucky season a lot better '' ."
] | Charmed (season 6) - wikipedia Charmed (season 6) Jump to: navigation , search Charmed (season 6) DVD cover art Starring Alyssa Milano Rose McGowan Holly Marie Combs Brian Krause Drew Fuller Dorian Gregory No. of episodes 23 Release Original network The WB Original release September 28, 2003 ( 2003-09-28 ) -- May 16, 2004 ( 2004-05-16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Charmed episodes The sixth season of Charmed , an American supernatural drama television series, began airing on September 28, 2003 on The WB . Airing on Sundays at 8:00 pm, the season consisted of 23 episodes and concluded its airing on May 16, 2004. Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete sixth season in a six-disc box set on October 17, 2006. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 1.4 Special Musical Guest 2 Episode list 3 Reception 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alyssa Milano as Phoebe Halliwell Rose McGowan as Paige Matthews Holly Marie Combs as Piper Halliwell Brian Krause as Leo Wyatt Drew Fuller as Chris Halliwell Dorian Gregory as Darryl Morris Recurring ( edit ) Jennifer Rhodes as Penny Halliwell James Read as Victor Bennett Rebecca Balding as Elise Rothman Sandra Prosper as Sheila Morris Eric Dane as Jason Dean Balthazar Getty as Richard Montana Christopher Neiman as Sigmund Betsy Randle as Mrs. Winterbourne Gildart Jackson as Gideon Billy Drago as Barbas Jenya Lano as Inspector Sheridan Guest ( edit ) Melissa George as Freyja Ivana Miličević as Mist Evan Marriott as Oscar Jenny McCarthy as Mitzy Stillman Rachelle Lefevre as Olivia Callaway Michael Muhney as Seth Mako as Potion Sorcerer Gina Ravera as Mary Kathryn Joosten as Old Magician's Wife Keith Szarabajka as Zahn Marisol Nichols as Bianca Jake Busey as Nigel Patrick Cassidy as Allen Halliwell Eduardo Verástegui as Mr. Right Sarah Rafferty as Carol Scott Adsit as Transformed Male Nymph Ian Abercrombie as Aramis Ken Page as Adair Gabriel Olds as Vincent Right / Vincent Wrong Elaine Hendrix as Clea David Ramsey as Upper-Level Demon Special Musical Guest ( edit ) Smash Mouth Steadman Ziggy Marley Andy Stochansky Episode list ( edit ) See also: List of Charmed episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 112 113 `` Valhalley of the Dolls'' James L. Conway Brad Kern September 28, 2003 ( 2003-09-28 ) 4301112 4301113 6.3 Even though Leo is gone, Piper is in a surprisingly good ' chipper' mood, leading Paige to suspect that Leo altered Piper's memory. However, Paige 's spell to restore Piper's memory clashes with Leo's and causes total amnesia. When calling upon Leo for help, Phoebe and Paige discover that he is being held captive on the Island of Valhalla , a mythical place ruled by warrior-maidens known as Valkyries. Phoebe also discovers she is an empath, where she can feel people's emotions, much to the worry of Chris . The Charmed Ones disguise themselves as Valkyries and infiltrate Valhalla to try to rescue Leo. In order for them to get close to him, they must convince the Valkyries that they are one of them. While Phoebe and Paige go to Darryl to borrow his soul, Chris killed a Valkyrie by crushing her heart through his telekinetic power, to possess a Valkyrie's necklace. The sight of Leo causes Piper's pain to come flooding back, prompting her to stay behind on the island to forget the pain while everyone else escapes. Three fallen warriors follow Paige and Phoebe across dimensions to San Francisco and wreak havoc on the city. Phoebe has to control her new power in order to convince Piper that she belongs with her sisters, not the Valkyries. Meanwhile, Paige takes a job as a dog walker and is amazed when one of her dogs is transformed back into a man. Leo later uncovered evidence that Chris had killed two Valkyries but opted not to use it because Chris had finally earned the Charmed Ones' trust. 114 `` Forget Me... Not'' John T. Kretchmer Henry Alonso Myers October 5, 2003 ( 2003-10-05 ) 4301114 5.8 When Wyatt inadvertently brings a dragon to life, the Cleaners, a neutral group dedicated to protecting magic from being exposed, take him away and erase all signs and memories of his existence. Aware that they are forgetting something important but not sure of what it is, Piper, Phoebe, and Paige cast a spell to return their memory. The sisters then set out to expose magic, to strike up a deal with the Cleaners. 115 `` The Power of Three Blondes'' John Behring Daniel Cerone October 12, 2003 ( 2003-10-12 ) 4301115 5.4 When three evil sisters magically steal the Charmed Ones' identities and powers, Piper, Phoebe, and Paige must convince Chris that they are the real Charmed Ones in order to get their lives back. Meanwhile, Piper realizes that Wyatt needs time with Leo, who continues on his quest to find out who put him on the Island of Valhalla. 116 5 `` Love's a Witch'' Stuart Gillard Jeannine Renshaw October 19, 2003 ( 2003-10-19 ) 4301116 5.4 When Paige's latest temp job puts her in the middle of an ongoing feud between two magical families, the Montanas and the Callaways, she falls for Richard Montana and urges both families to consider a truce. Paige, Phoebe, and Piper hold a séance with both families and everyone is stunned to learn that Richard's first love, Olivia Callaway, is the one who has been escalating the feud to avenge her death. Paige becomes possessed by Olivia's spirit, and Phoebe and Piper must banish Olivia in order to save Paige and the two families. However, Paige's abduction of Richard while possessed and the near death of his mother, cause the families to end the feud, having decided they want no more death. Olivia's dad and Richard's mom lead Phoebe and Piper to Olivia's grave where Paige tries to attack, but is prevented by Piper. Phoebe and Piper go to vanquish her but are stopped by Paige who felt Olivia's intense pain while possessed by her and Paige and Richard are able to convince her to move on peacefully. Meanwhile, Leo is suspicious when Chris travels to The Underworld in search of a potion and trails him in secret. The potion turns out to be an empath blocking potion, and Piper and Paige are able to use it to block Phoebe's new power on them, however, when they are gone, Chris secretly uses it on himself too. 117 6 `` My Three Witches'' Joel J. Feigenbaum Scott Lipsey & Whip Lipsey October 26, 2003 ( 2003-10-26 ) 4301117 5.5 Worried that the Charmed Ones are drifting apart by putting their personal lives before their `` Charmed'' duties, Chris tries to teach them a lesson by enlisting the help of the demon Gith, who creates an alternate reality for the sisters by tapping into their secret desires. Piper's secret desire is to live a normal life, Phoebe feels her boyfriend's , Jason Dean , desire, for her to be a famous celebrity and have her own television show, and Paige's is to not have to hide her magic. Chris tries to kill Gith, but is prevented by when he is shot with a Darklighter arrow. Wyatt ends up becoming seriously ill and when Piper tries to get him to the hospital, she ends up in a car crash while Paige gets attacked by multiple demons and insane fans try to kill Phoebe. Chris manages to put Phoebe into Paige's world and together they manage to channel themselves into Piper's . Gith, desperate, transports himself to Piper's world, but Phoebe fights him off. Gith is vanquished when Piper's SVU explodes and he is consumed in the explosion. His vanquish frees the sisters and Wyatt and they discover a near-death Chris. Piper quickly calls for Leo who heals Wyatt of his illness and Chris of his wound and they return home where the sisters have learned their lesson. 118 7 `` Soul Survivor'' Mel Damski Curtis Kheel November 2, 2003 ( 2003-11-02 ) 4301118 5.2 In an attempt to save her boss' soul, Paige goes behind her sisters backs and makes a deal with a demon. Meanwhile, Piper learns that Wyatt has been sabotaging her dates. Phoebe gets a new writing partner, and Chris and Leo accidentally travel back in time. 119 8 `` Sword and the City'' Derek Johansen David Simkins November 9, 2003 ( 2003-11-09 ) 4301119 5.2 The Lady of the Lake appears before the Charmed Ones, pleading for their help in protecting Excalibur, the legendary Sword in the Stone. A dozen magical beings arrive at the manor to try their hand at pulling the sword from the stone, but it is Piper who pulls Excalibur out, causing a whirlwind that coalesces into a mysterious figure called Mordaunt. Piper is unaware that she is meant to pass it on to Wyatt, heir of Excalibur and the next King Arthur. Richard realizes that Mordaunt cannot be trusted, but before he can intervene, Mordaunt tricks Piper into relinquishing the sword and its power to him. 120 9 `` Little Monsters'' James L. Conway Julie Hess November 16, 2003 ( 2003-11-16 ) 4301120 5.3 After vanquishing a Manticore demon, Piper, Phoebe, and Paige become foster parents to its orphaned half-breed infant, whose human father Derek ( Seth Peterson ) holds Piper hostage until his son is returned. Upon Chris' plea to vanquish the child, the sisters come to believe that, by raising the child with love, they can change its destiny. Meanwhile, Phoebe surprises her boyfriend Jason when she responds to feelings he has not expressed yet, and Paige gives Darryl a superpower. 121 10 `` Chris-Crossed'' Joel J. Feigenbaum Cameron Litvack November 23, 2003 ( 2003-11-23 ) 4301121 6.0 A mysterious woman from the future named Bianca arrives to take Chris' powers and bring him back with her forcefully. Piper feels that being witches is stopping her sisters from having the life they want, and advises them to move out and follow their hearts. Bianca is revealed to actually be Chris' fiancée who only came back as `` he'' would have sent someone else if she had not come. Bianca is revealed to have helped Chris come back in time in the first place and apparently met him after the unnamed evil that rules their future sent her to kill him. Chris also reveals some truth about himself after Piper tries to freeze him and Bianca and fails: he is not a true Whitelighter, he is half-Whitelighter, half-witch like Paige and Wyatt. Bianca strips his powers and brings him back to his terrible future where the evil who rules confronts Chris and Bianca alone; an evil Wyatt. Future Wyatt tries to convince Chris to join him, offering to spare his life if he does. Chris refuses and Wyatt tries to kill him, but he is saved by Bianca who switches back to his side to protect him. Using a spell the sisters left in the attic in the present, Chris reclaims his powers and defeats Wyatt temporarily, but Bianca is mortally wounded and dies. Chris manages to open a time portal and escapes as Wyatt recovers, taking the spell with him so that Wyatt cannot send another assassin back in time. In the present, the sisters forgive him and he remains their Whitelighter, but he swears that if he can't prevent Baby Wyatt from becoming evil, then he will stop him permanently. 122 11 `` Witchstock'' James A. Contner Daniel Cerone January 11, 2004 ( 2004-01-11 ) 4301122 5.3 After trying on a pair of her Grams' go-go boots, Paige finds herself transported back in time to an era of free love and free magic. She discovers Grams, a peace-loving hippie, who is on a crusade to rid the world of evil through the magical power of love, preparing for a `` magical be-in'' at the manor. Meanwhile in present time a magic-sucking slime attacks the manor. 123 12 `` Prince Charmed'' David Jackson Henry Alonso Myers January 18, 2004 ( 2004-01-18 ) 4301123 3.9 After vanquishing a demon from Wyatt's room, Piper has an epiphany and decides to swear off men so that she can devote the rest of her life to raising and protecting Wyatt. Unable to handle Piper's revelation, Paige and Phoebe decide to remind Piper of the importance of love by conjuring up a `` Mr. Right'' as Piper's birthday present. The Order, a demonic brotherhood, manage to kidnap Wyatt after Chris' meddling with `` Prince Charmed's '' attractiveness backfires, turning a birthday dinner party into a food fight. The sisters vanquish the Order and with Chris' help restore Wyatt to normal. Doing so apparently earns Wyatt's trust for Chris and Leo confirms later that he still trusts Chris, but Chris needs to earn back the sisters' trust. 124 13 `` Used Karma'' John T. Kretchmer Jeannine Renshaw January 25, 2004 ( 2004-01-25 ) 4301124 4.2 Piper, Phoebe, and Paige inadvertently expose themselves as witches in front of Jason, causing him to leave Phoebe. Richard casts a spell to free himself of his family's negative karma , but accidentally channels the spirit of Mata Hari , a double agent for Germany and France during WWI , into Phoebe. Phoebe decides to get revenge on Jason by arranging for a demonic firing squad to kill him. Meanwhile, Piper and Paige try to vanquish a group of Swarm Demons, the last on Chris' list of the most significant threats to Wyatt. 125 14 `` The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell'' Jon Paré Cameron Litvack February 8, 2004 ( 2004-02-08 ) 4301125 4.8 The three sisters are railing at the complications and deleterious impact magic has on their lives when a portal opens in the middle of their stairway landing. An Elder named Gideon, Leo's old mentor at Magic School, calls upon Piper, Phoebe, and Paige to find out who cast the spell of darkness upon the school and conjured up the Headless Horseman, who has been beheading the teachers. While Piper and Paige tackle a group of surly teenagers, Piper becomes the horseman's next victim and become a functioning head on a table. Meanwhile, Phoebe is sent on a vision quest by a student Enola, who is a young shaman, and gets a glimpse into the demon free future, where she discovers she will have a child and she sees an older Wyatt and a brunette boy. Piper refers to the brunette as Wyatt's little brother. The little boy asks her for help and the vision ends and she sees Chris asking the same question which gives her a revelation. Questioning whether such a future is even possible, she is told she must be herself and accept her bad with the good about who she is and then it can happen-- the advice the three sisters give the youth terrorizing the teaching staff. It is revealed that Zachary, a desperately unhappy telepath, is behind the attacks by using his power to tap into others powers. The sisters vanquish the Headless Horseman and convince Zachary to stop. Later at P3, Phoebe confronts Chris about who he really is and asks is he is really Wyatt's brother and thus Piper and Leo's son. For once Chris doesn't lie and confirms this,but only if he can get Piper and Leo back together in time. 126 15 `` I Dream of Phoebe'' John T. Kretchmer Curtis Kheel February 15, 2004 ( 2004-02-15 ) 4301126 4.1 Phoebe frees a genie, Jinny ( Saba Homayoon ), from a bottle, only to find that Jinny is a demon that has tricked her into becoming a genie herself. Anxious to get Leo and Piper back together so he can be conceived, Chris uses Phoebe to make his wish come true, but she takes his instructions too literally. When Chris reveals to Paige that he made the wish to make Piper and Leo sleep together, she calls him a pervert, and he reveals to her that Piper and Leo are his parents and that Piper needs to get pregnant within a few weeks or he will perish. Feeling that he is losing Paige, Richard opportunistically covets the genie's magic and steals the bottle so he can wish Paige back into his life. Paige and Richard reconciled to permanent separation, but Richard must drink a power-stripping potion for his own good. 127 16 `` The Courtship of Wyatt's Father'' Joel J. Feigenbaum Brad Kern February 22, 2004 ( 2004-02-22 ) 4301127 5.0 A Darklighter named Damien sends both Leo and Piper into a trap on the ghostly plane where they are without powers and wounds Leo with his Darklighter crossbow, leaving Phoebe and Paige to fear that they are dead. Meanwhile, Chris is obsessing over the fact that he is out of time, for he must be conceived by Piper and Leo sometime in the next day before he disappears forever having never been conceived. An Angel of Death comes for Chris even as he begins fading but he manages to resist and make a communication bridge between Phoebe and Piper...The two consult with Gideon who is convinced Leo is doomed, provides a way to access the dimension to rescue Piper thinking Leo will be dead. At the end he convinces Leo to act as an Elder and sunder himself from his family, and Gideon is revealed to have plotted the cross dimensional attack to rid himself of Leo, and to have ill intentions towards Wyatt, his real target. By being trapped on the ghostly plane causes Piper and Leo to temporarily rekindle their relationship and sleep together, conceiving Chris. Piper learns at the end of the episode that Chris is her son and that she is pregnant from Phoebe and Paige who realize what happened as Chris returns to existence. 128 17 `` Hyde School Reunion'' Jonathan West David Simkins March 14, 2004 ( 2004-03-14 ) 4301128 4.8 While preparing for her high school reunion, Phoebe's wild teenage personality takes over her body when she inadvertently casts a spell on herself reading a rhyme she had inscribed in her high school year book. At the reunion, aggravated by an old rival, the teenage Phoebe persona takes over, reconnects with her former gang and finds herself following a suggestion to use her magic to visit another old gang member Rick, who is in jail awaiting trial. Rick, takes advantage of their visit to break out of jail, and uses Phoebe's magic to aid his plans of fleeing justice. Meanwhile, Scabber demons requiring the Power of Three to vanquish are closing in on Chris. Earlier that evening, Piper being increasingly concerned that Chris is staying distant, had asked her father Victor to talk to him. Chris explains that Piper dies when he turns fourteen, and he has been distancing himself from his mother because he believes that to bond with her only to return to a future where she is dead would be too painful. Victor convinces Chris that he needs to spend as much time with Piper as possible so he has more fond memories of her when he goes back. All the while Phoebe is under the dual pressures of knowing one high school friend is seriously, perhaps even grievously wounded, and Rick has hidden one of their female classmates where no-one can ever find her. Both parties arrive back at the manor where Paige casts the appearance changing spell to make him look like Chris. The Scabber Demons spit their acid at what looks like Chris and Rick is melted, but not before he gives up the information on where to find the others. 129 18 `` Spin City'' Mel Damski Andy Reaser & Doug E. Jones April 18, 2004 ( 2004-04-18 ) 456006 3.8 Piper is kidnapped and cocooned by the Spider Demon, a creature that emerges every hundred years to feed off a powerful magical being. During the attack, Chris is infected with the demon's venom, causing him to mutate into a spider demon himself. In need of desperate help, Paige calls Leo. Phoebe then reveals to Leo that Chris is his son. While trying to save him, Chris attacks Leo and starts repeatedly punching Leo, yelling that Leo does not know him. Later, Leo finds Chris on the Golden Gate bridge and begs him to tell him why he hates him so much. Chris replies that Leo was never there for him, but he was there for Piper, Wyatt, and half the world. Leo tells him that maybe he did not come back just to save Wyatt, but to save their relationship as well. 130 19 `` Crimes and Witch Demeanors'' John T. Kretchmer Henry Alonso Myers April 25, 2004 ( 2004-04-25 ) 4301130 3.4 When Phoebe and Paige are caught on tape using their powers by SFPD Inspector Sheridan , the Cleaners, beings who prevent the exposure of magic, cover up the situation by implicating their friend, Detective Darryl Morris , as a murderer and in a huge time jump, end up sending him to death row to cover up the exposure of magic. The Halliwells fight to have the outcome reversed, initially summoning the Cleaners by deliberate acts that would expose magic if left unfixed. Their confrontation proves inconclusive, and they learn that their only recourse is to have a hearing in front of the mysterious Tribunal, which is a council that oversees all magic and made up of demons and Elders with Barbas ( Billy Drago ) empaneled as the prosecutor. He turns the proceedings around on their head and puts the sisters on trial for recklessly abusing their powers.Meanwhile, Inspector Sheridan, nudged magically by Barbas, takes aim at the sisters with her partner Inspector Miles and begins looking into the trail of disappearances and odd happenings over the last half decade starting with the collection of unsolved homicides SFPD Internal Affairs had harassed Andy Trudeau about. Meanwhile, Leo and Chris work together to help free the sisters and Darryl, but the outcome leaves Phoebe stripped of her active powers as penance for occasional lapses in the past where she used magic to benefit herself. 131 20 `` A Wrong Day's Journey into Right'' Derek Johansen Cameron Litvack May 2, 2004 ( 2004-05-02 ) 4301131 4.1 With Piper away at Magic School and Phoebe without her powers, an overworked Paige re-conjures `` Mr. Right'' for stress relief, but unknowingly releases his evil twin, a demon called Vincent who immediately hatches a plot to separate the sisters while sending assassins after witches. Appealing to Paige's dark side, Mr. Wrong / Vincent uses his pheromones to trick her into realizing that the only way to achieve her secret desire is to be free and use her magic without fear of consequence, eventually killing her sisters. Chris accidentally gets arrested for stealing a car to chase Vincent and Darryl will not cover. To prevent Paige from executing his plan, Phoebe goes undercover as one of Mr. Wrong's Demonatrix assassins. Paige and Phoebe try to keep Piper out of the situation, but that backfires when Paige, under Vincent's control, kidnaps her so that the Demonatrix assassins can kill her. Phoebe regains confidence in herself when she makes Mr. Right real to test a potion that will make Vincent real so he can be vanquished and infiltrates the Demonatrixes. As the Demonatrixes are about to kill a confused Piper, Phoebe saves her and together they vanquish them. They go after Vincent who is confident they cannot harm him as they do not have the potion to make him real, but Phoebe takes the chance that making Mr. Right real will turn him real too. She proves to be right and Vincent is easily vanquished which breaks his hold over Paige. Later, Leo erases the memory of the car dealership manager to save Chris from having to go to jail. 132 21 `` Witch Wars'' David Jackson Krista Vernoff May 9, 2004 ( 2004-05-09 ) 4301132 2.7 Aware that Piper, Phoebe and Paige are on the verge of discovering that he is after Wyatt, Gideon conspires with two demons to make the girls part of Witch Wars, a new demonic reality television show where demon contestants compete to hunt down the Charmed Ones, with the winning demon acquiring the witches' powers. Gideon makes the girls believe that the game masters, Corr and Clea, are the ones after Wyatt in order to protect himself and his own agenda. In the end they find out, but the two demons grow extremely powerful due to them absorbing the powers of vanquished demon contestants. Phoebe comes up with a plan to vanquish them without the Power of Three as they do not want to risk Piper. Leo vanquishes Clea with a power-sucking athame and Phoebe takes Clea's powers for herself. Using her new powers, Phoebe shimmers to the attic and vanquishes Corr with an energy ball. She then shimmers to a demonic bar where demons have been watching Witch Wars and vanquishes many with energy balls to make a point while the rest flee before she returns home. Paige stabs her with the athame to remove the demonic powers. Later, the group celebrates the victory and believe the threat to Wyatt over. Meanwhile, Gideon's assistant has second thoughts about their plan and goes to tell the sisters the truth, but is murdered by Gideon before he can. 133 134 22 23 `` It's a Bad, Bad, Bad, Bad World'' Jon Paré Jeannine Renshaw Curtis Kheel May 16, 2004 ( 2004-05-16 ) 4301133 4301134 4.7 Under the guise of sending Chris back to the future, Gideon creates a portal that puts Chris and Leo in a mirrored world where evil prevails. Phoebe and Paige travel to the parallel universe to rescue Chris and Leo, only to find themselves in a battle with their evil counterparts. Unable to vanquish one another, both sets of sisters realize that Wyatt is unprotected and in danger from Gideon. Upon returning to their own world, Phoebe and Paige realize that their world is now too good, and every little infraction is a capital offense. The shift between universes causes Piper's memory to be erased, and Gideon tricks Piper into casting a spell on Phoebe and Paige so that they too, forget Gideon's evil intentions. With the Charmed sisters under the spell, and Piper having a complicated delivery, only Leo and Chris are left to stop Gideon from completing his plan. When Chris is left alone with Wyatt in the attic, Gideon attacks just as Chris goes to orb Wyatt out after suspecting something was not right. Gideon summons an athame and disappears. Chris rushes to grab Wyatt, but Gideon reappears and he stabs Chris in the stomach. While Chris lies there wounded, Gideon takes Wyatt to the Underworld. Chris calls out to Leo. When Leo arrives he tries to heal him, but Chris tells him that it will not work because it was Gideon's magic and only he can stop it. He tells Leo to find Gideon and save Wyatt. Unfortunately, Chris dies, sending Leo into a rage. He discovers the inter-dimensional mirror, meets with his analog self and realizes to return balance, a great evil needs to be done in the Charmed One's universe, and when he goes to save Wyatt he kills Gideon while his other self looks on through the mirror which at the end they both destroy, so the universes cannot be linked again in the future. Wyatt is safe, and though future Chris is dead, baby Chris is born healthy. Reception ( edit ) In 2016, Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of Charmed articles in the run-up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale. The sixth was a complete season review of season six, in which Gavin comments that the season is his `` least favourite'' . Critical of the season as a whole, Gavin did note the importance of the inclusion of Chris, who called him an `` exceptional addition to the cast'' , and he `` helped make a sucky season a lot better'' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fuller is only credited for the episodes he appears in. Jump up ^ Gregory is only credited for the episodes he appears in. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday September 28, 2003'' . TvTango. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday October 5, 2003'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday October 12, 2003'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday October 19, 2003'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday October 26, 2003'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday November 2, 2003'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday November 9, 2003'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday November 16, 2003'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` CBS, UPN show growth, other b'casters stumble'' . Variety.com. 2003-11-25 . Retrieved 2011-07-24 . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday January 11, 2004'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday January 18, 2004'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday January 25, 2004'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday February 8, 2004'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings: Sunday February 15, 2004'' . TvTango. Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. 2004-02-24 . Retrieved 2010-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. 2004-03-16 . Retrieved 2010-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. 2004-04-20 . Retrieved 2010-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. 2004-04-27 . Retrieved 2010-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. 2004-05-04 . Retrieved 2010-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. 2004-05-11 . Retrieved 2010-06-10 . Jump up ^ Weekly Program Rankings Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ...ABC. May 18, 2004. Retrieved June 10, 2010. Jump up ^ Hetherington, Gavin (May 7, 2016). `` Charmed -- 10th Anniversary Special -- Season 6 Review: `` A Son From the Future '' `` . SpoilerTV . Retrieved May 7, 2016 . External links ( edit ) List of Charmed episodes on IMDb List of Charmed season 6 episodes at TV.com Charmed at epguides.com ( hide ) Charmed Awards and nominations Series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Comics and novels and short stories Season 9 10 Characters Prue Halliwell Piper Halliwell Phoebe Halliwell Paige Matthews Darryl Morris Leo Wyatt Cole Turner Billie Jenkins Coop Henry Mitchell Kyra Barbas Christy Jenkins Episodes `` Something Wicca This Way Comes '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Charmed Again '' `` Forever Charmed '' Other media Board games Merchandise Video game Music `` How Soon Is Now? '' The Soundtrack The Book of Shadows Related topics Power of Three Book of Shadows Magical beings Charmed (2018 TV series) Category:Charmed (TV series) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charmed_(season_6)&oldid=824848238 '' Categories : Charmed (TV series) episodes Charmed (TV series) Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes 2003 American television seasons 2004 American television seasons Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018, at 21:44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 2710546854208113271 |
who is playing in the world cup this year | Alfa - Bank | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"2018 FIFA World Cup Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 Chempionat mira po futbolu FIFA 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Russia Dates 14 June -- 15 July Teams 32 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 11 host cities ) Final positions Champions France ( 2nd title ) Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 169 ( 2.64 per match ) Attendance 3,031,768 ( 47,371 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Best player Luka Modrić Best young player Kylian Mbappé Best goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois Fair play award Spain ← 2014 2022 →",
"Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 Chempionat mira po futbolu FIFA 2018",
"2018 FIFA World Cup official logo",
"Tournament details",
"Host country Russia",
"Dates 14 June -- 15 July",
"Teams 32 ( from 5 confederations )",
"Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 11 host cities )",
"Final positions",
"Champions France ( 2nd title )",
"Runners - up Croatia",
"Third place Belgium",
"Fourth place England",
"Tournament statistics",
"Matches played 64",
"Goals scored 169 ( 2.64 per match )",
"Attendance 3,031,768 ( 47,371 per match )",
"Top scorer ( s ) Harry Kane ( 6 goals )",
"Best player Luka Modrić",
"Best young player Kylian Mbappé",
"Best goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois",
"Fair play award Spain",
"← 2014 2022 →",
"The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup , an international football tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA once every four years . It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 .",
"This was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe , and the 11th time that it had been held in Europe . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion , it is the most expensive World Cup ever . It was also the first World Cup to use the video assistant referee ( VAR ) system .",
"The finals involved 32 teams , of which 31 came through qualifying competitions , while the host nation qualified automatically . Of the 32 teams , 20 had also appeared in the last tournament in 2014 , while both Iceland and Panama made their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup . A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues across 11 cities . The final took place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , with France and Croatia competing for the World Cup . France won the match 4 -- 2 to claim their second World Cup title , and this result marked the fourth consecutive title won by a European team , after Italy in 2006 , Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 .",
"The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup tournaments began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid . During the bidding process , the three remaining non-UEFA nations ( Australia , Japan , and the United States ) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids , and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid . As such , there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , two of which were joint bids : England , Russia , Netherlands / Belgium , and Portugal / Spain .",
"The 22 - member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting . The Portugal / Spain bid came second , and that from Belgium / Netherlands third . England , which was bidding to host its second tournament , was eliminated in the first round .",
"The voting results were as follows :",
"2018 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Portugal / Spain 7 7 Belgium / Netherlands England Eliminated",
"Bidders Votes",
"Round 1 Round 2",
"Russia 9 13",
"Portugal / Spain 7 7",
"Belgium / Netherlands",
"England Eliminated",
"The English Football Association and others raised concerns of bribery on the part of the Russian team and corruption from FIFA members . They claimed that four members of the executive committee had requested bribes to vote for England , and Sepp Blatter had said that it had already been arranged before the vote that Russia would win . The 2014 Garcia Report , an internal investigation led by Michael J. Garcia , was withheld from public release by Hans - Joachim Eckert , FIFA 's head of adjudication on ethical matters . Eckert instead released a shorter revised summary , and his ( and therefore FIFA 's ) reluctance to publish the full report caused Garcia to resign in protest . Because of the controversy , the FA refused to accept Eckert 's absolving of Russia from blame , with Greg Dyke calling for a re-examination of the affair and David Bernstein calling for a boycott of the World Cup .",
"For the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup , all eligible nations -- the 209 FIFA member associations minus automatically qualified hosts Russia -- applied to enter the qualifying process . Zimbabwe and Indonesia were later disqualified before playing their first matches , while Gibraltar and Kosovo , who joined FIFA on 13 May 2016 after the qualifying draw but before European qualifying had begun , also entered the competition . Places in the tournament were allocated to continental confederations , with the allocation unchanged from the 2014 World Cup . The first qualification game , between Timor - Leste and Mongolia , began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , and the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 .",
"Of the 32 nations qualified to play at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , 20 countries competed at the previous tournament in 2014 . Both Iceland and Panama qualified for the first time , with the former becoming the smallest country in terms of population to reach the World Cup . Other teams returning after absences of at least three tournaments include : Egypt , returning to the finals after their last appearance in 1990 ; Morocco , who last competed in 1998 ; Peru , returning after 1982 ; and Senegal , competing for the second time after reaching the quarter - finals in 2002 . It is the first time three Nordic countries ( Denmark , Iceland and Sweden ) and four Arab nations ( Egypt , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Tunisia ) have qualified for the World Cup .",
"Notable countries that failed to qualify include four - time champions Italy ( for the first time since 1958 ) , three - time runners - up and third placed in 2014 the Netherlands ( for the first time since 2002 ) , and four reigning continental champions : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon , two - time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners - up Chile , 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand , and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States ( for the first time since 1986 ) . The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast , who had both made the previous three tournaments .",
"Note : Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament .",
"AFC ( 5 ) Australia ( 36 ) Iran ( 37 ) Japan ( 61 ) Saudi Arabia ( 67 ) South Korea ( 57 ) CAF ( 5 ) Egypt ( 45 ) Morocco ( 41 ) Nigeria ( 48 ) Senegal ( 27 ) Tunisia ( 21 ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Costa Rica ( 23 ) Mexico ( 15 ) Panama ( 55 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 5 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Colombia ( 16 ) Peru ( 11 ) Uruguay ( 14 ) OFC ( 0 ) None qualified UEFA ( 14 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Croatia ( 20 ) Denmark ( 12 ) England ( 12 ) France ( 7 ) Germany ( 1 ) Iceland ( 22 ) Poland ( 8 ) Portugal ( 4 ) Russia ( 70 ) ( host ) Serbia ( 34 ) Spain ( 10 ) Sweden ( 24 ) Switzerland ( 6 ) Qualified Did not qualify Disqualified Not a FIFA member",
"AFC ( 5 ) Australia ( 36 ) Iran ( 37 ) Japan ( 61 ) Saudi Arabia ( 67 ) South Korea ( 57 ) CAF ( 5 ) Egypt ( 45 ) Morocco ( 41 ) Nigeria ( 48 ) Senegal ( 27 ) Tunisia ( 21 ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Costa Rica ( 23 ) Mexico ( 15 ) Panama ( 55 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 5 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Colombia ( 16 ) Peru ( 11 ) Uruguay ( 14 ) OFC ( 0 ) None qualified UEFA ( 14 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Croatia ( 20 ) Denmark ( 12 ) England ( 12 ) France ( 7 ) Germany ( 1 ) Iceland ( 22 ) Poland ( 8 ) Portugal ( 4 ) Russia ( 70 ) ( host ) Serbia ( 34 ) Spain ( 10 ) Sweden ( 24 ) Switzerland ( 6 ) Qualified Did not qualify Disqualified Not a FIFA member",
"AFC ( 5 )",
"AFC ( 5 )",
"Australia ( 36 ) Iran ( 37 ) Japan ( 61 ) Saudi Arabia ( 67 ) South Korea ( 57 )",
"Australia ( 36 )",
"Iran ( 37 )",
"Japan ( 61 )",
"Saudi Arabia ( 67 )",
"South Korea ( 57 )",
"CAF ( 5 )",
"CAF ( 5 )",
"Egypt ( 45 ) Morocco ( 41 ) Nigeria ( 48 ) Senegal ( 27 ) Tunisia ( 21 )",
"Egypt ( 45 )",
"Morocco ( 41 )",
"Nigeria ( 48 )",
"Senegal ( 27 )",
"Tunisia ( 21 )",
"CONCACAF ( 3 )",
"CONCACAF ( 3 )",
"Costa Rica ( 23 ) Mexico ( 15 ) Panama ( 55 )",
"Costa Rica ( 23 )",
"Mexico ( 15 )",
"Panama ( 55 )",
"CONMEBOL ( 5 )",
"CONMEBOL ( 5 )",
"Argentina ( 5 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Colombia ( 16 ) Peru ( 11 ) Uruguay ( 14 )",
"Argentina ( 5 )",
"Brazil ( 2 )",
"Colombia ( 16 )",
"Peru ( 11 )",
"Uruguay ( 14 )",
"OFC ( 0 )",
"OFC ( 0 )",
"None qualified",
"UEFA ( 14 )",
"UEFA ( 14 )",
"Belgium ( 3 ) Croatia ( 20 ) Denmark ( 12 ) England ( 12 ) France ( 7 ) Germany ( 1 ) Iceland ( 22 ) Poland ( 8 ) Portugal ( 4 ) Russia ( 70 ) ( host ) Serbia ( 34 ) Spain ( 10 ) Sweden ( 24 ) Switzerland ( 6 )",
"Belgium ( 3 )",
"Croatia ( 20 )",
"Denmark ( 12 )",
"England ( 12 )",
"France ( 7 )",
"Germany ( 1 )",
"Iceland ( 22 )",
"Poland ( 8 )",
"Portugal ( 4 )",
"Russia ( 70 ) ( host )",
"Serbia ( 34 )",
"Spain ( 10 )",
"Sweden ( 24 )",
"Switzerland ( 6 )",
"The draw was held on 1 December 2017 at 18 : 00 MSK at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow . The 32 teams were drawn into 8 groups of 4 , by selecting one team from each of the 4 ranked pots .",
"For the draw , the teams were allocated to four pots based on the FIFA World Rankings of October 2017 . Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia ( who were automatically assigned to position A1 ) and the best seven teams , pot 2 contained the next best eight teams , and so on for pots 3 and 4 . This was different from previous draws , when only pot 1 was based on FIFA rankings while the remaining pots were based on geographical considerations . However , teams from the same confederation still were not drawn against each other for the group stage , except that two UEFA teams could be in each group .",
"Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Russia ( 65 ) ( hosts ) Germany ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Argentina ( 4 ) Belgium ( 5 ) Poland ( 6 ) France ( 7 ) Spain ( 8 ) Peru ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 11 ) England ( 12 ) Colombia ( 13 ) Mexico ( 16 ) Uruguay ( 17 ) Croatia ( 18 ) Denmark ( 19 ) Iceland ( 21 ) Costa Rica ( 22 ) Sweden ( 25 ) Tunisia ( 28 ) Egypt ( 30 ) Senegal ( 32 ) Iran ( 34 ) Serbia ( 38 ) Nigeria ( 41 ) Australia ( 43 ) Japan ( 44 ) Morocco ( 48 ) Panama ( 49 ) South Korea ( 62 ) Saudi Arabia ( 63 )",
"Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4",
"Russia ( 65 ) ( hosts ) Germany ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Argentina ( 4 ) Belgium ( 5 ) Poland ( 6 ) France ( 7 ) Spain ( 8 ) Peru ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 11 ) England ( 12 ) Colombia ( 13 ) Mexico ( 16 ) Uruguay ( 17 ) Croatia ( 18 ) Denmark ( 19 ) Iceland ( 21 ) Costa Rica ( 22 ) Sweden ( 25 ) Tunisia ( 28 ) Egypt ( 30 ) Senegal ( 32 ) Iran ( 34 ) Serbia ( 38 ) Nigeria ( 41 ) Australia ( 43 ) Japan ( 44 ) Morocco ( 48 ) Panama ( 49 ) South Korea ( 62 ) Saudi Arabia ( 63 )",
"Russia ( 65 ) ( hosts ) Germany ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Argentina ( 4 ) Belgium ( 5 ) Poland ( 6 ) France ( 7 )",
"Spain ( 8 ) Peru ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 11 ) England ( 12 ) Colombia ( 13 ) Mexico ( 16 ) Uruguay ( 17 ) Croatia ( 18 )",
"Denmark ( 19 ) Iceland ( 21 ) Costa Rica ( 22 ) Sweden ( 25 ) Tunisia ( 28 ) Egypt ( 30 ) Senegal ( 32 ) Iran ( 34 )",
"Serbia ( 38 ) Nigeria ( 41 ) Australia ( 43 ) Japan ( 44 ) Morocco ( 48 ) Panama ( 49 ) South Korea ( 62 ) Saudi Arabia ( 63 )",
"Initially , each team had to name a preliminary squad of 30 players but , in February 2018 , this was increased to 35 . From the preliminary squad , the team had to name a final squad of 23 players ( three of whom must be goalkeepers ) by 4 June . Players in the final squad may be replaced for serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team 's first match and such replacements do not need to have been named in the preliminary squad .",
"For players named in the 35 - player preliminary squad , there was a mandatory rest period between 21 and 27 May 2018 , except for those involved in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final played on 26 May .",
"On 29 March 2018 , FIFA released the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees selected to oversee matches . On 30 April 2018 , FIFA released the list of 13 video assistant referees , who solely acted in this capacity in the tournament .",
"Referee Fahad Al - Mirdasi of Saudi Arabia was removed in 30 May 2018 over a match - fixing attempt , along with his two assistant referees , compatriots Mohammed Al - Abakry and Abdulah Al - Shalwai . A new referee was not appointed , but two assistant referees , Hasan Al Mahri of the United Arab Emirates and Hiroshi Yamauchi of Japan , were added to the list . Assistant referee Marwa Range of Kenya also withdrew after the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal .",
"show List of officials Confederation Referee Assistant referees Video assistant referees AFC Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar ) Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Jakhongir Saidov ( Uzbekistan ) Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) CAF Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia ) Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) Redouane Achik ( Morocco ) Waleed Ahmed ( Sudan ) Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa ) Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) John Pitti ( Panama ) Gabriel Victoria ( Panama ) César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay ) Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia ) OFC Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Simon Lount ( New Zealand ) Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Bertrand Brial ( New Caledonia ) UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Anton Averianov ( Russia ) Tikhon Kalugin ( Russia ) Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Tomasz Listkiewicz ( Poland ) Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Clément Turpin ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Nicolas Danos ( France )",
"show List of officials",
"Confederation Referee Assistant referees Video assistant referees",
"AFC Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar )",
"Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Jakhongir Saidov ( Uzbekistan )",
"Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates )",
"Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan )",
"Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar )",
"CAF Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia )",
"Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal )",
"Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria )",
"Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) Redouane Achik ( Morocco ) Waleed Ahmed ( Sudan )",
"Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa )",
"Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia )",
"CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica )",
"Mark Geiger ( United States ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada )",
"Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Corey Rockwell ( United States )",
"Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica )",
"John Pitti ( Panama ) Gabriel Victoria ( Panama )",
"César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico )",
"CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina )",
"Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay )",
"Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay )",
"Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina )",
"Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil )",
"Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia )",
"OFC Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Simon Lount ( New Zealand ) Tevita Makasini ( Tonga )",
"Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Bertrand Brial ( New Caledonia )",
"UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany )",
"Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey )",
"Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Anton Averianov ( Russia ) Tikhon Kalugin ( Russia )",
"Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands )",
"Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Tomasz Listkiewicz ( Poland )",
"Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain )",
"Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia )",
"Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy )",
"Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia )",
"Clément Turpin ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Nicolas Danos ( France )",
"Shortly after the International Football Association Board 's decision to incorporate video assistant referees ( VARs ) into the Laws of the Game , on 16 March 2018 , the FIFA Council took the much - anticipated step of approving the use of VAR for the first time in a FIFA World Cup tournament .",
"VAR operations for all games are operating from a single headquarters in Moscow , which receives live video of the games and are in radio contact with the on - field referees . Systems are in place for communicating VAR - related information to broadcasters and visuals on stadiums ' large screens are used for the fans in attendance .",
"VAR had a significant impact in several games . On 15 June 2018 , Diego Costa 's goal against Portugal became the first World Cup goal based on a VAR decision ; the first penalty as a result of a VAR decision was awarded to France in their match against Australia on 16 June and resulted in a goal by Antoine Griezmann . A record number of penalties were awarded in the tournament , with this phenomenon being partially attributed to VAR . Overall , the new technology has been both praised and criticised by commentators . FIFA declared the implementation of VAR a success after the first week of competition .",
"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadiums of FIFA World Cup 2018 .",
"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadiums of FIFA World Cup 2018 .",
"Russia proposed the following host cities : Kaliningrad , Kazan , Krasnodar , Moscow , Nizhny Novgorod , Rostov - on - Don , Saint Petersburg , Samara , Saransk , Sochi , Volgograd , Yaroslavl , and Yekaterinburg . Most cities are in European Russia , while Sochi and Yekaterinburg are very close to the Europe - Asia border , to reduce travel time for the teams in the huge country . The bid evaluation report stated : `` The Russian bid proposes 13 host cities and 16 stadiums , thus exceeding FIFA 's minimum requirement . Three of the 16 stadiums would be renovated , and 13 would be newly constructed . ''",
"In October 2011 , Russia decreased the number of stadiums from 16 to 14 . Construction of the proposed Podolsk stadium in the Moscow region was cancelled by the regional government , and also in the capital , Otkrytiye Arena was competing with Dynamo Stadium over which would be constructed first .",
"The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012 . The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list . Of the 12 stadiums used for the tournament , 3 ( Luzhniki , Yekaterinburg and Sochi ) have been extensively renovated and the other 9 stadiums to be used are brand new ; $11.8 billion has been spent on hosting the tournament .",
"Sepp Blatter stated in July 2014 that , given the concerns over the completion of venues in Russia , the number of venues for the tournament may be reduced from 12 to 10 . He also said , `` We are not going to be in a situation , as is the case of one , two or even three stadiums in South Africa , where it is a problem of what you do with these stadiums '' .",
"In October 2014 , on their first official visit to Russia , FIFA 's inspection committee and its head Chris Unger visited St Petersburg , Sochi , Kazan and both Moscow venues . They were satisfied with the progress .",
"On 8 October 2015 , FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament .",
"Of the twelve venues used , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow and the Saint Petersburg Stadium -- the two largest stadiums in Russia -- were used most , both hosting seven matches . Sochi , Kazan , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara all hosted six matches , including one quarter - final match each , while the Otkrytiye Stadium in Moscow and Rostov - on - Don hosted five matches , including one round - of - 16 match each . Volgograd , Kaliningrad , Yekaterinburg and Saransk all hosted four matches , but did not host any knockout stage games .",
"A total of twelve stadiums in eleven Russian cities have been built and renovated for the FIFA World Cup .",
"Kaliningrad : Kaliningrad Stadium . The first piles were driven into the ground in September 2015 . On 11 April 2018 the new stadium hosted its first match . Kazan : Kazan Arena . The stadium was built for the 2013 Summer Universiade . It has since hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championship and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . The stadium serves as a home arena to FC Rubin Kazan . Moscow : Luzhniki Stadium . The largest stadium in the country was closed for renovation in 2013 . The stadium was commissioned in November 2017 . Moscow : Spartak Stadium . The stadium is a home arena to its namesake FC Spartak Moscow . In accordance with the FIFA requirements , during the 2018 World Cup it is called Spartak Stadium instead of its usual name Otkritie Arena . The stadium hosted its first match on 5 September 2014 . Nizhny Novgorod : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium . The construction of the Nizhny Novgorod Stadium commenced in 2015 . The project was completed in December 2017 . Rostov - on - Don : Rostov Arena . The stadium is located on the left bank of the Don River . The stadium construction was completed on 22 December 2017 . Saint Petersburg : Saint Petersburg Stadium . The construction of the stadium commenced in 2007 . The project was officially completed on 29 December 2016 . The stadium has hosted games of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and will serve as a venue for UEFA Euro 2020 . Samara : Samara Arena . The construction officially started on 21 July 2014 . The project was completed on 21 April 2018 . Saransk : Mordovia Arena . The stadium in Saransk was scheduled to be commissioned in 2012 in time for the opening of the all - Russian Spartakiad , but the plan was revised . The opening was rescheduled to 2017 . The arena hosted its first match on 21 April 2018 . Sochi : Fisht Stadium . The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Afterwards , it was renovated in preparation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 World Cup . Volgograd : Volgograd Arena . The main arena of Volgograd was built on the demolished Central Stadium site , at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex . The stadium was commissioned on 3 April 2018 . Yekaterinburg : Ekaterinburg Arena . The Central Stadium of Yekaterinburg has been renovated for the FIFA World Cup . The arena 's stands have a capacity of 35,000 spectators . The renovation project was completed in December 2017 .",
"Kaliningrad : Kaliningrad Stadium . The first piles were driven into the ground in September 2015 . On 11 April 2018 the new stadium hosted its first match .",
"Kazan : Kazan Arena . The stadium was built for the 2013 Summer Universiade . It has since hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championship and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . The stadium serves as a home arena to FC Rubin Kazan .",
"Moscow : Luzhniki Stadium . The largest stadium in the country was closed for renovation in 2013 . The stadium was commissioned in November 2017 .",
"Moscow : Spartak Stadium . The stadium is a home arena to its namesake FC Spartak Moscow . In accordance with the FIFA requirements , during the 2018 World Cup it is called Spartak Stadium instead of its usual name Otkritie Arena . The stadium hosted its first match on 5 September 2014 .",
"Nizhny Novgorod : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium . The construction of the Nizhny Novgorod Stadium commenced in 2015 . The project was completed in December 2017 .",
"Rostov - on - Don : Rostov Arena . The stadium is located on the left bank of the Don River . The stadium construction was completed on 22 December 2017 .",
"Saint Petersburg : Saint Petersburg Stadium . The construction of the stadium commenced in 2007 . The project was officially completed on 29 December 2016 . The stadium has hosted games of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and will serve as a venue for UEFA Euro 2020 .",
"Samara : Samara Arena . The construction officially started on 21 July 2014 . The project was completed on 21 April 2018 .",
"Saransk : Mordovia Arena . The stadium in Saransk was scheduled to be commissioned in 2012 in time for the opening of the all - Russian Spartakiad , but the plan was revised . The opening was rescheduled to 2017 . The arena hosted its first match on 21 April 2018 .",
"Sochi : Fisht Stadium . The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Afterwards , it was renovated in preparation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 World Cup .",
"Volgograd : Volgograd Arena . The main arena of Volgograd was built on the demolished Central Stadium site , at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex . The stadium was commissioned on 3 April 2018 .",
"Yekaterinburg : Ekaterinburg Arena . The Central Stadium of Yekaterinburg has been renovated for the FIFA World Cup . The arena 's stands have a capacity of 35,000 spectators . The renovation project was completed in December 2017 .",
"Moscow Saint Petersburg Sochi Luzhniki Stadium Otkritie Arena ( Spartak Stadium ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg Stadium ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Fisht Stadium ) Capacity : 78,011 Capacity : 44,190 Capacity : 64,468 Capacity : 44,287 Volgograd Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Samara Volgograd Saransk Sochi Rostov - on - Don Yekaterinburg Rostov - on - Don Volgograd Arena Rostov Arena Capacity : 43,713 Capacity : 43,472 Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Kazan Arena Capacity : 43,319 Capacity : 42,873 Samara Saransk Kaliningrad Yekaterinburg Cosmos Arena ( Samara Arena ) Mordovia Arena Kaliningrad Stadium Central Stadium ( Ekaterinburg Arena ) Capacity : 41,970 Capacity : 41,685 Capacity : 33,973 Capacity : 33,061",
"Moscow Saint Petersburg Sochi",
"Luzhniki Stadium Otkritie Arena ( Spartak Stadium ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg Stadium ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Fisht Stadium )",
"Capacity : 78,011 Capacity : 44,190 Capacity : 64,468 Capacity : 44,287",
"",
"Volgograd Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Samara Volgograd Saransk Sochi Rostov - on - Don Yekaterinburg Rostov - on - Don",
"Volgograd Arena Rostov Arena",
"Capacity : 43,713 Capacity : 43,472",
"",
"Nizhny Novgorod Kazan",
"Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Kazan Arena",
"Capacity : 43,319 Capacity : 42,873",
"",
"Samara Saransk Kaliningrad Yekaterinburg",
"Cosmos Arena ( Samara Arena ) Mordovia Arena Kaliningrad Stadium Central Stadium ( Ekaterinburg Arena )",
"Capacity : 41,970 Capacity : 41,685 Capacity : 33,973 Capacity : 33,061",
"",
"Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . On 9 February 2018 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team .",
"Argentina : Bronnitsy , Moscow Oblast Australia : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Belgium : Krasnogorsky , Moscow Oblast Brazil : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Colombia : Verkhneuslonsky , Republic of Tatarstan Costa Rica : Saint Petersburg Croatia : Roshchino , Leningrad Oblast Denmark : Anapa , Krasnodar Krai Egypt : Grozny , Chechen Republic England : Repino , Saint Petersburg France : Istra , Moscow Oblast Germany : Vatutinki , Moscow Iceland : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Iran : Bakovka , Moscow Oblast Japan : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Mexico : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Morocco : Voronezh , Voronezh Oblast Nigeria : Yessentuki , Stavropol Krai Panama : Saransk , Republic of Mordovia Peru : Moscow Poland : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Portugal : Ramenskoye , Moscow Oblast Russia : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Saudi Arabia : Saint Petersburg Senegal : Kaluga , Kaluga Oblast Serbia : Svetlogorsk , Kaliningrad Oblast South Korea : Saint Petersburg Spain : Krasnodar , Krasnodar Krai Sweden : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Switzerland : Togliatti , Samara Oblast Tunisia : Pervomayskoye , Moscow Oblast Uruguay : Bor , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast",
"Argentina : Bronnitsy , Moscow Oblast",
"Australia : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan",
"Belgium : Krasnogorsky , Moscow Oblast",
"Brazil : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai",
"Colombia : Verkhneuslonsky , Republic of Tatarstan",
"Costa Rica : Saint Petersburg",
"Croatia : Roshchino , Leningrad Oblast",
"Denmark : Anapa , Krasnodar Krai",
"Egypt : Grozny , Chechen Republic",
"England : Repino , Saint Petersburg",
"France : Istra , Moscow Oblast",
"Germany : Vatutinki , Moscow",
"Iceland : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai",
"Iran : Bakovka , Moscow Oblast",
"Japan : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan",
"Mexico : Khimki , Moscow Oblast",
"Morocco : Voronezh , Voronezh Oblast",
"Nigeria : Yessentuki , Stavropol Krai",
"Panama : Saransk , Republic of Mordovia",
"Peru : Moscow",
"Poland : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai",
"Portugal : Ramenskoye , Moscow Oblast",
"Russia : Khimki , Moscow Oblast",
"Saudi Arabia : Saint Petersburg",
"Senegal : Kaluga , Kaluga Oblast",
"Serbia : Svetlogorsk , Kaliningrad Oblast",
"South Korea : Saint Petersburg",
"Spain : Krasnodar , Krasnodar Krai",
"Sweden : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai",
"Switzerland : Togliatti , Samara Oblast",
"Tunisia : Pervomayskoye , Moscow Oblast",
"Uruguay : Bor , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast",
"At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion as of June 2018 , it is the most expensive World Cup in history , surpassing the cost of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil .",
"The Russian government had originally earmarked a budget of around $20 billion which was later slashed to $10 billion for the preparations of the World Cup , of which half is spent on transport infrastructure . As part of the program for preparation to the 2018 FIFA World Cup , a federal sub-program `` Construction and Renovation of Transport Infrastructure '' was implemented with a total budget of 352.5 billion rubles , with 170.3 billion coming from the federal budget , 35.1 billion from regional budgets , and 147.1 billion from investors . The biggest item of federal spending was the aviation infrastructure ( 117.8 billion rubles ) . Construction of new hotels was a crucial area of infrastructure development in the World Cup host cities . Costs continued to balloon as preparations were underway .",
"Platov International Airport in Rostov - on - Don was upgraded with automated air traffic control systems , modern surveillance , navigation , communication , control , and meteorological support systems . Koltsovo Airport in Yekaterinburg was upgraded with radio - engineering tools for flight operation and received its second runway strip . Saransk Airport received a new navigation system ; the city also got two new hotels , Mercure Saransk Centre ( Accor Hotels ) and Four Points by Sheraton Saransk ( Starwood Hotels ) as well as few other smaller accommodation facilities . In Samara , new tram lines were laid . Khrabrovo Airport in Kaliningrad was upgraded with radio navigation and weather equipment . Renovation and upgrade of radio - engineering tools for flight operation was completed in the airports of Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Volgograd , Samara , Yekaterinburg , Kazan and Sochi . On 27 March , the Ministry of Construction Industry , Housing and Utilities Sector of Russia reported that all communications within its area of responsibility have been commissioned . The last facility commissioned was a waste treatment station in Volgograd . In Yekaterinburg , where four matches are hosted , hosting costs increased to over 7.4 billion rubles , over-running the 5.6 billion rubles originally allocated from the state and regional budget .",
"Volunteer applications to the Russia 2018 Local Organising Committee opened on 1 June 2016 . The 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Volunteer Program received about 177,000 applications , and engaged a total of 35,000 volunteers . They received training at 15 Volunteer Centres of the Local Organising Committee based in 15 universities , and in Volunteer Centres in the host cities . Preference , especially in the key areas , was given to those with knowledge of foreign languages and volunteering experience , but not necessarily to Russian nationals .",
"Free public transport services were offered for ticketholders during the World Cup , including additional trains linking between host cities , as well as services such as bus service within them .",
"The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 ( without kick - off times , which were confirmed later ) . On 1 December 2017 , following the final draw , six kick - off times were adjusted by FIFA .",
"Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and played in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June against Saudi Arabia , the two lowest ranked teams of the tournament at the time of the final draw . The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July . The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg hosted the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place play - off on 14 July .",
"The opening ceremony took place on Thursday , 14 June 2018 , at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , preceding the opening match of the tournament between hosts Russia and Saudi Arabia .",
"Former Brazilian World Cup - winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt . English pop singer Robbie Williams then performed two songs before he and Russian soprano Aida Garifullina performed a duet while other performers emerged , dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation . Dancers were also present . Ronaldo returned with the official match ball of the 2018 World Cup which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June .",
"Champions Runners - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage",
"Champions Runners - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage",
"Competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams ( groups A to H ) . Teams in each group played one another in a round - robin basis , with the top two teams of each group advancing to the knockout stage . Ten European teams and four South American teams progressed to the knockout stage , together with Japan and Mexico .",
"For the first time since 1938 , Germany ( reigning champions ) did not advance past the first round . For the first time since 1982 , no African team progressed to the second round . For the first time , the fair play criteria came into use , when Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards . Only one match , France v Denmark , was goalless . Until then there were a record 36 straight games in which at least one goal was scored .",
"All times listed below are local time .",
"The ranking of teams in the group stage is determined as follows :",
"Points obtained in all group matches ; Goal difference in all group matches ; Number of goals scored in all group matches ; Points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question ; Goal difference in the matches played between the teams in question ; Number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question ; Fair play points in all group matches ( only one deduction can be applied to a player in a single match ) : Yellow card : -- 1 points ; Indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : -- 3 points ; Direct red card : -- 4 points ; Yellow card and direct red card : -- 5 points ; Drawing of lots .",
"Points obtained in all group matches ;",
"Goal difference in all group matches ;",
"Number of goals scored in all group matches ;",
"Points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question ;",
"Goal difference in the matches played between the teams in question ;",
"Number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question ;",
"Fair play points in all group matches ( only one deduction can be applied to a player in a single match ) : Yellow card : -- 1 points ; Indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : -- 3 points ; Direct red card : -- 4 points ; Yellow card and direct red card : -- 5 points ;",
"Yellow card : -- 1 points ; Indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : -- 3 points ; Direct red card : -- 4 points ; Yellow card and direct red card : -- 5 points ;",
"Yellow card : -- 1 points ;",
"Indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : -- 3 points ;",
"Direct red card : -- 4 points ;",
"Yellow card and direct red card : -- 5 points ;",
"Drawing of lots .",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 9 Advance to knockout stage Russia ( H ) 0 8 + 4 6 Saudi Arabia 0 7 − 5 Egypt 0 0 6 − 4 0",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 9 Advance to knockout stage",
"Russia ( H ) 0 8 + 4 6",
"Saudi Arabia 0 7 − 5",
"Egypt 0 0 6 − 4 0",
"Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Gazinsky 12 ' Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 ' Dzyuba 71 ' Golovin 90 + 4 ' Report",
"Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia",
"Gazinsky 12 ' Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 ' Dzyuba 71 ' Golovin 90 + 4 ' Report",
"Gazinsky 12 ' Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 ' Dzyuba 71 ' Golovin 90 + 4 '",
"Gazinsky 12 '",
"Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 '",
"Dzyuba 71 '",
"Golovin 90 + 4 '",
"Egypt 0 -- 1 Uruguay Report Giménez 89 '",
"Egypt 0 -- 1 Uruguay",
"Report Giménez 89 '",
"Giménez 89 '",
"Giménez 89 '",
"Russia 3 -- 1 Egypt Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59 ' Dzyuba 62 ' Report Salah 73 ' ( pen . )",
"Russia 3 -- 1 Egypt",
"Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59 ' Dzyuba 62 ' Report Salah 73 ' ( pen . )",
"Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59 ' Dzyuba 62 '",
"Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. )",
"Cheryshev 59 '",
"Dzyuba 62 '",
"Salah 73 ' ( pen . )",
"Salah 73 ' ( pen . )",
"Uruguay 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Suárez 23 ' Report",
"Uruguay 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia",
"Suárez 23 ' Report",
"Suárez 23 '",
"Suárez 23 '",
"Uruguay 3 -- 0 Russia Suárez 10 ' Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90 ' Report",
"Uruguay 3 -- 0 Russia",
"Suárez 10 ' Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90 ' Report",
"Suárez 10 ' Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90 '",
"Suárez 10 '",
"Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. )",
"Cavani 90 '",
"Saudi Arabia 2 -- 1 Egypt Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 ' Report Salah 22 '",
"Saudi Arabia 2 -- 1 Egypt",
"Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 ' Report Salah 22 '",
"Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 '",
"Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . )",
"Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 '",
"Salah 22 '",
"Salah 22 '",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 6 5 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 5 + 1 5 Iran 0 Morocco 0 − 2",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Spain 0 6 5 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage",
"Portugal 0 5 + 1 5",
"Iran 0",
"Morocco 0 − 2",
"Morocco 0 -- 1 Iran Report Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' ( o.g. )",
"Morocco 0 -- 1 Iran",
"Report Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' ( o.g. )",
"Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' ( o.g. )",
"Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' ( o.g. )",
"Portugal 3 -- 3 Spain Ronaldo 4 ' ( pen . ) , 44 ' , 88 ' Report Costa 24 ' , 55 ' Nacho 58 '",
"Portugal 3 -- 3 Spain",
"Ronaldo 4 ' ( pen . ) , 44 ' , 88 ' Report Costa 24 ' , 55 ' Nacho 58 '",
"Ronaldo 4 ' ( pen . ) , 44 ' , 88 '",
"Ronaldo 4 ' ( pen . ) , 44 ' , 88 '",
"Costa 24 ' , 55 ' Nacho 58 '",
"Costa 24 ' , 55 '",
"Nacho 58 '",
"Portugal 1 -- 0 Morocco Ronaldo 4 ' Report",
"Portugal 1 -- 0 Morocco",
"Ronaldo 4 ' Report",
"Ronaldo 4 '",
"Ronaldo 4 '",
"Iran 0 -- 1 Spain Report Costa 54 '",
"Iran 0 -- 1 Spain",
"Report Costa 54 '",
"Costa 54 '",
"Costa 54 '",
"Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal Ansarifard 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Quaresma 45 '",
"Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal",
"Ansarifard 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Quaresma 45 '",
"Ansarifard 90 + 3 ' ( pen . )",
"Ansarifard 90 + 3 ' ( pen . )",
"Quaresma 45 '",
"Quaresma 45 '",
"Spain 2 -- 2 Morocco Isco 19 ' Aspas 90 + 1 ' Report Boutaïb 14 ' En - Nesyri 81 '",
"Spain 2 -- 2 Morocco",
"Isco 19 ' Aspas 90 + 1 ' Report Boutaïb 14 ' En - Nesyri 81 '",
"Isco 19 ' Aspas 90 + 1 '",
"Isco 19 '",
"Aspas 90 + 1 '",
"Boutaïb 14 ' En - Nesyri 81 '",
"Boutaïb 14 '",
"En - Nesyri 81 '",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 1 5 Peru 0 0 Australia 0 5 − 3",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"France 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage",
"Denmark 0 + 1 5",
"Peru 0 0",
"Australia 0 5 − 3",
"France 2 -- 1 Australia Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . )",
"France 2 -- 1 Australia",
"Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . )",
"Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. )",
"Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . )",
"Behich 81 ' ( o.g. )",
"Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . )",
"Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . )",
"Peru 0 -- 1 Denmark Report Poulsen 59 '",
"Peru 0 -- 1 Denmark",
"Report Poulsen 59 '",
"Poulsen 59 '",
"Poulsen 59 '",
"Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia Eriksen 7 ' Report Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . )",
"Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia",
"Eriksen 7 ' Report Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . )",
"Eriksen 7 '",
"Eriksen 7 '",
"Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . )",
"Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . )",
"France 1 -- 0 Peru Mbappé 34 ' Report",
"France 1 -- 0 Peru",
"Mbappé 34 ' Report",
"Mbappé 34 '",
"Mbappé 34 '",
"Denmark 0 -- 0 France Report",
"Denmark 0 -- 0 France",
"Report",
"Australia 0 -- 2 Peru Report Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 '",
"Australia 0 -- 2 Peru",
"Report Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 '",
"Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 '",
"Carrillo 18 '",
"Guerrero 50 '",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage",
"Argentina 5 − 2",
"Nigeria 0 − 1",
"Iceland 0 5 − 3",
"Argentina 1 -- 1 Iceland Agüero 19 ' Report Finnbogason 23 '",
"Argentina 1 -- 1 Iceland",
"Agüero 19 ' Report Finnbogason 23 '",
"Agüero 19 '",
"Agüero 19 '",
"Finnbogason 23 '",
"Finnbogason 23 '",
"Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report",
"Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria",
"Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report",
"Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . )",
"Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. )",
"Modrić 71 ' ( pen . )",
"Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 '",
"Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia",
"Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 '",
"Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 '",
"Rebić 53 '",
"Modrić 80 '",
"Rakitić 90 + 1 '",
"Nigeria 2 -- 0 Iceland Musa 49 ' , 75 ' Report",
"Nigeria 2 -- 0 Iceland",
"Musa 49 ' , 75 ' Report",
"Musa 49 ' , 75 '",
"Musa 49 ' , 75 '",
"Nigeria 1 -- 2 Argentina Moses 51 ' ( pen . ) Report Messi 14 ' Rojo 86 '",
"Nigeria 1 -- 2 Argentina",
"Moses 51 ' ( pen . ) Report Messi 14 ' Rojo 86 '",
"Moses 51 ' ( pen . )",
"Moses 51 ' ( pen . )",
"Messi 14 ' Rojo 86 '",
"Messi 14 '",
"Rojo 86 '",
"Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 '",
"Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia",
"G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 '",
"G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . )",
"G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . )",
"Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 '",
"Badelj 53 '",
"Perišić 90 '",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Switzerland 0 5 + 1 5 Serbia 0 − 2 Costa Rica 0 5 − 3",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Brazil 0 5 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage",
"Switzerland 0 5 + 1 5",
"Serbia 0 − 2",
"Costa Rica 0 5 − 3",
"Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Serbia Report Kolarov 56 '",
"Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Serbia",
"Report Kolarov 56 '",
"Kolarov 56 '",
"Kolarov 56 '",
"Brazil 1 -- 1 Switzerland Coutinho 20 ' Report Zuber 50 '",
"Brazil 1 -- 1 Switzerland",
"Coutinho 20 ' Report Zuber 50 '",
"Coutinho 20 '",
"Coutinho 20 '",
"Zuber 50 '",
"Zuber 50 '",
"Brazil 2 -- 0 Costa Rica Coutinho 90 + 1 ' Neymar 90 + 7 ' Report",
"Brazil 2 -- 0 Costa Rica",
"Coutinho 90 + 1 ' Neymar 90 + 7 ' Report",
"Coutinho 90 + 1 ' Neymar 90 + 7 '",
"Coutinho 90 + 1 '",
"Neymar 90 + 7 '",
"Serbia 1 -- 2 Switzerland Mitrović 5 ' Report Xhaka 52 ' Shaqiri 90 '",
"Serbia 1 -- 2 Switzerland",
"Mitrović 5 ' Report Xhaka 52 ' Shaqiri 90 '",
"Mitrović 5 '",
"Mitrović 5 '",
"Xhaka 52 ' Shaqiri 90 '",
"Xhaka 52 '",
"Shaqiri 90 '",
"Serbia 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Paulinho 36 ' Thiago Silva 68 '",
"Serbia 0 -- 2 Brazil",
"Report Paulinho 36 ' Thiago Silva 68 '",
"Paulinho 36 ' Thiago Silva 68 '",
"Paulinho 36 '",
"Thiago Silva 68 '",
"Switzerland 2 -- 2 Costa Rica Džemaili 31 ' Drmić 88 ' Report Waston 56 ' Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. )",
"Switzerland 2 -- 2 Costa Rica",
"Džemaili 31 ' Drmić 88 ' Report Waston 56 ' Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. )",
"Džemaili 31 ' Drmić 88 '",
"Džemaili 31 '",
"Drmić 88 '",
"Waston 56 ' Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. )",
"Waston 56 '",
"Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. )",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 − 1 6 South Korea 0 0 Germany 0 − 2",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Sweden 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage",
"Mexico 0 − 1 6",
"South Korea 0 0",
"Germany 0 − 2",
"Germany 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Lozano 35 '",
"Germany 0 -- 1 Mexico",
"Report Lozano 35 '",
"Lozano 35 '",
"Lozano 35 '",
"Sweden 1 -- 0 South Korea Granqvist 65 ' ( pen . ) Report",
"Sweden 1 -- 0 South Korea",
"Granqvist 65 ' ( pen . ) Report",
"Granqvist 65 ' ( pen . )",
"Granqvist 65 ' ( pen . )",
"South Korea 1 -- 2 Mexico Son Heung - min 90 + 3 ' Report Vela 26 ' ( pen . ) Hernández 66 '",
"South Korea 1 -- 2 Mexico",
"Son Heung - min 90 + 3 ' Report Vela 26 ' ( pen . ) Hernández 66 '",
"Son Heung - min 90 + 3 '",
"Son Heung - min 90 + 3 '",
"Vela 26 ' ( pen . ) Hernández 66 '",
"Vela 26 ' ( pen . )",
"Hernández 66 '",
"Germany 2 -- 1 Sweden Reus 48 ' Kroos 90 + 5 ' Report Toivonen 32 '",
"Germany 2 -- 1 Sweden",
"Reus 48 ' Kroos 90 + 5 ' Report Toivonen 32 '",
"Reus 48 ' Kroos 90 + 5 '",
"Reus 48 '",
"Kroos 90 + 5 '",
"Toivonen 32 '",
"Toivonen 32 '",
"South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany Kim Young - gwon 90 + 3 ' Son Heung - min 90 + 6 ' Report",
"South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany",
"Kim Young - gwon 90 + 3 ' Son Heung - min 90 + 6 ' Report",
"Kim Young - gwon 90 + 3 ' Son Heung - min 90 + 6 '",
"Kim Young - gwon 90 + 3 '",
"Son Heung - min 90 + 6 '",
"Mexico 0 -- 3 Sweden Report Augustinsson 50 ' Granqvist 62 ' ( pen . ) Álvarez 74 ' ( o.g. )",
"Mexico 0 -- 3 Sweden",
"Report Augustinsson 50 ' Granqvist 62 ' ( pen . ) Álvarez 74 ' ( o.g. )",
"Augustinsson 50 ' Granqvist 62 ' ( pen . ) Álvarez 74 ' ( o.g. )",
"Augustinsson 50 '",
"Granqvist 62 ' ( pen . )",
"Álvarez 74 ' ( o.g. )",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 0 9 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage England 0 8 + 5 6 Tunisia 0 5 8 − 3 Panama 0 0 11 − 9 0",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Belgium 0 0 9 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage",
"England 0 8 + 5 6",
"Tunisia 0 5 8 − 3",
"Panama 0 0 11 − 9 0",
"Belgium 3 -- 0 Panama Mertens 47 ' Lukaku 69 ' , 75 ' Report",
"Belgium 3 -- 0 Panama",
"Mertens 47 ' Lukaku 69 ' , 75 ' Report",
"Mertens 47 ' Lukaku 69 ' , 75 '",
"Mertens 47 '",
"Lukaku 69 ' , 75 '",
"Tunisia 1 -- 2 England Sassi 35 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 '",
"Tunisia 1 -- 2 England",
"Sassi 35 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 '",
"Sassi 35 ' ( pen . )",
"Sassi 35 ' ( pen . )",
"Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 '",
"Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 '",
"Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia E. Hazard 6 ' ( pen . ) , 51 ' Lukaku 16 ' , 45 + 3 ' Batshuayi 90 ' Report Bronn 18 ' Khazri 90 + 3 '",
"Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia",
"E. Hazard 6 ' ( pen . ) , 51 ' Lukaku 16 ' , 45 + 3 ' Batshuayi 90 ' Report Bronn 18 ' Khazri 90 + 3 '",
"E. Hazard 6 ' ( pen . ) , 51 ' Lukaku 16 ' , 45 + 3 ' Batshuayi 90 '",
"E. Hazard 6 ' ( pen . ) , 51 '",
"Lukaku 16 ' , 45 + 3 '",
"Batshuayi 90 '",
"Bronn 18 ' Khazri 90 + 3 '",
"Bronn 18 '",
"Khazri 90 + 3 '",
"England 6 -- 1 Panama Stones 8 ' , 40 ' Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Lingard 36 ' Report Baloy 78 '",
"England 6 -- 1 Panama",
"Stones 8 ' , 40 ' Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Lingard 36 ' Report Baloy 78 '",
"Stones 8 ' , 40 ' Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Lingard 36 '",
"Stones 8 ' , 40 '",
"Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 '",
"Lingard 36 '",
"Baloy 78 '",
"Baloy 78 '",
"England 0 -- 1 Belgium Report Januzaj 51 '",
"England 0 -- 1 Belgium",
"Report Januzaj 51 '",
"Januzaj 51 '",
"Januzaj 51 '",
"Panama 1 -- 2 Tunisia Meriah 33 ' ( o.g. ) Report F. Ben Youssef 51 ' Khazri 66 '",
"Panama 1 -- 2 Tunisia",
"Meriah 33 ' ( o.g. ) Report F. Ben Youssef 51 ' Khazri 66 '",
"Meriah 33 ' ( o.g. )",
"Meriah 33 ' ( o.g. )",
"F. Ben Youssef 51 ' Khazri 66 '",
"F. Ben Youssef 51 '",
"Khazri 66 '",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Colombia 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 Senegal 0 Poland 0 5 − 3",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Colombia 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage",
"Japan 0",
"Senegal 0",
"Poland 0 5 − 3",
"^ Jump up to : Fair play points : Japan − 4 , Senegal − 6 .",
"^ Jump up to : Fair play points : Japan − 4 , Senegal − 6 .",
"Colombia 1 -- 2 Japan Quintero 39 ' Report Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . ) Osako 73 '",
"Colombia 1 -- 2 Japan",
"Quintero 39 ' Report Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . ) Osako 73 '",
"Quintero 39 '",
"Quintero 39 '",
"Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . ) Osako 73 '",
"Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . )",
"Osako 73 '",
"Poland 1 -- 2 Senegal Krychowiak 86 ' Report Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. ) Niang 60 '",
"Poland 1 -- 2 Senegal",
"Krychowiak 86 ' Report Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. ) Niang 60 '",
"Krychowiak 86 '",
"Krychowiak 86 '",
"Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. ) Niang 60 '",
"Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. )",
"Niang 60 '",
"Japan 2 -- 2 Senegal Inui 34 ' Honda 78 ' Report Mané 11 ' Wagué 71 '",
"Japan 2 -- 2 Senegal",
"Inui 34 ' Honda 78 ' Report Mané 11 ' Wagué 71 '",
"Inui 34 ' Honda 78 '",
"Inui 34 '",
"Honda 78 '",
"Mané 11 ' Wagué 71 '",
"Mané 11 '",
"Wagué 71 '",
"Poland 0 -- 3 Colombia Report Mina 40 ' Falcao 70 ' Ju . Cuadrado 75 '",
"Poland 0 -- 3 Colombia",
"Report Mina 40 ' Falcao 70 ' Ju . Cuadrado 75 '",
"Mina 40 ' Falcao 70 ' Ju . Cuadrado 75 '",
"Mina 40 '",
"Falcao 70 '",
"Ju . Cuadrado 75 '",
"Japan 0 -- 1 Poland Report Bednarek 59 '",
"Japan 0 -- 1 Poland",
"Report Bednarek 59 '",
"Bednarek 59 '",
"Bednarek 59 '",
"Senegal 0 -- 1 Colombia Report Mina 74 '",
"Senegal 0 -- 1 Colombia",
"Report Mina 74 '",
"Mina 74 '",
"Mina 74 '",
"In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , extra time is played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) and followed , if necessary , by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners .",
"If a match went into extra time , each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution , the first time this had been allowed in a FIFA World Cup tournament .",
"Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Uruguay 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Portugal Uruguay 0 30 June -- Kazan France France 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Argentina France 2 July -- Samara Belgium 0 Brazil 6 July -- Kazan Mexico 0 Brazil 2 July -- Rostov - on - Don Belgium Belgium 15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Japan France 1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Croatia Spain 1 ( 3 ) 7 July -- Sochi Russia ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Russia 2 ( 3 ) 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Croatia ( p ) 2 ( 4 ) Croatia ( p ) 1 ( 3 ) 11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Denmark 1 ( 2 ) Croatia ( a.e.t. ) 3 July -- Saint Petersburg England Third place play - off Sweden 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Switzerland 0 Sweden 0 Belgium 3 July -- Moscow ( Otkritie ) England England 0 Colombia 1 ( 3 ) England ( p ) 1 ( 4 )",
"Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final",
"",
"30 June -- Sochi",
"Uruguay",
"6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod",
"Portugal",
"Uruguay 0",
"30 June -- Kazan",
"France",
"France",
"10 July -- Saint Petersburg",
"Argentina",
"France",
"2 July -- Samara",
"Belgium 0",
"Brazil",
"6 July -- Kazan",
"Mexico 0",
"Brazil",
"2 July -- Rostov - on - Don",
"Belgium",
"Belgium",
"15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki )",
"Japan",
"France",
"1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki )",
"Croatia",
"Spain 1 ( 3 )",
"7 July -- Sochi",
"Russia ( p ) 1 ( 4 )",
"Russia 2 ( 3 )",
"1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod",
"Croatia ( p ) 2 ( 4 )",
"Croatia ( p ) 1 ( 3 )",
"11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki )",
"Denmark 1 ( 2 )",
"Croatia ( a.e.t. )",
"3 July -- Saint Petersburg",
"England Third place play - off",
"Sweden",
"7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg",
"Switzerland 0",
"Sweden 0 Belgium",
"3 July -- Moscow ( Otkritie )",
"England England 0",
"Colombia 1 ( 3 )",
"",
"England ( p ) 1 ( 4 )",
"France 4 -- 3 Argentina Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 ' Report Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 '",
"France 4 -- 3 Argentina",
"Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 ' Report Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 '",
"Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 '",
"Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . )",
"Pavard 57 '",
"Mbappé 64 ' , 68 '",
"Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 '",
"Di María 41 '",
"Mercado 48 '",
"Agüero 90 + 3 '",
"Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal Cavani 7 ' , 62 ' Report Pepe 55 '",
"Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal",
"Cavani 7 ' , 62 ' Report Pepe 55 '",
"Cavani 7 ' , 62 '",
"Cavani 7 ' , 62 '",
"Pepe 55 '",
"Pepe 55 '",
"Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3 -- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev",
"Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia",
"Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . )",
"Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. )",
"Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. )",
"Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . )",
"Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . )",
"Penalties",
"Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3 -- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev",
"Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas",
"Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev",
"Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen",
"Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark",
"Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 '",
"Mandžukić 4 '",
"Mandžukić 4 '",
"M. Jørgensen 1 '",
"M. Jørgensen 1 '",
"Penalties",
"Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen",
"Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić",
"Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen",
"Krohn - Dehli",
"Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 ' Report",
"Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico",
"Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 ' Report",
"Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 '",
"Neymar 51 '",
"Firmino 88 '",
"Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 ' Report Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 '",
"Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan",
"Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 ' Report Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 '",
"Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 '",
"Vertonghen 69 '",
"Fellaini 74 '",
"Chadli 90 + 4 '",
"Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 '",
"Haraguchi 48 '",
"Inui 52 '",
"Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland Forsberg 66 ' Report",
"Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland",
"Forsberg 66 ' Report",
"Forsberg 66 '",
"Forsberg 66 '",
"Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3 -- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier",
"Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England",
"Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . )",
"Mina 90 + 3 '",
"Mina 90 + 3 '",
"Kane 57 ' ( pen . )",
"Kane 57 ' ( pen . )",
"Penalties",
"Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3 -- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier",
"Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca",
"Ju . Cuadrado",
"Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier",
"Uruguay 0 -- 2 France Report Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 '",
"Uruguay 0 -- 2 France",
"Report Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 '",
"Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 '",
"Varane 40 '",
"Griezmann 61 '",
"Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium Renato Augusto 76 ' Report Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 '",
"Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium",
"Renato Augusto 76 ' Report Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 '",
"Renato Augusto 76 '",
"Renato Augusto 76 '",
"Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 '",
"Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. )",
"De Bruyne 31 '",
"Sweden 0 -- 2 England Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 '",
"Sweden 0 -- 2 England",
"Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 '",
"Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 '",
"Maguire 30 '",
"Alli 59 '",
"Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić",
"Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia",
"Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 '",
"Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 '",
"Cheryshev 31 '",
"Fernandes 115 '",
"Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 '",
"Kramarić 39 '",
"Vida 101 '",
"Penalties",
"Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić",
"Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev",
"Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić",
"France 1 -- 0 Belgium Umtiti 51 ' Report",
"France 1 -- 0 Belgium",
"Umtiti 51 ' Report",
"Umtiti 51 '",
"Umtiti 51 '",
"Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 '",
"Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England",
"Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 '",
"Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 '",
"Perišić 68 '",
"Mandžukić 109 '",
"Trippier 5 '",
"Trippier 5 '",
"Belgium 2 -- 0 England Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report",
"Belgium 2 -- 0 England",
"Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report",
"Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 '",
"Meunier 4 '",
"E. Hazard 82 '",
"France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 '",
"France 4 -- 2 Croatia",
"Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 '",
"Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 '",
"Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. )",
"Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . )",
"Pogba 59 '",
"Mbappé 65 '",
"Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 '",
"Perišić 28 '",
"Mandžukić 69 '",
"There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match .",
"Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 .",
"Harry Kane",
"Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev",
"Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani",
"Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez",
"Son Heung - min",
"Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez",
"Ángel Di María",
"Kevin De Bruyne",
"Juan Fernando Quintero",
"Youssef En - Nesyri",
"Salem Al - Dawsari",
"Salman Al - Faraj",
"Kim Young - gwon",
"Fakhreddine Ben Youssef",
"1 own goal",
"Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama )",
"Aziz Behich ( against France )",
"Fernandinho ( against Belgium )",
"Mario Mandžukić ( against France )",
"Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia )",
"Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden )",
"Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran )",
"Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia )",
"Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal )",
"Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay )",
"Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain )",
"Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica )",
"Yassine Meriah ( against Panama )",
"Source : FIFA",
"A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences :",
"Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences ) Receiving two yellow cards in two matches ; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter - finals ( yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches )",
"Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences )",
"Receiving two yellow cards in two matches ; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter - finals ( yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches )",
"The following suspensions were served during the tournament :",
"Player Offence ( s ) Suspension ( s ) Carlos Sánchez in Group H vs Japan ( matchday 1 ; 19 June ) Group H vs Poland ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Yussuf Poulsen in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 1 ; 16 June ) in Group C vs Australia ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) Group C vs France ( matchday 3 ; 26 June ) Jérôme Boateng in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) Group F vs South Korea ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Armando Cooper in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Michael Amir Murillo in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Igor Smolnikov in Group A vs Uruguay ( matchday 3 ; 25 June ) Round of 16 vs Spain ( 1 July ) Sebastian Larsson in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Héctor Moreno in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Brazil ( 2 July ) Stephan Lichtsteiner in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Fabian Schär in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Blaise Matuidi in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) in Round of 16 vs Argentina ( 30 June ) Quarter - finals vs Uruguay ( 6 July ) Casemiro in Group E vs Switzerland ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Round of 16 vs Mexico ( 2 July ) Quarter - finals vs Belgium ( 6 July ) Mikael Lustig in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) in Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Quarter - finals vs England ( 7 July ) Thomas Meunier in Group G vs Panama ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Quarter - finals vs Brazil ( 6 July ) Semi-finals vs France ( 10 July )",
"Player Offence ( s ) Suspension ( s )",
"Carlos Sánchez in Group H vs Japan ( matchday 1 ; 19 June ) Group H vs Poland ( matchday 2 ; 24 June )",
"Yussuf Poulsen in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 1 ; 16 June ) in Group C vs Australia ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) Group C vs France ( matchday 3 ; 26 June )",
"Jérôme Boateng in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) Group F vs South Korea ( matchday 3 ; 27 June )",
"Armando Cooper in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June )",
"Michael Amir Murillo in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June )",
"Igor Smolnikov in Group A vs Uruguay ( matchday 3 ; 25 June ) Round of 16 vs Spain ( 1 July )",
"Sebastian Larsson in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July )",
"Héctor Moreno in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Brazil ( 2 July )",
"Stephan Lichtsteiner in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July )",
"Fabian Schär in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July )",
"Blaise Matuidi in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) in Round of 16 vs Argentina ( 30 June ) Quarter - finals vs Uruguay ( 6 July )",
"Casemiro in Group E vs Switzerland ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Round of 16 vs Mexico ( 2 July ) Quarter - finals vs Belgium ( 6 July )",
"Mikael Lustig in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) in Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Quarter - finals vs England ( 7 July )",
"Thomas Meunier in Group G vs Panama ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Quarter - finals vs Brazil ( 6 July ) Semi-finals vs France ( 10 July )",
"The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . The Golden Boot , Golden Ball and Golden Glove awards were all sponsored by Adidas .",
"Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Harry Kane ( 6 goals , 0 assists ) Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) Romelu Lukaku ( 4 goals , 1 assist ) Golden Glove Thibaut Courtois Best Young Player Kylian Mbappé FIFA Fair Play Award Spain",
"Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball",
"Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann",
"Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot",
"Harry Kane ( 6 goals , 0 assists ) Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) Romelu Lukaku ( 4 goals , 1 assist )",
"Golden Glove",
"Thibaut Courtois",
"Best Young Player",
"Kylian Mbappé",
"FIFA Fair Play Award",
"Spain",
"Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017 .",
"Position Amount ( million USD ) Per team Total Champions 38 38 Runner - up 28 28 Third place 24 24 Fourth place 22 22 5th -- 8th place ( quarter - finals ) 16 64 9th -- 16th place ( round of 16 ) 12 96 17th -- 32nd place ( group stage ) 8 128 Total 400",
"Position Amount ( million USD )",
"Per team Total",
"Champions 38 38",
"Runner - up 28 28",
"Third place 24 24",
"Fourth place 22 22",
"5th -- 8th place ( quarter - finals ) 16 64",
"9th -- 16th place ( round of 16 ) 12 96",
"17th -- 32nd place ( group stage ) 8 128",
"Total 400",
"The tournament logo was unveiled on 28 October 2014 by cosmonauts at the International Space Station and then projected onto Moscow 's Bolshoi Theatre during an evening television programme . Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said that the logo was inspired by `` Russia 's rich artistic tradition and its history of bold achievement and innovation '' , and FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that it reflected the `` heart and soul '' of the country . For the branding , a typeface called Dusha ( from душа , Russian for soul ) was created by Portuguese design agency Brandia Central in 2014 .",
"The official mascot for the tournament was unveiled 21 October 2016 , and selected through a design competition among university students . A public vote was used to select from three finalists -- a cat , a tiger , and a wolf . The winner , with 53 % of approximately 1 million votes , was Zabivaka -- an anthropomorphic wolf dressed in the colours of the Russian national team . Zabivaka 's name is derived from the Russian word забивать , `` to score '' , and his official backstory states that he is an aspiring football player who is `` charming , confident and social '' .",
"The first phase of ticket sales started on 14 September 2017 , 12 : 00 Moscow Time , and lasted until 12 October 2017 .",
"The general visa policy of Russia did not apply to participants and spectators , who were able to visit Russia without a visa right before and during the competition regardless of their citizenship . Spectators are nonetheless required to register for a `` Fan - ID '' , a special photo identification pass . A Fan - ID is required to enter the country visa - free , while a ticket , Fan - ID and a valid passport are required to enter stadiums for matches . Fan - IDs also grant World Cup attendees free access to public transport services , including buses , and train service between host cities . Fan - ID is administered by the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media , who may revoke these accreditations at any time to `` ensure the defence capability or security of the state or public order '' .",
"The official match ball of the 2018 World Cup group stage was `` Telstar 18 '' , based on the name and design of the first Adidas World Cup ball from 1970 . It was introduced on 9 November 2017 .",
"Since the group stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' has been used for the knockout stage . The word mechta ( Russian : мечта ) means dream or ambition . The difference between Telstar 18 and Mechta is the red details on the design .",
"On 30 April 2018 , EA announced a free expansion for FIFA 18 based on the 2018 FIFA World Cup , featuring all 32 participating teams and all 12 stadiums used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"The official song of the tournament is `` Live It Up '' , with vocals from Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi , released on 25 May . The FIFA World Cup Official Music Video was released on 8 June .",
"Thirty - three footballers who are alleged to be part of the steroid program are listed in the McLaren Report . On 22 December 2017 , it was reported that FIFA fired a doctor who had been investigating doping in Russian football . On 22 May 2018 FIFA confirmed that the investigations concerning all Russian players named for the provisional squad of the FIFA World Cup in Russia had been completed , with the result that insufficient evidence was found to assert an anti-doping rule violation . FIFA 's medical committee also decided that Russian personnel would not be involved in performing drug testing procedures at the tournament ; the action was taken to reassure teams that the samples would remain untampered .",
"The choice of Russia as host has been challenged . Controversial issues have included the level of racism in Russian football , and discrimination against LGBT people in wider Russian society . Russia 's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has also caused calls for the tournament to be moved , particularly following the annexation of Crimea . In 2014 , FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that `` the World Cup has been given and voted to Russia and we are going forward with our work '' .",
"Allegations of corruption in the bidding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups caused threats from England 's FA to boycott the tournament . FIFA appointed Michael J. Garcia , a US attorney , to investigate and produce a report on the corruption allegations . Although the report was never published , FIFA released a 42 - page summary of its findings as determined by German judge Hans - Joachim Eckert . Eckert 's summary cleared Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing , but was denounced by critics as a whitewash . Garcia criticised the summary as being `` materially incomplete '' with `` erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions '' , and appealed to FIFA 's Appeal Committee . The committee declined to hear his appeal , so Garcia resigned in protest of FIFA 's conduct , citing a `` lack of leadership '' and lack of confidence in the independence of Eckert .",
"On 3 June 2015 , the FBI confirmed that the federal authorities were investigating the bidding and awarding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . In an interview published on 7 June 2015 , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit And Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled '' . Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and former British Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong - joon in which a vote - trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England was discussed .",
"In response to the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal , British Prime Minister Theresa May announced that no British ministers or members of the royal family would attend the World Cup , and issued a warning to any travelling England fans . Iceland diplomatically boycotted the World Cup . Russia responded to the comments from the UK Parliament claiming that `` the west are trying to deny Russia the World Cup '' . The Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Boris Johnson 's statements that compared the event to the 1936 Olympics held in Nazi Germany as `` poisoned with venom of hate , unprofessionalism and boorishness '' and `` unacceptable and unworthy '' parallel towards Russia , a `` nation that lost millions of lives in fighting Nazism '' .",
"The British Foreign Office and MPs had repeatedly warned English football fans and `` people of Asian or Afro - Caribbean descent '' travelling to Russia of `` racist or homophobic intimidation , hooligan violence and anti-British hostility '' . English football fans who have travelled have said they have received a warm welcome from ordinary citizens after arriving in Russia .",
"FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to various local broadcasters .",
"In the United States , the 2018 World Cup was the first men 's World Cup whose English rights were held by Fox Sports , and Spanish rights held by Telemundo . The elimination of the US national team in qualifying led to concerns that US interest and viewership of this World Cup would be reduced ( especially among `` casual '' viewers interested in the US team ) , especially noting how much Fox paid for the rights , and that US games at the 2014 World Cup peaked at 16.5 million viewers . During a launch event prior to the elimination , Fox stated that it had planned to place a secondary focus on the Mexican team in its coverage to take advantage of their popularity among US viewers ( factoring Hispanic and Latino Americans ) . Fox stated that it was still committed to broadcasting a significant amount of coverage for the tournament .",
"In February 2018 , Ukrainian rightsholder UA : PBC stated that it would not broadcast the World Cup . This came in the wake of growing boycotts of the tournament among the Football Federation of Ukraine and sports minister Ihor Zhdanov . However , the Ukrainian state TV still broadcast the World Cup , and more than 4 million Ukrainians watched the opening match . Additionally , the Football Federation of Ukraine refused to accredit journalists for the World Cup and waived their quota of tickets .",
"FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors African supporters Asian supporters European supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo Egypt -- Experience & Invest Diking Luci Yadea Alfa - Bank Alrosa Rostelecom Russian Railways",
"FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors African supporters Asian supporters European supporters",
"Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo Egypt -- Experience & Invest Diking Luci Yadea Alfa - Bank Alrosa Rostelecom Russian Railways",
"Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group",
"Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group",
"Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways",
"Coca - Cola",
"Hyundai -- Kia",
"Visa Wanda Group",
"Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo",
"Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo",
"Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo",
"Anheuser - Busch InBev",
"Egypt -- Experience & Invest",
"Egypt -- Experience & Invest",
"Diking Luci Yadea",
"Alfa - Bank Alrosa Rostelecom Russian Railways",
"Alfa - Bank"
] | 2018 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup `` 2018 World Cup'' redirects here. For other competitions of that name, see 2018 World Cup (disambiguation) . `` FIFA 2018'' redirects here. For the video game, see FIFA 18 . 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 Chempionat mira po futbolu FIFA 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Russia Dates 14 June -- 15 July Teams 32 (from 5 confederations) Venue(s) 12 (in 11 host cities) Final positions Champions France (2nd title) Runners-up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 169 (2.64 per match) Attendance 3,031,768 (47,371 per match) Top scorer(s) Harry Kane (6 goals) Best player Luka Modrić Best young player Kylian Mbappé Best goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois Fair play award Spain ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup , an international football tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA once every four years. It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018. This was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe , and the 11th time that it had been held in Europe. At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion, it is the most expensive World Cup ever. It was also the first World Cup to use the video assistant referee (VAR) system. The finals involved 32 teams, of which 31 came through qualifying competitions , while the host nation qualified automatically. Of the 32 teams, 20 had also appeared in the last tournament in 2014 , while both Iceland and Panama made their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup. A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues across 11 cities. The final took place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , with France and Croatia competing for the World Cup. France won the match 4-- 2 to claim their second World Cup title , and this result marked the fourth consecutive title won by a European team, after Italy in 2006 , Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 1.1 Criticism 2 Teams 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Draw 2.3 Squads 3 Officiating 3.1 Video assistant referees 4 Venues 4.1 Stadiums 4.2 Team base camps 5 Preparation and costs 5.1 Budget 5.2 Infrastructure spending 5.3 Volunteers 5.4 Transport 6 Schedule 7 Opening ceremony 8 Group stage 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 8.4 Group C 8.5 Group D 8.6 Group E 8.7 Group F 8.8 Group G 8.9 Group H 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter-finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play-off 9.6 Final 10 Statistics 10.1 Goalscorers 10.2 Discipline 10.3 Awards 10.4 Prize money 11 Marketing 11.1 Branding 11.2 Mascot 11.3 Ticketing 11.4 Match ball 11.5 Merchandise 11.6 Official song 12 Controversies 12.1 Host selection 12.2 Response to Skripal poisoning 13 Broadcasting rights 14 Sponsorship 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links Host selection Main article: Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Russian bid personnel celebrate the awarding of the 2018 World Cup to Russia on 2 December 2010. President Vladimir Putin holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy at a pre-tournament ceremony in Moscow on 9 September 2017 The 100- ruble commemorative banknote celebrates the 2018 FIFA World Cup. It features an image of Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin . The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup tournaments began in January 2009, and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest. Initially, nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings, and Indonesia's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid. During the bidding process, the three remaining non-UEFA nations (Australia, Japan, and the United States) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids, and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid. As such, there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, two of which were joint bids: England, Russia, Netherlands/Belgium, and Portugal/Spain. The 22-member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments. Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting. The Portugal/Spain bid came second, and that from Belgium/Netherlands third. England, which was bidding to host its second tournament, was eliminated in the first round. The voting results were as follows: 2018 FIFA bidding (majority 12 votes) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Portugal / Spain 7 7 Belgium / Netherlands England Eliminated Criticism The English Football Association and others raised concerns of bribery on the part of the Russian team and corruption from FIFA members. They claimed that four members of the executive committee had requested bribes to vote for England, and Sepp Blatter had said that it had already been arranged before the vote that Russia would win. The 2014 Garcia Report , an internal investigation led by Michael J. Garcia , was withheld from public release by Hans-Joachim Eckert , FIFA's head of adjudication on ethical matters. Eckert instead released a shorter revised summary, and his (and therefore FIFA's ) reluctance to publish the full report caused Garcia to resign in protest. Because of the controversy, the FA refused to accept Eckert's absolving of Russia from blame, with Greg Dyke calling for a re-examination of the affair and David Bernstein calling for a boycott of the World Cup. Teams Qualification Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup, all eligible nations -- the 209 FIFA member associations minus automatically qualified hosts Russia -- applied to enter the qualifying process. Zimbabwe and Indonesia were later disqualified before playing their first matches, while Gibraltar and Kosovo , who joined FIFA on 13 May 2016 after the qualifying draw but before European qualifying had begun, also entered the competition. Places in the tournament were allocated to continental confederations, with the allocation unchanged from the 2014 World Cup. The first qualification game, between Timor-Leste and Mongolia , began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC's qualification , and the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015. Of the 32 nations qualified to play at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, 20 countries competed at the previous tournament in 2014 . Both Iceland and Panama qualified for the first time, with the former becoming the smallest country in terms of population to reach the World Cup. Other teams returning after absences of at least three tournaments include: Egypt, returning to the finals after their last appearance in 1990; Morocco, who last competed in 1998; Peru, returning after 1982; and Senegal, competing for the second time after reaching the quarter-finals in 2002. It is the first time three Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland and Sweden) and four Arab nations (Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia) have qualified for the World Cup. Notable countries that failed to qualify include four-time champions Italy (for the first time since 1958), three-time runners-up and third placed in 2014 the Netherlands (for the first time since 2002), and four reigning continental champions: 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon , two-time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners-up Chile , 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand , and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States (for the first time since 1986). The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast , who had both made the previous three tournaments. Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament. AFC (5) Australia (36) Iran (37) Japan (61) Saudi Arabia (67) South Korea (57) CAF (5) Egypt (45) Morocco (41) Nigeria (48) Senegal (27) Tunisia (21) CONCACAF (3) Costa Rica (23) Mexico (15) Panama (55) CONMEBOL (5) Argentina (5) Brazil (2) Colombia (16) Peru (11) Uruguay (14) OFC (0) None qualified UEFA (14) Belgium (3) Croatia (20) Denmark (12) England (12) France (7) Germany (1) Iceland (22) Poland (8) Portugal (4) Russia (70) (host) Serbia (34) Spain (10) Sweden (24) Switzerland (6) Qualified Did not qualify Disqualified Not a FIFA member Draw Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup seeding The draw was held on 1 December 2017 at 18:00 MSK at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow . The 32 teams were drawn into 8 groups of 4, by selecting one team from each of the 4 ranked pots. For the draw, the teams were allocated to four pots based on the FIFA World Rankings of October 2017. Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia (who were automatically assigned to position A1) and the best seven teams, pot 2 contained the next best eight teams, and so on for pots 3 and 4. This was different from previous draws, when only pot 1 was based on FIFA rankings while the remaining pots were based on geographical considerations. However, teams from the same confederation still were not drawn against each other for the group stage, except that two UEFA teams could be in each group. Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Russia (65) (hosts) Germany (1) Brazil (2) Portugal (3) Argentina (4) Belgium (5) Poland (6) France (7) Spain (8) Peru (10) Switzerland (11) England (12) Colombia (13) Mexico (16) Uruguay (17) Croatia (18) Denmark (19) Iceland (21) Costa Rica (22) Sweden (25) Tunisia (28) Egypt (30) Senegal (32) Iran (34) Serbia (38) Nigeria (41) Australia (43) Japan (44) Morocco (48) Panama (49) South Korea (62) Saudi Arabia (63) Squads Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Croatia players after the 2018 World Cup Final against France Initially, each team had to name a preliminary squad of 30 players but, in February 2018, this was increased to 35. From the preliminary squad, the team had to name a final squad of 23 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers) by 4 June. Players in the final squad may be replaced for serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team's first match and such replacements do not need to have been named in the preliminary squad. For players named in the 35-player preliminary squad, there was a mandatory rest period between 21 and 27 May 2018, except for those involved in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final played on 26 May. Officiating Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup officials On 29 March 2018, FIFA released the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees selected to oversee matches. On 30 April 2018, FIFA released the list of 13 video assistant referees, who solely acted in this capacity in the tournament. Referee Fahad Al-Mirdasi of Saudi Arabia was removed in 30 May 2018 over a match-fixing attempt, along with his two assistant referees, compatriots Mohammed Al-Abakry and Abdulah Al-Shalwai. A new referee was not appointed, but two assistant referees, Hasan Al Mahri of the United Arab Emirates and Hiroshi Yamauchi of Japan, were added to the list. Assistant referee Marwa Range of Kenya also withdrew after the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal. show List of officials Confederation Referee Assistant referees Video assistant referees AFC Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Abdulrahman Al-Jassim ( Qatar ) Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Jakhongir Saidov ( Uzbekistan ) Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) CAF Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia ) Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) Redouane Achik ( Morocco ) Waleed Ahmed ( Sudan ) Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa ) Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) John Pitti ( Panama ) Gabriel Victoria ( Panama ) César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay ) Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia ) OFC Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Simon Lount ( New Zealand ) Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Bertrand Brial ( New Caledonia ) UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Anton Averianov ( Russia ) Tikhon Kalugin ( Russia ) Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Tomasz Listkiewicz ( Poland ) Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Clément Turpin ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Nicolas Danos ( France ) Video assistant referees VAR in use in during the Group D match between Nigeria and Iceland, at Volgograd. Shortly after the International Football Association Board 's decision to incorporate video assistant referees (VARs) into the Laws of the Game , on 16 March 2018, the FIFA Council took the much-anticipated step of approving the use of VAR for the first time in a FIFA World Cup tournament. VAR operations for all games are operating from a single headquarters in Moscow, which receives live video of the games and are in radio contact with the on-field referees. Systems are in place for communicating VAR-related information to broadcasters and visuals on stadiums' large screens are used for the fans in attendance. VAR had a significant impact in several games. On 15 June 2018, Diego Costa 's goal against Portugal became the first World Cup goal based on a VAR decision; the first penalty as a result of a VAR decision was awarded to France in their match against Australia on 16 June and resulted in a goal by Antoine Griezmann . A record number of penalties were awarded in the tournament, with this phenomenon being partially attributed to VAR. Overall, the new technology has been both praised and criticised by commentators. FIFA declared the implementation of VAR a success after the first week of competition. Venues Further information: 2018 FIFA World Cup venues Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadiums of FIFA World Cup 2018 . Russia proposed the following host cities: Kaliningrad , Kazan , Krasnodar , Moscow , Nizhny Novgorod , Rostov-on-Don , Saint Petersburg , Samara , Saransk , Sochi , Volgograd , Yaroslavl , and Yekaterinburg . Most cities are in European Russia , while Sochi and Yekaterinburg are very close to the Europe-Asia border, to reduce travel time for the teams in the huge country. The bid evaluation report stated: `` The Russian bid proposes 13 host cities and 16 stadiums, thus exceeding FIFA's minimum requirement. Three of the 16 stadiums would be renovated, and 13 would be newly constructed.'' In October 2011, Russia decreased the number of stadiums from 16 to 14. Construction of the proposed Podolsk stadium in the Moscow region was cancelled by the regional government, and also in the capital, Otkrytiye Arena was competing with Dynamo Stadium over which would be constructed first. The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012. The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list. Of the 12 stadiums used for the tournament, 3 (Luzhniki, Yekaterinburg and Sochi) have been extensively renovated and the other 9 stadiums to be used are brand new; $11.8 billion has been spent on hosting the tournament. Sepp Blatter stated in July 2014 that, given the concerns over the completion of venues in Russia, the number of venues for the tournament may be reduced from 12 to 10. He also said, `` We are not going to be in a situation, as is the case of one, two or even three stadiums in South Africa , where it is a problem of what you do with these stadiums'' . Reconstruction of the Yekaterinburg Central Stadium in January 2017 In October 2014, on their first official visit to Russia, FIFA's inspection committee and its head Chris Unger visited St Petersburg, Sochi, Kazan and both Moscow venues. They were satisfied with the progress. On 8 October 2015, FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament. Of the twelve venues used, the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow and the Saint Petersburg Stadium -- the two largest stadiums in Russia -- were used most, both hosting seven matches. Sochi, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara all hosted six matches, including one quarter-final match each, while the Otkrytiye Stadium in Moscow and Rostov-on-Don hosted five matches, including one round-of-16 match each. Volgograd, Kaliningrad, Yekaterinburg and Saransk all hosted four matches, but did not host any knockout stage games. Stadiums Exterior of Otkrytie Arena in Moscow A total of twelve stadiums in eleven Russian cities have been built and renovated for the FIFA World Cup. Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad Stadium. The first piles were driven into the ground in September 2015. On 11 April 2018 the new stadium hosted its first match. Kazan: Kazan Arena. The stadium was built for the 2013 Summer Universiade. It has since hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championship and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. The stadium serves as a home arena to FC Rubin Kazan . Moscow: Luzhniki Stadium. The largest stadium in the country was closed for renovation in 2013. The stadium was commissioned in November 2017. Moscow: Spartak Stadium. The stadium is a home arena to its namesake FC Spartak Moscow . In accordance with the FIFA requirements, during the 2018 World Cup it is called Spartak Stadium instead of its usual name Otkritie Arena. The stadium hosted its first match on 5 September 2014. Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The construction of the Nizhny Novgorod Stadium commenced in 2015. The project was completed in December 2017. Rostov-on-Don: Rostov Arena. The stadium is located on the left bank of the Don River. The stadium construction was completed on 22 December 2017. Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg Stadium. The construction of the stadium commenced in 2007. The project was officially completed on 29 December 2016. The stadium has hosted games of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and will serve as a venue for UEFA Euro 2020 . Samara: Samara Arena. The construction officially started on 21 July 2014. The project was completed on 21 April 2018. Saransk: Mordovia Arena. The stadium in Saransk was scheduled to be commissioned in 2012 in time for the opening of the all-Russian Spartakiad, but the plan was revised. The opening was rescheduled to 2017. The arena hosted its first match on 21 April 2018. Sochi: Fisht Stadium. The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Afterwards, it was renovated in preparation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 World Cup. Volgograd: Volgograd Arena. The main arena of Volgograd was built on the demolished Central Stadium site, at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex. The stadium was commissioned on 3 April 2018. Yekaterinburg: Ekaterinburg Arena. The Central Stadium of Yekaterinburg has been renovated for the FIFA World Cup. The arena's stands have a capacity of 35,000 spectators. The renovation project was completed in December 2017. Moscow Saint Petersburg Sochi Luzhniki Stadium Otkritie Arena (Spartak Stadium) Krestovsky Stadium (Saint Petersburg Stadium) Fisht Olympic Stadium (Fisht Stadium) Capacity: 78,011 Capacity: 44,190 Capacity: 64,468 Capacity: 44,287 Volgograd Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Samara Volgograd Saransk Sochi Rostov-on-Don Yekaterinburg Rostov-on-Don Volgograd Arena Rostov Arena Capacity: 43,713 Capacity: 43,472 Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Kazan Arena Capacity: 43,319 Capacity: 42,873 Samara Saransk Kaliningrad Yekaterinburg Cosmos Arena (Samara Arena) Mordovia Arena Kaliningrad Stadium Central Stadium (Ekaterinburg Arena) Capacity: 41,970 Capacity: 41,685 Capacity: 33,973 Capacity: 33,061 Team base camps Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament. On 9 February 2018, FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team. Argentina: Bronnitsy , Moscow Oblast Australia: Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Belgium: Krasnogorsky , Moscow Oblast Brazil: Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Colombia: Verkhneuslonsky , Republic of Tatarstan Costa Rica: Saint Petersburg Croatia: Roshchino , Leningrad Oblast Denmark: Anapa , Krasnodar Krai Egypt: Grozny , Chechen Republic England: Repino , Saint Petersburg France: Istra , Moscow Oblast Germany: Vatutinki , Moscow Iceland: Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Iran: Bakovka, Moscow Oblast Japan: Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan Mexico: Khimki , Moscow Oblast Morocco: Voronezh , Voronezh Oblast Nigeria: Yessentuki , Stavropol Krai Panama: Saransk , Republic of Mordovia Peru: Moscow Poland: Sochi, Krasnodar Krai Portugal: Ramenskoye , Moscow Oblast Russia: Khimki, Moscow Oblast Saudi Arabia: Saint Petersburg Senegal: Kaluga , Kaluga Oblast Serbia: Svetlogorsk , Kaliningrad Oblast South Korea: Saint Petersburg Spain: Krasnodar , Krasnodar Krai Sweden: Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai Switzerland: Togliatti , Samara Oblast Tunisia: Pervomayskoye, Moscow Oblast Uruguay: Bor , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Preparation and costs Budget Scale model of the Volgograd Arena . Construction began in 2015. At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion as of June 2018, it is the most expensive World Cup in history, surpassing the cost of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. The Russian government had originally earmarked a budget of around $20 billion which was later slashed to $10 billion for the preparations of the World Cup, of which half is spent on transport infrastructure. As part of the program for preparation to the 2018 FIFA World Cup, a federal sub-program `` Construction and Renovation of Transport Infrastructure'' was implemented with a total budget of 352.5 billion rubles, with 170.3 billion coming from the federal budget, 35.1 billion from regional budgets, and 147.1 billion from investors. The biggest item of federal spending was the aviation infrastructure (117.8 billion rubles). Construction of new hotels was a crucial area of infrastructure development in the World Cup host cities. Costs continued to balloon as preparations were underway. Infrastructure spending Platov International Airport in Rostov-on-Don was upgraded with automated air traffic control systems, modern surveillance, navigation, communication, control, and meteorological support systems. Koltsovo Airport in Yekaterinburg was upgraded with radio-engineering tools for flight operation and received its second runway strip. Saransk Airport received a new navigation system; the city also got two new hotels, Mercure Saransk Centre (Accor Hotels) and Four Points by Sheraton Saransk (Starwood Hotels) as well as few other smaller accommodation facilities. In Samara , new tram lines were laid. Khrabrovo Airport in Kaliningrad was upgraded with radio navigation and weather equipment. Renovation and upgrade of radio-engineering tools for flight operation was completed in the airports of Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Volgograd , Samara , Yekaterinburg, Kazan and Sochi . On 27 March, the Ministry of Construction Industry, Housing and Utilities Sector of Russia reported that all communications within its area of responsibility have been commissioned. The last facility commissioned was a waste treatment station in Volgograd. In Yekaterinburg, where four matches are hosted, hosting costs increased to over 7.4 billion rubles, over-running the 5.6 billion rubles originally allocated from the state and regional budget. Volunteers Volunteer flag bearers on the field prior to Belgium 's (flag depicted) group stage match against Tunisia Volunteer applications to the Russia 2018 Local Organising Committee opened on 1 June 2016. The 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Volunteer Program received about 177,000 applications, and engaged a total of 35,000 volunteers. They received training at 15 Volunteer Centres of the Local Organising Committee based in 15 universities, and in Volunteer Centres in the host cities. Preference, especially in the key areas, was given to those with knowledge of foreign languages and volunteering experience, but not necessarily to Russian nationals. Transport Free public transport services were offered for ticketholders during the World Cup, including additional trains linking between host cities, as well as services such as bus service within them. Schedule Launching of a 1,000 days countdown in Moscow The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 (without kick-off times, which were confirmed later). On 1 December 2017, following the final draw, six kick-off times were adjusted by FIFA. Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and played in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June against Saudi Arabia , the two lowest ranked teams of the tournament at the time of the final draw. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July. The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg hosted the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place play-off on 14 July. Opening ceremony Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Soprano Aida Garifullina and pop singer Robbie Williams singing `` Angels '' at the opening ceremony The opening ceremony took place on Thursday, 14 June 2018, at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, preceding the opening match of the tournament between hosts Russia and Saudi Arabia . Former Brazilian World Cup-winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt. English pop singer Robbie Williams then performed two songs before he and Russian soprano Aida Garifullina performed a duet while other performers emerged, dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation. Dancers were also present. Ronaldo returned with the official match ball of the 2018 World Cup which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June. Group stage Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place Quarter-finals Round of 16 Group stage Competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams (groups A to H). Teams in each group played one another in a round-robin basis, with the top two teams of each group advancing to the knockout stage . Ten European teams and four South American teams progressed to the knockout stage, together with Japan and Mexico. For the first time since 1938 , Germany (reigning champions) did not advance past the first round. For the first time since 1982 , no African team progressed to the second round. For the first time, the fair play criteria came into use, when Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards. Only one match, France v Denmark, was goalless. Until then there were a record 36 straight games in which at least one goal was scored. All times listed below are local time . Tiebreakers The ranking of teams in the group stage is determined as follows: Points obtained in all group matches; Goal difference in all group matches; Number of goals scored in all group matches; Points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question; Goal difference in the matches played between the teams in question; Number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question; Fair play points in all group matches (only one deduction can be applied to a player in a single match): Yellow card: -- 1 points; Indirect red card (second yellow card): -- 3 points; Direct red card: -- 4 points; Yellow card and direct red card: -- 5 points; Drawing of lots. Group A Pre-match ceremony prior to the opening game, Russia v Saudi Arabia Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 5 0 +5 9 Advance to knockout stage Russia (H) 0 8 +4 6 Saudi Arabia 0 7 − 5 Egypt 0 0 6 − 4 0 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers (H) Host. 14 June 2018 ( 2018-06-14 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Russia 5-- 0 Saudi Arabia Gazinsky 12' Cheryshev 43' , 90+1' Dzyuba 71' Golovin 90+4' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance: 78,011 Referee: Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018-06-15 ) 17:00 YEKT ( UTC+5 ) Egypt 0-- 1 Uruguay Report Giménez 89' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance: 27,015 Referee: Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018-06-19 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Russia 3-- 1 Egypt Fathy 47' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59' Dzyuba 62' Report Salah 73' ( pen. ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance: 64,468 Referee: Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018-06-20 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Uruguay 1-- 0 Saudi Arabia Suárez 23' Report Rostov Arena , Rostov-on-Don Attendance: 42,678 Referee: Clément Turpin ( France ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018-06-25 ) 18:00 SAMT ( UTC+4 ) Uruguay 3-- 0 Russia Suárez 10' Cheryshev 23' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance: 41,970 Referee: Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018-06-25 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Saudi Arabia 2-- 1 Egypt Al-Faraj 45+6' ( pen. ) Al-Dawsari 90+5' Report Salah 22' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance: 36,823 Referee: Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Group B The first match of the group, Iran's squad against Morocco in St. Petersburg Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 6 5 +1 5 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 5 +1 5 Iran 0 Morocco 0 − 2 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers 15 June 2018 ( 2018-06-15 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Morocco 0-- 1 Iran Report Bouhaddouz 90+5' ( o.g. ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance: 62,548 Referee: Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018-06-15 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Portugal 3-- 3 Spain Ronaldo 4' ( pen. ) , 44' , 88' Report Costa 24' , 55' Nacho 58' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance: 43,866 Referee: Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018-06-20 ) 15:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Portugal 1-- 0 Morocco Ronaldo 4' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance: 78,011 Referee: Mark Geiger ( United States ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018-06-20 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Iran 0-- 1 Spain Report Costa 54' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance: 42,718 Referee: Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018-06-25 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Iran 1-- 1 Portugal Ansarifard 90+3' ( pen. ) Report Quaresma 45' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance: 41,685 Referee: Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018-06-25 ) 20:00 KALT ( UTC+2 ) Spain 2-- 2 Morocco Isco 19' Aspas 90+1' Report Boutaïb 14' En-Nesyri 81' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance: 33,973 Referee: Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Group C Australia v Peru Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 +2 7 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 +1 5 Peru 0 0 Australia 0 5 − 3 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018-06-16 ) 13:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) France 2-- 1 Australia Griezmann 58' ( pen. ) Behich 81' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62' ( pen. ) Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance: 41,279 Referee: Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018-06-16 ) 19:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Peru 0-- 1 Denmark Report Poulsen 59' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance: 40,502 Referee: Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018-06-21 ) 16:00 SAMT ( UTC+4 ) Denmark 1-- 1 Australia Eriksen 7' Report Jedinak 38' ( pen. ) Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance: 40,727 Referee: Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018-06-21 ) 20:00 YEKT ( UTC+5 ) France 1-- 0 Peru Mbappé 34' Report Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance: 32,789 Referee: Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018-06-26 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Denmark 0-- 0 France Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance: 78,011 Referee: Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018-06-26 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Australia 0-- 2 Peru Report Carrillo 18' Guerrero 50' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance: 44,073 Referee: Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Group D Iceland v Croatia Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 +6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018-06-16 ) 16:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Argentina 1-- 1 Iceland Agüero 19' Report Finnbogason 23' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance: 44,190 Referee: Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018-06-16 ) 21:00 KALT ( UTC+2 ) Croatia 2-- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71' ( pen. ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance: 31,136 Referee: Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018-06-21 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Argentina 0-- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53' Modrić 80' Rakitić 90+1' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance: 43,319 Referee: Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018-06-22 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Nigeria 2-- 0 Iceland Musa 49' , 75' Report Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance: 40,904 Referee: Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018-06-26 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Nigeria 1-- 2 Argentina Moses 51' ( pen. ) Report Messi 14' Rojo 86' Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance: 64,468 Referee: Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018-06-26 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Iceland 1-- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76' ( pen. ) Report Badelj 53' Perišić 90' Rostov Arena , Rostov-on-Don Attendance: 43,472 Referee: Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Group E Brazil v Costa Rica Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 +4 7 Advance to knockout stage Switzerland 0 5 +1 5 Serbia 0 − 2 Costa Rica 0 5 − 3 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018-06-17 ) 16:00 SAMT ( UTC+4 ) Costa Rica 0-- 1 Serbia Report Kolarov 56' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance: 41,432 Referee: Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 17 June 2018 ( 2018-06-17 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Brazil 1-- 1 Switzerland Coutinho 20' Report Zuber 50' Rostov Arena , Rostov-on-Don Attendance: 43,109 Referee: César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018-06-22 ) 15:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Brazil 2-- 0 Costa Rica Coutinho 90+1' Neymar 90+7' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance: 64,468 Referee: Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018-06-22 ) 20:00 KALT ( UTC+2 ) Serbia 1-- 2 Switzerland Mitrović 5' Report Xhaka 52' Shaqiri 90' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance: 33,167 Referee: Felix Brych ( Germany ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018-06-27 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Serbia 0-- 2 Brazil Report Paulinho 36' Thiago Silva 68' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance: 44,190 Referee: Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018-06-27 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Switzerland 2-- 2 Costa Rica Džemaili 31' Drmić 88' Report Waston 56' Sommer 90+3' ( o.g. ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance: 43,319 Referee: Clément Turpin ( France ) Group F Germany v Mexico Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 5 +3 6 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 − 1 6 South Korea 0 0 Germany 0 − 2 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018-06-17 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Germany 0-- 1 Mexico Report Lozano 35' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance: 78,011 Referee: Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018-06-18 ) 15:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Sweden 1-- 0 South Korea Granqvist 65' ( pen. ) Report Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance: 42,300 Referee: Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018-06-23 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) South Korea 1-- 2 Mexico Son Heung-min 90+3' Report Vela 26' ( pen. ) Hernández 66' Rostov Arena , Rostov-on-Don Attendance: 43,472 Referee: Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018-06-23 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Germany 2-- 1 Sweden Reus 48' Kroos 90+5' Report Toivonen 32' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance: 44,287 Referee: Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018-06-27 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) South Korea 2-- 0 Germany Kim Young-gwon 90+3' Son Heung-min 90+6' Report Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance: 41,835 Referee: Mark Geiger ( United States ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018-06-27 ) 19:00 YEKT ( UTC+5 ) Mexico 0-- 3 Sweden Report Augustinsson 50' Granqvist 62' ( pen. ) Álvarez 74' ( o.g. ) Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance: 33,061 Referee: Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Group G Belgium v Tunisia Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 0 9 +7 9 Advance to knockout stage England 0 8 +5 6 Tunisia 0 5 8 − 3 Panama 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers 18 June 2018 ( 2018-06-18 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Belgium 3-- 0 Panama Mertens 47' Lukaku 69' , 75' Report Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance: 43,257 Referee: Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018-06-18 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Tunisia 1-- 2 England Sassi 35' ( pen. ) Report Kane 11' , 90+1' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance: 41,064 Referee: Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018-06-23 ) 15:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Belgium 5-- 2 Tunisia E. Hazard 6' ( pen. ) , 51' Lukaku 16' , 45+3' Batshuayi 90' Report Bronn 18' Khazri 90+3' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance: 44,190 Referee: Jair Marrufo ( United States ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018-06-24 ) 15:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) England 6-- 1 Panama Stones 8' , 40' Kane 22' ( pen. ) , 45+1' ( pen. ) , 62' Lingard 36' Report Baloy 78' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance: 43,319 Referee: Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018-06-28 ) 20:00 KALT ( UTC+2 ) England 0-- 1 Belgium Report Januzaj 51' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance: 33,973 Referee: Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018-06-28 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Panama 1-- 2 Tunisia Meriah 33' ( o.g. ) Report F. Ben Youssef 51' Khazri 66' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance: 37,168 Referee: Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Group H Japan v Poland Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Colombia 0 5 +3 6 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 Senegal 0 Poland 0 5 − 3 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers Notes: ^ Jump up to: Fair play points: Japan − 4, Senegal − 6. 19 June 2018 ( 2018-06-19 ) 15:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Colombia 1-- 2 Japan Quintero 39' Report Kagawa 6' ( pen. ) Osako 73' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance: 40,842 Referee: Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018-06-19 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Poland 1-- 2 Senegal Krychowiak 86' Report Cionek 37' ( o.g. ) Niang 60' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance: 44,190 Referee: Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018-06-24 ) 20:00 YEKT ( UTC+5 ) Japan 2-- 2 Senegal Inui 34' Honda 78' Report Mané 11' Wagué 71' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance: 32,572 Referee: Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018-06-24 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Poland 0-- 3 Colombia Report Mina 40' Falcao 70' Ju. Cuadrado 75' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance: 42,873 Referee: César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018-06-28 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Japan 0-- 1 Poland Report Bednarek 59' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance: 42,189 Referee: Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018-06-28 ) 18:00 SAMT ( UTC+4 ) Senegal 0-- 1 Colombia Report Mina 74' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance: 41,970 Referee: Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Knockout stage Russia v Croatia Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage In the knockout stages, if a match is level at the end of normal playing time, extra time is played (two periods of 15 minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winners. If a match went into extra time, each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution, the first time this had been allowed in a FIFA World Cup tournament. Bracket Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Uruguay 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Portugal Uruguay 0 30 June -- Kazan France France 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Argentina France 2 July -- Samara Belgium 0 Brazil 6 July -- Kazan Mexico 0 Brazil 2 July -- Rostov-on-Don Belgium Belgium 15 July -- Moscow (Luzhniki) Japan France 1 July -- Moscow (Luzhniki) Croatia Spain 1 (3) 7 July -- Sochi Russia ( p ) 1 (4) Russia 2 (3) 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Croatia ( p ) 2 (4) Croatia ( p ) 1 (3) 11 July -- Moscow (Luzhniki) Denmark 1 (2) Croatia ( a.e.t. ) 3 July -- Saint Petersburg England Third place play-off Sweden 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Switzerland 0 Sweden 0 Belgium 3 July -- Moscow (Otkritie) England England 0 Colombia 1 (3) England ( p ) 1 (4) Round of 16 30 June 2018 ( 2018-06-30 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) France 4-- 3 Argentina Griezmann 13' ( pen. ) Pavard 57' Mbappé 64' , 68' Report Di María 41' Mercado 48' Agüero 90+3' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance: 42,873 Referee: Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 30 June 2018 ( 2018-06-30 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Uruguay 2-- 1 Portugal Cavani 7' , 62' Report Pepe 55' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance: 44,287 Referee: César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018-07-01 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Spain 1-- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia Ignashevich 12' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41' ( pen. ) Penalties Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3-- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance: 78,011 Referee: Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018-07-01 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Croatia 1-- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4' Report M. Jørgensen 1' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3-- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn-Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance: 40,851 Referee: Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018-07-02 ) 18:00 SAMT ( UTC+4 ) Brazil 2-- 0 Mexico Neymar 51' Firmino 88' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance: 41,970 Referee: Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018-07-02 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Belgium 3-- 2 Japan Vertonghen 69' Fellaini 74' Chadli 90+4' Report Haraguchi 48' Inui 52' Rostov Arena , Rostov-on-Don Attendance: 41,466 Referee: Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018-07-03 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Sweden 1-- 0 Switzerland Forsberg 66' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance: 64,042 Referee: Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018-07-03 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Colombia 1-- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Mina 90+3' Report Kane 57' ( pen. ) Penalties Falcao Ju. Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3-- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance: 44,190 Referee: Mark Geiger ( United States ) Quarter-finals 6 July 2018 ( 2018-07-06 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Uruguay 0-- 2 France Report Varane 40' Griezmann 61' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance: 43,319 Referee: Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 6 July 2018 ( 2018-07-06 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Brazil 1-- 2 Belgium Renato Augusto 76' Report Fernandinho 13' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance: 42,873 Referee: Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018-07-07 ) 18:00 SAMT ( UTC+4 ) Sweden 0-- 2 England Report Maguire 30' Alli 59' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance: 39,991 Referee: Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018-07-07 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Russia 2-- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31' Fernandes 115' Report Kramarić 39' Vida 101' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3-- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance: 44,287 Referee: Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals 10 July 2018 ( 2018-07-10 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) France 1-- 0 Belgium Umtiti 51' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance: 64,286 Referee: Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018-07-11 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Croatia 2-- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68' Mandžukić 109' Report Trippier 5' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance: 78,011 Referee: Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Third place play-off 14 July 2018 ( 2018-07-14 ) 17:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Belgium 2-- 0 England Meunier 4' E. Hazard 82' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance: 64,406 Referee: Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Final Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Final 15 July 2018 ( 2018-07-15 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) France 4-- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38' ( pen. ) Pogba 59' Mbappé 65' Report Perišić 28' Mandžukić 69' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance: 78,011 Referee: Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Statistics Further information: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches, for an average of 2.64 goals per match. Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament, doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung-min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En-Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al-Dawsari Salman Al-Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young-gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich (against France) Fernandinho (against Belgium) Mario Mandžukić (against France) Ahmed Fathy (against Russia) Edson Álvarez (against Sweden) Aziz Bouhaddouz (against Iran) Oghenekaro Etebo (against Croatia) Thiago Cionek (against Senegal) Denis Cheryshev (against Uruguay) Sergei Ignashevich (against Spain) Yann Sommer (against Costa Rica) Yassine Meriah (against Panama) Source: FIFA Discipline Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences: Receiving a red card (red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences) Receiving two yellow cards in two matches; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter-finals (yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches) The following suspensions were served during the tournament: Player Offence(s) Suspension(s) Carlos Sánchez in Group H vs Japan (matchday 1; 19 June) Group H vs Poland (matchday 2; 24 June) Yussuf Poulsen in Group C vs Peru (matchday 1; 16 June) in Group C vs Australia (matchday 2; 21 June) Group C vs France (matchday 3; 26 June) Jérôme Boateng in Group F vs Sweden (matchday 2; 23 June) Group F vs South Korea (matchday 3; 27 June) Armando Cooper in Group G vs Belgium (matchday 1; 18 June) in Group G vs England (matchday 2; 24 June) Group G vs Tunisia (matchday 3; 28 June) Michael Amir Murillo in Group G vs Belgium (matchday 1; 18 June) in Group G vs England (matchday 2; 24 June) Group G vs Tunisia (matchday 3; 28 June) Igor Smolnikov in Group A vs Uruguay (matchday 3; 25 June) Round of 16 vs Spain (1 July) Sebastian Larsson in Group F vs Germany (matchday 2; 23 June) in Group F vs Mexico (matchday 3; 27 June) Round of 16 vs Switzerland (3 July) Héctor Moreno in Group F vs Germany (matchday 1; 17 June) in Group F vs Sweden (matchday 3; 27 June) Round of 16 vs Brazil (2 July) Stephan Lichtsteiner in Group E vs Brazil (matchday 1; 17 June) in Group E vs Costa Rica (matchday 3; 27 June) Round of 16 vs Sweden (3 July) Fabian Schär in Group E vs Brazil (matchday 1; 17 June) in Group E vs Costa Rica (matchday 3; 27 June) Round of 16 vs Sweden (3 July) Blaise Matuidi in Group C vs Peru (matchday 2; 21 June) in Round of 16 vs Argentina (30 June) Quarter-finals vs Uruguay (6 July) Casemiro in Group E vs Switzerland (matchday 1; 17 June) in Round of 16 vs Mexico (2 July) Quarter-finals vs Belgium (6 July) Mikael Lustig in Group F vs Mexico (matchday 3; 27 June) in Round of 16 vs Switzerland (3 July) Quarter-finals vs England (7 July) Thomas Meunier in Group G vs Panama (matchday 1; 18 June) in Quarter-finals vs Brazil (6 July) Semi-finals vs France (10 July) Awards Luka Modrić accepting the Golden Ball award at the hands of Vladimir Putin Kylian Mbappé receiving the World Cup best young player award from Emmanuel Macron The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament. The Golden Boot, Golden Ball and Golden Glove awards were all sponsored by Adidas . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Harry Kane (6 goals, 0 assists) Antoine Griezmann (4 goals, 2 assists) Romelu Lukaku (4 goals, 1 assist) Golden Glove Thibaut Courtois Best Young Player Kylian Mbappé FIFA Fair Play Award Spain Prize money Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017. Position Amount (million USD ) Per team Total Champions 38 38 Runner-up 28 28 Third place 24 24 Fourth place 22 22 5th-- 8th place (quarter-finals) 16 64 9th-- 16th place (round of 16) 12 96 17th-- 32nd place (group stage) 8 128 Total 400 Marketing The typeface `` Dusha'' used for branding Branding The tournament logo was unveiled on 28 October 2014 by cosmonauts at the International Space Station and then projected onto Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre during an evening television programme. Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said that the logo was inspired by `` Russia's rich artistic tradition and its history of bold achievement and innovation'' , and FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that it reflected the `` heart and soul'' of the country. For the branding, a typeface called Dusha (from душа , Russian for soul ) was created by Portuguese design agency Brandia Central in 2014. Mascot Main article: Zabivaka Tournament mascot, wolf Zabivaka The official mascot for the tournament was unveiled 21 October 2016, and selected through a design competition among university students. A public vote was used to select from three finalists-- a cat, a tiger, and a wolf. The winner, with 53% of approximately 1 million votes, was Zabivaka-- an anthropomorphic wolf dressed in the colours of the Russian national team. Zabivaka's name is derived from the Russian word забивать , `` to score'' , and his official backstory states that he is an aspiring football player who is `` charming, confident and social'' . Ticketing The first phase of ticket sales started on 14 September 2017, 12:00 Moscow Time , and lasted until 12 October 2017. The general visa policy of Russia did not apply to participants and spectators, who were able to visit Russia without a visa right before and during the competition regardless of their citizenship. Spectators are nonetheless required to register for a `` Fan-ID'' , a special photo identification pass. A Fan-ID is required to enter the country visa-free, while a ticket, Fan-ID and a valid passport are required to enter stadiums for matches. Fan-IDs also grant World Cup attendees free access to public transport services, including buses, and train service between host cities. Fan-ID is administered by the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media , who may revoke these accreditations at any time to `` ensure the defence capability or security of the state or public order'' . Match ball Main article: Adidas Telstar 18 Match ball `` Telstar 18'' The official match ball of the 2018 World Cup group stage was `` Telstar 18 '' , based on the name and design of the first Adidas World Cup ball from 1970 . It was introduced on 9 November 2017. Since the group stage, `` Telstar Mechta'' has been used for the knockout stage. The word mechta (Russian: мечта ) means dream or ambition . The difference between Telstar 18 and Mechta is the red details on the design. Merchandise See also: FIFA World Cup video games On 30 April 2018, EA announced a free expansion for FIFA 18 based on the 2018 FIFA World Cup, featuring all 32 participating teams and all 12 stadiums used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Official song Main article: Live It Up (Nicky Jam song) The official song of the tournament is `` Live It Up'' , with vocals from Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi , released on 25 May. The FIFA World Cup Official Music Video was released on 8 June. Controversies Main article: List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies Thirty-three footballers who are alleged to be part of the steroid program are listed in the McLaren Report . On 22 December 2017, it was reported that FIFA fired a doctor who had been investigating doping in Russian football. On 22 May 2018 FIFA confirmed that the investigations concerning all Russian players named for the provisional squad of the FIFA World Cup in Russia had been completed, with the result that insufficient evidence was found to assert an anti-doping rule violation. FIFA's medical committee also decided that Russian personnel would not be involved in performing drug testing procedures at the tournament; the action was taken to reassure teams that the samples would remain untampered. Host selection The choice of Russia as host has been challenged. Controversial issues have included the level of racism in Russian football, and discrimination against LGBT people in wider Russian society. Russia's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has also caused calls for the tournament to be moved, particularly following the annexation of Crimea . In 2014, FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that `` the World Cup has been given and voted to Russia and we are going forward with our work'' . Allegations of corruption in the bidding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups caused threats from England's FA to boycott the tournament. FIFA appointed Michael J. Garcia , a US attorney, to investigate and produce a report on the corruption allegations. Although the report was never published, FIFA released a 42-page summary of its findings as determined by German judge Hans-Joachim Eckert . Eckert's summary cleared Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing, but was denounced by critics as a whitewash. Garcia criticised the summary as being `` materially incomplete'' with `` erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions'' , and appealed to FIFA's Appeal Committee. The committee declined to hear his appeal, so Garcia resigned in protest of FIFA's conduct, citing a `` lack of leadership'' and lack of confidence in the independence of Eckert. On 3 June 2015, the FBI confirmed that the federal authorities were investigating the bidding and awarding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . In an interview published on 7 June 2015, Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA's Audit And Compliance Committee, stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes, then the awards could be cancelled'' . Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and former British Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong-joon in which a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England was discussed. Response to Skripal poisoning In response to the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal , British Prime Minister Theresa May announced that no British ministers or members of the royal family would attend the World Cup, and issued a warning to any travelling England fans. Iceland diplomatically boycotted the World Cup. Russia responded to the comments from the UK Parliament claiming that `` the west are trying to deny Russia the World Cup'' . The Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Boris Johnson 's statements that compared the event to the 1936 Olympics held in Nazi Germany as `` poisoned with venom of hate, unprofessionalism and boorishness'' and `` unacceptable and unworthy'' parallel towards Russia, a `` nation that lost millions of lives in fighting Nazism '' . The British Foreign Office and MPs had repeatedly warned English football fans and `` people of Asian or Afro-Caribbean descent'' travelling to Russia of `` racist or homophobic intimidation, hooligan violence and anti-British hostility'' . English football fans who have travelled have said they have received a warm welcome from ordinary citizens after arriving in Russia. Broadcasting rights Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights FIFA, through several companies, sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to various local broadcasters. In the United States, the 2018 World Cup was the first men's World Cup whose English rights were held by Fox Sports , and Spanish rights held by Telemundo . The elimination of the US national team in qualifying led to concerns that US interest and viewership of this World Cup would be reduced (especially among `` casual'' viewers interested in the US team), especially noting how much Fox paid for the rights, and that US games at the 2014 World Cup peaked at 16.5 million viewers. During a launch event prior to the elimination, Fox stated that it had planned to place a secondary focus on the Mexican team in its coverage to take advantage of their popularity among US viewers (factoring Hispanic and Latino Americans ). Fox stated that it was still committed to broadcasting a significant amount of coverage for the tournament. In February 2018, Ukrainian rightsholder UA:PBC stated that it would not broadcast the World Cup. This came in the wake of growing boycotts of the tournament among the Football Federation of Ukraine and sports minister Ihor Zhdanov . However, the Ukrainian state TV still broadcast the World Cup, and more than 4 million Ukrainians watched the opening match. Additionally, the Football Federation of Ukraine refused to accredit journalists for the World Cup and waived their quota of tickets. Sponsorship FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors African supporters Asian supporters European supporters Adidas Coca-Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group Anheuser-Busch InBev Hisense McDonald's Mengniu Dairy Vivo Egypt -- Experience & Invest Diking Luci Yadea Alfa-Bank Alrosa Rostelecom Russian Railways See also Association football portal Russia portal 2010s portal FIFA World Cup hosts 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup Notes Jump up ^ The winning nation will qualify if that tournament takes place as FIFA has discussed abolishing the competition. References ^ Jump up to: `` Golden consolation for magical Modric'' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Ethics: Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process'' (Press release). FIFA. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Jump up ^ Morrin, Siobhan (13 June 2018). `` Your Ultimate Guide to Watching the 2018 World Cup'' . Time . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Непредвиденные расходы : как менялась смета ЧМ -2018'' . rbc.ru (in Russian). 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is VAR, what are the rules, and how is it being used by FIFA for World Cup 2018 in Russia?'' . The Telegraph . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Campbell, Paul (22 May 2018). `` Will VAR improve the World Cup?'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia united for 2018 FIFA World Cup Host Cities announcement'' . FIFA. 29 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Goff, Steve (16 January 2009). `` Future World Cups'' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico withdraws FIFA World Cup bid'' . FIFA. 29 September 2009. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia's bid to host the 2022 World Cup bid ends'' . BBC. 19 March 2010. Archived from the original on 20 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Combined bidding confirmed'' . FIFA. 20 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England miss out to Russia in 2018 World Cup Vote'' . BBC News . 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Doyle, Paul; Busfield, Steve (2 December 2010). `` World Cup 2018 and 2022 decision day -- live!'' . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Gordon, Aaron (27 June 2017). `` What We Know About Corruption in the 2018 And 2022 World Cup Bids'' . vice.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Garcia: FIFA investigator resigns in World Cup report row'' . BBC. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former FA chairman David Bernstein calls for 2018 World Cup boycott'' . The Guardian . 17 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup organizers ready to fight for 2022'' . Reuters. 3 June 2015. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone'' . FIFA. 15 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia'' . FIFA. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Indonesia excluded from 2018 World Cup qualifiers'' . Reuters. 3 June 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kosovo & Gibraltar become eligible for 2018 World Cup Qualifying'' . Russia: RT. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November/December'' . FIFA. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained'' . FIFA. 30 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Long road to Russia begins in Dili'' . FIFA. 11 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw: 1 week to go'' . FIFA. 18 July 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022'' . FIFA. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup'' . FIFA. 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Jump up ^ T.A.W. (12 November 2017). `` How Iceland (population: 330,000) qualified for the World Cup'' . The Economist . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In first, 4 Arab countries qualify for FIFA World Cup Finals'' . The Times of Israel . 12 November 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Reineking, Jim (12 June 2018). `` FIFA World Cup 2018: Notable teams that failed to qualify'' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking'' . FIFA. 7 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Final Draw to take place in State Kremlin Palace'' . FIFA. 24 January 2017. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Final Draw to take place at 18:00'' . The Daily Telegraph . 24 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` OC for FIFA Competitions approves procedures for the Final Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup'' . FIFA. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for FIFA Competitions: Updates on the FIFA World Cup and women's tournaments'' . FIFA. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia'' (PDF) . FIFA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Rest periods for the players on the provisional list for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia'' (PDF) . FIFA. 30 March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit -- Referees'' (PDF) . FIFA . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 List of video match officials'' (PDF) . FIFA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018: Referee Fahad Al Mirdasi ' banned over match-fixing attempt in Saudi Arabia ' '' . BBC. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` FIFA statement on the situation of the Saudi Arabian referee Fahad AL MIRDASI'' . FIFA. 30 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Updated: List of FIFA match officials for the 2018 FIFA World Cup'' (PDF) . FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Betraying the Game: African officials filmed taking cash'' . BBC. 7 June 2018. ^ Jump up to: `` FIFA Council decides on key steps for the future of international competitions'' . FIFA. 16 March 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` VAR: Video assistant referees set to be used at 2018 World Cup in Russia'' . BBC Sport. 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to: MacInnes, Paul (12 June 2018). `` How will VAR work at the World Cup and how much is riding on it?'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Belam, Martin (22 June 2018). `` VAR at the World Cup: the big decisions, game by game'' . the Guardian . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Austin, Jack (15 June 2018). `` Why Diego Costa's goal against Portugal made World Cup history'' . The Independent . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018: History made with first penalty awarded by VAR during France vs Australia'' . The Independent . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo penalty sets new World Cup record'' . ESPN.com. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McLean, Max (16 June 2018). `` 12 very different opinions on VAR at the World Cup to help you make your mind up'' . independent.ie . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA ' satisfied' with World Cup refereeing, VAR'' . ESPN . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Bid Evaluation Report: Russia'' (PDF) . FIFA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2002 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Atlas . National Geographic Society . 2011. p. 59. Jump up ^ `` The border between Europe and Asia'' . welcome2018.com . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Marikar, Hafiz. `` Russia to host next FIFA World Cup'' . Dailynews.lk . The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Почему у России осталось только 14 стадионов к ЧМ -2018 -- Известия (Why are there only 14 stadiums for the Russia 2018 World Cup)'' . Izvestia (in Russian). 7 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup to be played in 11 Host Cities'' . FIFA. 29 September 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Saakov, Rafael (22 July 2014). `` Russia 2018: Major challenges for next World Cup hosts'' . BBC . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogovitskiy, Dmitriy (21 October 2014). `` Russia on track for World Cup 2018, say FIFA inspectors'' . Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium names for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia confirmed'' . FIFA. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 stadiums: A guide to the venues of this summer's tournament'' . The Telegraph . 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Стадион на 45000 зрительских мест к Чемпионату мира по футболу в Нижнем Новгороде '' (Stadium for 45,000 spectators for the World Cup in Nizhny Novgorod). stroytransgaz.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Стадион на Крестовском ввели в эксплуатацию '' . fontanka.ru (in Russian). 29 December 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Стадион ЧМ -2018 по футболу в Волгограде введен в эксплуатацию '' (The 2018 World Cup in Volgograd was put into operation) (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 3 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Stadium'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Petersburg Stadium'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Stadium'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgograd Arena'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rostov Arena'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod Stadium'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan Arena'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Arena'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mordovia Arena'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad Stadium'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ekaterinburg Arena'' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Base Camps for 2018 FIFA World Cup confirmed'' . FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Croatia defender Pivaric says he has ' excellent' 1st impression of training base'' . fourfourtwo.com.au. 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (12 June 2018). `` World Cup 2018: Life inside the England bubble -- what they can expect in Repino'' . BBC . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Grohmann, Karolos (14 June 2018). `` Soccer: No tropical paradise? No problem for Germany, says midfielder Kroos'' . Reuters . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Russia's 2018 World Cup costs grow by $600 million'' . USA Today . 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev says 2018 FIFA World Cup to cost 20 billion dollars'' . NDTV. 13 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2018 World Cup: Russia to spend $5 billion on transport, despite cuts'' . Russia Beyond. 7 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Бюджет чемпионата мира 2018 года -- около € 1 млрд '' (The budget for the 2018 World Cup is about € 1 billion). Чемпионат (in Russian). 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` На подготовку транспортной инфраструктуры ЧМ -2018 в России потрачено 228 млрд '' (228 billion spent on preparation of the transport infrastructure of the World Cup 2018). sport24.ru (in Russian). 3 May 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Алмазная радиосвязь '' . Газета. Ru (in Russian). 30 March 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` В Мордовии к ЧМ -2018 прошли классификацию два хостела и мотель '' . info-rm.com. 16 January 2018. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Трамвайная линия до стадиона для ЧМ в Самаре готова на 89%'' . samru.ru. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad airport's new terminal put in operation'' . Russian Aviation Insider. 26 July 2017. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` В Екатеринбурге увеличились расходы на подготовку к проведению ЧМ -2018'' . regnum.ru (in Russian). 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Новый рекорд волонтерской программы ЧМ -2018'' (New record of the Volunteer program of the World Cup 2018). welcome2018.com (in Russian). 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Набор волонтеров на ЧМ -2018 установил новый рекорд Чемпионатов мира '' (A set of volunteers at the World Cup 2018 set a new World Cup record) (in Russian). FIFA. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 в России -- Волонтерская программа : F.A.Q.'' (FIFA 2018 World Cup in Russia -- Volunteer program: F.A.Q.) (in Russian). FIFA. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Ames, Nick (27 March 2018). `` World Cup 2018: what is a Fan ID and do I need one to watch games in Russia?'' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Wildie, Tom (8 June 2018). `` Aussie soccer fan's World Cup dream crushed by new Russian visa rejection'' . ABC News. Archived from the original on 9 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` What World Cup fans going to Russia should know'' . BBC. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match schedules for FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 and 2018 FIFA World Cup unveiled'' . FIFA. 24 July 2015. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule'' (PDF) . FIFA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2017. ^ Jump up to: `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule'' (PDF) . FIFA. 20 December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking -- October 2017'' . FIFA. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 fixtures: full schedule, results and match dates'' . The Telegraph . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 Opening Ceremony: What time will it start and when will Robbie Williams feature?'' . The Telegraph . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Williams show at World Cup opening ceremony is too short to ever be dull'' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` World Cup 2018: Ronaldo and Robbie Williams star in opening ceremony'' . BBC. 14 June 2018. Jump up ^ White, Adam (27 June 2018). `` What does Didier Deschamps want from his France team? If only he knew'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tie-breakers for Russia 2018 groups'' . FIFA. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Saudi Arabia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Egypt v Uruguay'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Egypt'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Saudi Arabia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Russia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Saudi Arabia v Egypt'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Morocco v IR Iran'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Portugal v Spain'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Portugal v Morocco'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- IR Iran v Spain'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- IR Iran v Portugal'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Spain v Morocco'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Australia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Peru v Denmark'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v Australia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Peru'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v France'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Australia v Peru'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Iceland'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Croatia v Nigeria'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Croatia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Nigeria v Iceland'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Nigeria v Argentina'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Iceland v Croatia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Costa Rica v Serbia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Brazil v Switzerland'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Brazil v Costa Rica'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Serbia v Switzerland'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Serbia v Brazil'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Switzerland v Costa Rica'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Germany v Mexico'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Sweden v Korea Republic'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Korea Republic v Mexico'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Germany v Sweden'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Korea Republic v Germany'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Mexico v Sweden'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Belgium v Panama'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 18 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Tunisia v England'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 18 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Belgium v Tunisia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 23 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- England v Panama'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 24 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- England v Belgium'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Panama v Tunisia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Colombia v Japan'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Poland v Senegal'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Japan v Senegal'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Poland v Colombia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Japan v Poland'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Senegal v Colombia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- France v Argentina'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 30 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Uruguay v Portugal'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 30 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Spain v Russia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 1 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Croatia v Denmark'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 1 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Brazil v Mexico'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 2 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Belgium v Japan'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 2 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Sweden v Switzerland'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 3 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Colombia v England'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 3 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter-final -- Uruguay v France'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 6 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter-final -- Brazil v Belgium'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 6 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter-final -- Sweden v England'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 7 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter-final -- Russia v Croatia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 7 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- France v Belgium'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- Croatia v England'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Play-off for third place -- Belgium v England'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia'' (PDF) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly, Ryan (15 July 2018). `` Mandzukic makes World Cup history with own goal against France in Russia 2018 final'' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players: Goals scored'' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Prize Money'' (PDF) . FIFA. 27 October 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Russia's heart & soul' : World Cup 2018 logo unveiled in Moscow (PHOTOS, VIDEO)'' . RT. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2018: World Cup mascot Zabivaka the wolf unveiled in Moscow'' . The Guardian . 21 October 2016. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket sales for 2018 FIFA World Cup to start on 14 September 2017'' . FIFA. 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Russia to ease visa regime for World Cup fans in 2018'' . Voice of Russia . 11 July 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup official match ball unveiled: an exciting re-imagining'' . FIFA. 9 November 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` adidas Football Reveals Official Match Ball for the Knockout Stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia'' . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley. `` FIFA 18 gets free World Cup mode in May'' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Official Song ' Live It Up' to be performed by all-star line-up'' . FIFA. 23 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Fifa contacts McLaren over doping claims in football'' . BBC. 21 November 2017. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Jump up ^ Conn, David (20 December 2017). `` Doctor sacked by Fifa was investigating alleged Russian football doping'' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update on the investigations following the McLaren reports'' . FIFA. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Russians to take no part in World Cup drug testing: FIFA'' . Reuters. 24 May 2018. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Jump up ^ Syal, Rajeev (3 December 2010). `` World Cup 2018 win raises Russian racism fears'' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yaya Toure: Black players may boycott 2018 Russia World Cup'' . BBC Sport. 25 October 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Jump up ^ Munro, Kelsey (11 June 2018). `` Racism in Russia and FIFA's 3-step plan to tackle it'' . Sbs.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Jump up ^ McCormick, Joseph Patrick (25 March 2014). `` Campaigns demand FIFA bans Russia from hosting 2018 World Cup due to anti-gay law'' . Pink News. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Jump up ^ Lavin, James (28 February 2014). `` Why FIFA Needs to Move the World Cup'' . advocate.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Fifa urged to rethink staging 2018 World Cup in Russia'' . BBC. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter, Stuart (23 March 2014). `` US calls for Fifa to drop Russia from hosting World Cup in 2018'' . Daily Express . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter: Russia will host 2018 World Cup despite Crimea'' . BBC Sport. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ornstein, David (17 November 2014). `` World Cup: Former FA chief David Bernstein calls for boycott'' . BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunbar, Graham. `` FIFA under fire after report on Qatar, Russia'' . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Roan, Dan (17 November 2014). `` Greg Dyke: FA demands full report findings into World Cup corruption'' . BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Conway, Richard. `` FIFA corruption report: Who is to blame and what happens now?'' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Garcia: FIFA investigator resigns in World Cup report row'' . BBC. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Jump up ^ Rumsby, Ben (4 June 2015). `` Fifa in crisis: FBI extends investigation to Russia 2018 and Qatar 2022 World Cup bids'' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Riach, James (3 June 2015). `` FBI investigating Fifa's awarding of 2018 and 2022 World Cups -- report'' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Russia & Qatar may lose World Cups' -- Fifa official'' . BBC News . 7 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2015. Jump up ^ Gibson, Owen (7 June 2015). `` Russia and Qatar may lose World Cups if evidence of bribery is found'' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Mendick, Robert; Rumsby, Ben (27 June 2017). `` Prince William and David Cameron caught up in Fifa corruption scandal'' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Video: David Cameron and Prince William implicated in FIFA corruption probe'' . The Belfast Telegraph . 28 June 2017. Jump up ^ Osborne, Samuel (14 March 2018). `` Theresa May's statement in full as she expels 23 Russian spies from Britain'' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland to diplomatically boycott 2018 World Cup in Russia'' . Russia: RT. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moscow official says West is trying to deny Russia World Cup'' . BBC News . 1 April 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Osborne, Samuel (21 March 2018). `` Sergei Skripal: Chemical weapons inspectors arrive in Salisbury to investigate nerve agent attack'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Calder, Simon (15 March 2018). `` World Cup 2018: England football fans warned of potential ' anti-British harassment' when travelling to Russia'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018: New report highlights MPs' concern for England fans in Russia'' . BBC News . 8 June 2018. Jump up ^ Mendick, Robert; Luhn, Alec (18 June 2018). `` England fans welcomed with open arms in Volgograd ahead of opening 2018 World Cup match against Tunisia'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Carroll, Oliver (19 June 2018). `` World Cup 2018: England fans praise welcome by Russian hosts as they celebrate first win'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Draper, Kevin (11 October 2017). `` Fox and Others Will Feel Pain of U.S. Absence at World Cup'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch, Richard (11 October 2017). `` With USMNT eliminated from World Cup, Fox must refocus coverage plan'' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw, Lucas; Novy-Williams, Eben; Broudway, Ira (11 October 2017). `` Fox projects up to $20 million in lost World Cup ad sales'' . Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian public broadcaster decides not to show World Cup matches'' . Kyiv Post . 12 February 2018. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp, Sam. `` Ukraine's public broadcaster refuses to show Fifa World Cup'' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bershidsky, Leonid (18 June 2018). `` You Can Hate Putin But Love the World Cup'' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ `` Inter Media Group secures World Cup rights in Ukraine'' . TV Sports Markets. 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and adidas extend partnership until 2030'' . FIFA. 21 November 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews, Sam (22 November 2005). `` Coca-Cola renews Fifa football sponsorship until 2022'' . Campaign. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Millerchip, Oliver (16 September 2013). `` Gazprom agrees Fifa sponsorship deal'' . SportsPro. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai-Kia drives on as FIFA Partner until 2022'' . FIFA. 24 November 2010. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Airways announced as Official Partner and Official Airline of FIFA until 2022'' . FIFA. 7 May 2017. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mickle, Tripp (1 April 2013). `` Visa extending World Cup deal for eight years'' . Sports Business Daily . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Group becomes new FIFA Partner'' . FIFA. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and Anheuser-Busch InBev announce FIFA World Cup sponsorship for 2018 / 2022'' . FIFA. 25 October 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hisense becomes Official Sponsor of 2018 FIFA World Cup'' . FIFA. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald's looking ahead to 2018'' . FIFA. 24 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp, Sam (20 December 2017). `` Mengniu Group added to Fifa World Cup sponsor line-up'' . SportsPro . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp, Sam (31 May 2017). `` Fifa agrees massive World Cup deal with Vivo'' . SportsPro. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt government selected as regional sponsor for 2018 FIFA World Cup'' . Egypt Independent . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Long, Danielle (11 June 2018). `` More Chinese sponsors sign up for Fifa World Cup'' . The Drum. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp, Sam (8 February 2018). `` Fifa adds latest Chinese sponsor for World Cup'' . SportsPro. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alfa-Bank unveiled as first-ever Regional Supporter for the FIFA World Cup'' . FIFA. 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alrosa completes line-up of European Regional Supporters of the 2018 FIFA World Cup'' . FIFA. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp, Sam (21 March 2018). `` Fifa World Cup adds Rostelecom as regional partner'' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Railways announced as an Official European Supporter of the 2018 FIFA World Cup'' . FIFA. 5 April 2018. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA's Confederations Cup has uncertain future after Russia'' . FOX Sports . 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for World Cup 2018 . FIFA.com 2018 website Welcome2018.com 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 (ball) `` Live It Up '' (song) Zabivaka (mascot) 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners-up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter-finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia 2018 FIFA World Cup stadiums Kaliningrad Stadium ( Kaliningrad ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg ) Luzhniki Stadium ( Moscow ) Otkritie Arena ( Moscow ) Kazan Arena ( Kazan ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium ( Nizhny Novgorod ) Cosmos Arena ( Samara ) Volgograd Arena ( Volgograd ) Mordovia Arena ( Saransk ) Rostov Arena ( Rostov-on-Don ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Sochi ) Central Stadium ( Yekaterinburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea-- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada-- Mexico-- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All-time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat-tricks own goals Penalty shoot-outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage. World championships in 2018 `` 2017 2019 '' Summer sports Archery (indoor) Association football (men) Athletics (indoor) Badminton individual team Basketball women Basketball (3x3) Beach handball men women Bowls Boxing (women) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling road track mountain bike & trials cyclo-cross BMX Field hockey men women Finswimming Floorball (men) Fencing Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline acrobatic aerobic Karate Quidditch Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Squash men women's team Swimming (25 m) Table tennis Volleyball men women Winter sports Bandy men women Curling men women mixed mixed doubles Figure skating Ice hockey men women Ski flying Speed skating allround sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess open women Darts BDO PDC Snooker six-red Motor sports Air race Endurance racing F1 Powerboat Formula E 2017-- 18 2018-- 19 Formula One F2 GP3 Motocross MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Rally WRC-2 WRC-3 Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=850581185 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup 2018 in association football 2017-- 18 in Russian football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Russia June 2018 events in Russia June 2018 sports events in Europe July 2018 events in Russia July 2018 sports events in Europe Hidden categories: CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description EngvarB from July 2018 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing Russian-language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски SuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaతెలుగుไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە/UyghurcheTiếngViệt吴语粵語中文डोटेली99moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon16July2018,at19:12(UTC).TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -3218074512549444055 |
how many episodes of yogi bear are there | Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 16 January 30 , 1961 May 15 , 1961 17 September 16 , 1961 January 6 , 1962 | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The following is a list of episodes for the 1961 -- 1962 cartoon series The Yogi Bear Show . All the episodes were produced and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera .",
"With the exception of the last episode , each episode consists of a Yogi Bear cartoon , a Snagglepuss cartoon , and a Yakky Doodle cartoon .",
"Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 16 January 30 , 1961 May 15 , 1961 17 September 16 , 1961 January 6 , 1962",
"Season Episodes Originally aired",
"Season premiere Season finale",
"16 January 30 , 1961 May 15 , 1961",
"17 September 16 , 1961 January 6 , 1962",
"Cartoons : YB = Yogi Bear SP = Snagglepuss YD = Yakky Doodle No . = Overall episode number Ep = Episode number by season",
"Cartoons : YB = Yogi Bear SP = Snagglepuss YD = Yakky Doodle",
"YB = Yogi Bear SP = Snagglepuss YD = Yakky Doodle",
"YB = Yogi Bear",
"SP = Snagglepuss",
"YD = Yakky Doodle",
"No . = Overall episode number",
"Ep = Episode number by season",
"No . Ep Cartoons Original air date `` Oinks and Boinks / Major Operation / Out of Luck Duck '' January 30 , 1961 ( 1961 - 01 - 30 ) Oinks and Boinks ( YB ) : Yogi and Boo Boo are tricked by the Three Little Pigs into moving into the straw house , then the wood house , just before each is blown down by the wolf . Animated by Don Patterson . Major Operation ( SP ) : To avoid being ejected from the Adventurers Club , Major Minor tries to hunt Snagglepuss again , despite the fact that the lion is now in a zoo . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Out of Luck Duck ( YD ) : Unable to keep up with the other migrating ducks , Yakky falls into Chopper 's water dish and meets the bulldog for the first time . Animated by Lewis Marshall . `` Booby Trapped Bear / Feud for Thought / Hop , Duck and Listen '' February 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 02 - 06 ) Booby Trapped Bear ( YB ) : After Yogi poses as a health inspector in order to take tourists ' picnic baskets , Ranger Smith sets out some booby - trapped baskets to teach Yogi a lesson . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Feud for Thought ( SP ) : Two hill people are competing for a woman 's hand in marriage , and she says that she 'll choose the one who brings her a lion fur coat ; naturally , the suitors both hunt Snagglepuss . Animated by Brad Case . Hop , Duck and Listen ( YD ) : Flying to Missouri , Yakky gets lost and finds himself in Australia , where he befriends a baby kangaroo who `` adopts '' him as his brother . Animated by Hicks Lokey . `` Gleesome Threesome / Live and Lion / Dog Flight '' February 13 , 1961 ( 1961 - 02 - 13 ) Gleesome Threesome ( YB ) : Ranger Smith goes on vacation in Miami Beach ; Yogi and Boo Boo mistakenly think that they 're invited so they show up at Miami Beach and drives poor Ranger Smith out of his mind . Animated by Carlo Vinci . Live and Lion ( SP ) : Finding Yakky Doodle hiding in his mailbox , Snagglepuss contemplates eating him , but instead finds himself protecting Yakky from duck hunters . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Dog Flight ( YD ) : Learning that Chopper wishes he could fly , Yakky tries to teach him , with painful results . Animated by Lewis Marshall . `` A Bear Pair / Fraidy Cat Lion / Easter Duck '' February 20 , 1961 ( 1961 - 02 - 20 ) A Bear Pair ( YB ) : Boo Boo enters a mail - in puzzle contest and wins a trip for two to Paris ; he takes Yogi along , who causes havoc there . Animated by Kenneth Muse . Fraidy Cat Lion ( SP ) : Snagglepuss shows up at the home of Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist , begging for food ; J. Evil hires him to get rid of a mouse , which Junior had transformed into a giant . Animated by Art Davis . Easter Duck ( YD ) : A lady buys Yakky from a pet store as an Easter gift for her granddaughter ; the lady 's cat , however , has different plans for the duckling . Animated by Don Patterson . 5 5 `` Spy Guy / Royal Ruckus / Foxy Duck '' February 27 , 1961 ( 1961 - 02 - 27 ) Spy Guy ( YB ) : Ranger Smith has a system of closed - ciruit cameras set up throughout Jellystone so he can keep an eye on Yogi . Animated by Ed Love . Royal Ruckus ( SP ) : In a Medieval kingdom , Snagglepuss tries to rescue the Queen , who 's been kidnapped by Count Down . Animated by Don Patterson . Foxy Duck ( YD ) : Fibber Fox ( in his first appearance ) disguises himself as Yakky 's mother as part of a plot to get at the chickens in the henhouse Chopper is guarding . Animated by Art Davis . This is the only episode that Chopper starts giggling and sobbing . 6 6 `` Do or Diet / The Roaring Lion / Railroaded Duck '' March 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 06 ) Do or Diet ( YB ) : At Ranger Smith 's request , a doctor tells Yogi that his health will be in jeopardy if he does n't stick to a diet of nuts and berries . Animated by Ed deMattia . The Roaring Lion ( SP ) : A hungry Snagglepuss infiltrates a college because he heard they have `` sheepskins , '' and he reasons that they must have sheep ; he winds up being the quarterback of the football team . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Railroaded Duck ( YD ) : Yakky and Chopper are traveling by train , and so is a cat who keeps trying to eat Yakky . Animated by William Keil . 7 7 `` Bears and Bees / Paws for Applause / Duck Hunting '' March 13 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 13 ) Bears and Bees ( YB ) : Yogi finds a hollow log filled with bees ' honey , and trades jars of it for goodies from the tourists . Animated by Hicks Lokey . This is the first episode that Yogi Bear starts laughing and crying . Paws for Applause ( SP ) : Snagglepuss gets a job as a television actor , but it turns out to be a lot rougher than he 'd expected . Animated by Don Patterson . Duck Hunting ( YD ) : Duhh - glas the Dog is supposed to help his master hunt ducks , but the dog ca n't stand to see Yakky get shot . Animated by Robert Bentley . 8 8 `` Biggest Show Off on Earth / Knights and Daze / Whistle - Stop and Go '' March 20 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 20 ) Biggest Show Off on Earth ( YB ) : An escaped circus bear trades places with Yogi ; Yogi has a terrible time trying to perform dangerous acts , while the more feral circus bear proves to be impossible for the rangers to control . Animated by Ed deMattia . Knights and Daze ( SP ) : Hoping to become a member of King Arthur 's Round Table , Snagglepuss does battle with the Stormy Knight . Animated by Laverne Harding . Whistle - Stop and Go ( YD ) : In gratitude for being released from a dog catcher 's wagon , Chopper gives Yakky a whistle , which the duck uses to call for help when Fibber Fox tries to eat him . Animated by Art Davis . 9 9 `` Genial Genie / The Gangsters All Here / Duck the Music '' March 27 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 27 ) Genial Genie ( YB ) : Yogi and Boo Boo find a lamp containing a genie , and Yogi wishes for a flying carpet . Animated by Dick Lundy . This is the second episode that Yogi cries . The Gangsters All Here ( SP ) : Two gangsters use Snagglepuss ' cave as a hideout . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Duck the Music ( YD ) : Yakky 's terrible singing drives a cat to distraction . Animated by C.L. Hartman . 10 10 `` Cub Scout Boo Boo / Having a Bowl / School Fool '' April 3 , 1961 ( 1961 - 04 - 03 ) Cub Scout Boo Boo ( YB ) : When a Boy Scout troop sets up camp in Jellystone , Yogi and Boo Boo pose as Scouts to get some food . Animated by Bob Carr . Having a Bowl ( SP ) : The Major 's baby nephew runs away from home , and when Snagglepuss brings him back , The Major attempts to shoot him . Animated by Art Davis . School Fool ( YD ) : Yakky goes to school and is picked on by a bigger kid ; Chopper disguises himself as a student so he can keep an eye on Yakky . Animated by William Keil . 11 11 `` Home - Sweet Jellystone / Diaper Desperado / Oh Duckter '' April 10 , 1961 ( 1961 - 04 - 10 ) Home - Sweet Jellystone ( YB ) : When he inherits wealth and a mansion , Ranger Smith moves away from Jellystone . Animated by Brad Case . Diaper Desperado ( SP ) : An outlaw called Big Hombre orders Snagglepuss to look after his baby , Little Hombre , while he goes off to rob a bank . Animated by Robert Bentley . Oh Duckter ( YD ) : Yakky visits Chopper in the animal hospital , and Fibber Fox sneaks in to try to catch Yakky . Animated by Allen Wilzbach . 12 12 `` Love - Bugged Bear / Arrow Error / It 's a Duck 's Life '' April 17 , 1961 ( 1961 - 04 - 17 ) Love - Bugged Bear ( YB ) : Yogi has been struck by Cupid 's arrow ( literally ) , and he 's too busy pursuing a female bear to go after picnic baskets . Animated by Bob Carr . Arrow Error ( SP ) : Inspired by the story of Robin Hood , Snagglepuss sets out to be a champion for all in need -- including an elephant who 's escaped from the zoo . Animated by Hicks Lokey . It 's a Duck 's Life ( YD ) : Chopper 's master is going duck hunting , and Chopper is trying to keep Yakky from being shot . Animated by Art Davis . 13 13 `` Bareface Disguise / Twice Shy / Happy Birthdaze '' April 24 , 1961 ( 1961 - 04 - 24 ) Bareface Disguise ( YB ) : Ranger Smith disguises himself as a polar bear to do a test on Yogi . Animated by Art Davis . Twice Shy ( SP ) : The Major 's identical twin brother , Sir Clyde , believes that all animals should be free ; Snagglepuss is confused when the Major keeps locking him in a cage and Sir Clyde keeps freeing him . Animated by Phil Duncan . Happy Birthdaze ( YD ) : Yakky gets a birthday present for Chopper -- a dinosaur bone from a museum . Animated by C.L. Hartman. ( uncredited ) 14 14 `` Slap Happy Birthday / Cloak and Stagger / Horse Collared '' May 1 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 01 ) Slap Happy Birthday ( YB ) : Ranger Smith is trying to find out what Yogi is up to , not realizing that the bear is putting together a surprise birthday party for him . Animated by George Nicholas . Cloak and Stagger ( SP ) : When Snagglepuss tries to join the Three Musketeers , they trick him into thinking that the king is a spy . Animated by Hicks Lokey . Horse Collared ( YD ) : A farmer 's old plow - horse mistakenly thinks that the farmer wants to shoot him , so Yakky helps him hide . Animated by Hicks Lokey . 15 15 `` A Bear Living / Remember Your Lions / Ha - Choo to You ! '' May 8 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 08 ) A Bear Living ( YB ) : Yogi sets up a wishing well in the park , and uses the money people throw in to buy things . Animated by Art Davis . Remember Your Lions ( SP ) : Snagglepuss finally gets to perform Shakespeare on stage , but Major Minor is sitting in the audience and he interrupts his performance . Animated by Gil Turner . Ha - Choo to You ! ( YD ) : Chopper has a cold , so Yakky brings him a basket full of goodies , which Fibber Fox tries to intercept ( in the style of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ) . Animated by Ralph Somerville . 16 16 `` Disguise and Gals / Remember the Daze / Foxy Proxy '' May 15 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 15 ) Disguise and Gals ( YB ) : Two bank robbers disguised as little old ladies hide out in Jellystone and conceal their loot in a picnic basket ; naturally , Yogi gets involved . Animated by Don Patterson . Remember the Daze ( SP ) : The Major and Snagglepuss are guests on a television show called This Is Your Strife ( a parody of This Is Your Life ) , and the former chases the latter through various TV studios , including the one Yogi Bear 's show is in . This cartoon also includes parodies of You Bet Your Life , western shows , game shows , Frankenstein , and science fiction shows . Animated by William Keil . Foxy Proxy ( YD ) : When Yakky thinks that Fibber Fox is his mother , the fox finds that he ca n't bring himself to eat the duckling ; this drives Fibber to see a psychiatrist . Animated by Dick Lundy .",
"No . Ep Cartoons Original air date",
"`` Oinks and Boinks / Major Operation / Out of Luck Duck '' January 30 , 1961 ( 1961 - 01 - 30 )",
"Oinks and Boinks ( YB ) : Yogi and Boo Boo are tricked by the Three Little Pigs into moving into the straw house , then the wood house , just before each is blown down by the wolf . Animated by Don Patterson . Major Operation ( SP ) : To avoid being ejected from the Adventurers Club , Major Minor tries to hunt Snagglepuss again , despite the fact that the lion is now in a zoo . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Out of Luck Duck ( YD ) : Unable to keep up with the other migrating ducks , Yakky falls into Chopper 's water dish and meets the bulldog for the first time . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Oinks and Boinks ( YB ) : Yogi and Boo Boo are tricked by the Three Little Pigs into moving into the straw house , then the wood house , just before each is blown down by the wolf . Animated by Don Patterson . Major Operation ( SP ) : To avoid being ejected from the Adventurers Club , Major Minor tries to hunt Snagglepuss again , despite the fact that the lion is now in a zoo . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Out of Luck Duck ( YD ) : Unable to keep up with the other migrating ducks , Yakky falls into Chopper 's water dish and meets the bulldog for the first time . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Oinks and Boinks ( YB ) : Yogi and Boo Boo are tricked by the Three Little Pigs into moving into the straw house , then the wood house , just before each is blown down by the wolf . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"Major Operation ( SP ) : To avoid being ejected from the Adventurers Club , Major Minor tries to hunt Snagglepuss again , despite the fact that the lion is now in a zoo . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Out of Luck Duck ( YD ) : Unable to keep up with the other migrating ducks , Yakky falls into Chopper 's water dish and meets the bulldog for the first time . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"`` Booby Trapped Bear / Feud for Thought / Hop , Duck and Listen '' February 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 02 - 06 )",
"Booby Trapped Bear ( YB ) : After Yogi poses as a health inspector in order to take tourists ' picnic baskets , Ranger Smith sets out some booby - trapped baskets to teach Yogi a lesson . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Feud for Thought ( SP ) : Two hill people are competing for a woman 's hand in marriage , and she says that she 'll choose the one who brings her a lion fur coat ; naturally , the suitors both hunt Snagglepuss . Animated by Brad Case . Hop , Duck and Listen ( YD ) : Flying to Missouri , Yakky gets lost and finds himself in Australia , where he befriends a baby kangaroo who `` adopts '' him as his brother . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"Booby Trapped Bear ( YB ) : After Yogi poses as a health inspector in order to take tourists ' picnic baskets , Ranger Smith sets out some booby - trapped baskets to teach Yogi a lesson . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Feud for Thought ( SP ) : Two hill people are competing for a woman 's hand in marriage , and she says that she 'll choose the one who brings her a lion fur coat ; naturally , the suitors both hunt Snagglepuss . Animated by Brad Case . Hop , Duck and Listen ( YD ) : Flying to Missouri , Yakky gets lost and finds himself in Australia , where he befriends a baby kangaroo who `` adopts '' him as his brother . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"Booby Trapped Bear ( YB ) : After Yogi poses as a health inspector in order to take tourists ' picnic baskets , Ranger Smith sets out some booby - trapped baskets to teach Yogi a lesson . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Feud for Thought ( SP ) : Two hill people are competing for a woman 's hand in marriage , and she says that she 'll choose the one who brings her a lion fur coat ; naturally , the suitors both hunt Snagglepuss . Animated by Brad Case .",
"Hop , Duck and Listen ( YD ) : Flying to Missouri , Yakky gets lost and finds himself in Australia , where he befriends a baby kangaroo who `` adopts '' him as his brother . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"`` Gleesome Threesome / Live and Lion / Dog Flight '' February 13 , 1961 ( 1961 - 02 - 13 )",
"Gleesome Threesome ( YB ) : Ranger Smith goes on vacation in Miami Beach ; Yogi and Boo Boo mistakenly think that they 're invited so they show up at Miami Beach and drives poor Ranger Smith out of his mind . Animated by Carlo Vinci . Live and Lion ( SP ) : Finding Yakky Doodle hiding in his mailbox , Snagglepuss contemplates eating him , but instead finds himself protecting Yakky from duck hunters . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Dog Flight ( YD ) : Learning that Chopper wishes he could fly , Yakky tries to teach him , with painful results . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Gleesome Threesome ( YB ) : Ranger Smith goes on vacation in Miami Beach ; Yogi and Boo Boo mistakenly think that they 're invited so they show up at Miami Beach and drives poor Ranger Smith out of his mind . Animated by Carlo Vinci . Live and Lion ( SP ) : Finding Yakky Doodle hiding in his mailbox , Snagglepuss contemplates eating him , but instead finds himself protecting Yakky from duck hunters . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Dog Flight ( YD ) : Learning that Chopper wishes he could fly , Yakky tries to teach him , with painful results . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Gleesome Threesome ( YB ) : Ranger Smith goes on vacation in Miami Beach ; Yogi and Boo Boo mistakenly think that they 're invited so they show up at Miami Beach and drives poor Ranger Smith out of his mind . Animated by Carlo Vinci .",
"Live and Lion ( SP ) : Finding Yakky Doodle hiding in his mailbox , Snagglepuss contemplates eating him , but instead finds himself protecting Yakky from duck hunters . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Dog Flight ( YD ) : Learning that Chopper wishes he could fly , Yakky tries to teach him , with painful results . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"`` A Bear Pair / Fraidy Cat Lion / Easter Duck '' February 20 , 1961 ( 1961 - 02 - 20 )",
"A Bear Pair ( YB ) : Boo Boo enters a mail - in puzzle contest and wins a trip for two to Paris ; he takes Yogi along , who causes havoc there . Animated by Kenneth Muse . Fraidy Cat Lion ( SP ) : Snagglepuss shows up at the home of Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist , begging for food ; J. Evil hires him to get rid of a mouse , which Junior had transformed into a giant . Animated by Art Davis . Easter Duck ( YD ) : A lady buys Yakky from a pet store as an Easter gift for her granddaughter ; the lady 's cat , however , has different plans for the duckling . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"A Bear Pair ( YB ) : Boo Boo enters a mail - in puzzle contest and wins a trip for two to Paris ; he takes Yogi along , who causes havoc there . Animated by Kenneth Muse . Fraidy Cat Lion ( SP ) : Snagglepuss shows up at the home of Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist , begging for food ; J. Evil hires him to get rid of a mouse , which Junior had transformed into a giant . Animated by Art Davis . Easter Duck ( YD ) : A lady buys Yakky from a pet store as an Easter gift for her granddaughter ; the lady 's cat , however , has different plans for the duckling . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"A Bear Pair ( YB ) : Boo Boo enters a mail - in puzzle contest and wins a trip for two to Paris ; he takes Yogi along , who causes havoc there . Animated by Kenneth Muse .",
"Fraidy Cat Lion ( SP ) : Snagglepuss shows up at the home of Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist , begging for food ; J. Evil hires him to get rid of a mouse , which Junior had transformed into a giant . Animated by Art Davis .",
"Easter Duck ( YD ) : A lady buys Yakky from a pet store as an Easter gift for her granddaughter ; the lady 's cat , however , has different plans for the duckling . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"5 5 `` Spy Guy / Royal Ruckus / Foxy Duck '' February 27 , 1961 ( 1961 - 02 - 27 )",
"Spy Guy ( YB ) : Ranger Smith has a system of closed - ciruit cameras set up throughout Jellystone so he can keep an eye on Yogi . Animated by Ed Love . Royal Ruckus ( SP ) : In a Medieval kingdom , Snagglepuss tries to rescue the Queen , who 's been kidnapped by Count Down . Animated by Don Patterson . Foxy Duck ( YD ) : Fibber Fox ( in his first appearance ) disguises himself as Yakky 's mother as part of a plot to get at the chickens in the henhouse Chopper is guarding . Animated by Art Davis . This is the only episode that Chopper starts giggling and sobbing .",
"Spy Guy ( YB ) : Ranger Smith has a system of closed - ciruit cameras set up throughout Jellystone so he can keep an eye on Yogi . Animated by Ed Love . Royal Ruckus ( SP ) : In a Medieval kingdom , Snagglepuss tries to rescue the Queen , who 's been kidnapped by Count Down . Animated by Don Patterson . Foxy Duck ( YD ) : Fibber Fox ( in his first appearance ) disguises himself as Yakky 's mother as part of a plot to get at the chickens in the henhouse Chopper is guarding . Animated by Art Davis . This is the only episode that Chopper starts giggling and sobbing .",
"Spy Guy ( YB ) : Ranger Smith has a system of closed - ciruit cameras set up throughout Jellystone so he can keep an eye on Yogi . Animated by Ed Love .",
"Royal Ruckus ( SP ) : In a Medieval kingdom , Snagglepuss tries to rescue the Queen , who 's been kidnapped by Count Down . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"Foxy Duck ( YD ) : Fibber Fox ( in his first appearance ) disguises himself as Yakky 's mother as part of a plot to get at the chickens in the henhouse Chopper is guarding . Animated by Art Davis . This is the only episode that Chopper starts giggling and sobbing .",
"6 6 `` Do or Diet / The Roaring Lion / Railroaded Duck '' March 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 06 )",
"Do or Diet ( YB ) : At Ranger Smith 's request , a doctor tells Yogi that his health will be in jeopardy if he does n't stick to a diet of nuts and berries . Animated by Ed deMattia . The Roaring Lion ( SP ) : A hungry Snagglepuss infiltrates a college because he heard they have `` sheepskins , '' and he reasons that they must have sheep ; he winds up being the quarterback of the football team . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Railroaded Duck ( YD ) : Yakky and Chopper are traveling by train , and so is a cat who keeps trying to eat Yakky . Animated by William Keil .",
"Do or Diet ( YB ) : At Ranger Smith 's request , a doctor tells Yogi that his health will be in jeopardy if he does n't stick to a diet of nuts and berries . Animated by Ed deMattia . The Roaring Lion ( SP ) : A hungry Snagglepuss infiltrates a college because he heard they have `` sheepskins , '' and he reasons that they must have sheep ; he winds up being the quarterback of the football team . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Railroaded Duck ( YD ) : Yakky and Chopper are traveling by train , and so is a cat who keeps trying to eat Yakky . Animated by William Keil .",
"Do or Diet ( YB ) : At Ranger Smith 's request , a doctor tells Yogi that his health will be in jeopardy if he does n't stick to a diet of nuts and berries . Animated by Ed deMattia .",
"The Roaring Lion ( SP ) : A hungry Snagglepuss infiltrates a college because he heard they have `` sheepskins , '' and he reasons that they must have sheep ; he winds up being the quarterback of the football team . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Railroaded Duck ( YD ) : Yakky and Chopper are traveling by train , and so is a cat who keeps trying to eat Yakky . Animated by William Keil .",
"7 7 `` Bears and Bees / Paws for Applause / Duck Hunting '' March 13 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 13 )",
"Bears and Bees ( YB ) : Yogi finds a hollow log filled with bees ' honey , and trades jars of it for goodies from the tourists . Animated by Hicks Lokey . This is the first episode that Yogi Bear starts laughing and crying . Paws for Applause ( SP ) : Snagglepuss gets a job as a television actor , but it turns out to be a lot rougher than he 'd expected . Animated by Don Patterson . Duck Hunting ( YD ) : Duhh - glas the Dog is supposed to help his master hunt ducks , but the dog ca n't stand to see Yakky get shot . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Bears and Bees ( YB ) : Yogi finds a hollow log filled with bees ' honey , and trades jars of it for goodies from the tourists . Animated by Hicks Lokey . This is the first episode that Yogi Bear starts laughing and crying . Paws for Applause ( SP ) : Snagglepuss gets a job as a television actor , but it turns out to be a lot rougher than he 'd expected . Animated by Don Patterson . Duck Hunting ( YD ) : Duhh - glas the Dog is supposed to help his master hunt ducks , but the dog ca n't stand to see Yakky get shot . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Bears and Bees ( YB ) : Yogi finds a hollow log filled with bees ' honey , and trades jars of it for goodies from the tourists . Animated by Hicks Lokey . This is the first episode that Yogi Bear starts laughing and crying .",
"Paws for Applause ( SP ) : Snagglepuss gets a job as a television actor , but it turns out to be a lot rougher than he 'd expected . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"Duck Hunting ( YD ) : Duhh - glas the Dog is supposed to help his master hunt ducks , but the dog ca n't stand to see Yakky get shot . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"8 8 `` Biggest Show Off on Earth / Knights and Daze / Whistle - Stop and Go '' March 20 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 20 )",
"Biggest Show Off on Earth ( YB ) : An escaped circus bear trades places with Yogi ; Yogi has a terrible time trying to perform dangerous acts , while the more feral circus bear proves to be impossible for the rangers to control . Animated by Ed deMattia . Knights and Daze ( SP ) : Hoping to become a member of King Arthur 's Round Table , Snagglepuss does battle with the Stormy Knight . Animated by Laverne Harding . Whistle - Stop and Go ( YD ) : In gratitude for being released from a dog catcher 's wagon , Chopper gives Yakky a whistle , which the duck uses to call for help when Fibber Fox tries to eat him . Animated by Art Davis .",
"Biggest Show Off on Earth ( YB ) : An escaped circus bear trades places with Yogi ; Yogi has a terrible time trying to perform dangerous acts , while the more feral circus bear proves to be impossible for the rangers to control . Animated by Ed deMattia . Knights and Daze ( SP ) : Hoping to become a member of King Arthur 's Round Table , Snagglepuss does battle with the Stormy Knight . Animated by Laverne Harding . Whistle - Stop and Go ( YD ) : In gratitude for being released from a dog catcher 's wagon , Chopper gives Yakky a whistle , which the duck uses to call for help when Fibber Fox tries to eat him . Animated by Art Davis .",
"Biggest Show Off on Earth ( YB ) : An escaped circus bear trades places with Yogi ; Yogi has a terrible time trying to perform dangerous acts , while the more feral circus bear proves to be impossible for the rangers to control . Animated by Ed deMattia .",
"Knights and Daze ( SP ) : Hoping to become a member of King Arthur 's Round Table , Snagglepuss does battle with the Stormy Knight . Animated by Laverne Harding .",
"Whistle - Stop and Go ( YD ) : In gratitude for being released from a dog catcher 's wagon , Chopper gives Yakky a whistle , which the duck uses to call for help when Fibber Fox tries to eat him . Animated by Art Davis .",
"9 9 `` Genial Genie / The Gangsters All Here / Duck the Music '' March 27 , 1961 ( 1961 - 03 - 27 )",
"Genial Genie ( YB ) : Yogi and Boo Boo find a lamp containing a genie , and Yogi wishes for a flying carpet . Animated by Dick Lundy . This is the second episode that Yogi cries . The Gangsters All Here ( SP ) : Two gangsters use Snagglepuss ' cave as a hideout . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Duck the Music ( YD ) : Yakky 's terrible singing drives a cat to distraction . Animated by C.L. Hartman .",
"Genial Genie ( YB ) : Yogi and Boo Boo find a lamp containing a genie , and Yogi wishes for a flying carpet . Animated by Dick Lundy . This is the second episode that Yogi cries . The Gangsters All Here ( SP ) : Two gangsters use Snagglepuss ' cave as a hideout . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Duck the Music ( YD ) : Yakky 's terrible singing drives a cat to distraction . Animated by C.L. Hartman .",
"Genial Genie ( YB ) : Yogi and Boo Boo find a lamp containing a genie , and Yogi wishes for a flying carpet . Animated by Dick Lundy . This is the second episode that Yogi cries .",
"The Gangsters All Here ( SP ) : Two gangsters use Snagglepuss ' cave as a hideout . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Duck the Music ( YD ) : Yakky 's terrible singing drives a cat to distraction . Animated by C.L. Hartman .",
"10 10 `` Cub Scout Boo Boo / Having a Bowl / School Fool '' April 3 , 1961 ( 1961 - 04 - 03 )",
"Cub Scout Boo Boo ( YB ) : When a Boy Scout troop sets up camp in Jellystone , Yogi and Boo Boo pose as Scouts to get some food . Animated by Bob Carr . Having a Bowl ( SP ) : The Major 's baby nephew runs away from home , and when Snagglepuss brings him back , The Major attempts to shoot him . Animated by Art Davis . School Fool ( YD ) : Yakky goes to school and is picked on by a bigger kid ; Chopper disguises himself as a student so he can keep an eye on Yakky . Animated by William Keil .",
"Cub Scout Boo Boo ( YB ) : When a Boy Scout troop sets up camp in Jellystone , Yogi and Boo Boo pose as Scouts to get some food . Animated by Bob Carr . Having a Bowl ( SP ) : The Major 's baby nephew runs away from home , and when Snagglepuss brings him back , The Major attempts to shoot him . Animated by Art Davis . School Fool ( YD ) : Yakky goes to school and is picked on by a bigger kid ; Chopper disguises himself as a student so he can keep an eye on Yakky . Animated by William Keil .",
"Cub Scout Boo Boo ( YB ) : When a Boy Scout troop sets up camp in Jellystone , Yogi and Boo Boo pose as Scouts to get some food . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"Having a Bowl ( SP ) : The Major 's baby nephew runs away from home , and when Snagglepuss brings him back , The Major attempts to shoot him . Animated by Art Davis .",
"School Fool ( YD ) : Yakky goes to school and is picked on by a bigger kid ; Chopper disguises himself as a student so he can keep an eye on Yakky . Animated by William Keil .",
"11 11 `` Home - Sweet Jellystone / Diaper Desperado / Oh Duckter '' April 10 , 1961 ( 1961 - 04 - 10 )",
"Home - Sweet Jellystone ( YB ) : When he inherits wealth and a mansion , Ranger Smith moves away from Jellystone . Animated by Brad Case . Diaper Desperado ( SP ) : An outlaw called Big Hombre orders Snagglepuss to look after his baby , Little Hombre , while he goes off to rob a bank . Animated by Robert Bentley . Oh Duckter ( YD ) : Yakky visits Chopper in the animal hospital , and Fibber Fox sneaks in to try to catch Yakky . Animated by Allen Wilzbach .",
"Home - Sweet Jellystone ( YB ) : When he inherits wealth and a mansion , Ranger Smith moves away from Jellystone . Animated by Brad Case . Diaper Desperado ( SP ) : An outlaw called Big Hombre orders Snagglepuss to look after his baby , Little Hombre , while he goes off to rob a bank . Animated by Robert Bentley . Oh Duckter ( YD ) : Yakky visits Chopper in the animal hospital , and Fibber Fox sneaks in to try to catch Yakky . Animated by Allen Wilzbach .",
"Home - Sweet Jellystone ( YB ) : When he inherits wealth and a mansion , Ranger Smith moves away from Jellystone . Animated by Brad Case .",
"Diaper Desperado ( SP ) : An outlaw called Big Hombre orders Snagglepuss to look after his baby , Little Hombre , while he goes off to rob a bank . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Oh Duckter ( YD ) : Yakky visits Chopper in the animal hospital , and Fibber Fox sneaks in to try to catch Yakky . Animated by Allen Wilzbach .",
"12 12 `` Love - Bugged Bear / Arrow Error / It 's a Duck 's Life '' April 17 , 1961 ( 1961 - 04 - 17 )",
"Love - Bugged Bear ( YB ) : Yogi has been struck by Cupid 's arrow ( literally ) , and he 's too busy pursuing a female bear to go after picnic baskets . Animated by Bob Carr . Arrow Error ( SP ) : Inspired by the story of Robin Hood , Snagglepuss sets out to be a champion for all in need -- including an elephant who 's escaped from the zoo . Animated by Hicks Lokey . It 's a Duck 's Life ( YD ) : Chopper 's master is going duck hunting , and Chopper is trying to keep Yakky from being shot . Animated by Art Davis .",
"Love - Bugged Bear ( YB ) : Yogi has been struck by Cupid 's arrow ( literally ) , and he 's too busy pursuing a female bear to go after picnic baskets . Animated by Bob Carr . Arrow Error ( SP ) : Inspired by the story of Robin Hood , Snagglepuss sets out to be a champion for all in need -- including an elephant who 's escaped from the zoo . Animated by Hicks Lokey . It 's a Duck 's Life ( YD ) : Chopper 's master is going duck hunting , and Chopper is trying to keep Yakky from being shot . Animated by Art Davis .",
"Love - Bugged Bear ( YB ) : Yogi has been struck by Cupid 's arrow ( literally ) , and he 's too busy pursuing a female bear to go after picnic baskets . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"Arrow Error ( SP ) : Inspired by the story of Robin Hood , Snagglepuss sets out to be a champion for all in need -- including an elephant who 's escaped from the zoo . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"It 's a Duck 's Life ( YD ) : Chopper 's master is going duck hunting , and Chopper is trying to keep Yakky from being shot . Animated by Art Davis .",
"13 13 `` Bareface Disguise / Twice Shy / Happy Birthdaze '' April 24 , 1961 ( 1961 - 04 - 24 )",
"Bareface Disguise ( YB ) : Ranger Smith disguises himself as a polar bear to do a test on Yogi . Animated by Art Davis . Twice Shy ( SP ) : The Major 's identical twin brother , Sir Clyde , believes that all animals should be free ; Snagglepuss is confused when the Major keeps locking him in a cage and Sir Clyde keeps freeing him . Animated by Phil Duncan . Happy Birthdaze ( YD ) : Yakky gets a birthday present for Chopper -- a dinosaur bone from a museum . Animated by C.L. Hartman. ( uncredited )",
"Bareface Disguise ( YB ) : Ranger Smith disguises himself as a polar bear to do a test on Yogi . Animated by Art Davis . Twice Shy ( SP ) : The Major 's identical twin brother , Sir Clyde , believes that all animals should be free ; Snagglepuss is confused when the Major keeps locking him in a cage and Sir Clyde keeps freeing him . Animated by Phil Duncan . Happy Birthdaze ( YD ) : Yakky gets a birthday present for Chopper -- a dinosaur bone from a museum . Animated by C.L. Hartman. ( uncredited )",
"Bareface Disguise ( YB ) : Ranger Smith disguises himself as a polar bear to do a test on Yogi . Animated by Art Davis .",
"Twice Shy ( SP ) : The Major 's identical twin brother , Sir Clyde , believes that all animals should be free ; Snagglepuss is confused when the Major keeps locking him in a cage and Sir Clyde keeps freeing him . Animated by Phil Duncan .",
"Happy Birthdaze ( YD ) : Yakky gets a birthday present for Chopper -- a dinosaur bone from a museum . Animated by C.L. Hartman. ( uncredited )",
"14 14 `` Slap Happy Birthday / Cloak and Stagger / Horse Collared '' May 1 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 01 )",
"Slap Happy Birthday ( YB ) : Ranger Smith is trying to find out what Yogi is up to , not realizing that the bear is putting together a surprise birthday party for him . Animated by George Nicholas . Cloak and Stagger ( SP ) : When Snagglepuss tries to join the Three Musketeers , they trick him into thinking that the king is a spy . Animated by Hicks Lokey . Horse Collared ( YD ) : A farmer 's old plow - horse mistakenly thinks that the farmer wants to shoot him , so Yakky helps him hide . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"Slap Happy Birthday ( YB ) : Ranger Smith is trying to find out what Yogi is up to , not realizing that the bear is putting together a surprise birthday party for him . Animated by George Nicholas . Cloak and Stagger ( SP ) : When Snagglepuss tries to join the Three Musketeers , they trick him into thinking that the king is a spy . Animated by Hicks Lokey . Horse Collared ( YD ) : A farmer 's old plow - horse mistakenly thinks that the farmer wants to shoot him , so Yakky helps him hide . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"Slap Happy Birthday ( YB ) : Ranger Smith is trying to find out what Yogi is up to , not realizing that the bear is putting together a surprise birthday party for him . Animated by George Nicholas .",
"Cloak and Stagger ( SP ) : When Snagglepuss tries to join the Three Musketeers , they trick him into thinking that the king is a spy . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"Horse Collared ( YD ) : A farmer 's old plow - horse mistakenly thinks that the farmer wants to shoot him , so Yakky helps him hide . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"15 15 `` A Bear Living / Remember Your Lions / Ha - Choo to You ! '' May 8 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 08 )",
"A Bear Living ( YB ) : Yogi sets up a wishing well in the park , and uses the money people throw in to buy things . Animated by Art Davis . Remember Your Lions ( SP ) : Snagglepuss finally gets to perform Shakespeare on stage , but Major Minor is sitting in the audience and he interrupts his performance . Animated by Gil Turner . Ha - Choo to You ! ( YD ) : Chopper has a cold , so Yakky brings him a basket full of goodies , which Fibber Fox tries to intercept ( in the style of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ) . Animated by Ralph Somerville .",
"A Bear Living ( YB ) : Yogi sets up a wishing well in the park , and uses the money people throw in to buy things . Animated by Art Davis . Remember Your Lions ( SP ) : Snagglepuss finally gets to perform Shakespeare on stage , but Major Minor is sitting in the audience and he interrupts his performance . Animated by Gil Turner . Ha - Choo to You ! ( YD ) : Chopper has a cold , so Yakky brings him a basket full of goodies , which Fibber Fox tries to intercept ( in the style of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ) . Animated by Ralph Somerville .",
"A Bear Living ( YB ) : Yogi sets up a wishing well in the park , and uses the money people throw in to buy things . Animated by Art Davis .",
"Remember Your Lions ( SP ) : Snagglepuss finally gets to perform Shakespeare on stage , but Major Minor is sitting in the audience and he interrupts his performance . Animated by Gil Turner .",
"Ha - Choo to You ! ( YD ) : Chopper has a cold , so Yakky brings him a basket full of goodies , which Fibber Fox tries to intercept ( in the style of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ) . Animated by Ralph Somerville .",
"16 16 `` Disguise and Gals / Remember the Daze / Foxy Proxy '' May 15 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 15 )",
"Disguise and Gals ( YB ) : Two bank robbers disguised as little old ladies hide out in Jellystone and conceal their loot in a picnic basket ; naturally , Yogi gets involved . Animated by Don Patterson . Remember the Daze ( SP ) : The Major and Snagglepuss are guests on a television show called This Is Your Strife ( a parody of This Is Your Life ) , and the former chases the latter through various TV studios , including the one Yogi Bear 's show is in . This cartoon also includes parodies of You Bet Your Life , western shows , game shows , Frankenstein , and science fiction shows . Animated by William Keil . Foxy Proxy ( YD ) : When Yakky thinks that Fibber Fox is his mother , the fox finds that he ca n't bring himself to eat the duckling ; this drives Fibber to see a psychiatrist . Animated by Dick Lundy .",
"Disguise and Gals ( YB ) : Two bank robbers disguised as little old ladies hide out in Jellystone and conceal their loot in a picnic basket ; naturally , Yogi gets involved . Animated by Don Patterson . Remember the Daze ( SP ) : The Major and Snagglepuss are guests on a television show called This Is Your Strife ( a parody of This Is Your Life ) , and the former chases the latter through various TV studios , including the one Yogi Bear 's show is in . This cartoon also includes parodies of You Bet Your Life , western shows , game shows , Frankenstein , and science fiction shows . Animated by William Keil . Foxy Proxy ( YD ) : When Yakky thinks that Fibber Fox is his mother , the fox finds that he ca n't bring himself to eat the duckling ; this drives Fibber to see a psychiatrist . Animated by Dick Lundy .",
"Disguise and Gals ( YB ) : Two bank robbers disguised as little old ladies hide out in Jellystone and conceal their loot in a picnic basket ; naturally , Yogi gets involved . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"Remember the Daze ( SP ) : The Major and Snagglepuss are guests on a television show called This Is Your Strife ( a parody of This Is Your Life ) , and the former chases the latter through various TV studios , including the one Yogi Bear 's show is in . This cartoon also includes parodies of You Bet Your Life , western shows , game shows , Frankenstein , and science fiction shows . Animated by William Keil .",
"Foxy Proxy ( YD ) : When Yakky thinks that Fibber Fox is his mother , the fox finds that he ca n't bring himself to eat the duckling ; this drives Fibber to see a psychiatrist . Animated by Dick Lundy .",
"No . Ep Cartoons Original air date 17 `` Touch and Go - Go - Go / Express Trained Lion / Count to Tenant '' September 16 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 16 ) Touch and Go - Go - Go ( YB ) : The bears ' fairy godmother grants Yogi the power to turn anything he touches into a picnic basket ( à la Midas ) . Animated by Bob Carr . Express Trained Lion ( SP ) : A mouse named Bigelow , whom Snagglepuss once freed from a mousetrap , is intent on freeing Snag from a zookeeper , despite the fact that the lion does n't want to be freed . The main action takes place on a train , hence the title . Animated by Laverne Harding . Count to Tenant ( YD ) : After a flea is `` evicted '' from a dog 's hide , kind - hearted Yakky offers to let the flea live on Chopper . Animated by Robert Bentley . 18 `` Acrobatty Yogi / Jangled Jungle / Shrunken Headache '' September 23 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 23 ) Acrobatty Yogi ( YB ) : Cindy Bear ( in her first appearance ) is in a circus , so Yogi runs off to join it ; the circus owner gets him a job as a lion tamer . Animated by Robert Bentley . Jangled Jungle ( SP ) : Sick and tired of being part of a lion taming act , Snagglepuss runs away from the circus and goes back to the jungle , expecting to be the king of the beasts . Animated by Don Patterson . Shrunken Headache ( YD ) : Using a child 's chemistry set , Fibber Fox creates a formula that shrinks Chopper down to Yakky 's size , and the fox chases after the two of them . Animated by Carlo Vinci . 19 `` Ring - a-Ding Picnic Basket / Lion Tracks / The Most Ghost '' September 30 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 30 ) Ring - a-Ding Picnic Basket ( YB ) : Ranger Smith tries to trap Yogi with an alarm - rigged picnic basket , and his plan fails ; Later , Yogi mistakenly thinks the Ranger wants him shot . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Lion Tracks ( SP ) : A railroad company tries to put a track through Snagglepuss ' cave , but Snag thwarts their efforts ; the railroad then hires Major Minor to handle the situation . Animated by Hicks Lokey . The Most Ghost ( YD ) : Chopper and Yakky stay in an abandoned house for the night ; Fibber Fox disguises himself as a ghost , hoping to scare Chopper away so he can catch Yakky . Animated by Allen Wilzbach . 20 `` Iron Hand Jones / Fight Fright / Stamp Scamp '' October 7 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 07 ) Iron Hand Jones ( YB ) : When Ranger Smith goes on vacation , his seat is filled by Ranger `` Iron Hand '' Jones , who 's more of a strict disciplinarian than Yogi can stand . Animated by William Keil . Fight Fright ( SP ) : At the county fair , Snagglepuss is tired of being the target in an `` African Dodger '' type of game ; he 's talked into boxing with a kangaroo instead . Animated by Bob Carr . Stamp Scamp ( YD ) : Chopper gives Yakky a trading stamp so his book will be completely filled , but a wind keeps blows the stamp away from them . Animated by C.L. Hartman . 21 5 `` Yogi 's Pest Guest / Lions Share Sheriff / All 's Well That Eats Well '' October 14 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 14 ) Yogi 's Pest Guest ( YB ) : Yo Yo , a Japanese bear who 's a martial artist , is transferred to Jellystone , and Yogi finds him in his cave and to become friends , he gets him a picnic basket and Yo Yo becomes addicted to picnic baskets . Animated by William Keil ( actually Don Williams . ) Lions Share Sheriff ( SP ) : An outlaw is intent on shooting the sheriff of a western town ; after their sheriff runs away , the people appoint Snagglepuss their sheriff . Animated by George Nicholas . All 's Well That Eats Well ( YD ) : Alfy Gator , in his first appearance , tries to catch Yakky so the ' gator can dine on roast duck . Animated by Carlo Vinci . 22 6 `` Missile Bound Yogi / Cagey Lion / Foxy Friends '' October 21 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 21 ) Missile Bound Yogi ( YB ) : The army has its war games in a sealed - off part of the park ; when Yogi wanders in , he thinks Jellystone has been invaded . Animated by C.L. Hartman . Cagey Lion ( SP ) : Snagglepuss is being transported to the zoo on a riverboat ; he escapes from his cage and poses as a riverboat gambler . Animated by Laverne Harding . Foxy Friends ( YD ) : Bigelow the Mouse ( from the Snagglepuss cartoon `` Express Trained Lion '' ) helps Yakky to stay out of Fibber Fox 's clutches . Animated by Bob Carr . 23 7 `` Loco Locomotive / Charge That Lion / Mad Mix Up '' October 28 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 28 ) Loco Locomotive ( YB ) : When a kiddie train is added to the park , Yogi becomes determined to ride it . Animated by Kenneth Muse . Charge That Lion ( SP ) : To evade hunters , Snagglepuss disguises himself as a soldier and winds up in an army camp . Animated by Art Davis . Mad Mix Up ( YD ) : A mad scientist switches Chopper 's and Yakky 's brains , and the two of them drive Fibber Fox crazy . Animated by Bob Carr . 24 8 `` Missile - Bound Bear / Be My Ghost / Beach Brawl '' November 4 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 04 ) Missile - Bound Bear ( YB ) : The military builds a secret rocket - launching base in Jellystone , and Yogi , Boo Boo , and Ranger Smith all wind up inside a space - bound rocket . This cartoon contains a great deal of satire of the military . Animated by William Keil . Be My Ghost ( SP ) : Snagglepuss visits an old English castle , which is haunted by a pair of mischievous ghosts . Animated by C.L. Hartman . Beach Brawl ( YD ) : Yakky and Chopper enjoy a day at the beach , until Fibber Fox starts chasing after Yakky again . Animated by Don Patterson . 25 9 `` A Wooin ' Bruin / Spring Hits a Snag / Duck Seasoning '' November 11 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 11 ) A Wooin ' Bruin ( YB ) : Yogi and another bear compete for Cindy 's affections by bringing her gifts , committing a rash of thefts throughout the park in the process . Animated by Bob Carr . Spring Hits a Snag ( SP ) : Snagglepuss protects a lioness named Lila ( in her first appearance ) from hunters by giving her shelter in his cave , but he soon finds her company less bearable than the hunters ' bullets . Animated by Ken Southworth . Duck Seasoning ( YD ) : Alfy Gator is hunting Yakky again ; in this cartoon , Yakky is unusually self - reliant as he fights back against Alfy . Animated by Don Williams . 26 10 `` Yogi in the City / Legal Eagle Lion / Hasty Tasty '' November 18 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 18 ) Yogi in the City ( YB ) : After falling asleep in a tourist 's trailer because of a drip in his cave , Yogi finds himself in the big city dodging cars and wounding up on the ledge of a building . Animated by Ed Love . Legal Eagle Lion ( SP ) : A circuit judge is afraid to try a bank robber in a rough western town , so Snagglepuss steps in as judge , prosecutor , and a pair of witnesses . Animated by Jack Carr . Hasty Tasty ( YD ) : Fibber Fox and Alfy Gator are both after Yakky , and the two of them fight over who 's going to get him . Animated by Clarke Mallery . 27 11 `` Queen Bee for a Day / Do n't Know It Poet / Nobody Home Duck '' November 25 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 25 ) Queen Bee for a Day ( YB ) : Yogi has Boo Boo dress up as a queen bee to lure bees away from their honey - filled hive , but an entomologist starts chasing Boo Boo . Animated by Don Williams . Do n't Know It Poet ( SP ) : In this takeoff of Cyrano de Bergerac , professional poet Cyril D. Snagglepuss is hired to help a suitor win a lady 's heart , but something has gone wrong . Animated by Allen Wilzbach . Nobody Home Duck ( YD ) : Yakky 's wings are too weak to take him south for the impending winter , so Chopper tries to find him a home . Animated by Robert Bentley . 28 12 `` Batty Bear / Tail Wag Snag / Dog Pounded '' December 2 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 02 ) Batty Bear ( YB ) : After sending in thousands of boxtops to a television show , Yogi receives a `` Bat Guy '' costume with functional bat - like wings , which he uses to swoop down on campers and steal their picnic baskets . Animated by Robert Bentley . Tail Wag Snag ( SP ) : Major Minor tries again to catch Snagglepuss , this time with the aid of Snuffles . Animated by Allen Wilzbach . Dog Pounded ( YD ) : Fibber Fox steals Chopper 's dog tags and gets him captured by the dog catcher , thus leaving Yakky defenseless . Animated by Hicks Lokey . 29 13 `` Droop - a-Long Yogi / Rent and Rave / Witch Duck - ter '' December 9 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 09 ) Droop - a-Long Yogi ( YB ) : A television station is using part of Jellystone to shoot a western program , and Yogi and Ranger Smith get parts on the show . Animated by Ralph Somerville . Rent and Rave ( SP ) : To raise money for a trip , Snagglepuss rents out part of his cave , but his new tenant -- Lila -- ( Who is colored yellow ) is more than he can stand . Animated by Jack Ozarks . Witch Duck - ter ( YD ) : A witch is brewing a special recipe to celebrate her 110th birthday , and one of the ingredients is Yakky . Animated by Don Towsley . 30 14 `` Threadbare Bear / Footlight Fright / Full Course Meal '' December 16 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 16 ) Threadbare Bear ( YB ) : While being transported to the zoo , Yogi and Boo Boo escape into the woods , and start stealing food from stores and houses . The zoo they are intended to be transported to is the Cincinnati Zoo -- coincidentally , Hanna - Barbera would be purchased by the Cincinnati - based Taft Broadcasting in 1967 . Animated by Robert Bentley . Footlight Fright ( SP ) : Major Minor uses psychology to capture Snagglepuss , by playing on his dreams of becoming an actor . Animated by Robert Bentley . Full Course Meal ( YD ) : Alfy Gator invites Yakky to dinner , without mentioning that the duckling will be the main course ; Yakky , however , brings his friend Chopper with him . Animated by Don Towsley . 31 15 `` Ice Box Raider / One Two Many / Baddie Buddies '' December 23 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 23 ) Ice Box Raider ( YB ) : To prove that Yogi 's been raiding his refrigerator , Ranger Smith rigs it with a practical joke ; later , Yogi hatches a plan to get even . Animated by Ed Love ( actually Hicks Lokey ) One Two Many ( SP ) : Snagglepuss ' identical twin brother Snaggletooth comes to stay for the summer , and the two of them inadvertently confuse Lila . Animated by Don Towsley . Baddie Buddies ( YD ) : Lost in the desert , Yakky tries to be friends with a dangerous outlaw , and his attentions prove to be detrimental to the outlaw . Animated by Dick Lundy . 32 16 `` Bear Foot Soldiers / Royal Rodent / Judo Ex-Expert '' December 30 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 30 ) Bear Foot Soldiers ( YB ) : The army is playing war games in Jellystone , and one of the teams is disguising their soldiers as bears ; of course , Yogi and Boo Boo get caught up in the games . Animated by Robert Bentley ( actually Edwin Parks . ) Royal Rodent ( SP ) : The king hires Snagglepuss to rid his castle of Bigelow the Mouse . Animated by Edwin Parks. ( uncredited ) Judo Ex-Expert ( YD ) : Yakky believes that he 's now a Judo expert , and tries to fight Fibber Fox ; Chopper secretly lends a hand . Animated by Harry Holt . 33 17 `` Yogi 's Birthday Party : Parts 1 , 2 , and 3 '' January 6 , 1962 ( 1962 - 01 - 06 ) In this episode - length cartoon , Yogi is told that he 'll be appearing on a television program . He tries to prepare for the show by taking lessons from Fred Upstairs , Boppy Barrin , and Lee B. Rocky ( spoofs of Fred Astaire , Bobby Darin , and Liberace , respectively ) , but the lessons do n't go well . Yogi is afraid that he 'll ruin the show , but at the last minute he discovers that it 's actually a surprise birthday tribute for him and that he does n't have to do anything . The `` guests '' who show up to honor Yogi include Ranger Smith , Huckleberry Hound , Quick Draw McGraw and Baba Looey , Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks , Snooper and Blabber , Snagglepuss , Hokey Wolf and Ding - A-Ling , Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy , Cindy Bear , Boo Boo , and Yakky Doodle .",
"No . Ep Cartoons Original air date",
"17 `` Touch and Go - Go - Go / Express Trained Lion / Count to Tenant '' September 16 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 16 )",
"Touch and Go - Go - Go ( YB ) : The bears ' fairy godmother grants Yogi the power to turn anything he touches into a picnic basket ( à la Midas ) . Animated by Bob Carr . Express Trained Lion ( SP ) : A mouse named Bigelow , whom Snagglepuss once freed from a mousetrap , is intent on freeing Snag from a zookeeper , despite the fact that the lion does n't want to be freed . The main action takes place on a train , hence the title . Animated by Laverne Harding . Count to Tenant ( YD ) : After a flea is `` evicted '' from a dog 's hide , kind - hearted Yakky offers to let the flea live on Chopper . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Touch and Go - Go - Go ( YB ) : The bears ' fairy godmother grants Yogi the power to turn anything he touches into a picnic basket ( à la Midas ) . Animated by Bob Carr . Express Trained Lion ( SP ) : A mouse named Bigelow , whom Snagglepuss once freed from a mousetrap , is intent on freeing Snag from a zookeeper , despite the fact that the lion does n't want to be freed . The main action takes place on a train , hence the title . Animated by Laverne Harding . Count to Tenant ( YD ) : After a flea is `` evicted '' from a dog 's hide , kind - hearted Yakky offers to let the flea live on Chopper . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Touch and Go - Go - Go ( YB ) : The bears ' fairy godmother grants Yogi the power to turn anything he touches into a picnic basket ( à la Midas ) . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"Express Trained Lion ( SP ) : A mouse named Bigelow , whom Snagglepuss once freed from a mousetrap , is intent on freeing Snag from a zookeeper , despite the fact that the lion does n't want to be freed . The main action takes place on a train , hence the title . Animated by Laverne Harding .",
"Count to Tenant ( YD ) : After a flea is `` evicted '' from a dog 's hide , kind - hearted Yakky offers to let the flea live on Chopper . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"18 `` Acrobatty Yogi / Jangled Jungle / Shrunken Headache '' September 23 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 23 )",
"Acrobatty Yogi ( YB ) : Cindy Bear ( in her first appearance ) is in a circus , so Yogi runs off to join it ; the circus owner gets him a job as a lion tamer . Animated by Robert Bentley . Jangled Jungle ( SP ) : Sick and tired of being part of a lion taming act , Snagglepuss runs away from the circus and goes back to the jungle , expecting to be the king of the beasts . Animated by Don Patterson . Shrunken Headache ( YD ) : Using a child 's chemistry set , Fibber Fox creates a formula that shrinks Chopper down to Yakky 's size , and the fox chases after the two of them . Animated by Carlo Vinci .",
"Acrobatty Yogi ( YB ) : Cindy Bear ( in her first appearance ) is in a circus , so Yogi runs off to join it ; the circus owner gets him a job as a lion tamer . Animated by Robert Bentley . Jangled Jungle ( SP ) : Sick and tired of being part of a lion taming act , Snagglepuss runs away from the circus and goes back to the jungle , expecting to be the king of the beasts . Animated by Don Patterson . Shrunken Headache ( YD ) : Using a child 's chemistry set , Fibber Fox creates a formula that shrinks Chopper down to Yakky 's size , and the fox chases after the two of them . Animated by Carlo Vinci .",
"Acrobatty Yogi ( YB ) : Cindy Bear ( in her first appearance ) is in a circus , so Yogi runs off to join it ; the circus owner gets him a job as a lion tamer . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Jangled Jungle ( SP ) : Sick and tired of being part of a lion taming act , Snagglepuss runs away from the circus and goes back to the jungle , expecting to be the king of the beasts . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"Shrunken Headache ( YD ) : Using a child 's chemistry set , Fibber Fox creates a formula that shrinks Chopper down to Yakky 's size , and the fox chases after the two of them . Animated by Carlo Vinci .",
"19 `` Ring - a-Ding Picnic Basket / Lion Tracks / The Most Ghost '' September 30 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 30 )",
"Ring - a-Ding Picnic Basket ( YB ) : Ranger Smith tries to trap Yogi with an alarm - rigged picnic basket , and his plan fails ; Later , Yogi mistakenly thinks the Ranger wants him shot . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Lion Tracks ( SP ) : A railroad company tries to put a track through Snagglepuss ' cave , but Snag thwarts their efforts ; the railroad then hires Major Minor to handle the situation . Animated by Hicks Lokey . The Most Ghost ( YD ) : Chopper and Yakky stay in an abandoned house for the night ; Fibber Fox disguises himself as a ghost , hoping to scare Chopper away so he can catch Yakky . Animated by Allen Wilzbach .",
"Ring - a-Ding Picnic Basket ( YB ) : Ranger Smith tries to trap Yogi with an alarm - rigged picnic basket , and his plan fails ; Later , Yogi mistakenly thinks the Ranger wants him shot . Animated by Lewis Marshall . Lion Tracks ( SP ) : A railroad company tries to put a track through Snagglepuss ' cave , but Snag thwarts their efforts ; the railroad then hires Major Minor to handle the situation . Animated by Hicks Lokey . The Most Ghost ( YD ) : Chopper and Yakky stay in an abandoned house for the night ; Fibber Fox disguises himself as a ghost , hoping to scare Chopper away so he can catch Yakky . Animated by Allen Wilzbach .",
"Ring - a-Ding Picnic Basket ( YB ) : Ranger Smith tries to trap Yogi with an alarm - rigged picnic basket , and his plan fails ; Later , Yogi mistakenly thinks the Ranger wants him shot . Animated by Lewis Marshall .",
"Lion Tracks ( SP ) : A railroad company tries to put a track through Snagglepuss ' cave , but Snag thwarts their efforts ; the railroad then hires Major Minor to handle the situation . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"The Most Ghost ( YD ) : Chopper and Yakky stay in an abandoned house for the night ; Fibber Fox disguises himself as a ghost , hoping to scare Chopper away so he can catch Yakky . Animated by Allen Wilzbach .",
"20 `` Iron Hand Jones / Fight Fright / Stamp Scamp '' October 7 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 07 )",
"Iron Hand Jones ( YB ) : When Ranger Smith goes on vacation , his seat is filled by Ranger `` Iron Hand '' Jones , who 's more of a strict disciplinarian than Yogi can stand . Animated by William Keil . Fight Fright ( SP ) : At the county fair , Snagglepuss is tired of being the target in an `` African Dodger '' type of game ; he 's talked into boxing with a kangaroo instead . Animated by Bob Carr . Stamp Scamp ( YD ) : Chopper gives Yakky a trading stamp so his book will be completely filled , but a wind keeps blows the stamp away from them . Animated by C.L. Hartman .",
"Iron Hand Jones ( YB ) : When Ranger Smith goes on vacation , his seat is filled by Ranger `` Iron Hand '' Jones , who 's more of a strict disciplinarian than Yogi can stand . Animated by William Keil . Fight Fright ( SP ) : At the county fair , Snagglepuss is tired of being the target in an `` African Dodger '' type of game ; he 's talked into boxing with a kangaroo instead . Animated by Bob Carr . Stamp Scamp ( YD ) : Chopper gives Yakky a trading stamp so his book will be completely filled , but a wind keeps blows the stamp away from them . Animated by C.L. Hartman .",
"Iron Hand Jones ( YB ) : When Ranger Smith goes on vacation , his seat is filled by Ranger `` Iron Hand '' Jones , who 's more of a strict disciplinarian than Yogi can stand . Animated by William Keil .",
"Fight Fright ( SP ) : At the county fair , Snagglepuss is tired of being the target in an `` African Dodger '' type of game ; he 's talked into boxing with a kangaroo instead . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"Stamp Scamp ( YD ) : Chopper gives Yakky a trading stamp so his book will be completely filled , but a wind keeps blows the stamp away from them . Animated by C.L. Hartman .",
"21 5 `` Yogi 's Pest Guest / Lions Share Sheriff / All 's Well That Eats Well '' October 14 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 14 )",
"Yogi 's Pest Guest ( YB ) : Yo Yo , a Japanese bear who 's a martial artist , is transferred to Jellystone , and Yogi finds him in his cave and to become friends , he gets him a picnic basket and Yo Yo becomes addicted to picnic baskets . Animated by William Keil ( actually Don Williams . ) Lions Share Sheriff ( SP ) : An outlaw is intent on shooting the sheriff of a western town ; after their sheriff runs away , the people appoint Snagglepuss their sheriff . Animated by George Nicholas . All 's Well That Eats Well ( YD ) : Alfy Gator , in his first appearance , tries to catch Yakky so the ' gator can dine on roast duck . Animated by Carlo Vinci .",
"Yogi 's Pest Guest ( YB ) : Yo Yo , a Japanese bear who 's a martial artist , is transferred to Jellystone , and Yogi finds him in his cave and to become friends , he gets him a picnic basket and Yo Yo becomes addicted to picnic baskets . Animated by William Keil ( actually Don Williams . ) Lions Share Sheriff ( SP ) : An outlaw is intent on shooting the sheriff of a western town ; after their sheriff runs away , the people appoint Snagglepuss their sheriff . Animated by George Nicholas . All 's Well That Eats Well ( YD ) : Alfy Gator , in his first appearance , tries to catch Yakky so the ' gator can dine on roast duck . Animated by Carlo Vinci .",
"Yogi 's Pest Guest ( YB ) : Yo Yo , a Japanese bear who 's a martial artist , is transferred to Jellystone , and Yogi finds him in his cave and to become friends , he gets him a picnic basket and Yo Yo becomes addicted to picnic baskets . Animated by William Keil ( actually Don Williams . )",
"Lions Share Sheriff ( SP ) : An outlaw is intent on shooting the sheriff of a western town ; after their sheriff runs away , the people appoint Snagglepuss their sheriff . Animated by George Nicholas .",
"All 's Well That Eats Well ( YD ) : Alfy Gator , in his first appearance , tries to catch Yakky so the ' gator can dine on roast duck . Animated by Carlo Vinci .",
"22 6 `` Missile Bound Yogi / Cagey Lion / Foxy Friends '' October 21 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 21 )",
"Missile Bound Yogi ( YB ) : The army has its war games in a sealed - off part of the park ; when Yogi wanders in , he thinks Jellystone has been invaded . Animated by C.L. Hartman . Cagey Lion ( SP ) : Snagglepuss is being transported to the zoo on a riverboat ; he escapes from his cage and poses as a riverboat gambler . Animated by Laverne Harding . Foxy Friends ( YD ) : Bigelow the Mouse ( from the Snagglepuss cartoon `` Express Trained Lion '' ) helps Yakky to stay out of Fibber Fox 's clutches . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"Missile Bound Yogi ( YB ) : The army has its war games in a sealed - off part of the park ; when Yogi wanders in , he thinks Jellystone has been invaded . Animated by C.L. Hartman . Cagey Lion ( SP ) : Snagglepuss is being transported to the zoo on a riverboat ; he escapes from his cage and poses as a riverboat gambler . Animated by Laverne Harding . Foxy Friends ( YD ) : Bigelow the Mouse ( from the Snagglepuss cartoon `` Express Trained Lion '' ) helps Yakky to stay out of Fibber Fox 's clutches . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"Missile Bound Yogi ( YB ) : The army has its war games in a sealed - off part of the park ; when Yogi wanders in , he thinks Jellystone has been invaded . Animated by C.L. Hartman .",
"Cagey Lion ( SP ) : Snagglepuss is being transported to the zoo on a riverboat ; he escapes from his cage and poses as a riverboat gambler . Animated by Laverne Harding .",
"Foxy Friends ( YD ) : Bigelow the Mouse ( from the Snagglepuss cartoon `` Express Trained Lion '' ) helps Yakky to stay out of Fibber Fox 's clutches . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"23 7 `` Loco Locomotive / Charge That Lion / Mad Mix Up '' October 28 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 28 )",
"Loco Locomotive ( YB ) : When a kiddie train is added to the park , Yogi becomes determined to ride it . Animated by Kenneth Muse . Charge That Lion ( SP ) : To evade hunters , Snagglepuss disguises himself as a soldier and winds up in an army camp . Animated by Art Davis . Mad Mix Up ( YD ) : A mad scientist switches Chopper 's and Yakky 's brains , and the two of them drive Fibber Fox crazy . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"Loco Locomotive ( YB ) : When a kiddie train is added to the park , Yogi becomes determined to ride it . Animated by Kenneth Muse . Charge That Lion ( SP ) : To evade hunters , Snagglepuss disguises himself as a soldier and winds up in an army camp . Animated by Art Davis . Mad Mix Up ( YD ) : A mad scientist switches Chopper 's and Yakky 's brains , and the two of them drive Fibber Fox crazy . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"Loco Locomotive ( YB ) : When a kiddie train is added to the park , Yogi becomes determined to ride it . Animated by Kenneth Muse .",
"Charge That Lion ( SP ) : To evade hunters , Snagglepuss disguises himself as a soldier and winds up in an army camp . Animated by Art Davis .",
"Mad Mix Up ( YD ) : A mad scientist switches Chopper 's and Yakky 's brains , and the two of them drive Fibber Fox crazy . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"24 8 `` Missile - Bound Bear / Be My Ghost / Beach Brawl '' November 4 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 04 )",
"Missile - Bound Bear ( YB ) : The military builds a secret rocket - launching base in Jellystone , and Yogi , Boo Boo , and Ranger Smith all wind up inside a space - bound rocket . This cartoon contains a great deal of satire of the military . Animated by William Keil . Be My Ghost ( SP ) : Snagglepuss visits an old English castle , which is haunted by a pair of mischievous ghosts . Animated by C.L. Hartman . Beach Brawl ( YD ) : Yakky and Chopper enjoy a day at the beach , until Fibber Fox starts chasing after Yakky again . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"Missile - Bound Bear ( YB ) : The military builds a secret rocket - launching base in Jellystone , and Yogi , Boo Boo , and Ranger Smith all wind up inside a space - bound rocket . This cartoon contains a great deal of satire of the military . Animated by William Keil . Be My Ghost ( SP ) : Snagglepuss visits an old English castle , which is haunted by a pair of mischievous ghosts . Animated by C.L. Hartman . Beach Brawl ( YD ) : Yakky and Chopper enjoy a day at the beach , until Fibber Fox starts chasing after Yakky again . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"Missile - Bound Bear ( YB ) : The military builds a secret rocket - launching base in Jellystone , and Yogi , Boo Boo , and Ranger Smith all wind up inside a space - bound rocket . This cartoon contains a great deal of satire of the military . Animated by William Keil .",
"Be My Ghost ( SP ) : Snagglepuss visits an old English castle , which is haunted by a pair of mischievous ghosts . Animated by C.L. Hartman .",
"Beach Brawl ( YD ) : Yakky and Chopper enjoy a day at the beach , until Fibber Fox starts chasing after Yakky again . Animated by Don Patterson .",
"25 9 `` A Wooin ' Bruin / Spring Hits a Snag / Duck Seasoning '' November 11 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 11 )",
"A Wooin ' Bruin ( YB ) : Yogi and another bear compete for Cindy 's affections by bringing her gifts , committing a rash of thefts throughout the park in the process . Animated by Bob Carr . Spring Hits a Snag ( SP ) : Snagglepuss protects a lioness named Lila ( in her first appearance ) from hunters by giving her shelter in his cave , but he soon finds her company less bearable than the hunters ' bullets . Animated by Ken Southworth . Duck Seasoning ( YD ) : Alfy Gator is hunting Yakky again ; in this cartoon , Yakky is unusually self - reliant as he fights back against Alfy . Animated by Don Williams .",
"A Wooin ' Bruin ( YB ) : Yogi and another bear compete for Cindy 's affections by bringing her gifts , committing a rash of thefts throughout the park in the process . Animated by Bob Carr . Spring Hits a Snag ( SP ) : Snagglepuss protects a lioness named Lila ( in her first appearance ) from hunters by giving her shelter in his cave , but he soon finds her company less bearable than the hunters ' bullets . Animated by Ken Southworth . Duck Seasoning ( YD ) : Alfy Gator is hunting Yakky again ; in this cartoon , Yakky is unusually self - reliant as he fights back against Alfy . Animated by Don Williams .",
"A Wooin ' Bruin ( YB ) : Yogi and another bear compete for Cindy 's affections by bringing her gifts , committing a rash of thefts throughout the park in the process . Animated by Bob Carr .",
"Spring Hits a Snag ( SP ) : Snagglepuss protects a lioness named Lila ( in her first appearance ) from hunters by giving her shelter in his cave , but he soon finds her company less bearable than the hunters ' bullets . Animated by Ken Southworth .",
"Duck Seasoning ( YD ) : Alfy Gator is hunting Yakky again ; in this cartoon , Yakky is unusually self - reliant as he fights back against Alfy . Animated by Don Williams .",
"26 10 `` Yogi in the City / Legal Eagle Lion / Hasty Tasty '' November 18 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 18 )",
"Yogi in the City ( YB ) : After falling asleep in a tourist 's trailer because of a drip in his cave , Yogi finds himself in the big city dodging cars and wounding up on the ledge of a building . Animated by Ed Love . Legal Eagle Lion ( SP ) : A circuit judge is afraid to try a bank robber in a rough western town , so Snagglepuss steps in as judge , prosecutor , and a pair of witnesses . Animated by Jack Carr . Hasty Tasty ( YD ) : Fibber Fox and Alfy Gator are both after Yakky , and the two of them fight over who 's going to get him . Animated by Clarke Mallery .",
"Yogi in the City ( YB ) : After falling asleep in a tourist 's trailer because of a drip in his cave , Yogi finds himself in the big city dodging cars and wounding up on the ledge of a building . Animated by Ed Love . Legal Eagle Lion ( SP ) : A circuit judge is afraid to try a bank robber in a rough western town , so Snagglepuss steps in as judge , prosecutor , and a pair of witnesses . Animated by Jack Carr . Hasty Tasty ( YD ) : Fibber Fox and Alfy Gator are both after Yakky , and the two of them fight over who 's going to get him . Animated by Clarke Mallery .",
"Yogi in the City ( YB ) : After falling asleep in a tourist 's trailer because of a drip in his cave , Yogi finds himself in the big city dodging cars and wounding up on the ledge of a building . Animated by Ed Love .",
"Legal Eagle Lion ( SP ) : A circuit judge is afraid to try a bank robber in a rough western town , so Snagglepuss steps in as judge , prosecutor , and a pair of witnesses . Animated by Jack Carr .",
"Hasty Tasty ( YD ) : Fibber Fox and Alfy Gator are both after Yakky , and the two of them fight over who 's going to get him . Animated by Clarke Mallery .",
"27 11 `` Queen Bee for a Day / Do n't Know It Poet / Nobody Home Duck '' November 25 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 25 )",
"Queen Bee for a Day ( YB ) : Yogi has Boo Boo dress up as a queen bee to lure bees away from their honey - filled hive , but an entomologist starts chasing Boo Boo . Animated by Don Williams . Do n't Know It Poet ( SP ) : In this takeoff of Cyrano de Bergerac , professional poet Cyril D. Snagglepuss is hired to help a suitor win a lady 's heart , but something has gone wrong . Animated by Allen Wilzbach . Nobody Home Duck ( YD ) : Yakky 's wings are too weak to take him south for the impending winter , so Chopper tries to find him a home . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Queen Bee for a Day ( YB ) : Yogi has Boo Boo dress up as a queen bee to lure bees away from their honey - filled hive , but an entomologist starts chasing Boo Boo . Animated by Don Williams . Do n't Know It Poet ( SP ) : In this takeoff of Cyrano de Bergerac , professional poet Cyril D. Snagglepuss is hired to help a suitor win a lady 's heart , but something has gone wrong . Animated by Allen Wilzbach . Nobody Home Duck ( YD ) : Yakky 's wings are too weak to take him south for the impending winter , so Chopper tries to find him a home . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Queen Bee for a Day ( YB ) : Yogi has Boo Boo dress up as a queen bee to lure bees away from their honey - filled hive , but an entomologist starts chasing Boo Boo . Animated by Don Williams .",
"Do n't Know It Poet ( SP ) : In this takeoff of Cyrano de Bergerac , professional poet Cyril D. Snagglepuss is hired to help a suitor win a lady 's heart , but something has gone wrong . Animated by Allen Wilzbach .",
"Nobody Home Duck ( YD ) : Yakky 's wings are too weak to take him south for the impending winter , so Chopper tries to find him a home . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"28 12 `` Batty Bear / Tail Wag Snag / Dog Pounded '' December 2 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 02 )",
"Batty Bear ( YB ) : After sending in thousands of boxtops to a television show , Yogi receives a `` Bat Guy '' costume with functional bat - like wings , which he uses to swoop down on campers and steal their picnic baskets . Animated by Robert Bentley . Tail Wag Snag ( SP ) : Major Minor tries again to catch Snagglepuss , this time with the aid of Snuffles . Animated by Allen Wilzbach . Dog Pounded ( YD ) : Fibber Fox steals Chopper 's dog tags and gets him captured by the dog catcher , thus leaving Yakky defenseless . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"Batty Bear ( YB ) : After sending in thousands of boxtops to a television show , Yogi receives a `` Bat Guy '' costume with functional bat - like wings , which he uses to swoop down on campers and steal their picnic baskets . Animated by Robert Bentley . Tail Wag Snag ( SP ) : Major Minor tries again to catch Snagglepuss , this time with the aid of Snuffles . Animated by Allen Wilzbach . Dog Pounded ( YD ) : Fibber Fox steals Chopper 's dog tags and gets him captured by the dog catcher , thus leaving Yakky defenseless . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"Batty Bear ( YB ) : After sending in thousands of boxtops to a television show , Yogi receives a `` Bat Guy '' costume with functional bat - like wings , which he uses to swoop down on campers and steal their picnic baskets . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Tail Wag Snag ( SP ) : Major Minor tries again to catch Snagglepuss , this time with the aid of Snuffles . Animated by Allen Wilzbach .",
"Dog Pounded ( YD ) : Fibber Fox steals Chopper 's dog tags and gets him captured by the dog catcher , thus leaving Yakky defenseless . Animated by Hicks Lokey .",
"29 13 `` Droop - a-Long Yogi / Rent and Rave / Witch Duck - ter '' December 9 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 09 )",
"Droop - a-Long Yogi ( YB ) : A television station is using part of Jellystone to shoot a western program , and Yogi and Ranger Smith get parts on the show . Animated by Ralph Somerville . Rent and Rave ( SP ) : To raise money for a trip , Snagglepuss rents out part of his cave , but his new tenant -- Lila -- ( Who is colored yellow ) is more than he can stand . Animated by Jack Ozarks . Witch Duck - ter ( YD ) : A witch is brewing a special recipe to celebrate her 110th birthday , and one of the ingredients is Yakky . Animated by Don Towsley .",
"Droop - a-Long Yogi ( YB ) : A television station is using part of Jellystone to shoot a western program , and Yogi and Ranger Smith get parts on the show . Animated by Ralph Somerville . Rent and Rave ( SP ) : To raise money for a trip , Snagglepuss rents out part of his cave , but his new tenant -- Lila -- ( Who is colored yellow ) is more than he can stand . Animated by Jack Ozarks . Witch Duck - ter ( YD ) : A witch is brewing a special recipe to celebrate her 110th birthday , and one of the ingredients is Yakky . Animated by Don Towsley .",
"Droop - a-Long Yogi ( YB ) : A television station is using part of Jellystone to shoot a western program , and Yogi and Ranger Smith get parts on the show . Animated by Ralph Somerville .",
"Rent and Rave ( SP ) : To raise money for a trip , Snagglepuss rents out part of his cave , but his new tenant -- Lila -- ( Who is colored yellow ) is more than he can stand . Animated by Jack Ozarks .",
"Witch Duck - ter ( YD ) : A witch is brewing a special recipe to celebrate her 110th birthday , and one of the ingredients is Yakky . Animated by Don Towsley .",
"30 14 `` Threadbare Bear / Footlight Fright / Full Course Meal '' December 16 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 16 )",
"Threadbare Bear ( YB ) : While being transported to the zoo , Yogi and Boo Boo escape into the woods , and start stealing food from stores and houses . The zoo they are intended to be transported to is the Cincinnati Zoo -- coincidentally , Hanna - Barbera would be purchased by the Cincinnati - based Taft Broadcasting in 1967 . Animated by Robert Bentley . Footlight Fright ( SP ) : Major Minor uses psychology to capture Snagglepuss , by playing on his dreams of becoming an actor . Animated by Robert Bentley . Full Course Meal ( YD ) : Alfy Gator invites Yakky to dinner , without mentioning that the duckling will be the main course ; Yakky , however , brings his friend Chopper with him . Animated by Don Towsley .",
"Threadbare Bear ( YB ) : While being transported to the zoo , Yogi and Boo Boo escape into the woods , and start stealing food from stores and houses . The zoo they are intended to be transported to is the Cincinnati Zoo -- coincidentally , Hanna - Barbera would be purchased by the Cincinnati - based Taft Broadcasting in 1967 . Animated by Robert Bentley . Footlight Fright ( SP ) : Major Minor uses psychology to capture Snagglepuss , by playing on his dreams of becoming an actor . Animated by Robert Bentley . Full Course Meal ( YD ) : Alfy Gator invites Yakky to dinner , without mentioning that the duckling will be the main course ; Yakky , however , brings his friend Chopper with him . Animated by Don Towsley .",
"Threadbare Bear ( YB ) : While being transported to the zoo , Yogi and Boo Boo escape into the woods , and start stealing food from stores and houses . The zoo they are intended to be transported to is the Cincinnati Zoo -- coincidentally , Hanna - Barbera would be purchased by the Cincinnati - based Taft Broadcasting in 1967 . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Footlight Fright ( SP ) : Major Minor uses psychology to capture Snagglepuss , by playing on his dreams of becoming an actor . Animated by Robert Bentley .",
"Full Course Meal ( YD ) : Alfy Gator invites Yakky to dinner , without mentioning that the duckling will be the main course ; Yakky , however , brings his friend Chopper with him . Animated by Don Towsley .",
"31 15 `` Ice Box Raider / One Two Many / Baddie Buddies '' December 23 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 23 )",
"Ice Box Raider ( YB ) : To prove that Yogi 's been raiding his refrigerator , Ranger Smith rigs it with a practical joke ; later , Yogi hatches a plan to get even . Animated by Ed Love ( actually Hicks Lokey ) One Two Many ( SP ) : Snagglepuss ' identical twin brother Snaggletooth comes to stay for the summer , and the two of them inadvertently confuse Lila . Animated by Don Towsley . Baddie Buddies ( YD ) : Lost in the desert , Yakky tries to be friends with a dangerous outlaw , and his attentions prove to be detrimental to the outlaw . Animated by Dick Lundy .",
"Ice Box Raider ( YB ) : To prove that Yogi 's been raiding his refrigerator , Ranger Smith rigs it with a practical joke ; later , Yogi hatches a plan to get even . Animated by Ed Love ( actually Hicks Lokey ) One Two Many ( SP ) : Snagglepuss ' identical twin brother Snaggletooth comes to stay for the summer , and the two of them inadvertently confuse Lila . Animated by Don Towsley . Baddie Buddies ( YD ) : Lost in the desert , Yakky tries to be friends with a dangerous outlaw , and his attentions prove to be detrimental to the outlaw . Animated by Dick Lundy .",
"Ice Box Raider ( YB ) : To prove that Yogi 's been raiding his refrigerator , Ranger Smith rigs it with a practical joke ; later , Yogi hatches a plan to get even . Animated by Ed Love ( actually Hicks Lokey )",
"One Two Many ( SP ) : Snagglepuss ' identical twin brother Snaggletooth comes to stay for the summer , and the two of them inadvertently confuse Lila . Animated by Don Towsley .",
"Baddie Buddies ( YD ) : Lost in the desert , Yakky tries to be friends with a dangerous outlaw , and his attentions prove to be detrimental to the outlaw . Animated by Dick Lundy .",
"32 16 `` Bear Foot Soldiers / Royal Rodent / Judo Ex-Expert '' December 30 , 1961 ( 1961 - 12 - 30 )",
"Bear Foot Soldiers ( YB ) : The army is playing war games in Jellystone , and one of the teams is disguising their soldiers as bears ; of course , Yogi and Boo Boo get caught up in the games . Animated by Robert Bentley ( actually Edwin Parks . ) Royal Rodent ( SP ) : The king hires Snagglepuss to rid his castle of Bigelow the Mouse . Animated by Edwin Parks. ( uncredited ) Judo Ex-Expert ( YD ) : Yakky believes that he 's now a Judo expert , and tries to fight Fibber Fox ; Chopper secretly lends a hand . Animated by Harry Holt .",
"Bear Foot Soldiers ( YB ) : The army is playing war games in Jellystone , and one of the teams is disguising their soldiers as bears ; of course , Yogi and Boo Boo get caught up in the games . Animated by Robert Bentley ( actually Edwin Parks . ) Royal Rodent ( SP ) : The king hires Snagglepuss to rid his castle of Bigelow the Mouse . Animated by Edwin Parks. ( uncredited ) Judo Ex-Expert ( YD ) : Yakky believes that he 's now a Judo expert , and tries to fight Fibber Fox ; Chopper secretly lends a hand . Animated by Harry Holt .",
"Bear Foot Soldiers ( YB ) : The army is playing war games in Jellystone , and one of the teams is disguising their soldiers as bears ; of course , Yogi and Boo Boo get caught up in the games . Animated by Robert Bentley ( actually Edwin Parks . )",
"Royal Rodent ( SP ) : The king hires Snagglepuss to rid his castle of Bigelow the Mouse . Animated by Edwin Parks. ( uncredited )",
"Judo Ex-Expert ( YD ) : Yakky believes that he 's now a Judo expert , and tries to fight Fibber Fox ; Chopper secretly lends a hand . Animated by Harry Holt .",
"33 17 `` Yogi 's Birthday Party : Parts 1 , 2 , and 3 '' January 6 , 1962 ( 1962 - 01 - 06 )",
"In this episode - length cartoon , Yogi is told that he 'll be appearing on a television program . He tries to prepare for the show by taking lessons from Fred Upstairs , Boppy Barrin , and Lee B. Rocky ( spoofs of Fred Astaire , Bobby Darin , and Liberace , respectively ) , but the lessons do n't go well . Yogi is afraid that he 'll ruin the show , but at the last minute he discovers that it 's actually a surprise birthday tribute for him and that he does n't have to do anything . The `` guests '' who show up to honor Yogi include Ranger Smith , Huckleberry Hound , Quick Draw McGraw and Baba Looey , Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks , Snooper and Blabber , Snagglepuss , Hokey Wolf and Ding - A-Ling , Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy , Cindy Bear , Boo Boo , and Yakky Doodle .",
"In this episode - length cartoon , Yogi is told that he 'll be appearing on a television program . He tries to prepare for the show by taking lessons from Fred Upstairs , Boppy Barrin , and Lee B. Rocky ( spoofs of Fred Astaire , Bobby Darin , and Liberace , respectively ) , but the lessons do n't go well . Yogi is afraid that he 'll ruin the show , but at the last minute he discovers that it 's actually a surprise birthday tribute for him and that he does n't have to do anything ."
] | List of the Yogi Bear show episodes - wikipedia List of the Yogi Bear show episodes Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of episodes for the 1961-- 1962 cartoon series The Yogi Bear Show . All the episodes were produced and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. With the exception of the last episode, each episode consists of a Yogi Bear cartoon, a Snagglepuss cartoon, and a Yakky Doodle cartoon. Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 (1961) 2.2 Season 2 (1961-1962) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 16 January 30, 1961 May 15, 1961 17 September 16, 1961 January 6, 1962 Episodes ( edit ) Cartoons: YB = Yogi Bear SP = Snagglepuss YD = Yakky Doodle No. = Overall episode number Ep = Episode number by season Season 1 (1961) ( edit ) No. Ep Cartoons Original air date `` Oinks and Boinks / Major Operation / Out of Luck Duck'' January 30, 1961 ( 1961-01-30 ) Oinks and Boinks (YB): Yogi and Boo Boo are tricked by the Three Little Pigs into moving into the straw house, then the wood house, just before each is blown down by the wolf. Animated by Don Patterson . Major Operation (SP): To avoid being ejected from the Adventurers Club, Major Minor tries to hunt Snagglepuss again, despite the fact that the lion is now in a zoo . Animated by Lewis Marshall. Out of Luck Duck (YD): Unable to keep up with the other migrating ducks, Yakky falls into Chopper's water dish and meets the bulldog for the first time. Animated by Lewis Marshall. `` Booby Trapped Bear / Feud for Thought / Hop, Duck and Listen'' February 6, 1961 ( 1961-02-06 ) Booby Trapped Bear (YB): After Yogi poses as a health inspector in order to take tourists' picnic baskets, Ranger Smith sets out some booby-trapped baskets to teach Yogi a lesson. Animated by Lewis Marshall. Feud for Thought (SP): Two hill people are competing for a woman's hand in marriage, and she says that she'll choose the one who brings her a lion fur coat; naturally, the suitors both hunt Snagglepuss. Animated by Brad Case . Hop, Duck and Listen (YD): Flying to Missouri , Yakky gets lost and finds himself in Australia, where he befriends a baby kangaroo who `` adopts'' him as his brother. Animated by Hicks Lokey . `` Gleesome Threesome / Live and Lion / Dog Flight'' February 13, 1961 ( 1961-02-13 ) Gleesome Threesome (YB): Ranger Smith goes on vacation in Miami Beach ; Yogi and Boo Boo mistakenly think that they're invited so they show up at Miami Beach and drives poor Ranger Smith out of his mind. Animated by Carlo Vinci . Live and Lion (SP): Finding Yakky Doodle hiding in his mailbox, Snagglepuss contemplates eating him, but instead finds himself protecting Yakky from duck hunters. Animated by Lewis Marshall. Dog Flight (YD): Learning that Chopper wishes he could fly, Yakky tries to teach him, with painful results. Animated by Lewis Marshall. `` A Bear Pair / Fraidy Cat Lion / Easter Duck'' February 20, 1961 ( 1961-02-20 ) A Bear Pair (YB): Boo Boo enters a mail-in puzzle contest and wins a trip for two to Paris; he takes Yogi along, who causes havoc there. Animated by Kenneth Muse . Fraidy Cat Lion (SP): Snagglepuss shows up at the home of Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist , begging for food; J. Evil hires him to get rid of a mouse, which Junior had transformed into a giant. Animated by Art Davis . Easter Duck (YD): A lady buys Yakky from a pet store as an Easter gift for her granddaughter; the lady's cat, however, has different plans for the duckling. Animated by Don Patterson . 5 5 `` Spy Guy / Royal Ruckus / Foxy Duck'' February 27, 1961 ( 1961-02-27 ) Spy Guy (YB): Ranger Smith has a system of closed-ciruit cameras set up throughout Jellystone so he can keep an eye on Yogi. Animated by Ed Love . Royal Ruckus (SP): In a Medieval kingdom, Snagglepuss tries to rescue the Queen, who's been kidnapped by Count Down. Animated by Don Patterson . Foxy Duck (YD): Fibber Fox (in his first appearance) disguises himself as Yakky's mother as part of a plot to get at the chickens in the henhouse Chopper is guarding. Animated by Art Davis . This is the only episode that Chopper starts giggling and sobbing. 6 6 `` Do or Diet / The Roaring Lion / Railroaded Duck'' March 6, 1961 ( 1961-03-06 ) Do or Diet (YB): At Ranger Smith's request, a doctor tells Yogi that his health will be in jeopardy if he doesn't stick to a diet of nuts and berries. Animated by Ed deMattia. The Roaring Lion (SP): A hungry Snagglepuss infiltrates a college because he heard they have `` sheepskins ,'' and he reasons that they must have sheep; he winds up being the quarterback of the football team. Animated by Lewis Marshall. Railroaded Duck (YD): Yakky and Chopper are traveling by train, and so is a cat who keeps trying to eat Yakky. Animated by William Keil. 7 7 `` Bears and Bees / Paws for Applause / Duck Hunting'' March 13, 1961 ( 1961-03-13 ) Bears and Bees (YB): Yogi finds a hollow log filled with bees' honey, and trades jars of it for goodies from the tourists. Animated by Hicks Lokey . This is the first episode that Yogi Bear starts laughing and crying. Paws for Applause (SP): Snagglepuss gets a job as a television actor, but it turns out to be a lot rougher than he'd expected. Animated by Don Patterson . Duck Hunting (YD): Duhh-glas the Dog is supposed to help his master hunt ducks, but the dog can't stand to see Yakky get shot. Animated by Robert Bentley. 8 8 `` Biggest Show Off on Earth / Knights and Daze / Whistle-Stop and Go'' March 20, 1961 ( 1961-03-20 ) Biggest Show Off on Earth (YB): An escaped circus bear trades places with Yogi; Yogi has a terrible time trying to perform dangerous acts, while the more feral circus bear proves to be impossible for the rangers to control. Animated by Ed deMattia. Knights and Daze (SP): Hoping to become a member of King Arthur 's Round Table , Snagglepuss does battle with the Stormy Knight. Animated by Laverne Harding . Whistle-Stop and Go (YD): In gratitude for being released from a dog catcher's wagon, Chopper gives Yakky a whistle , which the duck uses to call for help when Fibber Fox tries to eat him. Animated by Art Davis . 9 9 `` Genial Genie / The Gangsters All Here / Duck the Music'' March 27, 1961 ( 1961-03-27 ) Genial Genie (YB): Yogi and Boo Boo find a lamp containing a genie , and Yogi wishes for a flying carpet . Animated by Dick Lundy . This is the second episode that Yogi cries. The Gangsters All Here (SP): Two gangsters use Snagglepuss' cave as a hideout. Animated by Lewis Marshall. Duck the Music (YD): Yakky's terrible singing drives a cat to distraction. Animated by C.L. Hartman. 10 10 `` Cub Scout Boo Boo / Having a Bowl / School Fool'' April 3, 1961 ( 1961-04-03 ) Cub Scout Boo Boo (YB): When a Boy Scout troop sets up camp in Jellystone, Yogi and Boo Boo pose as Scouts to get some food. Animated by Bob Carr. Having a Bowl (SP): The Major's baby nephew runs away from home, and when Snagglepuss brings him back, The Major attempts to shoot him. Animated by Art Davis . School Fool (YD): Yakky goes to school and is picked on by a bigger kid; Chopper disguises himself as a student so he can keep an eye on Yakky. Animated by William Keil. 11 11 `` Home-Sweet Jellystone / Diaper Desperado / Oh Duckter'' April 10, 1961 ( 1961-04-10 ) Home-Sweet Jellystone (YB): When he inherits wealth and a mansion, Ranger Smith moves away from Jellystone. Animated by Brad Case . Diaper Desperado (SP): An outlaw called Big Hombre orders Snagglepuss to look after his baby, Little Hombre, while he goes off to rob a bank. Animated by Robert Bentley. Oh Duckter (YD): Yakky visits Chopper in the animal hospital, and Fibber Fox sneaks in to try to catch Yakky. Animated by Allen Wilzbach. 12 12 `` Love-Bugged Bear / Arrow Error / It's a Duck's Life'' April 17, 1961 ( 1961-04-17 ) Love-Bugged Bear (YB): Yogi has been struck by Cupid 's arrow (literally), and he's too busy pursuing a female bear to go after picnic baskets. Animated by Bob Carr. Arrow Error (SP): Inspired by the story of Robin Hood , Snagglepuss sets out to be a champion for all in need -- including an elephant who's escaped from the zoo. Animated by Hicks Lokey . It's a Duck's Life (YD): Chopper's master is going duck hunting, and Chopper is trying to keep Yakky from being shot. Animated by Art Davis . 13 13 `` Bareface Disguise / Twice Shy / Happy Birthdaze'' April 24, 1961 ( 1961-04-24 ) Bareface Disguise (YB): Ranger Smith disguises himself as a polar bear to do a test on Yogi. Animated by Art Davis . Twice Shy (SP): The Major's identical twin brother, Sir Clyde, believes that all animals should be free; Snagglepuss is confused when the Major keeps locking him in a cage and Sir Clyde keeps freeing him. Animated by Phil Duncan. Happy Birthdaze (YD): Yakky gets a birthday present for Chopper -- a dinosaur bone from a museum. Animated by C.L. Hartman.(uncredited) 14 14 `` Slap Happy Birthday / Cloak and Stagger / Horse Collared'' May 1, 1961 ( 1961-05-01 ) Slap Happy Birthday (YB): Ranger Smith is trying to find out what Yogi is up to, not realizing that the bear is putting together a surprise birthday party for him. Animated by George Nicholas. Cloak and Stagger (SP): When Snagglepuss tries to join the Three Musketeers , they trick him into thinking that the king is a spy. Animated by Hicks Lokey . Horse Collared (YD): A farmer's old plow -horse mistakenly thinks that the farmer wants to shoot him, so Yakky helps him hide. Animated by Hicks Lokey . 15 15 `` A Bear Living / Remember Your Lions / Ha-Choo to You!'' May 8, 1961 ( 1961-05-08 ) A Bear Living (YB): Yogi sets up a wishing well in the park, and uses the money people throw in to buy things. Animated by Art Davis . Remember Your Lions (SP): Snagglepuss finally gets to perform Shakespeare on stage, but Major Minor is sitting in the audience and he interrupts his performance. Animated by Gil Turner. Ha-Choo to You! (YD): Chopper has a cold, so Yakky brings him a basket full of goodies, which Fibber Fox tries to intercept (in the style of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ). Animated by Ralph Somerville. 16 16 `` Disguise and Gals / Remember the Daze / Foxy Proxy'' May 15, 1961 ( 1961-05-15 ) Disguise and Gals (YB): Two bank robbers disguised as little old ladies hide out in Jellystone and conceal their loot in a picnic basket; naturally, Yogi gets involved. Animated by Don Patterson . Remember the Daze (SP): The Major and Snagglepuss are guests on a television show called This Is Your Strife (a parody of This Is Your Life ), and the former chases the latter through various TV studios, including the one Yogi Bear's show is in. This cartoon also includes parodies of You Bet Your Life , western shows, game shows, Frankenstein , and science fiction shows. Animated by William Keil. Foxy Proxy (YD): When Yakky thinks that Fibber Fox is his mother, the fox finds that he can't bring himself to eat the duckling; this drives Fibber to see a psychiatrist . Animated by Dick Lundy . Season 2 (1961-1962) ( edit ) No. Ep Cartoons Original air date 17 `` Touch and Go-Go-Go / Express Trained Lion / Count to Tenant'' September 16, 1961 ( 1961-09-16 ) Touch and Go-Go-Go (YB): The bears' fairy godmother grants Yogi the power to turn anything he touches into a picnic basket (à la Midas ). Animated by Bob Carr. Express Trained Lion (SP): A mouse named Bigelow, whom Snagglepuss once freed from a mousetrap, is intent on freeing Snag from a zookeeper, despite the fact that the lion doesn't want to be freed. The main action takes place on a train, hence the title. Animated by Laverne Harding . Count to Tenant (YD): After a flea is `` evicted'' from a dog's hide, kind-hearted Yakky offers to let the flea live on Chopper. Animated by Robert Bentley. 18 `` Acrobatty Yogi / Jangled Jungle / Shrunken Headache'' September 23, 1961 ( 1961-09-23 ) Acrobatty Yogi (YB): Cindy Bear (in her first appearance) is in a circus, so Yogi runs off to join it; the circus owner gets him a job as a lion tamer . Animated by Robert Bentley. Jangled Jungle (SP): Sick and tired of being part of a lion taming act, Snagglepuss runs away from the circus and goes back to the jungle , expecting to be the king of the beasts. Animated by Don Patterson . Shrunken Headache (YD): Using a child's chemistry set , Fibber Fox creates a formula that shrinks Chopper down to Yakky's size, and the fox chases after the two of them. Animated by Carlo Vinci . 19 `` Ring-a-Ding Picnic Basket / Lion Tracks / The Most Ghost'' September 30, 1961 ( 1961-09-30 ) Ring-a-Ding Picnic Basket (YB): Ranger Smith tries to trap Yogi with an alarm-rigged picnic basket, and his plan fails; Later, Yogi mistakenly thinks the Ranger wants him shot. Animated by Lewis Marshall. Lion Tracks (SP): A railroad company tries to put a track through Snagglepuss' cave, but Snag thwarts their efforts; the railroad then hires Major Minor to handle the situation. Animated by Hicks Lokey . The Most Ghost (YD): Chopper and Yakky stay in an abandoned house for the night; Fibber Fox disguises himself as a ghost, hoping to scare Chopper away so he can catch Yakky. Animated by Allen Wilzbach. 20 `` Iron Hand Jones / Fight Fright / Stamp Scamp'' October 7, 1961 ( 1961-10-07 ) Iron Hand Jones (YB): When Ranger Smith goes on vacation, his seat is filled by Ranger `` Iron Hand'' Jones, who's more of a strict disciplinarian than Yogi can stand. Animated by William Keil. Fight Fright (SP): At the county fair , Snagglepuss is tired of being the target in an `` African Dodger'' type of game; he's talked into boxing with a kangaroo instead. Animated by Bob Carr. Stamp Scamp (YD): Chopper gives Yakky a trading stamp so his book will be completely filled, but a wind keeps blows the stamp away from them. Animated by C.L. Hartman. 21 5 `` Yogi's Pest Guest / Lions Share Sheriff / All's Well That Eats Well'' October 14, 1961 ( 1961-10-14 ) Yogi's Pest Guest (YB): Yo Yo, a Japanese bear who's a martial artist, is transferred to Jellystone, and Yogi finds him in his cave and to become friends, he gets him a picnic basket and Yo Yo becomes addicted to picnic baskets. Animated by William Keil (actually Don Williams .) Lions Share Sheriff (SP): An outlaw is intent on shooting the sheriff of a western town; after their sheriff runs away, the people appoint Snagglepuss their sheriff. Animated by George Nicholas. All's Well That Eats Well (YD): Alfy Gator, in his first appearance, tries to catch Yakky so the ' gator can dine on roast duck. Animated by Carlo Vinci . 22 6 `` Missile Bound Yogi / Cagey Lion / Foxy Friends'' October 21, 1961 ( 1961-10-21 ) Missile Bound Yogi (YB): The army has its war games in a sealed-off part of the park; when Yogi wanders in, he thinks Jellystone has been invaded. Animated by C.L. Hartman. Cagey Lion (SP): Snagglepuss is being transported to the zoo on a riverboat ; he escapes from his cage and poses as a riverboat gambler. Animated by Laverne Harding . Foxy Friends (YD): Bigelow the Mouse (from the Snagglepuss cartoon `` Express Trained Lion'' ) helps Yakky to stay out of Fibber Fox's clutches. Animated by Bob Carr. 23 7 `` Loco Locomotive / Charge That Lion / Mad Mix Up'' October 28, 1961 ( 1961-10-28 ) Loco Locomotive (YB): When a kiddie train is added to the park, Yogi becomes determined to ride it. Animated by Kenneth Muse . Charge That Lion (SP): To evade hunters, Snagglepuss disguises himself as a soldier and winds up in an army camp. Animated by Art Davis . Mad Mix Up (YD): A mad scientist switches Chopper's and Yakky's brains, and the two of them drive Fibber Fox crazy. Animated by Bob Carr. 24 8 `` Missile-Bound Bear / Be My Ghost / Beach Brawl'' November 4, 1961 ( 1961-11-04 ) Missile-Bound Bear (YB): The military builds a secret rocket -launching base in Jellystone, and Yogi, Boo Boo, and Ranger Smith all wind up inside a space-bound rocket. This cartoon contains a great deal of satire of the military. Animated by William Keil. Be My Ghost (SP): Snagglepuss visits an old English castle, which is haunted by a pair of mischievous ghosts. Animated by C.L. Hartman. Beach Brawl (YD): Yakky and Chopper enjoy a day at the beach, until Fibber Fox starts chasing after Yakky again. Animated by Don Patterson . 25 9 `` A Wooin' Bruin / Spring Hits a Snag / Duck Seasoning'' November 11, 1961 ( 1961-11-11 ) A Wooin' Bruin (YB): Yogi and another bear compete for Cindy's affections by bringing her gifts, committing a rash of thefts throughout the park in the process. Animated by Bob Carr. Spring Hits a Snag (SP): Snagglepuss protects a lioness named Lila (in her first appearance) from hunters by giving her shelter in his cave, but he soon finds her company less bearable than the hunters' bullets. Animated by Ken Southworth. Duck Seasoning (YD): Alfy Gator is hunting Yakky again; in this cartoon, Yakky is unusually self-reliant as he fights back against Alfy. Animated by Don Williams . 26 10 `` Yogi in the City / Legal Eagle Lion / Hasty Tasty'' November 18, 1961 ( 1961-11-18 ) Yogi in the City (YB): After falling asleep in a tourist's trailer because of a drip in his cave, Yogi finds himself in the big city dodging cars and wounding up on the ledge of a building. Animated by Ed Love . Legal Eagle Lion (SP): A circuit judge is afraid to try a bank robber in a rough western town, so Snagglepuss steps in as judge, prosecutor, and a pair of witnesses. Animated by Jack Carr. Hasty Tasty (YD): Fibber Fox and Alfy Gator are both after Yakky, and the two of them fight over who's going to get him. Animated by Clarke Mallery. 27 11 `` Queen Bee for a Day / Don't Know It Poet / Nobody Home Duck'' November 25, 1961 ( 1961-11-25 ) Queen Bee for a Day (YB): Yogi has Boo Boo dress up as a queen bee to lure bees away from their honey-filled hive, but an entomologist starts chasing Boo Boo. Animated by Don Williams . Don't Know It Poet (SP): In this takeoff of Cyrano de Bergerac , professional poet Cyril D. Snagglepuss is hired to help a suitor win a lady's heart, but something has gone wrong. Animated by Allen Wilzbach. Nobody Home Duck (YD): Yakky's wings are too weak to take him south for the impending winter, so Chopper tries to find him a home. Animated by Robert Bentley. 28 12 `` Batty Bear / Tail Wag Snag / Dog Pounded'' December 2, 1961 ( 1961-12-02 ) Batty Bear (YB): After sending in thousands of boxtops to a television show, Yogi receives a `` Bat Guy'' costume with functional bat-like wings, which he uses to swoop down on campers and steal their picnic baskets. Animated by Robert Bentley. Tail Wag Snag (SP): Major Minor tries again to catch Snagglepuss, this time with the aid of Snuffles . Animated by Allen Wilzbach. Dog Pounded (YD): Fibber Fox steals Chopper's dog tags and gets him captured by the dog catcher, thus leaving Yakky defenseless. Animated by Hicks Lokey . 29 13 `` Droop-a-Long Yogi / Rent and Rave / Witch Duck-ter'' December 9, 1961 ( 1961-12-09 ) Droop-a-Long Yogi (YB): A television station is using part of Jellystone to shoot a western program, and Yogi and Ranger Smith get parts on the show. Animated by Ralph Somerville. Rent and Rave (SP): To raise money for a trip, Snagglepuss rents out part of his cave, but his new tenant -- Lila -- (Who is colored yellow) is more than he can stand. Animated by Jack Ozarks. Witch Duck-ter (YD): A witch is brewing a special recipe to celebrate her 110th birthday, and one of the ingredients is Yakky. Animated by Don Towsley . 30 14 `` Threadbare Bear / Footlight Fright / Full Course Meal'' December 16, 1961 ( 1961-12-16 ) Threadbare Bear (YB): While being transported to the zoo, Yogi and Boo Boo escape into the woods, and start stealing food from stores and houses. The zoo they are intended to be transported to is the Cincinnati Zoo -- coincidentally, Hanna-Barbera would be purchased by the Cincinnati-based Taft Broadcasting in 1967. Animated by Robert Bentley. Footlight Fright (SP): Major Minor uses psychology to capture Snagglepuss, by playing on his dreams of becoming an actor. Animated by Robert Bentley. Full Course Meal (YD): Alfy Gator invites Yakky to dinner, without mentioning that the duckling will be the main course; Yakky, however, brings his friend Chopper with him. Animated by Don Towsley . 31 15 `` Ice Box Raider / One Two Many / Baddie Buddies'' December 23, 1961 ( 1961-12-23 ) Ice Box Raider (YB): To prove that Yogi's been raiding his refrigerator, Ranger Smith rigs it with a practical joke; later, Yogi hatches a plan to get even. Animated by Ed Love (actually Hicks Lokey ) One Two Many (SP): Snagglepuss' identical twin brother Snaggletooth comes to stay for the summer, and the two of them inadvertently confuse Lila. Animated by Don Towsley . Baddie Buddies (YD): Lost in the desert , Yakky tries to be friends with a dangerous outlaw, and his attentions prove to be detrimental to the outlaw. Animated by Dick Lundy . 32 16 `` Bear Foot Soldiers / Royal Rodent / Judo Ex-Expert'' December 30, 1961 ( 1961-12-30 ) Bear Foot Soldiers (YB): The army is playing war games in Jellystone, and one of the teams is disguising their soldiers as bears; of course, Yogi and Boo Boo get caught up in the games. Animated by Robert Bentley (actually Edwin Parks.) Royal Rodent (SP): The king hires Snagglepuss to rid his castle of Bigelow the Mouse. Animated by Edwin Parks.(uncredited) Judo Ex-Expert (YD): Yakky believes that he's now a Judo expert, and tries to fight Fibber Fox; Chopper secretly lends a hand. Animated by Harry Holt. 33 17 `` Yogi's Birthday Party: Parts 1, 2, and 3'' January 6, 1962 ( 1962-01-06 ) In this episode-length cartoon, Yogi is told that he'll be appearing on a television program. He tries to prepare for the show by taking lessons from Fred Upstairs, Boppy Barrin, and Lee B. Rocky (spoofs of Fred Astaire , Bobby Darin , and Liberace , respectively), but the lessons don't go well. Yogi is afraid that he'll ruin the show, but at the last minute he discovers that it's actually a surprise birthday tribute for him and that he doesn't have to do anything. The `` guests'' who show up to honor Yogi include Ranger Smith , Huckleberry Hound , Quick Draw McGraw and Baba Looey , Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks , Snooper and Blabber , Snagglepuss , Hokey Wolf and Ding-A-Ling , Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy , Cindy Bear , Boo Boo , and Yakky Doodle . References ( edit ) Episode index at the Big Cartoon DataBase ( hide ) The Yogi Bear Show Characters Yogi Bear Boo-Boo Bear Cindy Bear Ranger Smith Snagglepuss Yakky Doodle Television shows The Huckleberry Hound Show (1958-- 1959) ( List of episodes ) The Yogi Bear Show (1960) ( List of episodes ) Yogi's Gang (1970-- 1975) Laff-A-Lympics (1977-- 1978) Yogi's Space Race (1978-- 1979) Galaxy Goof-Ups (1978-- 1979) Yogi's Treasure Hunt (1985-- 1987) The New Yogi Bear Show (1988-1989) Wake, Rattle, and Roll (Fender Bender segment; 1990-- 1991) Yo Yogi! (1991) Television specials and films Yogi's Ark Lark (1972) Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (1977) The Hanna-Barbera Happy Hour (1978) Casper's First Christmas (1979) Yogi's First Christmas (1980) Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper (1982) Yogi's Great Escape (1987) Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose (1987) Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears (1988) The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound (1988) Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration (1989) Yogi the Easter Bear (1994) Arabian Nights (1994) Theatrical films Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! (1964) Yogi Bear (2010) Amusement rides The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera (1990) See also: List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Yogi_Bear_Show_episodes&oldid=777182877 '' Categories : Lists of American animated television series episodes Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2017, at 18:04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -7987493047554841652 |
who hosted the original showtime at the apollo | Washington D.C. -- WBDC ( now WDCW ) Channel 50 ( The WB ) , ( now The CW ) | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Showtime at the Apollo Genre Reality talent show music competition Presented by ( See hosts ) Opening theme `` It 's Showtime at the Apollo '' Composer ( s ) Barry Fasman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 21 No. of episodes 1,093 Production Executive producer ( s ) Percy Sutton ( 1987 -- 2002 ) Bob Banner ( 1987 -- 1996 ) Blake Bradford ( 2007 -- 2008 ) / Jim Roush ( 2016 - present ) / Chris Wagner ( 2016 - present ) Location ( s ) New York City Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Apollo Theatre Productions ( 1987 -- 2008 ; 2016 - present ) Bob Banner Associates ( 1987 - 1996 ) Inner City Theater Group ( 1987 -- 2002 ) The Heritage Networks ( 2002 -- 2008 ) De Passe Entertainment ( 2002 -- 2008 ; 2016 -- present ) Telepictures Productions ( 2003 -- 2008 ) , The Roush Wagner Company ( 2016 - present ) Distributor Raymond Horn Television ( 1987 - 1989 ) Western International Syndication ( 1989 - 2002 ) The Heritage Networks ( 2002 - 2003 ) Warner Bros. Television ( 2003 - 2008 ) Release Original network Syndication ( 1987 - 2008 ) Fox ( 2016 - 2017 ; 2018 - present ) Original release September 12 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 12 ) -- May 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 24 ) ( original series ) March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) ( revival ) External links Website",
"Showtime at the Apollo",
"Genre Reality talent show music competition",
"Presented by ( See hosts )",
"Opening theme `` It 's Showtime at the Apollo ''",
"Composer ( s ) Barry Fasman",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons 21",
"No. of episodes 1,093",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Percy Sutton ( 1987 -- 2002 ) Bob Banner ( 1987 -- 1996 ) Blake Bradford ( 2007 -- 2008 ) / Jim Roush ( 2016 - present ) / Chris Wagner ( 2016 - present )",
"Location ( s ) New York City",
"Running time 60 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Apollo Theatre Productions ( 1987 -- 2008 ; 2016 - present ) Bob Banner Associates ( 1987 - 1996 ) Inner City Theater Group ( 1987 -- 2002 ) The Heritage Networks ( 2002 -- 2008 ) De Passe Entertainment ( 2002 -- 2008 ; 2016 -- present ) Telepictures Productions ( 2003 -- 2008 ) , The Roush Wagner Company ( 2016 - present )",
"Distributor Raymond Horn Television ( 1987 - 1989 ) Western International Syndication ( 1989 - 2002 ) The Heritage Networks ( 2002 - 2003 ) Warner Bros. Television ( 2003 - 2008 )",
"Release",
"Original network Syndication ( 1987 - 2008 ) Fox ( 2016 - 2017 ; 2018 - present )",
"Original release September 12 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 12 ) -- May 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 24 ) ( original series ) March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) ( revival )",
"External links",
"Website",
"Showtime at the Apollo ( formerly It 's Showtime at the Apollo and Apollo Live ) is a syndicated music television show , first broadcast on September 12 , 1987 to May 24 , 2008 with 1093 episodes , and is produced by the Apollo Theater . In 2018 , the series returned on Fox with Steve Harvey hosting . The show features live performances from both professional and up - and - coming artists , and also features the Amateur Night competition made popular at the famous Apollo Theater in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City , where the show is recorded . The series was rebooted as Apollo Live and hosted by comedian Tony Rock . In many cities such as New York ( where it aired on WNBC ) , it often aired after Saturday Night Live on early Sunday mornings , and was often paired with the similarly - syndicated Soul Train .",
"While there is also a live version of the show every Wednesday ( which is the original Apollo Amateur Night competition that has been running for over 70 years ) , the taped version of the show for television usually airs on weekends .",
"Many famous R&B , soul , and hip hop performers have appeared on the show , which has had a number of hosts , including Whoopi Goldberg , Rick Aviles , Martin Lawrence , Sinbad , Mark Curry , Steve Harvey , Mo'Nique , Christopher `` Kid '' Reid , and Anthony Anderson . Kiki Shepard served as co-host from 1987 until 2002 .",
"From 1989 to 1991 , Sinbad served as the permanent host . After Sinbad left , the show reverted to a series of special guest hosts . In 1993 , Steve Harvey began a seven - year stint as the permanent host . At the start of the 1998 -- 99 season , Harvey and Kiki Sheppard hosted a series of `` Best of ... '' episodes until late October because production was delayed due to a labor dispute . After Harvey left in 2000 , he was replaced by Rudy Rush . Rush was joined by new comedic dancer C.P. Lacey , who replaced Howard `` Sandman '' Sims , who had died . Steve Harvey has hosted the Fox revival of Showtime at the Apollo beginning on March 1 , 2018 .",
"The highlight of the show was the Amateur Night competition , a singing contest . Upon entering the stage , contestants would rub a log made from the `` Tree of hope ( 1 ) '' which formerly stood outside the Lafayette Theatre , placed on a pedestal for good luck . Contestants ' singing ( or occasionally comic ) ability was immediately judged by the audience . Talented singers or comedians were rewarded by vigorous applause , but those perceived as lacking were harshly booed . If it was clear that the audience disapproved , a siren was sounded and the stage lights dimmed . This prompted a hobo known as `` Sandman '' to remove the contestant from the stage with a cane .",
"The original show was created by veteran television producer Bob Banner in conjunction with Percy Sutton and was produced and directed by BBA senior producer Don Weiner . After a dispute with the Apollo Theater Foundation in 2002 , the original producers minus Bob Banner , who was no longer with the show after 1996 left to start a rival show called Showtime in Harlem later known simply as Showtime . Showtime in Harlem was produced at the Brooklyn Academy of Music . The show was later moved to California and renamed Live in Hollywood , lasting one season in 2003 with Shepard as host . It 's Showtime at the Apollo was subsequently produced by de Passe Entertainment . It was for a time , hosted once again by Sinbad , who briefly returned to the show in 2006 while Mo'nique was on maternity leave . Whoopi Goldberg became the new host for the 2006 -- 2007 season . At times , comedian and actor Anthony Anderson hosted during the 2006 -- 2007 season .",
"It was announced on September 30 , 2011 that the BET cable network would produce a similar show titled Apollo Live starting in 2012 with Tony Rock as the host . The judges are the legendary Gladys Knight ; famed beatboxer Doug E Fresh , and Michael Bivins of the 1980s group New Edition and early 1990s group Bell Biv DeVoe .",
"Showtime at the Apollo was revived by Fox Broadcasting Company in 2016 - 2017 with a pair of specials hosted by Steve Harvey . The first , a two - hour showcase , aired on December 5 , 2016 , while the second aired on February 1 , 2017 . A Christmas special aired on December 14 , 2017 . It was later announced that Fox would start airing it as a weekly series beginning in the 2017 - 18 television season , beginning March 1 , 2018 .",
"1 Life 2 Live 112 3LW 3rd Bass 702 A Tribe Called Quest Aaliyah Adam Sandler After 7 Al B. Sure ! Al Jarreau Another Bad Creation Ashanti B2K B5 Beastie Boys BeBe Winans Big Daddy Kane Billy Paul The Boys Boyz II Men Brandy Norwood Breakfast Club Cam'ron CeCe Peniston CeCe Winans Chris Rock Christina Aguilera Chubb Rock Chuckii Booker Ciara Crucial Conflict D'Angelo David Alan Grier David Peaston Peaston won several Amateur Night contests in 1988 David Sanborn Destiny 's Child Digital Underground DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince Donna Summer Dru Hill Eartha Kitt Eddie Levert El DeBarge En Vogue Exposé Faith Evans The Fat Boys Floetry Foxy Brown Freddie Jackson Fifth Harmony Fugees ( group member Lauryn Hill was an Amateur Night contestant in 1988 ) Gabriel Iglesias Gerald Levert Gia Farrell G. Soul Guy Hall & Oates Hurricane Chris Hootie & the Blowfish II D Extreme India. Arie James Brown Jason Derulo Jazmine Sullivan Jeffrey Osborne Jessica Sanchez Jim Jones Jimmie Walker Jodeci John Henton Keith Sweat Keith Washington Kelly Rowland Kenichi Ebina ( Amateur Night contestant ) Kim Coles Kirk Franklin Kool Moe Dee Kris Kross Kurtis Blow LeToya Luckett LeVert Lil ' Kim Lisa Stansfield LL Cool J Lloyd Lyfe Jennings Malcolm - Jamal Warner Mariah Carey Marques Houston Martin Lawrence Mary J. Blige Mary Wilson Mase Maxwell MC Hammer Melba Moore Miri Ben - Ari Mint Condition Monie Love Nappy Roots Nas Natalie Cole Naughty by Nature New Edition New Kids on the Block Ne - Yo ( Amateur Night contestant ) Notorious B.I.G. N.W.A Omarion Onyx Patti LaBelle Paula Abdul Pebbles Pretty Ricky R. Kelly Raven - Symoné Regina Belle Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock Run - D.M.C. Sarah Ikumu Sean Paul Sean Kane ( Amateur Night contestant ) Sevyn Streeter Shanice Silk Shooby Taylor ( Amateur Night contestant ) Soulja Boy Tell ' Em Stephanie Mills Styles P Surface SWV Taurus Thia Megia Trevor Jackson T.I. Teena Marie Tevin Campbell Tiffany Evans TLC Total Tracie Spencer Trey Songz Trina Troop Tyrese Gibson Vanessa L. Williams Vesta Williams Xscape The Whispers Whodini Zhane",
"1 Life 2 Live",
"A Tribe Called Quest",
"Al B. Sure !",
"Another Bad Creation",
"Big Daddy Kane",
"Boyz II Men",
"David Alan Grier",
"David Peaston Peaston won several Amateur Night contests in 1988",
"Destiny 's Child",
"DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince",
"The Fat Boys",
"Fugees ( group member Lauryn Hill was an Amateur Night contestant in 1988 )",
"Hall & Oates",
"Hootie & the Blowfish",
"II D Extreme",
"Kenichi Ebina ( Amateur Night contestant )",
"Kool Moe Dee",
"Lil ' Kim",
"LL Cool J",
"Malcolm - Jamal Warner",
"Mary J. Blige",
"Miri Ben - Ari",
"Naughty by Nature",
"New Kids on the Block",
"Ne - Yo ( Amateur Night contestant )",
"Raven - Symoné",
"Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock",
"Run - D.M.C.",
"Sean Kane ( Amateur Night contestant )",
"Shooby Taylor ( Amateur Night contestant )",
"Soulja Boy Tell ' Em",
"Vanessa L. Williams",
"Showtime at the Apollo has won a NAACP Image Award for `` Outstanding Variety Series / Special '' in 1991 . The show was nominated in 1996 , 1998 , and 1999 for the same category . In 2000 , the show was nominated by the NAACP Image Awards for `` Outstanding Youth or Children 's Series / Special '' for the `` Apollo Kids Finals '' special episode . However , that same year , former host Steve Harvey has won an Image Award for `` Outstanding Performance in a Variety Series / Special '' .",
"Atlanta -- WSB - TV Channel 2 ( ABC ) Birmingham -- WBMG - TV ( now WIAT ) Channel 42 ( CBS ) , then WABM Channel 68 ( UPN ) ( now MyNetworkTV ) , later WVTM - TV Channel 13 ( NBC ) Chicago -- WMAQ - TV Channel 5 ( NBC ) Dallas Houston -- KTXH - TV Channel 20 ( UPN ) , ( now MyNetworkTV ) Los Angeles - KNBC - TV Channel 4 ( NBC ) New York City -- WNBC - TV Channel 4 ( NBC ) San Francisco -- KNTV Channel 11 ( NBC ) Washington D.C. -- WBDC ( now WDCW ) Channel 50 ( The WB ) , ( now The CW )",
"Atlanta -- WSB - TV Channel 2 ( ABC )",
"Birmingham -- WBMG - TV ( now WIAT ) Channel 42 ( CBS ) , then WABM Channel 68 ( UPN ) ( now MyNetworkTV ) , later WVTM - TV Channel 13 ( NBC )",
"Chicago -- WMAQ - TV Channel 5 ( NBC )",
"Houston -- KTXH - TV Channel 20 ( UPN ) , ( now MyNetworkTV )",
"Los Angeles - KNBC - TV Channel 4 ( NBC )",
"New York City -- WNBC - TV Channel 4 ( NBC )",
"San Francisco -- KNTV Channel 11 ( NBC )",
"Washington D.C. -- WBDC ( now WDCW ) Channel 50 ( The WB ) , ( now The CW )"
] | Showtime at the Apollo - wikipedia Showtime at the Apollo Jump to: navigation , search Showtime at the Apollo Genre Reality talent show music competition Presented by (See hosts) Opening theme `` It's Showtime at the Apollo'' Composer(s) Barry Fasman Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 21 No. of episodes 1,093 Production Executive producer(s) Percy Sutton (1987-- 2002) Bob Banner (1987-- 1996) Blake Bradford (2007-- 2008)/Jim Roush (2016-present)/Chris Wagner (2016-present) Location(s) New York City Running time 60 minutes Production company(s) Apollo Theatre Productions (1987-- 2008; 2016-present) Bob Banner Associates (1987-1996) Inner City Theater Group (1987-- 2002) The Heritage Networks (2002-- 2008) De Passe Entertainment (2002-- 2008; 2016-- present) Telepictures Productions (2003-- 2008), The Roush Wagner Company (2016-present) Distributor Raymond Horn Television (1987-1989) Western International Syndication (1989-2002) The Heritage Networks (2002-2003) Warner Bros. Television (2003-2008) Release Original network Syndication (1987-2008) Fox (2016-2017; 2018-present) Original release September 12, 1987 ( 1987-09-12 ) -- May 24, 2008 ( 2008-05-24 ) (original series) March 1, 2018 ( 2018-03-01 ) -- present ( present ) (revival) External links Website Showtime at the Apollo (formerly It's Showtime at the Apollo and Apollo Live ) is a syndicated music television show, first broadcast on September 12, 1987 to May 24, 2008 with 1093 episodes, and is produced by the Apollo Theater. In 2018, the series returned on Fox with Steve Harvey hosting. The show features live performances from both professional and up-and-coming artists, and also features the Amateur Night competition made popular at the famous Apollo Theater in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, where the show is recorded. The series was rebooted as Apollo Live and hosted by comedian Tony Rock . In many cities such as New York (where it aired on WNBC ), it often aired after Saturday Night Live on early Sunday mornings, and was often paired with the similarly-syndicated Soul Train . While there is also a live version of the show every Wednesday (which is the original Apollo Amateur Night competition that has been running for over 70 years), the taped version of the show for television usually airs on weekends. Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosts 2 Amateur Night competition 2.1 Change of production 3 BET revival 4 Fox specials/revival 5 List of notable guest performers 6 Awards and nominations 7 Broadcasting on television stations 8 References 9 External links Hosts ( edit ) Many famous R&B , soul, and hip hop performers have appeared on the show, which has had a number of hosts, including Whoopi Goldberg , Rick Aviles , Martin Lawrence , Sinbad , Mark Curry , Steve Harvey , Mo'Nique , Christopher `` Kid'' Reid , and Anthony Anderson . Kiki Shepard served as co-host from 1987 until 2002. From 1989 to 1991, Sinbad served as the permanent host. After Sinbad left, the show reverted to a series of special guest hosts. In 1993, Steve Harvey began a seven-year stint as the permanent host. At the start of the 1998-- 99 season, Harvey and Kiki Sheppard hosted a series of `` Best of...'' episodes until late October because production was delayed due to a labor dispute. After Harvey left in 2000, he was replaced by Rudy Rush . Rush was joined by new comedic dancer C.P. Lacey, who replaced Howard `` Sandman'' Sims , who had died. Steve Harvey has hosted the Fox revival of Showtime at the Apollo beginning on March 1, 2018. Amateur Night competition ( edit ) The highlight of the show was the Amateur Night competition, a singing contest. Upon entering the stage, contestants would rub a log made from the `` Tree of hope (1) '' which formerly stood outside the Lafayette Theatre , placed on a pedestal for good luck . Contestants' singing (or occasionally comic) ability was immediately judged by the audience. Talented singers or comedians were rewarded by vigorous applause, but those perceived as lacking were harshly booed. If it was clear that the audience disapproved, a siren was sounded and the stage lights dimmed. This prompted a hobo known as `` Sandman'' to remove the contestant from the stage with a cane. Change of production ( edit ) The original show was created by veteran television producer Bob Banner in conjunction with Percy Sutton and was produced and directed by BBA senior producer Don Weiner. After a dispute with the Apollo Theater Foundation in 2002, the original producers minus Bob Banner, who was no longer with the show after 1996 left to start a rival show called Showtime in Harlem later known simply as Showtime . Showtime in Harlem was produced at the Brooklyn Academy of Music . The show was later moved to California and renamed Live in Hollywood , lasting one season in 2003 with Shepard as host. It's Showtime at the Apollo was subsequently produced by de Passe Entertainment . It was for a time, hosted once again by Sinbad, who briefly returned to the show in 2006 while Mo'nique was on maternity leave. Whoopi Goldberg became the new host for the 2006-- 2007 season. At times, comedian and actor Anthony Anderson hosted during the 2006-- 2007 season. BET revival ( edit ) It was announced on September 30, 2011 that the BET cable network would produce a similar show titled Apollo Live starting in 2012 with Tony Rock as the host. The judges are the legendary Gladys Knight ; famed beatboxer Doug E Fresh , and Michael Bivins of the 1980s group New Edition and early 1990s group Bell Biv DeVoe . Fox specials/revival ( edit ) Showtime at the Apollo was revived by Fox Broadcasting Company in 2016-2017 with a pair of specials hosted by Steve Harvey. The first, a two-hour showcase, aired on December 5, 2016, while the second aired on February 1, 2017. A Christmas special aired on December 14, 2017. It was later announced that Fox would start airing it as a weekly series beginning in the 2017-18 television season, beginning March 1, 2018. List of notable guest performers ( edit ) 1 Life 2 Live 112 3LW 3rd Bass 702 A Tribe Called Quest Aaliyah Adam Sandler After 7 Al B. Sure! Al Jarreau Another Bad Creation Ashanti B2K B5 Beastie Boys BeBe Winans Big Daddy Kane Billy Paul The Boys Boyz II Men Brandy Norwood Breakfast Club Cam'ron CeCe Peniston CeCe Winans Chris Rock Christina Aguilera Chubb Rock Chuckii Booker Ciara Crucial Conflict D'Angelo David Alan Grier David Peaston Peaston won several Amateur Night contests in 1988 David Sanborn Destiny's Child Digital Underground DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince Donna Summer Dru Hill Eartha Kitt Eddie Levert El DeBarge En Vogue Exposé Faith Evans The Fat Boys Floetry Foxy Brown Freddie Jackson Fifth Harmony Fugees (group member Lauryn Hill was an Amateur Night contestant in 1988) Gabriel Iglesias Gerald Levert Gia Farrell G.Soul Guy Hall & Oates Hurricane Chris Hootie & the Blowfish II D Extreme India.Arie James Brown Jason Derulo Jazmine Sullivan Jeffrey Osborne Jessica Sanchez Jim Jones Jimmie Walker Jodeci John Henton Keith Sweat Keith Washington Kelly Rowland Kenichi Ebina (Amateur Night contestant) Kim Coles Kirk Franklin Kool Moe Dee Kris Kross Kurtis Blow LeToya Luckett LeVert Lil' Kim Lisa Stansfield LL Cool J Lloyd Lyfe Jennings Malcolm-Jamal Warner Mariah Carey Marques Houston Martin Lawrence Mary J. Blige Mary Wilson Mase Maxwell MC Hammer Melba Moore Miri Ben-Ari Mint Condition Monie Love Nappy Roots Nas Natalie Cole Naughty by Nature New Edition New Kids on the Block Ne-Yo (Amateur Night contestant) Notorious B.I.G. N.W.A Omarion Onyx Patti LaBelle Paula Abdul Pebbles Pretty Ricky R. Kelly Raven-Symoné Regina Belle Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock Run-D.M.C. Sarah Ikumu Sean Paul Sean Kane (Amateur Night contestant) Sevyn Streeter Shanice Silk Shooby Taylor (Amateur Night contestant) Soulja Boy Tell ' Em Stephanie Mills Styles P Surface SWV Taurus Thia Megia Trevor Jackson T.I. Teena Marie Tevin Campbell Tiffany Evans TLC Total Tracie Spencer Trey Songz Trina Troop Tyrese Gibson Vanessa L. Williams Vesta Williams Xscape The Whispers Whodini Zhane Awards and nominations ( edit ) Showtime at the Apollo has won a NAACP Image Award for `` Outstanding Variety Series/Special'' in 1991. The show was nominated in 1996, 1998, and 1999 for the same category. In 2000, the show was nominated by the NAACP Image Awards for `` Outstanding Youth or Children's Series/Special'' for the `` Apollo Kids Finals'' special episode. However, that same year, former host Steve Harvey has won an Image Award for `` Outstanding Performance in a Variety Series/Special'' . Broadcasting on television stations ( edit ) Atlanta -- WSB-TV Channel 2 ( ABC ) Birmingham -- WBMG-TV (now WIAT) Channel 42 ( CBS ), then WABM Channel 68 ( UPN ) (now MyNetworkTV ), later WVTM-TV Channel 13 ( NBC ) Chicago -- WMAQ-TV Channel 5 (NBC) Dallas Houston -- KTXH-TV Channel 20 ( UPN ), (now MyNetworkTV ) Los Angeles - KNBC-TV Channel 4 (NBC) New York City -- WNBC-TV Channel 4 (NBC) San Francisco -- KNTV Channel 11 (NBC) Washington D.C. -- WBDC (now WDCW) Channel 50 ( The WB ), (now The CW ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Premiered: September 12, 1987 Jump up ^ It's Showtime at the Apollo began its successful 15-year run in 1987, but the show's beginnings reach all the way back to 1913. Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik. `` Deadline Hollywood'' . ' Showtime At The Apollo' : Fox Orders Weekly Series For Next Season; Steve Harvey Hosts . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Live'' . BET.com . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Season 12 Archived January 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Macke, Johnni. `` Steve Harvey Announces The Return Of A Classic Series On FOX'' . People's Choice . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahalo.com Jump up ^ Percy Sutton ... executive producer (unknown episodes, 1987-- 2002) Jump up ^ Bob Banner Associates Jump up ^ `` Showtime in Harlem'' (2002) Jump up ^ When `` Showtime at the Apollo'' was revamped in 2002, Rudy Rush and Kiki Shepard were ousted and given their own show, `` Showtime in Harlem.'' Jump up ^ `` Official site of Showtime in Harlem'' . Archived from the original on September 26, 2003 . Retrieved September 25, 2007 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ SHOWTIME Starring: Rudy Rush and Kiki Shepard Jump up ^ http://www.centrictv.com/shows/apollo-live Jump up ^ `` Apollo Live Shows'' . BET . Retrieved January 18, 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.centrictv.com/shows/apollo-live/cast-members Apollo Live Cast Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/steve-harvey-to-host-showtime-at-the-apollo-revival-on-fox-1201886943/ Steve Harvey to Host ' Showtime at the Apollo' Revival on Fox Jump up ^ `` All-New Weekly Series `` Showtime at the Apollo,'' Hosted by Steve Harvey, to Premiere Following Spring Return of `` Gotham'' Thursday, March 1, on FOX`` . The Futon Critic . January 25, 2018 . Retrieved January 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime at the Apollo'' (1987) -- Awards -- IMDb (accessed October 16, 2011) External links ( edit ) Showtime at the Apollo on IMDb It's Showtime at the Apollo at TV.com FOX site Official Apollo Theater website ( hide ) Fox programming (current and upcoming) Primetime 9-1-1 (since 2018) American Grit (since 2016) Bob's Burgers (since 2011) Beat Shazam (since 2017) Brooklyn Nine-Nine (since 2013) Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (since 2014) Empire (since 2015) The Exorcist (since 2016) The F Word (since 2017) Family Guy (1999-- 2002; since 2005) The Four: Battle For Stardom (since 2018) Ghosted (since 2017) The Gifted (since 2017) Gotham (since 2014) Hell's Kitchen (since 2005) Hotel Hell (since 2012) LA to Vegas (since 2018) The Last Man on Earth (since 2015) Lethal Weapon (since 2016) Love Connection (since 2017) Lucifer (since 2016) MasterChef (since 2010) MasterChef Junior (since 2013) The Mick (since 2017) Miss Universe (since 2015) Miss USA (since 2016) New Girl (since 2011) The Orville (since 2017) Prison Break (2005-- 2009; since 2017) The Resident (since 2018) Showtime at the Apollo (since 2018) The Simpsons (since 1989) So You Think You Can Dance (since 2005) Star (since 2016) The X-Files (1993-- 2002; since 2016) News Fox News Sunday (since 1996) Sports Fox College Football (since 1999) MLB on Fox (since 1996) Fox NASCAR (since 2001) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday (since 1994) The OT (since 2005) Fox USGA (since 2014) Fox UFC (since 2011) Upcoming Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell & Back (2018) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High-Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Showtime_at_the_Apollo&oldid=835626718 '' Categories : 1987 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series First-run syndicated television programs in the United States Fox network shows Singing talent shows American variety television series American music television series African-American television English-language television programs Television series revived after cancellation 2018 American television series debuts Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 20:39. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -4365261099661392946 |
west side story by leonard bernstein musical composition | Theatre World Award Josefina Scaglione Won | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"West Side Story Original cast recording Music Leonard Bernstein Lyrics Stephen Sondheim Book Arthur Laurents Basis Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Productions 1957 Washington , D.C. ( tryout ) 1957 Philadelphia ( tryout ) 1957 Broadway 1958 West End 1959 US tour 1960 Broadway ( return ) 1961 Film 1964 Broadway 1974 West End 1980 Broadway 1984 West End 1985 US tour 1995 US tour 1998 West End 2009 Broadway 2010 US tour",
"West Side Story",
"Original cast recording",
"Music Leonard Bernstein",
"Lyrics Stephen Sondheim",
"Book Arthur Laurents",
"Basis Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare",
"Productions 1957 Washington , D.C. ( tryout ) 1957 Philadelphia ( tryout ) 1957 Broadway 1958 West End 1959 US tour 1960 Broadway ( return ) 1961 Film 1964 Broadway 1974 West End 1980 Broadway 1984 West End 1985 US tour 1995 US tour 1998 West End 2009 Broadway 2010 US tour",
"West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents , music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet .",
"The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid 1950s , an ethnic , blue - collar neighborhood ( in the early 1960s , much of the neighborhood was cleared in an urban renewal project for Lincoln Center , which changed the neighborhood 's character ) . The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks , two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds . The members of the Sharks , from Puerto Rico , are taunted by the Jets , a white gang . The young protagonist , Tony , a former member of the Jets and best friend of the gang 's leader , Riff , falls in love with Maria , the sister of Bernardo , the leader of the Sharks . The dark theme , sophisticated music , extended dance scenes , and focus on social problems marked a turning point in American musical theatre . Bernstein 's score for the musical includes `` Something 's Coming '' , `` Maria '' , `` America '' , `` Somewhere '' , `` Tonight '' , `` Jet Song '' , `` I Feel Pretty '' , `` A Boy Like That '' , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , and `` Cool '' .",
"The original 1957 Broadway production , conceived , directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince , marked Sondheim 's Broadway debut . It ran for 732 performances before going on tour . The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical in 1957 , but the award for Best Musical went to Meredith Willson 's The Music Man . Robbins won the Tony Award for his choreography and Oliver Smith won for his scenic designs . The show had an even longer - running London production , a number of revivals and international productions . A 1961 musical film adaptation , directed by Robert Wise and Robbins , starred Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Rita Moreno , George Chakiris and Russ Tamblyn . The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won ten , including George Chakiris for Supporting Actor , Rita Moreno for Supporting Actress , and Best Picture .",
"In 1947 , Jerome Robbins approached Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents about collaborating on a contemporary musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet . He proposed that the plot focus on the conflict between an Irish Catholic family and a Jewish family living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan , during the Easter -- Passover season . The girl has survived the Holocaust and emigrated from Israel ; the conflict was to be centered around anti-Semitism of the Catholic `` Jets '' towards the Jewish `` Emeralds '' ( a name that made its way into the script as a reference ) . Eager to write his first musical , Laurents immediately agreed . Bernstein wanted to present the material in operatic form , but Robbins and Laurents resisted the suggestion . They described the project as `` lyric theater '' , and Laurents wrote a first draft he called East Side Story . Only after he completed it did the group realize it was little more than a musicalization of themes that had already been covered in plays like Abie 's Irish Rose . When he opted to drop out , the three men went their separate ways , and the piece was shelved for almost five years .",
"In 1955 , theatrical producer Martin Gabel was working on a stage adaptation of the James M. Cain novel Serenade , about an opera singer who comes to the realization he is homosexual , and he invited Laurents to write the book . Laurents accepted and suggested Bernstein and Robbins join the creative team . Robbins felt if the three were going to join forces , they should return to East Side Story , and Bernstein agreed . Laurents , however , was committed to Gabel , who introduced him to the young composer / lyricist Stephen Sondheim . Sondheim auditioned by playing the score for Saturday Night , his musical that was scheduled to open in the fall . Laurents liked the lyrics but was not impressed with the music . Sondheim did not care for Laurents ' opinion . Serenade ultimately was shelved .",
"Laurents was soon hired to write the screenplay for a remake of the 1934 Greta Garbo film The Painted Veil for Ava Gardner . While in Hollywood , he contacted Bernstein , who was in town conducting at the Hollywood Bowl . The two met at The Beverly Hills Hotel , and the conversation turned to juvenile delinquent gangs , a fairly recent social phenomenon that had received major coverage on the front pages of the morning newspapers due to a Chicano turf war . Bernstein suggested they rework East Side Story and set it in Los Angeles , but Laurents felt he was more familiar with Puerto Rican immigrants and Harlem than he was with Mexican Americans and Olvera Street . The two contacted Robbins , who was enthusiastic about a musical with a Latin beat . He arrived in Hollywood to choreograph the dance sequences for The King and I , and he and Laurents began developing the musical while working on their respective projects , keeping in touch with Bernstein , who had returned to New York . When the producer of The Painted Veil replaced Gardner with Eleanor Parker and asked Laurents to revise his script with her in mind , he backed out of the film , freeing him to devote all his time to the stage musical .",
"In New York City , Laurents went to the opening night party for a new play by Ugo Betti , and there he met Sondheim , who had heard that East Side Story , now retitled West Side Story , was back on track . Bernstein had decided he needed to concentrate solely on the music , and he and Robbins had invited Betty Comden and Adolph Green to write the lyrics , but the team opted to work on Peter Pan instead . Laurents asked Sondheim if he would be interested in tackling the task . Initially he resisted , because he was determined to write the full score for his next project ( Saturday Night had been aborted ) , but Oscar Hammerstein convinced him that he would benefit from the experience , and he accepted . Meanwhile , Laurents had written a new draft of the book changing the characters ' backgrounds : Anton , once an Irish American , was now of Polish and Irish descent , and the formerly Jewish Maria had become a Puerto Rican .",
"The original book Laurents wrote closely adhered to Romeo and Juliet , but the characters based on Rosaline and the parents of the doomed lovers were eliminated early on . Later the scenes related to Juliet 's faking her death and committing suicide also were deleted . Language posed a problem ; four - letter curse words were uncommon in the theater at the time , and slang expressions were avoided for fear they would be dated by the time the production opened . Laurents ultimately invented what sounded like real street talk but actually was not : `` cut the frabba - jabba '' , for example . Sondheim converted long passages of dialogue , and sometimes just a simple phrase like `` A boy like that would kill your brother '' , into lyrics . With the help of Oscar Hammerstein , Laurents convinced Bernstein and Sondheim to move `` One Hand , One Heart '' , which he considered too pristine for the balcony scene , to the scene set in the bridal shop , and as a result `` Tonight '' was written to replace it . Laurents felt that the building tension needed to be alleviated in order to increase the impact of the play 's tragic outcome , so comic relief in the form of Officer Krupke was added to the second act . He was outvoted on other issues : he felt the lyrics to `` America '' and `` I Feel Pretty '' were too witty for the characters singing them , but they stayed in the score and proved to be audience favorites . Another song , `` Kid Stuff '' , was added and quickly removed during the Washington , D.C. tryout when Laurents convinced the others it was helping tip the balance of the show into typical musical comedy .",
"Bernstein composed West Side Story and Candide concurrently , which led to some switches of material between the two works . Tony and Maria 's duet , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , was originally intended for Cunegonde in Candide . The music of `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' was pulled from the Venice scene in Candide . Laurents explained the style that the creative team finally decided on :",
"Just as Tony and Maria , our Romeo and Juliet , set themselves apart from the other kids by their love , so we have tried to set them even further apart by their language , their songs , their movement . Wherever possible in the show , we have tried to heighten emotion or to articulate inarticulate adolescence through music , song or dance .",
"The show was nearly complete in the fall of 1956 , but almost everyone on the creative team needed to fulfill other commitments first . Robbins was involved with Bells Are Ringing , then Bernstein with Candide , and in January 1957 A Clearing in the Woods , Laurents ' latest play , opened and quickly closed . When a backers ' audition failed to raise any money for West Side Story late in the spring of 1957 , only two months before the show was to begin rehearsals , producer Cheryl Crawford pulled out of the project . Every other producer had already turned down the show , deeming it too dark and depressing . Bernstein was despondent , but Sondheim convinced his friend Hal Prince , who was in Boston overseeing the out - of - town tryout of the new George Abbott musical New Girl in Town , to read the script . He liked it but decided to ask Abbott , his longtime mentor , for his opinion , and Abbott advised him to turn it down . Prince , aware that Abbott was the primary reason New Girl was in trouble , decided to ignore him , and he and his producing partner Robert Griffith flew to New York to hear the score . In his memoirs , Prince recalled , `` Sondheim and Bernstein sat at the piano playing through the music , and soon I was singing along with them . ''",
"Prince began cutting the budget and raising money . Robbins then announced he did not want to choreograph the show , but changed his mind when Prince agreed to an eight - week dance rehearsal period ( instead of the customary four ) , since there was to be more dancing in West Side Story than in any previous Broadway show , and allowed Robbins to hire Peter Gennaro as his assistant . Originally , when considering the cast , Laurents wanted James Dean for the lead role of Tony , but the actor soon died . Sondheim found Larry Kert and Chita Rivera , who created the roles of Tony and Anita , respectively . Getting the work on stage was still not easy . Bernstein said :",
"Everyone told us that ( West Side Story ) was an impossible project ... And we were told no one was going to be able to sing augmented fourths , as with `` Ma - ri - a '' ... Also , they said the score was too rangy for pop music ... Besides , who wanted to see a show in which the first - act curtain comes down on two dead bodies lying on the stage ? ... And then we had the really tough problem of casting it , because the characters had to be able not only to sing but dance and act and be taken for teenagers . Ultimately , some of the cast were teenagers , some were 21 , some were 30 but looked 16 . Some were wonderful singers but could n't dance very well , or vice versa ... and if they could do both , they could n't act .",
"Throughout the rehearsal period , the New York newspapers were filled with articles about gang warfare , keeping the show 's plot timely . Robbins kept the cast members playing the Sharks and the Jets separate in order to discourage them from socializing with each other and reminded everyone of the reality of gang violence by posting news stories on the bulletin board backstage . Robbins wanted a gritty realism from his sneaker - and jeans - clad cast . He gave the ensemble more freedom than Broadway dancers had previously been given to interpret their roles , and the dancers were thrilled to be treated like actors instead of just choreographed bodies . As the rehearsals wore on , Bernstein fought to keep his score together , as other members of the team called on him to cut out more and more of the sweeping or complex `` operatic '' passages . Columbia Records initially declined to record the cast album , saying the score was too depressing and too difficult .",
"There were problems with Oliver Smith 's designs . His painted backdrops were stunning , but the sets were , for the most part , either shabby looking or too stylized . Prince refused to spend money on new construction , and Smith was obliged to improve what he had as best he could with very little money to do it . The pre-Broadway run in Washington , D.C. was a critical and commercial success , although none of the reviews mentioned Sondheim , listed as co-lyricist , who was overshadowed by the better - known Bernstein . Bernstein magnanimously removed his name as co-author of the lyrics , although Sondheim was uncertain he wanted to receive sole credit for what he considered to be overly florid contributions by Bernstein . Robbins demanded and received a `` Conceived by '' credit , and used it to justify his making major decisions regarding changes in the show without consulting the others . As a result , by opening night on Broadway , none of his collaborators were talking to him .",
"It has been rumored that while Bernstein was off trying to fix the musical Candide , Sondheim wrote some of the music for West Side Story , and that Bernstein 's co-lyricist billing mysteriously disappeared from the credits of West Side Story during the tryout , presumably as a trade - off . However , Suskin writes in Show Tunes that `` As the writing progressed and the extent of Bernstein 's lyric contributions became less , the composer agreed to rescind his credit ... Contrary to rumor , Sondheim did not write music for the show ; his only contribution came on `` Something 's Coming '' , where he developed the main strain of the chorus from music Bernstein wrote for the verse . )",
"Two rival teenage gangs , the Jets ( White Americans ) and the Sharks ( Puerto Rican Americans ) , struggle for control of their neighborhood on the Upper West Side of New York City ( Prologue ) . They are warned by police officers Krupke and Lt. Schrank to stop fighting on their beat . The police chase the Sharks off , and then the Jets plan how they can assure their continued dominance of the street . The Jets ' leader , Riff , suggests setting up a rumble with the Sharks . He plans to make the challenge to Bernardo , the Sharks ' leader , that night at the neighborhood dance . Riff wants to convince his friend and former member of the Jets , Tony , to meet the Jets at the dance . Some of the Jets are unsure of his loyalty , but Riff is adamant that Tony is still one of them ( `` Jet Song '' ) . Riff meets Tony while he 's working at Doc 's Drugstore to persuade him to come . Tony initially refuses , but Riff wins him over . Tony is convinced that something important is round the corner ( `` Something 's Coming '' ) .",
"Maria works in a bridal shop with Anita , the girlfriend of her brother , Bernardo . Maria has just arrived from Puerto Rico for her arranged marriage to Chino , a friend of Bernardo 's . Maria confesses to Anita that she is not in love with Chino . Anita makes Maria a dress to wear to the neighborhood dance .",
"At the dance , after introductions , the teenagers begin to dance ; soon a challenge dance is called ( `` Dance at the Gym '' ) , during which Tony and Maria ( who are n't taking part in the challenge dance ) see each other across the room and are drawn to each other . They dance together , forgetting the tension in the room , and fall in love , but Bernardo pulls his sister from Tony and sends her home . Riff and Bernardo agree to meet for a War Council at Doc 's , a drug store which is considered neutral ground , but meanwhile , an infatuated and happy Tony finds Maria 's building and serenades her outside her bedroom ( `` Maria '' ) . She appears on her fire escape , and the two profess their love for one another ( `` Tonight '' ) . Meanwhile , Anita , Rosalia , and the other Shark girls discuss the differences between the territory of Puerto Rico and the mainland United States of America , with Anita defending America , and Rosalia yearning for Puerto Rico ( `` America '' ) .",
"The Jets get antsy while waiting for the Sharks inside Doc 's Drug Store . Riff helps them let out their aggression ( `` Cool '' ) . The Sharks arrive to discuss weapons to use in the rumble . Tony suggests `` a fair fight '' ( fists only ) , which the leaders agree to , despite the other members ' protests . Bernardo believes that he will fight Tony , but must settle for fighting Diesel , Riff 's second - in - command , instead . This is followed by a monologue by the ineffective Lt. Schrank trying to find out the location of the rumble . Tony tells Doc about Maria . Doc is worried for them while Tony is convinced that nothing can go wrong ; he is in love .",
"The next day , Maria is in a very happy mood at the bridal shop , as she anticipates seeing Tony again . However , she learns about the upcoming rumble from Anita and is dismayed . When Tony arrives , Maria asks him to stop the fight altogether , which he agrees to do . Before he goes , they dream of their wedding ( `` One Hand , One Heart '' ) . Tony , Maria , Anita , Bernardo and the Sharks , and Riff and the Jets all anticipate the events to come that night ( `` Tonight Quintet '' ) . The gangs meet under the highway and , as the fight between Bernardo and Diesel begins , Tony arrives and tries to stop it . Though Bernardo taunts and provokes Tony , ridiculing his attempt to make peace , Tony keeps his composure . When Bernardo pushes Tony , Riff punches him in Tony 's defense . The two draw their switchblades and get in a fight ( `` The Rumble '' ) . Tony attempts to intervene , inadvertently leading to Riff being fatally stabbed by Bernardo . Tony kills Bernardo in a fit of rage , which in turn provokes an all - out fight like the fight in the Prologue . The sound of approaching police sirens is heard , and everyone scatters , except Tony , who stands in shock at what he has done . The tomboy Anybodys , who stubbornly wishes that she could become a Jet , tells Tony to flee from the scene at the last moment and flees with the knives . Only the bodies of Riff and Bernardo remain .",
"Blissfully unaware of the gangs ' plans for that night , Maria daydreams with her friends , Rosalia , Consuelo , Teresita and Francisca , about seeing Tony ( `` I Feel Pretty '' ) . Later , as Maria dances on the roof happily because she has seen Tony and believes he went to stop the rumble , Chino brings the news that Tony has killed Bernardo . Maria flees to her bedroom , praying that Chino is lying . Tony arrives to see Maria and she initially pounds on his chest with rage , but she still loves him . They plan to run away together . As the walls of Maria 's bedroom disappear , they find themselves in a dreamlike world of peace ( `` Somewhere '' ) .",
"Two of the Jets , A-Rab and Baby John , are set on by Officer Krupke , but they manage to escape him . They meet the rest of the gang . To cheer themselves up , they lampoon Officer Krupke , and the other adults who do n't understand them ( `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' ) . Anybodys arrives and tells the Jets she has been spying on the Puerto Ricans ; she has discovered that Chino is looking for Tony with a gun . The gang separates to find Tony . Action has taken charge ; he accepts Anybodys into the Jets and includes her in the search .",
"A grieving Anita arrives at Maria 's apartment . As Tony leaves , he tells Maria to meet him at Doc 's so they can run away to the country . In spite of her attempts to conceal it , Anita sees that Tony has been with Maria , and launches an angry tirade against him ( `` A Boy Like That '' ) . Maria counters by telling Anita how powerful love is ( `` I Have a Love '' ) , and Anita realizes that Maria loves Tony as much as she had loved Bernardo . She admits that Chino has a gun and is looking for Tony . Lt. Schrank arrives to question Maria about her brother 's death , and Anita agrees to go to Doc 's to tell Tony to wait . Unfortunately , the Jets , who have found Tony , have congregated at Doc 's , and they taunt Anita with racist slurs and eventually simulate rape . Doc arrives and stops them . Anita is furious , and in anger spitefully delivers the wrong message , telling the Jets that Chino has shot Maria dead .",
"Doc relates the news to Tony , who has been dreaming of heading to the countryside to have children with Maria . Feeling there is no longer anything to live for , Tony leaves to find Chino , begging for him to shoot him as well . Just as Tony sees Maria alive , Chino arrives and shoots Tony . The Jets , Sharks , and adults flock around the lovers . Maria holds Tony in her arms ( and sings a quiet , brief reprise of `` Somewhere '' ) as he dies . Angry at the death of another friend , the Jets move towards the Sharks but Maria takes Chino 's gun and tells everyone that `` all of ( them ) '' killed Tony and the others because of their hate for each other , and , `` Now I can kill too , because now I have hate ! '' she yells . However , she is unable to bring herself to fire the gun and drops it , crying in grief . Gradually , all the members of both gangs assemble on either side of Tony 's body , showing that the feud is over . The Jets and Sharks form a procession , and together carry Tony away , with Maria the last one in the procession .",
"Riff , the leader Tony , his best friend Diesel ( Ice in film ) , Riff 's lieutenant Action , A-Rab , Baby John , Big Deal , Gee - Tar , Mouthpiece , Snowboy , Tiger and Anybodys",
"Riff , the leader",
"Tony , his best friend",
"Diesel ( Ice in film ) , Riff 's lieutenant",
"Action , A-Rab , Baby John , Big Deal , Gee - Tar , Mouthpiece , Snowboy , Tiger and Anybodys",
"Velma ( Riff 's girlfriend ) , Graziella ( Diesel 's girlfriend ) , Minnie , Clarice and Pauline",
"Velma ( Riff 's girlfriend ) , Graziella ( Diesel 's girlfriend ) , Minnie , Clarice and Pauline",
"Bernardo , the leader Chino , his best friend Pepe , second - in - command Indio , Luis , Anxious , Nibbles , Juano , Toro and Moose",
"Bernardo , the leader",
"Chino , his best friend",
"Pepe , second - in - command",
"Indio , Luis , Anxious , Nibbles , Juano , Toro and Moose",
"Maria , Bernardo 's sister Anita , Bernardo 's girlfriend Rosalia , Consuelo , Teresita , Francisca , Estella and Marguerita",
"Maria , Bernardo 's sister",
"Anita , Bernardo 's girlfriend",
"Rosalia , Consuelo , Teresita , Francisca , Estella and Marguerita",
"Doc , owner of the local drugstore / soda shop . Schrank , racist local police lieutenant . Krupke , neighborhood cop and Schrank 's right hand man . Glad Hand , well meaning social worker in charge of the dance .",
"Doc , owner of the local drugstore / soda shop .",
"Schrank , racist local police lieutenant .",
"Krupke , neighborhood cop and Schrank 's right hand man .",
"Glad Hand , well meaning social worker in charge of the dance .",
"",
"Character Original Broadway Cast 1957 Original West End 1958 Broadway Revival 1980 Broadway Revival 2009 Tony Larry Kert Don McKay Ken Marshall Matt Cavenaugh Maria Carol Lawrence Marlys Watters Josie de Guzman Josefina Scaglione Riff Michael Callan George Chakiris James J. Mellon Cody Green Bernardo Ken LeRoy Héctor Jaime Mercado George Akram Anita Chita Rivera Debbie Allen Karen Olivo Lt. Schrank Arch Johnson Ted Gunther Arch Johnson Steve Bassett Doc Art Smith David Bauer Sammy Smith Greg Vinkler Krupke William Bramley Hal Galili John Bentley Lee Sellars",
"Character Original Broadway Cast 1957 Original West End 1958 Broadway Revival 1980 Broadway Revival 2009",
"Tony Larry Kert Don McKay Ken Marshall Matt Cavenaugh",
"Maria Carol Lawrence Marlys Watters Josie de Guzman Josefina Scaglione",
"Riff Michael Callan George Chakiris James J. Mellon Cody Green",
"Bernardo Ken LeRoy Héctor Jaime Mercado George Akram",
"Anita Chita Rivera Debbie Allen Karen Olivo",
"Lt. Schrank Arch Johnson Ted Gunther Arch Johnson Steve Bassett",
"Doc Art Smith David Bauer Sammy Smith Greg Vinkler",
"Krupke William Bramley Hal Galili John Bentley Lee Sellars",
"Act 1 ( edit ) `` Prologue '' -- Orchestra , danced by Jets & Sharks `` Jet Song '' -- Riff & Jets `` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony `` The Dance at the Gym '' -- Jets & Sharks `` Maria '' -- Tony `` Tonight '' -- Tony & Maria `` America '' -- Anita , Rosalia , & Shark Girls `` Cool '' -- Riff & Jets `` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony & Maria `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' -- Company `` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra , danced by Riff , Bernardo , Sharks & Jets Act 2 ( edit ) `` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Rosalia , Estella , & Consuelo `` Somewhere '' -- Consuelo , danced by Company `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- Action , Snowboy & Jets `` A Boy Like That '' -- Anita & Maria `` I Have a Love '' -- Anita & Maria `` Finale '' -- Company",
"Act 1 ( edit ) `` Prologue '' -- Orchestra , danced by Jets & Sharks `` Jet Song '' -- Riff & Jets `` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony `` The Dance at the Gym '' -- Jets & Sharks `` Maria '' -- Tony `` Tonight '' -- Tony & Maria `` America '' -- Anita , Rosalia , & Shark Girls `` Cool '' -- Riff & Jets `` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony & Maria `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' -- Company `` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra , danced by Riff , Bernardo , Sharks & Jets Act 2 ( edit ) `` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Rosalia , Estella , & Consuelo `` Somewhere '' -- Consuelo , danced by Company `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- Action , Snowboy & Jets `` A Boy Like That '' -- Anita & Maria `` I Have a Love '' -- Anita & Maria `` Finale '' -- Company",
"`` Prologue '' -- Orchestra , danced by Jets & Sharks `` Jet Song '' -- Riff & Jets `` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony `` The Dance at the Gym '' -- Jets & Sharks `` Maria '' -- Tony `` Tonight '' -- Tony & Maria `` America '' -- Anita , Rosalia , & Shark Girls `` Cool '' -- Riff & Jets `` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony & Maria `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' -- Company `` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra , danced by Riff , Bernardo , Sharks & Jets",
"`` Prologue '' -- Orchestra , danced by Jets & Sharks",
"`` Jet Song '' -- Riff & Jets",
"`` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony",
"`` The Dance at the Gym '' -- Jets & Sharks",
"`` Maria '' -- Tony",
"`` Tonight '' -- Tony & Maria",
"`` America '' -- Anita , Rosalia , & Shark Girls",
"`` Cool '' -- Riff & Jets",
"`` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony & Maria",
"`` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' -- Company",
"`` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra , danced by Riff , Bernardo , Sharks & Jets",
"`` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Rosalia , Estella , & Consuelo `` Somewhere '' -- Consuelo , danced by Company `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- Action , Snowboy & Jets `` A Boy Like That '' -- Anita & Maria `` I Have a Love '' -- Anita & Maria `` Finale '' -- Company",
"`` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Rosalia , Estella , & Consuelo",
"`` Somewhere '' -- Consuelo , danced by Company",
"`` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- Action , Snowboy & Jets",
"`` A Boy Like That '' -- Anita & Maria",
"`` I Have a Love '' -- Anita & Maria",
"`` Finale '' -- Company",
"In the 1964 and 1980 revivals , `` Somewhere '' was sung by Francisca rather than Consuelo . In the 2009 revival , `` Cool '' was performed by Riff , the Jets , and the Jet Girls . `` I Feel Pretty '' was sung in Spanish as `` Siento Hermosa '' and `` A Boy Like That '' was sung in Spanish as `` Un Hombre Así '' . `` Somewhere '' was sung by Kiddo , a young Jet .",
"In the 1964 and 1980 revivals , `` Somewhere '' was sung by Francisca rather than Consuelo .",
"In the 2009 revival , `` Cool '' was performed by Riff , the Jets , and the Jet Girls . `` I Feel Pretty '' was sung in Spanish as `` Siento Hermosa '' and `` A Boy Like That '' was sung in Spanish as `` Un Hombre Así '' . `` Somewhere '' was sung by Kiddo , a young Jet .",
"After tryouts in Washington , D.C. and Philadelphia beginning in August 1957 , the original Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 26 , 1957 , to positive reviews . The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins , orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal , and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince , with lighting designed by Jean Rosenthal . The cast starred Larry Kert as Tony , Carol Lawrence as Maria , Chita Rivera as Anita and David Winters as Baby John . The other notable cast members in the original production were : Riff : Michael Callan , A-Rab : Tony Mordente , Big Deal : Martin Charnin , Gee - Tar : Tommy Abbott , Chino : Jamie Sanchez , Rosalia : Marilyn Cooper , Consuela ( sic ) : Reri Grist and Doc : Art Smith . The production closed on June 27 , 1959 , after 732 performances . Robbins won the Tony Award for Best Choreographer , and Oliver Smith won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer . Also nominated were Carol Lawrence as Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical , Max Goberman as Best Musical Director and Conductor , and Irene Sharaff for Best Costume Design . Carol Lawrence received the 1958 Theatre World Award .",
"The production 's national tour was launched on July 1 , 1959 , in Denver and then played in Los Angeles , San Francisco , Chicago , Detroit , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Baltimore , Philadelphia , and Boston . It returned to the Winter Garden Theater in New York in April 1960 for another 249 performance engagement , closing in December .",
"A 1958 production at the Manchester Opera House transferred to London , where it opened at Her Majesty 's Theatre in the West End on December 12 , 1958 and ran until June 1961 with a total of 1,039 performances . Robbins directed and choreographed , and it was co-choreographed by Peter Gennaro , with scenery by Oliver Smith . Featured performers were George Chakiris , who won an Academy Award as Bernardo in the 1961 film version , as Riff , Marlys Watters as Maria , Don McKay as Tony , and Chita Rivera reprising her Broadway role as Anita . David Holliday , who had been playing Gladhand since the London opening , took over as Tony .",
"A 1984 London production originated at Leicester Haymarket Theatre and transferred on May 16 , 1984 to Her Majesty 's Theatre . It closed September 28 , 1985 . The 1980 Broadway production was recreated by Tom Abbott . The cast starred Steven Pacey as Tony and Jan Hartley as Maria . Maxine Gordon was Anybodys .",
"A UK national tour started in 1997 and starred David Habbin as Tony , Katie Knight Adams as Maria and Anna - Jane Casey as Anita . The production transferred to London 's West End opening at the Prince Edward Theatre in October 1998 , transferring to the Prince of Wales Theatre where it closed in January 2000 . The production subsequently toured the UK for a second time .",
"A Broadway revival opened at the Minskoff Theatre on February 14 , 1980 and closed on November 30 , 1980 , after 333 performances . It was directed and choreographed by Robbins , with the book scenes co-directed by Gerald Freedman ; produced by Gladys Nederlander and Tom Abbott and Lee Becker Theodore assisted the choreography reproduction . The original scenic , lighting , and costume designs were used . It starred Ken Marshall as Tony , Josie de Guzman as Maria and Debbie Allen as Anita . Both de Guzman and Allen received Tony Award nominations as Best Featured Actress in a Musical , and the musical was nominated as Best Reproduction ( Play or Musical ) . Allen won the Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical . Other notable cast members in the revival included Brent Barrett as Diesel , Harolyn Blackwell as Francisca , Stephen Bogardus as Mouth Piece and Reed Jones as Big Deal .",
"The Minskoff production subsequently opened the Nervi Festival in Genoa , Italy , in July 1981 with Josie de Guzman as Maria and Brent Barrett as Tony .",
"In 2007 , Arthur Laurents stated , `` I 've come up with a way of doing ( West Side Story ) that will make it absolutely contemporary without changing a word or a note . '' He directed a pre-Broadway production of West Side Story at the National Theatre in Washington , D.C. that ran from December 15 , 2008 , through January 17 , 2009 . The Broadway revival began previews at the Palace Theatre on February 23 , 2009 , and opened on March 19 , 2009 . The production wove Spanish lyrics and dialogue into the English libretto . The translations are by Tony Award winner Lin - Manuel Miranda . Laurents stated , `` The musical theatre and cultural conventions of 1957 made it next to impossible for the characters to have authenticity . Every member of both gangs was always a potential killer even then . Now they actually will be . Only Tony and Maria try to live in a different world '' . In August 2009 , some of the lyrics for `` A Boy Like That '' ( `` Un Hombre Asi '' ) and `` I Feel Pretty '' ( `` Me Siento Hermosa '' ) , which were previously sung in Spanish in the revival , were changed back to the original English . However , the Spanish lyrics sung by the Sharks in the `` Tonight '' ( Quintet ) remained in Spanish .",
"The cast featured Matt Cavenaugh as Tony , Josefina Scaglione as Maria and Karen Olivo as Anita . Olivo won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress , while Scaglione was nominated for the award for Leading Actress . The cast recording won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album . In July 2010 , the producers reduced the size of the orchestra , replacing five musicians with an off - stage synthesizer . The production closed on January 2 , 2011 after 748 performances and 27 previews . The revival sold 1,074,462 tickets on Broadway over the course of nearly two years .",
"The New York City Center Light Opera Company production played for a limited engagement of 31 performances from April 8 , 1964 to May 3 , 1964 . The cast featured Don McKay ( Tony ) , Julia Migenes ( Maria ) and Luba Lisa ( Anita ) . It was staged by Gerald Freedman with choreography re-mounted by Tom Abbott . The Musical Theater of Lincoln Center and Richard Rodgers production opened at the New York State Theater , Lincoln Center , in June 1968 and closed in September 1968 after 89 performances . Direction and choreography were reproduced by Lee Theodore , and scenery was by Oliver Smith . Tony was played by Kurt Peterson , with Victoria Mallory as Maria . A 1987 U.S. tour starred Jack Wagner as Tony , with Valarie Pettiford as Anita and was directed by Alan Johnson .",
"A national tour , directed by Alan Johnson , was produced in 2002 . A national tour of the 2009 Broadway revival began in October 2010 at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit , Michigan , and toured for two seasons . The cast featured Kyle Harris as Tony and Ali Ewoldt as Maria .",
"The musical has also been adapted to be performed as Deaf Side Story using both English and American Sign Language , with deaf Sharks and hearing Jets .",
"The original Australian production opened in October 1960 at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne , before touring to the Tivoli Theatre in Sydney in February 1961 . Subsequent Australian national tours have been staged in 1983 , 1994 and 2010 .",
"In 1961 , a tour of Israel , Africa and the Near East was mounted . In February 1962 , the West End ( H.M. Tennent ) production launched a five - month Scandinavian tour opening in Copenhagen , continuing to Oslo , Gothenburg , Stockholm and Helsinki . Robert Jeffrey took over from David Holliday as Tony and Jill Martin played Maria . In 1977 , Amor Sin Barreras was produced in Mexico City by Alfonso Rosas Prigo , & Ruben Boido , Direction by Ruben Boido , presented at the Hidalgo Theater . Gualberto Castro played the part of Tony ; Maria Medina was Maria , among other cast members was Macaria . From 1982 -- 1984 a tour of South America , Israel and Europe was mounted with talent from New York . The Director / Choreographers for that production were Jay Norman and Lee Theodore , veterans of the original Broadway cast . The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has performed the show twice . It was produced by the Moon Troupe in 1998 and again in 1999 by the Star Troupe . A Hong Kong production was produced in 2000 with Cantonese lyrics , featuring Hong Kong rock star Paul Wong as Tony . It was staged at the outdoor plaza of Hong Kong Cultural Centre . Canada 's Stratford Shakespeare Festival performed West Side Story in 1999 , starring Tyley Ross as Tony and Ma - Anne Dionisio as Maria , and again in 2009 ,",
"The Austrian Bregenz Festival presented West Side Story in a German translation by Marcel Prawy in 2003 and 2004 , directed by Francesca Zambello , followed by a German tour . A French language adaptation , translated by Philippe Gobeille , opened in Montreal , Quebec , in March 2008 . A Philippine version played in 2008 at the Meralco Theater . It featured Christian Bautista as Tony , Karylle and Joanna Ampil as Maria . Also in 2008 , an adaptation played in Portugal , directed by Filipe La Féria , with the name West Side Story -- Amor Sem Barreiras , in the Politeama Theater , in Lisbon , with Ricardo Soler ( pt ) as Tony and Lúcia Moniz and Anabela Braz Pires splitting the role of Anita .",
"An international tour ( 2005 -- 2010 ) , directed and choreographed by Joey McKneely played in Tokyo , Paris , Austria , Switzerland , Germany , Singapore , São Paulo , France , Taiwan , China , Italy , Rotterdam and Madrid . In 2011 , a Lima production was produced by `` Preludio Asociación Cultural '' with Marco Zunino as Tony , Rossana Fernández - Maldonado as Maria , Jesús Neyra as Bernardo , Tati Alcántara as Anita and Joaquín de Orbegoso as Riff .",
"The creators ' innovations in dance , music and theatrical style resulted in strong reactions from the critics . Walter Kerr wrote in the New York Herald Tribune on September 27 , 1957 :",
"The radioactive fallout from West Side Story must still be descending on Broadway this morning . Director , choreographer , and idea - man Jerome Robbins has put together , and then blasted apart , the most savage , restless , electrifying dance patterns we 've been exposed to in a dozen seasons ... the show rides with a catastrophic roar over the spider - web fire - escapes , the shadowed trestles , and the plain dirt battlegrounds of a big city feud ... there is fresh excitement in the next debacle , and the next . When a gang leader advises his cohorts to play it `` Cool '' , the intolerable tension between an effort at control and the instinctive drives of these potential killers is stingingly graphic . When the knives come out , and bodies begin to fly wildly through space under buttermilk clouds , the sheer visual excitement is breathtaking ... Mr. Bernstein has permitted himself a few moments of graceful , lingering melody : in a yearning `` Maria '' , in the hushed falling line of `` Tonight '' , in the wistful declaration of `` I Have a Love '' . But for the most part he has served the needs of the onstage threshing machine ... When hero Larry Kert is stomping out the visionary insistence of `` Something 's Coming '' both music and tumultuous story are given their due . Otherwise it 's the danced narrative that takes urgent precedence ...",
"The other reviews generally joined in speculation about how the new work would influence the course of musical theater . Typical was John Chapman 's review in the New York Daily News on September 27 , 1957 , headed : `` West Side Story a Splendid and Super-Modern Musical Drama '' .",
"The American theatre took a venturesome forward step when the firm of Griffith & Prince presented West Side Story at the Winter Garden last evening . This is a bold new kind of musical theatre -- a juke - box Manhattan opera . It is , to me , extraordinarily exciting ... the manner of telling the story is a provocative and artful blend of music , dance and plot -- and the music and the dancing are superb . In ( the score ) , there is the drive , the bounce , the restlessness and the sweetness of our town . It takes up the American musical idiom where it was left when George Gershwin died . It is fascinatingly tricky and melodically beguiling , and it marks the progression of an admirable composer ...",
"Time magazine found the dance and gang warfare more compelling than the love story and noted that the show 's `` putting choreography foremost , may prove a milestone in musical - drama history ... ''",
"While critics speculated about the comic - tragic darkness of the musical , audiences were captivated . The story appealed to society 's undercurrent of rebellion from authority that surfaced in 1950s films like Rebel Without a Cause . West Side Story took this one step further by combining the classic and the hip . Robbins ' energetic choreography and Bernstein 's grand score accentuated the satiric , hard - edged lyrics of Sondheim , and Laurents ' capture of the angry voice of urban youth . The play was criticized for glamorizing gangs , and its portrayal of Puerto Ricans and lack of authentic Latin casting were weaknesses . Yet , the song `` America '' shows the triumph of the spirit over the obstacles often faced by immigrants . The musical also made points in its description of troubled youth and the devastating effects of poverty and racism . Juvenile delinquency is seen as an ailment of society : `` No one wants a fella with a social disease ! '' One writer summed up the reasons for the show 's popularity in these terms : `` On the cusp of the 1960s , American society , still recovering from the enormous upheaval of World War II , was seeking stability and control . ''",
"The score for West Side Story was orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal following detailed instructions from Bernstein , who then wrote revisions on their manuscript ( the original , heavily annotated by Ramin , Kostal and Bernstein himself is in the Rare Books and Manuscripts Library at Columbia University ) . Ramin , Kostal , and Bernstein are billed as orchestrators for the show . The orchestra consisted of 31 players : a large Broadway pit orchestra enhanced to include 5 percussionists , a guitarist and a piano / celesta player .",
"In 1961 , Bernstein prepared a suite of orchestral music from the show , titled Symphonic Dances from West Side Story :",
"Prologue ( Allegro Moderato ) `` Somewhere '' ( Adagio ) Scherzo ( Vivace e Leggiero ) Mambo ( Meno Presto ) Cha - Cha ( Andantino Con Grazia ) Meeting Scene ( Meno Mosso ) `` Cool '' , Fugue ( Allegretto ) Rumble ( Molto Allegro ) Finale ( Adagio )",
"Prologue ( Allegro Moderato )",
"`` Somewhere '' ( Adagio )",
"Scherzo ( Vivace e Leggiero )",
"Mambo ( Meno Presto )",
"Cha - Cha ( Andantino Con Grazia )",
"Meeting Scene ( Meno Mosso )",
"`` Cool '' , Fugue ( Allegretto )",
"Rumble ( Molto Allegro )",
"Finale ( Adagio )",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Recordings of West Side Story include the following :",
"The 1957 original Broadway cast album , with Carol Lawrence as Maria , Larry Kert as Tony and Chita Rivera as Anita . A 1959 recording by the pianist André Previn comprised jazz versions of eight songs from the musical . The movie soundtrack , with Marni Nixon singing Maria 's role ( played in the film by Natalie Wood ) and Tony ( played in the film by Richard Beymer ) sung by Jimmy Bryant . It won the Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast from Motion Picture or Television . The 1992 remastered re-release of this album included the `` Overture '' , the `` End Credits '' music , the complete `` Dance at the Gym '' and dialogue from the film . The 2004 re-release added the `` Intermission '' music . In 1961 , Cal Tjader released a jazz version , arranged by Clare Fischer , on Fantasy Records . The album was re-released in 2002 as Cal Tjader Plays Harold Arlen & West Side Story ( double CD ) . In 1961 , Stan Kenton recorded Kenton 's West Side Story ( a jazz version ) that received a 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance -- Large Group ( Instrumental ) . In 1962 , Oscar Peterson and his trio recorded a jazz version , West Side Story . In 1962 , Dave Brubeck recorded jazz versions of selections from the film score on Music From West Side Story . In 1963 , Bill Barron recorded West Side Story Bossa Nova ( Dauntless , 1963 ) In 1984 , Bernstein re-recorded the musical , conducting his own music for the first time . Generally known as the `` operatic version '' of West Side Story , it stars Kiri Te Kanawa as Maria , José Carreras as Tony , Tatiana Troyanos as Anita , Kurt Ollmann as Riff , Louise Edeiken as Rosalia , and Marilyn Horne as the offstage voice who sings `` Somewhere '' . It won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1985 . The recording process was filmed as a documentary The Making of West Side Story , which was made by the BBC for Unitel , Produced by Humphrey Burton and Directed by Christopher Swann . The documentary won the Flaherty BAFTA for documentary direction , a Prix Italia and was nominated for a Prime Time Emmy . A 1993 recording on the TER label , the first recording to document the full score including the overture performed by Britain 's National Symphony Orchestra using cast members of the 1992 Leicester Haymarket Theatre production , conducted by John Owen Edwards . In 1996 , RCA Victor released the tribute album The Songs of West Side Story featuring new versions of the songs from the musical sung by popular music stars , including : `` The Jet Song '' sung by Brian Setzer , `` A Boy Like That '' sung by Selena , `` I feel Pretty '' sung by Little Richard , two versions of `` Somewhere '' performed by Aretha Franklin and Phil Collins , `` Tonight '' sung by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Loggins , `` America '' sung by Patti LaBelle , Natalie Cole and Sheila E. , `` I Have a Love '' sung by Trisha Yearwood and `` Rumble '' performed by Chick Corea Elektric Band and Steve Vai 's Monsters . Proceeds from the sale of this album go to benefit the Leonard Bernstein Education Through The Arts Fund , the NARAS Foundation and The Leonard Bernstein Center at Nashville , Tennessee . In 2002 , Naxos Records released a CD with the Nashville Symphony Orchestra playing the music with soloists Mike Eldred ( Tony ) , Betsi Morrison ( Maria ) , Marianne Cook ( Anita ) , Robert Dean ( Riff ) , Michael San Giovanni , Joanna Chozen , and Michelle Prentice . A 2007 tribute album entitled A Place for Us marking the 50th anniversary of the show . The album features cover versions previously recorded and a new recording of `` Tonight '' by Kristin Chenoweth and Hugh Panaro . A 2007 recording was released by Decca Broadway in honor of West Side Story 's 50th anniversary . This album stars Hayley Westenra as Maria and Vittorio Grigolo as Tony . The Bernstein Foundation in New York has authorized the recording . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Show Album . Bernstein recorded the Symphonic Dances suite with the New York Philharmonic in 1961 , and with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1983 . The Symphonic Dances have entered the repertoire of many major world orchestras , most recently by the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra under Gustavo Dudamel . It has been recorded by many orchestras , including the San Francisco Symphony under the direction of Seiji Ozawa . The 2009 new Broadway cast album , with Josefina Scaglione as Maria , Matt Cavenaugh as Tony and Karen Olivo as Anita won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . A live , semi-staged 2013 recording by the San Francisco Symphony under Music Director Michael Tilson Thomas , featuring Cheyenne Jackson , Alexandra Silber and others , debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Classical Albums chart in May 2014 . It was released in 2014 as a hybrid SACD on the SFS Media label , and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album .",
"The 1957 original Broadway cast album , with Carol Lawrence as Maria , Larry Kert as Tony and Chita Rivera as Anita .",
"A 1959 recording by the pianist André Previn comprised jazz versions of eight songs from the musical .",
"The movie soundtrack , with Marni Nixon singing Maria 's role ( played in the film by Natalie Wood ) and Tony ( played in the film by Richard Beymer ) sung by Jimmy Bryant . It won the Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast from Motion Picture or Television . The 1992 remastered re-release of this album included the `` Overture '' , the `` End Credits '' music , the complete `` Dance at the Gym '' and dialogue from the film . The 2004 re-release added the `` Intermission '' music .",
"In 1961 , Cal Tjader released a jazz version , arranged by Clare Fischer , on Fantasy Records . The album was re-released in 2002 as Cal Tjader Plays Harold Arlen & West Side Story ( double CD ) .",
"In 1961 , Stan Kenton recorded Kenton 's West Side Story ( a jazz version ) that received a 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance -- Large Group ( Instrumental ) .",
"In 1962 , Oscar Peterson and his trio recorded a jazz version , West Side Story .",
"In 1962 , Dave Brubeck recorded jazz versions of selections from the film score on Music From West Side Story .",
"In 1963 , Bill Barron recorded West Side Story Bossa Nova ( Dauntless , 1963 )",
"In 1984 , Bernstein re-recorded the musical , conducting his own music for the first time . Generally known as the `` operatic version '' of West Side Story , it stars Kiri Te Kanawa as Maria , José Carreras as Tony , Tatiana Troyanos as Anita , Kurt Ollmann as Riff , Louise Edeiken as Rosalia , and Marilyn Horne as the offstage voice who sings `` Somewhere '' . It won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1985 . The recording process was filmed as a documentary The Making of West Side Story , which was made by the BBC for Unitel , Produced by Humphrey Burton and Directed by Christopher Swann . The documentary won the Flaherty BAFTA for documentary direction , a Prix Italia and was nominated for a Prime Time Emmy .",
"A 1993 recording on the TER label , the first recording to document the full score including the overture performed by Britain 's National Symphony Orchestra using cast members of the 1992 Leicester Haymarket Theatre production , conducted by John Owen Edwards .",
"In 1996 , RCA Victor released the tribute album The Songs of West Side Story featuring new versions of the songs from the musical sung by popular music stars , including : `` The Jet Song '' sung by Brian Setzer , `` A Boy Like That '' sung by Selena , `` I feel Pretty '' sung by Little Richard , two versions of `` Somewhere '' performed by Aretha Franklin and Phil Collins , `` Tonight '' sung by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Loggins , `` America '' sung by Patti LaBelle , Natalie Cole and Sheila E. , `` I Have a Love '' sung by Trisha Yearwood and `` Rumble '' performed by Chick Corea Elektric Band and Steve Vai 's Monsters . Proceeds from the sale of this album go to benefit the Leonard Bernstein Education Through The Arts Fund , the NARAS Foundation and The Leonard Bernstein Center at Nashville , Tennessee .",
"In 2002 , Naxos Records released a CD with the Nashville Symphony Orchestra playing the music with soloists Mike Eldred ( Tony ) , Betsi Morrison ( Maria ) , Marianne Cook ( Anita ) , Robert Dean ( Riff ) , Michael San Giovanni , Joanna Chozen , and Michelle Prentice .",
"A 2007 tribute album entitled A Place for Us marking the 50th anniversary of the show . The album features cover versions previously recorded and a new recording of `` Tonight '' by Kristin Chenoweth and Hugh Panaro .",
"A 2007 recording was released by Decca Broadway in honor of West Side Story 's 50th anniversary . This album stars Hayley Westenra as Maria and Vittorio Grigolo as Tony . The Bernstein Foundation in New York has authorized the recording . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Show Album .",
"Bernstein recorded the Symphonic Dances suite with the New York Philharmonic in 1961 , and with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1983 . The Symphonic Dances have entered the repertoire of many major world orchestras , most recently by the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra under Gustavo Dudamel . It has been recorded by many orchestras , including the San Francisco Symphony under the direction of Seiji Ozawa .",
"The 2009 new Broadway cast album , with Josefina Scaglione as Maria , Matt Cavenaugh as Tony and Karen Olivo as Anita won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album .",
"A live , semi-staged 2013 recording by the San Francisco Symphony under Music Director Michael Tilson Thomas , featuring Cheyenne Jackson , Alexandra Silber and others , debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Classical Albums chart in May 2014 . It was released in 2014 as a hybrid SACD on the SFS Media label , and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album .",
"On October 18 , 1961 , a film adaptation of the musical was released . It received praise from critics and the public , and became the second highest - grossing film of the year in the United States . The film won ten Academy Awards in its eleven nominated categories , including Best Picture . The film holds the distinction of being the musical film with the most Academy Award wins ( 10 wins ) , including Best Picture . Rita Moreno ( Anita ) was the first Latina actress ever to win an Oscar . The soundtrack album won a Grammy Award and was ranked No. 1 on the Billboard chart for a record 54 weeks .",
"Differences in the film adaptation from the stage version include that `` Tonight '' is moved to follow `` America '' ; Bernardo sings a line in `` America '' instead of Rosalia , with changes in the lyrics . Diesel is renamed Ice . `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' is moved before `` Cool '' and is sung by Riff instead of Action , and `` Cool '' is sung by Ice instead of Riff . After Riff is killed , Ice takes control of the Jets , rather than Action .",
"In addition to Bernstein 's own West Side Story Suite , the music from the musical has been adapted by The Buddy Rich Big Band , which arranged and recorded `` West Side Story Medley '' on the 1966 album Buddy Rich 's Swingin ' New Big Band . The Stan Kenton Orchestra recorded Johnny Richards ' 1961 Kenton 's West Side Story , an album of jazz orchestrations based on the Bernstein scores . It won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Recording by a Large Group . The 1996 album The Songs of West Side Story included covers by such diverse artists as Selena ( `` A Boy Like That '' ) , Little Richard ( `` I Feel Pretty '' ) , Trisha Yearwood ( `` I Have a Love '' ) and Salt - n - Pepa , Def Jef , Lisa Lopes , the Jerky Boys , and Paul Rodriguez all collaborating on `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , as well as Chick Corea Elektric Band collaborating with Steve Vai 's Monsters on `` Rumble '' .",
"The television show Curb Your Enthusiasm extensively referenced West Side Story in the season seven episode `` Officer Krupke '' . An episode of Welcome Back , Kotter , `` Sweatside Story '' , parodies West Side Story when the Sweathogs engage in a rumble with students from rival New Utrecht High School . In the third season of the series Glee , three episodes feature characters auditioning , rehearsing and performing a school production of West Side Story . Songs from the musical are performed in episode 2 `` I Am Unicorn '' , episode 3 `` Asian F '' and episode 5 `` The First Time '' and also given digital releases . The Animaniacs episode `` West Side Pigeons '' features a parody romance and rivalry that mirrors that of the Jets and the Sharks . In the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` The League of Cats '' , Tom 's and Jerry 's respective leagues act very similar to the Jets and the Sharks . They also perform a number similar to the `` Jet Song '' .",
"In film , Pixar animator Aaron Hartline used the first meeting between Tony and Maria as inspiration for the moment when Ken meets Barbie in Toy Story 3 . In the 2013 movie Teen Beach Movie , two teens are trapped inside a movie called Wet Side Story , in which a group of surfers and a group of bikers are competing in a turf war . Bring It On : In It to Win It has a plot that parallels West Side Story , and makes the reference explicit to the point where the two rival cheerleading squads are named the Jets and the Sharks . The 2005 short musical comedy film West Bank Story , which won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film , concerns a love story between a Jew and a Palestinian and parodies several aspects of West Side Story .",
"In 1963 , Mad Magazine published `` East Side Story '' set at the United Nations building on the East Side of Manhattan , a parody of the Cold War , with the two rival gangs led by John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev , by writer Frank Jacobs and illustrator Mort Drucker . From 1973 to 2004 , Wild Side Story , a camp parody musical , based loosely on West Side Story and adapting parts of the musical 's music and lyrics , was performed a total of more than 500 times in Miami Beach , Florida , Stockholm , Gran Canaria and Los Angeles . The show lampoons the musical 's tragic love story , and also lip - synching and drag shows .",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1958 Theatre World Award Carol Lawrence Won Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Carol Lawrence Nominated Best Choreography Jerome Robbins Won Best Scenic Design Oliver Smith Won Best Costume Design Irene Sharaff Nominated Best Conductor and Musical Director Max Goberman Nominated",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result",
"1958 Theatre World Award Carol Lawrence Won",
"Tony Award Best Musical Nominated",
"Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Carol Lawrence Nominated",
"Best Choreography Jerome Robbins Won",
"Best Scenic Design Oliver Smith Won",
"Best Costume Design Irene Sharaff Nominated",
"Best Conductor and Musical Director Max Goberman Nominated",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1964 Tony Award Best Producer of a Musical City Center Light Opera Company Nominated Best Conductor and Musical Director Charles Jaffe Nominated",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result",
"1964 Tony Award Best Producer of a Musical City Center Light Opera Company Nominated",
"Best Conductor and Musical Director Charles Jaffe Nominated",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1980 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Debbie Allen Won Tony Award Best Revival Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Josie de Guzman Nominated Debbie Allen Nominated",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result",
"1980 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Debbie Allen Won",
"Tony Award Best Revival Nominated",
"Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Josie de Guzman Nominated",
"Debbie Allen Nominated",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Sofia Escobar Nominated",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result",
"2009 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated",
"Best Actress in a Musical Sofia Escobar Nominated",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role in a Musical Josefina Scaglione Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Karen Olivo Won Best Lighting Design Howell Binkley Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Karen Olivo Nominated Theatre World Award Josefina Scaglione Won",
"Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result",
"2009 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated",
"Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role in a Musical Josefina Scaglione Nominated",
"Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Karen Olivo Won",
"Best Lighting Design Howell Binkley Nominated",
"Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated",
"Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Karen Olivo Nominated",
"Theatre World Award Josefina Scaglione Won"
] | West Side Story - wikipedia West Side Story This article is about the stage musical. For the film version, see West Side Story (film) . West Side Story Original cast recording Music Leonard Bernstein Lyrics Stephen Sondheim Book Arthur Laurents Basis Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Productions 1957 Washington, D.C. (tryout) 1957 Philadelphia (tryout) 1957 Broadway 1958 West End 1959 US tour 1960 Broadway (return) 1961 Film 1964 Broadway 1974 West End 1980 Broadway 1984 West End 1985 US tour 1995 US tour 1998 West End 2009 Broadway 2010 US tour West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents , music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid 1950s, an ethnic, blue-collar neighborhood (in the early 1960s, much of the neighborhood was cleared in an urban renewal project for Lincoln Center , which changed the neighborhood's character). The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The members of the Sharks, from Puerto Rico , are taunted by the Jets, a white gang. The young protagonist, Tony, a former member of the Jets and best friend of the gang's leader, Riff, falls in love with Maria, the sister of Bernardo, the leader of the Sharks. The dark theme, sophisticated music, extended dance scenes, and focus on social problems marked a turning point in American musical theatre. Bernstein's score for the musical includes `` Something's Coming '' , `` Maria '' , `` America '' , `` Somewhere '' , `` Tonight '' , `` Jet Song'' , `` I Feel Pretty '' , `` A Boy Like That '' , `` One Hand, One Heart '' , `` Gee, Officer Krupke '' , and `` Cool '' . The original 1957 Broadway production, conceived, directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince , marked Sondheim's Broadway debut. It ran for 732 performances before going on tour. The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical in 1957, but the award for Best Musical went to Meredith Willson 's The Music Man . Robbins won the Tony Award for his choreography and Oliver Smith won for his scenic designs. The show had an even longer-running London production, a number of revivals and international productions. A 1961 musical film adaptation , directed by Robert Wise and Robbins, starred Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Rita Moreno , George Chakiris and Russ Tamblyn . The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won ten, including George Chakiris for Supporting Actor , Rita Moreno for Supporting Actress , and Best Picture . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Genesis 1.2 Collaboration and development 1.3 Production period 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act 1 2.2 Act 2 3 Characters 4 Casts 5 Musical numbers 5.1 Act 1 5.2 Act 2 6 Productions 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 UK productions 6.3 1980 Broadway revival 6.4 2009 Broadway revival 6.5 Other notable US productions and tours 6.6 International productions 7 Critical reaction 8 Score 9 Recordings 10 Film 11 References in popular culture 12 Awards and nominations 12.1 Original Broadway production 12.2 1964 Broadway revival 12.3 1980 Broadway revival 12.4 2008 West End revival 12.5 2009 Broadway revival 13 References 14 Sources 15 Further reading 16 External links Background ( edit ) L-R: Elizabeth Taylor, Carmen Guitterez, Marilyn Cooper , and Carol Lawrence from the original Broadway cast sing `` I Feel Pretty '' (1957) Genesis ( edit ) In 1947, Jerome Robbins approached Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents about collaborating on a contemporary musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet . He proposed that the plot focus on the conflict between an Irish Catholic family and a Jewish family living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan , during the Easter-- Passover season. The girl has survived the Holocaust and emigrated from Israel; the conflict was to be centered around anti-Semitism of the Catholic `` Jets'' towards the Jewish `` Emeralds'' (a name that made its way into the script as a reference). Eager to write his first musical, Laurents immediately agreed. Bernstein wanted to present the material in operatic form, but Robbins and Laurents resisted the suggestion. They described the project as `` lyric theater'' , and Laurents wrote a first draft he called East Side Story . Only after he completed it did the group realize it was little more than a musicalization of themes that had already been covered in plays like Abie's Irish Rose . When he opted to drop out, the three men went their separate ways, and the piece was shelved for almost five years. In 1955, theatrical producer Martin Gabel was working on a stage adaptation of the James M. Cain novel Serenade , about an opera singer who comes to the realization he is homosexual, and he invited Laurents to write the book. Laurents accepted and suggested Bernstein and Robbins join the creative team. Robbins felt if the three were going to join forces, they should return to East Side Story , and Bernstein agreed. Laurents, however, was committed to Gabel, who introduced him to the young composer/lyricist Stephen Sondheim . Sondheim auditioned by playing the score for Saturday Night , his musical that was scheduled to open in the fall. Laurents liked the lyrics but was not impressed with the music. Sondheim did not care for Laurents' opinion. Serenade ultimately was shelved. Laurents was soon hired to write the screenplay for a remake of the 1934 Greta Garbo film The Painted Veil for Ava Gardner . While in Hollywood, he contacted Bernstein, who was in town conducting at the Hollywood Bowl . The two met at The Beverly Hills Hotel , and the conversation turned to juvenile delinquent gangs , a fairly recent social phenomenon that had received major coverage on the front pages of the morning newspapers due to a Chicano turf war. Bernstein suggested they rework East Side Story and set it in Los Angeles, but Laurents felt he was more familiar with Puerto Rican immigrants and Harlem than he was with Mexican Americans and Olvera Street . The two contacted Robbins, who was enthusiastic about a musical with a Latin beat. He arrived in Hollywood to choreograph the dance sequences for The King and I , and he and Laurents began developing the musical while working on their respective projects, keeping in touch with Bernstein, who had returned to New York. When the producer of The Painted Veil replaced Gardner with Eleanor Parker and asked Laurents to revise his script with her in mind, he backed out of the film, freeing him to devote all his time to the stage musical. Collaboration and development ( edit ) In New York City, Laurents went to the opening night party for a new play by Ugo Betti , and there he met Sondheim, who had heard that East Side Story , now retitled West Side Story , was back on track. Bernstein had decided he needed to concentrate solely on the music, and he and Robbins had invited Betty Comden and Adolph Green to write the lyrics, but the team opted to work on Peter Pan instead. Laurents asked Sondheim if he would be interested in tackling the task. Initially he resisted, because he was determined to write the full score for his next project ( Saturday Night had been aborted), but Oscar Hammerstein convinced him that he would benefit from the experience, and he accepted. Meanwhile, Laurents had written a new draft of the book changing the characters' backgrounds: Anton, once an Irish American, was now of Polish and Irish descent, and the formerly Jewish Maria had become a Puerto Rican. The original book Laurents wrote closely adhered to Romeo and Juliet , but the characters based on Rosaline and the parents of the doomed lovers were eliminated early on. Later the scenes related to Juliet's faking her death and committing suicide also were deleted. Language posed a problem; four-letter curse words were uncommon in the theater at the time, and slang expressions were avoided for fear they would be dated by the time the production opened. Laurents ultimately invented what sounded like real street talk but actually was not: `` cut the frabba-jabba'' , for example. Sondheim converted long passages of dialogue, and sometimes just a simple phrase like `` A boy like that would kill your brother'' , into lyrics. With the help of Oscar Hammerstein, Laurents convinced Bernstein and Sondheim to move `` One Hand, One Heart'' , which he considered too pristine for the balcony scene, to the scene set in the bridal shop, and as a result `` Tonight'' was written to replace it. Laurents felt that the building tension needed to be alleviated in order to increase the impact of the play's tragic outcome, so comic relief in the form of Officer Krupke was added to the second act. He was outvoted on other issues: he felt the lyrics to `` America '' and `` I Feel Pretty '' were too witty for the characters singing them, but they stayed in the score and proved to be audience favorites. Another song, `` Kid Stuff'' , was added and quickly removed during the Washington, D.C. tryout when Laurents convinced the others it was helping tip the balance of the show into typical musical comedy. Bernstein composed West Side Story and Candide concurrently, which led to some switches of material between the two works. Tony and Maria's duet, `` One Hand, One Heart'' , was originally intended for Cunegonde in Candide . The music of `` Gee, Officer Krupke'' was pulled from the Venice scene in Candide . Laurents explained the style that the creative team finally decided on: Just as Tony and Maria, our Romeo and Juliet, set themselves apart from the other kids by their love, so we have tried to set them even further apart by their language, their songs, their movement. Wherever possible in the show, we have tried to heighten emotion or to articulate inarticulate adolescence through music, song or dance. The show was nearly complete in the fall of 1956, but almost everyone on the creative team needed to fulfill other commitments first. Robbins was involved with Bells Are Ringing , then Bernstein with Candide , and in January 1957 A Clearing in the Woods , Laurents' latest play, opened and quickly closed. When a backers' audition failed to raise any money for West Side Story late in the spring of 1957, only two months before the show was to begin rehearsals, producer Cheryl Crawford pulled out of the project. Every other producer had already turned down the show, deeming it too dark and depressing. Bernstein was despondent, but Sondheim convinced his friend Hal Prince , who was in Boston overseeing the out-of-town tryout of the new George Abbott musical New Girl in Town , to read the script. He liked it but decided to ask Abbott, his longtime mentor, for his opinion, and Abbott advised him to turn it down. Prince, aware that Abbott was the primary reason New Girl was in trouble, decided to ignore him, and he and his producing partner Robert Griffith flew to New York to hear the score. In his memoirs, Prince recalled, `` Sondheim and Bernstein sat at the piano playing through the music, and soon I was singing along with them.'' Production period ( edit ) Larry Kert as Tony, original Broadway production (1957) Kert and Lawrence in the balcony scene (1957) Prince began cutting the budget and raising money. Robbins then announced he did not want to choreograph the show, but changed his mind when Prince agreed to an eight-week dance rehearsal period (instead of the customary four), since there was to be more dancing in West Side Story than in any previous Broadway show, and allowed Robbins to hire Peter Gennaro as his assistant. Originally, when considering the cast, Laurents wanted James Dean for the lead role of Tony, but the actor soon died. Sondheim found Larry Kert and Chita Rivera , who created the roles of Tony and Anita, respectively. Getting the work on stage was still not easy. Bernstein said: Everyone told us that ( West Side Story ) was an impossible project ... And we were told no one was going to be able to sing augmented fourths , as with `` Ma-ri-a'' ... Also, they said the score was too rangy for pop music ... Besides, who wanted to see a show in which the first-act curtain comes down on two dead bodies lying on the stage?... And then we had the really tough problem of casting it, because the characters had to be able not only to sing but dance and act and be taken for teenagers. Ultimately, some of the cast were teenagers, some were 21, some were 30 but looked 16. Some were wonderful singers but couldn't dance very well, or vice versa ... and if they could do both, they couldn't act. Throughout the rehearsal period, the New York newspapers were filled with articles about gang warfare, keeping the show's plot timely. Robbins kept the cast members playing the Sharks and the Jets separate in order to discourage them from socializing with each other and reminded everyone of the reality of gang violence by posting news stories on the bulletin board backstage. Robbins wanted a gritty realism from his sneaker- and jeans-clad cast. He gave the ensemble more freedom than Broadway dancers had previously been given to interpret their roles, and the dancers were thrilled to be treated like actors instead of just choreographed bodies. As the rehearsals wore on, Bernstein fought to keep his score together, as other members of the team called on him to cut out more and more of the sweeping or complex `` operatic'' passages. Columbia Records initially declined to record the cast album , saying the score was too depressing and too difficult. There were problems with Oliver Smith 's designs. His painted backdrops were stunning, but the sets were, for the most part, either shabby looking or too stylized. Prince refused to spend money on new construction, and Smith was obliged to improve what he had as best he could with very little money to do it. The pre-Broadway run in Washington, D.C. was a critical and commercial success, although none of the reviews mentioned Sondheim, listed as co-lyricist, who was overshadowed by the better-known Bernstein. Bernstein magnanimously removed his name as co-author of the lyrics, although Sondheim was uncertain he wanted to receive sole credit for what he considered to be overly florid contributions by Bernstein. Robbins demanded and received a `` Conceived by'' credit, and used it to justify his making major decisions regarding changes in the show without consulting the others. As a result, by opening night on Broadway, none of his collaborators were talking to him. It has been rumored that while Bernstein was off trying to fix the musical Candide , Sondheim wrote some of the music for West Side Story , and that Bernstein's co-lyricist billing mysteriously disappeared from the credits of West Side Story during the tryout, presumably as a trade-off. However, Suskin writes in Show Tunes that `` As the writing progressed and the extent of Bernstein's lyric contributions became less, the composer agreed to rescind his credit...Contrary to rumor, Sondheim did not write music for the show; his only contribution came on `` Something's Coming'' , where he developed the main strain of the chorus from music Bernstein wrote for the verse. ) Synopsis ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) Two rival teenage gangs, the Jets (White Americans) and the Sharks (Puerto Rican Americans), struggle for control of their neighborhood on the Upper West Side of New York City (Prologue). They are warned by police officers Krupke and Lt. Schrank to stop fighting on their beat. The police chase the Sharks off, and then the Jets plan how they can assure their continued dominance of the street. The Jets' leader, Riff, suggests setting up a rumble with the Sharks. He plans to make the challenge to Bernardo, the Sharks' leader, that night at the neighborhood dance. Riff wants to convince his friend and former member of the Jets, Tony, to meet the Jets at the dance. Some of the Jets are unsure of his loyalty, but Riff is adamant that Tony is still one of them (`` Jet Song'' ). Riff meets Tony while he's working at Doc's Drugstore to persuade him to come. Tony initially refuses, but Riff wins him over. Tony is convinced that something important is round the corner (`` Something's Coming'' ). Maria works in a bridal shop with Anita, the girlfriend of her brother, Bernardo. Maria has just arrived from Puerto Rico for her arranged marriage to Chino, a friend of Bernardo's . Maria confesses to Anita that she is not in love with Chino. Anita makes Maria a dress to wear to the neighborhood dance. The Shark girls extol the virtues of `` America '' in Portland Center Stage 's production of West Side Story in 2007. At the dance, after introductions, the teenagers begin to dance; soon a challenge dance is called (`` Dance at the Gym'' ), during which Tony and Maria (who aren't taking part in the challenge dance) see each other across the room and are drawn to each other. They dance together, forgetting the tension in the room, and fall in love, but Bernardo pulls his sister from Tony and sends her home. Riff and Bernardo agree to meet for a War Council at Doc's , a drug store which is considered neutral ground, but meanwhile, an infatuated and happy Tony finds Maria's building and serenades her outside her bedroom (`` Maria'' ). She appears on her fire escape, and the two profess their love for one another (`` Tonight '' ). Meanwhile, Anita, Rosalia, and the other Shark girls discuss the differences between the territory of Puerto Rico and the mainland United States of America, with Anita defending America, and Rosalia yearning for Puerto Rico (`` America '' ). The Jets get antsy while waiting for the Sharks inside Doc's Drug Store. Riff helps them let out their aggression (`` Cool'' ). The Sharks arrive to discuss weapons to use in the rumble. Tony suggests `` a fair fight'' (fists only), which the leaders agree to, despite the other members' protests. Bernardo believes that he will fight Tony, but must settle for fighting Diesel, Riff's second-in-command, instead. This is followed by a monologue by the ineffective Lt. Schrank trying to find out the location of the rumble. Tony tells Doc about Maria. Doc is worried for them while Tony is convinced that nothing can go wrong; he is in love. Tony stabs Bernardo in the 1957 Broadway production. The next day, Maria is in a very happy mood at the bridal shop, as she anticipates seeing Tony again. However, she learns about the upcoming rumble from Anita and is dismayed. When Tony arrives, Maria asks him to stop the fight altogether, which he agrees to do. Before he goes, they dream of their wedding (`` One Hand, One Heart'' ). Tony, Maria, Anita, Bernardo and the Sharks, and Riff and the Jets all anticipate the events to come that night (`` Tonight Quintet '' ). The gangs meet under the highway and, as the fight between Bernardo and Diesel begins, Tony arrives and tries to stop it. Though Bernardo taunts and provokes Tony, ridiculing his attempt to make peace, Tony keeps his composure. When Bernardo pushes Tony, Riff punches him in Tony's defense. The two draw their switchblades and get in a fight (`` The Rumble'' ). Tony attempts to intervene, inadvertently leading to Riff being fatally stabbed by Bernardo. Tony kills Bernardo in a fit of rage, which in turn provokes an all-out fight like the fight in the Prologue. The sound of approaching police sirens is heard, and everyone scatters, except Tony, who stands in shock at what he has done. The tomboy Anybodys, who stubbornly wishes that she could become a Jet, tells Tony to flee from the scene at the last moment and flees with the knives. Only the bodies of Riff and Bernardo remain. Act 2 ( edit ) Tony (Justin Gordon) and Maria (Erica Racz) in a Pacific Repertory Theatre production in 2001. Blissfully unaware of the gangs' plans for that night, Maria daydreams with her friends, Rosalia, Consuelo , Teresita and Francisca, about seeing Tony (`` I Feel Pretty'' ). Later, as Maria dances on the roof happily because she has seen Tony and believes he went to stop the rumble, Chino brings the news that Tony has killed Bernardo. Maria flees to her bedroom, praying that Chino is lying. Tony arrives to see Maria and she initially pounds on his chest with rage, but she still loves him. They plan to run away together. As the walls of Maria's bedroom disappear, they find themselves in a dreamlike world of peace (`` Somewhere '' ). Two of the Jets, A-Rab and Baby John, are set on by Officer Krupke, but they manage to escape him. They meet the rest of the gang. To cheer themselves up, they lampoon Officer Krupke, and the other adults who don't understand them (`` Gee, Officer Krupke '' ). Anybodys arrives and tells the Jets she has been spying on the Puerto Ricans; she has discovered that Chino is looking for Tony with a gun. The gang separates to find Tony. Action has taken charge; he accepts Anybodys into the Jets and includes her in the search. A grieving Anita arrives at Maria's apartment. As Tony leaves, he tells Maria to meet him at Doc's so they can run away to the country. In spite of her attempts to conceal it, Anita sees that Tony has been with Maria, and launches an angry tirade against him (`` A Boy Like That '' ). Maria counters by telling Anita how powerful love is (`` I Have a Love'' ), and Anita realizes that Maria loves Tony as much as she had loved Bernardo. She admits that Chino has a gun and is looking for Tony. Lt. Schrank arrives to question Maria about her brother's death, and Anita agrees to go to Doc's to tell Tony to wait. Unfortunately, the Jets, who have found Tony, have congregated at Doc's , and they taunt Anita with racist slurs and eventually simulate rape. Doc arrives and stops them. Anita is furious, and in anger spitefully delivers the wrong message, telling the Jets that Chino has shot Maria dead. Doc relates the news to Tony, who has been dreaming of heading to the countryside to have children with Maria. Feeling there is no longer anything to live for, Tony leaves to find Chino, begging for him to shoot him as well. Just as Tony sees Maria alive, Chino arrives and shoots Tony. The Jets, Sharks, and adults flock around the lovers. Maria holds Tony in her arms (and sings a quiet, brief reprise of `` Somewhere'' ) as he dies. Angry at the death of another friend, the Jets move towards the Sharks but Maria takes Chino's gun and tells everyone that `` all of (them)'' killed Tony and the others because of their hate for each other, and, `` Now I can kill too, because now I have hate!'' she yells. However, she is unable to bring herself to fire the gun and drops it, crying in grief. Gradually, all the members of both gangs assemble on either side of Tony's body, showing that the feud is over. The Jets and Sharks form a procession, and together carry Tony away, with Maria the last one in the procession. Characters ( edit ) `` Gee, Officer Krupke'' sung by the Jets, original Broadway cast (1957) The Jets Riff, the leader Tony, his best friend Diesel (Ice in film), Riff's lieutenant Action, A-Rab, Baby John, Big Deal, Gee-Tar, Mouthpiece, Snowboy, Tiger and Anybodys The Jet Girls Velma (Riff's girlfriend), Graziella (Diesel's girlfriend), Minnie, Clarice and Pauline The Sharks Bernardo, the leader Chino, his best friend Pepe, second-in-command Indio, Luis, Anxious, Nibbles, Juano, Toro and Moose The Shark Girls Maria, Bernardo's sister Anita, Bernardo's girlfriend Rosalia, Consuelo, Teresita, Francisca, Estella and Marguerita The Adults Doc, owner of the local drugstore/soda shop. Schrank, racist local police lieutenant. Krupke, neighborhood cop and Schrank's right hand man. Glad Hand, well meaning social worker in charge of the dance. Casts ( edit ) Character Original Broadway Cast 1957 Original West End 1958 Broadway Revival 1980 Broadway Revival 2009 Tony Larry Kert Don McKay Ken Marshall Matt Cavenaugh Maria Carol Lawrence Marlys Watters Josie de Guzman Josefina Scaglione Riff Michael Callan George Chakiris James J. Mellon Cody Green Bernardo Ken LeRoy Héctor Jaime Mercado George Akram Anita Chita Rivera Debbie Allen Karen Olivo Lt. Schrank Arch Johnson Ted Gunther Arch Johnson Steve Bassett Doc Art Smith David Bauer Sammy Smith Greg Vinkler Krupke William Bramley Hal Galili John Bentley Lee Sellars Musical numbers ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) `` Prologue'' -- Orchestra, danced by Jets & Sharks `` Jet Song'' -- Riff & Jets `` Something's Coming '' -- Tony `` The Dance at the Gym'' -- Jets & Sharks `` Maria '' -- Tony `` Tonight '' -- Tony & Maria `` America '' -- Anita, Rosalia, & Shark Girls `` Cool '' -- Riff & Jets `` One Hand, One Heart '' -- Tony & Maria `` Tonight (Quintet & Chorus) '' -- Company `` The Rumble'' -- Orchestra, danced by Riff, Bernardo, Sharks & Jets Act 2 ( edit ) `` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria, Rosalia, Estella, & Consuelo `` Somewhere '' -- Consuelo, danced by Company `` Gee, Officer Krupke '' -- Action, Snowboy & Jets `` A Boy Like That '' -- Anita & Maria `` I Have a Love'' -- Anita & Maria `` Finale'' -- Company Notes In the 1964 and 1980 revivals, `` Somewhere'' was sung by Francisca rather than Consuelo. In the 2009 revival, `` Cool'' was performed by Riff, the Jets, and the Jet Girls . `` I Feel Pretty'' was sung in Spanish as `` Siento Hermosa '' and `` A Boy Like That'' was sung in Spanish as `` Un Hombre Así '' . `` Somewhere'' was sung by Kiddo, a young Jet. Productions ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) After tryouts in Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia beginning in August 1957, the original Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 26, 1957, to positive reviews. The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins , orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal , and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince , with lighting designed by Jean Rosenthal . The cast starred Larry Kert as Tony, Carol Lawrence as Maria, Chita Rivera as Anita and David Winters as Baby John. The other notable cast members in the original production were: Riff: Michael Callan , A-Rab: Tony Mordente , Big Deal: Martin Charnin , Gee-Tar: Tommy Abbott , Chino: Jamie Sanchez , Rosalia: Marilyn Cooper , Consuela ( sic ): Reri Grist and Doc: Art Smith . The production closed on June 27, 1959, after 732 performances. Robbins won the Tony Award for Best Choreographer, and Oliver Smith won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer. Also nominated were Carol Lawrence as Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical, Max Goberman as Best Musical Director and Conductor, and Irene Sharaff for Best Costume Design. Carol Lawrence received the 1958 Theatre World Award . The production's national tour was launched on July 1, 1959, in Denver and then played in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Detroit, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Boston. It returned to the Winter Garden Theater in New York in April 1960 for another 249 performance engagement, closing in December. UK productions ( edit ) A 1958 production at the Manchester Opera House transferred to London, where it opened at Her Majesty's Theatre in the West End on December 12, 1958 and ran until June 1961 with a total of 1,039 performances. Robbins directed and choreographed, and it was co-choreographed by Peter Gennaro , with scenery by Oliver Smith. Featured performers were George Chakiris , who won an Academy Award as Bernardo in the 1961 film version, as Riff, Marlys Watters as Maria, Don McKay as Tony, and Chita Rivera reprising her Broadway role as Anita. David Holliday , who had been playing Gladhand since the London opening, took over as Tony. A 1984 London production originated at Leicester Haymarket Theatre and transferred on May 16, 1984 to Her Majesty's Theatre . It closed September 28, 1985. The 1980 Broadway production was recreated by Tom Abbott. The cast starred Steven Pacey as Tony and Jan Hartley as Maria. Maxine Gordon was Anybodys. A UK national tour started in 1997 and starred David Habbin as Tony, Katie Knight Adams as Maria and Anna-Jane Casey as Anita. The production transferred to London's West End opening at the Prince Edward Theatre in October 1998, transferring to the Prince of Wales Theatre where it closed in January 2000. The production subsequently toured the UK for a second time. 1980 Broadway revival ( edit ) A Broadway revival opened at the Minskoff Theatre on February 14, 1980 and closed on November 30, 1980, after 333 performances. It was directed and choreographed by Robbins, with the book scenes co-directed by Gerald Freedman ; produced by Gladys Nederlander and Tom Abbott and Lee Becker Theodore assisted the choreography reproduction. The original scenic, lighting, and costume designs were used. It starred Ken Marshall as Tony, Josie de Guzman as Maria and Debbie Allen as Anita. Both de Guzman and Allen received Tony Award nominations as Best Featured Actress in a Musical, and the musical was nominated as Best Reproduction (Play or Musical). Allen won the Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical. Other notable cast members in the revival included Brent Barrett as Diesel, Harolyn Blackwell as Francisca, Stephen Bogardus as Mouth Piece and Reed Jones as Big Deal. The Minskoff production subsequently opened the Nervi Festival in Genoa , Italy, in July 1981 with Josie de Guzman as Maria and Brent Barrett as Tony. 2009 Broadway revival ( edit ) In 2007, Arthur Laurents stated, `` I've come up with a way of doing ( West Side Story ) that will make it absolutely contemporary without changing a word or a note.'' He directed a pre-Broadway production of West Side Story at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C. that ran from December 15, 2008, through January 17, 2009. The Broadway revival began previews at the Palace Theatre on February 23, 2009, and opened on March 19, 2009. The production wove Spanish lyrics and dialogue into the English libretto. The translations are by Tony Award winner Lin-Manuel Miranda . Laurents stated, `` The musical theatre and cultural conventions of 1957 made it next to impossible for the characters to have authenticity. Every member of both gangs was always a potential killer even then. Now they actually will be. Only Tony and Maria try to live in a different world'' . In August 2009, some of the lyrics for `` A Boy Like That'' (`` Un Hombre Asi'' ) and `` I Feel Pretty'' (`` Me Siento Hermosa'' ), which were previously sung in Spanish in the revival, were changed back to the original English. However, the Spanish lyrics sung by the Sharks in the `` Tonight'' (Quintet) remained in Spanish. The cast featured Matt Cavenaugh as Tony, Josefina Scaglione as Maria and Karen Olivo as Anita. Olivo won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress , while Scaglione was nominated for the award for Leading Actress . The cast recording won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album . In July 2010, the producers reduced the size of the orchestra, replacing five musicians with an off-stage synthesizer. The production closed on January 2, 2011 after 748 performances and 27 previews. The revival sold 1,074,462 tickets on Broadway over the course of nearly two years. Other notable us productions and tours ( edit ) The New York City Center Light Opera Company production played for a limited engagement of 31 performances from April 8, 1964 to May 3, 1964. The cast featured Don McKay (Tony), Julia Migenes (Maria) and Luba Lisa (Anita). It was staged by Gerald Freedman with choreography re-mounted by Tom Abbott. The Musical Theater of Lincoln Center and Richard Rodgers production opened at the New York State Theater , Lincoln Center, in June 1968 and closed in September 1968 after 89 performances. Direction and choreography were reproduced by Lee Theodore, and scenery was by Oliver Smith. Tony was played by Kurt Peterson, with Victoria Mallory as Maria. A 1987 U.S. tour starred Jack Wagner as Tony, with Valarie Pettiford as Anita and was directed by Alan Johnson . A national tour, directed by Alan Johnson, was produced in 2002. A national tour of the 2009 Broadway revival began in October 2010 at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit, Michigan, and toured for two seasons. The cast featured Kyle Harris as Tony and Ali Ewoldt as Maria. The musical has also been adapted to be performed as Deaf Side Story using both English and American Sign Language , with deaf Sharks and hearing Jets. International productions ( edit ) The original Australian production opened in October 1960 at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne, before touring to the Tivoli Theatre in Sydney in February 1961. Subsequent Australian national tours have been staged in 1983, 1994 and 2010. In 1961, a tour of Israel, Africa and the Near East was mounted. In February 1962, the West End ( H.M. Tennent ) production launched a five-month Scandinavian tour opening in Copenhagen, continuing to Oslo, Gothenburg, Stockholm and Helsinki. Robert Jeffrey took over from David Holliday as Tony and Jill Martin played Maria. In 1977, Amor Sin Barreras was produced in Mexico City by Alfonso Rosas Prigo, & Ruben Boido, Direction by Ruben Boido, presented at the Hidalgo Theater. Gualberto Castro played the part of Tony; Maria Medina was Maria, among other cast members was Macaria . From 1982-- 1984 a tour of South America, Israel and Europe was mounted with talent from New York. The Director/Choreographers for that production were Jay Norman and Lee Theodore, veterans of the original Broadway cast. The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has performed the show twice. It was produced by the Moon Troupe in 1998 and again in 1999 by the Star Troupe. A Hong Kong production was produced in 2000 with Cantonese lyrics, featuring Hong Kong rock star Paul Wong as Tony. It was staged at the outdoor plaza of Hong Kong Cultural Centre . Canada's Stratford Shakespeare Festival performed West Side Story in 1999, starring Tyley Ross as Tony and Ma-Anne Dionisio as Maria, and again in 2009, The Austrian Bregenz Festival presented West Side Story in a German translation by Marcel Prawy in 2003 and 2004, directed by Francesca Zambello , followed by a German tour. A French language adaptation, translated by Philippe Gobeille, opened in Montreal , Quebec, in March 2008. A Philippine version played in 2008 at the Meralco Theater . It featured Christian Bautista as Tony, Karylle and Joanna Ampil as Maria. Also in 2008, an adaptation played in Portugal, directed by Filipe La Féria , with the name West Side Story -- Amor Sem Barreiras , in the Politeama Theater , in Lisbon , with Ricardo Soler ( pt ) as Tony and Lúcia Moniz and Anabela Braz Pires splitting the role of Anita. An international tour (2005-- 2010), directed and choreographed by Joey McKneely played in Tokyo, Paris, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Singapore, São Paulo, France, Taiwan, China, Italy, Rotterdam and Madrid. In 2011, a Lima production was produced by `` Preludio Asociación Cultural'' with Marco Zunino as Tony, Rossana Fernández -Maldonado as Maria, Jesús Neyra as Bernardo, Tati Alcántara as Anita and Joaquín de Orbegoso as Riff. Critical reaction ( edit ) The creators' innovations in dance, music and theatrical style resulted in strong reactions from the critics. Walter Kerr wrote in the New York Herald Tribune on September 27, 1957: The radioactive fallout from West Side Story must still be descending on Broadway this morning. Director, choreographer, and idea-man Jerome Robbins has put together, and then blasted apart, the most savage, restless, electrifying dance patterns we've been exposed to in a dozen seasons ... the show rides with a catastrophic roar over the spider-web fire-escapes, the shadowed trestles, and the plain dirt battlegrounds of a big city feud ... there is fresh excitement in the next debacle, and the next. When a gang leader advises his cohorts to play it `` Cool'' , the intolerable tension between an effort at control and the instinctive drives of these potential killers is stingingly graphic. When the knives come out, and bodies begin to fly wildly through space under buttermilk clouds, the sheer visual excitement is breathtaking ... Mr. Bernstein has permitted himself a few moments of graceful, lingering melody: in a yearning `` Maria'' , in the hushed falling line of `` Tonight'' , in the wistful declaration of `` I Have a Love'' . But for the most part he has served the needs of the onstage threshing machine ... When hero Larry Kert is stomping out the visionary insistence of `` Something's Coming'' both music and tumultuous story are given their due. Otherwise it's the danced narrative that takes urgent precedence ... The other reviews generally joined in speculation about how the new work would influence the course of musical theater. Typical was John Chapman's review in the New York Daily News on September 27, 1957, headed: `` West Side Story a Splendid and Super-Modern Musical Drama'' . The American theatre took a venturesome forward step when the firm of Griffith & Prince presented West Side Story at the Winter Garden last evening. This is a bold new kind of musical theatre -- a juke-box Manhattan opera. It is, to me, extraordinarily exciting ... the manner of telling the story is a provocative and artful blend of music, dance and plot -- and the music and the dancing are superb. In (the score), there is the drive, the bounce, the restlessness and the sweetness of our town. It takes up the American musical idiom where it was left when George Gershwin died. It is fascinatingly tricky and melodically beguiling, and it marks the progression of an admirable composer ... Time magazine found the dance and gang warfare more compelling than the love story and noted that the show's `` putting choreography foremost, may prove a milestone in musical-drama history ...'' While critics speculated about the comic-tragic darkness of the musical, audiences were captivated. The story appealed to society's undercurrent of rebellion from authority that surfaced in 1950s films like Rebel Without a Cause . West Side Story took this one step further by combining the classic and the hip. Robbins' energetic choreography and Bernstein's grand score accentuated the satiric, hard-edged lyrics of Sondheim, and Laurents' capture of the angry voice of urban youth. The play was criticized for glamorizing gangs, and its portrayal of Puerto Ricans and lack of authentic Latin casting were weaknesses. Yet, the song `` America'' shows the triumph of the spirit over the obstacles often faced by immigrants. The musical also made points in its description of troubled youth and the devastating effects of poverty and racism. Juvenile delinquency is seen as an ailment of society: `` No one wants a fella with a social disease!'' One writer summed up the reasons for the show's popularity in these terms: `` On the cusp of the 1960s, American society, still recovering from the enormous upheaval of World War II, was seeking stability and control.'' Score ( edit ) The score for West Side Story was orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal following detailed instructions from Bernstein, who then wrote revisions on their manuscript (the original, heavily annotated by Ramin, Kostal and Bernstein himself is in the Rare Books and Manuscripts Library at Columbia University). Ramin, Kostal, and Bernstein are billed as orchestrators for the show. The orchestra consisted of 31 players: a large Broadway pit orchestra enhanced to include 5 percussionists, a guitarist and a piano/ celesta player. In 1961, Bernstein prepared a suite of orchestral music from the show, titled Symphonic Dances from West Side Story : Prologue ( Allegro Moderato ) `` Somewhere'' ( Adagio ) Scherzo ( Vivace e Leggiero ) Mambo ( Meno Presto ) Cha-Cha ( Andantino Con Grazia ) Meeting Scene ( Meno Mosso ) `` Cool'' , Fugue ( Allegretto ) Rumble ( Molto Allegro ) Finale ( Adagio ) Recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recordings of West Side Story include the following: The 1957 original Broadway cast album , with Carol Lawrence as Maria, Larry Kert as Tony and Chita Rivera as Anita. A 1959 recording by the pianist André Previn comprised jazz versions of eight songs from the musical. The movie soundtrack , with Marni Nixon singing Maria's role (played in the film by Natalie Wood ) and Tony (played in the film by Richard Beymer ) sung by Jimmy Bryant . It won the Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast from Motion Picture or Television . The 1992 remastered re-release of this album included the `` Overture'' , the `` End Credits'' music, the complete `` Dance at the Gym'' and dialogue from the film. The 2004 re-release added the `` Intermission'' music. In 1961, Cal Tjader released a jazz version , arranged by Clare Fischer , on Fantasy Records. The album was re-released in 2002 as Cal Tjader Plays Harold Arlen & West Side Story (double CD). In 1961, Stan Kenton recorded Kenton's West Side Story (a jazz version) that received a 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance -- Large Group (Instrumental) . In 1962, Oscar Peterson and his trio recorded a jazz version, West Side Story . In 1962, Dave Brubeck recorded jazz versions of selections from the film score on Music From West Side Story . In 1963, Bill Barron recorded West Side Story Bossa Nova (Dauntless, 1963) In 1984, Bernstein re-recorded the musical, conducting his own music for the first time. Generally known as the `` operatic version'' of West Side Story , it stars Kiri Te Kanawa as Maria, José Carreras as Tony, Tatiana Troyanos as Anita, Kurt Ollmann as Riff, Louise Edeiken as Rosalia, and Marilyn Horne as the offstage voice who sings `` Somewhere'' . It won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1985. The recording process was filmed as a documentary The Making of West Side Story , which was made by the BBC for Unitel, Produced by Humphrey Burton and Directed by Christopher Swann. The documentary won the Flaherty BAFTA for documentary direction, a Prix Italia and was nominated for a Prime Time Emmy. A 1993 recording on the TER label, the first recording to document the full score including the overture performed by Britain's National Symphony Orchestra using cast members of the 1992 Leicester Haymarket Theatre production, conducted by John Owen Edwards. In 1996, RCA Victor released the tribute album The Songs of West Side Story featuring new versions of the songs from the musical sung by popular music stars, including: `` The Jet Song'' sung by Brian Setzer , `` A Boy Like That'' sung by Selena , `` I feel Pretty'' sung by Little Richard , two versions of `` Somewhere'' performed by Aretha Franklin and Phil Collins , `` Tonight'' sung by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Loggins , `` America'' sung by Patti LaBelle , Natalie Cole and Sheila E. , `` I Have a Love'' sung by Trisha Yearwood and `` Rumble'' performed by Chick Corea Elektric Band and Steve Vai 's Monsters. Proceeds from the sale of this album go to benefit the Leonard Bernstein Education Through The Arts Fund, the NARAS Foundation and The Leonard Bernstein Center at Nashville, Tennessee . In 2002, Naxos Records released a CD with the Nashville Symphony Orchestra playing the music with soloists Mike Eldred (Tony), Betsi Morrison (Maria), Marianne Cook (Anita), Robert Dean (Riff), Michael San Giovanni, Joanna Chozen, and Michelle Prentice. A 2007 tribute album entitled A Place for Us marking the 50th anniversary of the show. The album features cover versions previously recorded and a new recording of `` Tonight'' by Kristin Chenoweth and Hugh Panaro . A 2007 recording was released by Decca Broadway in honor of West Side Story's 50th anniversary. This album stars Hayley Westenra as Maria and Vittorio Grigolo as Tony. The Bernstein Foundation in New York has authorized the recording. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Show Album. Bernstein recorded the Symphonic Dances suite with the New York Philharmonic in 1961, and with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1983. The Symphonic Dances have entered the repertoire of many major world orchestras, most recently by the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra under Gustavo Dudamel . It has been recorded by many orchestras, including the San Francisco Symphony under the direction of Seiji Ozawa . The 2009 new Broadway cast album, with Josefina Scaglione as Maria, Matt Cavenaugh as Tony and Karen Olivo as Anita won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . A live, semi-staged 2013 recording by the San Francisco Symphony under Music Director Michael Tilson Thomas, featuring Cheyenne Jackson, Alexandra Silber and others, debuted at No.1 on the Billboard Classical Albums chart in May 2014. It was released in 2014 as a hybrid SACD on the SFS Media label, and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . Film ( edit ) Main article: West Side Story (film) On October 18, 1961, a film adaptation of the musical was released. It received praise from critics and the public, and became the second highest-grossing film of the year in the United States. The film won ten Academy Awards in its eleven nominated categories, including Best Picture. The film holds the distinction of being the musical film with the most Academy Award wins (10 wins), including Best Picture. Rita Moreno (Anita) was the first Latina actress ever to win an Oscar. The soundtrack album won a Grammy Award and was ranked No. 1 on the Billboard chart for a record 54 weeks. Differences in the film adaptation from the stage version include that `` Tonight'' is moved to follow `` America'' ; Bernardo sings a line in `` America'' instead of Rosalia, with changes in the lyrics. Diesel is renamed Ice. `` Gee, Officer Krupke'' is moved before `` Cool'' and is sung by Riff instead of Action, and `` Cool'' is sung by Ice instead of Riff. After Riff is killed, Ice takes control of the Jets, rather than Action. References in popular Culture ( edit ) In addition to Bernstein's own West Side Story Suite , the music from the musical has been adapted by The Buddy Rich Big Band, which arranged and recorded `` West Side Story Medley'' on the 1966 album Buddy Rich's Swingin' New Big Band . The Stan Kenton Orchestra recorded Johnny Richards' 1961 Kenton's West Side Story , an album of jazz orchestrations based on the Bernstein scores. It won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Recording by a Large Group. The 1996 album The Songs of West Side Story included covers by such diverse artists as Selena (`` A Boy Like That'' ), Little Richard (`` I Feel Pretty'' ), Trisha Yearwood (`` I Have a Love'' ) and Salt-n-Pepa , Def Jef , Lisa Lopes , the Jerky Boys , and Paul Rodriguez all collaborating on `` Gee, Officer Krupke'' , as well as Chick Corea Elektric Band collaborating with Steve Vai 's Monsters on `` Rumble'' . The television show Curb Your Enthusiasm extensively referenced West Side Story in the season seven episode `` Officer Krupke'' . An episode of Welcome Back, Kotter , `` Sweatside Story'' , parodies West Side Story when the Sweathogs engage in a rumble with students from rival New Utrecht High School . In the third season of the series Glee , three episodes feature characters auditioning, rehearsing and performing a school production of West Side Story. Songs from the musical are performed in episode 2 `` I Am Unicorn '' , episode 3 `` Asian F '' and episode 5 `` The First Time '' and also given digital releases. The Animaniacs episode `` West Side Pigeons'' features a parody romance and rivalry that mirrors that of the Jets and the Sharks. In the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` The League of Cats'' , Tom's and Jerry's respective leagues act very similar to the Jets and the Sharks. They also perform a number similar to the `` Jet Song'' . In film, Pixar animator Aaron Hartline used the first meeting between Tony and Maria as inspiration for the moment when Ken meets Barbie in Toy Story 3 . In the 2013 movie Teen Beach Movie , two teens are trapped inside a movie called Wet Side Story , in which a group of surfers and a group of bikers are competing in a turf war. Bring It On: In It to Win It has a plot that parallels West Side Story , and makes the reference explicit to the point where the two rival cheerleading squads are named the Jets and the Sharks. The 2005 short musical comedy film West Bank Story , which won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film , concerns a love story between a Jew and a Palestinian and parodies several aspects of West Side Story . In 1963, Mad Magazine published `` East Side Story'' set at the United Nations building on the East Side of Manhattan, a parody of the Cold War , with the two rival gangs led by John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev , by writer Frank Jacobs and illustrator Mort Drucker . From 1973 to 2004, Wild Side Story , a camp parody musical, based loosely on West Side Story and adapting parts of the musical's music and lyrics, was performed a total of more than 500 times in Miami Beach , Florida, Stockholm , Gran Canaria and Los Angeles . The show lampoons the musical's tragic love story, and also lip-synching and drag shows. Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1958 Theatre World Award Carol Lawrence Won Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Carol Lawrence Nominated Best Choreography Jerome Robbins Won Best Scenic Design Oliver Smith Won Best Costume Design Irene Sharaff Nominated Best Conductor and Musical Director Max Goberman Nominated 1964 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1964 Tony Award Best Producer of a Musical City Center Light Opera Company Nominated Best Conductor and Musical Director Charles Jaffe Nominated 1980 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1980 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Debbie Allen Won Tony Award Best Revival Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Josie de Guzman Nominated Debbie Allen Nominated 2008 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Sofia Escobar Nominated 2009 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role in a Musical Josefina Scaglione Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Karen Olivo Won Best Lighting Design Howell Binkley Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Karen Olivo Nominated Theatre World Award Josefina Scaglione Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ West Side Story , SondheimGuide.com, accessed October 15, 2016 Jump up ^ Sarah Waxman. `` The History of the Upper West Side'' , ny.com Jump up ^ `` About Lincoln Center'' , City Realty.com, accessed October 15, 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story plot and production listing'' , guidetomusicaltheatre.com, accessed August 18, 2011 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story Broadway'' IBDB.com, accessed October 15, 2016 Jump up ^ Long, Robert Emmet. `` West Side Story'' , Broadway, The Golden Years:Jerome Robbins and The Great Choreographer-Directors : 1940 to the present , Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0-8264-1462-1 , p. 96 ^ Jump up to: Information from a Leonard Bernstein.com Archived March 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 329-- 330. Jump up ^ `` Excerpts from Bernstein's West Side Log, see 1949 and 1955'' , WestSideStory.com, originally published in 1957, accessed August 18, 2011 Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , p. 334. Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 336-- 43. Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 346-- 47. Jump up ^ Gottlieb, Jack (Guide and Commentary). `` ' West Side Story' Fact Sheet'' Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. , WestSideStory.com, 2001, accessed August 18, 2011 Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , p. 349. Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 350-- 51. Jump up ^ Some of the music Bernstein wrote for West Side Story , but that was not used in the production, was later integrated into the Chichester Psalms . ^ Jump up to: Burton, Humphrey. `` Leonard Bernstein by Humphrey Burton, Chapter 26'' Archived October 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. , WestSideStory.com, 1994, accessed August 18, 2011. Jump up ^ Laurents, Arthur (August 4, 1957). `` The Growth of an Idea'' . New York Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 351-- 52. Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 326-- 28. Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , p. 354. Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 354-- 56. Jump up ^ Wenner, Jann S.; Levy, Joe (2007). `` Leonard Bernstein'' . The Rolling Stone Interviews . New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-00526-6 . Jump up ^ Roberts, Terri (Winter 2003). `` West Side Story: ' We were all very young ' '' . The Sondheim Review . 9 (3): 28-- 29. ISSN 1076-450X . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 357-- 58. Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 360-- 61. Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 362-- 65. Jump up ^ Suskin, Steven (1990). Opening Night on Broadway: A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre . New York: Schirmer Books, p. 697. ISBN 0-02-872625-1 . Jump up ^ Suskin, Steven (2010). Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadway's Major Composers (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press US, p. 206. ISBN 0-19-531407-7 . ^ Jump up to: West Side Story , Playbill (vault), accessed November 30, 2016 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story -- Cast'' , Playbill (vault), accessed November 30, 2016 Jump up ^ West Side Story , Internet Broadway Database, accessed November 30, 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story' London Production, 1958'' , Broadwayworld.com, accessed August 18, 2011 Jump up ^ Hutchins, Michael H. `` The Sondheim Reference Guide: West Side Story Productions'' , SondheimGuide.com, accessed June 13, 2018 Jump up ^ albemarle-london `` Archive Page, ' West Side Story' '' Archived December 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. , albemarle-london.com, accessed August 18, 2011 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story '' . The Playbill Vault . Playbill . Retrieved May 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ Tedeschi, Rubens (9 July 1981). `` Broadway s'addice ai ``guerrieri della notte'''' Archived April 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. , l'Unità . Retrieved 26 April 2014 (in Italian) . Jump up ^ Riedel, Michael. `` Director's Cut -- At 90, Playwright Still Vibrant, Vicious'' , New York Post , July 27, 2007, p. 55 Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. `` Laurents-Directed West Side Story Sets Broadway Preview Date'' Archived May 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com, May 23, 2008 Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. `` West Side Story Revival, Directed by Laurents, Sets Broadway Opening Date'' Archived August 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com, August 8, 2008 Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. `` West Side Story , This Time with Bilingual Approach'' , Playbill.com, July 16, 2008 Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. `` Broadway-Bound West Side Story Revival Launches'' Archived December 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com, December 15, 2008 Jump up ^ Marks, Peter (December 14, 2008). `` The Director's Route Back To ' West Side ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. `` A Song Like That: Collaborators Reconsider Spanish Lyrics in ' West Side Story' '' Archived August 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com, August 25, 2009 Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. `` Cavenaugh, Scaglione, Olivo, Green and Akram to Lead Cast of ' West Side Story' Revival'' Archived November 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com, October 28, 2008 Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. `` Billy Elliot, Norman Conquests, Hair, God of Carnage Are Tony Award Winners'' Archived June 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com, June 8, 2009 Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. `` Nominations for 2009 Tony Awards Announced; Billy Elliot Earns 15 Nominations'' Archived May 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com, May 5, 2009 ^ Jump up to: Jones, Kenneth. `` West Side Story Cast Album Wins Grammy Award'' , Playbill , January 31, 2010, accessed October 7, 2018 Jump up ^ Woodiel, Paul (July 10, 2010). `` Gee, Officer Krupke, I Need Those Violins'' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17, 2010 . Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. Broadway `` Revival of West Side Story to Close in January; Olivo Will Not Return'' Archived September 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com, September 15, 2010 Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show'' , Broadwayworld.com, accessed August 18, 2011 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story , 1964'' Playbill vault, retrieved May 17, 2018 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story: Birth of a Classic'' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved March 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank, Leah (August 30, 1987). `` Theater Review; ' West Side Story' : Staging At Its Best'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Information from the WestSideStory.com `` 2002 West Side Story tour archives'' , Westsidestory.com Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. `` ' West Side Story' National Tour to Launch in October'' Archived March 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill, February 5, 2010 Jump up ^ `` Ross Lekites, Evy Ortiz Join Cast of West Side Story National Tour'' . Broadwayworld.com. October 3, 2011 . Retrieved February 4, 2012 . ; and `` Photo Flash: New Cast Joins West Side Story National Tour!'' . Broadwayworld.com. October 28, 2011 . Retrieved February 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award-Winning Smash Hit ' West Side Story' Launches National Tour at Detroit's Fisher Theatre'' Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. , broadwayindetroit.com, September 16, 2010, accessed August 18, 2011 Jump up ^ Mark Rigney. Deaf Side Story: Deaf Sharks, Hearing Jets, and a Classic American Musical . Book description Jump up ^ `` AusStage - West Side Story'' . www.ausstage.edu.au . Retrieved 2017-09-21 . Jump up ^ Ouzounian, Richard (June 8, 2009). `` This Story achieves greatness'' . The Star . Toronto. Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story' News, Bregenz Festival'' , westsidestory.com, accessed August 18, 2011 Jump up ^ Information about the translation (in French only) westsidestory08.com, Archived September 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story' at the Meralco Theater this September'' Archived September 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. , Thefilipinoweb, July 2, 2008, accessed August 18, 2011 Jump up ^ Lash, Larry (November 12, 2007). `` West Side Story'' . Variety . Retrieved August 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ Loveridge, Lizzie. `` ' West Side Story' 50th Anniversary Production'' , Curtain Up, August 1, 2008, accessed August 17, 2008 Jump up ^ Marco Zunino y Rossana Fernández Maldonado protagonizan Amor sin barreras La República Perú , accessed June 1, 2011 Jump up ^ Kerr, Walter (September 27, 1957). `` ' West Side Story ' '' . New York Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Theater: New Musical in Manhattan ( West Side Story )'' , Time , October 7, 1957 Jump up ^ Gianoulis, Tina (January 29, 2002). `` West Side Story '' . St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012 . Retrieved August 19, 2011 . Jump up ^ See Simeone, Nigel (2009) `` Leonard Bernstein: West Side Story'' , pp. 85-- 92: ' Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal: Orchestrating the Show' Jump up ^ Simeone, Nigel (2009). Leonard Bernstein, West Side Story . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754664848 . Jump up ^ http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Name/Joanna-Chozen/Performer/98338-2 Jump up ^ http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2003/Jan03/west_side_story.html Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/leonard-bernstein-west-side-story-the-original-score-mw0000631082/credits Jump up ^ Album reviews , Manchester Evening News , 2007-08-06, accessed August 13, 2007 Jump up ^ Tatum, Charles M. (2014). Encyclopedia of Latino Culture: From Calaveras to Quinceañeras . ABC-CLIO. p. 741. ISBN 1440800995 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Berson, p. 182 Jump up ^ Berson, p. 155 et. seq Jump up ^ `` ' Curb Your Enthusiasm' , Season 7, Episode 68, ' Officer Krupke' '' , HBO.com, accessed August 19, 2011 Jump up ^ Futterman, Erica. `` Glee Recap: West Side Story Auditions and the Return of Shelby Corcoran'' , Rolling Stone , September 28, 2011, accessed October 4, 2016 Jump up ^ Cerasaro, Pat. `` World Premiere Exclusive: Glee Takes On West Side Story's ' Something's Coming' With Darren Criss'' , BroadwayWorld.com, September 26, 2011, accessed October 4, 2016 Jump up ^ Hartline, Aaron. `` Ken meets Barbie -- A Toy Side Story'' , aaronhartline.blogspot.com (blog), accessed August 19, 2011 Jump up ^ Norris, Michele . `` West Bank Story Tells Tale of Star-Crossed Lovers'' , NPR, February 26, 2007, accessed October 15, 2017 Jump up ^ Cohen, Randy. `` Children of Mad: Completely Mad '' , Los Angeles Times , December 1, 1991, accessed January 26, 2017 Jump up ^ Ekemar, Kim. Wild Side Story at Showcase Alexandra's Stockholm , theatre playbill, January 6, 1976, p. 8; Stevens, Rob. Data Boy Pacific Southwest , West Hollywood, California, October 26, 1979, p. 76; Kearns, Michael . San Diego Update (L.A. Life section), November 30, 1979, p. 13; Norlén , Eva. Aftonbladet , July 21, 1997, p. 37; Island Connections , Los Cristianos , April 7, 2000, p. 2; Metro Stockholm, August 2, 2013, p. 18; and Aftonbladet /Nöjesbladet , August 2, 2013, p. 25 Sources ( edit ) Laurents, Arthur (2000). Original story by: a memoir of Broadway and Hollywood . New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40055-9 . Berson, Misha (2011). Something's Coming, Something Good: West Side Story and the American Imagination . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. Further reading ( edit ) Acevedo-Munoz, Ernesto R. (2013) `` West Side Story'' as Cinema: The Making and Impact of an American Masterpiece , University Press of Kansas Bauch, Marc A. (2013) Europäische Einflüsse im amerikanischen Musical , Marburg, Germany: Tectum Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8288-3209-1 Laurents, Arthur (2009). Mainly on directing: Gypsy , West Side Story , and other musicals . New York: Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978-0-307-27088-7 . Simeone, Nigel (2009) Leonard Bernstein: West Side Story , Ashgate, Farnham, ISBN 0-7546-6484-8 Vaill, A. (2006) Somewhere: The Life of Jerome Robbins , Broadway Books, New York, ISBN 0-7679-0420-6 Wells, Elizabeth A. (2010) West Side Story: Cultural Perspectives on an American Musical , Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, ISBN 978-0-8108-7666-8 Williams, Mary E. (editor) (2001) Readings on West Side Story , Greenhaven Press, San Diego, California, ISBN 0-7377-0694-5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Side Story (musical) . Wikiquote has quotations related to: West Side Story The Official West Side Story website West Side Story at the Internet Broadway Database West Side Story at the Music Theatre International website West Side Story at The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide Moving Pictures: West Side Story by Doug Reside, curator at the New York Public Library West Side Story , extensive material at stageagent.com Twelve Jazz Versions of West Side Story at Jazz.com NYC Youth Gangs -- 1950s Leonard Bernstein Opera and operetta Trouble in Tahiti (1951) Candide (1956) A Quiet Place (1983) Musicals On the Town (1944, `` New York, New York '' ) Peter Pan (1950) Wonderful Town (1953, `` Ohio '' ) West Side Story (1957, `` A Boy Like That '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` Gee, Officer Krupke '' `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Maria '' `` One Hand, One Heart '' `` Something's Coming '' `` Somewhere '' Tonight '' `` Tonight Quintet '' ) A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green (1958, collaboration) The Race to Urga (1968) 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (1976) The Madwoman of Central Park West (1979, contribution) Ballet Fancy Free (1944) Dybbuk (1974) Orchestral music Symphony No. 1 Jeremiah (1942) Symphony No. 2 The Age of Anxiety (1965) Symphony No. 3 Kaddish (1963) Slava! A Political Overture (1977) Concerto for Orchestra (1986, 1988, 1989, originally Jubilee Games ) Concertante Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs (1948) Serenade after Plato's `` Symposium'' (1954) Ḥalil (1981) Chamber music Piano Trio (1937) Clarinet Sonata (1942) Dance Suite (1989) Choral Hashkiveinu (1945) Chichester Psalms (1965) Missa Brevis (1988) Vocal `` So pretty '' Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra (1977) Piano Four Anniversaries (1948) 13 Anniversaries (1988) Other compositions The Lark (incidental music) (1955) Mass (1971) Opening Prayer (1986) Books The Joy of Music Film score On the Waterfront (1954 film) Film adaptations On the Town (1949 film) West Side Story (1961 film) Related articles Academy for the Love of Learning Artful Learning Awards received by Leonard Bernstein Bernstein-- Mahler cycle Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Creative Arts Pacific Music Festival The Unanswered Question (lecture series) Young People's Concerts List of compositions by Leonard Bernstein Category:Compositions by Leonard Bernstein Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Saturday Night West Side Story Gypsy A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Anyone Can Whistle Do I Hear a Waltz? Evening Primrose The Race to Urga Company Follies A Little Night Music The Frogs Pacific Overtures Side by Side by Sondheim Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Marry Me a Little Merrily We Roll Along Sunday in the Park with George Into the Woods Assassins Putting It Together Passion Road Show Sondheim on Sondheim William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor) Operas Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti ei Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) Classical Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1940 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 2006 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) Romanoff and Juliet (1961) West Side Story (1961) Gonks Go Beat (1965) Lonesome Cowboys (1968) Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982) Valley Girl (1983) Bullies (1986) China Girl (1987) Romeo.Juliet (1990) Tromeo and Juliet (1996) Love Is All There Is (1996) Rose by Any Other Name... (1997) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999) Romeo Must Die (2000) Brooklyn Babylon (2001) Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005) West Bank Story (2005) Life and Lyrics (2006) Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006) Rome & Jewel (2006) David & Fatima (2008) The Cross Road (2008) Vicious Circle (2008) Gnomeo & Juliet (2011) Private Romeo (2011) Warm Bodies (2013) Make Your Move (2013) Romeo & Juliet (2013) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) Saudagar (1991) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002) Bollywood Queen (2002) Ishaqzaade (2012) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013) Issaq (2013) Telugu Maro Charitra (1978) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (1996) Kalisundam Raa (2000) Maro Charitra (2010) Spanish Romeo and Juliet (1940) Los Tarantos (1963) 30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995) Amar te duele (2002) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid (1967) Ma che musica maestro (1971) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (1979) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (2005) Other Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937) Les amants de Vérone (French 1949) Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960) The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995) Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000) Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003) Mamay (Ukrainian 2003) The District! (Hungarian 2004) In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006) The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006) Priyatama (Marathi 2014) Arshinagar (Bengali 2015) Eeda (Malayalam 2017) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981) TV series Sons and Daughters (1982) Family and Friends (1990) Villa Quintana (1995) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998) Skin (2003) A Touch Away (2006) Dangerous (2007) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Saints & Sinners (2007) Harina de otro costal (2010) Villa Quintana (2013) Westside (2013 pilot) Star-Crossed (2014) Still Star-Crossed (2017) Plays Romanoff and Juliet (1956) Romeo and Juliet (2013) Songs Lan và Điệp (1930s) `` Montagues and Capulets '' (1935) `` Fever '' (1956) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (1968) `` (Don't Fear) The Reaper '' (1976) `` Angelo'' (1978) `` Romeo and Juliet'' (1978) `` Romeo and Juliet'' (1981) `` Cherish '' (1989) `` Amor Prohibido '' (1994) `` Kissing You '' (1996) `` Exit Music '' (1997) `` Starcrossed '' (2004) `` Peut-être toi '' (2006) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' (2007) `` Love Story '' (2008) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' (2013) Albums Romeo and Juliet (1968) Romeo + Juliet (1996) Romeo & Julia (2006) Tragic Lovers (2008) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew (1844) The Stolen Dormouse (1941) The Faraway Lurs (1963) Romiette and Julio (2001) New Moon (2006) Warm Bodies (2010) Art Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790) Romeo and Juliet (1978) Phrases `` Star-crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare: A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light'' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez-vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K-On! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' (2012) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Don't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book:Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story (1957) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story (1961 film) West Side Story Suite (1995 ballet) Variations Deaf Side Story (c. 2002 musical) Swango (2002 musical) West Bank Story (2005 parody film) Songs Act 1 `` Something's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand, One Heart '' `` Tonight (Quintet & Chorus) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story (1957 original cast) West Side Story (1959 Previn) West Side Story (1961 soundtrack) West Side Story (1961 Tjader) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein (1961 Brubeck Quartet) West Side Story (1962 Peterson Trio) Kenton's West Side Story (1962 Kenton) Toshiko-- Mariano Quartet (in West Side) (1963 Akiyoshi) West Side Story (1974 Earl Hines) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail! Works by Arthur Laurents Writer Musicals West Side Story (1957) Gypsy (1959) Anyone Can Whistle (1964) Do I Hear a Waltz? (1965) Hallelujah, Baby! (1967) The Madwoman of Central Park West (1979) Nick & Nora (1991) Plays Home of the Brave (1945) The Time of the Cuckoo (1952) Films Rope (1948) Caught (1949) Anastasia (1956) Bonjour Tristesse (1958) The Way We Were (1973) The Turning Point (1977) Director I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1962) Anyone Can Whistle (1964) Gypsy (1974) The Madwoman of Central Park West (1979) La Cage aux Folles (1983) Birds of Paradise (1987) Gypsy (1989) Nick & Nora (1991) Gypsy (2008) West Side Story (2009) New York City portal Dance portal WorldCat Identities BNF : cb13908546r (data) GND : 300019726 VIAF : 184912960 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Side_Story&oldid=865970267 '' Categories : 1957 musicals Broadway musicals Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare Musicals based on plays Musicals by Leonard Bernstein Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet Plays set in New York City Plays set in the 1950s West End musicals Musicals directed by Jerome Robbins Musicals choreographed by Jerome Robbins Teen musicals Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian-language external links Use mdy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Spanish-language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018, at 11:11 (UTC) . TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -2006213983439661343 |
macbook air 11 inch early 2014 model number | ( hide ) Table of models Model Early 2008 ( February ) Late 2008 ( October ) Mid 2009 ( June ) Late 2010 ( October ) Mid 2011 ( July ) Mid 2012 ( June ) Mid 2013 ( June ) Early 2014 ( April ) Early 2015 ( March ) Mid 2017 ( June ) Model identifier MacBookAir1 , 1 MacBookAir2 , 1 MacBookAir3 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir3 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir4 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir4 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir5 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir5 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir6 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir6 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir7 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir7 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir7 , 2 Model number ( on underside ) A1237 A1304 A1370 ( 11 `` ) , A1369 ( 13 '' ) A1465 ( 11 `` ) , A1466 ( 13 '' ) A1466 Part number ( Order number ) MB003LL / A MB543LL / A , MB940LL / A MC233LL / A , MC234LL / A MC504LL / A , MC505LL / A , MC506LL / A , MC503LL / A MC968LL / A , MC969LL / A , MC965LL / A , MC966LL / A MD223LL / A , MD224LL / A , MD231LL / A , MD232LL / A MD711LL / A , MD712LL / A , MD760LL / A , MD761LL / A MD711LL / B , MD712LL / B , MD760LL / B , MD761LL / B MJVM2LL / A , MJVP2LL / A , MJVE2LL / A , MJVG2LL / A , MMGF2LL / A ( 2016 , 8 GB , 128 GB SSD ) , MMGG2LL / A ( 2016 , 8 GB , 256 GB SSD ) MQD32LL / A ( 128 GB SSD ) , MQD42LL / A ( 256 GB SSD ) Display ( glossy ) N / A 11.6 `` , native 1366 × 768 ( 16 : 9 ) TN . Lower resolutions supported N / A 13.3 `` , native 1280 × 800 pixels ( 16 : 10 ) TN . Lower resolutions supported 13.3 `` , native 1440 × 900 ( 16 : 10 ) TN . Lower resolutions supported Graphics ( Shared with system memory ) Intel GMA X3100 using 144 MB of DDR2 SDRAM with Micro-DVI output Nvidia GeForce 9400M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Nvidia GeForce 320M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor using 256 MB ( 11 '' base model ) or 384 MB ( all other models ) of DDR3 SDRAM Intel HD Graphics 4000 processor with up to 1 GB DDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 5000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 6000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Front side bus / DMI 800 MHz 1066 MHz 800 MHz ( 11 `` ) , 1066 MHz ( 13 '' ) Intel Direct Media Interface 2.5 GT / s Intel Direct Media Interface 5.0 GT / s Processor 1.6 GHz ( L7500 ) or 1.8 GHz ( L7700 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache 1.6 GHz ( SL9300 ) or 1.86 GHz ( SL9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache 1.86 GHz ( SL9400 ) or 2.13 GHz ( SL9600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 11 `` ) 1.4 GHz ( SU9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 1.6 GHz ( SU9600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 13 `` ) 1.86 GHz ( SL9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.13 GHz ( SL9600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 11 `` ) 1.6 GHz ( i5 - 2467M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) 1.7 GHz ( i5 - 2557M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( Higher - End 11 '' & 13 `` ) Optional 1.8 GHz ( i7 - 2677M ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache ( 11 `` ) 1.7 GHz ( i5 - 3317U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) 1.8 GHz ( i5 - 3427U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( Higher - End 11 '' & 13 `` ) Optional 2.0 GHz ( i7 - 3667U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.3 GHz ( i5 - 4250U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 1.7 GHz ( i7 - 4650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.4 GHz ( i5 - 4260U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 1.7 GHz ( i7 - 4650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.6 GHz ( i5 - 5250U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 5650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.8 GHz ( i5 - 5350U ) dual core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 5650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache Memory 2 GB of 667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM 2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM 2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM Optional 4 GB 2 GB ( 11 '' base model ; Optional 4 GB ) or 4 GB of 1333 MHz DDR3 SDRAM ( all other models ) 4 GB of 1600 MHz DDR3L SDRAM Optional 8 GB 4 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Optional 8 GB ( 8 GB standard for the 13 '' version since April 19 , 2016 ) 8 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Storage 80 GB 4200 - rpm 1.8 - inch PATA HDD or 64 GB SSD 120 GB 4200 - rpm 1.8 - inch SATA HDD or 128 GB SSD 64 ( MC505LL / A ) or 128 GB ( MC506LL / A ) ( 11 `` ) , 128 ( MC503LL / A ) or 256 GB ( MC504LL / A ) ( 13 '' ) SSD 64 GB ( 11 `` ) SSD 128 GB ( 11 `` ) SSD Optional 256 GB upgrade 128 or 256 GB ( 13 `` ) SSD 64 GB or 128 GB SSD ( 11 `` ) Optional 256 GB or 512 GB upgrade 128 or 256 GB SSD ( 13 `` ) Optional 512 GB upgrade 128 GB or 256 GB PCIe - based SSD Optional 512 GB upgrade Video Camera iSight ( 640 × 480 ) FaceTime HD ( 720p ) Power Connector MagSafe MagSafe 2 Connectivity Internal 802.11 a / b / g and draft - n Internal 802.11 a / b / g / n ( AirPort ) Internal Dual - Band 802.11 a / b / g / n ( AirPort , Broadcom BCM43224 300 Mbit / s ) Internal 802.11 ac a / b / g / n / ac compatible ( AirPort , Broadcom BCM4360 - based 867Mbit / s ) Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Bluetooth 4.0 Built - in infrared ( IR ) receiver for Apple Remote N / A Optional Apple USB Ethernet Adapter ( Year 2008 ) Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to FireWire 800 Adapter Latest possible OS X version Mac OS X 10.7 `` Lion '' ( Unofficially , can run OS X 10.8 using MacPostFactor ) OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' ( Unofficially , can run macOS 10.12 `` Sierra '' without wi - fi using Sierra Patcher ) N / A Battery ( non removable lithium - ion polymer ) N / A 35 - watt - hour ( 11 `` ) 38 - watt - hour ( 11 `` ) N / A 37 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) 40 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) 50 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) 54 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) Battery cycle count 300 500 1000 Unit weight N / A 2.38 lb ( 1.08 kg ) ( 11 `` ) N / A 3.0 lb ( 1.36 kg ) 2.96 lb ( 1.34 kg ) ( 13 `` ) N / A 11.8 in ( 30 cm ) wide × 7.56 in ( 19.2 cm ) deep × 0.11 in ( 0.3 cm ) to 0.68 in ( 1.7 cm ) high ( 11 `` ) N / A 12.8 in ( 33 cm ) wide × 8.94 in ( 23 cm ) deep × 0.16 in ( 0.4 cm ) to 0.76 in ( 1.9 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 12.8 in ( 33 cm ) wide × 8.94 in ( 22.7 cm ) deep × 0.11 in ( 0.3 cm ) to 0.68 in ( 1.7 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) Peripheral connections 1 × USB 2.0 2 × USB 2.0 2 × USB 3.0 1 × 3.5 mm headphone jack Micro-DVI video port DVI - D / VGA adapter included 1 × Mini DisplayPort video port 1 × Thunderbolt port 1 × Thunderbolt 2 port N / A 1 × SDXC card slot ( 13 '' only ) | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"MacBook Air The mid-2015 13.3 in MacBook Air model Developer Apple Inc . Manufacturer Apple Inc . Product family Macintosh MacBook Type Subnotebook Release date January 29 , 2008 ; 10 years ago ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) ( Original ) June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( Current ) Retail availability January 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) Operating system macOS Sound Internal speakers and microphone Power 45 W MagSafe2 AC Related articles MacBook , MacBook Pro Website www.apple.com/macbook-air",
"The mid-2015 13.3 in MacBook Air model",
"Developer Apple Inc .",
"Manufacturer Apple Inc .",
"Product family Macintosh MacBook",
"Macintosh MacBook",
"Type Subnotebook",
"Release date January 29 , 2008 ; 10 years ago ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) ( Original ) June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( Current )",
"January 29 , 2008 ; 10 years ago ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) ( Original ) June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( Current )",
"January 29 , 2008 ; 10 years ago ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) ( Original )",
"June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( Current )",
"Retail availability January 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 29 )",
"Operating system macOS",
"Sound Internal speakers and microphone",
"Power 45 W MagSafe2 AC",
"Related articles MacBook , MacBook Pro",
"MacBook , MacBook Pro",
"MacBook , MacBook Pro",
"Website www.apple.com/macbook-air",
"The MacBook Air is a line of Macintosh subnotebook computers developed and manufactured by Apple Inc . It consists of a full - size keyboard , a machined aluminum case , and a thin light structure . The Air is available with a screen size of ( measured diagonally ) 13.3 in ( 33.782 cm ) , with different specifications produced by Apple . Since 2011 , all MacBook Air models have used solid - state drive storage and Intel Core i5 or i7 CPUs . A MacBook Air with an 11.6 in ( 29.46 cm ) screen was made available in 2010 .",
"In the current product line , the MacBook Air sits below the performance - range of the MacBook Pro and compared to the MacBook Retina , its features reflect different priorities . The Air was originally released as a premium ultraportable positioned above the previous MacBook . Since then , the Air has become Apple 's entry - level laptop due to the MacBook 's discontinuation in 2011 , as well as lowered prices on subsequent iterations .",
"Steve Jobs introduced the first MacBook Air during a speech at his keynote at the 2008 Macworld conference on January 15 , 2008 . The first - generation MacBook Air was a 13.3 `` - only model , initially promoted as the world 's thinnest notebook . It featured a custom Intel Merom CPU and Intel GMA graphics . In late 2008 , the CPU was updated to a faster , non-custom Penryn CPU and integrated Nvidia GeForce graphics while the hard drive capacity was increased and the micro-DVI video port was replaced by the Mini DisplayPort . A mid-2009 refresh , introduced alongside the MacBook Pro family , featured a slightly higher - capacity battery , and a faster Penryn CPU .",
"On October 20 , 2010 , Apple released a redesigned 13.69 '' model , with improved enclosure , screen resolution , battery , and flash storage instead of a hard drive . In addition , a new 11.6 '' model was introduced , offering reduced cost , weight , battery life , and performance relative to the 13.3 '' model , but better performance than typical netbooks of the time .",
"On July 20 , 2011 , Apple released updates to the 11.6 '' and 13.3 '' models of the MacBook Air , which also became Apple 's entry - level laptops due to lowered prices and the discontinuation of the white MacBook around the same time . The mid-2011 MacBook Airs were powered by the new Sandy Bridge 1.6 or 1.7 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 , or 1.8 GHz dual - core Intel Core i7 processors , that came with an Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor , and with a backlit keyboard , two USB 2.0 ports , FaceTime camera , a standard of 2 GB of RAM ( configurable up to 4 GB ) , Thunderbolt which shares function with Mini DisplayPort and Bluetooth was upgraded to v4. 0 . Maximum SSD flash memory storage options were increased up to 256 GB . Both 11 '' and 13 '' models had an analog audio output / headphone minijack ( that also supports an iPhone / iPod touch headset with microphone ) , but only the 13 '' model had an integrated SDXC - capable SD Card slot . These models use a less expensive `` Eagle Ridge '' Thunderbolt controller that provides two Thunderbolt channels ( 2 × 10 Gbit / s bidirectional ) , compared to the MacBook Pro which uses a `` Light Ridge '' controller that provides four Thunderbolt channels ( 4 × 10 Gbit / s bidirectional ) . A USB ethernet adapter was immediately available upon release and a Thunderbolt - to - Firewire 800 adapter became available in mid-year 2012 .",
"On June 11 , 2012 , Apple released an updated model in the same form factor as the prior model . The new model is powered by the new Ivy Bridge dual - core Intel Core i5 and i7 processors , doubles the RAM and SSD speeds , has the new USB 3 ports ( with USB 2 capability ) in place of the USB 2 ports and the new MagSafe 2 charging port . The camera was upgraded to 720p FaceTime HD .",
"On June 10 , 2013 , Apple released another update in the same form factor as the 2012 model during the company 's Worldwide Developer Conference ( WWDC ) . The 11 '' and 13 '' models have a minimum standard 4 GB RAM , with a maximum configuration of 8 GB . Both models are powered by the Haswell ULT 1.3 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 processors , with Turbo Boost up to 2.6 GHz , while a 1.7 GHz Dual - Core i7 , with Turbo Boost up to 3.3 GHz , option is also available . Each model 's storage standard is 128 GB SSD , upgradeable to 256 GB and 512 GB SSD . Due to Haswell CPUs , battery life has considerably improved from the previous generation , and the mid-2013 models are capable of 9 hours on the 11 '' model and 12 hours on the 13 '' model ; a team of reviewers exceeded expected battery life ratings during their test .",
"While Apple 's MacBook lines have been affected towards consumer trend to smartphones , they still managed to ship 2.8 M Macs in Q2 2012 , notably Air , compared to 500K total Ultrabooks , despite there being dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11 '' and 13 '' models of it . Through July 1 , 2013 , the MacBook Air took in 56 % of all Ultrabook sales in the United States , despite being one of the higher - priced competitors .",
"The MacBook Air features an anti-glare LED backlit display and a full - size keyboard , as well as a large trackpad that responds to multi-touch gestures such as pinching , swiping , and rotating . Since the release of Snow Leopard , the Air 's trackpad has supported handwriting recognition of Chinese characters .",
"On the 11 '' Air , the left side of the computer has a MagSafe power connector , a USB port , a headphone jack , and a microphone . The right side of the computer has a USB port and a Mini DisplayPort , now sharing Thunderbolt function beginning with the 2011 model . On top of the screen bezel there is a webcam , first dubbed iSight and now the FaceTime camera .",
"The MacBook Air was the first subcompact laptop offered by Apple since the full - featured 12 '' PowerBook G4 was discontinued in 2006 . It was also Apple 's first computer with an optional solid - state drive . ArsTechnica found `` moderate '' performance improvements of the 64 GB solid - state drive of the first - generation Air over the standard 80 GB hard drive in tests . On October 14 , 2008 , new models were announced with improved capacities of 128 GB SSD and 120 GB hard drive . For the late - 2010 MacBook Air and later models , only flash storage is available , with the standard options currently being 128 GB and 256 GB .",
"The CPU in the first - generation MacBook Air was a custom Intel Core 2 Duo Merom that was 40 % of the size of the standard chip package . For models of late 2008 , the CPU was replaced with a low - voltage Penryn chip with 6MB of cache , running on a 1066 MHz bus .",
"MacBook Air components are officially non-user - replaceable , though third - parties do sell upgrade kits for the SSDs . The flash memory and battery are enclosed within the casing , with RAM soldered onto the motherboard . The flash memory , difficult to access , has a 128MB cache and a mSATA connection ( updated to a proprietary PCIe interface ) to the motherboard .",
"Apple incorporated several features in the design of the MacBook Air , such as the reduction of lead to make it more environmentally friendly . The MacBook Air contains no BFRs and PVC wiring , meets Energy Star 5.0 requirements , has a recyclable enclosure , and is rated EPEAT Gold . Its display is made from arsenic - free glass , and contains no mercury . To reduce the computer 's size and weight , several features were sacrificed . It was Apple 's first notebook since the PowerBook 2400c without a built - in removable media drive . It also omits a FireWire port , Ethernet port , line - in , media card slots ( except the 13 '' 2010 through 2015 models , which have an SD card slot ) , and a Kensington Security Slot .",
"To gain optical drive features , users could either purchase an external USB SuperDrive or other brand , or the bundled Remote Disc software , only for browsing or software installation to access the drive of another computer wirelessly that has the program installed . It can also be used to reinstall the system software from the included installation DVD . Remote Disc supports NetBooting , so the Air can boot from its installation DVD in another computer 's drive , which requires Remote Install Mac OS X to be running on that computer . The software does not allow playback or information of DVDs , CDs or installing Windows . For these features , an external USB drive is required . More recent versions of OS X replaced the installation DVD with a USB flash drive containing the software , eliminating remote installation .",
"The 2010 models include two speakers for stereo sound while earlier versions have one speaker located under the keyboard . The 2011 model replaces DisplayPort with a Thunderbolt 1 port , and also has a 1280 × 720 FaceTime HD Camera , replacing the previous 640 × 480 iSight camera . The 2012 model replaces USB 2 with USB 3 , and uses the MagSafe 2 instead of the MagSafe connector for charging . The 2015 model updated the Thunderbolt port to Thunderbolt 2 .",
"Discontinued Current",
"Discontinued Current",
"( hide ) Table of models Model Early 2008 ( February ) Late 2008 ( October ) Mid 2009 ( June ) Late 2010 ( October ) Mid 2011 ( July ) Mid 2012 ( June ) Mid 2013 ( June ) Early 2014 ( April ) Early 2015 ( March ) Mid 2017 ( June ) Model identifier MacBookAir1 , 1 MacBookAir2 , 1 MacBookAir3 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir3 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir4 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir4 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir5 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir5 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir6 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir6 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir7 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir7 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir7 , 2 Model number ( on underside ) A1237 A1304 A1370 ( 11 `` ) , A1369 ( 13 '' ) A1465 ( 11 `` ) , A1466 ( 13 '' ) A1466 Part number ( Order number ) MB003LL / A MB543LL / A , MB940LL / A MC233LL / A , MC234LL / A MC504LL / A , MC505LL / A , MC506LL / A , MC503LL / A MC968LL / A , MC969LL / A , MC965LL / A , MC966LL / A MD223LL / A , MD224LL / A , MD231LL / A , MD232LL / A MD711LL / A , MD712LL / A , MD760LL / A , MD761LL / A MD711LL / B , MD712LL / B , MD760LL / B , MD761LL / B MJVM2LL / A , MJVP2LL / A , MJVE2LL / A , MJVG2LL / A , MMGF2LL / A ( 2016 , 8 GB , 128 GB SSD ) , MMGG2LL / A ( 2016 , 8 GB , 256 GB SSD ) MQD32LL / A ( 128 GB SSD ) , MQD42LL / A ( 256 GB SSD ) Display ( glossy ) N / A 11.6 `` , native 1366 × 768 ( 16 : 9 ) TN . Lower resolutions supported N / A 13.3 `` , native 1280 × 800 pixels ( 16 : 10 ) TN . Lower resolutions supported 13.3 `` , native 1440 × 900 ( 16 : 10 ) TN . Lower resolutions supported Graphics ( Shared with system memory ) Intel GMA X3100 using 144 MB of DDR2 SDRAM with Micro-DVI output Nvidia GeForce 9400M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Nvidia GeForce 320M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor using 256 MB ( 11 '' base model ) or 384 MB ( all other models ) of DDR3 SDRAM Intel HD Graphics 4000 processor with up to 1 GB DDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 5000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 6000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Front side bus / DMI 800 MHz 1066 MHz 800 MHz ( 11 `` ) , 1066 MHz ( 13 '' ) Intel Direct Media Interface 2.5 GT / s Intel Direct Media Interface 5.0 GT / s Processor 1.6 GHz ( L7500 ) or 1.8 GHz ( L7700 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache 1.6 GHz ( SL9300 ) or 1.86 GHz ( SL9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache 1.86 GHz ( SL9400 ) or 2.13 GHz ( SL9600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 11 `` ) 1.4 GHz ( SU9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 1.6 GHz ( SU9600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 13 `` ) 1.86 GHz ( SL9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.13 GHz ( SL9600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 11 `` ) 1.6 GHz ( i5 - 2467M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) 1.7 GHz ( i5 - 2557M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( Higher - End 11 '' & 13 `` ) Optional 1.8 GHz ( i7 - 2677M ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache ( 11 `` ) 1.7 GHz ( i5 - 3317U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) 1.8 GHz ( i5 - 3427U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( Higher - End 11 '' & 13 `` ) Optional 2.0 GHz ( i7 - 3667U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.3 GHz ( i5 - 4250U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 1.7 GHz ( i7 - 4650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.4 GHz ( i5 - 4260U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 1.7 GHz ( i7 - 4650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.6 GHz ( i5 - 5250U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 5650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.8 GHz ( i5 - 5350U ) dual core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 5650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache Memory 2 GB of 667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM 2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM 2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM Optional 4 GB 2 GB ( 11 '' base model ; Optional 4 GB ) or 4 GB of 1333 MHz DDR3 SDRAM ( all other models ) 4 GB of 1600 MHz DDR3L SDRAM Optional 8 GB 4 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Optional 8 GB ( 8 GB standard for the 13 '' version since April 19 , 2016 ) 8 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Storage 80 GB 4200 - rpm 1.8 - inch PATA HDD or 64 GB SSD 120 GB 4200 - rpm 1.8 - inch SATA HDD or 128 GB SSD 64 ( MC505LL / A ) or 128 GB ( MC506LL / A ) ( 11 `` ) , 128 ( MC503LL / A ) or 256 GB ( MC504LL / A ) ( 13 '' ) SSD 64 GB ( 11 `` ) SSD 128 GB ( 11 `` ) SSD Optional 256 GB upgrade 128 or 256 GB ( 13 `` ) SSD 64 GB or 128 GB SSD ( 11 `` ) Optional 256 GB or 512 GB upgrade 128 or 256 GB SSD ( 13 `` ) Optional 512 GB upgrade 128 GB or 256 GB PCIe - based SSD Optional 512 GB upgrade Video Camera iSight ( 640 × 480 ) FaceTime HD ( 720p ) Power Connector MagSafe MagSafe 2 Connectivity Internal 802.11 a / b / g and draft - n Internal 802.11 a / b / g / n ( AirPort ) Internal Dual - Band 802.11 a / b / g / n ( AirPort , Broadcom BCM43224 300 Mbit / s ) Internal 802.11 ac a / b / g / n / ac compatible ( AirPort , Broadcom BCM4360 - based 867Mbit / s ) Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Bluetooth 4.0 Built - in infrared ( IR ) receiver for Apple Remote N / A Optional Apple USB Ethernet Adapter ( Year 2008 ) Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to FireWire 800 Adapter Latest possible OS X version Mac OS X 10.7 `` Lion '' ( Unofficially , can run OS X 10.8 using MacPostFactor ) OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' ( Unofficially , can run macOS 10.12 `` Sierra '' without wi - fi using Sierra Patcher ) N / A Battery ( non removable lithium - ion polymer ) N / A 35 - watt - hour ( 11 `` ) 38 - watt - hour ( 11 `` ) N / A 37 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) 40 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) 50 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) 54 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) Battery cycle count 300 500 1000 Unit weight N / A 2.38 lb ( 1.08 kg ) ( 11 `` ) N / A 3.0 lb ( 1.36 kg ) 2.96 lb ( 1.34 kg ) ( 13 `` ) N / A 11.8 in ( 30 cm ) wide × 7.56 in ( 19.2 cm ) deep × 0.11 in ( 0.3 cm ) to 0.68 in ( 1.7 cm ) high ( 11 `` ) N / A 12.8 in ( 33 cm ) wide × 8.94 in ( 23 cm ) deep × 0.16 in ( 0.4 cm ) to 0.76 in ( 1.9 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 12.8 in ( 33 cm ) wide × 8.94 in ( 22.7 cm ) deep × 0.11 in ( 0.3 cm ) to 0.68 in ( 1.7 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) Peripheral connections 1 × USB 2.0 2 × USB 2.0 2 × USB 3.0 1 × 3.5 mm headphone jack Micro-DVI video port DVI - D / VGA adapter included 1 × Mini DisplayPort video port 1 × Thunderbolt port 1 × Thunderbolt 2 port N / A 1 × SDXC card slot ( 13 '' only )",
"( hide ) Table of models",
"Model Early 2008 ( February ) Late 2008 ( October ) Mid 2009 ( June ) Late 2010 ( October ) Mid 2011 ( July ) Mid 2012 ( June ) Mid 2013 ( June ) Early 2014 ( April ) Early 2015 ( March ) Mid 2017 ( June )",
"( February )",
"( October )",
"( June )",
"( October )",
"( July )",
"( June )",
"( June )",
"( April )",
"( March )",
"( June )",
"Model identifier MacBookAir1 , 1 MacBookAir2 , 1 MacBookAir3 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir3 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir4 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir4 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir5 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir5 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir6 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir6 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir7 , 1 ( 11 `` ) , MacBookAir7 , 2 ( 13 '' ) MacBookAir7 , 2",
"Model number ( on underside ) A1237 A1304 A1370 ( 11 `` ) , A1369 ( 13 '' ) A1465 ( 11 `` ) , A1466 ( 13 '' ) A1466",
"Part number ( Order number ) MB003LL / A MB543LL / A , MB940LL / A MC233LL / A , MC234LL / A MC504LL / A , MC505LL / A , MC506LL / A , MC503LL / A MC968LL / A , MC969LL / A , MC965LL / A , MC966LL / A MD223LL / A , MD224LL / A , MD231LL / A , MD232LL / A MD711LL / A , MD712LL / A , MD760LL / A , MD761LL / A MD711LL / B , MD712LL / B , MD760LL / B , MD761LL / B MJVM2LL / A , MJVP2LL / A , MJVE2LL / A , MJVG2LL / A , MMGF2LL / A ( 2016 , 8 GB , 128 GB SSD ) , MMGG2LL / A ( 2016 , 8 GB , 256 GB SSD ) MQD32LL / A ( 128 GB SSD ) , MQD42LL / A ( 256 GB SSD )",
"Display ( glossy ) N / A 11.6 `` , native 1366 × 768 ( 16 : 9 ) TN . Lower resolutions supported N / A",
"13.3 `` , native 1280 × 800 pixels ( 16 : 10 ) TN . Lower resolutions supported 13.3 `` , native 1440 × 900 ( 16 : 10 ) TN . Lower resolutions supported",
"Graphics ( Shared with system memory ) Intel GMA X3100 using 144 MB of DDR2 SDRAM with Micro-DVI output Nvidia GeForce 9400M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Nvidia GeForce 320M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor using 256 MB ( 11 '' base model ) or 384 MB ( all other models ) of DDR3 SDRAM Intel HD Graphics 4000 processor with up to 1 GB DDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 5000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 6000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory",
"Front side bus / DMI 800 MHz 1066 MHz 800 MHz ( 11 `` ) , 1066 MHz ( 13 '' ) Intel Direct Media Interface 2.5 GT / s Intel Direct Media Interface 5.0 GT / s",
"Processor 1.6 GHz ( L7500 ) or 1.8 GHz ( L7700 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache 1.6 GHz ( SL9300 ) or 1.86 GHz ( SL9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache 1.86 GHz ( SL9400 ) or 2.13 GHz ( SL9600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 11 `` ) 1.4 GHz ( SU9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 1.6 GHz ( SU9600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 13 `` ) 1.86 GHz ( SL9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.13 GHz ( SL9600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 11 `` ) 1.6 GHz ( i5 - 2467M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) 1.7 GHz ( i5 - 2557M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( Higher - End 11 '' & 13 `` ) Optional 1.8 GHz ( i7 - 2677M ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache ( 11 `` ) 1.7 GHz ( i5 - 3317U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) 1.8 GHz ( i5 - 3427U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( Higher - End 11 '' & 13 `` ) Optional 2.0 GHz ( i7 - 3667U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.3 GHz ( i5 - 4250U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 1.7 GHz ( i7 - 4650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.4 GHz ( i5 - 4260U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 1.7 GHz ( i7 - 4650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.6 GHz ( i5 - 5250U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 5650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.8 GHz ( i5 - 5350U ) dual core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 5650U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache",
"Memory 2 GB of 667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM 2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM 2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM Optional 4 GB 2 GB ( 11 '' base model ; Optional 4 GB ) or 4 GB of 1333 MHz DDR3 SDRAM ( all other models ) 4 GB of 1600 MHz DDR3L SDRAM Optional 8 GB 4 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Optional 8 GB ( 8 GB standard for the 13 '' version since April 19 , 2016 ) 8 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM",
"Storage 80 GB 4200 - rpm 1.8 - inch PATA HDD or 64 GB SSD 120 GB 4200 - rpm 1.8 - inch SATA HDD or 128 GB SSD 64 ( MC505LL / A ) or 128 GB ( MC506LL / A ) ( 11 `` ) , 128 ( MC503LL / A ) or 256 GB ( MC504LL / A ) ( 13 '' ) SSD 64 GB ( 11 `` ) SSD 128 GB ( 11 `` ) SSD Optional 256 GB upgrade 128 or 256 GB ( 13 `` ) SSD 64 GB or 128 GB SSD ( 11 `` ) Optional 256 GB or 512 GB upgrade 128 or 256 GB SSD ( 13 `` ) Optional 512 GB upgrade 128 GB or 256 GB PCIe - based SSD Optional 512 GB upgrade",
"Video Camera iSight ( 640 × 480 ) FaceTime HD ( 720p )",
"Power Connector MagSafe MagSafe 2",
"Connectivity Internal 802.11 a / b / g and draft - n Internal 802.11 a / b / g / n ( AirPort ) Internal Dual - Band 802.11 a / b / g / n ( AirPort , Broadcom BCM43224 300 Mbit / s ) Internal 802.11 ac a / b / g / n / ac compatible ( AirPort , Broadcom BCM4360 - based 867Mbit / s )",
"Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Bluetooth 4.0",
"Built - in infrared ( IR ) receiver for Apple Remote N / A",
"Optional Apple USB Ethernet Adapter ( Year 2008 ) Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to FireWire 800 Adapter",
"Optional Apple Thunderbolt to FireWire 800 Adapter",
"Latest possible OS X version Mac OS X 10.7 `` Lion '' ( Unofficially , can run OS X 10.8 using MacPostFactor ) OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' ( Unofficially , can run macOS 10.12 `` Sierra '' without wi - fi using Sierra Patcher ) N / A",
"Battery ( non removable lithium - ion polymer ) N / A 35 - watt - hour ( 11 `` ) 38 - watt - hour ( 11 `` ) N / A",
"37 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) 40 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) 50 - watt - hour ( 13 `` ) 54 - watt - hour ( 13 `` )",
"Battery cycle count 300 500 1000",
"Unit weight N / A 2.38 lb ( 1.08 kg ) ( 11 `` ) N / A",
"3.0 lb ( 1.36 kg ) 2.96 lb ( 1.34 kg ) ( 13 `` )",
"N / A 11.8 in ( 30 cm ) wide × 7.56 in ( 19.2 cm ) deep × 0.11 in ( 0.3 cm ) to 0.68 in ( 1.7 cm ) high ( 11 `` ) N / A",
"12.8 in ( 33 cm ) wide × 8.94 in ( 23 cm ) deep × 0.16 in ( 0.4 cm ) to 0.76 in ( 1.9 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 12.8 in ( 33 cm ) wide × 8.94 in ( 22.7 cm ) deep × 0.11 in ( 0.3 cm ) to 0.68 in ( 1.7 cm ) high ( 13 `` )",
"Peripheral connections 1 × USB 2.0 2 × USB 2.0 2 × USB 3.0",
"1 × 3.5 mm headphone jack",
"Micro-DVI video port DVI - D / VGA adapter included 1 × Mini DisplayPort video port 1 × Thunderbolt port 1 × Thunderbolt 2 port",
"N / A 1 × SDXC card slot ( 13 '' only )",
"Although the 11 '' Air is only slightly lighter than the 13 '' Air , the biggest difference is the footprint which gives each model a distinct category ; the 13 '' Air is much closer in size to most other conventional laptops , while the 11 '' Air is almost small enough to fit in a space that can hold an iPad .",
"The 11 '' MacBook Air carried the desirable essential attributes of a netbook , but without the drawbacks of a slower processor and less capable operating system , albeit at a higher price . At the low end , Apple introduced the iPad -- a different form factor than the netbook , but with improved computing capabilities and lower production cost . Both of these led to a decline in netbook sales , and most PC manufacturers have consequently discontinued their netbook lines in response . Capitalizing on the success of the MacBook Air , Intel promoted Ultrabook as a new high - mobility standard , which has been hailed by some analysts as succeeding where netbooks failed .",
"Intel developed a set of specifications for the Ultrabook , a higher - end type of subnotebook produced by various PC manufacturers and usually running Windows . Competing directly with the Air , the Ultrabook is intended to reduce size and weight , and extend battery life without compromising performance .",
"Through July 1 , 2013 , the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States , despite being one of the higher - priced competitors . Apple had previously dominated the premium PC market , in 2009 having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000 , according to NPD , and Ultrabooks were an attempt by other PC manufacturers to move in on Apple 's turf . While Apple 's MacBook lines were not immune to this consumer trend towards mobile devices , they still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 ( the majority of which were the MacBook Air ) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks , despite there being dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11 '' and 13 '' models of the Macbook Air . Forrester Research analyst Frank Gillett attributes Apple 's increased success in the enterprise market to the 2010 MacBook Air and the iPad .",
"While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest , the MacBook Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all - around Ultrabook in regard to `` OS X experience , full keyboard , superior trackpad , Thunderbolt connector and the higher - quality , all - aluminum unibody construction '' .",
"The Microsoft Surface Pro has a similar size and price to the 11 '' MacBook Air ; Apple CEO Tim Cook has criticized the Surface Pro and other Ultrabook hybrids running the touch - based Windows 8 , that attempt to combine laptop and tablet functionality in one device , saying that such devices were confusing like trying to `` combine a fridge and a toaster '' .",
"When released in October 2010 , the 13 '' model 's screen resolution was higher than the average 1366x768 screens of similar sized laptops . However , by mid-2013 , with many premium Ultrabooks having high resolution screens ( 1080p or greater ) as standard or upgrades , the MacBook Air has been increasingly criticized for sticking with a low - resolution screen . Many in the tech community had expected Apple to release a MacBook Air with Retina Display by mid-2013 , similar to the MacBook Pro Retina which came out in 2012 . The October 2013 refresh of the 13 '' MacBook Pro Retina , with a slimmer chassis and a lower price point , was mentioned as a potential MacBook Air alternative as the battery life is not much shorter while not being considerably bulkier . Apple released an entry - level version of the 13 '' MacBook Pro on October 27 , 2016 , which was specifically targeted towards MacBook Air users .",
"At the launch of the first MacBook Air in January 2008 , Apple claimed it to be the thinnest laptop in the world . While this was true of laptops on sale at the time , the 2003 Sharp Actius MM10 Muramasas was thinner at some points than the Macbook Air , being 0.54 inches ( 14 mm ) thick at its minimum . It , like the MacBook Air , was a tapered design , with a maximum height of 0.78 inches ( 19.8 mm ) -- slightly thicker than the MacBook Air -- shown above as 0.76 inches ( 19.3 mm ) . The Sony Vaio X505 , released in 2004 , had a minimum thickness of 0.38 inches ( 10 mm ) and a maximum of 0.8 inches ( 20.3 mm ) .",
"Since the release of the first MacBook Air , other thinner laptops have been released , such as the Dell Adamo , launched in March 2009 , which is a constant 0.65 inches ( 17 mm ) thick . Apple subsequently removed `` The world 's thinnest notebook '' from their marketing materials .",
"The 11.6 '' MacBook Air , introduced in October 2010 , is only slightly larger and heavier ( when closed ) than the iPad 2 . The 11.6 '' Air has been regarded as thin and light compared to other ultraportables , such as the Sony VAIO Z and the 11 '' Samsung Series 9 .",
"As of 2013 , several Ultrabooks such as the Sony VAIO Pro have managed smaller dimensions than the MacBook Air by using carbon fiber construction .",
"Following its introduction , the MacBook Air was greeted with a mixed reception . The portability of the MacBook Air was praised in reviews , but the compromise in features was criticized . The full - sized keyboard , weight , thinness , and Multi-Touch trackpad were appreciated in reviews , while the limited configuration options and ports , slow speed ( in non-SSD models ) , non-user - replaceable battery , small hard drive , and price were criticized . The flip - down hatch on the side of the original MacBook Air is a tight fit for some headphone plugs and USB devices , requiring users to purchase an extension cable . Apple removed the flip - down hatch on the late 2010 model in favor of open connection ports , as is the case with most other laptops .",
"Since the release of the first - generation product , some MacBook Air users have complained of CPU lockup caused by overheating . Apple released a software update in early March 2008 to fix the problem with mixed results : the deactivation of one CPU core was corrected ; however , the runaway kernel problem remained for some users . The problem is aggravated by system - intensive tasks such as video playback or video chatting .",
"Due to a more mature manufacturing process , the CPUs in the second - generation MacBook Air perform better under load , as the first generation chips ran at a higher temperature -- the processor needed to be throttled to avoid overheating and this further degraded performance .",
"On October 17 , 2013 , Apple announced a replacement program for the 64 GB and 128 GB MacBook Air flash storage drives that are installed in Air systems purchased between June 2012 and June 2013 ."
] | MacBook Air - Wikipedia MacBook Air Jump to: navigation , search MacBook Air The mid-2015 13.3 in MacBook Air model Developer Apple Inc. Manufacturer Apple Inc. Product family Macintosh MacBook Type Subnotebook Release date January 29, 2008 ; 10 years ago ( 2008-01-29 ) ( Original ) June 5, 2017 ( 2017-06-05 ) ( Current ) Retail availability January 29, 2008 ( 2008-01-29 ) Operating system macOS Sound Internal speakers and microphone Power 45 W MagSafe2 AC Related articles MacBook , MacBook Pro Website www.apple.com/macbook-air The MacBook Air is a line of Macintosh subnotebook computers developed and manufactured by Apple Inc. It consists of a full-size keyboard , a machined aluminum case, and a thin light structure. The Air is available with a screen size of (measured diagonally) 13.3in (33.782 cm), with different specifications produced by Apple. Since 2011, all MacBook Air models have used solid-state drive storage and Intel Core i5 or i7 CPUs . A MacBook Air with an 11.6in (29.46 cm) screen was made available in 2010. In the current product line, the MacBook Air sits below the performance-range of the MacBook Pro and compared to the MacBook Retina , its features reflect different priorities. The Air was originally released as a premium ultraportable positioned above the previous MacBook . Since then, the Air has become Apple's entry-level laptop due to the MacBook's discontinuation in 2011, as well as lowered prices on subsequent iterations. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Specifications 4 Reception 4.1 Comparison with iPad and netbooks 4.2 Ultrabook competition 4.2.1 `` Thinnest laptop'' 4.3 Issues 5 Timeline of the MacBook family 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Steve Jobs with a MacBook Air at the 2008 keynote . Steve Jobs introduced the first MacBook Air during a speech at his keynote at the 2008 Macworld conference on January 15, 2008. The first-generation MacBook Air was a 13.3`` -only model, initially promoted as the world's thinnest notebook. It featured a custom Intel Merom CPU and Intel GMA graphics. In late 2008, the CPU was updated to a faster, non-custom Penryn CPU and integrated Nvidia GeForce graphics while the hard drive capacity was increased and the micro-DVI video port was replaced by the Mini DisplayPort . A mid-2009 refresh, introduced alongside the MacBook Pro family, featured a slightly higher-capacity battery, and a faster Penryn CPU. On October 20, 2010, Apple released a redesigned 13.69'' model, with improved enclosure, screen resolution, battery, and flash storage instead of a hard drive. In addition, a new 11.6'' model was introduced, offering reduced cost, weight, battery life, and performance relative to the 13.3'' model, but better performance than typical netbooks of the time. On July 20, 2011, Apple released updates to the 11.6'' and 13.3'' models of the MacBook Air, which also became Apple's entry-level laptops due to lowered prices and the discontinuation of the white MacBook around the same time. The mid-2011 MacBook Airs were powered by the new Sandy Bridge 1.6 or 1.7 GHz dual-core Intel Core i5, or 1.8 GHz dual-core Intel Core i7 processors, that came with an Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor, and with a backlit keyboard, two USB 2.0 ports, FaceTime camera, a standard of 2 GB of RAM (configurable up to 4 GB), Thunderbolt which shares function with Mini DisplayPort and Bluetooth was upgraded to v4.0 . Maximum SSD flash memory storage options were increased up to 256 GB. Both 11'' and 13'' models had an analog audio output/headphone minijack (that also supports an iPhone/iPod touch headset with microphone), but only the 13'' model had an integrated SDXC-capable SD Card slot. These models use a less expensive `` Eagle Ridge'' Thunderbolt controller that provides two Thunderbolt channels (2 × 10 Gbit/s bidirectional), compared to the MacBook Pro which uses a `` Light Ridge'' controller that provides four Thunderbolt channels (4 × 10 Gbit/s bidirectional). A USB ethernet adapter was immediately available upon release and a Thunderbolt-to-Firewire 800 adapter became available in mid-year 2012. On June 11, 2012, Apple released an updated model in the same form factor as the prior model. The new model is powered by the new Ivy Bridge dual-core Intel Core i5 and i7 processors, doubles the RAM and SSD speeds, has the new USB 3 ports (with USB 2 capability) in place of the USB 2 ports and the new MagSafe 2 charging port. The camera was upgraded to 720p FaceTime HD. On June 10, 2013, Apple released another update in the same form factor as the 2012 model during the company's Worldwide Developer Conference (WWDC). The 11'' and 13'' models have a minimum standard 4 GB RAM, with a maximum configuration of 8 GB. Both models are powered by the Haswell ULT 1.3 GHz dual-core Intel Core i5 processors, with Turbo Boost up to 2.6 GHz, while a 1.7 GHz Dual-Core i7, with Turbo Boost up to 3.3 GHz, option is also available. Each model's storage standard is 128 GB SSD, upgradeable to 256 GB and 512 GB SSD. Due to Haswell CPUs, battery life has considerably improved from the previous generation, and the mid-2013 models are capable of 9 hours on the 11'' model and 12 hours on the 13'' model; a team of reviewers exceeded expected battery life ratings during their test. While Apple's MacBook lines have been affected towards consumer trend to smartphones , they still managed to ship 2.8M Macs in Q2 2012, notably Air, compared to 500K total Ultrabooks, despite there being dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11'' and 13'' models of it. Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56% of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, despite being one of the higher-priced competitors. Design ( edit ) The original 2008 MacBook Air Left side of a late-2010 MacBook Air. From left to right, MagSafe power connector, USB port, headphone jack and built-in microphone. The MacBook Air features an anti-glare LED backlit display and a full-size keyboard, as well as a large trackpad that responds to multi-touch gestures such as pinching, swiping, and rotating. Since the release of Snow Leopard , the Air's trackpad has supported handwriting recognition of Chinese characters. On the 11'' Air, the left side of the computer has a MagSafe power connector, a USB port, a headphone jack, and a microphone. The right side of the computer has a USB port and a Mini DisplayPort , now sharing Thunderbolt function beginning with the 2011 model. On top of the screen bezel there is a webcam, first dubbed iSight and now the FaceTime camera. The MacBook Air was the first subcompact laptop offered by Apple since the full-featured 12'' PowerBook G4 was discontinued in 2006. It was also Apple's first computer with an optional solid-state drive . ArsTechnica found `` moderate'' performance improvements of the 64 GB solid-state drive of the first-generation Air over the standard 80 GB hard drive in tests. On October 14, 2008, new models were announced with improved capacities of 128 GB SSD and 120 GB hard drive. For the late-2010 MacBook Air and later models, only flash storage is available, with the standard options currently being 128 GB and 256 GB. The CPU in the first-generation MacBook Air was a custom Intel Core 2 Duo Merom that was 40% of the size of the standard chip package. For models of late 2008, the CPU was replaced with a low-voltage Penryn chip with 6MB of cache, running on a 1066 MHz bus. MacBook Air components are officially non-user-replaceable, though third-parties do sell upgrade kits for the SSDs. The flash memory and battery are enclosed within the casing, with RAM soldered onto the motherboard. The flash memory, difficult to access, has a 128MB cache and a mSATA connection (updated to a proprietary PCIe interface) to the motherboard. The optional Apple USB ' SuperDrive ' DVD-drive. Apple incorporated several features in the design of the MacBook Air, such as the reduction of lead to make it more environmentally friendly. The MacBook Air contains no BFRs and PVC wiring, meets Energy Star 5.0 requirements, has a recyclable enclosure, and is rated EPEAT Gold. Its display is made from arsenic -free glass, and contains no mercury . To reduce the computer's size and weight, several features were sacrificed. It was Apple's first notebook since the PowerBook 2400c without a built-in removable media drive. It also omits a FireWire port, Ethernet port, line-in , media card slots (except the 13'' 2010 through 2015 models, which have an SD card slot), and a Kensington Security Slot . To gain optical drive features, users could either purchase an external USB SuperDrive or other brand, or the bundled Remote Disc software, only for browsing or software installation to access the drive of another computer wirelessly that has the program installed. It can also be used to reinstall the system software from the included installation DVD. Remote Disc supports NetBooting , so the Air can boot from its installation DVD in another computer's drive, which requires Remote Install Mac OS X to be running on that computer. The software does not allow playback or information of DVDs , CDs or installing Windows . For these features, an external USB drive is required. More recent versions of OS X replaced the installation DVD with a USB flash drive containing the software, eliminating remote installation. The 2010 models include two speakers for stereo sound while earlier versions have one speaker located under the keyboard. The 2011 model replaces DisplayPort with a Thunderbolt 1 port, and also has a 1280× 720 FaceTime HD Camera, replacing the previous 640× 480 iSight camera. The 2012 model replaces USB 2 with USB 3, and uses the MagSafe 2 instead of the MagSafe connector for charging. The 2015 model updated the Thunderbolt port to Thunderbolt 2. Specifications ( edit ) Discontinued Current ( hide ) Table of models Model Early 2008 (February) Late 2008 (October) Mid 2009 (June) Late 2010 (October) Mid 2011 (July) Mid 2012 (June) Mid 2013 (June) Early 2014 (April) Early 2015 (March) Mid 2017 (June) Model identifier MacBookAir1,1 MacBookAir2,1 MacBookAir3,1 (11`` ), MacBookAir3,2 (13'' ) MacBookAir4,1 (11`` ), MacBookAir4,2 (13'' ) MacBookAir5,1 (11`` ), MacBookAir5,2 (13'' ) MacBookAir6,1 (11`` ), MacBookAir6,2 (13'' ) MacBookAir7,1 (11`` ), MacBookAir7,2 (13'' ) MacBookAir7,2 Model number (on underside) A1237 A1304 A1370 (11`` ), A1369 (13'' ) A1465 (11`` ), A1466 (13'' ) A1466 Part number (Order number) MB003LL/A MB543LL/A, MB940LL/A MC233LL/A, MC234LL/A MC504LL/A, MC505LL/A, MC506LL/A, MC503LL/A MC968LL/A, MC969LL/A, MC965LL/A, MC966LL/A MD223LL/A, MD224LL/A, MD231LL/A, MD232LL/A MD711LL/A, MD712LL/A, MD760LL/A, MD761LL/A MD711LL/B, MD712LL/B, MD760LL/B, MD761LL/B MJVM2LL/A, MJVP2LL/A, MJVE2LL/A, MJVG2LL/A, MMGF2LL/A (2016, 8 GB, 128 GB SSD), MMGG2LL/A (2016, 8 GB, 256 GB SSD) MQD32LL/A (128 GB SSD), MQD42LL/A (256 GB SSD) Display (glossy) N/A 11.6`` , native 1366 × 768 (16:9) TN. Lower resolutions supported N/A 13.3`` , native 1280 × 800 pixels (16:10) TN. Lower resolutions supported 13.3`` , native 1440 × 900 (16:10) TN. Lower resolutions supported Graphics (Shared with system memory) Intel GMA X3100 using 144 MB of DDR2 SDRAM with Micro-DVI output Nvidia GeForce 9400M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Nvidia GeForce 320M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor using 256 MB (11'' base model) or 384 MB (all other models) of DDR3 SDRAM Intel HD Graphics 4000 processor with up to 1 GB DDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 5000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Intel HD Graphics 6000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory Front side bus / DMI 800 MHz 1066 MHz 800 MHz (11`` ) , 1066 MHz (13'' ) Intel Direct Media Interface 2.5 GT/s Intel Direct Media Interface 5.0 GT/s Processor 1.6 GHz (L7500) or 1.8 GHz (L7700) Intel Core 2 Duo with 4 MB on-chip L2 cache 1.6 GHz (SL9300) or 1.86 GHz (SL9400) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache 1.86 GHz (SL9400) or 2.13 GHz (SL9600) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache (11`` ) 1.4 GHz (SU9400) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache Optional 1.6 GHz (SU9600) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache (13`` ) 1.86 GHz (SL9400) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache Optional 2.13 GHz (SL9600) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache (11`` ) 1.6 GHz (i5-2467M) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache (13`` ) 1.7 GHz (i5-2557M) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache (Higher-End 11'' & 13`` ) Optional 1.8 GHz (i7-2677M) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache (11`` ) 1.7 GHz (i5-3317U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache (13`` ) 1.8 GHz (i5-3427U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache (Higher-End 11'' & 13`` ) Optional 2.0 GHz (i7-3667U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.3 GHz (i5-4250U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 1.7 GHz (i7-4650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.4 GHz (i5-4260U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 1.7 GHz (i7-4650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.6 GHz ( i5-5250U ) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.2 GHz (i7-5650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache 1.8 GHz (i5-5350U) dual core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.2 GHz (i7-5650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache Memory 2 GB of 667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM 2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM 2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM Optional 4 GB 2 GB (11'' base model; Optional 4 GB ) or 4 GB of 1333 MHz DDR3 SDRAM (all other models) 4 GB of 1600 MHz DDR3L SDRAM Optional 8 GB 4 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Optional 8 GB (8 GB standard for the 13'' version since April 19, 2016) 8 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Storage 80 GB 4200-rpm 1.8-inch PATA HDD or 64 GB SSD 120 GB 4200-rpm 1.8-inch SATA HDD or 128 GB SSD 64 (MC505LL/A) or 128 GB (MC506LL/A) (11`` ) , 128 (MC503LL/A) or 256 GB (MC504LL/A) (13'' ) SSD 64 GB (11`` ) SSD 128 GB (11`` ) SSD Optional 256 GB upgrade 128 or 256 GB (13`` ) SSD 64 GB or 128 GB SSD (11`` ) Optional 256 GB or 512 GB upgrade 128 or 256 GB SSD (13`` ) Optional 512 GB upgrade 128 GB or 256 GB PCIe-based SSD Optional 512 GB upgrade Video Camera iSight (640 × 480) FaceTime HD ( 720p ) Power Connector MagSafe MagSafe 2 Connectivity Internal 802.11 a/b/g and draft-n Internal 802.11 a/b/g/n ( AirPort ) Internal Dual-Band 802.11 a/b/g/n ( AirPort , Broadcom BCM43224 300 Mbit/s) Internal 802.11ac a/b/g/n/ac compatible ( AirPort , Broadcom BCM4360-based 867Mbit/s) Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Bluetooth 4.0 Built-in infrared (IR) receiver for Apple Remote N/A Optional Apple USB Ethernet Adapter (Year 2008) Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to FireWire 800 Adapter Latest possible OS X version Mac OS X 10.7 `` Lion'' (Unofficially, can run OS X 10.8 using MacPostFactor) OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' (Unofficially, can run macOS 10.12 `` Sierra '' without wi-fi using Sierra Patcher ) N/A Battery (non removable lithium-ion polymer ) N/A 35-watt-hour (11`` ) 38-watt-hour (11`` ) N/A 37-watt-hour (13`` ) 40-watt-hour (13`` ) 50-watt-hour (13`` ) 54-watt-hour (13`` ) Battery cycle count 300 500 1000 Unit weight N/A 2.38 lb (1.08 kg) (11`` ) N/A 3.0 lb (1.36 kg) 2.96 lb (1.34 kg) (13`` ) N/A 11.8 in (30 cm) wide × 7.56 in (19.2 cm) deep × 0.11 in (0.3 cm) to 0.68 in (1.7 cm) high (11`` ) N/A 12.8 in (33 cm) wide × 8.94 in (23 cm) deep × 0.16 in (0.4 cm) to 0.76 in (1.9 cm) high (13`` ) 12.8 in (33 cm) wide × 8.94 in (22.7 cm) deep × 0.11 in (0.3 cm) to 0.68 in (1.7 cm) high (13`` ) Peripheral connections 1× USB 2.0 2× USB 2.0 2× USB 3.0 1× 3.5 mm headphone jack Micro-DVI video port DVI-D/VGA adapter included 1× Mini DisplayPort video port 1× Thunderbolt port 1× Thunderbolt 2 port N/A 1× SDXC card slot (13'' only) Reception ( edit ) Comparison with iPad and netbooks ( edit ) Although the 11'' Air is only slightly lighter than the 13'' Air, the biggest difference is the footprint which gives each model a distinct category; the 13'' Air is much closer in size to most other conventional laptops, while the 11'' Air is almost small enough to fit in a space that can hold an iPad . The 11'' MacBook Air carried the desirable essential attributes of a netbook , but without the drawbacks of a slower processor and less capable operating system, albeit at a higher price. At the low end, Apple introduced the iPad-- a different form factor than the netbook, but with improved computing capabilities and lower production cost. Both of these led to a decline in netbook sales, and most PC manufacturers have consequently discontinued their netbook lines in response. Capitalizing on the success of the MacBook Air, Intel promoted Ultrabook as a new high-mobility standard, which has been hailed by some analysts as succeeding where netbooks failed. Ultrabook competition ( edit ) Intel developed a set of specifications for the Ultrabook , a higher-end type of subnotebook produced by various PC manufacturers and usually running Windows. Competing directly with the Air, the Ultrabook is intended to reduce size and weight, and extend battery life without compromising performance. Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, despite being one of the higher-priced competitors. Apple had previously dominated the premium PC market, in 2009 having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000, according to NPD, and Ultrabooks were an attempt by other PC manufacturers to move in on Apple's turf. While Apple's MacBook lines were not immune to this consumer trend towards mobile devices, they still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which were the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks, despite there being dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11'' and 13'' models of the Macbook Air. Forrester Research analyst Frank Gillett attributes Apple's increased success in the enterprise market to the 2010 MacBook Air and the iPad. While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the MacBook Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around Ultrabook in regard to `` OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction'' . The Microsoft Surface Pro has a similar size and price to the 11'' MacBook Air; Apple CEO Tim Cook has criticized the Surface Pro and other Ultrabook hybrids running the touch-based Windows 8 , that attempt to combine laptop and tablet functionality in one device, saying that such devices were confusing like trying to `` combine a fridge and a toaster'' . When released in October 2010, the 13'' model's screen resolution was higher than the average 1366x768 screens of similar sized laptops. However, by mid-2013, with many premium Ultrabooks having high resolution screens (1080p or greater) as standard or upgrades, the MacBook Air has been increasingly criticized for sticking with a low-resolution screen. Many in the tech community had expected Apple to release a MacBook Air with Retina Display by mid-2013, similar to the MacBook Pro Retina which came out in 2012. The October 2013 refresh of the 13'' MacBook Pro Retina, with a slimmer chassis and a lower price point, was mentioned as a potential MacBook Air alternative as the battery life is not much shorter while not being considerably bulkier. Apple released an entry-level version of the 13'' MacBook Pro on October 27, 2016, which was specifically targeted towards MacBook Air users. `` Thinnest laptop'' ( edit ) At the launch of the first MacBook Air in January 2008, Apple claimed it to be the thinnest laptop in the world. While this was true of laptops on sale at the time, the 2003 Sharp Actius MM10 Muramasas was thinner at some points than the Macbook Air, being 0.54 inches (14 mm) thick at its minimum. It, like the MacBook Air, was a tapered design, with a maximum height of 0.78 inches (19.8 mm) -- slightly thicker than the MacBook Air -- shown above as 0.76 inches (19.3 mm). The Sony Vaio X505, released in 2004, had a minimum thickness of 0.38 inches (10 mm) and a maximum of 0.8 inches (20.3 mm). Since the release of the first MacBook Air, other thinner laptops have been released, such as the Dell Adamo , launched in March 2009, which is a constant 0.65 inches (17 mm) thick. Apple subsequently removed `` The world's thinnest notebook'' from their marketing materials. The 11.6'' MacBook Air, introduced in October 2010, is only slightly larger and heavier (when closed) than the iPad 2 . The 11.6'' Air has been regarded as thin and light compared to other ultraportables, such as the Sony VAIO Z and the 11'' Samsung Series 9. As of 2013, several Ultrabooks such as the Sony VAIO Pro have managed smaller dimensions than the MacBook Air by using carbon fiber construction. Issues ( edit ) Following its introduction, the MacBook Air was greeted with a mixed reception. The portability of the MacBook Air was praised in reviews, but the compromise in features was criticized. The full-sized keyboard, weight, thinness, and Multi-Touch trackpad were appreciated in reviews, while the limited configuration options and ports, slow speed (in non-SSD models), non-user-replaceable battery, small hard drive, and price were criticized. The flip-down hatch on the side of the original MacBook Air is a tight fit for some headphone plugs and USB devices, requiring users to purchase an extension cable. Apple removed the flip-down hatch on the late 2010 model in favor of open connection ports, as is the case with most other laptops. Since the release of the first-generation product, some MacBook Air users have complained of CPU lockup caused by overheating. Apple released a software update in early March 2008 to fix the problem with mixed results: the deactivation of one CPU core was corrected; however, the runaway kernel problem remained for some users. The problem is aggravated by system-intensive tasks such as video playback or video chatting. Due to a more mature manufacturing process, the CPUs in the second-generation MacBook Air perform better under load, as the first generation chips ran at a higher temperature-- the processor needed to be throttled to avoid overheating and this further degraded performance. On October 17, 2013, Apple announced a replacement program for the 64 GB and 128 GB MacBook Air flash storage drives that are installed in Air systems purchased between June 2012 and June 2013. Timeline of the MacBook family See also: Timeline of Macintosh models See also ( edit ) Comparison of Macintosh models MacBook family MacBook (Retina) MacBook Pro Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In this article, the conventional prefixes for computer storage denote base-10 values whereby `` kilobyte'' (KB) = 10 bytes, `` megabyte'' (MB) = 10 bytes and `` gigabyte'' (GB) = 10 bytes. Jump up ^ In this article, the conventional prefixes for computer RAM denote base-2 values whereby kilobyte (KB) = 2 bytes, megabyte (MB) = 2 bytes and `` gigabyte'' (GB) = 2 bytes. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Press Info - MacBook Air Now Shipping'' . Apple. January 30, 2008 . Retrieved April 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Air'' . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ Juli Clover. `` Apple Still Offering 2015 13-inch MacBook Air, 11-inch MacBook Air Discontinued'' . MacRumors . Retrieved October 27, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` 13-inch MacBook Pro with Retina display review (2013)'' . The Verge . Vox Media. ^ Jump up to: Dan Ackerman (January 25, 2008). `` Apple MacBook Air review - CNET'' . CNET . CBS Interactive. Jump up ^ `` Macworld 2008 Steve Jobs Apple Keynote Highlights'' . Inside MacTV . January 15, 2008 . Retrieved April 15, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Apple Introduces MacBook Air-- The World's Thinnest Notebook'' (Press release). Apple . January 15, 2008 . Retrieved January 16, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The MacBook Air CPU Mystery: More Details Revealed'' . AnandTech. ^ Jump up to: Technical specifications of MB543LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved June 8, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Apple Updates MacBook Pro Family with New Models & Innovative Built-in Battery for Up to 40% Longer Battery Life'' (Press release). Apple . June 8, 2009 . Retrieved May 22, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple's new 11.6-in. MacBook Air: Don't call it a netbook'' . Computer World . Jump up ^ `` Special Event October 2010'' . Apple. October 2010. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Apple Reinvents Notebooks With New MacBook Air'' (Press release). Apple . October 20, 2010 . Retrieved August 6, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Unveils New MacBook Air, Lion Operating System'' . Bloomberg. October 20, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Apple Updates MacBook Air With Next Generation Processors, Thunderbolt I/O & Backlit Keyboard'' (Press release). Apple Inc. July 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Dana Wollman (July 20, 2011). `` Apple refreshes MacBook Air with Sandy Bridge, Thunderbolt, and backlit keyboards'' . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Air - Technical Specifications'' . Apple . Retrieved June 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Stevens (June 2013). `` MacBook Air review (13-inch, mid-2013)'' . engadget . AOL Inc . Retrieved December 27, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` Apple's Holiday MacBook Sales Down 6% in 2012, PCs down 11%'' , The Mac Observer . ^ Jump up to: `` MacBook Air Continues to Trounce Ultrabooks'' , Trusted Reviews . ^ Jump up to: `` MacBook Air continues to dominate Ultrabook market, while competition awaits Windows 8'' , Macworld , UK . ^ Jump up to: `` The MacBook Air Is Killing Ultrabook Sales'' , Cult of Mac . ^ Jump up to: author. `` NPD: MacBook Air owns 56 percent of the US ultrabook market'' . Electronista . ^ Jump up to: `` MacBook Air features'' . Apple . Retrieved November 26, 2010 . Jump up ^ Ogg, Erica (June 16, 2009). `` Snow Leopard features hint at Apple tablet'' . CNET . Retrieved July 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ Choney, Suzanne (January 24, 2008). `` Lighter laptops move to flash-based drives'' . NBCNews.com . NBCUniversal . Retrieved January 24, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Air (13-inch, 2017) - Technical Specifications'' . support.apple.com . Retrieved 2017-12-25 . Jump up ^ Cohen, Peter (January 15, 2008). `` Apple introduces MacBook Air'' . Macworld . Retrieved January 21, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Intel comments on chips in new MacBook'' . CNET . Retrieved May 25, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingston SSD Now vPlus 180'' . Tech Spot . Jump up ^ Morgenstern, David (October 22, 2010). `` MacBook Air storage: Not a DIMM'' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6, 2012 . Jump up ^ Jobs, Steve . `` A Greener Apple'' . Apple . Retrieved June 1, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Macintosh 2400c/180 specs'' . Retrieved June 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Air's tradeoffs'' . Macworld . Retrieved June 10, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Mossberg, Walter S (January 24, 2008). `` Apple's MacBook Air Is Beautiful and Thin, But Omits Features'' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved January 24, 2008 . Jump up ^ Yager, Tom. `` MacBook Air, a detailed preview'' . Infoworld . Archived from the original on June 17, 2008 . Retrieved May 25, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Air'' . Apple . Archived from the original on July 25, 2008 . Retrieved January 15, 2008 . Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MB003LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved June 8, 2010. Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MC233LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved June 8, 2010. Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MC503LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved July 31, 2011. Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MC503LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved July 31, 2011. Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MC968LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved July 31, 2011. Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MC965LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved July 31, 2011. Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MD223LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved September 21, 2013. Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MD231LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved September 21, 2013. Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MD711LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved September 21, 2013. Jump up ^ Technical specifications of MD760LL/A from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved September 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Apple - Macbook Air - Technical Specifications'' . Apple. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014 . Retrieved April 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apple - Macbook Air - Technical Specifications'' . Apple. Archived from the original on April 21, 2015 . Retrieved March 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Air - Technical Specifications - Apple'' . Apple . Retrieved June 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple support: Mac notebooks: Determining battery cycle count'' . Retrieved January 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ Vivek Gowri. `` AnandTech - The 2013 MacBook Air Review (11-inch)'' . anandtech.com . Jump up ^ `` Apple MacBook Air 11-inch (Mid 2013)'' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ Haslam, Karen. `` How the Mac changed, and continues to change, the world'' . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ Nuttall, Chris (October 22, 2010). `` MacBook Air -- my new favourite netbook'' . Financial Times . Pearson PLC . Jump up ^ Ngo, Dong (November 1, 2012). `` MacBook Air a great Windows Netbook, for a price'' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 10, 2012 . Jump up ^ Krasnoff, Barbara (October 29, 2010). `` Apple's new MacBook Air: A netbook by any other name'' . ComputerWorld . IDG . Retrieved May 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodge, Karl (October 21, 2010). `` Apple's Netbook? The 11.6'' MacBook Air debuts`` . Computer Weekly . Reed Business Information . Retrieved May 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ Lanxon, Nate (October 20, 2010). `` Apple unveils a netbook: An 11'' MacBook Air`` . Wired . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved May 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield, Brian (November 28, 2011). `` The NetBook Is Dead, The iPad Killed It, Don't Buy One'' . Forbes . Retrieved June 20, 2012 . Jump up ^ MacBook Air vs. Ultrabooks , PC Magazine Jump up ^ Enterprise Mobility: Ultrabooks Will Succeed Where Netbooks Failed: 10 Reasons Why , eWeek Jump up ^ The Ultrabook Revolution , PC World , August 21, 2012 Jump up ^ John C. Dvorak . `` Where Did All the Netbooks Go?'' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Ultrabooks threaten MacBook Air'' . Gulf News . Jump up ^ Stern, Joanna (February 10, 2012). `` MacBook Air with Windows 7 review: the ultrabook to rule them all?'' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved August 6, 2012 . Jump up ^ Westover, Brian (December 20, 2011). `` MacBook Air Review'' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Why Ultrabook Sales Have Flopped So Far'' . PCWorld . July 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Keizer, Gregg (January 26, 2012). `` Apple breaks Microsoft's ' lock' on enterprise workers, argues analyst'' . ComputerWorld . IDG . Retrieved May 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ author. `` NPD: MacBook Air owns 56 percent of the US ultrabook market'' . Electronista . Jump up ^ `` Apple MacBook Air (11-inch) vs. Microsoft Surface Pro 2'' . laptopmag.com . Jump up ^ `` 2013 MacBook Air (11-inch) vs. Microsoft Surface Pro'' . gizmag.com . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cook On Windows 8 And Surface - Business Insider'' . Business Insider . October 22, 2013. Jump up ^ David Price. `` iPad Pro (or iPad Plus) release date rumours and leaked images - News - Macworld UK'' . Macworld UK . Jump up ^ `` Samsung ATIV Book 9 Plus vs Sony Vaio Pro 13, MacBook Air and Acer Aspire S7'' . ultrabookreview.com . Jump up ^ Dana Wollman. `` MacBook Pro with Retina display review (13-inch, 2013)'' . Engadget . AOL. Jump up ^ Chris Welch. `` Apple's $1,499 13-inch MacBook Pro has an escape key, but no Touch Bar'' . The Verge . Retrieved October 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ Kanellos, Michael (January 16, 2008). `` Update: Thinnest notebook crown belongs to Sharp'' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 25, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Data Sheet'' (PDF) . Sharp. January 18, 2008 . Retrieved January 18, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Vaio X505- Notebook Reviews by Mobile Tech Review'' . www.mobiletechreview.com . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ Ackerman, Dan (March 16, 2009). `` Hands-on with the Dell Adamo Crave'' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Apple MacBook Air review (11-inch, Summer 2011)'' . Cnet . CBS Interactive Inc. July 22, 2011 . Retrieved December 26, 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Goldman (August 23, 2013). `` Sony Vaio Pro 13 Touch review - CNET'' . CNET . CBS Interactive. Jump up ^ Joshua Goldman (June 5, 2013). `` Sony Vaio Pro 11 review - CNET'' . CNET . CBS Interactive. Jump up ^ `` Sony VAIO Pro review: ' we're going to war with the MacBook Air ' '' . The Verge . Vox Media. ^ Jump up to: Snell, Jason. `` Apple MacBook Air/1.6 GHz'' . Retrieved June 10, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Block, Ryan . `` MacBook Air review'' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved June 10, 2010 . Jump up ^ Ackerman, Dan. `` MacBook Air review'' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 10, 2010 . Jump up ^ Block, Ryan (January 24, 2008). `` Adding insult to injury: USB 3G modems won't fit in the MacBook Air'' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved May 25, 2010 . Jump up ^ Cheng, Jacqui (February 3, 2008). `` Thin is in: Ars Technica reviews MacBook Air'' . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 25, 2010 . Jump up ^ Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (March 13, 2008). `` Apple's MacBook (hot) Air problem'' . Fortune . CNN . Retrieved June 10, 2010 . Jump up ^ Asher, Moses (March 13, 2008). `` Apple fans burned by hot Airs'' . Melbourne: The Age . Retrieved June 7, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple's 2010 MacBook Air (11 & 13 inch) Thoroughly Reviewed'' . AnandTech . Jump up ^ `` Apple issues recall for MacBook Air flash storage drives'' . GigaOM . Retrieved October 18, 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news: Apple unveils new MacBook Air laptops, iLife ' 11 software suite Official MacBook Air website Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop/all-in-ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel-based Mac Mini Professional tower/desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook 12-inch MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch 1st Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod+HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi-Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID Italics indicate current products. See also: Apple hardware before 1998 Apple Inc. History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook (CEO) Albert Gore Jr. Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr. Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook (CEO) Jony Ive (CDO) Jeff Williams (COO) Luca Maestri (CFO) Katherine Adams (General Counsel) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Steve Jobs Ron Johnson Mike Markkula David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Michael Scott John Sculley Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Michael Spindler Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Ronald Wayne Steve Wozniak Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories Apple TV Apple Watch AirPods HomePod Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay HomeKit Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores App Store iOS macOS tvOS Apple Store iBookstore iTunes Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc. Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc. Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Texture Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI-- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh (2008 documentary) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MacBook_Air&oldid=843408406 '' Categories : MacBook Computer-related introductions in 2008 Products introduced in 2008 X86 Macintosh computers Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from August 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 23:44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 3795645331927524234 |
what was the name of the hiroshima bomb | `` Little Boy '' was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress Enola Gay , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , Jr. , commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces . It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare . The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history , after the Trinity test , and the first uranium - based detonation . It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT ( 63 TJ ) . The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants . | [
[
"\"Little Boy\""
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Little Boy A post-war Little Boy model Type Nuclear weapon Place of origin United States Production history Designer Los Alamos Laboratory Produced 1945 No. built 26 Specifications Weight 9,700 pounds ( 4,400 kg ) Length 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) Diameter 28 inches ( 71 cm ) Filling Uranium - 235 Filling weight 140 lb ( 64 kg ) Blast yield 15 kilotons of TNT ( 63 TJ ; 0.7 g mass equivalent )",
"Little Boy",
"A post-war Little Boy model",
"Type Nuclear weapon",
"Place of origin United States",
"Production history",
"Designer Los Alamos Laboratory",
"Produced 1945",
"No. built 26",
"Specifications",
"Weight 9,700 pounds ( 4,400 kg )",
"Length 10 feet ( 3.0 m )",
"Diameter 28 inches ( 71 cm )",
"Filling Uranium - 235",
"Filling weight 140 lb ( 64 kg )",
"Blast yield 15 kilotons of TNT ( 63 TJ ; 0.7 g mass equivalent )",
"`` Little Boy '' was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress Enola Gay , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , Jr. , commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces . It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare . The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history , after the Trinity test , and the first uranium - based detonation . It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT ( 63 TJ ) . The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants .",
"Little Boy was developed by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch 's group of Captain William S. Parsons 's Ordnance ( O ) Division at the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II . Parsons flew on the Hiroshima mission as weaponeer . The Little Boy was a development of the unsuccessful Thin Man nuclear bomb . Like Thin Man , it was a gun - type fission weapon , but derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium - 235 , whereas Thin Man was based on fission of plutonium - 239 . Fission was accomplished by shooting a hollow cylinder of enriched uranium ( the `` bullet '' ) onto a solid cylinder of the same material ( the `` target '' ) by means of a charge of nitrocellulose propellant powder . It contained 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of enriched uranium , of which less than a kilogram underwent nuclear fission . Its components were fabricated at three different plants so that no one would have a copy of the complete design .",
"After the war ended , it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required , and many plans and diagrams were destroyed , but by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect , so six Little Boy assemblies were produced at Sandia Base . The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built another 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the Lockheed P2V Neptune nuclear strike aircraft ( which could be launched from , but not land on , the Midway - class aircraft carriers ) . All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951 .",
"The names for all three atomic bomb design projects during World War II -- Fat Man , Thin Man , and Little Boy -- were created by Robert Serber , a former student of Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer who worked on the Manhattan Project . According to Serber , he chose them based on their design shapes . The `` Thin Man '' was a long device , and its name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel and series of movies of the same name . The `` Fat Man '' was round and fat , and was named after Kasper Gutman , Sydney Greenstreet 's character in The Maltese Falcon . Little Boy came last , and was named after Elisha Cook , Jr. 's character in the same film , as referred to by Humphrey Bogart .",
"Because uranium - 235 was known to be fissionable , it was the first material pursued in the approach to bomb development . As the first design developed ( as well as the first deployed for combat ) , it is sometimes known as the Mark I . The vast majority of the work came in the form of the isotope enrichment of the uranium necessary for the weapon , since uranium - 235 makes up only 1 part in 140 of natural uranium . Enrichment was performed at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , where the electromagnetic separation plant , known as Y - 12 , became fully operational in March 1944 . The first shipments of highly enriched uranium were sent to the Los Alamos Laboratory in June 1944 .",
"Most of the uranium necessary for the production of the bomb came from the Shinkolobwe mine and was made available thanks to the foresight of the CEO of the High Katanga Mining Union , Edgar Sengier , who had 1,000 long tons ( 1,000 t ) of uranium ore transported to a New York warehouse in 1939 . At least part of the 1,200 long tons ( 1,200 t ) of uranium ore and uranium oxide captured by the Alsos Mission in 1944 and 1945 was used in the bomb .",
"Little Boy was a simplification of Thin Man , the previous gun - type fission weapon design . Thin Man , 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) long , was designed to use plutonium , so it was also more than capable of using enriched uranium . The Thin Man design was abandoned after experiments by Emilio G. Segrè and his P - 5 Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor - produced plutonium from Oak Ridge and the Hanford site showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium - 240 . This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than the cyclotron - produced plutonium on which the original measurements had been made , and its inclusion in reactor - bred plutonium ( needed for bomb making due to the quantities required ) appeared unavoidable . This meant that the background fission rate of the plutonium was so high that it would be highly likely the plutonium would predetonate and blow itself apart in the initial forming of a critical mass .",
"In July 1944 , almost all research at Los Alamos was redirected to the implosion - type plutonium weapon . Overall responsibility for the uranium gun - type weapon was assigned to Captain William S. Parsons 's Ordnance ( O ) Division . All the design , development , and technical work at Los Alamos was consolidated under Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch 's group .",
"In contrast to the plutonium implosion - type nuclear weapon and the plutonium gun - type fission weapon , the uranium gun - type weapon was straightforward if not trivial to design . The concept was pursued so that in case of a failure to develop a plutonium bomb , it would still be possible to use the gun principle . The gun - type design henceforth had to work with enriched uranium only , and this allowed the Thin Man design to be greatly simplified . A high - velocity gun was no longer required , and a simpler weapon could be substituted . The simplified weapon was short enough to fit into a B - 29 bomb bay .",
"The design specifications were completed in February 1945 , and contracts were let to build the components . Three different plants were used so that no one would have a copy of the complete design . The gun and breech were made by the Naval Gun Factory in Washington , D.C. ; the target case and some other components were by the Naval Ordnance Plant in Center Line , Michigan ; and the tail fairing and mounting brackets by the Expert Tool and Die Company in Detroit , Michigan . The bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . The uranium - 235 projectile was completed on 15 June , and the target on 24 July . The target and bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on 16 July aboard the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis , arriving on 26 July . The target inserts followed by air on 30 July .",
"Although all of its components had been tested , no full test of a gun - type nuclear weapon occurred before the Little Boy was dropped over Hiroshima . The only test explosion of a nuclear weapon concept had been of an implosion - type device employing plutonium as its fissile material , and took place on 16 July 1945 at the Trinity nuclear test . There were several reasons for not testing a Little Boy type of device . Primarily , there was little uranium - 235 as compared with the relatively large amount of plutonium which , it was expected , could be produced by the Hanford Site reactors . Additionally , the weapon design was simple enough that it was only deemed necessary to do laboratory tests with the gun - type assembly . Unlike the implosion design , which required sophisticated coordination of shaped explosive charges , the gun - type design was considered almost certain to work .",
"The danger of accidental detonation made safety a concern . Little Boy incorporated basic safety mechanisms , but an accidental detonation could still occur . Tests were conducted to see whether a crash could drive the hollow `` bullet '' onto the `` target '' cylinder resulting in a massive release of radiation , or possibly nuclear detonation . These showed that this required an impact of 500 times the force of gravity , which made it highly unlikely . There was still concern that a crash and a fire could trigger the explosives . If immersed in water , the uranium halves were subject to a neutron moderator effect . While this would not have caused an explosion , it could have created widespread radioactive contamination . For this reason , pilots were advised to crash on land rather than at sea .",
"The Little Boy was 120 inches ( 300 cm ) in length , 28 inches ( 71 cm ) in diameter and weighed approximately 9,700 pounds ( 4,400 kg ) . The design used the gun method to explosively force a hollow sub-critical mass of uranium - 235 and a solid target cylinder together into a super-critical mass , initiating a nuclear chain reaction . This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the uranium onto the other by means of four cylindrical silk bags of cordite . The bomb contained 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of enriched uranium . Most was enriched to 89 % but some was only 50 % uranium - 235 , for an average enrichment of 80 % . Less than a kilogram of uranium underwent nuclear fission , and of this mass only 0.6 g ( 0.021 oz ) was transformed into several forms of energy , mostly kinetic energy , but also heat and radiation .",
"Inside the weapon , the uranium - 235 material was divided into two parts , following the gun principle : the `` projectile '' and the `` target '' . The projectile was a hollow cylinder with 60 % of the total mass ( 38.5 kg ( 85 lb ) ) . It consisted of a stack of 9 uranium rings , each 6.25 - inch ( 159 mm ) in diameter with a 4 - inch ( 100 mm ) bore in the center , and a total length of 7 inches ( 180 mm ) , pressed together into the front end of a thin - walled projectile 16.25 inches ( 413 mm ) long . Filling in the remainder of the space behind these rings in the projectile was a tungsten carbide disc with a steel back . At ignition , the projectile slug was pushed 42 inches ( 1,100 mm ) along the 72 - inch ( 1,800 mm ) long , 6.5 - inch ( 170 mm ) smooth - bore gun barrel . The slug `` insert '' was a 4 inches ( 100 mm ) cylinder , 7 inches ( 180 mm ) in length with a 1 inch ( 25 mm ) axial hole . The slug comprised 40 % of the total fissile mass ( 25.6 kg or 56 lb ) . The insert was a stack of 6 washer - like uranium discs somewhat thicker than the projectile rings that were slid over a 1 inch ( 25 mm ) rod . This rod then extended forward through the tungsten carbide tamper plug , impact - absorbing anvil , and nose plug backstop , eventually protruding out of the front of the bomb casing . This entire target assembly was secured at both ends with locknuts .",
"When the hollow - front projectile reached the target and slid over the target insert , the assembled super-critical mass of uranium would be completely surrounded by a tamper and neutron reflector of tungsten carbide and steel , both materials having a combined mass of 2,300 kg ( 5,100 lb ) . Neutron initiators at the base of the projectile were activated by the impact .",
"For the first fifty years after 1945 , every published description and drawing of the Little Boy mechanism assumed that a small , solid projectile was fired into the center of a larger , stationary target . However , critical mass considerations dictated that in Little Boy the larger , hollow piece would be the projectile . The assembled fissile core had more than two critical masses of uranium - 235 . This required one of the two pieces to have more than one critical mass , with the larger piece avoiding criticality prior to assembly by means of shape and minimal contact with the neutron - reflecting tungsten carbide tamper .",
"A hole in the center of the larger piece dispersed the mass and increased the surface area , allowing more fission neutrons to escape , thus preventing a premature chain reaction . But , for this larger , hollow piece to have minimal contact with the tamper , it must be the projectile , since only the projectile 's back end was in contact with the tamper prior to detonation . The rest of the tungsten carbide surrounded the sub-critical mass target cylinder ( called the `` insert '' by the designers ) with air space between it and the insert . This arrangement packs the maximum amount of fissile material into a gun - assembly design .",
"The bomb employed a fusing system that was designed to detonate the bomb at the most destructive altitude . Calculations showed that for the largest destructive effect , the bomb should explode at an altitude of 580 metres ( 1,900 ft ) . The resultant fuze design was a three - stage interlock system :",
"A timer ensured that the bomb would not explode until at least fifteen seconds after release , one - quarter of the predicted fall time , to ensure safety of the aircraft . The timer was activated when the electrical pull - out plugs connecting it to the airplane pulled loose as the bomb fell , switching it to internal ( 24V battery ) power and starting the timer . At the end of the 15 seconds , the radar altimeters were powered up and responsibility was passed to the barometric stage . The purpose of the barometric stage was to delay activating the radar altimeter firing command circuit until near detonation altitude . A thin metallic membrane enclosing a vacuum chamber ( a similar design is still used today in old - fashioned wall barometers ) gradually deformed as ambient air pressure increased during descent . The barometric fuze was not considered accurate enough to detonate the bomb at the precise ignition height , because air pressure varies with local conditions . When the bomb reached the design height for this stage ( reportedly 2,000 metres , 6,600 ft ) , the membrane closed a circuit , activating the radar altimeters . The barometric stage was added because of a worry that external radar signals might detonate the bomb too early . Two or more redundant radar altimeters were used to reliably detect final altitude . When the altimeters sensed the correct height , the firing switch closed , igniting the three BuOrd Mk15 , Mod 1 Navy gun primers in the breech plug , which set off the charge consisting of four silk powder bags each containing two pounds of WM slotted - tube cordite . This launched the uranium projectile towards the opposite end of the gun barrel at an eventual muzzle velocity of 300 metres per second ( 980 ft / s ) . Approximately 10 milliseconds later the chain reaction occurred , lasting less than 1 microsecond . The radar altimeters used were modified U.S. Army Air Corps APS - 13 tail warning radars , nicknamed `` Archie '' , normally used to warn a fighter pilot of another plane approaching from behind .",
"A timer ensured that the bomb would not explode until at least fifteen seconds after release , one - quarter of the predicted fall time , to ensure safety of the aircraft . The timer was activated when the electrical pull - out plugs connecting it to the airplane pulled loose as the bomb fell , switching it to internal ( 24V battery ) power and starting the timer . At the end of the 15 seconds , the radar altimeters were powered up and responsibility was passed to the barometric stage .",
"The purpose of the barometric stage was to delay activating the radar altimeter firing command circuit until near detonation altitude . A thin metallic membrane enclosing a vacuum chamber ( a similar design is still used today in old - fashioned wall barometers ) gradually deformed as ambient air pressure increased during descent . The barometric fuze was not considered accurate enough to detonate the bomb at the precise ignition height , because air pressure varies with local conditions . When the bomb reached the design height for this stage ( reportedly 2,000 metres , 6,600 ft ) , the membrane closed a circuit , activating the radar altimeters . The barometric stage was added because of a worry that external radar signals might detonate the bomb too early .",
"Two or more redundant radar altimeters were used to reliably detect final altitude . When the altimeters sensed the correct height , the firing switch closed , igniting the three BuOrd Mk15 , Mod 1 Navy gun primers in the breech plug , which set off the charge consisting of four silk powder bags each containing two pounds of WM slotted - tube cordite . This launched the uranium projectile towards the opposite end of the gun barrel at an eventual muzzle velocity of 300 metres per second ( 980 ft / s ) . Approximately 10 milliseconds later the chain reaction occurred , lasting less than 1 microsecond . The radar altimeters used were modified U.S. Army Air Corps APS - 13 tail warning radars , nicknamed `` Archie '' , normally used to warn a fighter pilot of another plane approaching from behind .",
"The Little Boy pre-assemblies were designated L - 1 , L - 2 , L - 3 , L - 4 , L - 5 , L - 6 , L - 7 , and L - 11 . L - 1 , L - 2 , L - 5 , and L - 6 were expended in test drops . The first drop test was conducted with L - 1 on 23 July 1945 . It was dropped over the sea near Tinian in order to test the radar altimeter by the B - 29 later known as Big Stink , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , the commander of the 509th Composite Group . Two more drop tests over the sea were made on 24 and 25 July , using the L - 2 and L - 5 units in order to test all components . Tibbets was the pilot for both missions , but this time the bomber used was the one subsequently known as Jabit . L - 6 was used as a dress rehearsal on 29 July . The B - 29 Next Objective , piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney , flew to Iwo Jima , where emergency procedures for loading the bomb onto a standby aircraft were practiced . This rehearsal was repeated on 31 July , but this time L - 6 was reloaded onto a different B - 29 , Enola Gay , piloted by Tibbets , and the bomb was test dropped near Tinian . L - 11 was the assembly used for the Hiroshima bomb .",
"Parsons , the Enola Gay 's weaponeer , was concerned about the possibility of an accidental detonation if the plane crashed on takeoff , so he decided not to load the four cordite powder bags into the gun breech until the aircraft was in flight . Parsons and his assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , made their way into the bomb bay along the narrow catwalk on the port side . Jeppson held a flashlight while Parsons disconnected the primer wires , removed the breech plug , inserted the powder bags , replaced the breech plug , and reconnected the wires . Before climbing to altitude on approach to the target , Jeppson switched the three safety plugs between the electrical connectors of the internal battery and the firing mechanism from green to red . The bomb was then fully armed . Jeppson monitored the bomb 's circuits .",
"The bomb was dropped at approximately 08 : 15 ( JST ) 6 August 1945 . After falling for 44.4 seconds , the time and barometric triggers started the firing mechanism . The detonation happened at an altitude of 1,968 ± 50 feet ( 600 ± 15 m ) . It was less powerful than the Fat Man , which was dropped on Nagasaki , but the damage and the number of victims at Hiroshima were much higher , as Hiroshima was on flat terrain , while the hypocenter of Nagasaki lay in a small valley . According to figures published in 1945 , 66,000 people were killed as a direct result of the Hiroshima blast , and 69,000 were injured to varying degrees . Of those deaths , 20,000 were members of the Imperial Japanese Army .",
"The exact measurement of the yield was problematic , since the weapon had never been tested . President Harry S. Truman officially announced that the yield was 20 kilotons of TNT ( 84 TJ ) . This was based on Parsons 's visual assessment that the blast was greater than what he had seen at the Trinity nuclear test . Since that had been estimated at 18 kilotons of TNT ( 75 TJ ) , speech writers rounded up to 20 kilotons . Further discussion was then suppressed , for fear of lessening the impact of the bomb on the Japanese . Data had been collected by Luis Alvarez , Harold Agnew , and Lawrence H. Johnston on the instrument plane , The Great Artiste , but this was not used to calculate the yield at the time .",
"After hostilities ended , a survey team from the Manhattan Project that included William Penney , Robert Serber , and George T. Reynolds was sent to Hiroshima to evaluate the effects of the blast . From evaluating the effects on objects and structures , Penney concluded that the yield was 12 ± 1 kilotons . Later calculations based on charring pointed to a yield of 13 to 14 kilotons . In 1953 , Frederick Reines calculated the yield as 13 kilotons . This figure became the official yield .",
"In 1962 , scientists at Los Alamos created a mockup of Little Boy known as `` Project Ichiban '' in order to answer some of the unanswered questions , but it failed to clear up all the issues . In 1982 , Los Alamos created a replica Little Boy from the original drawings and specifications . This was then tested with enriched uranium but in a safe configuration that would not cause a nuclear explosion . A hydraulic lift was used to move the projectile , and experiments were run to assess neutron emission . Based on this and the data from The Great Artiste , the yield was estimated at 16.6 ± 0.3 kilotons . After considering many estimation methods , a 1985 report concluded that the yield was 15 kilotons ± 20 % .",
"When 1 pound ( 0.45 kg ) of uranium - 235 undergoes complete fission , the yield is 8 kilotons . The 16 kiloton yield of the Little Boy bomb was therefore produced by the fission of 2 pounds ( 0.91 kg ) of uranium - 235 , out of the 141 pounds ( 64 kg ) in the pit . The remaining 139 pounds ( 63 kg ) , 98.5 % of the total , contributed nothing to the energy yield .",
"After being selected in April 1945 , Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target , where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed . While damage could be studied later , the energy yield of the untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the moment of detonation , using instruments dropped by parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that dropped the bomb . Radio - transmitted data from these instruments indicated a yield of about 15 kilotons .",
"Comparing this yield to the observed damage produced a rule of thumb called the 5 psi lethal area rule . Approximately 100 % of people inside the area where the shock wave carries an overpressure of 5 psi or greater would be killed . At Hiroshima , that area was 3.5 kilometres ( 2.2 mi ) in diameter .",
"The damage came from three main effects : blast , fire , and radiation .",
"The blast from a nuclear bomb is the result of X-ray - heated air ( the fireball ) sending a shock wave or pressure wave in all directions , initially at a velocity greater than the speed of sound , analogous to thunder generated by lightning . Knowledge about urban blast destruction is based largely on studies of Little Boy at Hiroshima . Nagasaki buildings suffered similar damage at similar distances , but the Nagasaki bomb detonated 3.2 kilometres ( 2.0 mi ) from the city center over hilly terrain that was partially bare of buildings .",
"In Hiroshima almost everything within 1.6 kilometres ( 1.0 mi ) of the point directly under the explosion was completely destroyed , except for about 50 heavily reinforced , earthquake - resistant concrete buildings , only the shells of which remained standing . Most were completely gutted , with their windows , doors , sashes , and frames ripped out . The perimeter of severe blast damage approximately followed the 5 psi ( 34 kPa ) contour at 1.8 kilometres ( 1.1 mi ) .",
"Later test explosions of nuclear weapons with houses and other test structures nearby confirmed the 5 psi overpressure threshold . Ordinary urban buildings experiencing it will be crushed , toppled , or gutted by the force of air pressure . The picture at right shows the effects of a nuclear - bomb - generated 5 psi pressure wave on a test structure in Nevada in 1953 .",
"A major effect of this kind of structural damage was that it created fuel for fires that were started simultaneously throughout the severe destruction region .",
"The first effect of the explosion was blinding light , accompanied by radiant heat from the fireball . The Hiroshima fireball was 370 metres ( 1,200 ft ) in diameter , with a surface temperature of 6,000 ° C ( 10,830 ° F ) . Near ground zero , everything flammable burst into flame . One famous , anonymous Hiroshima victim , sitting on stone steps 260 metres ( 850 ft ) from the hypocenter , left only a shadow , having absorbed the fireball heat that permanently bleached the surrounding stone . Simultaneous fires were started throughout the blast - damaged area by fireball heat and by overturned stoves and furnaces , electrical shorts , etc . Twenty minutes after the detonation , these fires had merged into a firestorm , pulling in surface air from all directions to feed an inferno which consumed everything flammable .",
"The Hiroshima firestorm was roughly 3.2 kilometres ( 2.0 mi ) in diameter , corresponding closely to the severe blast damage zone . ( See the USSBS map , right . ) Blast - damaged buildings provided fuel for the fire . Structural lumber and furniture were splintered and scattered about . Debris - choked roads obstructed fire fighters . Broken gas pipes fueled the fire , and broken water pipes rendered hydrants useless . At Nagasaki , the fires failed to merge into a single firestorm , and the fire - damaged area was only one fourth as great as at Hiroshima , due in part to a southwest wind that pushed the fires away from the city .",
"As the map shows , the Hiroshima firestorm jumped natural firebreaks ( river channels ) , as well as prepared firebreaks . The spread of fire stopped only when it reached the edge of the blast - damaged area , encountering less available fuel .",
"Accurate casualty figures are impossible to determine , because many victims were cremated by the firestorm , along with all record of their existence . The Manhattan Project report on Hiroshima estimated that 60 % of immediate deaths were caused by fire , but with the caveat that `` many persons near the center of explosion suffered fatal injuries from more than one of the bomb effects . '' In particular , many fire victims also received lethal doses of nuclear radiation .",
"Local fallout is dust and ash from a bomb crater , contaminated with radioactive fission products . It falls to earth downwind of the crater and can produce , with radiation alone , a lethal area much larger than that from blast and fire . With an air burst , the fission products rise into the stratosphere , where they dissipate and become part of the global environment . Because Little Boy was an air burst 580 metres ( 1,900 ft ) above the ground , there was no bomb crater and no local radioactive fallout .",
"However , a burst of intense neutron and gamma radiation came directly from the fireball . Its lethal radius was 1.3 kilometres ( 0.8 mi ) , covering about half of the firestorm area . An estimated 30 % of immediate fatalities were people who received lethal doses of this direct radiation , but died in the firestorm before their radiation injuries would have become apparent . Over 6,000 people survived the blast and fire , but died of radiation injuries . Among injured survivors , 30 % had radiation injuries from which they recovered , but with a lifelong increase in cancer risk . To date , no radiation - related evidence of heritable diseases has been observed among the survivors ' children .",
"Although Little Boy exploded with the energy equivalent of 16,000 tons of TNT , the Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that the same blast and fire effect could have been caused by 2,100 tons of conventional bombs : `` 220 B - 29s carrying 1,200 tons of incendiary bombs , 400 tons of high - explosive bombs , and 500 tons of anti-personnel fragmentation bombs . '' Since the target was spread across a two - dimensional plane , the vertical component of a single spherical nuclear explosion was largely wasted . A cluster bomb pattern of smaller explosions would have been a more energy - efficient match to the target .",
"When the war ended , it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required , and many plans and diagrams were destroyed . However , by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect . Faced with the prospect of no more plutonium for new cores and no more polonium for the initiators for the cores that had already been produced , Groves ordered that a number of Little Boys be prepared as an interim measure until a cure could be found . No Little Boy assemblies were available , and no comprehensive set of diagrams of the Little Boy could be found , although there were drawings of the various components , and stocks of spare parts .",
"At Sandia Base , three Army officers , Captains Albert Bethel , Richard Meyer , and Bobbie Griffin attempted to re-create the Little Boy . They were supervised by Harlow W. Russ , an expert on Little Boy who served with Project Alberta on Tinian , and was now leader of the Z - 11 Group of the Los Alamos Laboratory 's Z Division at Sandia . Gradually , they managed to locate the correct drawings and parts , and figured out how they went together . Eventually , they built six Little Boy assemblies . Although the casings , barrels , and components were tested , no enriched uranium was supplied for the bombs . By early 1947 , the problem caused by the Wigner effect was on its way to solution , and the three officers were reassigned .",
"The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the nuclear - capable Lockheed P2V Neptune aircraft carrier aircraft ( which could be launched from but not land on the Midway - class aircraft carriers ) . Components were produced by the Naval Ordnance Plants in Pocatello , Idaho , and Louisville , Kentucky . Enough fissionable material was available by 1948 to build ten projectiles and targets , although there were only enough initiators for six . All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951 .",
"The Smithsonian Institution displayed a Little Boy ( complete , except for enriched uranium ) , until 1986 . The Department of Energy took the weapon from the museum to remove its inner components , so the bombs could not be stolen and detonated with fissile material . The government returned the emptied casing to the Smithsonian in 1993 . Three other disarmed bombs are on display in the United States ; another is at the Imperial War Museum in London ."
] | Little Boy - wikipedia Little Boy Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Little boy (disambiguation) . Little Boy A post-war Little Boy model Type Nuclear weapon Place of origin United States Production history Designer Los Alamos Laboratory Produced 1945 No. built 26 Specifications Weight 9,700 pounds (4,400 kg) Length 10 feet (3.0 m) Diameter 28 inches (71 cm) Filling Uranium-235 Filling weight 140 lb (64 kg) Blast yield 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ; 0.7 g mass equivalent ) `` Little Boy '' was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. , commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces . It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare . The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test , and the first uranium -based detonation. It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ). The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants. Little Boy was developed by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch 's group of Captain William S. Parsons 's Ordnance (O) Division at the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II . Parsons flew on the Hiroshima mission as weaponeer. The Little Boy was a development of the unsuccessful Thin Man nuclear bomb . Like Thin Man, it was a gun-type fission weapon , but derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium-235 , whereas Thin Man was based on fission of plutonium-239 . Fission was accomplished by shooting a hollow cylinder of enriched uranium (the `` bullet'' ) onto a solid cylinder of the same material (the `` target'' ) by means of a charge of nitrocellulose propellant powder. It contained 64 kg (141 lb) of enriched uranium, of which less than a kilogram underwent nuclear fission. Its components were fabricated at three different plants so that no one would have a copy of the complete design. After the war ended, it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required, and many plans and diagrams were destroyed, but by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect , so six Little Boy assemblies were produced at Sandia Base . The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built another 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the Lockheed P2V Neptune nuclear strike aircraft (which could be launched from, but not land on, the Midway -class aircraft carriers ). All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951. Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 Development 3 Design 3.1 Assembly details 3.2 Counter-intuitive design 3.3 Fuse system 4 Rehearsals 5 Bombing of Hiroshima 5.1 Project Ichiban 6 Physical effects of the bomb 6.1 Blast 6.2 Fire 6.3 Radiation 6.4 Conventional weapon equivalent 7 Post-war 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Naming ( edit ) The names for all three atomic bomb design projects during World War II -- Fat Man , Thin Man , and Little Boy-- were created by Robert Serber , a former student of Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer who worked on the Manhattan Project . According to Serber, he chose them based on their design shapes. The `` Thin Man'' was a long device, and its name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel and series of movies of the same name. The `` Fat Man'' was round and fat, and was named after Kasper Gutman, Sydney Greenstreet 's character in The Maltese Falcon . Little Boy came last, and was named after Elisha Cook, Jr. 's character in the same film, as referred to by Humphrey Bogart . Development ( edit ) Main article: Manhattan Project Because uranium-235 was known to be fissionable, it was the first material pursued in the approach to bomb development. As the first design developed (as well as the first deployed for combat), it is sometimes known as the Mark I. The vast majority of the work came in the form of the isotope enrichment of the uranium necessary for the weapon, since uranium-235 makes up only 1 part in 140 of natural uranium. Enrichment was performed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , where the electromagnetic separation plant, known as Y-12 , became fully operational in March 1944. The first shipments of highly enriched uranium were sent to the Los Alamos Laboratory in June 1944. Most of the uranium necessary for the production of the bomb came from the Shinkolobwe mine and was made available thanks to the foresight of the CEO of the High Katanga Mining Union , Edgar Sengier , who had 1,000 long tons (1,000 t) of uranium ore transported to a New York warehouse in 1939. At least part of the 1,200 long tons (1,200 t) of uranium ore and uranium oxide captured by the Alsos Mission in 1944 and 1945 was used in the bomb. As part of Project Alberta , Commander A. Francis Birch (left) assembles the bomb while physicist Norman Ramsey watches. This is one of the rare photos where the inside of the bomb can be seen. Little Boy was a simplification of Thin Man, the previous gun-type fission weapon design. Thin Man, 17 feet (5.2 m) long, was designed to use plutonium, so it was also more than capable of using enriched uranium . The Thin Man design was abandoned after experiments by Emilio G. Segrè and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor-produced plutonium from Oak Ridge and the Hanford site showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium-240 . This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than the cyclotron -produced plutonium on which the original measurements had been made, and its inclusion in reactor-bred plutonium (needed for bomb making due to the quantities required) appeared unavoidable. This meant that the background fission rate of the plutonium was so high that it would be highly likely the plutonium would predetonate and blow itself apart in the initial forming of a critical mass. In July 1944, almost all research at Los Alamos was redirected to the implosion-type plutonium weapon. Overall responsibility for the uranium gun-type weapon was assigned to Captain William S. Parsons 's Ordnance (O) Division. All the design, development, and technical work at Los Alamos was consolidated under Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch 's group. In contrast to the plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapon and the plutonium gun-type fission weapon, the uranium gun-type weapon was straightforward if not trivial to design. The concept was pursued so that in case of a failure to develop a plutonium bomb, it would still be possible to use the gun principle. The gun-type design henceforth had to work with enriched uranium only, and this allowed the Thin Man design to be greatly simplified. A high-velocity gun was no longer required, and a simpler weapon could be substituted. The simplified weapon was short enough to fit into a B-29 bomb bay. The design specifications were completed in February 1945, and contracts were let to build the components. Three different plants were used so that no one would have a copy of the complete design. The gun and breech were made by the Naval Gun Factory in Washington, D.C.; the target case and some other components were by the Naval Ordnance Plant in Center Line, Michigan ; and the tail fairing and mounting brackets by the Expert Tool and Die Company in Detroit, Michigan . The bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945. The uranium-235 projectile was completed on 15 June, and the target on 24 July. The target and bomb pre-assemblies (partly assembled bombs without the fissile components) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California, on 16 July aboard the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis , arriving on 26 July. The target inserts followed by air on 30 July. Although all of its components had been tested, no full test of a gun-type nuclear weapon occurred before the Little Boy was dropped over Hiroshima . The only test explosion of a nuclear weapon concept had been of an implosion-type device employing plutonium as its fissile material, and took place on 16 July 1945 at the Trinity nuclear test . There were several reasons for not testing a Little Boy type of device. Primarily, there was little uranium-235 as compared with the relatively large amount of plutonium which, it was expected, could be produced by the Hanford Site reactors. Additionally, the weapon design was simple enough that it was only deemed necessary to do laboratory tests with the gun-type assembly. Unlike the implosion design, which required sophisticated coordination of shaped explosive charges, the gun-type design was considered almost certain to work. The danger of accidental detonation made safety a concern. Little Boy incorporated basic safety mechanisms, but an accidental detonation could still occur. Tests were conducted to see whether a crash could drive the hollow `` bullet'' onto the `` target'' cylinder resulting in a massive release of radiation, or possibly nuclear detonation. These showed that this required an impact of 500 times the force of gravity, which made it highly unlikely. There was still concern that a crash and a fire could trigger the explosives. If immersed in water, the uranium halves were subject to a neutron moderator effect. While this would not have caused an explosion, it could have created widespread radioactive contamination. For this reason, pilots were advised to crash on land rather than at sea. Design ( edit ) The `` gun'' assembly method. When the hollow uranium projectile was driven onto the target cylinder, a nuclear explosion resulted. The Little Boy was 120 inches (300 cm) in length, 28 inches (71 cm) in diameter and weighed approximately 9,700 pounds (4,400 kg). The design used the gun method to explosively force a hollow sub-critical mass of uranium-235 and a solid target cylinder together into a super-critical mass, initiating a nuclear chain reaction . This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the uranium onto the other by means of four cylindrical silk bags of cordite . The bomb contained 64 kg (141 lb) of enriched uranium. Most was enriched to 89% but some was only 50% uranium-235, for an average enrichment of 80%. Less than a kilogram of uranium underwent nuclear fission , and of this mass only 0.6 g (0.021 oz) was transformed into several forms of energy, mostly kinetic energy , but also heat and radiation. Assembly details ( edit ) Inside the weapon, the uranium-235 material was divided into two parts, following the gun principle: the `` projectile'' and the `` target'' . The projectile was a hollow cylinder with 60% of the total mass (38.5 kg (85 lb)). It consisted of a stack of 9 uranium rings, each 6.25-inch (159 mm) in diameter with a 4-inch (100 mm) bore in the center, and a total length of 7 inches (180 mm), pressed together into the front end of a thin-walled projectile 16.25 inches (413 mm) long. Filling in the remainder of the space behind these rings in the projectile was a tungsten carbide disc with a steel back. At ignition, the projectile slug was pushed 42 inches (1,100 mm) along the 72-inch (1,800 mm) long, 6.5-inch (170 mm) smooth-bore gun barrel. The slug `` insert'' was a 4 inches (100 mm) cylinder, 7 inches (180 mm) in length with a 1 inch (25 mm) axial hole. The slug comprised 40% of the total fissile mass (25.6 kg or 56 lb). The insert was a stack of 6 washer-like uranium discs somewhat thicker than the projectile rings that were slid over a 1 inch (25 mm) rod. This rod then extended forward through the tungsten carbide tamper plug, impact-absorbing anvil, and nose plug backstop, eventually protruding out of the front of the bomb casing. This entire target assembly was secured at both ends with locknuts. When the hollow-front projectile reached the target and slid over the target insert, the assembled super-critical mass of uranium would be completely surrounded by a tamper and neutron reflector of tungsten carbide and steel, both materials having a combined mass of 2,300 kg (5,100 lb). Neutron initiators at the base of the projectile were activated by the impact. Counter-intuitive design ( edit ) For the first fifty years after 1945, every published description and drawing of the Little Boy mechanism assumed that a small, solid projectile was fired into the center of a larger, stationary target. However, critical mass considerations dictated that in Little Boy the larger, hollow piece would be the projectile. The assembled fissile core had more than two critical masses of uranium-235. This required one of the two pieces to have more than one critical mass, with the larger piece avoiding criticality prior to assembly by means of shape and minimal contact with the neutron-reflecting tungsten carbide tamper. A hole in the center of the larger piece dispersed the mass and increased the surface area, allowing more fission neutrons to escape, thus preventing a premature chain reaction. But, for this larger, hollow piece to have minimal contact with the tamper, it must be the projectile, since only the projectile's back end was in contact with the tamper prior to detonation. The rest of the tungsten carbide surrounded the sub-critical mass target cylinder (called the `` insert'' by the designers) with air space between it and the insert. This arrangement packs the maximum amount of fissile material into a gun-assembly design. Fuse system ( edit ) Arming plugs for a Little Boy type atomic bomb on display at the National Air and Space Museum 's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center . The bomb employed a fusing system that was designed to detonate the bomb at the most destructive altitude. Calculations showed that for the largest destructive effect, the bomb should explode at an altitude of 580 metres (1,900 ft). The resultant fuze design was a three-stage interlock system: A timer ensured that the bomb would not explode until at least fifteen seconds after release, one-quarter of the predicted fall time, to ensure safety of the aircraft. The timer was activated when the electrical pull-out plugs connecting it to the airplane pulled loose as the bomb fell, switching it to internal (24V battery) power and starting the timer. At the end of the 15 seconds, the radar altimeters were powered up and responsibility was passed to the barometric stage. The purpose of the barometric stage was to delay activating the radar altimeter firing command circuit until near detonation altitude. A thin metallic membrane enclosing a vacuum chamber (a similar design is still used today in old-fashioned wall barometers) gradually deformed as ambient air pressure increased during descent. The barometric fuze was not considered accurate enough to detonate the bomb at the precise ignition height, because air pressure varies with local conditions. When the bomb reached the design height for this stage (reportedly 2,000 metres, 6,600 ft), the membrane closed a circuit, activating the radar altimeters. The barometric stage was added because of a worry that external radar signals might detonate the bomb too early. Two or more redundant radar altimeters were used to reliably detect final altitude. When the altimeters sensed the correct height, the firing switch closed, igniting the three BuOrd Mk15, Mod 1 Navy gun primers in the breech plug, which set off the charge consisting of four silk powder bags each containing two pounds of WM slotted-tube cordite. This launched the uranium projectile towards the opposite end of the gun barrel at an eventual muzzle velocity of 300 metres per second (980 ft/s). Approximately 10 milliseconds later the chain reaction occurred, lasting less than 1 microsecond. The radar altimeters used were modified U.S. Army Air Corps APS-13 tail warning radars , nicknamed `` Archie'' , normally used to warn a fighter pilot of another plane approaching from behind. Rehearsals ( edit ) Little Boy in the bomb pit on Tinian island, before being loaded into Enola Gay's bomb bay. A section of the bomb bay door is visible on the top right. The Little Boy pre-assemblies were designated L-1, L-2, L-3, L-4, L-5, L-6, L-7, and L-11. L-1, L-2, L-5, and L-6 were expended in test drops. The first drop test was conducted with L-1 on 23 July 1945. It was dropped over the sea near Tinian in order to test the radar altimeter by the B-29 later known as Big Stink , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , the commander of the 509th Composite Group . Two more drop tests over the sea were made on 24 and 25 July, using the L-2 and L-5 units in order to test all components. Tibbets was the pilot for both missions, but this time the bomber used was the one subsequently known as Jabit . L-6 was used as a dress rehearsal on 29 July. The B-29 Next Objective , piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney , flew to Iwo Jima , where emergency procedures for loading the bomb onto a standby aircraft were practiced. This rehearsal was repeated on 31 July, but this time L-6 was reloaded onto a different B-29, Enola Gay , piloted by Tibbets, and the bomb was test dropped near Tinian. L-11 was the assembly used for the Hiroshima bomb. Bombing of Hiroshima ( edit ) Main article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki § Bombing of Hiroshima Parsons, the Enola Gay's weaponeer, was concerned about the possibility of an accidental detonation if the plane crashed on takeoff, so he decided not to load the four cordite powder bags into the gun breech until the aircraft was in flight. Parsons and his assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , made their way into the bomb bay along the narrow catwalk on the port side. Jeppson held a flashlight while Parsons disconnected the primer wires, removed the breech plug, inserted the powder bags, replaced the breech plug, and reconnected the wires. Before climbing to altitude on approach to the target, Jeppson switched the three safety plugs between the electrical connectors of the internal battery and the firing mechanism from green to red. The bomb was then fully armed. Jeppson monitored the bomb's circuits. The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the dropping of Little Boy The bomb was dropped at approximately 08:15 (JST) 6 August 1945. After falling for 44.4 seconds, the time and barometric triggers started the firing mechanism. The detonation happened at an altitude of 1,968 ± 50 feet (600 ± 15 m). It was less powerful than the Fat Man, which was dropped on Nagasaki , but the damage and the number of victims at Hiroshima were much higher, as Hiroshima was on flat terrain, while the hypocenter of Nagasaki lay in a small valley. According to figures published in 1945, 66,000 people were killed as a direct result of the Hiroshima blast, and 69,000 were injured to varying degrees. Of those deaths, 20,000 were members of the Imperial Japanese Army . The exact measurement of the yield was problematic, since the weapon had never been tested. President Harry S. Truman officially announced that the yield was 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ). This was based on Parsons's visual assessment that the blast was greater than what he had seen at the Trinity nuclear test. Since that had been estimated at 18 kilotons of TNT (75 TJ), speech writers rounded up to 20 kilotons. Further discussion was then suppressed, for fear of lessening the impact of the bomb on the Japanese. Data had been collected by Luis Alvarez , Harold Agnew , and Lawrence H. Johnston on the instrument plane, The Great Artiste , but this was not used to calculate the yield at the time. After hostilities ended, a survey team from the Manhattan Project that included William Penney , Robert Serber, and George T. Reynolds was sent to Hiroshima to evaluate the effects of the blast. From evaluating the effects on objects and structures, Penney concluded that the yield was 12 ± 1 kilotons. Later calculations based on charring pointed to a yield of 13 to 14 kilotons. In 1953, Frederick Reines calculated the yield as 13 kilotons. This figure became the official yield. Project Ichiban ( edit ) In 1962, scientists at Los Alamos created a mockup of Little Boy known as `` Project Ichiban'' in order to answer some of the unanswered questions, but it failed to clear up all the issues. In 1982, Los Alamos created a replica Little Boy from the original drawings and specifications. This was then tested with enriched uranium but in a safe configuration that would not cause a nuclear explosion. A hydraulic lift was used to move the projectile, and experiments were run to assess neutron emission. Based on this and the data from The Great Artiste , the yield was estimated at 16.6 ± 0.3 kilotons. After considering many estimation methods, a 1985 report concluded that the yield was 15 kilotons ± 20%. When 1 pound (0.45 kg) of uranium-235 undergoes complete fission, the yield is 8 kilotons. The 16 kiloton yield of the Little Boy bomb was therefore produced by the fission of 2 pounds (0.91 kg) of uranium-235, out of the 141 pounds (64 kg) in the pit. The remaining 139 pounds (63 kg), 98.5% of the total, contributed nothing to the energy yield. Physical effects of the bomb ( edit ) Riproduci file multimediale The General Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a US Air Force film. After being selected in April 1945, Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target, where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed. While damage could be studied later, the energy yield of the untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the moment of detonation, using instruments dropped by parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that dropped the bomb. Radio-transmitted data from these instruments indicated a yield of about 15 kilotons. Comparing this yield to the observed damage produced a rule of thumb called the 5 psi lethal area rule. Approximately 100% of people inside the area where the shock wave carries an overpressure of 5 psi or greater would be killed. At Hiroshima, that area was 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) in diameter. The damage came from three main effects: blast, fire, and radiation. Blast ( edit ) The blast from a nuclear bomb is the result of X-ray -heated air (the fireball) sending a shock wave or pressure wave in all directions, initially at a velocity greater than the speed of sound, analogous to thunder generated by lightning. Knowledge about urban blast destruction is based largely on studies of Little Boy at Hiroshima. Nagasaki buildings suffered similar damage at similar distances, but the Nagasaki bomb detonated 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) from the city center over hilly terrain that was partially bare of buildings. Frame house in 1953 nuclear test, 5 psi overpressure In Hiroshima almost everything within 1.6 kilometres (1.0 mi) of the point directly under the explosion was completely destroyed, except for about 50 heavily reinforced, earthquake-resistant concrete buildings, only the shells of which remained standing. Most were completely gutted, with their windows, doors, sashes, and frames ripped out. The perimeter of severe blast damage approximately followed the 5 psi (34 kPa) contour at 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi). Later test explosions of nuclear weapons with houses and other test structures nearby confirmed the 5 psi overpressure threshold. Ordinary urban buildings experiencing it will be crushed, toppled, or gutted by the force of air pressure. The picture at right shows the effects of a nuclear-bomb-generated 5 psi pressure wave on a test structure in Nevada in 1953. A major effect of this kind of structural damage was that it created fuel for fires that were started simultaneously throughout the severe destruction region. Fire ( edit ) The first effect of the explosion was blinding light, accompanied by radiant heat from the fireball. The Hiroshima fireball was 370 metres (1,200 ft) in diameter, with a surface temperature of 6,000 ° C (10,830 ° F). Near ground zero, everything flammable burst into flame. One famous, anonymous Hiroshima victim, sitting on stone steps 260 metres (850 ft) from the hypocenter, left only a shadow, having absorbed the fireball heat that permanently bleached the surrounding stone. Simultaneous fires were started throughout the blast-damaged area by fireball heat and by overturned stoves and furnaces, electrical shorts, etc. Twenty minutes after the detonation, these fires had merged into a firestorm , pulling in surface air from all directions to feed an inferno which consumed everything flammable. Hiroshima blast and fire damage, U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey map The Hiroshima firestorm was roughly 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) in diameter, corresponding closely to the severe blast damage zone. (See the USSBS map, right.) Blast-damaged buildings provided fuel for the fire. Structural lumber and furniture were splintered and scattered about. Debris-choked roads obstructed fire fighters. Broken gas pipes fueled the fire, and broken water pipes rendered hydrants useless. At Nagasaki, the fires failed to merge into a single firestorm, and the fire-damaged area was only one fourth as great as at Hiroshima, due in part to a southwest wind that pushed the fires away from the city. As the map shows, the Hiroshima firestorm jumped natural firebreaks (river channels), as well as prepared firebreaks. The spread of fire stopped only when it reached the edge of the blast-damaged area, encountering less available fuel. Accurate casualty figures are impossible to determine, because many victims were cremated by the firestorm, along with all record of their existence. The Manhattan Project report on Hiroshima estimated that 60% of immediate deaths were caused by fire, but with the caveat that `` many persons near the center of explosion suffered fatal injuries from more than one of the bomb effects.'' In particular, many fire victims also received lethal doses of nuclear radiation. Radiation ( edit ) Local fallout is dust and ash from a bomb crater, contaminated with radioactive fission products. It falls to earth downwind of the crater and can produce, with radiation alone, a lethal area much larger than that from blast and fire. With an air burst , the fission products rise into the stratosphere , where they dissipate and become part of the global environment. Because Little Boy was an air burst 580 metres (1,900 ft) above the ground, there was no bomb crater and no local radioactive fallout. However, a burst of intense neutron and gamma radiation came directly from the fireball. Its lethal radius was 1.3 kilometres (0.8 mi), covering about half of the firestorm area. An estimated 30% of immediate fatalities were people who received lethal doses of this direct radiation, but died in the firestorm before their radiation injuries would have become apparent. Over 6,000 people survived the blast and fire, but died of radiation injuries. Among injured survivors, 30% had radiation injuries from which they recovered, but with a lifelong increase in cancer risk. To date, no radiation-related evidence of heritable diseases has been observed among the survivors' children. Conventional weapon equivalent ( edit ) See also: Operation Meetinghouse Although Little Boy exploded with the energy equivalent of 16,000 tons of TNT, the Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that the same blast and fire effect could have been caused by 2,100 tons of conventional bombs : `` 220 B-29s carrying 1,200 tons of incendiary bombs , 400 tons of high-explosive bombs , and 500 tons of anti-personnel fragmentation bombs .'' Since the target was spread across a two-dimensional plane, the vertical component of a single spherical nuclear explosion was largely wasted. A cluster bomb pattern of smaller explosions would have been a more energy-efficient match to the target. Post-war ( edit ) One of five casings built for the Little Boy bomb used on Hiroshima on display at the Imperial War Museum in London during 2015 When the war ended, it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required, and many plans and diagrams were destroyed. However, by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect . Faced with the prospect of no more plutonium for new cores and no more polonium for the initiators for the cores that had already been produced, Groves ordered that a number of Little Boys be prepared as an interim measure until a cure could be found. No Little Boy assemblies were available, and no comprehensive set of diagrams of the Little Boy could be found, although there were drawings of the various components, and stocks of spare parts. At Sandia Base , three Army officers, Captains Albert Bethel, Richard Meyer, and Bobbie Griffin attempted to re-create the Little Boy. They were supervised by Harlow W. Russ, an expert on Little Boy who served with Project Alberta on Tinian, and was now leader of the Z-11 Group of the Los Alamos Laboratory's Z Division at Sandia. Gradually, they managed to locate the correct drawings and parts, and figured out how they went together. Eventually, they built six Little Boy assemblies. Although the casings, barrels, and components were tested, no enriched uranium was supplied for the bombs. By early 1947, the problem caused by the Wigner effect was on its way to solution, and the three officers were reassigned. The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the nuclear-capable Lockheed P2V Neptune aircraft carrier aircraft (which could be launched from but not land on the Midway-class aircraft carriers ). Components were produced by the Naval Ordnance Plants in Pocatello, Idaho , and Louisville, Kentucky . Enough fissionable material was available by 1948 to build ten projectiles and targets, although there were only enough initiators for six. All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951. The Smithsonian Institution displayed a Little Boy (complete, except for enriched uranium), until 1986. The Department of Energy took the weapon from the museum to remove its inner components, so the bombs could not be stolen and detonated with fissile material. The government returned the emptied casing to the Smithsonian in 1993. Three other disarmed bombs are on display in the United States; another is at the Imperial War Museum in London. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Serber & Crease 1998 , p. 104. Jump up ^ Hansen 1995 , p. V-105. Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 9. Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 138. Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 143. Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 25. Jump up ^ Rhodes 1995 , pp. 160-- 161. Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 228. Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 245-- 249. Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 541. Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 257. Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262. ^ Jump up to: Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265. Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012 , p. 30. Jump up ^ Hansen 1995 , pp. 111-- 112. Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 293. ^ Jump up to: Hansen 1995 , p. 113. Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 333. Jump up ^ Gosling 1999 , p. 51. Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012 , p. 18. Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 12. Jump up ^ Sublette, Carey. `` Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions, Section 8.0: The First Nuclear Weapons'' . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012 , pp. 18-- 19, 27. Jump up ^ Bernstein 2007 , p. 133. Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 263-- 265. ^ Jump up to: Samuels 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Coster-Mullen 2012 , pp. 23-- 24. ^ Jump up to: Hansen 1995a , pp. 2-- 5. Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 46, 80. Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012 , pp. 100-- 101. Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012 , pp. 34-- 35. Jump up ^ The Manhattan Engineer District (29 June 1945). `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki'' . Project Gutenberg Ebook . docstoc.com. p. 3. Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod (6 May 2008). The Real History of World War II: A New Look at the Past . Sterling. p. 350. ^ Jump up to: Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 393. Jump up ^ Malik 1985 , pp. 18-- 20. Jump up ^ Malik 1985 , p. 21. ^ Jump up to: Malik 1985 , p. 1. Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012 , pp. 86-- 87. Jump up ^ Malik 1985 , p. 16. Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , pp. 5, 6. Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 267, `` To enable us to assess accurately the effects of the (nuclear) bomb, the targets should not have been previously damaged by air raids.'' Four cities were chosen, including Hiroshima and Kyoto. War Secretary Stimson vetoed Kyoto, and Nagasaki was substituted. p. 275, `` When our target cities were first selected, an order was sent to the Army Air Force in Guam not to bomb them without special authority from the War Department.'' . Jump up ^ Glasstone 1962 , p. 629. ^ Jump up to: Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer. Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 1. Jump up ^ Diacon 1984 , p. 18. Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , pp. 300, 301. Jump up ^ The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1946 , p. 14. Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 179. Jump up ^ Nuclear Weapon Thermal Effects 1998 . Jump up ^ Human Shadow Etched in Stone . ^ Jump up to: Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , pp. 300-- 304. Jump up ^ D'Olier 1946 , pp. 22-- 25. Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 304. Jump up ^ The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1946 , pp. 21-- 23. ^ Jump up to: The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1946 , p. 21. Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 409 `` An air burst, by definition, is one taking place at such a height above the earth that no appreciable quantities of surface material are taken up into the fireball... the deposition of early fallout from an air burst will generally not be significant. An air burst, however, may produce some induced radioactive contamination in the general vicinity of ground zero as a result of neutron capture by elements in the soil.'' p. 36, `` at Hiroshima ... injuries due to fallout were completely absent.'' . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , pp. 545, 546. Jump up ^ Richardson RR 2009 . Jump up ^ Genetic Effects . Jump up ^ Izumi BJC 2003 . Jump up ^ Izumi IJC 2003 . ^ Jump up to: D'Olier 1946 , p. 24. ^ Jump up to: Coster-Mullen 2012 , p. 85. ^ Jump up to: Abrahamson & Carew 2002 , pp. 41-- 42. Jump up ^ Hansen 1995 , pp. 116-- 118. Jump up ^ Hansen 1995 , p. 3. Jump up ^ `` Chart of Strategic Nuclear Bombs'' . strategic-air-command.com. References ( edit ) Abrahamson, James L.; Carew, Paul H. (2002). Vanguard of American Atomic Deterrence . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97819-2 . OCLC 49859889 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki'' (PDF) . The Manhattan Engineer District. 29 Jun 1946 . Retrieved 2013-11-06 . This report can also be found here and here . Bernstein, Jeremy (2007). Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-88408-X . Campbell, Richard H. (2005). The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs . Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2139-8 . OCLC 58554961 . Coster-Mullen, John (2012). Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man . Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. OCLC 298514167 . Diacon, Diane (1984). Residential Housing and Nuclear Attack . London: Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-7099-0868-5 . D'Olier , Franklin , ed. (1946). United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War) . Washington: United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . This report can also be found here . `` Genetic Effects: Question #7'' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved 2013-11-06 . Glasstone, Samuel (1962). The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Revised Edition . United States: United States Department of Defense and United States Atomic Energy Commission. ISBN 978-1258793555 . Glasstone, Samuel ; Dolan, Philip J. (1977). The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Third Edition . United States: United States Department of Defense and United States Department of Energy. ISBN 978-1603220163 . Gosling, F.G. (1999). The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb . Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-7880-1 . Groves, Leslie R. (1962). Now it Can Be Told: the Story of the Manhattan Project . New York: Da Capo Press (1975 reprint). ISBN 0-306-70738-1 . Hansen, Chuck (1995). Volume V: US Nuclear Weapons Histories . Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chuckelea Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791915-0-3 . OCLC 231585284 . Hansen, Chuck (1995a). Volume VII: The Development of US Nuclear Weapons . Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chuckelea Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791915-7-2 . OCLC 231585284 . Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943-- 1945 . New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3 . OCLC 26764320 . `` Human Shadow Etched in Stone'' . Photographic Display . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved 2013-11-06 . Izumi S, Koyama K, Soda M, Suyama A (November 2003). `` Cancer incidence in children and young adults did not increase relative to parental exposure to atomic bombs'' . British Journal of Cancer . 89 (9): 1709-- 13. PMC 2394417 . PMID 14583774 . doi : 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601322 . Izumi S, Suyama A, Koyama K (November 2003). `` Radiation-related mortality among offspring of atomic bomb survivors: a half-century of follow-up'' . International Journal of Cancer . 107 (2): 292-- 7. PMID 12949810 . doi : 10.1002/ijc.11400 . Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb (PDF) . Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 10913875 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Malik, John S. (1985). `` The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions'' (PDF) . Los Alamos National Laboratory report number LA-8819 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . `` Nuclear Weapon Thermal Effects'' . Special Weapons Primer, Weapons of Mass Destruction . Federation of American Scientists . 1998 . Retrieved 2013-11-05 . Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81378-5 . OCLC 13793436 . Rhodes, Richard (1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb . New York: Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-82414-0 . Richardson, David; et al. (September 2009). `` Ionizing Radiation and Leukemia Mortality among Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1950-- 2000'' . Radiation Research . 172 (3): 368-- 382. PMID 19708786 . doi : 10.1667/RR1801.1 . Samuels, David (15 December 2008). `` Atomic John: A truck driver uncovers secrets about the first nuclear bombs'' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Serber, Robert ; Crease, Robert P. (1998). Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231105460 . OCLC 37631186 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Boy . Little Boy description at Carey Sublette's NuclearWeaponArchive.org Nuclear Files.org Definition and explanation of ' Little Boy' The Nuclear Weapon Archive Little Boy 3D Model Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered information about preparation and dropping the Little Boy bomb United States nuclear devices Fission World War II bombs Little Boy Thin Man Fat Man Post-war bombs Mark 3 Mark 4 Mark 5 Mark 6 Mark 7 Mark 10 Mark 12 Mark 13 Mark 18 Mark 20 Depth bombs Mark 90 Bunker Busters Mark 8 Mark 11 Post-war warheads W4 W5 W7 W8 W12 W13 W25 W42 W44 W45 W74 Artillery shells W9 W19 W23 W33 W48 W79 mod 1 W82 mod 1 Primaries Robin Atomic demolition munitions (mines) T-4 MADM Boosted fission Primaries RACER IV Swan Python Tsetse Kinglet Depth bombs Mk 101 Warheads W30 W31 W34 W37 W40 W51 W54 W72 Artillery shells W54 Atomic demolition munitions (mines) SADM TADM Thermonuclear Bombs Mark 14 Mark 15 TX-16 Mark 17 Mark 21 TX-22 Mark 24 Mark 26 Mark 27 B28 Mark 36 Mark 39 B41 B43 TX-46 B53 B57 B61 B77 B83 B90 Depth bombs B57 B61 B90 Bunker Busters B53 B61 Warheads W15 W27 W28 TX-29 XW-35 W38 W39 W41 W46 W47 W49 W50 W52 W53 W55 W56 W58 W59 W60 W62 W63 W67 W68 W69 W70 W71 W73 W76 W78 W80 W81 W84 W85 W86 W87 W88 W89 W91 RRW Enhanced radiation warheads W64 W65 W66 W70 Mod 3 Enhanced radiation artillery shells W79 Mod 0 W82 Mod 0 Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert-Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile-1 Demon core Einstein-- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium RaLa Experiment S-1 Executive Committee S-50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project Nuclear technology portal History of science portal Weapons of mass destruction portal Cold War portal World War II portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Boy&oldid=807921874 '' Categories : History of the Manhattan Project Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Gun-type nuclear bombs World War II weapons of the United States Code names Nuclear bombs of the United States Cold War aerial bombs of the United States Lockheed Corporation Hidden categories: Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017, at 21:12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 4620145153851898229 |
who was the general in the mexican american war | In Mexico City 's Chapultepec Park , the Niños Héroes ( Monument to the Heroic Cadets ) commemorates the heroic sacrifice of six teenaged military cadets who fought to their deaths rather than surrender to American troops during the Battle of Chapultepec Castle on September 13 , 1847 . The monument is an important patriotic site in Mexico . On March 5 , 1947 , nearly one hundred years after the battle , U.S. President Harry S. Truman placed a wreath at the monument and stood for a moment of silence . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Mexican -- American War Clockwise from top left : Winfield Scott entering Plaza de la Constitución after the Fall of Mexico City , U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the Battle of Resaca de la Palma , American victory at Churubusco outside Mexico City , U.S. Marines storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag , Battle of Cerro Gordo Date April 25 , 1846 -- February 3 , 1848 ( 1 year , 9 months , 1 week and 1 day ) Location Texas , New Mexico , California ; Northern , Central , and Eastern Mexico ; Mexico City Result American victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas ( among other territories ) End of the conflict between Mexico and Republic of Texas Territorial changes Mexican Cession Belligerents United States California Republic Mexico Commanders and leaders James K. Polk Winfield Scott Zachary Taylor Stephen W. Kearny John Drake Sloat William Jenkins Worth Robert Field Stockton Joseph Lane Franklin Pierce David Conner Matthew C. Perry John C. Frémont Thomas Childs Henry Stanton Burton William B. Ide Edward Dickinson Baker Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia José María Flores Mariano G. Vallejo Nicolás Bravo José Joaquín de Herrera Andrés Pico Manuel Armijo Martin Perfecto de Cos Pedro Maria de Anaya Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte Joaquín Rea Manuel Pineda Muñoz Gabriel Valencia Strength 73,532 regulars and volunteers 70,000 regulars 12,000 irregulars Casualties and losses 1,733 killed in battle ( 1,721 soldiers , 11 Marines , and 1 sailor ) 13,283 total dead 4,152 wounded 10,000 regulars dead ( 5,000 killed in battle ) Including civilians killed by the war 's violence and military disease and accidental deaths , the Mexican death toll may have reached 25,000 .",
"Mexican -- American War",
"Clockwise from top left : Winfield Scott entering Plaza de la Constitución after the Fall of Mexico City , U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the Battle of Resaca de la Palma , American victory at Churubusco outside Mexico City , U.S. Marines storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag , Battle of Cerro Gordo",
"Date April 25 , 1846 -- February 3 , 1848 ( 1 year , 9 months , 1 week and 1 day ) Location Texas , New Mexico , California ; Northern , Central , and Eastern Mexico ; Mexico City Result American victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas ( among other territories ) End of the conflict between Mexico and Republic of Texas Territorial changes Mexican Cession",
"Date April 25 , 1846 -- February 3 , 1848 ( 1 year , 9 months , 1 week and 1 day ) Location Texas , New Mexico , California ; Northern , Central , and Eastern Mexico ; Mexico City Result American victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas ( among other territories ) End of the conflict between Mexico and Republic of Texas Territorial changes Mexican Cession",
"Date April 25 , 1846 -- February 3 , 1848 ( 1 year , 9 months , 1 week and 1 day )",
"Location Texas , New Mexico , California ; Northern , Central , and Eastern Mexico ; Mexico City",
"Result American victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas ( among other territories ) End of the conflict between Mexico and Republic of Texas",
"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas ( among other territories ) End of the conflict between Mexico and Republic of Texas",
"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo",
"Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas ( among other territories )",
"End of the conflict between Mexico and Republic of Texas",
"Territorial changes Mexican Cession",
"Belligerents",
"United States California Republic Mexico",
"Commanders and leaders",
"James K. Polk Winfield Scott Zachary Taylor Stephen W. Kearny John Drake Sloat William Jenkins Worth Robert Field Stockton Joseph Lane Franklin Pierce David Conner Matthew C. Perry John C. Frémont Thomas Childs Henry Stanton Burton William B. Ide Edward Dickinson Baker Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia José María Flores Mariano G. Vallejo Nicolás Bravo José Joaquín de Herrera Andrés Pico Manuel Armijo Martin Perfecto de Cos Pedro Maria de Anaya Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte Joaquín Rea Manuel Pineda Muñoz Gabriel Valencia",
"Strength",
"73,532 regulars and volunteers 70,000 regulars 12,000 irregulars",
"Casualties and losses",
"1,733 killed in battle ( 1,721 soldiers , 11 Marines , and 1 sailor ) 13,283 total dead 4,152 wounded 10,000 regulars dead ( 5,000 killed in battle )",
"Including civilians killed by the war 's violence and military disease and accidental deaths , the Mexican death toll may have reached 25,000 .",
"Mexican -- American wars ( 1845 -- 1920 ) Mexican -- American War -- Taos Revolt -- Cortina Troubles -- Las Cuevas War -- San Elizario Salt War -- Garza Revolution -- Nogales Uprising -- Mexican Revolution -- Border War -- Bandit War",
"Mexican -- American wars ( 1845 -- 1920 )",
"",
"Mexican -- American War -- Taos Revolt -- Cortina Troubles -- Las Cuevas War -- San Elizario Salt War -- Garza Revolution -- Nogales Uprising -- Mexican Revolution -- Border War -- Bandit War",
"Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal",
"Part of a series on the",
"History of the United States",
"Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present",
"Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period",
"1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865",
"1776 -- 1789",
"1789 -- 1849",
"1849 -- 1865",
"1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964",
"1865 -- 1918",
"1918 -- 1945",
"1945 -- 1964",
"1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008",
"1964 -- 1980",
"1980 -- 1991",
"1991 -- 2008",
"2008 -- present",
"2008 -- present",
"By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American",
"African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American",
"By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women",
"Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women",
"Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968",
"1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968",
"1896 -- 1954",
"1955 -- 1968",
"Frontier ( Old West )",
"Technology and industry",
"United States portal",
"",
"",
"Part of a series on the History of Mexico Pre-Columbian Spanish rule ( show ) Conquest Colonial period War of Independence First Empire First Republic ( hide ) Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Federal Republic ( show ) La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864 -- 1928 ( show ) Second Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern ( show ) Maximato ( 1928 -- 1934 ) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Students of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican Drug War Timeline Mexico portal",
"Part of a series on the",
"History of Mexico",
"Pre-Columbian",
"Spanish rule ( show ) Conquest Colonial period War of Independence First Empire",
"Conquest Colonial period War of Independence First Empire",
"War of Independence",
"First Republic ( hide ) Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War",
"Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War",
"Mexican -- American War",
"Second Federal Republic ( show ) La Reforma Reform War French intervention",
"La Reforma Reform War French intervention",
"1864 -- 1928 ( show ) Second Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War",
"Second Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War",
"La decena trágica",
"Plan of Guadalupe",
"Occupation of Veracruz",
"Modern ( show ) Maximato ( 1928 -- 1934 ) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Students of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican Drug War",
"Maximato ( 1928 -- 1934 ) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Students of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican Drug War",
"Maximato ( 1928 -- 1934 )",
"Students of 1968",
"La Década Perdida",
"1982 economic crisis",
"Mexican peso crisis",
"Mexican Drug War",
"Timeline",
"Mexico portal",
"",
"",
"The Mexican -- American War , also known as the Mexican War in the United States and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico , was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States ( Mexico ) from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas , which Mexico still considered its northeastern province and a part of its territory after its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution a decade earlier .",
"Mexico , which obtained independence from the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish Empire with the Treaty of Córdoba in 1821 , and which briefly experimented with monarchy , became a republic in 1824 . It was characterized by considerable instability , leaving it ill - prepared for international conflict only two decades later , when war broke out in 1846 . In the decades preceding the war , Native American raids in Mexico 's sparsely settled north prompted the Mexican government to sponsor migration from the United States to the Mexican province of Texas to create a buffer . However , the newly named `` Texians '' revolted against the Mexican government of President / dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna , who had usurped the Mexican Constitution of 1824 , in the subsequent 1836 Texas Revolution , creating a republic not recognized by Mexico , which still claimed it as part of its national territory . In 1845 , the Texan Republic agreed to an offer of annexation by the U.S. Congress , and became the 28th state in the Union on December 29 that year .",
"In 1845 , newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk made a proposition to the Mexican government to purchase the disputed lands between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande river further south . When that offer was rejected , President Polk moved U.S. troops commanded by Major General Zachary Taylor further south into the disputed territory . Mexican forces attacked an American Army outpost ( `` Thornton Affair '' ) in the occupied territory , killing 12 U.S. soldiers and capturing 52 . These same Mexican troops later laid siege to an American fort along the Rio Grande . Polk cited this attack as an invasion of U.S. territory , and requested that the Congress declare war .",
"U.S. forces quickly occupied the capital town of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast territory province of Alta California ( Upper California ) , and then invaded to the south into parts of central Mexico ( modern - day northeastern Mexico and northwest Mexico ) ; meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the United States Navy conducted a blockade , and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific Ocean western coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under the command of Major General Winfield Scott , after several fierce battles of stiff resistance from the Mexican Army outside of the capital , Mexico City , eventually captured the city , having marched west from the port of Veracruz , where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast .",
"The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and specified its major consequence , the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war . In addition , the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of their province , later Republic of Texas ( and now State of Texas ) , and thereafter cited and acknowledged the Rio Grande as its future northern national border with the United States . Mexico had lost over one - third of its original territory from its 1821 independence .",
"The territorial expansion of the United States toward the Pacific coast had been the goal of Polk , the leader of the Democratic Party . At first , the war was highly controversial in the United States , with the Whig Party , anti-imperialists , and anti-slavery elements strongly opposing . Critics in the United States pointed to the heavy casualties suffered by U.S. forces ( compared to earlier conflicts so far in America 's short history in the Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , naval Quasi-War with France ( 1796 -- 1800 ) , two brief Barbary Wars ( 1801 -- 1804 , 1815 ) , the second conflict with Great Britain in the War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) and the ongoing American Indian Wars in the western territories ) conflict 's high monetary cost . The war intensified the debate over slavery in the United States , contributing to bitter debates that culminated in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) .",
"In Mexico , the war came in the middle of continued domestic political turmoil , which increased into chaos during the conflict . The military defeat and loss of territory was a disastrous blow , causing Mexico to enter `` a period of self - examination ... as its leaders sought to identify and address the reasons that had led to such a debacle . '' In the immediate aftermath of the war , some prominent Mexicans wrote that the war had resulted in `` the state of degradation and ruin '' in Mexico , further claiming , for `` the true origin of the war , it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States , favored by our weakness , caused it . '' The shift in the Mexico - U.S. border left many Mexican citizens separated from their national government . For the indigenous peoples who had never accepted Spanish or Mexican rule , the change in border meant conflicts with a new outside power .",
"The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled and not well controlled politically by the government based in Mexico City . After independence from Spain in 1821 , Mexico contended with internal struggles that sometimes verged on civil war and the northern frontier was not a high priority . In the sparsely settled interior of northern Mexico , the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for presidios and for subsidies to indigenous Americans to maintain the peace . There were conflicts between indigenous people in the northern region as well . The Comanche were particularly successful in expanding their territory in the Comanche -- Mexico Wars and garnering resources . The Apache -- Mexico Wars also made Mexico 's north a violent place , with no effective political control .",
"The Apache raids left thousands of people dead throughout northern Mexico . When the United States Army entered northern Mexico in 1846 they found demoralized Mexican settlers . There was little resistance to US forces from the civilian population .",
"Hostile activity from indigenous people also made communications and trade between the interior of Mexico and provinces such as Alta California and New Mexico difficult . As a result , New Mexico was dependent on the overland Santa Fe Trail trade with the United States at the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War .",
"Mexico 's military and diplomatic capabilities declined after it attained independence and left the northern half of the country vulnerable to the Comanche , Apache , and Navajo . The indigenous people , especially the Comanche , took advantage of the weakness of the Mexican state to undertake large - scale raids hundreds of miles into the country to acquire livestock for their own use and to supply an expanding market in Texas and the US .",
"The Mexican government 's policy of settlement of US citizens in its province of Tejas was aimed at expanding control into Comanche lands , the Comancheria . Instead of settlement occurring in the central and west of the province , people settled in East Texas , where there was rich farmland and which was contiguous to southern US slave states . As settlers poured in from the US , the Mexican government took steps to discourage further settlement , including its 1829 abolition of slavery .",
"In 1836 , Mexico was relatively united in refusing to recognize the independence of Texas . Mexico threatened war with the United States if it annexed the Republic of Texas . Meanwhile , U.S. President Polk 's assertion of Manifest Destiny was focusing United States interest on westward expansion beyond its existing national borders .",
"During the Spanish colonial era , the Californias ( i.e. , the Baja California peninsula and Alta California ) were sparsely settled . After Mexico became independent , it shut down the missions and reduced its military presence .",
"In 1842 , the US minister in Mexico , Waddy Thompson Jr. , suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to settle debts , saying : `` As to Texas , I regard it as of very little value compared with California , the richest , the most beautiful , and the healthiest country in the world ... with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific ... France and England both have had their eyes upon it . ''",
"US President John Tyler 's administration suggested a tripartite pact that would settle the Oregon boundary dispute and provide for the cession of the port of San Francisco from Mexico ; Lord Aberdeen declined to participate but said Britain had no objection to U.S. territorial acquisition there .",
"The British minister in Mexico , Richard Pakenham , wrote in 1841 to Lord Palmerston urging `` to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California '' , saying that `` no part of the World offering greater natural advantages for the establishment of an English colony ... by all means desirable ... that California , once ceasing to belong to Mexico , should not fall into the hands of any power but England ... daring and adventurous speculators in the United States have already turned their thoughts in this direction . '' But by the time the letter reached London , Sir Robert Peel 's Tory government , with its Little England policy , had come to power and rejected the proposal as expensive and a potential source of conflict .",
"A significant number of influential Californios were in favor of annexation , either by the United States or by the United Kingdom . Pío de Jesús Pico IV , the last governor of Alta California , was in favor of British annexation .",
"In 1800 , the colonial province of Texas was sparsely populated , with only about 7,000 non-Indian settlers . The Spanish crown developed a policy of colonization to more effectively control the territory . After independence , the Mexican government implemented the policy , granting Moses Austin , a banker from Missouri , a large tract of land in Texas . Austin died before he could bring his plan of recruiting American settlers for the land to fruition , but his son , Stephen F. Austin , brought over 300 American families into Texas . This started the steady trend of migration from the United States into the Texas frontier . Austin 's colony was the most successful of several colonies authorized by the Mexican government . The Mexican government intended the new settlers to act as a buffer between the Tejano residents and the Comanches , but the non-Hispanic colonists tended to settle where there was decent farmland and trade connections with American Louisiana , which the United States had acquired in the Louisiana Purchase , rather than further west where they would have been an effective buffer against the Indians .",
"In 1829 , as a result of the large influx of American immigrants , the non-Hispanic outnumbered native Spanish speakers in the Texas territory . President Vicente Guerrero , a hero of Mexican independence , moved to gain more control over Texas and its influx of southern non-Hispanic colonists and discourage further immigration by abolishing slavery in Mexico . The Mexican government also decided to reinstate the property tax and increase tariffs on shipped American goods . The settlers and many Mexican businessmen in the region rejected the demands , which led to Mexico closing Texas to additional immigration , which continued from the United States into Texas illegally .",
"In 1834 , General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the centralist dictator of Mexico , abandoning the federal system . He decided to quash the semi-independence of Texas , having succeeded in doing so in Coahuila ( in 1824 , Mexico had merged Texas and Coahuila into the enormous state of Coahuila y Tejas ) . Finally , Stephen F. Austin called Texians to arms ; they declared independence from Mexico in 1836 , and after Santa Anna defeated the Texians at the Alamo , he was defeated by the Texian Army commanded by General Sam Houston and captured at the Battle of San Jacinto and signed a treaty recognizing Texas ' independence .",
"Texas consolidated its status as an independent republic and received official recognition from Britain , France , and the United States , which all advised Mexico not to try to reconquer the new nation . Most Texians wanted to join the United States of America , but annexation of Texas was contentious in the US Congress , where Whigs were largely opposed . In 1845 Texas agreed to the offer of annexation by the US Congress . Texas became the 28th state on December 29 , 1845 .",
"The border of Texas as an independent state was originally never settled . The Republic of Texas claimed land up to the Rio Grande based on the Treaties of Velasco , but Mexico refused to accept these as valid , claiming that the Rio Grande in the treaty was the Nueces , and referred to the Rio Grande as the Rio Bravo . The ill - fated Texan Santa Fe Expedition of 1841 attempted to realize the claim to New Mexican territory East of the Rio Grande , but its members were captured and imprisoned .",
"Reference to the Rio Grande boundary of Texas was omitted from the US Congress 's annexation resolution to help secure passage after the annexation treaty failed in the Senate . President Polk claimed the Rio Grande boundary , and when Mexico sent forces over the Rio Grande , this provoked a dispute .",
"In July 1845 , Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to Texas , and by October 3,500 Americans were on the Nueces River , ready to take by force the disputed land . Polk wanted to protect the border and also coveted for the U.S. the continent clear to the Pacific Ocean . At the same time Polk wrote to the American consul in the Mexican territory of Alta California , disclaiming American ambitions in California , but offering to support independence from Mexico or voluntary accession to the United States , and warning that the United States would oppose a British or French takeover .",
"To end another war scare with the United Kingdom over the Oregon Country , Polk signed the Oregon Treaty dividing the territory , angering northern Democrats who felt he was prioritizing Southern expansion over Northern expansion .",
"In the Winter of 1845 -- 46 , the federally commissioned explorer John C. Frémont and a group of armed men appeared in Alta California . After telling the Mexican governor and the American Consul Larkin he was merely buying supplies on the way to Oregon , he instead went to the populated area of California and visited Santa Cruz and the Salinas Valley , explaining he had been looking for a seaside home for his mother . Mexican authorities became alarmed and ordered him to leave . Frémont responded by building a fort on Gavilan Peak and raising the American flag . Larkin sent word that Frémont 's actions were counterproductive . Frémont left California in March but returned to California and took control of the California Battalion following the outbreak of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma .",
"In November 1845 , Polk sent John Slidell , a secret representative , to Mexico City with an offer to the Mexican government of $25 million for the Rio Grande border in Texas and Mexico 's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México . US expansionists wanted California to thwart British ambitions in the area and to gain a port on the Pacific Ocean . Polk authorized Slidell to forgive the $3 million owed to US citizens for damages caused by the Mexican War of Independence and pay another $25 to $30 million in exchange for the two territories .",
"Mexico was not inclined nor able to negotiate . In 1846 alone , the presidency changed hands four times , the war ministry six times , and the finance ministry sixteen times . Mexican public opinion and all political factions agreed that selling the territories to the United States would tarnish the national honor . Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States , including President José Joaquín de Herrera , were viewed as traitors . Military opponents of de Herrera , supported by populist newspapers , considered Slidell 's presence in Mexico City an insult . When de Herrera considered receiving Slidell to settle the problem of Texas annexation peacefully , he was accused of treason and deposed . After a more nationalistic government under General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga came to power , it publicly reaffirmed Mexico 's claim to Texas ; Slidell , convinced that Mexico should be `` chastised '' , returned to the US .",
"The Mexican Army emerged from the war of independence ( 1810 -- 1821 ) as a weak and divided force . Before the war with the United States , the military faced both internal and foreign challenges . The Spanish still occupied the coastal fortress of San Juan de Ulúa , and Spain did not recognize Mexico 's independence , so that the new nation was at risk for invasion . In 1829 , the Spanish attempted to reconquer their former colony and Antonio López de Santa Anna became a national hero defending the homeland . The army had a set of privileges ( fueros ) , established in the colonial era , that gave it jurisdiction over many aspects of its affairs . In general , the military supported conservative positions , advocating for a strong central government and upholding privileges of the military and the Catholic Church .",
"Some military men exercised power in local areas as caudillos and resisted central command . Liberal politicians , such as Valentín Gómez Farías , sought to rein in the military 's power . The military faced insurrections and separatist movements in Tabasco , Yucatán , and Texas . The French blockaded in Veracruz in 1838 to collect debts , a conflict known to history as the Pastry War . Compounding the demands on the Mexican military , there were continuing Indian challenges to power in the northern region .",
"On the Mexican side , only 7 of the 19 states that formed the Mexican federation sent soldiers , armament , and money for the war effort , as the young Republic had not yet developed a sense of a unifying , national identity .",
"Mexican soldiers were not easily melded into an effective fighting force . Santa Anna said `` the leaders of the army did their best to train the rough men who volunteered , but they could do little to inspire them with patriotism for the glorious country they were honored to serve . '' According to leading conservative politician Lucas Alamán , the `` money spent on arming Mexican troops merely enabled them to fight each other and ' give the illusion ' that the country possessed an army for its defense . '' However , an officer criticized Santa Anna 's training of troops , `` The cavalry was drilled only in regiments . The artillery hardly ever maneuvered and never fired a blank shot . The general in command was never present on the field of maneuvers , so that he was unable to appreciate the respective qualities of the various bodies under his command ... If any meetings of the principal commanding officers were held to discuss the operations of the campaign , it was not known , nor was it known whether any plan of campaign had been formed . ''",
"At the beginning of the war , Mexican forces were divided between the permanent forces ( permanentes ) and the active militiamen ( activos ) . The permanent forces consisted of 12 regiments of infantry ( of two battalions each ) , three brigades of artillery , eight regiments of cavalry , one separate squadron and a brigade of dragoons . The militia amounted to nine infantry and six cavalry regiments . In the northern territories of Mexico , presidial companies ( presidiales ) protected the scattered settlements there .",
"One of the contributing factors to loss of the war by Mexico was the inferiority of their weapons . The Mexican army was using surplus British muskets ( e.g. Brown Bess ) from the Napoleonic Wars period . While at the beginning of the war the majority of American soldiers were still equipped with the very similar Springfield 1816 flintlock muskets , more reliable caplock models gained large inroads within the rank and file as the conflict progressed . Some US troops carried radically modern weapons that gave them a significant advantage over their Mexican counterparts , such as the Springfield 1841 rifle of the Mississippi Rifles and the Colt Paterson revolver of the Texas Rangers . In the later stages of the war , the US Mounted Rifles were issued Colt Walker revolvers , of which the US Army had ordered 1,000 in 1846 . Most significantly , throughout the war the superiority of the US artillery often carried the day . While technologically Mexican and American artillery operated on the same plane , US army training as well as the quality and reliability of their logistics gave US guns and cannoneers a significant edge .",
"Desertion was a major problem for the Mexican army , depleting forces on the eve of battle . Most soldiers were peasants who held loyalty to their village and family , but not to the generals who had conscripted them . Often hungry and ill , under - equipped , only partially trained , and never well paid , the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the invading US forces . Looking for their opportunity , many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village .",
"Women who traveled with the men in the Mexican army where known as soldaderas . While they only carried their packs , there were recorded instances where the soldaderas would join in the battle alongside the men . These women were involved in street fighting during the defence of Mexico City and Monterey . Some women such as Dos Amandes and Maria Josefa Zozaya would be remembered as heroes .",
"Political divisions inside Mexico were another factor in the US victory . Inside Mexico , the centralistas and republicanos vied for power , and at times these two factions inside Mexico 's military fought each other rather than the invading US Army . Another faction called the monarchists , whose members wanted to install a monarch ( some advocated rejoining Spain ) , further complicated matters . This third faction would rise to predominance in the period of the French intervention in Mexico . The ease of the American landing at Veracruz was in large part due to civil warfare in Mexico City , which made any real defense of the port city impossible . As Gen. Santa Anna said , `` However shameful it may be to admit this , we have brought this disgraceful tragedy upon ourselves through our interminable in - fighting . ''",
"On the U.S. side , the war was fought by regiments of regulars and various regiments , battalions , and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union as well as Americans and some Mexicans in the California and New Mexico territories . On the West Coast , the US Navy fielded a battalion of sailors , in an attempt to recapture Los Angeles . Although the US Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war , the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico 's . At the beginning of the war , the US Army had eight regiments of infantry ( three battalions each ) , four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments ( two dragoons , one of mounted rifles ) . These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments ( nine of infantry and one of cavalry ) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11 , 1847 .",
"State volunteers were raised in various sized units and for various periods of time , mostly for one year . Later some were raised for the duration of the war as it became clear it was going to last longer than a year .",
"US soldiers ' memoirs describe cases of looting and murder of Mexican civilians , mostly by State Volunteers . One officer 's diary records :",
"We reached Burrita about 5 pm , many of the Louisiana volunteers were there , a lawless drunken rabble . They had driven away the inhabitants , taken possession of their houses , and were emulating each other in making beasts of themselves .",
"John L. O'Sullivan , a vocal proponent of Manifest Destiny , later recalled :",
"The regulars regarded the volunteers with importance and contempt ... ( The volunteers ) robbed Mexicans of their cattle and corn , stole their fences for firewood , got drunk , and killed several inoffensive inhabitants of the town in the streets .",
"Many of the volunteers were unwanted and considered poor soldiers . The expression `` Just like Gaines 's army '' came to refer to something useless , the phrase having originated when a group of untrained and unwilling Louisiana troops were rejected and sent back by Gen. Taylor at the beginning of the war .",
"1,563 US soldiers are buried in the Mexico City National Cemetery , which is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission .",
"President Polk ordered General Taylor and his forces south to the Rio Grande , entering the territory that Mexicans disputed . Mexico laid claim to all the lands as far north as the Nueces River -- about 150 mi ( 240 km ) north of the Rio Grande . The U.S. claimed that the border was the Rio Grande , citing the 1836 Treaties of Velasco . However , Mexico rejected the treaties and refused to negotiate , instead still claiming all of Texas . Taylor ignored Mexican demands to withdraw to the Nueces . He constructed a makeshift fort ( later known as Fort Brown / Fort Texas ) on the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the city of Matamoros , Tamaulipas .",
"The Mexican forces under General Santa Anna immediately prepared for war . On April 25 , 1846 , a 2,000 - man Mexican cavalry detachment attacked a 70 - man U.S. patrol under the command of Captain Seth Thornton , which had been sent into the contested territory north of the Rio Grande and south of the Nueces River . In the Thornton Affair , the Mexican cavalry routed the patrol , killing 11 American soldiers .",
"Regarding the beginning of the war , Ulysses S. Grant , who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor 's Army , claims in his Personal Memoirs ( 1885 ) that the main goal of the U.S. Army 's advance from Nueces River to Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first , to debilitate any political opposition to the war .",
"The presence of United States troops on the edge of the disputed territory farthest from the Mexican settlements , was not sufficient to provoke hostilities . We were sent to provoke a fight , but it was essential that Mexico should commence it . It was very doubtful whether Congress would declare war ; but if Mexico should attack our troops , the Executive could announce , `` Whereas , war exists by the acts of , etc. , '' and prosecute the contest with vigor . Once initiated there were but few public men who would have the courage to oppose it ...",
"Mexico showing no willingness to come to the Nueces to drive the invaders from her soil , it became necessary for the `` invaders '' to approach to within a convenient distance to be struck . Accordingly , preparations were begun for moving the army to the Rio Grande , to a point near Matamoras ( sic ) . It was desirable to occupy a position near the largest centre of population possible to reach , without absolutely invading territory to which we set up no claim whatever .",
"A few days after the defeat of the U.S. troops by General Arista , the Siege of Fort Texas began on May 3 , 1846 . Mexican artillery at Matamoros opened fire on Fort Texas , which replied with its own guns . The bombardment continued for 160 hours and expanded as Mexican forces gradually surrounded the fort . Thirteen U.S. soldiers were injured during the bombardment , and two were killed . Among the dead was Jacob Brown , after whom the fort was later named .",
"On May 8 , Zachary Taylor and 2,400 troops arrived to relieve the fort . However , General Arista rushed north and intercepted him with a force of 3,400 at Palo Alto . The U.S. Army employed `` flying artillery '' , their term for horse artillery , a type of mobile light artillery that was mounted on horse carriages with the entire crew riding horses into battle . It had a devastating effect on the Mexican army . In contrast to the `` flying artillery '' of the Americans , the Mexican cannons at the Battle of Palo Alto fired at such slow velocities that it was possible for American soldiers to dodge artillery rounds . The Mexicans replied with cavalry skirmishes and their own artillery . The U.S. flying artillery somewhat demoralized the Mexican side , and seeking terrain more to their advantage , the Mexicans retreated to the far side of a dry riverbed ( resaca ) during the night . It provided a natural fortification , but during the retreat , Mexican troops were scattered , making communication difficult .",
"During the Battle of Resaca de la Palma the next day , the two sides engaged in fierce hand to hand combat . The U.S. Cavalry managed to capture the Mexican artillery , causing the Mexican side to retreat -- a retreat that turned into a rout . Fighting on unfamiliar terrain , his troops fleeing in retreat , Arista found it impossible to rally his forces . Mexican casualties were heavy , and the Mexicans were forced to abandon their artillery and baggage . Fort Brown inflicted additional casualties as the withdrawing troops passed by the fort . Many Mexican soldiers drowned trying to swim across the Rio Grande . Both these engagements were fought before war was declared .",
"Texas Campaign Thornton Affair Siege of Fort Texas Battle of Palo Alto Battle of Resaca de la Palma",
"Texas Campaign",
"",
"Thornton Affair Siege of Fort Texas Battle of Palo Alto Battle of Resaca de la Palma",
"Thornton Affair Siege of Fort Texas Battle of Palo Alto Battle of Resaca de la Palma",
"Siege of Fort Texas",
"Battle of Palo Alto",
"Battle of Resaca de la Palma",
"Disputed territory United States territory , 1848 Mexican territory , 1848 After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo",
"Disputed territory United States territory , 1848 Mexican territory , 1848 After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo",
"In 1846 , relations between the two countries had deteriorated considerably and on April 23 , 1846 , the president of Mexico issued a proclamation , declaring Mexico 's intent to fight a `` defensive war '' against the encroachment of the United States . On April 25 , 1846 , 2,000 Mexican cavalry crossed into the disputed territory and routed a small detachment of American soldiers sparking the `` Thornton Affair '' Polk received word of the Thornton Affair , which , added to the Mexican government 's rejection of Slidell , Polk believed , constituted a casus belli ( cause for war ) . His message to Congress on May 11 , 1846 , claimed that `` Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States , has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil . ''",
"The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13 , 1846 , after a few hours of debate , with southern Democrats in strong support . Sixty - seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment , but on the final passage only 14 Whigs voted no , including Rep. John Quincy Adams .",
"In Mexico , although President Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23 , 1846 and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23 , both of which are considered by some the de facto start of the war , Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7 , 1846 .",
"Once the U.S. declared war on Mexico , Antonio López de Santa Anna wrote to the Mexican government , saying he no longer had aspirations to the presidency , but would eagerly use his military experience to fight off the foreign invasion of Mexico as he had before . President Valentín Gómez Farías , a civilian , was desperate enough to accept the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return . Meanwhile , Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with representatives of the U.S. , pledging that if he were allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades he would work to sell all contested territory to the United States at a reasonable price . Once back in Mexico at the head of an army , Santa Anna reneged on both agreements . He declared himself president once again and unsuccessfully tried to fight off the U.S. invasion .",
"Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter",
"Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter",
"Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter",
"Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions",
"Battle of Negro Fort",
"Tariff of 1828",
"Nat Turner 's slave rebellion",
"Prigg v. Pennsylvania",
"Mexican -- American War",
"Compromise of 1850",
"Fugitive Slave Act of 1850",
"Uncle Tom 's Cabin",
"Kansas -- Nebraska Act",
"Caning of Charles Sumner",
"Dred Scott v. Sandford",
"The Impending Crisis of the South",
"Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry",
"1860 presidential election",
"Secession of Southern States",
"Star of the West",
"Battle of Fort Sumter",
"",
"",
"In the United States , increasingly divided by sectional rivalry , the war was a partisan issue and an essential element in the origins of the American Civil War . Most Whigs in the North and South opposed it ; most Democrats supported it . Southern Democrats , animated by a popular belief in Manifest Destiny , supported it in hope of adding slave - owning territory to the South and avoiding being outnumbered by the faster - growing North . John L. O'Sullivan , editor of the Democratic Review , coined this phrase in its context , stating that it must be `` our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions . ''",
"Northern antislavery elements feared the expansion of the Southern Slave Power ; Whigs generally wanted to strengthen the economy with industrialization , not expand it with more land . Among the most vocal opposing the war in the House of Representatives was John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts . Adams had first voiced concerns about expanding into Mexican territory in 1836 when he opposed Texas annexation . He continued this argument in 1846 for the same reason . War with Mexico would add new slavery territory to the nation . When the vote to go to war with Mexico came to a vote on May 13 , Adams spoke a resounding `` NO '' in the chamber . Only 13 others followed his lead .",
"Ex-slave Frederick Douglass opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement . `` The determination of our slave holding president , and the probability of his success in wringing from the people , men and money to carry it on , is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him . None seem willing to take their stand for peace at all risks . ''",
"Democrats wanted more land ; northern Democrats were attracted by the possibilities in the far northwest . Joshua Giddings led a group of dissenters in Washington D.C. He called the war with Mexico `` an aggressive , unholy , and unjust war '' , and voted against supplying soldiers and weapons . He said :",
"In the murder of Mexicans upon their own soil , or in robbing them of their country , I can take no part either now or hereafter . The guilt of these crimes must rest on others . I will not participate in them .",
"Fellow Whig Abraham Lincoln contested Polk 's causes for the war . Polk had said that Mexico had `` shed American blood upon American soil '' . Lincoln submitted eight `` Spot Resolutions '' , demanding that Polk state the exact spot where Thornton had been attacked and American blood shed , and clarify whether or not that location was actually American soil , or in fact had been claimed by Spain and Mexico .",
"Whig Senator Thomas Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech indicting presidential war in 1847 . Whig leader Robert Toombs of Georgia declared :",
"This war is nondescript ... We charge the President with usurping the war - making power ... with seizing a country ... which had been for centuries , and was then in the possession of the Mexicans ... Let us put a check upon this lust of dominion . We had territory enough , Heaven knew .",
"Northern abolitionists attacked the war as an attempt by slave - owners to strengthen the grip of slavery and thus ensure their continued influence in the federal government . Acting on his convictions , Henry David Thoreau was jailed for his refusal to pay taxes to support the war , and penned his famous essay Civil Disobedience .",
"Democratic Representative David Wilmot introduced the Wilmot Proviso , which would prohibit slavery in new territory acquired from Mexico . Wilmot 's proposal passed the House but not the Senate , and it spurred further hostility between the factions .",
"Besides alleging that the actions of Mexican military forces within the disputed boundary lands north of the Rio Grande constituted an attack on American soil , the war 's advocates viewed the territories of New Mexico and California as only nominally Mexican possessions with very tenuous ties to Mexico . They saw the territories as actually unsettled , ungoverned , and unprotected frontier lands , whose non-aboriginal population , where there was any at all , represented a substantial -- in places even a majority -- American component . Moreover , the territories were feared to be under imminent threat of acquisition by America 's rival on the continent , the British .",
"President Polk reprised these arguments in his Third Annual Message to Congress on December 7 , 1847 . In it he scrupulously detailed his administration 's position on the origins of the conflict , the measures the U.S. had taken to avoid hostilities , and the justification for declaring war . He also elaborated upon the many outstanding financial claims by American citizens against Mexico and argued that , in view of the country 's insolvency , the cession of some large portion of its northern territories was the only indemnity realistically available as compensation . This helped to rally congressional Democrats to his side , ensuring passage of his war measures and bolstering support for the war in the U.S.",
"Whipping up support for the war was embraced by the press . Richard Caton Woodville 's lithograph , War News From Mexico satirizes the reactions of various segments of the American population to the war . The lithograph is generally considered unfavorable to the war 's apparent pro-slavery motivations .",
"The coverage of the war was an important development in the U.S. , with journalists as well as letter - writing soldiers giving the public in the U.S. `` their first - ever independent news coverage of warfare from home or abroad . '' During the war , inventions such as the telegraph created new means of communication that updated people with the latest news from the reporters , who were on the scene . The most important of these was George Wilkins Kendall , a Northerner who wrote for the New Orleans Picayune , and whose collected Dispatches from the Mexican War constitute an important primary source for the conflict . With more than a decade 's experience reporting urban crime , the `` penny press '' realized the public 's voracious demand for astounding war news . Moreover , Shelley Streetby demonstrates that the print revolution ( 1830s - 1840s ) , which preceded the U.S. - Mexican War , made it possible for the distribution of cheap newspapers throughout the country . This was the first time in American history that accounts by journalists , instead of opinions of politicians , had great influence in shaping people 's opinions about and attitudes toward a war . Along with written accounts of the war , there were war artists giving a visual dimension to the war at the time and immediately afterward . Carl Nebel 's visual depictions of the war are well known .",
"By getting constant reports from the battlefield , Americans became emotionally united as a community . News about the war always caused extraordinary popular excitement . In the Spring of 1846 , news about Zachary Taylor 's victory at Palo Alto brought up a large crowd that met in a cotton textile town of Lowell , Massachusetts . New York celebrated the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista in May 1847 . Among fireworks and illuminations , they had a `` grand procession '' of about 400,000 people . Generals Taylor and Scott became heroes for their people and later became presidential candidates .",
"After the declaration of war on May 13 , 1846 , U.S. forces invaded Mexican territory on two main fronts . The U.S. War Department sent a U.S. Cavalry force under Stephen W. Kearny to invade western Mexico from Jefferson Barracks and Fort Leavenworth , reinforced by a Pacific fleet under John D. Sloat . This was done primarily because of concerns that Britain might also try to seize the area . Two more forces , one under John E. Wool and the other under Taylor , were ordered to occupy Mexico as far south as the city of Monterrey .",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"New Mexico Campaign Mexican - American Conflict Capture of Santa Fe Capture of Tucson Battle of El Brazito Taos Revolt Battle of Cañada First Battle of Mora Battle of Embudo Pass Second Battle of Mora Siege of Pueblo de Taos Battle of Red River Canyon Battle of Las Vegas Battle of Cienega Creek",
"New Mexico Campaign",
"",
"Mexican - American Conflict Capture of Santa Fe Capture of Tucson Battle of El Brazito Taos Revolt Battle of Cañada First Battle of Mora Battle of Embudo Pass Second Battle of Mora Siege of Pueblo de Taos Battle of Red River Canyon Battle of Las Vegas Battle of Cienega Creek",
"Mexican - American Conflict",
"Mexican - American Conflict",
"Capture of Santa Fe Capture of Tucson Battle of El Brazito",
"Capture of Santa Fe",
"Capture of Tucson",
"Battle of El Brazito",
"Taos Revolt",
"Battle of Cañada First Battle of Mora Battle of Embudo Pass Second Battle of Mora Siege of Pueblo de Taos Battle of Red River Canyon Battle of Las Vegas Battle of Cienega Creek",
"Battle of Cañada",
"First Battle of Mora",
"Battle of Embudo Pass",
"Second Battle of Mora",
"Siege of Pueblo de Taos",
"Battle of Red River Canyon",
"Battle of Las Vegas",
"Battle of Cienega Creek",
"United States Army General Stephen W. Kearny moved southwest from Fort Leavenworth , Kansas with about 1,700 men in his Army of the West . Kearny 's orders were to secure the territories Nuevo México and Alta California .",
"In Santa Fe , Governor Manuel Armijo wanted to avoid battle , but on August 9 , Catholic priests , Diego Archuleta ( the young regular - army commander ) , and the young militia officers Manuel Chaves and Miguel Pino forced him to muster a defense . Armijo set up a position in Apache Canyon , a narrow pass about 10 miles ( 16 km ) southeast of the city . However , on August 14 , before the American army was even in view , he decided not to fight . ( An American named James Magoffin claimed he had convinced Armijo and Archuleta to follow this course ; an unverified story says he bribed Armijo . ) When Pino , Chaves , and some of the militiamen insisted on fighting , Armijo ordered the cannon pointed at them . The New Mexican army retreated to Santa Fe , and Armijo fled to Chihuahua .",
"Kearny and his troops encountered no Mexican forces when they arrived on August 15 . Kearny and his force entered Santa Fe and claimed the New Mexico Territory for the United States without a shot being fired . Kearny declared himself the military governor of the New Mexico Territory on August 18 and established a civilian government . American officers with a background in law drew up a temporary legal system for the territory called the Kearny Code .",
"Kearny then took the remainder of his army west to Alta California . When he departed with his forces for California , he left Colonel Sterling Price in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico . He appointed Charles Bent as New Mexico 's first territorial governor .",
"Following Kearny 's departure , dissenters in Santa Fe plotted a Christmas uprising . When the plans were discovered by the U.S. authorities , the dissenters postponed the uprising . They attracted numerous Indian allies , including Puebloan peoples , who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory . On the morning of January 19 , 1847 , the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos , present - day Taos , New Mexico , which later gave it the name the Taos Revolt . They were led by Pablo Montoya , a New Mexican , and Tomás Romero , a Taos pueblo Indian also known as Tomasito ( Little Thomas ) .",
"Romero led an Indian force to the house of Governor Charles Bent , where they broke down the door , shot Bent with arrows , and scalped him in front of his family . They moved on , leaving Bent still alive . With his wife Ignacia and children , and the wives of friends Kit Carson and Thomas Boggs , the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door . When the insurgents discovered the party , they killed Bent , but left the women and children unharmed .",
"The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 New Mexicans and Pueblo attacked and laid siege to Simeon Turley 's mill in Arroyo Hondo , several miles outside of Taos . Charles Autobees , an employee at the mill , saw the men coming . He rode to Santa Fe for help from the occupying U.S. forces . Eight to ten mountain men were left at the mill for defense . After a day - long battle , only two of the mountain men , John David Albert and Thomas Tate Tobin , Autobees ' half brother , survived . Both escaped separately on foot during the night . The same day New Mexican insurgents killed seven American traders who were passing through the village of Mora . At most , 15 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20 .",
"The U.S. military moved quickly to quash the revolt ; Col. Price led more than 300 U.S. troops from Santa Fe to Taos , together with 65 volunteers , including a few New Mexicans , organized by Ceran St. Vrain , the business partner of the brothers William and Charles Bent . Along the way , the combined forces beat back a force of some 1,500 New Mexicans and Pueblo at Santa Cruz de la Cañada at Embudo Pass . The insurgents retreated to Taos Pueblo , where they took refuge in the thick - walled adobe church .",
"During the ensuing battle , the U.S. breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior , inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels . They captured 400 more men after close hand - to - hand fighting . Only seven Americans died in the battle .",
"A separate force of U.S. troops under captains Israel R. Hendley and Jesse I. Morin campaigned against the rebels in Mora . The First Battle of Mora ended in a New Mexican victory . The Americans attacked again in the Second Battle of Mora and won , which ended their operations against Mora . New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months . The actions are known as the Battle of Red River Canyon , the Battle of Las Vegas , and the Battle of Cienega Creek . After the U.S. forces won each battle , the New Mexicans and Indians ended open warfare .",
"California Campaign Battle of Chino Mexican -- American War Battle of Monterey Siege of Los Angeles Battle of Dominguez Rancho Battle of Natividad Battle of San Pasqual Battle of Rio San Gabriel Battle of La Mesa",
"California Campaign",
"",
"Battle of Chino Mexican -- American War Battle of Monterey Siege of Los Angeles Battle of Dominguez Rancho Battle of Natividad Battle of San Pasqual Battle of Rio San Gabriel Battle of La Mesa",
"Battle of Chino Mexican -- American War Battle of Monterey Siege of Los Angeles Battle of Dominguez Rancho Battle of Natividad Battle of San Pasqual Battle of Rio San Gabriel Battle of La Mesa",
"Battle of Chino",
"Mexican -- American War",
"Battle of Monterey",
"Siege of Los Angeles",
"Battle of Dominguez Rancho",
"Battle of Natividad",
"Battle of San Pasqual",
"Battle of Rio San Gabriel",
"Battle of La Mesa",
"Although the U.S. declared war against Mexico on May 13 , 1846 , it took almost three months ( until early August 1846 ) for definitive word of Congress ' declaration of war to get to California . American consul Thomas O. Larkin , stationed in Monterey , worked successfully during the events in that vicinity to avoid bloodshed between Americans and the Mexican military garrison commanded by General José Castro , the senior military officer in California .",
"Captain John C. Frémont , leading a U.S. Army topographical expedition to survey the Great Basin , entered the Sacramento Valley in December 1845 . Frémont 's party was at Upper Klamath Lake , Oregon Territory , when it received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent ; the party then returned to California .",
"Mexico had issued a proclamation that unnaturalized foreigners were no longer permitted to have land in California and were subject to expulsion . With rumors swirling that General Castro was massing an army against them , American settlers in the Sacramento Valley banded together to meet the threat . On June 14 , 1846 , 34 American settlers seized control of the undefended Mexican government outpost of Sonoma to forestall Castro 's plans . One settler created the Bear Flag and raised it over Sonoma Plaza . Within a week , 70 more volunteers joined the rebels ' force , which grew to nearly 300 in early July . This event , led by William B. Ide , became known as the Bear Flag Revolt .",
"On June 25 , Frémont 's party arrived to assist in an expected military confrontation . San Francisco , then called Yerba Buena , was occupied by the Bear Flaggers on July 2 . On July 5 Frémont 's California Battalion was formed by combining his forces with many of the rebels .",
"Commodore John D. Sloat , commander of the U.S. Navy 's Pacific Squadron , near Mazatlan , Mexico , had received orders to seize San Francisco Bay and blockade California ports when he was positive that war had begun . Sloat set sail for Monterey , reaching it on July 1 . Sloat , upon hearing of the events in Sonoma and Frémont 's involvement , erroneously believed Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington and ordered his forces to occupy Monterey on July 7 and raise the American flag .",
"On July 9 , 70 sailors and marines landed at Yerba Buena and raised the American flag . Later that day in Sonoma , the Bear Flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place .",
"On Sloat 's orders , Frémont brought 160 volunteers to Monterey , in addition to the California Battalion . On July 15 , Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore Robert F. Stockton , who was more militarily aggressive . He mustered the willing members of the California Battalion into military service with Frémont in command . Stockton ordered Frémont to San Diego to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles . As Frémont landed , Stockton 's 360 men arrived in San Pedro . General Castro and Governor Pío Pico wrote farewells and fled separately to the Mexican state of Sonora .",
"Stockton 's army entered Los Angeles unopposed on August 13 , whereupon he sent a report to the Secretary of State that `` California is entirely free from Mexican dominion . '' Stockton , however , left a tyrannical officer in charge of Los Angeles with a small force . The Californios under the leadership of José María Flores , acting on their own and without federal help from Mexico , in the Siege of Los Angeles , forced the American garrison to retreat on September 29 . They also forced small U.S. garrisons in San Diego and Santa Barbara to flee .",
"Captain William Mervine landed 350 sailors and Marines at San Pedro on October 7 . They were ambushed and repulsed at the Battle of Dominguez Rancho by Flores ' forces in less than an hour . Four Americans died , with 8 severely injured . Stockton arrived with reinforcements at San Pedro , which increased the American forces there to 800 . He and Mervine then set up a base of operations at San Diego .",
"Meanwhile , U.S. Colonel Stephen W. Kearny and his force of about 100 men , who had performed a grueling march across New Mexico and the Sonoran Desert , crossed the Colorado River in late November , 1846 . Stockton sent a 35 - man patrol from San Diego to meet them . On December 7 , 100 lancers under General Andrés Pico ( brother of the governor ) , tipped off and lying in wait , fought Kearny 's army of about 150 at the Battle of San Pasqual , where 22 of Kearny 's men ( one of whom later died of wounds ) , including three officers , were killed in 30 minutes of fighting . The wounded Kearny and his bloodied force pushed on until they had to establish a defensive position on `` Mule Hill '' . However , General Pico kept the hill under siege for four days until a 215 - man American relief force arrived .",
"Frémont and the 428 - man California Battalion arrived in San Luis Obispo on December 14 and Santa Barbara on December 27 . On December 28 , a 600 - man American force under Kearny began a 150 - mile march to Los Angeles . Flores then moved his ill - equipped 500 - man force to a 50 - foot - high bluff above the San Gabriel River . On January 8 , 1847 , the Stockton - Kearny army defeated the Californio force in the two - hour Battle of Rio San Gabriel . That same day , Frémont 's force arrived at San Fernando . The next day , January 9 , the Stockton - Kearny forces fought and won the Battle of La Mesa . On January 10 , the U.S. Army entered Los Angeles to no resistance .",
"On January 12 , Frémont and two of Pico 's officers agreed to terms for a surrender . Articles of Capitulation were signed on January 13 by Frémont , Andrés Pico and six others at a rancho at Cahuenga Pass ( modern - day North Hollywood ) . This became known as the Treaty of Cahuenga , which marked the end of armed resistance in California .",
"Pacific Coast Campaign Bombardment of Guaymas -- Battle of Mulege -- Bombardment of Punta Sombrero -- Battle of La Paz -- Battle of San José del Cabo -- Siege of La Paz -- Siege of San José del Cabo -- Skirmish of Todos Santos",
"Pacific Coast Campaign",
"",
"Bombardment of Guaymas -- Battle of Mulege -- Bombardment of Punta Sombrero -- Battle of La Paz -- Battle of San José del Cabo -- Siege of La Paz -- Siege of San José del Cabo -- Skirmish of Todos Santos",
"USS Independence assisted in the blockade of the Mexican Pacific coast , capturing the Mexican ship Correo and a launch on May 16 , 1847 . She supported the capture of Guaymas , Sonora , on October 19 , 1847 , and landed bluejackets and Marines to occupy Mazatlán , Sinaloa , on November 11 , 1847 . After upper California was secure , most of the Pacific Squadron proceeded down the California coast , capturing all major cities of the Baja California Territory and capturing or destroying nearly all Mexican vessels in the Gulf of California . Other ports , not on the peninsula , were taken as well . The objective of the Pacific Coast Campaign was to capture Mazatlán , on the Mexican mainland , which was a major supply base for Mexican forces . Numerous Mexican ships were also captured by this squadron , with the USS Cyane given credit for 18 ships captured and numerous destroyed .",
"Entering the Gulf of California , Independence , Congress , and Cyane seized La Paz , then captured and burned the small Mexican fleet at Guaymas . Within a month , they cleared the Gulf of hostile ships , destroying or capturing 30 vessels . Later , their sailors and Marines captured the port of Mazatlán on November 11 , 1847 . A Mexican campaign under Manuel Pineda Muñoz to retake the various captured ports resulted in several small clashes ( Battle of Mulege , Battle of La Paz , Battle of San José del Cabo ) and two sieges ( Siege of La Paz , Siege of San José del Cabo ) in which the Pacific Squadron ships provided artillery support . U.S. garrisons remained in control of the ports .",
"Following reinforcement , Lt. Col. Henry S. Burton marched out . His forces rescued captured Americans , captured Pineda , and , on March 31 , defeated and dispersed remaining Mexican forces at the Skirmish of Todos Santos , unaware that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed in February 1848 and a truce agreed to on March 6 . When the American garrisons were evacuated to Monterey following the treaty ratification , many Mexicans went with them : those who had supported the American cause and had thought Lower California would also be annexed along with Upper California .",
"The Mexican Army 's defeats at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma caused political turmoil in Mexico , turmoil which Antonio López de Santa Anna used to revive his political career and return from self - imposed exile in Cuba in mid-August 1846 . It was President Polk 's plan to bring back the exiled dictator who had defeated the Texans at the Alamo and Goliad . On 4 August 1846 , `` Polk negotiated a deal to not only bring Santa Anna back , but to pay him $2 million -- ostensibly a bribe as an advance payment on the cession of California . ''",
"Santa Anna promised the U.S. that if he was allowed to pass through the blockade , he would negotiate a peaceful conclusion to the war and sell the New Mexico and Alta California territories to the U.S. Once Santa Anna arrived in Mexico City , however , he reneged on his deal with the U.S. and offered his services to the Mexican government . Then , after being appointed commanding general , he reneged again and seized the presidency .",
"Led by Zachary Taylor , 2,300 U.S. troops crossed the Rio Grande after some initial difficulties in obtaining river transport . His soldiers occupied the city of Matamoros , then Camargo ( where the soldiery suffered the first of many problems with disease ) and then proceeded south and besieged the city of Monterrey . The hard - fought Battle of Monterrey resulted in serious losses on both sides . The American light artillery was ineffective against the stone fortifications of the city . The Mexican forces were under General Pedro de Ampudia and repulsed Taylor 's best infantry division at Fort Teneria .",
"American soldiers , including many West Pointers , had never engaged in urban warfare before and they marched straight down the open streets , where they were annihilated by Mexican defenders well - hidden in Monterrey 's thick adobe homes . Two days later , they changed their urban warfare tactics . Texan soldiers had fought in a Mexican city before ( the Siege of Béxar in December 1835 ) and advised Taylor 's generals that the Americans needed to `` mouse hole '' through the city 's homes . In other words , they needed to punch holes in the side or roofs of the homes and fight hand to hand inside the structures . Mexicans called the Texas soldiers the Diabólicos Tejanos ( the Devil Texans ) . This method proved successful . Eventually , these actions drove and trapped Ampudia 's men into the city 's central plaza , where howitzer shelling forced Ampudia to negotiate . Taylor agreed to allow the Mexican Army to evacuate and to an eight - week armistice in return for the surrender of the city . Under pressure from Washington , Taylor broke the armistice and occupied the city of Saltillo , southwest of Monterrey . Santa Anna blamed the loss of Monterrey and Saltillo on Ampudia and demoted him to command a small artillery battalion .",
"On February 22 , 1847 , Santa Anna personally marched north to fight Taylor with 20,000 men . Taylor , with 4,600 men , had entrenched at a mountain pass called Buena Vista . Santa Anna suffered desertions on the way north and arrived with 15,000 men in a tired state . He demanded and was refused surrender of the U.S. Army ; he attacked the next morning . Santa Anna flanked the U.S. positions by sending his cavalry and some of his infantry up the steep terrain that made up one side of the pass , while a division of infantry attacked frontally along the road leading to Buena Vista . Furious fighting ensued , during which the U.S. troops were nearly routed , but managed to cling to their entrenched position , thanks to the Mississippi Rifles , a volunteer regiment led by Jefferson Davis , who formed them into a defensive V formation . The Mexicans had inflicted considerable losses but Santa Anna had gotten word of upheaval in Mexico City , so he withdrew that night , leaving Taylor in control of part of Northern Mexico .",
"Polk mistrusted Taylor , who he felt had shown incompetence in the Battle of Monterrey by agreeing to the armistice . Taylor later used the Battle of Buena Vista as the centerpiece of his successful 1848 presidential campaign .",
"The Treaty of Bear Springs ended a large scale insurrection by the Ute , Zuni , Moquis , and Navajo tribes . After the successful conquest of New Mexico , American troops moved into modern - day northwest Mexico .",
"On March 1 , 1847 , Alexander W. Doniphan occupied Chihuahua City . British consul John Potts did not want to let Doniphan search Governor Trias 's mansion , and unsuccessfully asserted it was under British protection . American merchants in Chihuahua wanted the American force to stay in order to protect their business . Major William Gilpin advocated a march on Mexico City and convinced a majority of officers , but Doniphan subverted this plan . Then in late April , Taylor ordered the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers to leave Chihuahua and join him at Saltillo . The American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe . Along the way , the townspeople of Parras enlisted Doniphan 's aid against an Indian raiding party that had taken children , horses , mules , and money .",
"The civilian population of northern Mexico offered little resistance to the American invasion , possibly because the country had already been devastated by Comanche and Apache Indian raids . Josiah Gregg , who was with the American army in northern Mexico , said that `` the whole country from New Mexico to the borders of Durango is almost entirely depopulated . The haciendas and ranchos have been mostly abandoned , and the people chiefly confined to the towns and cities . ''",
"Southern Mexico had a large indigenous population and was geographically distant from the capital . Yucatán in particular had closer ties to Cuba and to the United States than it did to central Mexico . On a number of occasions in the early era of the Mexican Republic , Yucatán seceded from the federation . There were also rivalries between regional elites , with one faction based in Mérida and the other in Campeche . These issues factored into the Mexican -- American War .",
"The U.S. Navy contributed to the war by controlling the coast and clearing the way for U.S. troops and supplies , especially to Mexico 's main port of Veracruz . Even before hostilities began in the disputed northern region , the U.S. Navy created a blockade . Given the shallow waters of that portion of the Gulf coast , the U.S. Navy needed ships with a shallow draft rather than large frigates . Since the Mexican Navy was almost non-existent , the U.S. Navy could operate unimpeded in Gulf waters .",
"Commodore Matthew C. Perry led a detachment of seven vessels along the northern coast of Tabasco state . Perry arrived at the Tabasco River ( now known as the Grijalva River ) on October 22 , 1846 , and seized the town Port of Frontera along with two of their ships . Leaving a small garrison , he advanced with his troops towards the town of San Juan Bautista ( Villahermosa today ) . Perry arrived in the city of San Juan Bautista on October 25 , seizing five Mexican vessels . Colonel Juan Bautista Traconis , Tabasco Departmental commander at that time , set up barricades inside the buildings . Perry realized that the bombing of the city would be the only option to drive out the Mexican Army , and to avoid damage to the merchants of the city , withdrew its forces preparing them for the next day .",
"On the morning of October 26 , as Perry 's fleet prepared to start the attack on the city , the Mexican forces began firing at the American fleet . The U.S. bombing began to yield the square , so that the fire continued until evening . Before taking the square , Perry decided to leave and return to the port of Frontera , where he established a naval blockade to prevent supplies of food and military supplies from reaching the state capital .",
"On June 13 , 1847 , Commodore Perry assembled the Mosquito Fleet and began moving towards the Grijalva River , towing 47 boats that carried a landing force of 1,173 . On June 15 , 12 miles ( 19 km ) below San Juan Bautista , the fleet ran through an ambush with little difficulty . Again at an `` S '' curve in the river known as the `` Devil 's Bend '' , Perry encountered Mexican fire from a river fortification known as the Colmena redoubt , but the fleet 's heavy naval guns quickly dispersed the Mexican force .",
"On June 16 , Perry arrived at San Juan Bautista and commenced bombing the city . The attack included two ships that sailed past the fort and began shelling it from the rear . David D. Porter led 60 sailors ashore and seized the fort , raising the American flag over the works . Perry and the landing force arrived and took control of the city around 14 : 00 .",
"The U.S. was concerned with the extension of British power in the Caribbean , especially Spanish Cuba , as well as the strategic Yucatán peninsula . In 1847 Maya revolted against the white elites of the peninsula in a racial war known as the Caste War of Yucatan . Jefferson Davis , then a senator from Mississippi , argued in congress that the president needed no further powers to intervene in Yucatan since the war with Mexico was underway . Davis 's concern was strategic and part of his vision of Manifest Destiny , considering the Gulf of Mexico `` a basin of water belonging to the United States '' and continuing `` the cape of Yucatan and the island of Cuba must be ours '' rather than under British influence . In the end , the U.S. did not intervene in Yucatán , but it had figured in congressional debates about the Mexican -- American War . At one point , the government of Yucatán petitioned the U.S. for protection during the Caste War , but the U.S. did not respond .",
"Desertion was a major problem for the Mexican Army , depleting forces on the eve of battle . Most soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family , but not to the generals who had conscripted them . Often hungry and ill , under - equipped , only partially trained , and never well paid , the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the Americans . Looking for their opportunity , many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village .",
"The desertion rate in the U.S. Army was 8.3 % ( 9,200 out of 111,000 ) , compared to 12.7 % during the War of 1812 and usual peacetime rates of about 14.8 % per year . Many men deserted to join another U.S. unit and get a second enlistment bonus . Some deserted because of the miserable conditions in camp . It has been suggested that others used the army to get free transportation to California , where they deserted to join the gold rush ; this , however , is unlikely as gold was only discovered in California on January 24 , 1848 , less than two weeks before the war concluded . By the time word reached the eastern U.S. that gold had been discovered , word also reached it that the war was over .",
"Several hundred U.S. deserters went over to the Mexican side . Nearly all were recent immigrants from Europe with weak ties to the U.S. . The Mexicans issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money , land bounties , and officers ' commissions . Mexican guerrillas shadowed the U.S. Army and captured men who took unauthorized leave or fell out of the ranks . The guerrillas coerced these men to join the Mexican ranks . The generous promises proved illusory for most deserters , who risked being executed if captured by U.S. forces .",
"The most famous group of deserters from the U.S. Army , was the Saint Patrick 's Battalion or ( San Patricios ) , composed primarily several hundred immigrant soldiers , the majority Catholic Irish and German immigrants , who deserted the U.S. Army because of ill - treatment or sympathetic leanings to fellow Mexican Catholics and joined the Mexican army . The battalion also included Canadians , English , French , Italians , Poles , Scots , Spaniards , Swiss , and Mexican people , many of whom were members of the Catholic Church .",
"Most of the battalion were killed in the Battle of Churubusco ; about 100 were captured by the U.S. and roughly half of the San Patricios were tried and were hanged as deserters following their capture at Churubusco in August 1847. . The leader , Jon Riley , was merely branded since he had deserted before the war started .",
"Mexico City Campaign Veracruz -- Cerro Gordo -- Contreras -- Churubusco -- Molino del Rey -- Chapultepec -- Mexico City",
"Mexico City Campaign",
"",
"Veracruz -- Cerro Gordo -- Contreras -- Churubusco -- Molino del Rey -- Chapultepec -- Mexico City",
"Rather than reinforce Taylor 's army for a continued advance , President Polk sent a second army under General Winfield Scott , which was transported to the port of Veracruz by sea , to begin an invasion of the Mexican heartland . On March 9 , 1847 , Scott performed the first major amphibious landing in U.S. history in preparation for the Siege of Veracruz . A group of 12,000 volunteer and regular soldiers successfully offloaded supplies , weapons , and horses near the walled city using specially designed landing crafts . Included in the invading force were Robert E. Lee , George Meade , Ulysses S. Grant , James Longstreet , and Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson .",
"The city was defended by Mexican General Juan Morales with 3,400 men . Mortars and naval guns under Commodore Matthew C. Perry were used to reduce the city walls and harass defenders . After a bombardment on March 24 , 1847 , the walls of Veracruz had a thirty - foot gap . The city replied the best it could with its own artillery . The effect of the extended barrage destroyed the will of the Mexican side to fight against a numerically superior force , and they surrendered the city after 12 days under siege . U.S. troops suffered 80 casualties , while the Mexican side had around 180 killed and wounded , about half of whom were civilian . During the siege , the U.S. side began to fall victim to yellow fever .",
"Scott then marched westward on April 2 , 1847 , toward Mexico City with 8,500 healthy troops , while Santa Anna set up a defensive position in a canyon around the main road about 50 miles ( 80 km ) north - west of Veracruz , near the hamlet of Cerro Gordo . Santa Anna had entrenched with 12,000 troops , and artillery that were trained on the road , where he expected Scott to appear . However , Scott had sent 2,600 mounted dragoons ahead and they reached the pass on April 12 . The Mexican artillery prematurely fired on them and therefore revealed their positions , beginning the Battle of Cerro Gordo .",
"Instead of taking the main road , Scott 's troops trekked through the rough terrain to the north , setting up his artillery on the high ground and quietly flanking the Mexicans . Although by then aware of the positions of U.S. troops , Santa Anna and his troops were unprepared for the onslaught that followed . In the battle fought on April 18 , the Mexican army was routed . The U.S. Army suffered 400 casualties , while the Mexicans suffered over 1,000 casualties and 3,000 were taken prisoner . In August 1847 , Captain Kirby Smith , of Scott 's 3rd Infantry , reflected on the resistance of the Mexican army :",
"They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it . They have lost six great battles ; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon , nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms , made twenty thousand prisoners , have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on their Capital which must be ours , -- yet they refuse to treat ( i.e. , negotiate terms ) !",
"In May , Scott pushed on to Puebla , the second largest city in Mexico . Because of the citizens ' hostility to Santa Anna , the city capitulated without resistance on May 1 . During the following months , Scott gathered supplies and reinforcements at Puebla and sent back units whose enlistments had expired . Scott also made strong efforts to keep his troops disciplined and treat the Mexican people under occupation justly , so as to prevent a popular rising against his army .",
"With guerrillas harassing his line of communications back to Veracruz , Scott decided not to weaken his army to defend Puebla but , leaving only a garrison at Puebla to protect the sick and injured recovering there , advanced on Mexico City on August 7 with his remaining force . The capital was laid open in a series of battles around the right flank of the city defenses , the Battle of Contreras and Battle of Churubusco . After Churubusco , fighting halted for an armistice and peace negotiations , which broke down on September 6 , 1847 . With the subsequent battles of Molino del Rey and of Chapultepec , and the storming of the city gates , the capital was occupied . Scott became military governor of occupied Mexico City . His victories in this campaign made him an American national hero .",
"The Battle of Chapultepec was an encounter between the Mexican Army and the United States on the castle of Chapultepec in Mexico City . At this time , this castle was a renowned military school in Mexico City . After the battle , which ended in an American victory , the legend of `` Los Niños Héroes '' was born . Although not confirmed by historians , six military cadets between the ages of 13 and 17 stayed in the school instead of evacuating . They decided to stay and fight for Mexico . These Niños Héroes ( hero children ) became icons in Mexico 's pantheon of heroes . Rather than surrender to the U.S. Army , some military cadets leaped from the castle walls . A cadet named Juan Escutia wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and jumped to his death .",
"In late September 1847 , Santa Anna made one last attempt to defeat the Americans , by cutting them off from the coast . General Joaquín Rea began the Siege of Puebla , soon joined by Santa Anna , but they failed to take it before the approach of a relief column from Veracruz under Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane prompted Santa Anna to stop him . Puebla was relieved by Gen. Lane October 12 , 1847 , following his defeat of Santa Anna at the Battle of Huamantla on October 9 , 1847 . The battle was Santa Anna 's last . Following the defeat , the new Mexican government led by Manuel de la Peña y Peña asked Santa Anna to turn over command of the army to General José Joaquín de Herrera .",
"Following his capture and securing of the capital , General Scott sent about a quarter of his strength to secure his line of communications to Veracruz from the Light Corps of General Joaquín Rea and other Mexican guerrilla forces that had been harassing it since May . He strengthened the garrison of Puebla and by November had added a 1200 - man garrison at Jalapa , established 750 - man posts along the National Road , the main route between the port of Veracruz and the capital , at the pass between Mexico City and Puebla at Rio Frio , at Perote and San Juan on the road between Jalapa and Puebla , and at Puente Nacional between Jalapa and Veracruz . He had also detailed an anti guerrilla brigade under Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane to carry the war to the Light Corps and other guerrillas . He ordered that convoys would travel with at least 1,300 - man escorts . Victories by General Lane over the Light Corps at Atlixco ( October 18 , 1847 ) , at Izucar de Matamoros ( November 23 , 1847 ) and Galaxara Pass ( November 24 , 1847 ) ended the threat of General Rea .",
"Later a raid against the guerrillas of Padre Jarauta at Zacualtipan ( February 25 , 1848 ) further reduced guerrilla raids on the American line of communications . After the two governments concluded a truce to await ratification of the peace treaty , on March 6 , 1848 , formal hostilities ceased . However some bands continued in defiance of the Mexican government until the American evacuation in August . Some were suppressed by the Mexican Army or , like Padre Jarauta , executed .",
"Outnumbered militarily and with many of its large cities occupied , Mexico could not defend itself ; the country was also faced with many internal divisions , including the Caste War of Yucatán . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed on February 2 , 1848 , by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas , Bernardo Couto , and Miguel Atristain , ended the war . The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas , established the U.S. - Mexican border of the Rio Grande , and ceded to the United States the present - day states of California , Nevada , and Utah , most of New Mexico , Arizona and Colorado , and parts of Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Wyoming . In return , Mexico received $ 15 million ( $424 million today ) -- less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities -- and the U.S. agreed to assume $3.25 million ( $92 million today ) in debts that the Mexican government owed to U.S. citizens . The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10 , and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51 - 34 and a Senate vote of 33 - 4 , on May 19 . News that New Mexico 's legislative assembly had passed an act for organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico .",
"The acquisition was a source of controversy , especially among U.S. politicians who had opposed the war from the start . A leading antiwar U.S. newspaper , the Whig National Intelligencer , sardonically concluded that `` We take nothing by conquest ... Thank God . ''",
"Jefferson Davis introduced an amendment giving the U.S. most of northeastern Mexico , which failed 44 -- 11 . This amendment was supported by both senators from Texas ( Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk ) , Daniel S. Dickinson of New York , Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana , and one each from Alabama , Florida , Mississippi , Ohio , Missouri , and Tennessee . Most of the leaders of the Democratic party -- Thomas Hart Benton , John C. Calhoun , Herschel V. Johnson , Lewis Cass , James Murray Mason of Virginia , and Ambrose Hundley Sevier -- were opposed . An amendment by Whig Senator George Edmund Badger of North Carolina to exclude New Mexico and Upper California lost 35 -- 15 , with three Southern Whigs voting with the Democrats . Daniel Webster was bitter that four New England senators made deciding votes for acquiring the new territories .",
"The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the Mexican Cession in the U.S. , as opposed to the Texas Annexation two years earlier , though division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries . Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas before the war , and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or Gila River until this treaty .",
"Before ratifying the treaty , the U.S. Senate made two modifications : changing the wording of Article IX ( which guaranteed Mexicans living in the purchased territories the right to become U.S. citizens ) and striking out Article X ( which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican government ) . On May 26 , 1848 , when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , they further agreed to a three - article protocol ( known as the Protocol of Querétaro ) to explain the amendments . The first article claimed that the original Article IX of the treaty , although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana , would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX . The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants under Mexican law . The protocol was signed in the city of Querétaro by A.H. Sevier , Nathan Clifford , and Luis de la Rosa .",
"Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico , in that the US pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged northern Mexico and pay restitutions to the victims of raids it could not prevent . However , the Indian raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty , although a cholera epidemic reduced the numbers of the Comanche in 1849 . Robert Letcher , U.S. Minister to Mexico in 1850 , was certain `` that miserable 11th article '' would lead to the financial ruin of the US if it could not be released from its obligations . The US was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 .",
"Before the secession of Texas , Mexico comprised almost 1,700,000 sq mi ( 4,400,000 km ) , but by 1849 it was just under 800,000 square miles ( 2,100,000 km ) . Another 30,000 square miles ( 78,000 km ) were sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 , so the total reduction of Mexican territory was more than 55 % , or 900,000 square miles ( 2,300,000 km ) .",
"Though the annexed territory was about the size of Western Europe , it was sparsely populated . The land contained about 14,000 non-indigenous people in Alta California and about 60,000 in Nuevo México , as well as large Indian nations , such as the Papago , Pima , Puebloan , Navajo , Apache and many others . Although some native people relocated farther south in Mexico , the great majority remained in the U.S. territory .",
"The American settlers surging into the newly conquered Southwest were openly contemptuous of Mexican law ( a civil law system based on the law of Spain ) as alien and inferior and disposed of it by enacting reception statutes at the first available opportunity . However , they recognized the value of a few aspects of Mexican law and carried them over into their new legal systems . For example , most of the southwestern states adopted community property marital property systems , as well as water law .",
"Mexicans and Indians in the annexed territories faced a loss of civil and political rights , even though the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised American citizenship to all Mexican citizens living in the territory of the Mexican Cession . The U.S. government withheld citizenship from Indians in the southwest until the 1930s , despite the fact that they were citizens under Mexican law .",
"In much of the United States of America , victory and the acquisition of new land brought a surge of patriotism . Victory seemed to fulfill Democrats ' belief in their country 's Manifest Destiny . While Whig Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected war `` as a means of achieving America 's destiny , '' he accepted that `` most of the great results of history are brought about by discreditable means . '' Although the Whigs had opposed the war , they made Zachary Taylor their presidential candidate in the election of 1848 , praising his military performance while muting their criticism of the war .",
"Has the Mexican War terminated yet , and how ? Are we beaten ? Do you know of any nation about to besiege South Hadley ( Massachusetts ) ? If so , do inform me of it , for I would be glad of a chance to escape , if we are to be stormed . I suppose ( our teacher ) Miss ( Mary ) Lyon would furnish us all with daggers and order us to fight for our lives ...",
"A month before the end of the war , Polk was criticized in a United States House of Representatives amendment to a bill praising Major General Zachary Taylor for `` a war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States . '' This criticism , in which Congressman Abraham Lincoln played an important role with his Spot Resolutions , followed congressional scrutiny of the war 's beginnings , including factual challenges to claims made by President Polk . The vote followed party lines , with all Whigs supporting the amendment . Lincoln 's attack won lukewarm support from fellow Whigs in Illinois but was harshly counter-attacked by Democrats , who rallied pro-war sentiments in Illinois ; Lincoln 's Spot resolutions haunted his future campaigns in the heavily Democratic state of Illinois , and were cited by enemies well into his presidency .",
"Many of the military leaders on both sides of the American Civil War were trained at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and had fought as junior officers in Mexico . This list includes military men fighting for the Union : Ulysses S. Grant , George B. McClellan , William T. Sherman , George Meade , William Rosecrans , and Ambrose Burnside . Military men who joined the Southern secessionists of the Confederate States of America were Robert E. Lee , Stonewall Jackson , James Longstreet , Joseph E. Johnston , Braxton Bragg , Sterling Price , and the future Confederate President Jefferson Davis . Both sides had leaders with significant experience in active combat in strategy and tactics , likely shaping ways the Civil War conflict played out .",
"President Ulysses S. Grant , who as a young army lieutenant had served in Mexico under General Taylor , recalled in his Memoirs , published in 1885 , that :",
"Generally , the officers of the army were indifferent whether the annexation was consummated or not ; but not so all of them . For myself , I was bitterly opposed to the measure , and to this day regard the war , which resulted , as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation . It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies , in not considering justice in their desire to acquire additional territory .",
"Grant also expressed the view that the war against Mexico had brought punishment on the United States in the form of the American Civil War :",
"The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican war . Nations , like individuals , are punished for their transgressions . We got our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times .",
"This view was shared by the philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson , who towards the end of the war wrote that `` The United States will conquer Mexico , but it will be as the man swallows the arsenic , which brings him down in turn . Mexico will poison us . ''",
"General Robert E. Lee , leader of the Confederate forces through the end of the American Civil War , began building his reputation as a military officer in America 's war against Mexico . At the start of the Mexican -- American War , Captain Lee invaded Mexico with General Wool 's engineering department from the North . By early 1847 , he helped take the Mexican cities of Vera Cruz , Cerro Gordo , Contreras , Churubusco , Molino del Rey , and Chapultepec. Lee was wounded in Chapultepec . By September , Mexico City surrendered and the United States was victorious .",
"General Scott was the ranking officer in the army during the Mexican -- American campaign . He described Robert E. Lee as `` gallant and indefatigable , '' saying that Lee had displayed the `` greatest feat of physical and moral courage performed by any individual in ( his ) knowledge during the campaign . '' Robert E. Lee 's humility and professionalism was apparent early on in his career when gave credit to General Scott for the victories . He said that `` It was his stout heart ... his bold self reliance ... his indomitable courage that ... ressed us forward to this capital . '' It is important to note that although Lee is remembered for his valor during the Mexican -- American War , he was only a junior officer `` who had never commanded a regiment in the field '' .",
"In 1861 , it was General Scott who advised Abraham Lincoln to ask Lee to command the union forces . Lee declined , and later recounted `` I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was brought into the field , stating candidly and as courteously as I could that though opposed to secession and depreciating war , I could take no part in the invasion of the southern states . '' ( Sneiderman , 118 ) On 9 April 1865 , it was General Robert E. Lee who had surrendered to President Lincoln 's Union Forces .",
"Despite initial objections from the Whigs and abolitionists , the war nevertheless united the U.S. in a common cause and was fought almost entirely by volunteers . The army swelled from just over 6,000 to more than 115,000 . The majority of 12 - month volunteers in Scott 's army decided that a year 's fighting was enough and returned to the U.S.",
"Veterans of the war were often broken men . `` As the sick and wounded from Taylor 's and Scott 's campaigns made their way back from Mexico to the United States , their condition shocked the folks at home . Husbands , sons , and brothers returned in broken health , some with missing limbs . ''",
"Anti-slavery elements opposed that position and fought for the exclusion of slavery from any territory absorbed by the U.S. In 1847 , the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso , stipulating that none of the territory acquired should be open to slavery . The Senate avoided the issue , and a late attempt to add it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was defeated .",
"The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the result of Nicholas Trist 's unauthorized negotiations . It was approved by the U.S. Senate on March 10 , 1848 , and ratified by the Mexican Congress on May 25 . Mexico 's cession of Alta California and Nuevo México and its recognition of U.S. sovereignty over all of Texas north of the Rio Grande formalized the addition of 1.2 million square miles ( 3.1 million km ) of territory to the United States . In return the U.S. agreed to pay $15 million and assumed the claims of its citizens against Mexico . A final territorial adjustment between Mexico and the U.S. was made by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . The sale of this territory was a contributing factor in the final fall of Santa Anna in Mexico for having sold Mexican patrimony .",
"As late as 1880 , the `` Republican Campaign Textbook '' by the Republican Congressional Committee described the war as `` Feculent , reeking Corruption '' and `` one of the darkest scenes in our history -- a war forced upon our and the Mexican people by the high - handed usurpations of Pres 't Polk in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement of the slave oligarchy . ''",
"The war was one of the most decisive events for the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century . While it marked a significant waypoint for the nation as a growing military power , it also served as a milestone especially within the U.S. narrative of Manifest Destiny . The resultant territorial gains set in motion many of the defining trends in American 19th - century history , particularly for the American West . The war did not resolve the issue of slavery in the U.S. but rather in many ways inflamed it , as potential westward expansion of the institution took an increasingly central and heated theme in national debates preceding the American Civil War . Furthermore , in doing much to extend the nation from coast to coast , the Mexican -- American War was one step in the huge migrations to the West of Americans , which culminated in transcontinental railroads and the Indian wars later in the same century .",
"The obvious impact of the war was the loss of its northern areas and the defeat of the Mexican military . The war remains a painful historical event for Mexicans . In the immediate aftermath of the war , a group of prominent Mexicans wrote an assessment of the reasons for the war and Mexico 's defeat , edited by Ramón Alcaraz and including contributions by Ignacio Ramírez , Guillermo Prieto , José María Iglesias , and Francisco Urquidi . The work was translated to English by Col. Albert Ramsey , a veteran of the Mexican -- American War and published in 1850 .",
"In Mexico City 's Chapultepec Park , the Niños Héroes ( Monument to the Heroic Cadets ) commemorates the heroic sacrifice of six teenaged military cadets who fought to their deaths rather than surrender to American troops during the Battle of Chapultepec Castle on September 13 , 1847 . The monument is an important patriotic site in Mexico . On March 5 , 1947 , nearly one hundred years after the battle , U.S. President Harry S. Truman placed a wreath at the monument and stood for a moment of silence ."
] | Mexican-- American war - wikipedia Mexican-- American war Jump to: navigation , search Mexican-- American War Clockwise from top left: Winfield Scott entering Plaza de la Constitución after the Fall of Mexico City , U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the Battle of Resaca de la Palma , American victory at Churubusco outside Mexico City, U.S. Marines storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag, Battle of Cerro Gordo Date April 25, 1846 -- February 3, 1848 (1 year, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day) Location Texas, New Mexico, California; Northern, Central, and Eastern Mexico; Mexico City Result American victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas (among other territories) End of the conflict between Mexico and Republic of Texas Territorial changes Mexican Cession Belligerents United States California Republic Mexico Commanders and leaders James K. Polk Winfield Scott Zachary Taylor Stephen W. Kearny John Drake Sloat William Jenkins Worth Robert Field Stockton Joseph Lane Franklin Pierce David Conner Matthew C. Perry John C. Frémont Thomas Childs Henry Stanton Burton William B. Ide Edward Dickinson Baker Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia José María Flores Mariano G. Vallejo Nicolás Bravo José Joaquín de Herrera Andrés Pico Manuel Armijo Martin Perfecto de Cos Pedro Maria de Anaya Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte Joaquín Rea Manuel Pineda Muñoz Gabriel Valencia Strength 73,532 regulars and volunteers 70,000 regulars 12,000 irregulars Casualties and losses 1,733 killed in battle (1,721 soldiers, 11 Marines, and 1 sailor) 13,283 total dead 4,152 wounded 10,000 regulars dead (5,000 killed in battle) Including civilians killed by the war's violence and military disease and accidental deaths, the Mexican death toll may have reached 25,000. Mexican-- American wars (1845-- 1920) Mexican-- American War -- Taos Revolt -- Cortina Troubles -- Las Cuevas War -- San Elizario Salt War -- Garza Revolution -- Nogales Uprising -- Mexican Revolution -- Border War -- Bandit War Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline (hide) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776-- 1789 1789-- 1849 1849-- 1865 1865-- 1918 1918-- 1945 1945-- 1964 1964-- 1980 1980-- 1991 1991-- 2008 2008-- present By ethnicity (show) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic (show) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896-- 1954 1955-- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier (Old West) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal Part of a series on the History of Mexico Pre-Columbian Spanish rule (show) Conquest Colonial period War of Independence First Empire First Republic (hide) Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican-- American War Second Federal Republic (show) La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864-- 1928 (show) Second Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern (show) Maximato (1928-- 1934) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Students of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican Drug War Timeline Mexico portal The Mexican-- American War , also known as the Mexican War in the United States and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico , was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States ( Mexico ) from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas , which Mexico still considered its northeastern province and a part of its territory after its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution a decade earlier. Mexico, which obtained independence from the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish Empire with the Treaty of Córdoba in 1821, and which briefly experimented with monarchy , became a republic in 1824. It was characterized by considerable instability, leaving it ill-prepared for international conflict only two decades later, when war broke out in 1846. In the decades preceding the war, Native American raids in Mexico's sparsely settled north prompted the Mexican government to sponsor migration from the United States to the Mexican province of Texas to create a buffer. However, the newly named `` Texians '' revolted against the Mexican government of President/dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna , who had usurped the Mexican Constitution of 1824 , in the subsequent 1836 Texas Revolution , creating a republic not recognized by Mexico, which still claimed it as part of its national territory. In 1845, the Texan Republic agreed to an offer of annexation by the U.S. Congress , and became the 28th state in the Union on December 29 that year. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk made a proposition to the Mexican government to purchase the disputed lands between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande river further south. When that offer was rejected, President Polk moved U.S. troops commanded by Major General Zachary Taylor further south into the disputed territory. Mexican forces attacked an American Army outpost (`` Thornton Affair '' ) in the occupied territory, killing 12 U.S. soldiers and capturing 52. These same Mexican troops later laid siege to an American fort along the Rio Grande. Polk cited this attack as an invasion of U.S. territory, and requested that the Congress declare war. U.S. forces quickly occupied the capital town of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast territory province of Alta California (Upper California), and then invaded to the south into parts of central Mexico (modern-day northeastern Mexico and northwest Mexico); meanwhile, the Pacific Squadron of the United States Navy conducted a blockade, and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific Ocean western coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army, under the command of Major General Winfield Scott , after several fierce battles of stiff resistance from the Mexican Army outside of the capital, Mexico City , eventually captured the city, having marched west from the port of Veracruz , where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and specified its major consequence, the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico acknowledged the loss of their province, later Republic of Texas (and now State of Texas ), and thereafter cited and acknowledged the Rio Grande as its future northern national border with the United States. Mexico had lost over one-third of its original territory from its 1821 independence. The territorial expansion of the United States toward the Pacific coast had been the goal of Polk, the leader of the Democratic Party . At first, the war was highly controversial in the United States, with the Whig Party , anti-imperialists, and anti-slavery elements strongly opposing. Critics in the United States pointed to the heavy casualties suffered by U.S. forces (compared to earlier conflicts so far in America's short history in the Revolutionary War (1775-- 1783), naval Quasi-War with France (1796-- 1800), two brief Barbary Wars (1801-- 1804, 1815), the second conflict with Great Britain in the War of 1812 (1812-- 1815) and the ongoing American Indian Wars in the western territories) conflict's high monetary cost. The war intensified the debate over slavery in the United States , contributing to bitter debates that culminated in the American Civil War (1861-- 1865). In Mexico, the war came in the middle of continued domestic political turmoil, which increased into chaos during the conflict. The military defeat and loss of territory was a disastrous blow, causing Mexico to enter `` a period of self-examination... as its leaders sought to identify and address the reasons that had led to such a debacle.'' In the immediate aftermath of the war, some prominent Mexicans wrote that the war had resulted in `` the state of degradation and ruin'' in Mexico, further claiming, for `` the true origin of the war, it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States, favored by our weakness, caused it.'' The shift in the Mexico-U.S. border left many Mexican citizens separated from their national government. For the indigenous peoples who had never accepted Spanish or Mexican rule, the change in border meant conflicts with a new outside power. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Roots of the conflict in North Mexico 1.2 Designs on California 1.3 Republic of Texas 2 Origins of the war 3 Preparation for war 3.1 Challenges in Mexico 3.1.1 Mexican Army 3.1.1.1 Soldaderas 3.1.2 Political divisions 3.2 United States Army 4 Outbreak of the war 4.1 Initial skirmish at the Nueces Strip 4.2 Further hostilities 4.3 Declarations of war 4.4 Antonio López de Santa Anna 5 Reaction in the United States 5.1 Opposition to the war 5.2 Defense of the war 5.3 U.S. press and popular war enthusiasm 6 Conduct of the war 6.1 New Mexico campaign 6.2 California campaign 6.3 Pacific Coast campaign 6.4 Northeastern Mexico 6.5 Northwestern Mexico 6.6 Southern Mexico 6.6.1 First Battle of Tabasco 6.6.2 Second Battle of Tabasco 6.6.3 Yucatán 6.7 Desertion 6.7.1 San Patricios 6.8 Scott's Mexico City campaign 6.8.1 Landings and siege of Veracruz 6.8.2 Advance on Puebla 6.8.3 Pause at Puebla 6.8.4 Advance on Mexico City and its capture 6.8.4.1 Battle of Chapultepec 6.9 Santa Anna's last campaign 6.10 Anti-guerrilla campaign 7 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 8 Results 8.1 Altered territories 9 Impact of the war in the United States 9.1 Effect on the American Civil War 10 Impact of the war in Mexico 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography 14.1 Reference works 14.2 Surveys 14.3 Military 14.4 Political and diplomatic 14.5 Memory and historiography 14.6 Primary sources 15 External links 15.1 Guides, bibliographies and collections 15.2 Media and primary sources 15.3 Other Background ( edit ) Roots of the conflict in north Mexico ( edit ) Comanches of West Texas in war regalia, c. 1830 The 1832 boundaries of Comancheria , the Comanche homeland The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled and not well controlled politically by the government based in Mexico City. After independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico contended with internal struggles that sometimes verged on civil war and the northern frontier was not a high priority. In the sparsely settled interior of northern Mexico, the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for presidios and for subsidies to indigenous Americans to maintain the peace. There were conflicts between indigenous people in the northern region as well. The Comanche were particularly successful in expanding their territory in the Comanche-- Mexico Wars and garnering resources. The Apache-- Mexico Wars also made Mexico's north a violent place, with no effective political control. The Apache raids left thousands of people dead throughout northern Mexico. When the United States Army entered northern Mexico in 1846 they found demoralized Mexican settlers. There was little resistance to US forces from the civilian population. Hostile activity from indigenous people also made communications and trade between the interior of Mexico and provinces such as Alta California and New Mexico difficult. As a result, New Mexico was dependent on the overland Santa Fe Trail trade with the United States at the outbreak of the Mexican-- American War. Mexico's military and diplomatic capabilities declined after it attained independence and left the northern half of the country vulnerable to the Comanche, Apache, and Navajo . The indigenous people, especially the Comanche, took advantage of the weakness of the Mexican state to undertake large-scale raids hundreds of miles into the country to acquire livestock for their own use and to supply an expanding market in Texas and the US. The Mexican government's policy of settlement of US citizens in its province of Tejas was aimed at expanding control into Comanche lands, the Comancheria . Instead of settlement occurring in the central and west of the province, people settled in East Texas , where there was rich farmland and which was contiguous to southern US slave states . As settlers poured in from the US, the Mexican government took steps to discourage further settlement, including its 1829 abolition of slavery. In 1836, Mexico was relatively united in refusing to recognize the independence of Texas . Mexico threatened war with the United States if it annexed the Republic of Texas . Meanwhile, U.S. President Polk's assertion of Manifest Destiny was focusing United States interest on westward expansion beyond its existing national borders. Designs on California ( edit ) During the Spanish colonial era, the Californias (i.e., the Baja California peninsula and Alta California) were sparsely settled. After Mexico became independent, it shut down the missions and reduced its military presence. Mexico in 1824. Alta California is the northwesternmost federal territory. In 1842, the US minister in Mexico, Waddy Thompson Jr. , suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to settle debts, saying: `` As to Texas, I regard it as of very little value compared with California, the richest, the most beautiful, and the healthiest country in the world ... with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific ... France and England both have had their eyes upon it.'' US President John Tyler 's administration suggested a tripartite pact that would settle the Oregon boundary dispute and provide for the cession of the port of San Francisco from Mexico; Lord Aberdeen declined to participate but said Britain had no objection to U.S. territorial acquisition there. The British minister in Mexico, Richard Pakenham , wrote in 1841 to Lord Palmerston urging `` to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California'' , saying that `` no part of the World offering greater natural advantages for the establishment of an English colony ... by all means desirable ... that California, once ceasing to belong to Mexico, should not fall into the hands of any power but England ... daring and adventurous speculators in the United States have already turned their thoughts in this direction.'' But by the time the letter reached London, Sir Robert Peel 's Tory government, with its Little England policy, had come to power and rejected the proposal as expensive and a potential source of conflict. A significant number of influential Californios were in favor of annexation, either by the United States or by the United Kingdom . Pío de Jesús Pico IV , the last governor of Alta California, was in favor of British annexation. Republic of Texas ( edit ) Main articles: Republic of Texas , Texas annexation , and Texas Revolution The Republic of Texas . The present-day outlines of the individual U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836-- 1845. In 1800, the colonial province of Texas was sparsely populated, with only about 7,000 non-Indian settlers. The Spanish crown developed a policy of colonization to more effectively control the territory. After independence, the Mexican government implemented the policy, granting Moses Austin , a banker from Missouri, a large tract of land in Texas. Austin died before he could bring his plan of recruiting American settlers for the land to fruition, but his son, Stephen F. Austin , brought over 300 American families into Texas. This started the steady trend of migration from the United States into the Texas frontier. Austin's colony was the most successful of several colonies authorized by the Mexican government. The Mexican government intended the new settlers to act as a buffer between the Tejano residents and the Comanches , but the non-Hispanic colonists tended to settle where there was decent farmland and trade connections with American Louisiana, which the United States had acquired in the Louisiana Purchase , rather than further west where they would have been an effective buffer against the Indians. In 1829, as a result of the large influx of American immigrants, the non-Hispanic outnumbered native Spanish speakers in the Texas territory. President Vicente Guerrero , a hero of Mexican independence, moved to gain more control over Texas and its influx of southern non-Hispanic colonists and discourage further immigration by abolishing slavery in Mexico. The Mexican government also decided to reinstate the property tax and increase tariffs on shipped American goods. The settlers and many Mexican businessmen in the region rejected the demands, which led to Mexico closing Texas to additional immigration, which continued from the United States into Texas illegally. In 1834, General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the centralist dictator of Mexico, abandoning the federal system. He decided to quash the semi-independence of Texas, having succeeded in doing so in Coahuila (in 1824, Mexico had merged Texas and Coahuila into the enormous state of Coahuila y Tejas ). Finally, Stephen F. Austin called Texians to arms; they declared independence from Mexico in 1836, and after Santa Anna defeated the Texians at the Alamo , he was defeated by the Texian Army commanded by General Sam Houston and captured at the Battle of San Jacinto and signed a treaty recognizing Texas' independence. Texas consolidated its status as an independent republic and received official recognition from Britain, France, and the United States, which all advised Mexico not to try to reconquer the new nation. Most Texians wanted to join the United States of America, but annexation of Texas was contentious in the US Congress , where Whigs were largely opposed. In 1845 Texas agreed to the offer of annexation by the US Congress. Texas became the 28th state on December 29, 1845. Origins of the war ( edit ) The border of Texas as an independent state was originally never settled. The Republic of Texas claimed land up to the Rio Grande based on the Treaties of Velasco , but Mexico refused to accept these as valid, claiming that the Rio Grande in the treaty was the Nueces, and referred to the Rio Grande as the Rio Bravo. The ill-fated Texan Santa Fe Expedition of 1841 attempted to realize the claim to New Mexican territory East of the Rio Grande, but its members were captured and imprisoned. Reference to the Rio Grande boundary of Texas was omitted from the US Congress's annexation resolution to help secure passage after the annexation treaty failed in the Senate. President Polk claimed the Rio Grande boundary, and when Mexico sent forces over the Rio Grande, this provoked a dispute. In July 1845, Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to Texas, and by October 3,500 Americans were on the Nueces River , ready to take by force the disputed land. Polk wanted to protect the border and also coveted for the U.S. the continent clear to the Pacific Ocean. At the same time Polk wrote to the American consul in the Mexican territory of Alta California, disclaiming American ambitions in California, but offering to support independence from Mexico or voluntary accession to the United States, and warning that the United States would oppose a British or French takeover. To end another war scare with the United Kingdom over the Oregon Country , Polk signed the Oregon Treaty dividing the territory, angering northern Democrats who felt he was prioritizing Southern expansion over Northern expansion. In the Winter of 1845-- 46, the federally commissioned explorer John C. Frémont and a group of armed men appeared in Alta California. After telling the Mexican governor and the American Consul Larkin he was merely buying supplies on the way to Oregon, he instead went to the populated area of California and visited Santa Cruz and the Salinas Valley , explaining he had been looking for a seaside home for his mother. Mexican authorities became alarmed and ordered him to leave. Frémont responded by building a fort on Gavilan Peak and raising the American flag. Larkin sent word that Frémont 's actions were counterproductive. Frémont left California in March but returned to California and took control of the California Battalion following the outbreak of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma. In November 1845, Polk sent John Slidell , a secret representative, to Mexico City with an offer to the Mexican government of $25 million for the Rio Grande border in Texas and Mexico's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México . US expansionists wanted California to thwart British ambitions in the area and to gain a port on the Pacific Ocean . Polk authorized Slidell to forgive the $3 million owed to US citizens for damages caused by the Mexican War of Independence and pay another $25 to $30 million in exchange for the two territories. Mexico was not inclined nor able to negotiate. In 1846 alone, the presidency changed hands four times, the war ministry six times, and the finance ministry sixteen times. Mexican public opinion and all political factions agreed that selling the territories to the United States would tarnish the national honor. Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States, including President José Joaquín de Herrera , were viewed as traitors. Military opponents of de Herrera, supported by populist newspapers, considered Slidell's presence in Mexico City an insult. When de Herrera considered receiving Slidell to settle the problem of Texas annexation peacefully, he was accused of treason and deposed. After a more nationalistic government under General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga came to power, it publicly reaffirmed Mexico's claim to Texas; Slidell, convinced that Mexico should be `` chastised'' , returned to the US. Preparation for war ( edit ) Challenges in Mexico ( edit ) Mexican army ( edit ) General Antonio López de Santa Anna was a military hero who became president of Mexico on multiple occasions. The Mexican Army's intervention in politics was an ongoing issue during much of the mid-nineteenth century. The Mexican Army emerged from the war of independence (1810-- 1821) as a weak and divided force. Before the war with the United States, the military faced both internal and foreign challenges. The Spanish still occupied the coastal fortress of San Juan de Ulúa , and Spain did not recognize Mexico's independence, so that the new nation was at risk for invasion. In 1829, the Spanish attempted to reconquer their former colony and Antonio López de Santa Anna became a national hero defending the homeland. The army had a set of privileges ( fueros ), established in the colonial era, that gave it jurisdiction over many aspects of its affairs. In general, the military supported conservative positions, advocating for a strong central government and upholding privileges of the military and the Catholic Church. Some military men exercised power in local areas as caudillos and resisted central command. Liberal politicians, such as Valentín Gómez Farías , sought to rein in the military's power. The military faced insurrections and separatist movements in Tabasco, Yucatán , and Texas. The French blockaded in Veracruz in 1838 to collect debts, a conflict known to history as the Pastry War . Compounding the demands on the Mexican military, there were continuing Indian challenges to power in the northern region. On the Mexican side, only 7 of the 19 states that formed the Mexican federation sent soldiers, armament, and money for the war effort, as the young Republic had not yet developed a sense of a unifying, national identity. Mexican soldiers were not easily melded into an effective fighting force. Santa Anna said `` the leaders of the army did their best to train the rough men who volunteered, but they could do little to inspire them with patriotism for the glorious country they were honored to serve.'' According to leading conservative politician Lucas Alamán , the `` money spent on arming Mexican troops merely enabled them to fight each other and ' give the illusion' that the country possessed an army for its defense.'' However, an officer criticized Santa Anna's training of troops, `` The cavalry was drilled only in regiments. The artillery hardly ever maneuvered and never fired a blank shot. The general in command was never present on the field of maneuvers, so that he was unable to appreciate the respective qualities of the various bodies under his command... If any meetings of the principal commanding officers were held to discuss the operations of the campaign, it was not known, nor was it known whether any plan of campaign had been formed.'' At the beginning of the war, Mexican forces were divided between the permanent forces ( permanentes ) and the active militiamen ( activos ). The permanent forces consisted of 12 regiments of infantry (of two battalions each), three brigades of artillery, eight regiments of cavalry, one separate squadron and a brigade of dragoons. The militia amounted to nine infantry and six cavalry regiments. In the northern territories of Mexico, presidial companies ( presidiales ) protected the scattered settlements there. One of the contributing factors to loss of the war by Mexico was the inferiority of their weapons. The Mexican army was using surplus British muskets (e.g. Brown Bess ) from the Napoleonic Wars period. While at the beginning of the war the majority of American soldiers were still equipped with the very similar Springfield 1816 flintlock muskets, more reliable caplock models gained large inroads within the rank and file as the conflict progressed. Some US troops carried radically modern weapons that gave them a significant advantage over their Mexican counterparts, such as the Springfield 1841 rifle of the Mississippi Rifles and the Colt Paterson revolver of the Texas Rangers. In the later stages of the war, the US Mounted Rifles were issued Colt Walker revolvers , of which the US Army had ordered 1,000 in 1846. Most significantly, throughout the war the superiority of the US artillery often carried the day. While technologically Mexican and American artillery operated on the same plane, US army training as well as the quality and reliability of their logistics gave US guns and cannoneers a significant edge. Desertion was a major problem for the Mexican army, depleting forces on the eve of battle. Most soldiers were peasants who held loyalty to their village and family, but not to the generals who had conscripted them. Often hungry and ill, under-equipped, only partially trained, and never well paid, the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the invading US forces. Looking for their opportunity, many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village. Soldaderas ( edit ) Women who traveled with the men in the Mexican army where known as soldaderas. While they only carried their packs, there were recorded instances where the soldaderas would join in the battle alongside the men. These women were involved in street fighting during the defence of Mexico City and Monterey. Some women such as Dos Amandes and Maria Josefa Zozaya would be remembered as heroes. Political divisions ( edit ) Liberal Valentín Gómez Farías , who served as Santa Anna's vice president and implemented a liberal reform in 1833, was an important political player in the era of the Mexican-- American War. Political divisions inside Mexico were another factor in the US victory. Inside Mexico, the centralistas and republicanos vied for power, and at times these two factions inside Mexico's military fought each other rather than the invading US Army. Another faction called the monarchists , whose members wanted to install a monarch (some advocated rejoining Spain), further complicated matters. This third faction would rise to predominance in the period of the French intervention in Mexico . The ease of the American landing at Veracruz was in large part due to civil warfare in Mexico City, which made any real defense of the port city impossible. As Gen. Santa Anna said, `` However shameful it may be to admit this, we have brought this disgraceful tragedy upon ourselves through our interminable in-fighting.'' United States army ( edit ) Main article: List of U.S. Army, Navy, and volunteer units in the Mexican-- American War U.S. Army occupation of Mexico City in 1847. The American flag is flying over the National Palace , the seat of the Mexican government. On the U.S. side, the war was fought by regiments of regulars and various regiments, battalions, and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union as well as Americans and some Mexicans in the California and New Mexico territories. On the West Coast, the US Navy fielded a battalion of sailors, in an attempt to recapture Los Angeles . Although the US Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war, the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico's . At the beginning of the war, the US Army had eight regiments of infantry (three battalions each), four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments (two dragoons, one of mounted rifles). These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments (nine of infantry and one of cavalry) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11, 1847. State volunteers were raised in various sized units and for various periods of time, mostly for one year. Later some were raised for the duration of the war as it became clear it was going to last longer than a year. US soldiers' memoirs describe cases of looting and murder of Mexican civilians, mostly by State Volunteers. One officer's diary records: We reached Burrita about 5 pm, many of the Louisiana volunteers were there, a lawless drunken rabble. They had driven away the inhabitants, taken possession of their houses, and were emulating each other in making beasts of themselves. John L. O'Sullivan , a vocal proponent of Manifest Destiny, later recalled: The regulars regarded the volunteers with importance and contempt ... (The volunteers) robbed Mexicans of their cattle and corn, stole their fences for firewood, got drunk, and killed several inoffensive inhabitants of the town in the streets. Many of the volunteers were unwanted and considered poor soldiers. The expression `` Just like Gaines's army'' came to refer to something useless, the phrase having originated when a group of untrained and unwilling Louisiana troops were rejected and sent back by Gen. Taylor at the beginning of the war. 1,563 US soldiers are buried in the Mexico City National Cemetery , which is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission . Outbreak of the war ( edit ) Initial Skirmish at the Nueces strip ( edit ) Main article: Nueces Strip President Polk ordered General Taylor and his forces south to the Rio Grande, entering the territory that Mexicans disputed. Mexico laid claim to all the lands as far north as the Nueces River -- about 150 mi (240 km) north of the Rio Grande . The U.S. claimed that the border was the Rio Grande, citing the 1836 Treaties of Velasco . However, Mexico rejected the treaties and refused to negotiate, instead still claiming all of Texas. Taylor ignored Mexican demands to withdraw to the Nueces. He constructed a makeshift fort (later known as Fort Brown/Fort Texas ) on the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas . The Mexican forces under General Santa Anna immediately prepared for war. On April 25, 1846, a 2,000-man Mexican cavalry detachment attacked a 70-man U.S. patrol under the command of Captain Seth Thornton, which had been sent into the contested territory north of the Rio Grande and south of the Nueces River. In the Thornton Affair , the Mexican cavalry routed the patrol, killing 11 American soldiers. Regarding the beginning of the war, Ulysses S. Grant , who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor's Army, claims in his Personal Memoirs (1885) that the main goal of the U.S. Army's advance from Nueces River to Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first, to debilitate any political opposition to the war. The presence of United States troops on the edge of the disputed territory farthest from the Mexican settlements, was not sufficient to provoke hostilities. We were sent to provoke a fight, but it was essential that Mexico should commence it. It was very doubtful whether Congress would declare war; but if Mexico should attack our troops, the Executive could announce, `` Whereas, war exists by the acts of, etc.,'' and prosecute the contest with vigor. Once initiated there were but few public men who would have the courage to oppose it... Mexico showing no willingness to come to the Nueces to drive the invaders from her soil, it became necessary for the `` invaders'' to approach to within a convenient distance to be struck. Accordingly, preparations were begun for moving the army to the Rio Grande, to a point near Matamoras (sic). It was desirable to occupy a position near the largest centre of population possible to reach, without absolutely invading territory to which we set up no claim whatever. Further hostilities ( edit ) Captain Charles A. May 's squadron of the 2nd Dragoons slashes through the Mexican Army lines. Resaca de la Palma , Texas, May 9, 1846. A few days after the defeat of the U.S. troops by General Arista, the Siege of Fort Texas began on May 3, 1846. Mexican artillery at Matamoros opened fire on Fort Texas, which replied with its own guns. The bombardment continued for 160 hours and expanded as Mexican forces gradually surrounded the fort. Thirteen U.S. soldiers were injured during the bombardment, and two were killed. Among the dead was Jacob Brown, after whom the fort was later named. On May 8, Zachary Taylor and 2,400 troops arrived to relieve the fort. However, General Arista rushed north and intercepted him with a force of 3,400 at Palo Alto . The U.S. Army employed `` flying artillery'' , their term for horse artillery , a type of mobile light artillery that was mounted on horse carriages with the entire crew riding horses into battle. It had a devastating effect on the Mexican army. In contrast to the `` flying artillery'' of the Americans, the Mexican cannons at the Battle of Palo Alto fired at such slow velocities that it was possible for American soldiers to dodge artillery rounds. The Mexicans replied with cavalry skirmishes and their own artillery. The U.S. flying artillery somewhat demoralized the Mexican side, and seeking terrain more to their advantage, the Mexicans retreated to the far side of a dry riverbed ( resaca ) during the night. It provided a natural fortification, but during the retreat, Mexican troops were scattered, making communication difficult. During the Battle of Resaca de la Palma the next day, the two sides engaged in fierce hand to hand combat . The U.S. Cavalry managed to capture the Mexican artillery, causing the Mexican side to retreat-- a retreat that turned into a rout. Fighting on unfamiliar terrain, his troops fleeing in retreat, Arista found it impossible to rally his forces. Mexican casualties were heavy, and the Mexicans were forced to abandon their artillery and baggage. Fort Brown inflicted additional casualties as the withdrawing troops passed by the fort. Many Mexican soldiers drowned trying to swim across the Rio Grande. Both these engagements were fought before war was declared. Declarations of war ( edit ) Texas Campaign Thornton Affair Siege of Fort Texas Battle of Palo Alto Battle of Resaca de la Palma Overview map of the war. Key: Disputed territory United States territory, 1848 Mexican territory, 1848 After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo In 1846, relations between the two countries had deteriorated considerably and on April 23, 1846, the president of Mexico issued a proclamation, declaring Mexico's intent to fight a `` defensive war'' against the encroachment of the United States. On April 25, 1846, 2,000 Mexican cavalry crossed into the disputed territory and routed a small detachment of American soldiers sparking the `` Thornton Affair'' Polk received word of the Thornton Affair, which, added to the Mexican government's rejection of Slidell, Polk believed, constituted a casus belli (cause for war). His message to Congress on May 11, 1846, claimed that `` Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil.'' The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, after a few hours of debate, with southern Democrats in strong support. Sixty-seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment, but on the final passage only 14 Whigs voted no, including Rep. John Quincy Adams . In Mexico, although President Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23, 1846 and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23, both of which are considered by some the de facto start of the war, Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7, 1846. Antonio López de Santa Anna ( edit ) Once the U.S. declared war on Mexico, Antonio López de Santa Anna wrote to the Mexican government, saying he no longer had aspirations to the presidency, but would eagerly use his military experience to fight off the foreign invasion of Mexico as he had before. President Valentín Gómez Farías , a civilian, was desperate enough to accept the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return. Meanwhile, Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with representatives of the U.S., pledging that if he were allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades he would work to sell all contested territory to the United States at a reasonable price. Once back in Mexico at the head of an army, Santa Anna reneged on both agreements. He declared himself president once again and unsuccessfully tried to fight off the U.S. invasion. Reaction in the United States ( edit ) Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican-- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom's Cabin Kansas-- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Opposition to the war ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives when he opposed the Mexican-- American War. Photo taken by one of Lincoln's law students around 1846. In the United States, increasingly divided by sectional rivalry, the war was a partisan issue and an essential element in the origins of the American Civil War . Most Whigs in the North and South opposed it; most Democrats supported it. Southern Democrats , animated by a popular belief in Manifest Destiny , supported it in hope of adding slave-owning territory to the South and avoiding being outnumbered by the faster-growing North. John L. O'Sullivan , editor of the Democratic Review , coined this phrase in its context, stating that it must be `` our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.'' Ex-slave and powerful anti-slavery advocate Frederick Douglass (circa 1847-- 52) opposed the Mexican-- American War. Northern antislavery elements feared the expansion of the Southern Slave Power ; Whigs generally wanted to strengthen the economy with industrialization, not expand it with more land. Among the most vocal opposing the war in the House of Representatives was John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts . Adams had first voiced concerns about expanding into Mexican territory in 1836 when he opposed Texas annexation. He continued this argument in 1846 for the same reason. War with Mexico would add new slavery territory to the nation. When the vote to go to war with Mexico came to a vote on May 13, Adams spoke a resounding `` NO'' in the chamber. Only 13 others followed his lead. Ex-slave Frederick Douglass opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement. `` The determination of our slave holding president, and the probability of his success in wringing from the people, men and money to carry it on, is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him. None seem willing to take their stand for peace at all risks.'' Democrats wanted more land; northern Democrats were attracted by the possibilities in the far northwest. Joshua Giddings led a group of dissenters in Washington D.C. He called the war with Mexico `` an aggressive, unholy, and unjust war'' , and voted against supplying soldiers and weapons. He said: In the murder of Mexicans upon their own soil, or in robbing them of their country, I can take no part either now or hereafter. The guilt of these crimes must rest on others. I will not participate in them. Fellow Whig Abraham Lincoln contested Polk's causes for the war. Polk had said that Mexico had `` shed American blood upon American soil'' . Lincoln submitted eight `` Spot Resolutions '' , demanding that Polk state the exact spot where Thornton had been attacked and American blood shed, and clarify whether or not that location was actually American soil, or in fact had been claimed by Spain and Mexico. Whig Senator Thomas Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech indicting presidential war in 1847. Whig leader Robert Toombs of Georgia declared: This war is nondescript... We charge the President with usurping the war-making power ... with seizing a country ... which had been for centuries, and was then in the possession of the Mexicans... Let us put a check upon this lust of dominion. We had territory enough, Heaven knew. Henry David Thoreau spent a night in jail for not paying poll taxes to support the war and later wrote Civil Disobedience . Northern abolitionists attacked the war as an attempt by slave-owners to strengthen the grip of slavery and thus ensure their continued influence in the federal government. Acting on his convictions, Henry David Thoreau was jailed for his refusal to pay taxes to support the war, and penned his famous essay Civil Disobedience . Democratic Representative David Wilmot introduced the Wilmot Proviso , which would prohibit slavery in new territory acquired from Mexico. Wilmot's proposal passed the House but not the Senate, and it spurred further hostility between the factions. Defense of the war ( edit ) Besides alleging that the actions of Mexican military forces within the disputed boundary lands north of the Rio Grande constituted an attack on American soil, the war's advocates viewed the territories of New Mexico and California as only nominally Mexican possessions with very tenuous ties to Mexico. They saw the territories as actually unsettled, ungoverned, and unprotected frontier lands, whose non-aboriginal population, where there was any at all, represented a substantial-- in places even a majority-- American component. Moreover, the territories were feared to be under imminent threat of acquisition by America's rival on the continent, the British. President Polk reprised these arguments in his Third Annual Message to Congress on December 7, 1847. In it he scrupulously detailed his administration's position on the origins of the conflict, the measures the U.S. had taken to avoid hostilities, and the justification for declaring war. He also elaborated upon the many outstanding financial claims by American citizens against Mexico and argued that, in view of the country's insolvency, the cession of some large portion of its northern territories was the only indemnity realistically available as compensation. This helped to rally congressional Democrats to his side, ensuring passage of his war measures and bolstering support for the war in the U.S. U.S. Press and popular war enthusiasm ( edit ) War News from Mexico (1848) Whipping up support for the war was embraced by the press. Richard Caton Woodville 's lithograph, War News From Mexico satirizes the reactions of various segments of the American population to the war. The lithograph is generally considered unfavorable to the war's apparent pro-slavery motivations. The coverage of the war was an important development in the U.S., with journalists as well as letter-writing soldiers giving the public in the U.S. `` their first-ever independent news coverage of warfare from home or abroad.'' During the war, inventions such as the telegraph created new means of communication that updated people with the latest news from the reporters, who were on the scene. The most important of these was George Wilkins Kendall , a Northerner who wrote for the New Orleans Picayune , and whose collected Dispatches from the Mexican War constitute an important primary source for the conflict. With more than a decade's experience reporting urban crime, the `` penny press'' realized the public's voracious demand for astounding war news. Moreover, Shelley Streetby demonstrates that the print revolution (1830s-1840s), which preceded the U.S.-Mexican War, made it possible for the distribution of cheap newspapers throughout the country. This was the first time in American history that accounts by journalists, instead of opinions of politicians, had great influence in shaping people's opinions about and attitudes toward a war. Along with written accounts of the war, there were war artists giving a visual dimension to the war at the time and immediately afterward. Carl Nebel 's visual depictions of the war are well known. By getting constant reports from the battlefield, Americans became emotionally united as a community. News about the war always caused extraordinary popular excitement. In the Spring of 1846, news about Zachary Taylor 's victory at Palo Alto brought up a large crowd that met in a cotton textile town of Lowell, Massachusetts. New York celebrated the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista in May 1847. Among fireworks and illuminations, they had a `` grand procession'' of about 400,000 people. Generals Taylor and Scott became heroes for their people and later became presidential candidates. Conduct of the war ( edit ) See also: Mexican-- American War campaigns After the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, U.S. forces invaded Mexican territory on two main fronts. The U.S. War Department sent a U.S. Cavalry force under Stephen W. Kearny to invade western Mexico from Jefferson Barracks and Fort Leavenworth , reinforced by a Pacific fleet under John D. Sloat . This was done primarily because of concerns that Britain might also try to seize the area. Two more forces, one under John E. Wool and the other under Taylor, were ordered to occupy Mexico as far south as the city of Monterrey . New Mexico campaign ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles: Capture of Santa Fe and Taos Revolt New Mexico Campaign Mexican-American Conflict Capture of Santa Fe Capture of Tucson Battle of El Brazito Taos Revolt Battle of Cañada First Battle of Mora Battle of Embudo Pass Second Battle of Mora Siege of Pueblo de Taos Battle of Red River Canyon Battle of Las Vegas Battle of Cienega Creek Gen. Kearny's annexation of New Mexico , August 15, 1846 United States Army General Stephen W. Kearny moved southwest from Fort Leavenworth , Kansas with about 1,700 men in his Army of the West . Kearny's orders were to secure the territories Nuevo México and Alta California . In Santa Fe, Governor Manuel Armijo wanted to avoid battle, but on August 9, Catholic priests , Diego Archuleta (the young regular-army commander), and the young militia officers Manuel Chaves and Miguel Pino forced him to muster a defense. Armijo set up a position in Apache Canyon, a narrow pass about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of the city. However, on August 14, before the American army was even in view, he decided not to fight. (An American named James Magoffin claimed he had convinced Armijo and Archuleta to follow this course; an unverified story says he bribed Armijo. ) When Pino, Chaves, and some of the militiamen insisted on fighting, Armijo ordered the cannon pointed at them. The New Mexican army retreated to Santa Fe, and Armijo fled to Chihuahua . Kearny and his troops encountered no Mexican forces when they arrived on August 15. Kearny and his force entered Santa Fe and claimed the New Mexico Territory for the United States without a shot being fired. Kearny declared himself the military governor of the New Mexico Territory on August 18 and established a civilian government . American officers with a background in law drew up a temporary legal system for the territory called the Kearny Code . Kearny then took the remainder of his army west to Alta California . When he departed with his forces for California , he left Colonel Sterling Price in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico. He appointed Charles Bent as New Mexico's first territorial governor. Following Kearny's departure, dissenters in Santa Fe plotted a Christmas uprising. When the plans were discovered by the U.S. authorities, the dissenters postponed the uprising. They attracted numerous Indian allies, including Puebloan peoples , who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory. On the morning of January 19, 1847, the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos, present-day Taos, New Mexico , which later gave it the name the Taos Revolt . They were led by Pablo Montoya , a New Mexican, and Tomás Romero , a Taos pueblo Indian also known as Tomasito (Little Thomas). Romero led an Indian force to the house of Governor Charles Bent , where they broke down the door, shot Bent with arrows, and scalped him in front of his family. They moved on, leaving Bent still alive. With his wife Ignacia and children, and the wives of friends Kit Carson and Thomas Boggs, the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door. When the insurgents discovered the party, they killed Bent, but left the women and children unharmed. The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 New Mexicans and Pueblo attacked and laid siege to Simeon Turley's mill in Arroyo Hondo , several miles outside of Taos. Charles Autobees, an employee at the mill, saw the men coming. He rode to Santa Fe for help from the occupying U.S. forces. Eight to ten mountain men were left at the mill for defense. After a day-long battle, only two of the mountain men, John David Albert and Thomas Tate Tobin , Autobees' half brother, survived. Both escaped separately on foot during the night. The same day New Mexican insurgents killed seven American traders who were passing through the village of Mora . At most, 15 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20. The U.S. military moved quickly to quash the revolt; Col. Price led more than 300 U.S. troops from Santa Fe to Taos, together with 65 volunteers, including a few New Mexicans, organized by Ceran St. Vrain , the business partner of the brothers William and Charles Bent. Along the way, the combined forces beat back a force of some 1,500 New Mexicans and Pueblo at Santa Cruz de la Cañada at Embudo Pass . The insurgents retreated to Taos Pueblo , where they took refuge in the thick-walled adobe church. During the ensuing battle , the U.S. breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior, inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels. They captured 400 more men after close hand-to-hand fighting. Only seven Americans died in the battle. A separate force of U.S. troops under captains Israel R. Hendley and Jesse I. Morin campaigned against the rebels in Mora. The First Battle of Mora ended in a New Mexican victory. The Americans attacked again in the Second Battle of Mora and won, which ended their operations against Mora. New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months. The actions are known as the Battle of Red River Canyon , the Battle of Las Vegas , and the Battle of Cienega Creek . After the U.S. forces won each battle, the New Mexicans and Indians ended open warfare. California campaign ( edit ) Main article: Conquest of California California Campaign Battle of Chino Mexican-- American War Battle of Monterey Siege of Los Angeles Battle of Dominguez Rancho Battle of Natividad Battle of San Pasqual Battle of Rio San Gabriel Battle of La Mesa A replica of the first `` Bear Flag'' now at El Presidio de Sonoma , or Sonoma Barracks Although the U.S. declared war against Mexico on May 13, 1846, it took almost three months (until early August 1846) for definitive word of Congress' declaration of war to get to California. American consul Thomas O. Larkin , stationed in Monterey , worked successfully during the events in that vicinity to avoid bloodshed between Americans and the Mexican military garrison commanded by General José Castro , the senior military officer in California. Captain John C. Frémont , leading a U.S. Army topographical expedition to survey the Great Basin , entered the Sacramento Valley in December 1845. Frémont 's party was at Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Territory, when it received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent; the party then returned to California. Mexico had issued a proclamation that unnaturalized foreigners were no longer permitted to have land in California and were subject to expulsion. With rumors swirling that General Castro was massing an army against them, American settlers in the Sacramento Valley banded together to meet the threat. On June 14, 1846, 34 American settlers seized control of the undefended Mexican government outpost of Sonoma to forestall Castro's plans. One settler created the Bear Flag and raised it over Sonoma Plaza. Within a week, 70 more volunteers joined the rebels' force, which grew to nearly 300 in early July. This event, led by William B. Ide , became known as the Bear Flag Revolt . On June 25, Frémont 's party arrived to assist in an expected military confrontation. San Francisco , then called Yerba Buena, was occupied by the Bear Flaggers on July 2. On July 5 Frémont 's California Battalion was formed by combining his forces with many of the rebels. Commodore John D. Sloat , commander of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, near Mazatlan, Mexico, had received orders to seize San Francisco Bay and blockade California ports when he was positive that war had begun. Sloat set sail for Monterey, reaching it on July 1. Sloat, upon hearing of the events in Sonoma and Frémont 's involvement, erroneously believed Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington and ordered his forces to occupy Monterey on July 7 and raise the American flag. On July 9, 70 sailors and marines landed at Yerba Buena and raised the American flag. Later that day in Sonoma, the Bear Flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place. On Sloat's orders, Frémont brought 160 volunteers to Monterey, in addition to the California Battalion. On July 15, Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore Robert F. Stockton , who was more militarily aggressive. He mustered the willing members of the California Battalion into military service with Frémont in command. Stockton ordered Frémont to San Diego to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles . As Frémont landed, Stockton's 360 men arrived in San Pedro. General Castro and Governor Pío Pico wrote farewells and fled separately to the Mexican state of Sonora. Stockton's army entered Los Angeles unopposed on August 13, whereupon he sent a report to the Secretary of State that `` California is entirely free from Mexican dominion.'' Stockton, however, left a tyrannical officer in charge of Los Angeles with a small force. The Californios under the leadership of José María Flores , acting on their own and without federal help from Mexico, in the Siege of Los Angeles , forced the American garrison to retreat on September 29. They also forced small U.S. garrisons in San Diego and Santa Barbara to flee. Captain William Mervine landed 350 sailors and Marines at San Pedro on October 7. They were ambushed and repulsed at the Battle of Dominguez Rancho by Flores' forces in less than an hour. Four Americans died, with 8 severely injured. Stockton arrived with reinforcements at San Pedro, which increased the American forces there to 800. He and Mervine then set up a base of operations at San Diego. Meanwhile, U.S. Colonel Stephen W. Kearny and his force of about 100 men, who had performed a grueling march across New Mexico and the Sonoran Desert , crossed the Colorado River in late November, 1846. Stockton sent a 35-man patrol from San Diego to meet them. On December 7, 100 lancers under General Andrés Pico (brother of the governor), tipped off and lying in wait, fought Kearny's army of about 150 at the Battle of San Pasqual , where 22 of Kearny's men (one of whom later died of wounds), including three officers, were killed in 30 minutes of fighting. The wounded Kearny and his bloodied force pushed on until they had to establish a defensive position on `` Mule Hill'' . However, General Pico kept the hill under siege for four days until a 215-man American relief force arrived. Frémont and the 428-man California Battalion arrived in San Luis Obispo on December 14 and Santa Barbara on December 27. On December 28, a 600-man American force under Kearny began a 150-mile march to Los Angeles. Flores then moved his ill-equipped 500-man force to a 50-foot-high bluff above the San Gabriel River . On January 8, 1847, the Stockton-Kearny army defeated the Californio force in the two-hour Battle of Rio San Gabriel . That same day, Frémont 's force arrived at San Fernando. The next day, January 9, the Stockton-Kearny forces fought and won the Battle of La Mesa . On January 10, the U.S. Army entered Los Angeles to no resistance. On January 12, Frémont and two of Pico's officers agreed to terms for a surrender. Articles of Capitulation were signed on January 13 by Frémont , Andrés Pico and six others at a rancho at Cahuenga Pass (modern-day North Hollywood). This became known as the Treaty of Cahuenga , which marked the end of armed resistance in California. Pacific Coast Campaign Bombardment of Guaymas -- Battle of Mulege -- Bombardment of Punta Sombrero -- Battle of La Paz -- Battle of San José del Cabo -- Siege of La Paz -- Siege of San José del Cabo -- Skirmish of Todos Santos Pacific coast campaign ( edit ) Main article: Pacific Coast Campaign American (left) and Mexican (right) uniforms of the period USS Independence assisted in the blockade of the Mexican Pacific coast, capturing the Mexican ship Correo and a launch on May 16, 1847. She supported the capture of Guaymas , Sonora, on October 19, 1847, and landed bluejackets and Marines to occupy Mazatlán , Sinaloa, on November 11, 1847. After upper California was secure, most of the Pacific Squadron proceeded down the California coast, capturing all major cities of the Baja California Territory and capturing or destroying nearly all Mexican vessels in the Gulf of California . Other ports, not on the peninsula, were taken as well. The objective of the Pacific Coast Campaign was to capture Mazatlán , on the Mexican mainland, which was a major supply base for Mexican forces. Numerous Mexican ships were also captured by this squadron, with the USS Cyane given credit for 18 ships captured and numerous destroyed. Entering the Gulf of California, Independence , Congress , and Cyane seized La Paz , then captured and burned the small Mexican fleet at Guaymas . Within a month, they cleared the Gulf of hostile ships, destroying or capturing 30 vessels. Later, their sailors and Marines captured the port of Mazatlán on November 11, 1847. A Mexican campaign under Manuel Pineda Muñoz to retake the various captured ports resulted in several small clashes ( Battle of Mulege , Battle of La Paz , Battle of San José del Cabo ) and two sieges ( Siege of La Paz , Siege of San José del Cabo ) in which the Pacific Squadron ships provided artillery support. U.S. garrisons remained in control of the ports. Following reinforcement, Lt. Col. Henry S. Burton marched out. His forces rescued captured Americans, captured Pineda, and, on March 31, defeated and dispersed remaining Mexican forces at the Skirmish of Todos Santos , unaware that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed in February 1848 and a truce agreed to on March 6. When the American garrisons were evacuated to Monterey following the treaty ratification, many Mexicans went with them: those who had supported the American cause and had thought Lower California would also be annexed along with Upper California. Northeastern Mexico ( edit ) General Zachary Taylor rides his white horse at the Battle of Palo Alto near present-day Brownsville -- May 8, 1846 The Mexican Army's defeats at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma caused political turmoil in Mexico, turmoil which Antonio López de Santa Anna used to revive his political career and return from self-imposed exile in Cuba in mid-August 1846. It was President Polk's plan to bring back the exiled dictator who had defeated the Texans at the Alamo and Goliad . On 4 August 1846, `` Polk negotiated a deal to not only bring Santa Anna back, but to pay him $2 million-- ostensibly a bribe as an advance payment on the cession of California.'' Santa Anna promised the U.S. that if he was allowed to pass through the blockade, he would negotiate a peaceful conclusion to the war and sell the New Mexico and Alta California territories to the U.S. Once Santa Anna arrived in Mexico City, however, he reneged on his deal with the U.S. and offered his services to the Mexican government. Then, after being appointed commanding general, he reneged again and seized the presidency. Led by Zachary Taylor, 2,300 U.S. troops crossed the Rio Grande after some initial difficulties in obtaining river transport. His soldiers occupied the city of Matamoros , then Camargo (where the soldiery suffered the first of many problems with disease) and then proceeded south and besieged the city of Monterrey . The hard-fought Battle of Monterrey resulted in serious losses on both sides. The American light artillery was ineffective against the stone fortifications of the city. The Mexican forces were under General Pedro de Ampudia and repulsed Taylor's best infantry division at Fort Teneria. The Battle of Monterrey September 20-- 24, 1846, after a painting by Carl Nebel The Battle of Buena Vista , February 23, 1847 American soldiers, including many West Pointers, had never engaged in urban warfare before and they marched straight down the open streets, where they were annihilated by Mexican defenders well-hidden in Monterrey's thick adobe homes. Two days later, they changed their urban warfare tactics. Texan soldiers had fought in a Mexican city before (the Siege of Béxar in December 1835) and advised Taylor's generals that the Americans needed to `` mouse hole '' through the city's homes. In other words, they needed to punch holes in the side or roofs of the homes and fight hand to hand inside the structures. Mexicans called the Texas soldiers the Diabólicos Tejanos (the Devil Texans). This method proved successful. Eventually, these actions drove and trapped Ampudia's men into the city's central plaza, where howitzer shelling forced Ampudia to negotiate. Taylor agreed to allow the Mexican Army to evacuate and to an eight-week armistice in return for the surrender of the city. Under pressure from Washington, Taylor broke the armistice and occupied the city of Saltillo, southwest of Monterrey. Santa Anna blamed the loss of Monterrey and Saltillo on Ampudia and demoted him to command a small artillery battalion. On February 22, 1847, Santa Anna personally marched north to fight Taylor with 20,000 men. Taylor, with 4,600 men, had entrenched at a mountain pass called Buena Vista . Santa Anna suffered desertions on the way north and arrived with 15,000 men in a tired state. He demanded and was refused surrender of the U.S. Army; he attacked the next morning. Santa Anna flanked the U.S. positions by sending his cavalry and some of his infantry up the steep terrain that made up one side of the pass, while a division of infantry attacked frontally along the road leading to Buena Vista. Furious fighting ensued, during which the U.S. troops were nearly routed, but managed to cling to their entrenched position, thanks to the Mississippi Rifles, a volunteer regiment led by Jefferson Davis , who formed them into a defensive V formation. The Mexicans had inflicted considerable losses but Santa Anna had gotten word of upheaval in Mexico City, so he withdrew that night, leaving Taylor in control of part of Northern Mexico. Polk mistrusted Taylor, who he felt had shown incompetence in the Battle of Monterrey by agreeing to the armistice. Taylor later used the Battle of Buena Vista as the centerpiece of his successful 1848 presidential campaign. Northwestern Mexico ( edit ) The Treaty of Bear Springs ended a large scale insurrection by the Ute , Zuni , Moquis , and Navajo tribes. After the successful conquest of New Mexico, American troops moved into modern-day northwest Mexico. On March 1, 1847, Alexander W. Doniphan occupied Chihuahua City . British consul John Potts did not want to let Doniphan search Governor Trias's mansion, and unsuccessfully asserted it was under British protection. American merchants in Chihuahua wanted the American force to stay in order to protect their business. Major William Gilpin advocated a march on Mexico City and convinced a majority of officers, but Doniphan subverted this plan. Then in late April, Taylor ordered the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers to leave Chihuahua and join him at Saltillo. The American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe. Along the way, the townspeople of Parras enlisted Doniphan's aid against an Indian raiding party that had taken children, horses, mules, and money. The civilian population of northern Mexico offered little resistance to the American invasion, possibly because the country had already been devastated by Comanche and Apache Indian raids. Josiah Gregg , who was with the American army in northern Mexico, said that `` the whole country from New Mexico to the borders of Durango is almost entirely depopulated. The haciendas and ranchos have been mostly abandoned, and the people chiefly confined to the towns and cities.'' Southern Mexico ( edit ) Southern Mexico had a large indigenous population and was geographically distant from the capital. Yucatán in particular had closer ties to Cuba and to the United States than it did to central Mexico. On a number of occasions in the early era of the Mexican Republic, Yucatán seceded from the federation. There were also rivalries between regional elites, with one faction based in Mérida and the other in Campeche. These issues factored into the Mexican-- American War. The U.S. Navy contributed to the war by controlling the coast and clearing the way for U.S. troops and supplies, especially to Mexico's main port of Veracruz. Even before hostilities began in the disputed northern region, the U.S. Navy created a blockade. Given the shallow waters of that portion of the Gulf coast, the U.S. Navy needed ships with a shallow draft rather than large frigates. Since the Mexican Navy was almost non-existent, the U.S. Navy could operate unimpeded in Gulf waters. First Battle of Tabasco ( edit ) See also: First Battle of Tabasco Commodore Matthew C. Perry led a detachment of seven vessels along the northern coast of Tabasco state. Perry arrived at the Tabasco River (now known as the Grijalva River ) on October 22, 1846, and seized the town Port of Frontera along with two of their ships. Leaving a small garrison, he advanced with his troops towards the town of San Juan Bautista ( Villahermosa today). Perry arrived in the city of San Juan Bautista on October 25, seizing five Mexican vessels. Colonel Juan Bautista Traconis, Tabasco Departmental commander at that time, set up barricades inside the buildings. Perry realized that the bombing of the city would be the only option to drive out the Mexican Army, and to avoid damage to the merchants of the city, withdrew its forces preparing them for the next day. Second Battle of Tabasco On the morning of October 26, as Perry's fleet prepared to start the attack on the city, the Mexican forces began firing at the American fleet. The U.S. bombing began to yield the square, so that the fire continued until evening. Before taking the square, Perry decided to leave and return to the port of Frontera , where he established a naval blockade to prevent supplies of food and military supplies from reaching the state capital. Second Battle of Tabasco ( edit ) See also: Second Battle of Tabasco On June 13, 1847, Commodore Perry assembled the Mosquito Fleet and began moving towards the Grijalva River , towing 47 boats that carried a landing force of 1,173. On June 15, 12 miles (19 km) below San Juan Bautista, the fleet ran through an ambush with little difficulty. Again at an `` S'' curve in the river known as the `` Devil's Bend'' , Perry encountered Mexican fire from a river fortification known as the Colmena redoubt, but the fleet's heavy naval guns quickly dispersed the Mexican force. On June 16, Perry arrived at San Juan Bautista and commenced bombing the city. The attack included two ships that sailed past the fort and began shelling it from the rear. David D. Porter led 60 sailors ashore and seized the fort, raising the American flag over the works. Perry and the landing force arrived and took control of the city around 14:00. Yucatán ( edit ) The U.S. was concerned with the extension of British power in the Caribbean, especially Spanish Cuba, as well as the strategic Yucatán peninsula. In 1847 Maya revolted against the white elites of the peninsula in a racial war known as the Caste War of Yucatan . Jefferson Davis , then a senator from Mississippi, argued in congress that the president needed no further powers to intervene in Yucatan since the war with Mexico was underway. Davis's concern was strategic and part of his vision of Manifest Destiny, considering the Gulf of Mexico `` a basin of water belonging to the United States'' and continuing `` the cape of Yucatan and the island of Cuba must be ours'' rather than under British influence. In the end, the U.S. did not intervene in Yucatán , but it had figured in congressional debates about the Mexican-- American War. At one point, the government of Yucatán petitioned the U.S. for protection during the Caste War, but the U.S. did not respond. Desertion ( edit ) Battle of Churubusco by J. Cameron, published by Nathaniel Currier . Hand tinted lithograph, 1847. Digitally restored. Further information: Saint Patrick's Battalion Desertion was a major problem for the Mexican Army, depleting forces on the eve of battle. Most soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family, but not to the generals who had conscripted them. Often hungry and ill, under-equipped, only partially trained, and never well paid, the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the Americans. Looking for their opportunity, many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village. The desertion rate in the U.S. Army was 8.3% (9,200 out of 111,000), compared to 12.7% during the War of 1812 and usual peacetime rates of about 14.8% per year. Many men deserted to join another U.S. unit and get a second enlistment bonus. Some deserted because of the miserable conditions in camp. It has been suggested that others used the army to get free transportation to California, where they deserted to join the gold rush; this, however, is unlikely as gold was only discovered in California on January 24, 1848 , less than two weeks before the war concluded. By the time word reached the eastern U.S. that gold had been discovered, word also reached it that the war was over. Several hundred U.S. deserters went over to the Mexican side. Nearly all were recent immigrants from Europe with weak ties to the U.S.. The Mexicans issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money, land bounties, and officers' commissions. Mexican guerrillas shadowed the U.S. Army and captured men who took unauthorized leave or fell out of the ranks. The guerrillas coerced these men to join the Mexican ranks. The generous promises proved illusory for most deserters, who risked being executed if captured by U.S. forces. San Patricios ( edit ) The mass hanging of Irish Catholic soldiers who joined the Mexican side, forming the Saint Patrick's Battalion The most famous group of deserters from the U.S. Army, was the Saint Patrick's Battalion or ( San Patricios ), composed primarily several hundred immigrant soldiers, the majority Catholic Irish and German immigrants, who deserted the U.S. Army because of ill-treatment or sympathetic leanings to fellow Mexican Catholics and joined the Mexican army. The battalion also included Canadians , English , French , Italians , Poles , Scots , Spaniards , Swiss , and Mexican people , many of whom were members of the Catholic Church . Most of the battalion were killed in the Battle of Churubusco ; about 100 were captured by the U.S. and roughly half of the San Patricios were tried and were hanged as deserters following their capture at Churubusco in August 1847. . The leader, Jon Riley , was merely branded since he had deserted before the war started. Scott's Mexico city campaign ( edit ) Mexico City Campaign Veracruz -- Cerro Gordo -- Contreras -- Churubusco -- Molino del Rey -- Chapultepec -- Mexico City The Battle of Chapultepec Landings and Siege of Veracruz ( edit ) Bombardment of Veracruz Scott's campaign Rather than reinforce Taylor's army for a continued advance, President Polk sent a second army under General Winfield Scott , which was transported to the port of Veracruz by sea, to begin an invasion of the Mexican heartland. On March 9, 1847, Scott performed the first major amphibious landing in U.S. history in preparation for the Siege of Veracruz . A group of 12,000 volunteer and regular soldiers successfully offloaded supplies, weapons, and horses near the walled city using specially designed landing crafts. Included in the invading force were Robert E. Lee , George Meade , Ulysses S. Grant , James Longstreet , and Thomas `` Stonewall'' Jackson . The city was defended by Mexican General Juan Morales with 3,400 men. Mortars and naval guns under Commodore Matthew C. Perry were used to reduce the city walls and harass defenders. After a bombardment on March 24, 1847, the walls of Veracruz had a thirty-foot gap. The city replied the best it could with its own artillery. The effect of the extended barrage destroyed the will of the Mexican side to fight against a numerically superior force, and they surrendered the city after 12 days under siege. U.S. troops suffered 80 casualties, while the Mexican side had around 180 killed and wounded, about half of whom were civilian. During the siege, the U.S. side began to fall victim to yellow fever . Advance on Puebla ( edit ) Main article: Battle of Cerro Gordo Scott then marched westward on April 2, 1847, toward Mexico City with 8,500 healthy troops, while Santa Anna set up a defensive position in a canyon around the main road about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of Veracruz, near the hamlet of Cerro Gordo. Santa Anna had entrenched with 12,000 troops, and artillery that were trained on the road, where he expected Scott to appear. However, Scott had sent 2,600 mounted dragoons ahead and they reached the pass on April 12. The Mexican artillery prematurely fired on them and therefore revealed their positions, beginning the Battle of Cerro Gordo . Instead of taking the main road, Scott's troops trekked through the rough terrain to the north, setting up his artillery on the high ground and quietly flanking the Mexicans. Although by then aware of the positions of U.S. troops, Santa Anna and his troops were unprepared for the onslaught that followed. In the battle fought on April 18, the Mexican army was routed. The U.S. Army suffered 400 casualties, while the Mexicans suffered over 1,000 casualties and 3,000 were taken prisoner. In August 1847, Captain Kirby Smith , of Scott's 3rd Infantry, reflected on the resistance of the Mexican army: They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it. They have lost six great battles; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon, nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms, made twenty thousand prisoners, have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on their Capital which must be ours,-- yet they refuse to treat (i.e., negotiate terms)! Pause at Puebla ( edit ) In May, Scott pushed on to Puebla, the second largest city in Mexico. Because of the citizens' hostility to Santa Anna, the city capitulated without resistance on May 1. During the following months, Scott gathered supplies and reinforcements at Puebla and sent back units whose enlistments had expired. Scott also made strong efforts to keep his troops disciplined and treat the Mexican people under occupation justly, so as to prevent a popular rising against his army. Advance on Mexico city and its capture ( edit ) The Battle of Molino del Rey With guerrillas harassing his line of communications back to Veracruz, Scott decided not to weaken his army to defend Puebla but, leaving only a garrison at Puebla to protect the sick and injured recovering there, advanced on Mexico City on August 7 with his remaining force. The capital was laid open in a series of battles around the right flank of the city defenses, the Battle of Contreras and Battle of Churubusco . After Churubusco, fighting halted for an armistice and peace negotiations, which broke down on September 6, 1847. With the subsequent battles of Molino del Rey and of Chapultepec , and the storming of the city gates , the capital was occupied. Scott became military governor of occupied Mexico City . His victories in this campaign made him an American national hero. Battle of Chapultepec ( edit ) Storming of Chapultepec The Battle of Chapultepec was an encounter between the Mexican Army and the United States on the castle of Chapultepec in Mexico City. At this time, this castle was a renowned military school in Mexico City. After the battle, which ended in an American victory, the legend of `` Los Niños Héroes '' was born. Although not confirmed by historians, six military cadets between the ages of 13 and 17 stayed in the school instead of evacuating. They decided to stay and fight for Mexico. These Niños Héroes (hero children) became icons in Mexico's pantheon of heroes. Rather than surrender to the U.S. Army, some military cadets leaped from the castle walls. A cadet named Juan Escutia wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and jumped to his death. Santa Anna's last campaign ( edit ) In late September 1847, Santa Anna made one last attempt to defeat the Americans, by cutting them off from the coast. General Joaquín Rea began the Siege of Puebla , soon joined by Santa Anna, but they failed to take it before the approach of a relief column from Veracruz under Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane prompted Santa Anna to stop him. Puebla was relieved by Gen. Lane October 12, 1847, following his defeat of Santa Anna at the Battle of Huamantla on October 9, 1847. The battle was Santa Anna's last. Following the defeat, the new Mexican government led by Manuel de la Peña y Peña asked Santa Anna to turn over command of the army to General José Joaquín de Herrera . Anti-guerrilla campaign ( edit ) Following his capture and securing of the capital, General Scott sent about a quarter of his strength to secure his line of communications to Veracruz from the Light Corps of General Joaquín Rea and other Mexican guerrilla forces that had been harassing it since May. He strengthened the garrison of Puebla and by November had added a 1200-man garrison at Jalapa , established 750-man posts along the National Road, the main route between the port of Veracruz and the capital, at the pass between Mexico City and Puebla at Rio Frio , at Perote and San Juan on the road between Jalapa and Puebla, and at Puente Nacional between Jalapa and Veracruz. He had also detailed an anti guerrilla brigade under Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane to carry the war to the Light Corps and other guerrillas. He ordered that convoys would travel with at least 1,300-man escorts. Victories by General Lane over the Light Corps at Atlixco (October 18, 1847), at Izucar de Matamoros (November 23, 1847) and Galaxara Pass (November 24, 1847) ended the threat of General Rea. Later a raid against the guerrillas of Padre Jarauta at Zacualtipan (February 25, 1848) further reduced guerrilla raids on the American line of communications. After the two governments concluded a truce to await ratification of the peace treaty, on March 6, 1848, formal hostilities ceased. However some bands continued in defiance of the Mexican government until the American evacuation in August. Some were suppressed by the Mexican Army or, like Padre Jarauta, executed. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( edit ) Main article: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Mexican Cession , shown in red, and the later Gadsden Purchase , shown in yellow Outnumbered militarily and with many of its large cities occupied, Mexico could not defend itself; the country was also faced with many internal divisions, including the Caste War of Yucatán . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war. The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, established the U.S.-Mexican border of the Rio Grande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of California , Nevada , and Utah , most of New Mexico , Arizona and Colorado , and parts of Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Wyoming . In return, Mexico received $ 15 million ($424 million today) -- less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities -- and the U.S. agreed to assume $3.25 million ($92 million today) in debts that the Mexican government owed to U.S. citizens. The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10, and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51-34 and a Senate vote of 33-4, on May 19. News that New Mexico's legislative assembly had passed an act for organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico. The acquisition was a source of controversy, especially among U.S. politicians who had opposed the war from the start. A leading antiwar U.S. newspaper, the Whig National Intelligencer , sardonically concluded that `` We take nothing by conquest ... Thank God.'' Mexican territorial claims relinquished in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in white Jefferson Davis introduced an amendment giving the U.S. most of northeastern Mexico, which failed 44-- 11. This amendment was supported by both senators from Texas ( Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk ), Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana, and one each from Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, and Tennessee. Most of the leaders of the Democratic party -- Thomas Hart Benton , John C. Calhoun , Herschel V. Johnson , Lewis Cass , James Murray Mason of Virginia, and Ambrose Hundley Sevier -- were opposed. An amendment by Whig Senator George Edmund Badger of North Carolina to exclude New Mexico and Upper California lost 35-- 15, with three Southern Whigs voting with the Democrats. Daniel Webster was bitter that four New England senators made deciding votes for acquiring the new territories. The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the Mexican Cession in the U.S., as opposed to the Texas Annexation two years earlier, though division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries. Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas before the war, and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or Gila River until this treaty. Before ratifying the treaty, the U.S. Senate made two modifications: changing the wording of Article IX (which guaranteed Mexicans living in the purchased territories the right to become U.S. citizens) and striking out Article X (which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican government). On May 26, 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, they further agreed to a three-article protocol (known as the Protocol of Querétaro ) to explain the amendments. The first article claimed that the original Article IX of the treaty, although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana, would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX. The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants under Mexican law. The protocol was signed in the city of Querétaro by A.H. Sevier, Nathan Clifford , and Luis de la Rosa . Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico, in that the US pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged northern Mexico and pay restitutions to the victims of raids it could not prevent. However, the Indian raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty, although a cholera epidemic reduced the numbers of the Comanche in 1849. Robert Letcher , U.S. Minister to Mexico in 1850, was certain `` that miserable 11th article'' would lead to the financial ruin of the US if it could not be released from its obligations. The US was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Results ( edit ) Altered territories ( edit ) American occupation of Mexico City Before the secession of Texas, Mexico comprised almost 1,700,000 sq mi (4,400,000 km ), but by 1849 it was just under 800,000 square miles (2,100,000 km ). Another 30,000 square miles (78,000 km ) were sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, so the total reduction of Mexican territory was more than 55%, or 900,000 square miles (2,300,000 km ). Though the annexed territory was about the size of Western Europe, it was sparsely populated. The land contained about 14,000 non-indigenous people in Alta California and about 60,000 in Nuevo México , as well as large Indian nations, such as the Papago , Pima , Puebloan , Navajo , Apache and many others. Although some native people relocated farther south in Mexico, the great majority remained in the U.S. territory. The American settlers surging into the newly conquered Southwest were openly contemptuous of Mexican law (a civil law system based on the law of Spain ) as alien and inferior and disposed of it by enacting reception statutes at the first available opportunity. However, they recognized the value of a few aspects of Mexican law and carried them over into their new legal systems. For example, most of the southwestern states adopted community property marital property systems, as well as water law. Mexicans and Indians in the annexed territories faced a loss of civil and political rights, even though the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised American citizenship to all Mexican citizens living in the territory of the Mexican Cession . The U.S. government withheld citizenship from Indians in the southwest until the 1930s, despite the fact that they were citizens under Mexican law. Impact of the war in the United States ( edit ) In much of the United States of America, victory and the acquisition of new land brought a surge of patriotism. Victory seemed to fulfill Democrats' belief in their country's Manifest Destiny . While Whig Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected war `` as a means of achieving America's destiny,'' he accepted that `` most of the great results of history are brought about by discreditable means.'' Although the Whigs had opposed the war, they made Zachary Taylor their presidential candidate in the election of 1848 , praising his military performance while muting their criticism of the war. Has the Mexican War terminated yet, and how? Are we beaten? Do you know of any nation about to besiege South Hadley (Massachusetts)? If so, do inform me of it, for I would be glad of a chance to escape, if we are to be stormed. I suppose (our teacher) Miss (Mary) Lyon would furnish us all with daggers and order us to fight for our lives... -- The sixteen-year-old Emily Dickinson , writing to her older brother, Austin in the fall of 1847, shortly after the Battle of Chapultepec A month before the end of the war, Polk was criticized in a United States House of Representatives amendment to a bill praising Major General Zachary Taylor for `` a war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States.'' This criticism, in which Congressman Abraham Lincoln played an important role with his Spot Resolutions , followed congressional scrutiny of the war's beginnings, including factual challenges to claims made by President Polk. The vote followed party lines, with all Whigs supporting the amendment. Lincoln's attack won lukewarm support from fellow Whigs in Illinois but was harshly counter-attacked by Democrats, who rallied pro-war sentiments in Illinois; Lincoln's Spot resolutions haunted his future campaigns in the heavily Democratic state of Illinois, and were cited by enemies well into his presidency. Effect on the American Civil war ( edit ) Second lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant , one of the many officers in the U.S. Army in the Mexican-- American War to serve in the American Civil War Many of the military leaders on both sides of the American Civil War were trained at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and had fought as junior officers in Mexico. This list includes military men fighting for the Union: Ulysses S. Grant , George B. McClellan , William T. Sherman , George Meade , William Rosecrans , and Ambrose Burnside . Military men who joined the Southern secessionists of the Confederate States of America were Robert E. Lee , Stonewall Jackson , James Longstreet , Joseph E. Johnston , Braxton Bragg , Sterling Price , and the future Confederate President Jefferson Davis . Both sides had leaders with significant experience in active combat in strategy and tactics, likely shaping ways the Civil War conflict played out. President Ulysses S. Grant , who as a young army lieutenant had served in Mexico under General Taylor, recalled in his Memoirs , published in 1885, that: Generally, the officers of the army were indifferent whether the annexation was consummated or not; but not so all of them. For myself, I was bitterly opposed to the measure, and to this day regard the war, which resulted, as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation. It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies, in not considering justice in their desire to acquire additional territory. Grant also expressed the view that the war against Mexico had brought punishment on the United States in the form of the American Civil War : The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican war. Nations, like individuals, are punished for their transgressions. We got our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times. This view was shared by the philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson , who towards the end of the war wrote that `` The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as the man swallows the arsenic, which brings him down in turn. Mexico will poison us.'' `` An Available Candidate: The One Qualification for a Whig President.'' Political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election which refers to Zachary Taylor or Winfield Scott , the two leading contenders for the Whig Party nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican-- American War. Published by Nathaniel Currier in 1848, digitally restored. General Robert E. Lee, leader of the Confederate forces through the end of the American Civil War, began building his reputation as a military officer in America's war against Mexico. At the start of the Mexican-- American War, Captain Lee invaded Mexico with General Wool's engineering department from the North. By early 1847, he helped take the Mexican cities of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec. Lee was wounded in Chapultepec. By September, Mexico City surrendered and the United States was victorious. General Scott was the ranking officer in the army during the Mexican-- American campaign. He described Robert E. Lee as `` gallant and indefatigable,'' saying that Lee had displayed the `` greatest feat of physical and moral courage performed by any individual in (his) knowledge during the campaign.'' Robert E. Lee's humility and professionalism was apparent early on in his career when gave credit to General Scott for the victories. He said that `` It was his stout heart...his bold self reliance...his indomitable courage that...ressed us forward to this capital.'' It is important to note that although Lee is remembered for his valor during the Mexican-- American War, he was only a junior officer `` who had never commanded a regiment in the field'' . In 1861, it was General Scott who advised Abraham Lincoln to ask Lee to command the union forces. Lee declined, and later recounted `` I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was brought into the field, stating candidly and as courteously as I could that though opposed to secession and depreciating war, I could take no part in the invasion of the southern states.'' (Sneiderman,118) On 9 April 1865, it was General Robert E. Lee who had surrendered to President Lincoln's Union Forces. Despite initial objections from the Whigs and abolitionists, the war nevertheless united the U.S. in a common cause and was fought almost entirely by volunteers. The army swelled from just over 6,000 to more than 115,000. The majority of 12-month volunteers in Scott's army decided that a year's fighting was enough and returned to the U.S. Veterans of the war were often broken men. `` As the sick and wounded from Taylor's and Scott's campaigns made their way back from Mexico to the United States, their condition shocked the folks at home. Husbands, sons, and brothers returned in broken health, some with missing limbs.'' Anti-slavery elements opposed that position and fought for the exclusion of slavery from any territory absorbed by the U.S. In 1847, the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso , stipulating that none of the territory acquired should be open to slavery. The Senate avoided the issue, and a late attempt to add it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was defeated. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the result of Nicholas Trist 's unauthorized negotiations. It was approved by the U.S. Senate on March 10, 1848, and ratified by the Mexican Congress on May 25. Mexico's cession of Alta California and Nuevo México and its recognition of U.S. sovereignty over all of Texas north of the Rio Grande formalized the addition of 1.2 million square miles (3.1 million km ) of territory to the United States. In return the U.S. agreed to pay $15 million and assumed the claims of its citizens against Mexico. A final territorial adjustment between Mexico and the U.S. was made by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853. The sale of this territory was a contributing factor in the final fall of Santa Anna in Mexico for having sold Mexican patrimony. As late as 1880, the `` Republican Campaign Textbook'' by the Republican Congressional Committee described the war as `` Feculent, reeking Corruption'' and `` one of the darkest scenes in our history-- a war forced upon our and the Mexican people by the high-handed usurpations of Pres't Polk in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement of the slave oligarchy.'' The war was one of the most decisive events for the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century. While it marked a significant waypoint for the nation as a growing military power, it also served as a milestone especially within the U.S. narrative of Manifest Destiny. The resultant territorial gains set in motion many of the defining trends in American 19th-century history, particularly for the American West. The war did not resolve the issue of slavery in the U.S. but rather in many ways inflamed it, as potential westward expansion of the institution took an increasingly central and heated theme in national debates preceding the American Civil War. Furthermore, in doing much to extend the nation from coast to coast, the Mexican-- American War was one step in the huge migrations to the West of Americans, which culminated in transcontinental railroads and the Indian wars later in the same century. Impact of the war in Mexico ( edit ) Memorial to the Mexican cadets killed in the Battle of Chapultepec The obvious impact of the war was the loss of its northern areas and the defeat of the Mexican military. The war remains a painful historical event for Mexicans. In the immediate aftermath of the war, a group of prominent Mexicans wrote an assessment of the reasons for the war and Mexico's defeat, edited by Ramón Alcaraz and including contributions by Ignacio Ramírez , Guillermo Prieto , José María Iglesias , and Francisco Urquidi . The work was translated to English by Col. Albert Ramsey , a veteran of the Mexican-- American War and published in 1850. In Mexico City's Chapultepec Park , the Niños Héroes (Monument to the Heroic Cadets) commemorates the heroic sacrifice of six teenaged military cadets who fought to their deaths rather than surrender to American troops during the Battle of Chapultepec Castle on September 13, 1847. The monument is an important patriotic site in Mexico. On March 5, 1947, nearly one hundred years after the battle, U.S. President Harry S. Truman placed a wreath at the monument and stood for a moment of silence . See also ( edit ) Battles of the Mexican-- American War Christopher Werner, maker of the `` Iron Palmetto'' commemorating the loss of South Carolinians in the War Reconquista (Mexico) Republic of Texas-- United States relations Texas annexation Territories of Mexico General: History of Mexico History of New Mexico History of the United States List of conflicts in the United States List of wars involving the United States List of wars involving Mexico Mexico-- United States relations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Variations include U.S.-- Mexican War , the U.S.-- Mexico War . Jump up ^ Spanish: Intervención americana en México , or Intervención estadounidense en México . In Mexico, it may also be called the War of United States-Mexico ( Guerra de Estados Unidos-México ). Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1846 only. ^ Jump up to: Clodfelter 2017 , p. 249. Jump up ^ Official DOD data Archived February 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ramón Alcaraz, et al. The Other Side or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States . New York: Burt Franklin 1850, republished 1970, 1-2. ^ Jump up to: See `` '' Republic of Texas `` '' . Archived from the original on April 29, 2009 . Retrieved 2014-07-05 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ History.com Jump up ^ See Rives, The United States and Mexico , vol. 2, p. 658 Jump up ^ Pedro Santoni, `` U.S.-Mexican War'' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1511. Jump up ^ Alcaraz, et al. The Other Side , pp. 1-2. Jump up ^ DeLay, Brian. The War of a Thousand Deserts New Haven: Yale U Press, 2008, p.286 Jump up ^ `` The Borderlands on the Eve of War'' . The U.S.-Mexican War . PBS. Jump up ^ Brian Delay, `` Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War'' The American Historical Review , Vol 112, No. l (February 2007), p 35 Jump up ^ `` The Annexation of Texas'' U.S. Department of State, Retrieved July 6, 2012 Jump up ^ Rives, The United States and Mexico vol. 2, pp 45-- 46 . Books.google.com. September 28, 2007 . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ Rives, pp. 48-- 49 Jump up ^ Engelson, Lester G. (1939). `` Proposals for the Colonization of California by England: In Connection with the Mexican Debt to British Bondholders 1837-- 1846'' . California Historical Society Quarterly . University of California Press . 18 (2): 136-- 48. doi : 10.2307/25139106 . ISSN 0008-1175 . JSTOR 25139106 -- via JSTOR . (Registration required ( help )) . Jump up ^ Groom, Winston `` Kearny's March'' Alfred A. Knopf, 2011 pp.46 ^ Jump up to: Santoni, `` U.S.-Mexican War'' , p. 1511. Jump up ^ Jesús F. de la Teja, `` Texas Secession'' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 1403-04. Jump up ^ Douglas W. Richmond, `` Vicente Guerrero'' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 617. ^ Jump up to: Rives, vol. 2, pp. 165-- 168 Jump up ^ Rives, vol. 2, pp. 172-- 173 Jump up ^ Mary Lee Spence, and Donald Jackson, The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial . U of Illinois Press, 1973. Jump up ^ Smith (1919) p. xi. Jump up ^ Richard R. Stenberg, `` The Failure of Polk's Mexican War Intrigue of 1845,'' Pacific Historical Review 4#1 (1935), pp. 39-68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Donald Fithian Stevens, Origins of Instability in Early Republican Mexico (1991) p. 11. Jump up ^ Miguel E. Soto, `` The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War'' in Essays on the Mexican War ed by Wayne Cutler; Texas A&M University Press. 1986. pp. 66-- 67. ^ Jump up to: Brooks (1849) pp. 61-- 62. Jump up ^ Mexican War from Global Security.com. Jump up ^ Christon I. Archer, `` Military: 1821-- 1914'' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 905. Jump up ^ Archer, `` Military, 1821-- 1914'' , pp. 906-907. Jump up ^ `` The End of the Mexican American War: The Signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo'' . Memoria Política de México (Political History of Mexico) (in Spanish) . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ quoted in Carol and thomas Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War. Companion to the Public Television Series, The U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-- 48. San Francisco: Bay Books 1998, p. 138. Jump up ^ Alamán paraphrased in Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War , p. 61. Jump up ^ Mexican soldier Manuel Balontín , quoted in Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War , p. 137. Jump up ^ René Chartrand, Santa Anna's Mexican Army 1821-- 48 , Illustrated by Bill Younghusband, Osprey Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-84176-667-4, ISBN 978-1-84176-667-6 . Books.google.com . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ Meed, Douglas (2003). The Mexican War, 1846-- 1848 . Routledge. p. 67. Jump up ^ Acuña , Rodolfo (2015). Occupied America A History of Chicanos . Pearson. p. 50. Jump up ^ Missionaries of Republicanism: A Religious History of the Mexican-American War By John C. Pinheiro, page 96 Jump up ^ Santa Anna of Mexico, By Will Fowler, page 265 Jump up ^ `` William Hugh Robarts, `` Mexican War veterans : a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico, from 1846 to 1848 ; the volunteers are arranged by states, alphabetically'' , BRENTANO'S (A.S. WITHERBEE & CO, Proprietors); WASHINGTON, D.C. , 1887`` . Archive.org. March 10, 2001 . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ Robarts, `` Mexican War veterans'' pp.1-- 24 Jump up ^ Robarts, `` Mexican War veterans'' pp.39-- 79 Jump up ^ Bronwyn Mills. U.S.-Mexican War ISBN 0-8160-4932-7 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker. U.S. Leadership in Wartime: Clashes, Controversy, and Compromise , Volume 1. page 249 Jump up ^ David Montejano (1987). Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-- 1986 . University of Texas Press. p. 30. Jump up ^ Justin Harvey Smith (1919). The war with Mexico vol. 1 . Macmillan. p. 464. Jump up ^ K. Jack Bauer (1993). Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press. p. 149. Jump up ^ `` PERSONAL MEMOIRS U.S. GRANT, COMPLETE'' . www.gutenberg.org . Retrieved 2016-02-25 . ^ Jump up to: Brooks (1849) p. 122. Jump up ^ Brooks (1849) pp. 91, 117. Jump up ^ Brooks (1849) p. 121. Jump up ^ Morgan, Robert `` Lions of the West'' Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2011 pp.237 ^ Jump up to: Tucker (2013) p.718. Jump up ^ Smith (1919) p. 279. Jump up ^ Faragher, John Mack, et al., eds. Out Of Many: A History of the American People . Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Message of President Polk, May 11, 1846'' . Archived from the original on July 25, 2008 . Retrieved July 20, 2008 . Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war. ^ Jump up to: Bauer (1992) p. 68. Jump up ^ see A. Brook Caruso, The Mexican Spy Company. 1991, p. 62-79 Jump up ^ Jay (1853) pp. 165-- 166. Jump up ^ Jay (1853) p. 165. Jump up ^ See O'Sullivan's 1845 article `` Annexation'' , United States Magazine and Democratic Review Jump up ^ quoted in Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War , p. 74. Jump up ^ Giddings, Joshua Reed. Speeches in Congress (1841-- 1852) , J.P. Jewett and Company, 1853, p.17 Jump up ^ Speech of U.S. Senator against the Mexican-- American War characterizing it as imperialist and presidential Jump up ^ Beveridge 1:417. Jump up ^ `` James K. Polk: Third Annual Message-- December 7, 1847'' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` War News From Mexico'' : What the Blacks in the 1848 Painting Tell Us Archived May 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . The Root , 2013 Jump up ^ Lawrence Delbert Cress, `` Introduction'' , Dispatches from the Mexican War , Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999, p.8. Jump up ^ George Wilkins Kendall, Dispatches from the Mexican War , edited by Larence Delbert Cress. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999. Jump up ^ Streetby, Shellby (2001). `` American Sensations: Empire, Amnesia, and the US-Mexican War'' . American Literary History . 13:1 : 2. Jump up ^ Ron Tyler. `` A Great American Book: The War between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated'' in Artes de México . No. 80, `` Carl Nebel: Nineteenth-Century Itinerant Painter'' , August 2006, pp. 77-80. ^ Jump up to: `` The Battle of Santa Fe'' . Early American Wars: A Guide to Early American Units and Battles before 1865 . MyCivilWar.com. 2005-- 2008 . Retrieved 2009-01-14 . ^ Jump up to: Simmons, Marc (1973). The Little Lion of the Southwest: a life of Manuel Antonio Chaves . Chicago: The Swallow Press. ISBN 0-8040-0633-4 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Historic Markers: Canoncito at Apache Canyon'' . Archived from the original on 2007-09-27 . Retrieved 2007-04-15 . Includes a link to a map. Jump up ^ Keleher, William A. (1952). Turmoil in New Mexico 1846-- 1848 . University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-0631-4 . Jump up ^ Beck, Warren A. (1962). New Mexico: A History of Four Centuries . University of Oklahoma Press. Jump up ^ Morgan, Robert (2011). Lions of the West . Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. p. 243 Jump up ^ Garrard, Lewis H. (1850). Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail; or Prairie Travel and Scalp Dances, with a Look at Los Rancheros from Muleback and the Rocky Mountain Camp-fire , pp. 214-215; reprint, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1955 Jump up ^ Walker, Dale L. (1999). Bear Flag Rising: The Conquest of California, 1846 . New York: Macmillan. p. 104. ISBN 0312866852 . Jump up ^ Walker p. 91-92, 96 Jump up ^ Walker p. 72 Jump up ^ Walker p. 103 Jump up ^ Walker p. 107 Jump up ^ Walker p. 101 Jump up ^ Walker p. 110 Jump up ^ Walker p. 123-125 Jump up ^ Walker p. 129 Jump up ^ Walker p. 139 Jump up ^ Walker p. 134 Jump up ^ Walker p. 138 Jump up ^ Walker p. 140 Jump up ^ Walker p. 98 Jump up ^ Walker p. 142 Jump up ^ Walker p. 143-144 Jump up ^ Walker p. 148 Jump up ^ Walker p. 149 ^ Jump up to: Walker p. 154 Jump up ^ Walker p. 156 Jump up ^ Walker p. 157 Jump up ^ Walker p. 158 Jump up ^ Walker p. 159 Jump up ^ Walker p. 196 Jump up ^ Walker p. 197 Jump up ^ Walker p. 198 Jump up ^ Walker p. 199 Jump up ^ Walker p. 200 Jump up ^ Walker p. 201 Jump up ^ Walker p. 203 Jump up ^ Walker p. 209 Jump up ^ Walker p. 204 Jump up ^ Walker p. 215-219 Jump up ^ Walker p. 221 Jump up ^ Walker p. 224 Jump up ^ Walker p. 234 Jump up ^ Walker p. 235 Jump up ^ Brooks (1849) p. 257. Jump up ^ Walker p. 233 Jump up ^ Walker p. 237 Jump up ^ Bauer (1992) pp. 190-- 191. Jump up ^ Walker p. 238 Jump up ^ Walker p. 239 Jump up ^ Walker p. 240-241 Jump up ^ Walker p. 242 ^ Jump up to: Walker p. 246 Jump up ^ Silversteen, p42 Jump up ^ Bauer (1992) p. 201. Jump up ^ Schweikart, Larry; Allen, Michael (2004). A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror . Sentinel HC. p. 242. ISBN 978-1595230010 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Rives, George Lockhart, The United States and Mexico, 1821-- 1848: a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States , Volume 2, C. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1913, p.233 . Books.google.com. September 28, 2007 . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Urban Warfare'' . Battle of Monterrey.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011 . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ Rip Ford's Texas Memoirs, Stephen Oates, University of Texas Press, 1963 Jump up ^ Dishman, Christopher (2010). A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico . University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-4140-9 . Jump up ^ Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative : Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville (1958) Jump up ^ Groom, Winston `` Kearny's March'' Alfred A. Knopf, 2011 pp.143 Jump up ^ Roger D. Launius (1997). Alexander William Doniphan: portrait of a Missouri moderate . University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1132-3 . Jump up ^ Hamalainen, Pekka. The Comanche Empire . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 232. Jump up ^ Gilbert M. Joseph, `` The United States, Feuding Elites, and Rural Revolt in Yucatán , 1836-- 1915'' in Rural Revolt in Mexico: U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics, expanded edition , Daniel Nugent, ed. Durham: Duke University Press 1998 pp. 173-206. Jump up ^ K. Jack Bauer, The Mexican war, 1846-- 1848 . 1974. Republished by University of Nebraska Press 1992, pp. 108-109. Jump up ^ quoted in Brian Loveman, No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere Since 1776 . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2010, p. 70. Jump up ^ `` Message from the President of the United States with communications from the government of Yucatan, representing the state of suffering to which that country is reduced by an insurrection of the Indians, imploring the protection of the United States, and offering, in case it should be granted, to transfer the dominion and sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States.'' United States. Congress. Senate. April 29, 1848. Read, referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed. (Washington, D.C.) 19 pages, 30th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Ex. Doc. No. 40 Jump up ^ Meed, Douglas (2003). The Mexican War, 1846-- 1848 . Routledge. p. 67. Jump up ^ McAllister, Brian. `` see Coffman, Old Army (1988) p. 193'' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Foos, Paul (2002). A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair . pp. 25, 103-- 7. Jump up ^ Miller, Robert Ryal (1989). Shamrock and Sword, The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the US-- Mexican War . Norman, Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 188-- 192. ISBN 0-8061-2964-6 . Jump up ^ Morgan, Robert, Lions of the West , Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2011 p. 282 Jump up ^ Eisenhower, John S.D. (1989). So Far from God: The U.S. War With Mexico, 1846-- 1848 . New York: Random House. p. 295. ISBN 0-8061-3279-5 . ^ Jump up to: Diseño Web y Desarrollo de Aplicaciones por Webtopia , Retrieved May 8, 2014. Jump up ^ Kirkwood, Burton (2000). The History of Mexico . pp. 97, 98, 99. ISBN 9780313303517 . Jump up ^ Executive Document, No. 60, House of Representatives, first Session of the thirtieth Congress, pp. 1028, 1032 Jump up ^ Carney, Stephen A. (2005), U.S. Army Campaigns of the Mexican War: The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846-July 1848 (CMH Pub 73-3) , Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 30-- 38 Jump up ^ Celedonio Domeco de Jarauta from es.wikipedia.org accessed June 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Memoria Política de México '' . Jump up ^ Smith (1919) p. 241. Jump up ^ Mills, Bronwyn. U.S.-Mexican War . p. 23. ISBN 0-8160-4932-7 . Jump up ^ Jay (1853) p. 117. Jump up ^ Rives, p. 649 Jump up ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (1995). Don't Know Much About History . New York: Avon Books. p. 143. Jump up ^ Zinn, Howard (2003). `` Chapter 8: We take nothing by conquest, Thank God'' . A People's History of the United States . New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 169. Jump up ^ Rives, George Lockhart (1913). The United States and Mexico, 1821-- 1848 . C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 634-- 636. Jump up ^ Frazier, Donald S. `` Boundary Disputes'' . US-Mexican War, 1846-- 1848 . PBS. ^ Jump up to: `` Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement Between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgoa'' . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . University of Dayton (academic.udayton.edu) . Retrieved October 25, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Article IX'' . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848 . Lillian Goldman Law Library. Jump up ^ Hamalainen, 293-341 Jump up ^ DeLay, Brian (2008). War of a thousand deserts: Indian raids and the U.S.-Mexican War . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 302. Jump up ^ `` Gadsden Purchase Treaty : December 30, 1853'' . Lillian Goldman Law Library. Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo'' . www.ourdocuments.gov . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Jump up ^ Franzius, Andrea. `` California Gold -- Migrating to California: Overland, around the Horn and via Panama'' . Archived from the original on June 22, 2012 . Retrieved July 6, 2012 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Table 16. Population: 1790 to 1990'' , Population and Housing Unit Counts. 1990 Census of Population and Housing. CPH-2-1. , U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, pp. 26-- 27, ISBN 99946-41-25-5 Jump up ^ Griswold el Castillo, Richard War's End: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' PBS, 2006 Jump up ^ Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1860). The Conduct of Life . p. 110. ISBN 1-4191-5736-1 . Jump up ^ Linscott, 1959, pp. 218-- 219 Jump up ^ `` Congressional Globe, 30th Session (1848)'' . Memory.loc.gov. pp. 93-- 95 . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` House Journal, 30th Session (1848) pp. 183-- 184/'' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ Donald, David Herbert (1995). Lincoln . pp. 124, 128, 133. Jump up ^ `` Ulysses S Grant Quotes on the Military Academy and the Mexican War'' . Fadedgiant.net . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Memoirs of General U.S. Grant -- Complete by Ulysses S. Grant'' . Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Archived from the original on January 15, 2006. Jump up ^ Groom, Winston `` Kearny's March'' Alfred A. Knopf, 2011 pp.275 ^ Jump up to: Winston, Robert (1934). Robert E. Lee; a Biography . New York: W. Morrow & Co. p. 84. ISBN 9780313384370 . Jump up ^ sneiderman, Barney (2006). Warriors Seven: seven American Commanders, Seven Wars, and the Irony of Battle . New York: Savas beatie. p. 118. ISBN 1932714286 . Jump up ^ Holmes, Prescott (1897). The battles of the war for the union being the story of the great Civil War from the election of Abraham Lincoln to the surrender at Appomatox . Philadelphia: H. Altemus. p. 333. Jump up ^ Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War , p. 187. Jump up ^ Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War , p. 190. Jump up ^ John Douglas Pitts Fuller (1969) (1936). The Movement for the Acquisition of All Mexico, 1846-- 1848 . New York: Da Capo Press . Retrieved May 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ Mexican-- American War description from the Republican Campaign Textbook . Jump up ^ Ramón Alcaraz, et al. The Other Side: or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States . Translated by Albert C. Ramsey, Colonel of the Eleventh United States Infantry During with War with Mexico. New York: Burt Franklin 1850. Republished 1970. Bibliography ( edit ) Reference works ( edit ) Crawford, Mark; Heidler, Jeanne; Heidler (eds.), David Stephen (1999). Encyclopedia of the Mexican War . ISBN 1-57607-059-X . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Frazier, Donald S. ed. The U.S. and Mexico at War , (1998), 584; an encyclopedia with 600 articles by 200 scholars Surveys ( edit ) Bauer, Karl Jack (1992). The Mexican War: 1846-- 1848 . University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6107-1 . De Voto, Bernard , Year of Decision 1846 (1942), well written popular history Greenberg, Amy S. A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico (2012). ISBN 9780307592699 and Corresponding Author Interview at the Pritzker Military Library on December 7, 2012 Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States (2008) Meed, Douglas. The Mexican War, 1846-- 1848 (2003). A short survey. Merry Robert W. A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent (2009) Smith, Justin Harvey. The War with Mexico, Vol 1. (2 vol 1919), full text online . Smith, Justin Harvey. The War with Mexico, Vol 2. (1919). full text online . Military ( edit ) Bauer K. Jack. Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press, 1985. Dishman, Christopher, A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico,'' University of Oklahoma Press, 2010 ISBN 0-8061-4140-9 . Eisenhower, John. So Far From God: The U.S. War with Mexico , Random House (1989). Eubank, Damon R. , Response of Kentucky to the Mexican War, 1846-- 1848 . (Edwin Mellen Press, 2004), ISBN 978-0-7734-6495-7 . Foos, Paul. A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-War (2002). Fowler, Will. Santa Anna of Mexico (2007) 527pp; a major scholarly study Frazier, Donald S. The U.S. and Mexico at War , Macmillan (1998). Hamilton, Holman, Zachary Taylor: Soldier of the Republic , (1941). Huston, James A. The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775-- 1953 (1966), U.S. Army; 755p. pp 125-58 Lewis, Lloyd. Captain Sam Grant (1950). Johnson, Timothy D. Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory (1998) McCaffrey, James M. Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846-- 1848 (1994) excerpt and text search Smith, Justin H. (1918). `` American Rule in Mexico'' . The American Historical Review . American Historical Association . 23 (2): 287-- 302. doi : 10.2307/1836568 . ISSN 1937-5239 . JSTOR 1836568 -- via JSTOR . (Registration required ( help )) . Smith, Justin Harvey. The War with Mexico. 2 vol (1919). Pulitzer Prize winner. full text online . Winders, Richard Price. Mr. Polk's Army: The American Military Experience in the Mexican War (1997) Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-- 2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. ISBN 978-0786474707 . Political and diplomatic ( edit ) Beveridge, Albert J. Abraham Lincoln, 1809-- 1858 . Volume: 1. 1928. Brack, Gene M. Mexico Views Manifest Destiny, 1821-- 1846: An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War (1975). Fowler, Will. Tornel and Santa Anna: The Writer and the Caudillo, Mexico, 1795-- 1853 (2000). Fowler, Will. Santa Anna of Mexico (2007) 527pp; the major scholarly study excerpt and text search Gleijeses, Piero. `` A Brush with Mexico'' Diplomatic History 2005 29(2): 223-- 254. ISSN 0145-2096 debates in Washington before war. Graebner, Norman A. Empire on the Pacific: A Study in American Continental Expansion. (1955). Graebner, Norman A. (1978). `` Lessons of the Mexican War'' . Pacific Historical Review . University of California Press . 47 (3): 325-- 42. doi : 10.2307/3637470 . ISSN 1533-8584 . JSTOR 3637470 -- via JSTOR . (Registration required ( help )) . Graebner, Norman A. (1980). `` The Mexican War: A Study in Causation'' . Pacific Historical Review . University of California Press . 49 (3): 405-- 26. doi : 10.2307/3638563 . ISSN 1533-8584 . JSTOR 3638563 -- via JSTOR . (Registration required ( help )) . Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States (2007), survey Krauze, Enrique. Mexico: Biography of Power , (1997), textbook. Linscott, Robert N., Editor. 1959. Selected Poems and Letters of Emily Dickinson . Anchor Books, New York. ISBN 0-385-09423-X Mayers, David; Fernández Bravo, Sergio A., `` La Guerra Con Mexico Y Los Disidentes Estadunidenses, 1846-- 1848'' (The War with Mexico and US Dissenters, 1846-- 48). Secuencia (Mexico) 2004 (59): 32-- 70. ISSN 0186-0348 . Pinheiro, John C. Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War (2007). Pletcher David M. The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War . University of Missouri Press, 1973. Price, Glenn W. Origins of the War with Mexico: The Polk-Stockton Intrigue . University of Texas Press, 1967. Reeves, Jesse S. (1905). `` The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo'' . The American Historical Review . American Historical Association . 10 (2): 309-- 24. doi : 10.2307/1834723 . ISSN 1937-5239 . JSTOR 1834723 -- via JSTOR . (Registration required ( help )) . Rives, George Lockhart (1913). The United States and Mexico, 1821-- 1848: a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States . 2 . New York: C. Scribner's Sons. Rodríguez Díaz , María Del Rosario. `` Mexico's Vision of Manifest Destiny During the 1847 War'' Journal of Popular Culture 2001 35(2): 41-- 50. ISSN 0022-3840 . Ruiz, Ramon Eduardo . Triumph and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People , Norton 1992, textbook Schroeder John H. Mr. Polk's War: American Opposition and Dissent, 1846-- 1848. University of Wisconsin Press, 1973. Sellers Charles G. James K. Polk: Continentalist, 1843-- 1846 (1966), the standard biography vol 1 and 2 are online at ACLS e-books Smith, Justin Harvey. The War with Mexico. 2 vol (1919). Pulitzer Prize winner. full text online . Stephenson, Nathaniel Wright. Texas and the Mexican War: A Chronicle of Winning the Southwest . Yale University Press (1921). Weinberg Albert K. Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935. Yanez, Agustin. Santa Anna: Espectro de una sociedad (1996). Memory and historiography ( edit ) Faulk, Odie B., and Stout, Joseph A., Jr., eds. The Mexican War: Changing Interpretations (1974) Rodriguez, Jaime Javier. The Literatures of the U.S.-Mexican War: Narrative, Time, and Identity (University of Texas Press; 2010) 306 pages. Covers works by Anglo, Mexican, and Mexican-American writers. Benjamin, Thomas. `` Recent Historiography of the Origins of the Mexican War,'' New Mexico Historical Review , Summer 1979, Vol. 54 Issue 3, pp 169-- 181 Vázquez , Josefina Zoraida . `` La Historiografia Sobre la Guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos,'' (`` The historiography of the war between Mexico and the United States'' ) Histórica (02528894), 1999, Vol. 23 Issue 2, pp 475-- 485 Primary sources ( edit ) Calhoun, John C. The Papers of John C. Calhoun. Vol. 23: 1846 , ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook. (1996). 598 pp Calhoun, John C. The Papers of John C. Calhoun. Vol. 24: December 7, 1846 -- December 5, 1847 ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook, (1998). 727 pp. Conway, Christopher, ed. The U.S.-Mexican War: A Binational Reader (2010) Grant, Ulysses S. (1885). Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . New York: Charles L. Webster & Co. Kendall, George Wilkins (1999). Lawrence Dilbert Cress, ed. Dispatches from the Mexican War . Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Polk, James, K. (1910). Milo Milton Quaife, ed. The Diary of James K. Polk: During his Presidency, 1845-- 1849 . Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. Robinson, Cecil, The View From Chapultepec: Mexican Writers on the Mexican War , University of Arizona Press (Tucson, 1989). Smith, Franklin (1991). Joseph E. Chance, ed. The Mexican War Journal of Captain Franklin Smith . Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. George Winston and Charles Judah, ed. (1968). Chronicles of the Gringos: The U.S. Army in the Mexican War, 1846-- 1848, Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Combatants . Albuquerque, New Mexico: The University of New Mexico Press. Webster, Daniel (1984). Charles M. Wiltse, ed. The Papers of Daniel Webster, Correspondence. 6 . Hanover, New Hampshire: The University Press of New England. `` Treaty of Guadalope Hidalgo'' . Internet Sourcebook Project . Retrieved November 26, 2008 . `` 28th Congress, 2nd session'' . United States House Journal . Retrieved November 26, 2008 . `` 29th Congress, 1st session'' . United States House Journal . Retrieved November 26, 2008 . `` 28th Congress, 2nd session'' . United States Senate Journal . Retrieved November 26, 2008 . `` 29th Congress, 1st session'' . United States Senate Journal . Retrieved November 26, 2008 . William Hugh Robarts, `` Mexican War veterans: a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico, from 1846 to 1848; the volunteers are arranged by states, alphabetically'' , BRENTANO'S (A.S. WITHERBEE & CO, Proprietors); WASHINGTON, D.C. , 1887. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mexican-- American War . Guides, bibliographies and collections ( edit ) Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War The Handbook of Texas Online: Mexican War Reading List compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History Mexican War Resources The Mexican-- American War, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries Media and primary sources ( edit ) A Continent Divided: The U.S. - Mexico War Robert E. Lee Mexican War Maps in the VMI Archives The Mexican War and the Media, 1845-- 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and related resources at the U.S. Library of Congress Letters of Winfield Scott including official reports from the front sent to the Secretary of War Franklin Pierce's Journal on the March from Vera Cruz Mexican-- American War Time line Animated History of the Mexican-- American War Maps showing course of Mexican-American War at omniatlas.com Other ( edit ) PBS site of US-Mexican war program Battle of Monterrey Web Site -- Complete Info on the battle Manifest Destiny and the U.S.-Mexican War: Then and Now The Mexican War Smithsonian teaching aids for `` Establishing Borders: The Expansion of the United States, 1846-- 48'' A History by the Descendants of Mexican War Veterans Mexican-- American War Invisible Men: Blacks and the U.S. Army in the Mexican War by Robert E. May Milton Meltzer, `` Bound for the Rio Grande: Traitors--Or Martyrs'' , Reading, video, and lesson for high school students, 1974, Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools. Google Map of The Mexican-American War of 1846-- 1848 John H. Hewitt wrote the song `` The Fall of Mexico'' in 1847 United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine (1823) Platt Amendment (1901-- 04) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology (1904) Good Neighbor policy (1933) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican-- American War (1846-- 48) Spanish-- American War (1898) Border War (1910-- 19) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution (1916-- 19) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition (1858) First Occupation of Cuba (1899-- 1902) Panama-- Colombia separation and Hay-- Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) Second Occupation of Cuba (1906-- 09) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua (1912-- 33) Occupation of Veracruz (1914) Occupation of Haiti (1915-- 34) Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916-- 24) Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965-- 66) Invasion of Grenada (1983) Invasion of Panama (1989) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Foreign policy of the United States Latin America-- United States relations Mexico articles History Pre-Columbian era Colonial era War of Independence First Mexican Empire First Mexican Republic Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican-- American War Second Mexican Republic La Reforma French intervention Second Mexican Empire Porfiriato Mexican Revolution Cristero War Maximato Institutional Revolutionary Party Mexican miracle Chiapas conflict Mexican Drug War Geography Borders Cities Climate Earthquakes Extreme points Forests Islands Metropolitan areas Mountains Protected Natural Areas Rivers States Territorial evolution Time Volcanos Water resources Wettest-known tropical cyclones Politics Administrative divisions Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Federal government Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Law Law enforcement Military Political parties President Cabinet Supreme Court State legislatures Economy Agriculture Automotive market Central bank Companies Economic history Energy Irrigation Labor law North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Oil Pension system Peso (currency) Petroleum Science and technology States by GDP States by unemployment Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Water scarcity Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Nationality law People Poverty Religion States by HDI Water supply and sanitation Welfare Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Flags Folklore Handcrafts and folk art Languages Literature Monuments Music National symbols Public holidays Radio Sports Television World Heritage Sites Outline Index Book Category Portal Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks-- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican-- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish-- American War Philippine-- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime-change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror History of California Before 1900 Native Californian Precontact First explorations Later explorations Spanish colonization Mexican rule California Trail Mexican-- American War Californio California Republic United States rule Gold Rush Civil War Since 1900 Labor Engineering Water wars Industrial growth Postwar culture Development Legal revolution Tech boom Present day By topic Highways Maritime Missions Ranchos Slavery Railroads Etymology By region San Fernando Valley By county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba By city Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Santa Ana Riverside Stockton Chula Vista Fremont Irvine San Bernardino Modesto Oxnard Fontana Moreno Valley Glendale Huntington Beach Santa Clarita Garden Grove Santa Rosa Oceanside Rancho Cucamonga Ontario Lancaster Elk Grove Palmdale Corona Salinas Pomona Torrance Hayward Escondido Sunnyvale Pasadena Fullerton Orange Thousand Oaks Visalia Simi Valley Concord Roseville Santa Clara Vallejo Victorville El Monte Berkeley Downey Costa Mesa Inglewood Ventura Fairfield Santa Maria Redding Santa Monica Santa Barbara Chico Merced Napa Redwood City Yuba City Madera Santa Cruz San Rafael Woodland Hanford San Luis Obispo El Centro Lompoc Martinez Hollister Eureka Susanville Ukiah Oroville Red Bluff Auburn Marysville Piedmont Placerville Yreka Crescent City Willows Colusa Sonora Lakeport Jackson Nevada City Alturas United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican-- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African-American civil rights movement 1865-- 1896 / 1896-- 1954 / 1954-- 1968 Spanish-- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991-- 2008) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events (2008-- present) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890-- 1945 1946-- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home-ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same-sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America's Critical Period 1776-- 89 1789-- 1849 1849-- 65 1865-- 1918 1918-- 45 1945-- 64 1964-- 80 1980-- 91 1991-- 2008 2008-- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal NDL : 00560575 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican-- American_War&oldid =833186623 '' Categories : Mexican-- American War 1840s conflicts 1846 in Alta California 1846 in Mexico 1846 in the United States 1847 in Alta California 1847 in Mexico 1847 in the United States 1848 in California 1848 in Mexico 1848 in the United States Conflicts in 1846 Conflicts in 1847 Conflicts in 1848 History of United States expansionism Invasions Mexican California Mexico-- United States relations Presidency of James K. Polk Pre-statehood history of Arizona Pre-statehood history of California Pre-statehood history of Nevada Pre-statehood history of New Mexico Pre-statehood history of Utah Southwestern United States United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries Wars fought in Arizona Wars fought in California Wars fought in Texas Wars involving the United States Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Pages with login required references or sources CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Use mdy dates from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文49moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon30March2018,at03:49.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 7534131655041956406 |
what type of supporting tissue is lower part of your nose made of | The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella . The nasal septum contains bone and hyaline cartilage . It is normally about 2 mm thick . | [
[
"hyaline cartilage"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Nasal septum Bones and cartilages of septum of nose . Right side . Details Artery Anterior ethmoidal posterior ethmoidal sphenopalatine greater palatine branch of superior labial Nerve Anterior ethmoidal nasopalatine nerves Identifiers Latin Septum nasi MeSH A02. 165.407. 600 Dorlands / Elsevier s_08 / 12730490 TA A06. 1.02. 004 FMA 54375 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"Nasal septum",
"Bones and cartilages of septum of nose . Right side .",
"Details",
"Artery Anterior ethmoidal posterior ethmoidal sphenopalatine greater palatine branch of superior labial",
"Nerve Anterior ethmoidal nasopalatine nerves",
"Identifiers",
"Latin Septum nasi",
"MeSH A02. 165.407. 600",
"Dorlands / Elsevier s_08 / 12730490",
"TA A06. 1.02. 004",
"FMA 54375",
"Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"The nasal septum ( Latin : septum nasi ) separates the left and right airways in the nose , dividing the two nostrils .",
"It is depressed by the depressor septi nasi muscle .",
"The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella . The nasal septum contains bone and hyaline cartilage . It is normally about 2 mm thick .",
"The nasal septum is composed of five structures :",
"perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone vomer bone septal nasal cartilage crest of the maxillary bone crest of the palatine bone",
"perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone",
"septal nasal cartilage",
"crest of the maxillary bone",
"crest of the palatine bone",
"At an early period the septum of the nose consists of a plate of cartilage , the ethmovomerine cartilage .",
"The postero - superior part of this cartilage is ossified to form the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid ; its antero - inferior portion persists as the septal cartilage , while the vomer is ossified in the membrane covering its postero - inferior part .",
"Two ossification centers , one on either side of the middle line , appear about the eighth week of fetal life in this part of the membrane , and hence the vomer consists primarily of two lamellae .",
"About the third month these unite below , and thus a deep groove is formed in which the cartilage is lodged .",
"As growth proceeds , the union of the lamellae extends upward and forward , and at the same time the intervening plate of cartilage undergoes absorption .",
"By the onset of puberty the lamellae are almost completely united to form a median plate , but evidence of the bilaminar origin of the bone is seen in the everted alae of its upper border and in the groove on its anterior margin .",
"The nasal septum can depart from the centre line of the nose in a condition that is known as a deviated septum caused by trauma . However , it is normal to have a slight deviation to one side . The septum generally stays in the midline until about the age of seven , at which point it will frequently deviate to the right .",
"A perforated nasal septum can be caused by an ulcer , trauma due to an inserted object , long - term exposure to welding fumes , or cocaine use . There is a procedure that can be of help to those suffering from perforated septum . A silicone button can be inserted in the hole to close the open sore . An operation to the nasal septum is known as a septoplasty .",
"The nasal septum can be affected by both benign ( fibroma , inflammatory hemangioma of the nasal septum -- `` bleeding polyp '' , etc . ) and malignant tumors ( squamous cell carcinoma , esthesioneuroblastoma , etc . ) .",
"The inferior part of the nasal septum can be pierced , usually through the soft tissue but the piercing can also transverse ( partially ) the cartilage of the septum .",
"Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities . Left orbicularis oculi , seen from behind . Cartilages of the nose , seen from below . Coronal section of nasal cavities . Front of nasal part of pharynx , as seen with the laryngoscope . MRI image showing nasal septum . MRI image showing deviated septum",
"Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities .",
"Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities .",
"Left orbicularis oculi , seen from behind .",
"Left orbicularis oculi , seen from behind .",
"Cartilages of the nose , seen from below .",
"Cartilages of the nose , seen from below .",
"Coronal section of nasal cavities .",
"Coronal section of nasal cavities .",
"Front of nasal part of pharynx , as seen with the laryngoscope .",
"Front of nasal part of pharynx , as seen with the laryngoscope .",
"MRI image showing nasal septum .",
"MRI image showing nasal septum .",
"MRI image showing deviated septum",
"MRI image showing deviated septum"
] | Nasal septum - wikipedia Nasal septum Jump to: navigation , search This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nasal septum Bones and cartilages of septum of nose. Right side. Details Artery Anterior ethmoidal posterior ethmoidal sphenopalatine greater palatine branch of superior labial Nerve Anterior ethmoidal nasopalatine nerves Identifiers Latin Septum nasi MeSH A02.165.407.600 Dorlands /Elsevier s_08/12730490 TA A06.1.02.004 FMA 54375 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The nasal septum ( Latin : septum nasi ) separates the left and right airways in the nose , dividing the two nostrils . It is depressed by the depressor septi nasi muscle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Cosmetic procedures 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella. The nasal septum contains bone and hyaline cartilage. It is normally about 2 mm thick. The nasal septum is composed of five structures: perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone vomer bone septal nasal cartilage crest of the maxillary bone crest of the palatine bone Development ( edit ) Vomer of infant At an early period the septum of the nose consists of a plate of cartilage , the ethmovomerine cartilage . The postero-superior part of this cartilage is ossified to form the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid ; its antero-inferior portion persists as the septal cartilage, while the vomer is ossified in the membrane covering its postero-inferior part. Two ossification centers , one on either side of the middle line, appear about the eighth week of fetal life in this part of the membrane, and hence the vomer consists primarily of two lamellae. About the third month these unite below, and thus a deep groove is formed in which the cartilage is lodged. As growth proceeds, the union of the lamellae extends upward and forward, and at the same time the intervening plate of cartilage undergoes absorption. By the onset of puberty the lamellae are almost completely united to form a median plate, but evidence of the bilaminar origin of the bone is seen in the everted alae of its upper border and in the groove on its anterior margin. Clinical significance ( edit ) The nasal septum can depart from the centre line of the nose in a condition that is known as a deviated septum caused by trauma. However, it is normal to have a slight deviation to one side. The septum generally stays in the midline until about the age of seven, at which point it will frequently deviate to the right. A perforated nasal septum can be caused by an ulcer, trauma due to an inserted object, long-term exposure to welding fumes, or cocaine use. There is a procedure that can be of help to those suffering from perforated septum. A silicone button can be inserted in the hole to close the open sore. An operation to the nasal septum is known as a septoplasty . The nasal septum can be affected by both benign ( fibroma , inflammatory hemangioma of the nasal septum-- `` bleeding polyp'' , etc.) and malignant tumors ( squamous cell carcinoma , esthesioneuroblastoma , etc.). Cosmetic procedures ( edit ) The inferior part of the nasal septum can be pierced , usually through the soft tissue but the piercing can also transverse (partially) the cartilage of the septum . Additional images ( edit ) Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities. Left orbicularis oculi, seen from behind. Cartilages of the nose, seen from below. Coronal section of nasal cavities. Front of nasal part of pharynx, as seen with the laryngoscope. MRI image showing nasal septum. MRI image showing deviated septum See also ( edit ) Anatomy portal Nose Nasal septum piercing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: lesson9 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth S. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. p. 856. ISBN 9780073378251 . Jump up ^ Liong, Kyrin; Lee, Shu Jin; Lee, Heow Pueh (2013). `` Preliminary Deformational Studies on a Finite Element Model of the Nasal Septum Reveals Key Areas for Septal Realignment and Reconstruction'' . Journal of Medical Engineering . 2013 : 1-- 8. ISSN 2314-5129 . doi : 10.1155/2013/250274 . Jump up ^ Lee, Choong Ryeol; Yoo, Cheol In; Lee, Ji Ho; Kang, Seong Kyu (2002). `` Nasal Septum Perforation of Welders'' . Journal of Industrial Health . 40 (3): 286-- 289. doi : 10.2486/indhealth.40.286 . This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nasal septum . Anatomy figure: 33:02-01 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Diagram of skeleton of medial (septal) nasal wall.'' Diagram at evmsent.org lesson9 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) ( nasalseptumbonescarti ) ( hide ) Anatomy of the human nose External nose Ala of nose nasal cartilages of the septum Greater alar Lesser alar Lateral nasal Accessory nasal Vomeronasal Nasal cavity Openings Nasal vestibule Nostril Posterior nasal apertures Lateral wall Nasal conchae : Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal meatus : (Supreme superior middle inferior) Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoid bulla Agger nasi Ethmoidal infundibulum Semilunar hiatus Maxillary hiatus Medial wall Nasal septum Vomeronasal organ Mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Paranasal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Naso - pharynx Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Salpingopharyngeal fold Salpingopalatine fold Torus tubarius Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal recess Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasal_septum&oldid=800901437 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) Nose Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2017 All articles lacking in-text citations Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles containing Latin-language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 11:52. About Wikipedia | -7307423068984895977 |
when will terminal 1 at heathrow be demolished | Terminal 1 was accessible to both bus and coach services from Heathrow Central bus station . There were also several coach services operated by National Express . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Heathrow Terminal 1 Heathrow Terminal 1 in 2007 Location within Greater London General information Status Closed Type Airport terminal Coordinates 51 ° 28 ′ 23 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 04 '' W / 51.473 ° N 0.451 ° W / 51.473 ; - 0.451 Coordinates : 51 ° 28 ′ 23 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 04 '' W / 51.473 ° N 0.451 ° W / 51.473 ; - 0.451 Inaugurated May 1969 Renovated 2005 ( opening of Eastern Extension ) Client Heathrow Airport Holdings",
"Heathrow Terminal 1",
"Heathrow Terminal 1 in 2007",
"Location within Greater London",
"General information",
"Status Closed",
"Type Airport terminal",
"Coordinates 51 ° 28 ′ 23 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 04 '' W / 51.473 ° N 0.451 ° W / 51.473 ; - 0.451 Coordinates : 51 ° 28 ′ 23 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 04 '' W / 51.473 ° N 0.451 ° W / 51.473 ; - 0.451",
"Inaugurated May 1969",
"Renovated 2005 ( opening of Eastern Extension )",
"Client Heathrow Airport Holdings",
"Heathrow Terminal 1 was an airport terminal at London Heathrow Airport that was in operation between 1968 and 2015 . When it was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in April 1969 it was the largest new airport terminal in western Europe . At the point of its closure on 29 June 2015 it had only been handling twenty daily flights by British Airways to nine destinations . In May 2017 the entire contents of the terminal was put up for auction . The footprint of Terminal 1 was planned to be used for construction of the second phase of London Heathrow Terminal 2 .",
"Terminal 1 was designed by Frederick Gibberd , who also designed the earlier Europa Building ( renamed Terminal 2 ) and the adjacent Queens Building . It opened to passengers in 1968 , and it was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II in April 1969 . At the time , Terminal 1 was the biggest short - haul terminal of its kind in Western Europe .",
"A new pier ( the so - called Europier ) was added in the 1990s which increased the capacity of the terminal , catering for wide - body aircraft . There was separation between arriving and departing passengers within the International section , although the terminal was not originally built to cater for this separation . In 2005 , a substantial redesign and redevelopment of Terminal 1 was completed , which saw the opening of the new Eastern Extension , doubling the departure lounge in size and creating additional seating and retail space .",
"Since the buyout of British Midland International ( BMI ) , British Airways served some short - and medium - haul destinations from this terminal . Virgin Atlantic operated its short lived Little Red UK domestic operation from the former BMI departure area in Gate 8 of Terminal 1 .",
"Terminal 1 closed on 29 June 2015 to allow the second stage of Terminal 2 's expansion . Ahead of its closure , all remaining flights were moved to other terminals . Several airlines had already left Terminal 1 ahead of this date during 2014 and 2015 . The last tenants alongside British Airways were Icelandair , El Al and TAM Airlines ; TAM Airlines ( the third one ) moved to Terminal 3 on 27 May 2015 .",
"The final flight to depart Terminal 1 was British Airways BA0970 to Hannover , Germany , which departed at 21 : 30 on 29 June 2015 . British Airways was the last airline to operate out of Terminal 1 with flights to Amman - Queen Alia , Baku , Beirut , Cairo and Hanover which all moved to Terminal 5 and to Bilbao , Luxembourg , Lyon and Marseille which all have been relocated to Terminal 3 . British Airways previously had a flights to Tel Aviv from this terminal , on March 30 , 2014 , the flight transferred to Terminal 5 .",
"Due to its impending closure , there were just seven shops left airside in the terminal by June 2015 : Boots , Cocoon , Dixons Travel , Glorious Britain , WHSmith and World Duty Free . There was an airside link to Terminal 2 allowing passengers to use the facilities in that terminal . All Star Alliance members were formerly in Terminal 1 but moved to Terminal 2 due to its closure . The Star Alliance lounge , the El Al King David Lounge and the Servisair lounge were closed prior to the closure of the Terminal . The British Airways International lounge near Gate 5 was operational until the end . The gates at Terminal 1 were numbered 2 -- 8 , 16 -- 21 and 74 -- 78 . In early 2017 it was announced that the global auction firm CA Global Partners would host a series of auctions and private treaty sales involving all of the remaining contents of the terminal .",
"As part of the three central terminals at Heathrow , it was well linked to the M4 motorway via the M4 spur road and through a tunnel under the north runway . There was a short stay car park directly opposite the terminal and there was also a long stay car park on the Northern Perimeter Road by the northern entrance to the tunnel accessed by a shuttle bus service .",
"Terminal 1 was accessed by the London Underground from Heathrow Terminals 1 , 2 , 3 tube station , with trains towards Cockfosters station via Central London . The Terminal was also accessed by Heathrow Connect and Express from Heathrow Central where services go to London Paddington .",
"Terminal 1 was accessible to both bus and coach services from Heathrow Central bus station . There were also several coach services operated by National Express ."
] | Heathrow Terminal 1 - wikipedia Heathrow Terminal 1 Jump to: navigation , search Heathrow Terminal 1 Heathrow Terminal 1 in 2007 Location within Greater London General information Status Closed Type Airport terminal Coordinates 51° 28′ 23'' N 0° 27′ 04'' W / 51.473° N 0.451° W / 51.473; -0.451 Coordinates : 51° 28′ 23'' N 0° 27′ 04'' W / 51.473° N 0.451° W / 51.473; -0.451 Inaugurated May 1969 Renovated 2005 (opening of Eastern Extension) Client Heathrow Airport Holdings Heathrow Terminal 1 was an airport terminal at London Heathrow Airport that was in operation between 1968 and 2015. When it was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in April 1969 it was the largest new airport terminal in western Europe. At the point of its closure on 29 June 2015 it had only been handling twenty daily flights by British Airways to nine destinations. In May 2017 the entire contents of the terminal was put up for auction. The footprint of Terminal 1 was planned to be used for construction of the second phase of London Heathrow Terminal 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Facilities 3 Ground transport 3.1 Road links 3.2 Rail links 3.3 Bus links 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) British European Airways aircraft at Terminal 1 in 1971 Lineup of British Airways aircraft at T1 in the early 1980s Terminal 1 was designed by Frederick Gibberd , who also designed the earlier Europa Building (renamed Terminal 2 ) and the adjacent Queens Building . It opened to passengers in 1968, and it was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II in April 1969. At the time, Terminal 1 was the biggest short-haul terminal of its kind in Western Europe. A new pier (the so-called Europier ) was added in the 1990s which increased the capacity of the terminal, catering for wide-body aircraft . There was separation between arriving and departing passengers within the International section, although the terminal was not originally built to cater for this separation. In 2005, a substantial redesign and redevelopment of Terminal 1 was completed, which saw the opening of the new Eastern Extension, doubling the departure lounge in size and creating additional seating and retail space. Since the buyout of British Midland International (BMI), British Airways served some short- and medium-haul destinations from this terminal. Virgin Atlantic operated its short lived Little Red UK domestic operation from the former BMI departure area in Gate 8 of Terminal 1. Terminal 1 closed on 29 June 2015 to allow the second stage of Terminal 2's expansion. Ahead of its closure, all remaining flights were moved to other terminals. Several airlines had already left Terminal 1 ahead of this date during 2014 and 2015. The last tenants alongside British Airways were Icelandair , El Al and TAM Airlines ; TAM Airlines (the third one) moved to Terminal 3 on 27 May 2015. The final flight to depart Terminal 1 was British Airways BA0970 to Hannover , Germany, which departed at 21:30 on 29 June 2015. British Airways was the last airline to operate out of Terminal 1 with flights to Amman-Queen Alia, Baku, Beirut, Cairo and Hanover which all moved to Terminal 5 and to Bilbao, Luxembourg, Lyon and Marseille which all have been relocated to Terminal 3. British Airways previously had a flights to Tel Aviv from this terminal, on March 30, 2014, the flight transferred to Terminal 5. Facilities ( edit ) Due to its impending closure, there were just seven shops left airside in the terminal by June 2015: Boots, Cocoon, Dixons Travel, Glorious Britain, WHSmith and World Duty Free. There was an airside link to Terminal 2 allowing passengers to use the facilities in that terminal. All Star Alliance members were formerly in Terminal 1 but moved to Terminal 2 due to its closure. The Star Alliance lounge, the El Al King David Lounge and the Servisair lounge were closed prior to the closure of the Terminal. The British Airways International lounge near Gate 5 was operational until the end. The gates at Terminal 1 were numbered 2-- 8, 16-- 21 and 74-- 78. In early 2017 it was announced that the global auction firm CA Global Partners would host a series of auctions and private treaty sales involving all of the remaining contents of the terminal. Ground transport ( edit ) Road links ( edit ) As part of the three central terminals at Heathrow, it was well linked to the M4 motorway via the M4 spur road and through a tunnel under the north runway. There was a short stay car park directly opposite the terminal and there was also a long stay car park on the Northern Perimeter Road by the northern entrance to the tunnel accessed by a shuttle bus service. Rail links ( edit ) Terminal 1 was accessed by the London Underground from Heathrow Terminals 1,2,3 tube station , with trains towards Cockfosters station via Central London. The Terminal was also accessed by Heathrow Connect and Express from Heathrow Central where services go to London Paddington . Bus links ( edit ) Terminal 1 was accessible to both bus and coach services from Heathrow Central bus station . There were also several coach services operated by National Express . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Heathrow Terminal 2 ' will make Britain more competitive ' '' . The Telegraph . 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heathrow Airport -- Terminal 1'' (Offered for sale by Private Treaty and a series of Auctions) . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . opened in 1968 and was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II in April 1969. At the time Terminal 1 was the biggest short-haul terminal of its kind in Western Europe. Jump up ^ Global Partners; Indassol (24 May 2017). Heathrow Airport: Complete Contents of Terminal 1 (PDF) (Report) . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://mediacentre.heathrow.com/pressrelease/details/81/Corporate-operational-24/4711 Jump up ^ Above Us The Skies: The Story Of BAA -- 1991 (Michael Donne -- BAA plc), p. 40 ^ Jump up to: `` New flight routes and destinations from British Airways'' . britishairways.com. Jump up ^ `` Which terminal? - Check your terminal at Heathrow'' . heathrowairport.com. Jump up ^ `` Airport maps'' . heathrowairport.com. Jump up ^ `` CA Global Partners Auctions & Liquidations'' . cagp.com . Retrieved 2017-03-16 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Heathrow Terminal 1 at Wikimedia Commons Heathrow Airport website ( hide ) Heathrow Airport Terminals Present Terminal 2 Terminal 3 Terminal 4 Terminal 5 Closed Terminal 1 West London Air Terminal Future Terminal 6 & Runway 3 Air hub for British Airways Virgin Atlantic Ground Transport Railway stations Heathrow Central (rail) Terminals 2 & 3 (tube) Terminal 4 (rail) Terminal 4 (tube) Terminal 5 Heathrow Junction (closed) Rail services Elizabeth line Heathrow Express Piccadilly line Terminal 5 PRT Terminal 5 people mover Heathrow Connect (ceased) Bus Heathrow Central bus station bus routes 81 105 111 140 285 724 X26 RailAir M4 bus lane (closed) Proposed Heathrow Hub station Heathrow Airtrack Heathwick Western Rail Approach Tunnels Heathrow Airside Road Tunnel Heathrow Cargo Tunnel Miscellaneous History of Heathrow Airport Airlink helicopter shuttle Expansion plans Media related to Heathrow Airport at Wikimedia Commons Heathrow Airport Holdings Heathrow Airport Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heathrow_Terminal_1&oldid=842887608 '' Categories : Heathrow Airport Heathrow Airport Holdings Airport terminals Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from July 2015 EngvarB from July 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 10:41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 3040004503763164595 |
what are the liabilities of the united states that made it difficult to build a nation | 2006 13194.7 11319.4 299.98 44071 37807 | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The economic history of the United States is about characteristics of and important developments in the U.S. economy from colonial times to the present . The emphasis is on economic performance and how it was affected by new technologies , the change of size in economic sectors and the effects of legislation and government policy . Specialized business history is covered in American business history .",
"The colonial economy differed significantly from that of most other regions in that land and natural resources were abundant in America but labor was scarce .",
"From 1700 to 1775 the output of the thirteen colonies increased 12 fold , giving the colonies an economy about 30 % the size of Britain 's at the time of independence . Population growth was responsible for over three - quarters of the economic growth of the British American colonies . The free white population had the highest standard of living in the world . There was very little change in productivity and little in the way of introduction of new goods and services .",
"Under the colonial system Britain put restrictions on the type of products that could be made in the colonies and put restrictions on trade outside the British Empire .",
"Initial colonization of North America was extremely difficult and the great majority of settlers before 1625 died in their first year . Settlers had to depend on what they could hunt and gather plus what they brought with them and on uncertain shipments of food , tools and supplies until they could build shelters and forts , clear land and grow enough food and build gristmills , sawmills , iron works and blacksmith shops to be self - supporting . They also had to defend themselves against raids from hostile Indian and French forces . After 1829 population growth was very rapid due to high birth rates ( 8 children per family versus 4 in Europe ) and lower death rates than in Europe , and immigration . The long life expectancy of the colonists was due to the abundant supply of food and firewood and the low population density that limited spread of infectious diseases . The death rate from diseases , especially malaria , was higher in the warm , humid southern colonies than in cold New England .",
"The higher birth rate was due to better employment opportunities . Many young adults in Europe delayed marriage for financial reasons . Also there were many servants in Europe who were not permitted to marry . The population of white settlers grew from an estimated 40,000 in 1650 to 235,000 in 1700 . In 1690 there were an estimated 13,000 black slaves . The population grew at an annual rate of over 3 % throughout the 18th century , doubling every 25 years or less . By 1775 the population had grown to 2.6 million , of which 2.1 million were white , 540,000 black and 50,000 Native American , giving the colonies about one third of the population of Britain . The three most populated colonies in 1775 were Virginia , with a 21 % share , and Pennsylvania and Massachusetts with 11 % each .",
"The colonial economy of what would become the United States was pre-industrial , primarily characterized by subsistence farming . Farm households also were engaged in handicraft production , mostly for home consumption , but with some goods sold .",
"The market economy was based on extracting and processing natural resource and agricultural products for local consumption , such as mining , gristmills and sawmills , and the export of agricultural products . The most important agricultural exports were raw and processed feed grains ( wheat , Indian corn , rice , bread and flour ) and tobacco . Tobacco was a major crop in the Chesapeake Bay region and rice a major crop in South Carolina . Dried and salted fish was also a significant export . North Carolina was the leading producer of naval stores , which included turpentine ( used for lamps ) , rosin ( candles and soap ) , tar ( rope and wood preservative ) and pitch ( ships ' hulls ) . Another export was potash , which was derived from hardwood ashes and was used as a fertilizer and for making soap and glass .",
"The colonies depended on Britain for many finished goods , partly because laws prohibited making many types of finished goods in the colonies . These laws achieved the intended purpose of creating a trade surplus for Britain . The colonial balance trade in goods was heavily in favor of Britain ; however , American shippers were able to offset roughly half of the goods trade deficit with revenues earned by shipping between ports within the British Empire .",
"The largest non-agricultural segment was ship building , which was from 5 to 20 % of total employment . About 45 % of American made ships were sold to foreigners .",
"Exports and related services accounted for about one - sixth of income in the decade before revolution . Just before the revolution , tobacco was about a quarter of the value of exports . Also at the time of the revolution the colonies produced about 15 % of world iron , although the value of exported iron was small compared to grains and tobacco . The mined American iron ores at that time were not large deposits and were not all of high quality ; however , the huge forests provided adequate wood for making charcoal . Wood in Britain was becoming scarce and coke was beginning to be substituted for charcoal ; however , coke made inferior iron . Britain encouraged colonial production of pig and bar iron , but banned construction of new colonial iron fabrication shops in 1750 , but the ban was mostly ignored by the colonists .",
"Settlement was sparse during the colonial period and transportation was severely limited by lack of improved roads . Towns were located on or near the coasts or navigable inland waterways . Even on improved roads , which were rare during the colonial period , wagon transport was very expensive . Economical distance for transporting low value agricultural commodities to navigable waterways varied but was limited to something on the order of less than 25 miles . In the few small cities and among the larger plantations of South Carolina , and Virginia , some necessities and virtually all luxuries were imported in return for tobacco , rice , and indigo exports .",
"By the 18th century , regional patterns of development had become clear : the New England colonies relied on shipbuilding and sailing to generate wealth ; plantations ( many using slave labor ) in Maryland , Virginia , and the Carolinas grew tobacco , rice , and indigo ; and the middle colonies of New York , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Delaware shipped general crops and furs . Except for slaves , standards of living were generally high -- higher , in fact , than in England itself .",
"The New England region 's economy grew steadily over the entire colonial era , despite the lack of a staple crop that could be exported . All the provinces and many towns as well , tried to foster economic growth by subsidizing projects that improved the infrastructure , such as roads , bridges , inns and ferries . They gave bounties and subsidies or monopolies to sawmills , grist mills , iron mills , pulling mills ( which treated cloth ) , salt works and glassworks . Most important , colonial legislatures set up a legal system that was conducive to business enterprise by resolving disputes , enforcing contracts , and protecting property rights . Hard work and entrepreneurship characterized the region , as the Puritans and Yankees endorsed the `` Protestant Ethic '' , which enjoined men to work hard as part of their divine calling .",
"The benefits of growth were widely distributed in New England , reaching from merchants to farmers to hired laborers . The rapidly growing population led to shortages of good farm land on which young families could establish themselves ; one result was to delay marriage , and another was to move to new lands farther west . In the towns and cities , there was strong entrepreneurship , and a steady increase in the specialization of labor . Wages for men went up steadily before 1775 ; new occupations were opening for women , including weaving , teaching , and tailoring . The region bordered New France , and in the numerous wars the British poured money in to purchase supplies , build roads and pay colonial soldiers . The coastal ports began to specialize in fishing , international trade and shipbuilding -- and after 1780 in whaling . Combined with growing urban markets for farm products , these factors allowed the economy to flourish despite the lack of technological innovation .",
"The Connecticut economy began with subsistence farming in the 17th century , and developed with greater diversity and an increased focus on production for distant markets , especially the British colonies in the Caribbean . The American Revolution cut off imports from Britain , and stimulated a manufacturing sector that made heavy use of the entrepreneurship and mechanical skills of the people . In the second half of the 18th century , difficulties arose from the shortage of good farmland , periodic money problems , and downward price pressures in the export market . In agriculture there was a shift from grain to animal products . The colonial government from time to time attempted to promote various commodities such as hemp , potash , and lumber as export items to bolster its economy and improve its balance of trade with Great Britain .",
"Historian Carl Bridenbaugh examined in depth five key cities : Boston ( population 16,000 in 1760 ) , Newport Rhode Island ( population 7500 ) , New York City ( population 18,000 ) , Philadelphia ( population 23,000 ) , and Charles Town ( Charlestown , South Carolina ) , ( population 8000 ) . He argues they grew from small villages to take major leadership roles in promoting trade , land speculation , immigration , and prosperity , and in disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment , and new methods in medicine and technology . Furthermore , they sponsored a consumer taste for English amenities , developed a distinctly American educational system , and began systems for care of people meeting welfare . The cities were not remarkable by European standards , but they did display certain distinctly American characteristics , according to Bridenbaugh . There was no aristocracy or established church , there was no long tradition of powerful guilds . The colonial governments were much less powerful and intrusive than corresponding national governments in Europe . They experimented with new methods to raise revenue , build infrastructure , and solve urban problems . They were more democratic than European cities , in that a large fraction of the men could vote , and class lines were more fluid . Contrasted to Europe , printers ( especially as newspaper editors ) had a much larger role in shaping public opinion , and lawyers moved easily back and forth between politics and their profession . Bridenbaugh argues that by the mid-18th century , the middle - class businessmen , professionals , and skilled artisans dominated the cities . He characterizes them as `` sensible , shrewd , frugal , ostentatiously moral , generally honest , '' public spirited , and upwardly mobile , and argues their economic strivings led to `` democratic yearnings '' for political power .",
"Numerous historians have explored the roles of working - class men , including slaves , in the economy of the colonial cities , and in the early Republic .",
"There were few cities in the entire South , and Charleston ( Charles Town ) and New Orleans were the most important before the Civil War . The colony of South Carolina was settled mainly by planters from the overpopulated sugar island colony of Barbados , who brought large numbers of African slaves from that island .",
"On the eve of the Revolution , 95 percent of the American population lived outside the cities -- much to the frustration of the British , who were able to capture the cities with their Royal Navy , but lacked the manpower to occupy and subdue the countryside . In explaining the importance of the cities in shaping the American Revolution , Benjamin Carp compares the important role of waterfront workers , taverns , churches , kinship networks , and local politics . Historian Gary B. Nash emphasizes the role of the working class , and their distrust of their betters , in northern ports . He argues that working class artisans and skilled craftsmen made up a radical element in Philadelphia that took control of the city starting about 1770 and promoted a radical Democratic form of government during the revolution . They held power for a while , and used their control of the local militia disseminate their ideology to the working class and to stay in power until the businessmen staged a conservative counterrevolution .",
"The colonial economies of the world operated under the economic philosophy of mercantilism , a policy by which countries attempted to run a trade surplus in order to accumulate gold reserves . The colonial powers of England , France , Spain and the Dutch Republic tried to protect their investments in colonial ventures by limiting trade between each other 's colonies .",
"Spain clung to old style mercantilism , primarily concerned with enriching the Spanish government by accumulating gold and silver . The Dutch and particularly the British approach was more conducive to private business .",
"A mercantile policy that affected the British American colonies was the Navigation Acts , which were passed by the British Parliament between 1651 and 1673 .",
"Important features of the Navigation Acts are :",
"Foreign vessels were excluded from carrying trade between ports within the British Empire Manufactured goods from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England Enumerated items , which included furs , ship masts , rice , indigo and tobacco , were only allowed to be exported to Great Britain .",
"Foreign vessels were excluded from carrying trade between ports within the British Empire",
"Manufactured goods from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England",
"Enumerated items , which included furs , ship masts , rice , indigo and tobacco , were only allowed to be exported to Great Britain .",
"Although the Navigation Acts were enforced , they had a negligible effect on commerce and profitability of trade .",
"On the eve of independence Britain was entering the early stage of the Industrial Revolution , with cottage industries and workshops providing finished goods for export to the colonies .",
"The domestic economy of the British American colonies enjoyed a great deal of freedom , although some of their freedom was due to lack of enforcement of British regulations on commerce and industry . Adam Smith used the colonies as an example of the benefits of free enterprise . Colonists paid minimal taxes .",
"Some colonies , such as Virginia , were founded principally as business ventures . England 's success at colonizing what would become the United States was due in large part to its use of charter companies . Charter companies were groups of stockholders ( usually merchants and wealthy landowners ) who sought personal economic gain and , perhaps , wanted also to advance England 's national goals . While the private sector financed the companies , the king also provided each project with a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authority . The colonies did not show profits , however , and the disappointed English investors often turned over their colonial charters to the settlers . The political implications , although not realized at the time , were enormous . The colonists were left to build their own governments and their own economy .",
"The colonial governments had few expenses and taxes were minimal .",
"Although the colonies provided an export market for finished goods made in Britain or sourced by British merchants and shipped from Britain , the British incurred the expenses of providing protection against piracy by the British Navy and other military expenses . An early tax was the Molasses Act of 1733 .",
"In the 1760s the London government raised small sums by new taxes on the colonies . This occasioned an enormous uproar , from which historians date the origins of the American Revolution . The issue was not the amount of the taxes -- they were quite small -- but rather the constitutional authority of Parliament versus the colonial assemblies to vote taxes . New taxes included the Sugar Act of 1764 , the Stamp Act of 1765 and taxes on tea and other colonial imports . Historians have debated back and forth about the cost imposed by the Navigation Acts , which were less visible and rarely complained about . However , by 1995 , the consensus view among economic historians and economists was that the `` costs imposed on ( American ) colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small . ''",
"Americans in the Thirteen Colonies demanded their rights as Englishmen , as they saw it , to select their own representatives to govern and tax them -- which Britain refused . The Americans attempted resistance through boycotts of British manufactured items , but the British responded with a rejection of American rights and the Intolerable Acts of 1774 . In turn , the Americans launched the American Revolution , resulting in an all - out war against the British and to independence for the new United States of America . The British tried to crush the American economy with a blockade of all ports , but with 90 % of the people in farming , and only 10 % in cities , the American economy proved resilient and able to support a sustained war , which lasted from 1775 to 1783 .",
"The American Revolution ( 1775 -- 1783 ) brought a dedication to unalienable rights to `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' , which emphasize individual liberty and economic entrepreneurship , and simultaneously a commitment to the political values of liberalism and republicanism , which emphasize natural rights , equality under the law for all citizens , civic virtue and duty , and promotion of the general welfare .",
"Britain 's war against the Americans , French and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money it needed and raised the rest through an efficient system of taxation . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution .",
"Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover existing transactions , let alone on a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen , and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise it would be made good after the war . Indeed , in 1783 the soldiers and officers were given land grants to cover the wages they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States , did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war . Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the federal government 's full share of money and supplies from the states .",
"Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money , in 1775 -- 1780 , and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar . By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said , and a second issue of new currency was attempted . The second issue quickly became nearly worthless -- but it was redeemed by the new federal government in 1791 at 100 cents on the dollar . At the same time the states , especially Virginia and the Carolinas , issued over 200 million dollars of their own currency . In effect , the paper money was a hidden tax on the people , and indeed was the only method of taxation that was possible at the time . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages -- usually in arrears -- declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships suffered by their families .",
"Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy , Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam loaned large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s .",
"Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive .",
"The cities played a major role in fomenting the American Revolution , but they were hard hit during the war itself , 1775 - 83 . They lost their main role as oceanic ports , because of the blockade by the British Navy . Furthermore , the British occupied the cities , especially New York 1776 - 83 , and the others for briefer periods . During the occupations they were cut off from their hinterland trade and from overland communication . When the British finally departed in 1783 , they took out large numbers of wealthy merchants who resumed their business activities elsewhere in the British Empire .",
"The U.S. Constitution , adopted in 1787 , established that the entire nation was a unified , or common market , with no internal tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce . The extent of federal power was much debated , with Alexander Hamilton taking a very broad view as the first Secretary of the Treasury during the presidential administration of George Washington . Hamilton successfully argued for the concept of `` implied powers '' , whereby the federal government was authorized by the Constitution to create anything necessary to support its contents , even if it not specifically noted in it ( build lighthouses , etc . ) . He succeeded in building strong national credit based on taking over the state debts and bundling them with the old national debt into new securities sold to the wealthy . They in turn now had an interest in keeping the new government solvent . Hamilton funded the debt with tariffs on imported goods and a highly controversial tax on whiskey . Hamilton believed the United States should pursue economic growth through diversified shipping , manufacturing , and banking . He sought and achieved Congressional authority to create the First Bank of the United States in 1791 ; the charter lasted until 1811 .",
"After the war , the older cities finally restored their economic basis ; newer growing cities included Salem , Massachusetts ( which opened a new trade with China ) , New London , Connecticut , and Baltimore , Maryland . The Washington administration under the leadership of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton set up a national bank in 1791 , and local banks began to flourish in all the cities . Merchant entrepreneurship flourished and was a powerful engine of prosperity in the cities .",
"World peace lasted only a decade , for in 1793 a two - decade - long war between Britain and France and their allies broke out . As the leading neutral trading partner the United States did business with both sides . France resented it , and the Quasi-War of 1798 - 99 disrupted trade . Outraged at British impositions on American merchant ships , and sailors , the Jefferson and Madison administrations engaged in economic warfare with Britain 1807 - 1812 , and then full - scale warfare 1812 to 1815 . The result was additional serious damage to the mercantile interests .",
"There were very few roads outside of cities and no canals in the new nation . In 1792 it was reported that the cost of transport of many crops to seaport was from one - fifth to one half their cost . The cheapest form of transportation was by water , along the seacoast or on lakes and rivers .",
"In the mid 1780s Oliver Evans invented a fully automatic mill that could process grain with practically no human labor or operator attention . This was a revolutionary development in two ways : 1 ) it used bucket elevators and conveyor belts , which would eventually revolutionize materials handling , and 2 ) it used governors , a forerunner of modern automation , for control .",
"Cotton was at first a small - scale crop in the South . Cotton farming boomed following the improvement of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney . It was 50 times faster at removing the seeds than with a roller . Soon , large cotton plantations , based on slave labor , expanded in the richest lands from the Carolinas westward to Texas . The raw cotton was shipped to textile mills in Britain , France and New England .",
"In the final decade of the 18th century England was beginning to enter the rapid growth period of the Industrial Revolution , but the rest of the world was completely devoid of any type of large scale mechanized industry . Britain prohibited the export of textile machinery and designs and did not allow mechanics with such skills to emigrate . Samuel Slater , who worked as mechanic at a cotton spinning operation in England , memorized the design of the machinery . He was able to disguise himself as a laborer and emigrated to the U.S. , where he heard there was a demand for his knowledge . In 1789 Slater began working as a consultant to Almy & Brown in Rhode Island who were trying to successfully spin cotton on some equipment they had recently purchased . Slater determined that the machinery was not capable of producing good quality yarn and persuaded the owners to have him design new machinery . Slater found no mechanics in the U.S. when he arrived and had great difficulty finding someone to build the machinery . Eventually he located Oziel Wilkinson and his son David to produce iron castings and forgings for the machinery . According to David Wilkinson : `` all the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by Mr. Slater was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power '' . By 1791 Slater had some of the equipment operating . In 1793 Slater and Brown opened a factory in Pawtucket , Rhode Island , which was the first successful water powered roller spinning cotton factory in the U.S. ( See : Slater Mill Historic Site ) . David Wilkinson went on to invent a metalworking lathe which won him a Congressional prize .",
"The First Bank of the United States was chartered in 1791 . It was designed by Alexander Hamilton and faced strenuous opposition from agrarians led by Thomas Jefferson , who deeply distrusted banks and urban institutions .",
"The United States was pre-industrial throughout the first third of the 19th century . Most people lived on farms and produced much of what they consumed . A considerable percentage of the non-farm population was engaged in handling goods for export . The country was an exporter of agricultural products . The U.S. built the best ships in the world .",
"The textile industry became established in New England , where there was abundant water power . Steam power began being used in factories , but water was the dominant source of industrial power until after the Civil War .",
"The building of roads and canals , the introduction of steamboats and the first railroads were the beginning of a transportation revolution that would accelerate throughout the century .",
"The institutional arrangements of the American System were initially formulated by first Secretary of the Treasury , Alexander Hamilton , who proposed the creation of a government - sponsored bank and increased tariffs to encourage industrial development . Following Hamilton 's death at the hands of Aaron Burr , the American school of political economy was championed in the antebellum period by Henry Clay and the Whig Party generally .",
"Specific government programs and policies which gave shape and form to the American School and the American System include the establishment of the Patent Office in 1802 ; the creation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1807 and other measures to improve river and harbor navigation ; the various Army expeditions to the west , beginning with Lewis and Clark 's Corps of Discovery in 1804 and continuing into the 1870s , almost always under the direction of an officer from the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers , and which provided crucial information for the overland pioneers that followed ; the assignment of Army Engineer officers to assist or direct the surveying and construction of the early railroads and canals ; the establishment of the First Bank of the United States and Second Bank of the United States as well as various protectionist measures ( e.g. , the tariff of 1828 ) .",
"Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed a strong central government ( and , consequently , most of Hamilton 's economic policies ) , but they could not stop Hamilton , who wielded immense power and political clout in the Washington administration . In 1801 , however , Jefferson became president and turned to promoting a more decentralized , agrarian democracy called Jeffersonian democracy . ( He based his philosophy on protecting the common man from political and economic tyranny . He particularly praised small farmers as `` the most valuable citizens '' . ) However , Jefferson did not change Hamilton 's basic policies . As president in 1811 Madison let the bank charter expire , but the War of 1812 proved the need for a national bank and Madison reversed positions . The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 , with a 20 - year charter .",
"Thomas Jefferson was able to purchase the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 for $15 million , although the treasury at the time only had $10 million . The Louisiana Purchase greatly expanded the size of the United States , adding extremely good farmland , the Mississippi River and the city of New Orleans . Wars from 1793 to 1814 caused withdrawal of most foreign shipping from the U.S. , leaving trade in the Caribbean and Central and South America open for the U.S. Seizure of U.S. ships by France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars led to the Embargo Act of 1807 which prohibited most foreign trade . The War of 1812 , by cutting off almost all foreign trade , created a home market for goods made in the U.S. ( even if they were more expensive ) , changing an early tendency toward free trade into a protectionism characterized by nationalism and protective tariffs .",
"States built roads and waterways , such as the Cumberland Pike ( 1818 ) and the Erie Canal ( 1825 ) , opening up markets for western farm products . The Whig Party supported Clay 's American System , which proposed to build internal improvements ( e.g. roads , canals and harbors ) , protect industry , and create a strong national bank . The Whig legislation program was blocked at the national level by the Democrats , but similar modernization programs were enacted in most states on a bipartisan basis .",
"The role of the Federal Government in regulating interstate commerce was firmly established by the landmark Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v Ogden , which decided against allowing states to grant exclusive rights to steamboat companies operating between states .",
"President Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) , leader of the new Democratic Party , opposed the Second Bank of the United States , which he believed favored the entrenched interests of rich . When he was elected for a second term , Jackson blocked the renewal of the bank 's charter . Jackson opposed paper money and demanded the government be paid in gold and silver coins . The Panic of 1837 stopped business growth for three years .",
"Although there was relatively little immigration from Europe , the rapid expansion of settlements to the West , and the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 , opened up vast frontier lands . The high birth rate , and the availability of cheap land caused the rapid expansion of population . The average age was under 20 , with children everywhere . The population grew from 5.3 million people in 1800 , living on 865,000 square miles of land to 9.6 million in 1820 on 1,749,000 square miles . By 1840 , the population had reached 17,069,000 on the same land .",
"New Orleans and St. Louis joined the United States and grew rapidly ; entirely new cities were begun at Pittsburgh , Marietta , Cincinnati , Louisville , Lexington , Nashville and points west . The coming of the steamboat after 1810 made upstream traffic economical on major rivers , especially the Hudson , Ohio , Mississippi , Illinois , Missouri , Tennessee , and Cumberland rivers . Historian Richard Wade has emphasized the importance of the new cities in the Westward expansion in settlement of the farmlands . They were the transportation centers , and nodes for migration and financing of the westward expansion . The newly opened regions had few roads , but a very good river system in which everything flowed downstream to New Orleans . With the coming of the steamboat after 1815 , it became possible to move merchandise imported from the Northeast and from Europe upstream to new settlements . The opening of the Erie Canal made Buffalo the jumping off point for the lake transportation system that made important cities out of Cleveland , Detroit , and especially Chicago .",
"The U.S. economy of the early 19th century was characterized by labor shortages , as noted by numerous contemporary observers . The labor shortage was attributed to the cheapness of land and the high returns on agriculture . All types of labor were in high demand , especially unskilled labor and experienced factory workers . Labor prices in the U.S. were typically between 30 and 50 percent higher than in Britain . Women factory workers were especially scarce . The elasticity of labor was low in part because of lack of transportation and low population density . The relative labor scarcity and high price was an incentive for capital investment , particularly in machinery .",
"The U.S. economy was primarily agricultural in the early 19th century . Westward expansion plus the building of canals and the introduction of steamboats opened up new areas for agriculture . Much land was cleared and put into growing cotton in the Mississippi valley and in Alabama , and new grain growing areas were brought into production in the Mid West . Eventually this put severe downward pressure on prices , particularly of cotton , first from 1820 to 1823 and again from 1840 to 1843 .",
"Before the Industrial Revolution most cotton was spun and woven near where it was grown , leaving little raw cotton for the international marketplace . World cotton demand experienced strong growth due to mechanized spinning and weaving technologies of the Industrial Revolution . Although cotton was grown in India , China , Egypt , the Middle East and other tropical and sub-tropical areas , the Americas , particularly the U.S. , had sufficient suitable land available to support large scale cotton plantations , which were highly profitable . The cotton trade , excluding financing , transport and marketing , was 6 percent or less of national income in the 1830s . Cotton became the United States ' largest export .",
"Sugar cane was being grown in Louisiana , where it was refined into granular sugar . Growing and refining sugar required a large amount of capital . Some of the nation 's wealthiest people owned sugar plantations , which often had their own sugar mills .",
"Southern plantations , which grew cotton , sugar cane and tobacco , used negro slave labor .",
"There were only a few roads outside of cities at the beginning of the 19th century , but turnpikes were being built . A ton - mile by wagon cost from between 30 and 70 cents in 1819 . Robert Fulton 's estimate for typical wagonage was 32 cents per ton - mile . The cost of transporting wheat or corn to Philadelphia exceeded the value at 218 and 135 miles , respectively . To facilitate westward expansion , in 1801 Thomas Jefferson began work on the Natchez Trace , which was to connect Daniel Boone 's Wilderness Road , which ended in Nashville , Tennessee , with the Mississippi River .",
"Following the Louisiana Purchase the need for additional roads to the West were recognized by Thomas Jefferson , who authorized the construction of the Cumberland Road in 1806 . The Cumberland Road was to connect Cumberland Maryland on the Potomac River with the Wheeling ( West ) Virginia on the Ohio River , which was on the other side of the Alleghany Mountains . Mail roads were also built to New Orleans .",
"The building of roads in the early years of the 19th century greatly lowered transportation costs and was a factor in the deflation of 1819 to 1821 , which was one of the most severe in U.S. history .",
"Some turnpikes were wooden plank roads , which typically cost about $1,500 to $1,800 per mile , but wore out quickly . Macadam roads in New York cost an average of $3,500 per mile , while high - quality roads cost between $5,000 and $10,000 per mile .",
"Because a horse can pull a barge carrying a cargo of over 50 tons compared to the typical one ton or less hauled by wagon , and the horse required a wagoner versus a couple of men for the barge , water transportation costs were a small fraction of wagonage costs . Canals ' shipping costs were between two and three cents per ton - mile , compared to over 30 cents by wagon . The cost of constructing a typical canal was between $20,000 and $30,000 .",
"Only 100 miles of canals had been built in the U.S. by 1816 , and only a few were longer than two miles . The early canals were typically financially successful , such as those carrying coal in eastern Pennsylvania .",
"The 325 - mile Erie Canal , which connected Albany , New York , on the Hudson River with Buffalo , New York , on Lake Erie , began operation in 1825 . Wagon cost from Buffalo to New York City in 1817 was 19.2 cents per ton - mile . By Erie Canal c. 1857 to 1860 the cost was 0.81 cents . The Erie Canal was a great commercial success and had a large regional economic impact .",
"The Delaware and Raritan Canal was also very successful . Also important was the 2.5 - mile canal bypassing the falls on the Ohio River at Louisville , which opened in 1830 .",
"The success of some of the early canals led to a canal building boom , during which work began on many canals which would prove to be financially unsuccessful . As the canal boom was underway in the late 1820s , a small number of horse railways were being built . These were quickly followed by the first steam railways in the 1830s .",
"In 1780 the United States had three major steam engines , all of which were used for pumping water : two in mines and one for New York City 's water supply . Most power in the U.S. was supplied by water wheels ( and water turbines during after 1840 ) . By 1807 when the North River Steamboat ( unofficially called Clermont ) first sailed , there were estimated to be fewer than a dozen steam engines operating in the U.S. Steam power did not overtake water power until sometime after 1850 .",
"Oliver Evans began developing a high pressure steam engine that was more practical than the engine developed around the same time by Richard Trevithick in England . The high pressure engine did away with the separate condenser and thus did not require cooling water . It also had a higher power to weight ratio , making it suitable for powering steamboats and locomotives . Evans produced a few custom steam engines from 1801 to 1806 , when he opened the Mars Works foundry and factory near Philadelphia , where he produced additional engines . In 1812 he produced his successful Colombian engine at Mars . As his business grew and orders were being shipped inland , Evans and a partner formed the Pittsburgh Steam Engine Company in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Steam engines soon became common in public water supply , sawmills and flour milling , especially in areas with little or no water power .",
"In 1828 Paul Moody substituted leather belting for gearing in mills . Leather belting continued in use until it was displaced by unit drive electric motors in the early decades of the 20th century .",
"Shipbuilding remained sizable industry . U.S. - built ships were superior in design , required smaller crews and cost between 40 and 60 percent less to build than European ships . The British gained the lead in shipbuilding after they introduced iron - hulled ships in the mid 19th century .",
"Commercial steamboat operations began in 1807 within weeks of the launch of Robert Fulton 's North River Steamboat , often referred to as the Clermont .",
"The first steamboats were powered by Boulton and Watt type low pressure engines , which were very large and heavy in relation to the smaller high pressure engines . In 1807 and 1808 Robert L. Stevens began operation of the Phoenix , which used a high pressure engine in combination with a low pressure condensing engine . The first steamboats powered only by high pressure were the Aetna and Pennsylvania designed and built by Oliver Evans .",
"In the winter of 1811 to 1812 , the New Orleans became the first steamboat to travel down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers from Pittsburgh to New Orleans . The commercial feasibility of steamboats on the Mississippi and its tributaries was demonstrated by the Enterprise in 1814 .",
"By the time of Fulton 's death in 1815 he operated 21 of the estimated 30 steamboats in the U.S. The number of steamboats steadily grew into the hundreds . There were more steamboats in the Mississippi valley than anywhere else in the world .",
"Early steamboats took 30 days to travel from New Orleans to Louisville , which was from half to one - quarter the time by keel boat . Due to improvements in steamboat technology , by 1830 the time from New Orleans to Louisville was halved . In 1820 freight rates for keel boats were five cents versus two cents by steamboat , falling to one - half cent per pound by 1830 .",
"The SS Savannah crossed from Savannah to Liverpool in 1819 as the first trans - Atlantic steamship ; however , until the development of more efficient engines , trans - ocean ships had to carry more coal than freight . Early trans - ocean steamships were used for passengers and soon some companies began offering regularly scheduled service .",
"Railroads were an English invention , and the first entrepreneurs imported British equipment in the 1830s . By the 1850s the Americans had developed their own technology . The early lines in the 1830s and 1840s were locally funded , and connected nearby cities or connected farms to navigable waterways . They primarily handled freight rather than passengers . The first locomotives were imported from England . One such locomotive was the John Bull which arrived in 1831 . While awaiting assembly , Matthias W. Baldwin , who had designed and manufactured a highly successful stationary steam engine , was able to inspect the parts and obtain measurements . Baldwin was already working on an experimental locomotive based on designs shown at the Rainhill Trials in England . Baldwin produced his first locomotive in 1832 ; he went on to found the Baldwin Locomotive Works , one of the largest steam locomotive manufacturers . In 1833 when there were few locomotives in the U.S. , three quarters were made in England . In 1838 there were 346 locomotives recorded in the U.S. , three - fourths of which were made in the U.S.",
"Ohio had more railroads built in the 1840s than any other state . Ohio 's railroads put the canals out of business . A typical mile of railroad cost $30,000 compared to the $20,000 per mile of canal , but a railroad could carry 50 times as much traffic . Railroads appeared at the time of the canal boom , causing its abrupt end , although some canals flourished for an additional half - century .",
"The charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811 . Its absence caused serious difficulties for the national government trying to finance the War of 1812 over the refusal of New England bankers to help out .",
"President James Madison reverses earlier Jeffersonian opposition to banking , and secured the opening of a new national bank . The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 . Its leading executive was Philadelphia banker Nicholas Biddle . It collapsed in 1836 , under heavy attack from President Andrew Jackson during his Bank War .",
"There were three economic downturns in the early 19th century . The first was the result of the Embargo Act of 1807 , which shut off most international shipping and trade due to the Napoleonic Wars . The other two downturns were depressions accompanied by significant periods of deflation during the early 19th century . The first and most severe was during the depression from 1818 to 1821 when prices of agricultural commodities declined by almost 50 percent . A credit contraction caused by a financial crisis in England drained specie out of the U.S. The Bank of the United States also contracted its lending . The price of agricultural commodities fell by almost 50 percent from the high in 1815 to the low in 1821 , and did not recover until the late 1830s , although to a significantly lower price level . Most damaging was the price of cotton , the U.S. 's main export . Food crop prices , which had been high because of the famine of 1816 that was caused by the year without a summer , fell after the return of normal harvests in 1818 . Improved transportation , mainly from turnpikes , and to a minor extent the introduction of steamboats , significantly lowered transportation costs .",
"The third economic downturn was the depression of the late 1830s to 1843 , following the Panic of 1837 , when the money supply in the United States contracted by about 34 percent with prices falling by 33 percent . The magnitude of this contraction is matched only by the Great Depression . A fundamental cause of the Panic of 1837 was depletion of Mexican silver mines . Despite the deflation and depression , GDP rose 16 percent from 1839 to 1843 , partly because of rapid population growth .",
"In order to dampen speculation in land , Andrew Jackson signed the executive order known as the Specie Circular in 1836 , requiring sale of government land to be paid in gold and silver . Branch mints at New Orleans ; Dahlonega , Georgia ; and Charlotte , North Carolina , were authorized by congress in 1835 and became operational in 1838 .",
"Gold was being withdrawn from the U.S. by England and silver had also been taken out of the country because it had been under valued relative to gold by the Coinage Act of 1834 . Canal projects began to fail . The result was the financial Panic of 1837 . In 1838 there was a brief recovery . The business cycle upturn occurred in 1843 .",
"Economic historians have explored the high degree of financial and economic instability in the Jacksonian era . For the most part , they follow the conclusions of Peter Temin , who absolved Jackson 's policies , and blamed international events beyond American control , such as conditions in Mexico , China and Britain . A survey of economic historians in 1995 show that the vast majority concur with Temin 's conclusion that `` the inflation and financial crisis of the 1830s had their origin in events largely beyond President Jackson 's control and would have taken place whether or not he had acted as he did vis - a-vis the Second Bank of the U.S. ''",
"Starting with textiles in the 1790s , factories were built to supply a regional and national market . The power came from waterfalls , and most of the factories were built alongside the rivers in rural New England and upstate New York .",
"Before 1800 , most cloth was made in home workshops , and housewives sewed it into clothing for family use or trade with neighbors . In 1810 the secretary of the treasury estimated that two - thirds of rural household clothing , including hosiery and linen , was produced by households . By the 1820s , housewives bought the cloth at local stores , and continued their sewing chores . The American textile industry was established during the long period of wars from 1793 to 1815 , when cheap cloth imports from Britain were unavailable . Samuel Slater secretly brought in the plans for complex textile machinery from Britain , and build new factories in Rhode Island using the stolen designs . By the time the Embargo Act of 1807 cut off trade with Britain , there here were 15 cotton spinning mills in operation . These were all small operations , typically employing fewer than 50 people , and most used Arckwright water frames powered by small streams . They were all located in southeastern New England . In 1809 the number of mills had grown to 62 , with 25 under construction . To meet increased demand for cloth several manufacturers resorted to the putting - out system of having the handloom weaving done in homes . The putting - out system was inefficient because of the difficulty of distributing the yarn and collecting the cloth , embezzlement of supplies , lack of supervision and poor quality . To overcome these problems the textile manufacturers began to consolidate work in central workshops shops where they could supervise operations . Taking this to the next level , in 1815 Francis Cabot Lowell of the Boston Manufacturing Company built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , using plans for a power loom that he smuggled out of England . This was the largest factory in the U.S. , with a workforce of about 300 . It was a very efficient , highly profitable mill that , with the aid of the Tariff of 1816 , competed effectively with British textiles at a time when many smaller operations were being forced out of business .",
"The U.S. began exporting textiles in the 1830s ; the Americans specialized in coarse fabrics , while the British exported finer cloth that reached a somewhat different market . Cloth production -- mostly cotton but also wool , linen and silk -- became the leading American industry . The building of textile machinery became a major driving force in the development of advanced mechanical devices .",
"The shoe industry began transitioning from production by craftsmen to the factory system , with division of labor .",
"Low return freight rates from Europe offered little protection from imports to domestic industries .",
"Standardization and interchangeability have been cited as major contributors to the exceptional growth of the U.S. economy .",
"The idea of standardization of armaments was originated by French General Jean - Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval , who in 1765 began instituting the Gribeauval system . Honoré Blanc , who had served as inspector general of the three French arsenals , began producing muskets with interchangeable locks in France when Thomas Jefferson was minister to France . Jefferson wrote a letter to John Jay about these developments in 1785 . The idea of armament standardization was advocated by Louis de Tousard , who fled the French Revolution and in 1795 joined the U.S. Corps of Artillerists and Engineers where he taught artillery and engineering he learned in France . At the suggestion of George Washington , Tousard had been working on an artillery manual , which he published as The American Artillerist 's Companion ( 1809 ) . Tousard 's manual , which was a standard textbook for officer training , stressed the importance of developing a system of standardized armaments .",
"Fears of war stemming from the XYZ Affair caused the U.S. to begin offering cash advance contracts for producing small arms to private individuals in 1798 . Two notable recipients of these contracts associated with interchangeable parts were Eli Whitney and Simeon North . Although Whitney was not able to make interchangeable parts , he was a proponent of using machinery for gun making ; however , he employed only the simplest machines in his factory . North eventually made progress toward some degree of interchangeability and developed special machinery . North 's shop used the first known milling machine ( c. 1816 ) , a fundamental machine tool .",
"The experience of the War of 1812 led the War Department to issue a request for contract proposals for firearms with interchangeable parts . Previously , parts from each firearm had to be carefully custom fitted ; almost all infantry regiments necessarily included an artificer or armorer who could perform this intricate gunsmithing . The requirement for interchangeable parts forced forward the development of modern metal - working machine tools , including milling machines , grinders , shapers and planers . The Federal Armories perfected the use of machine tools by developing fixtures to correctly position the parts being machined and jigs to guide the cutting tools over the proper path . Systems of blocks and gauges were also developed to check the accuracy and precision of the machined parts . Developing the manufacturing techniques for making interchangeable parts by the Federal Armories took over two decades ; however , the first interchangeable small arms parts were not made to a high degree of precision . It was n't until mid century or later that parts for U.S. rifles and handguns could be considered truly interchangeable with a degree of precision . In 1853 when the British Parliamentary Committee on Small Arms questioned gun maker Samuel Colt , and machine tool makers James Nasmyth and Joseph Whitworth , there was still some question about what constituted interchangeability and whether it could be achieved at a reasonable cost .",
"The machinists ' skills were called armory practice and the system eventually became known as the American system of manufacturing . Machinists from the armories eventually spread the technology to other industries , such as clocks and watches , especially in the New England area . It was n't until late in the 19th century that interchangeable parts became widespread in the U.S. manufacturing . Among the items using interchangeable parts were some sewing machine brands and bicycles .",
"The development of these modern machine tools and machining practices made possible the development of modern industry capable of mass production ; however , large scale industrial production did not develop in the U.S. until the late 19th century .",
"The mid-19th century was a period of transition toward industrialization , particularly in the Northeast , which produced cotton textiles and shoes . The population of the West ( generally meaning from Ohio to and including Wisconsin , Minnesota , Iowa and Missouri and south to include Kentucky ) grew rapidly . The West was primarily a grain and pork producing region , with an important machine tool industry developing around Cincinnati , Ohio . The Southern economy was based on plantation agriculture , primarily cotton , tobacco and sugar , produced with slave labor .",
"The market economy and factory system were not typical before 1850 , but developed along transportation routes . Steamboats and railroads , introduced in the early part of the century , became widespread and aided westward expansion . The telegraph was introduced and was in widespread use by the mid 1850s .",
"A machine tool industry developed and machinery became a major industry . Sewing machines began being manufactured . The shoe industry became mechanized . Horse drawn reapers became widely introduced , significantly increasing the productivity of farming .",
"The use of steam engines in manufacturing increased and steam power exceeded water power after the Civil War . Coal displaced wood as the major fuel .",
"The combination of railroads , the telegraph and machinery and factories began to create an industrial economy .",
"James K. Polk , the 11th president , served his presidency from 1845 to 1849 . He grew America by 1 / 3 through the Mexican American war in turn growing the economy and supporting Manifest Destiny .",
"The depression that began in 1839 ended with an upswing in economic activity in 1843 .",
"Table 1 : Sector shares Employment % Output % ( 1860 prices ) Year Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Industry Services 1840 68 12 20 47 21 31 1850 60 17 23 42 29 29 1860 56 19 25 38 28 34 1870 53 22 25 35 31 34 1880 52 23 25 31 32 38 1890 43 26 31 22 41 37 1900 40 26 33 20 40 39 Source : Joel Mokyr",
"Employment % Output % ( 1860 prices )",
"Year Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Industry Services",
"1840 68 12 20 47 21 31",
"1850 60 17 23 42 29 29",
"1860 56 19 25 38 28 34",
"1870 53 22 25 35 31 34",
"1880 52 23 25 31 32 38",
"1890 43 26 31 22 41 37",
"1900 40 26 33 20 40 39",
"Source : Joel Mokyr",
"Historian Larry Haeg argues from the perspective of the end of the nineteenth century :",
"Railroads created virtually every major American industry : coal , oil , gas , steel , lumber , farm equipment , grain , cotton , textile factories , California citrus .",
"Railroads created virtually every major American industry : coal , oil , gas , steel , lumber , farm equipment , grain , cotton , textile factories , California citrus .",
"Railroads opened up remote areas and drastically cut the cost of moving freight and passengers . By 1860 long distance bulk rates had fallen by 95 % , less than half of which was due to the general fall in prices . This large fall in transportation costs created `` a major revolution in domestic commerce . ''",
"As transportation improved , new markets continuously opened . Railroads greatly increased the importance of hub cities such as Atlanta , Billings , Chicago , and Dallas .",
"Railroads were a highly capital intensive business , with a typical cost of $30,000 per mile with a considerable range depending on terrain and other factors . Private capital for Railroads during the period from 1830 -- 1860 was inadequate . States awarded charters , funding , tax breaks , land grants , and provided some financing . Railroads were allowed banking privileges and lotteries in some states . Private investors provided a small but not insignificant share or railroad capital . A combination of domestic and foreign investment along with the discovery of gold and a major commitment of America 's public and private wealth , enabled the nation to develop a large - scale railroad system , establishing the base for the country 's industrialization .",
"Table 2 : Railroad Mileage Increase by Groups of States 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 New England 2,507 3,660 4,494 5,982 6,831 Middle States 3,202 6,705 10,964 15,872 21,536 Southern States 2,036 8,838 11,192 14,778 29,209 Western States and Territories 1,276 11,400 24,587 52,589 62,394 Pacific States and Territories 23 1,677 4,080 9,804 TOTAL NEW TRACK USA 9,021 30,626 52,914 93,301 129,774 Source : Chauncey M. Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 p 111",
"1850 1860 1870 1880 1890",
"New England 2,507 3,660 4,494 5,982 6,831",
"Middle States 3,202 6,705 10,964 15,872 21,536",
"Southern States 2,036 8,838 11,192 14,778 29,209",
"Western States and Territories 1,276 11,400 24,587 52,589 62,394",
"Pacific States and Territories 23 1,677 4,080 9,804",
"TOTAL NEW TRACK USA 9,021 30,626 52,914 93,301 129,774",
"Source : Chauncey M. Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 p 111",
"Railroad executives invented modern methods for running large - scale business operations , creating a blueprint that all large corporations basically followed . They created career tracks that took 18 - year - old boys and turned them into brakemen , conductors and engineers . They were first to encounter managerial complexities , labor union issues , and problems of geographical competition . Due to these radical innovations , the railroad became the first large - scale business enterprise and the model for most large corporations .",
"The most important technological innovation in mid 19th century pig iron production was the adoption of hot blast , which was developed and patented in Scotland in 1828 . Hot blast is a method of using heat from the blast furnace exhaust gas to preheat combustion air , saving a considerable amount of fuel . It allowed much higher furnace temperatures and increased the capacity of furnaces .",
"Hot blast allowed blast furnaces to use anthracite or lower grade coal . Anthracite was difficult to light with cold blast . High quality metallurgical coking coal deposits of sufficient size for iron making were only available in Great Britain and western Germany in the 19th century , but with less fuel required per unit of iron , it was possible to use lower grade coal .",
"The use of anthracite was rather short lived because the size of blast furnaces increased enormously toward the end of the century , forcing the use of coke , which was more porous and did not impede the upflow of the gases through the furnace . Charcoal would have been crushed by the column of material in tall furnaces . Also , the capacity of furnaces would have eventually exceeded the wood supply , as happened with locomotives .",
"Iron was used for a wide variety of purposes . In 1860 large consumers were numerous types of castings , especially stoves . Of the $32 million of bar , sheet and railroad iron produced , slightly less than half was railroad iron . The value added by stoves was equal to the value added by rails .",
"Coal displaced wood during the mid-nineteenth century . In 1840 wood was the major fuel while coal production was minor . In 1850 wood was 90 % of fuel consumption and 90 % of that was for home heating . By 1880 wood was only 5 % of fuel consumption . Cast iron stoves for heating and cooking displaced inefficient fireplaces .",
"Charcoal production was very labor and land intensive . It was estimated that to fuel a typical sized 100 ton of pig iron per week furnace in 1833 at a sustained yield , timber plantations required 20,000 acres . The trees had to be hauled by oxen to where they were cut , stacked on end and covered with earth or put in a kiln to be charred for about a week . Anthracite reduced labor cost to $2.50 per ton compared to charcoal at $15.50 per ton .",
"Wood was a byproduct of land clearing and was placed along the banks of rivers for steamboats . By mid century the forests were being depleted while steamboats and locomotives were using enough wood to create shortages along their routes ; however , railroads , canals and navigable internal waterways were able to bring coal to market at a price far below the cost of wood . Coal sold in Cincinnati for 10 cents per bushel ( 94 pounds ) and in New Orleans for 14 cents .",
"Manufacturing became well established during the mid 19th century . Labor in the U.S. was expensive and industry made every effort to economize by using machinery . Woodworking machinery such as circular saws , high speed lathes , planers and mortising machines and various other machines amazed the British as was reported by Joseph Whitworth . See : American system of manufacturing # Use of machinery",
"In the early 19th century machinery was made mostly of wood with iron parts . By the mid century machines were being increasingly of all iron , which allowed them to operate at higher speeds and with higher precision . The demand for machinery created a machine tool industry that designed and manufactured lathes , metal planers , shapers and other precision metal cutting tools .",
"The shoe industry was the second to be mechanized , beginning in the 1840s . Sewing machines were developed for sewing leather . A leather rolling machine eliminated hand hammering , and was thirty times faster . Blanchard lathes began being used for making shoe lasts ( forms ) in the 1850s , allowing the manufacture of standard sizes .",
"By the 1850s much progress had been made in the development of the sewing machine , with a few companies making the machines , based on a number of patents , with no company controlling the right combination of patents to make a superior machine . To prevent damaging lawsuits , in 1856 several important patents were pooled under the Sewing Machine Combination , which licensed the patents for a fixed fee per machine sold .",
"The sewing machine industry was a beneficiary of machine tools and the manufacturing methods developed at the Federal Armories . By 1860 two sewing machine manufacturers were using interchangeable parts .",
"The sewing machine increased the productivity of sewing cloth by a factor of 5 .",
"In 1860 the textile industry was the largest manufacturing industry in terms of workers employed ( mostly women and children ) , capital invest and value of goods produced . That year there were 5 million spindles in the U.S.",
"The Treasury Department 's steam engine report of 1838 was the most valuable survey of steam power until the 1870 Census . According to the 1838 report there were an estimated 2,000 engines totaling 40,000 hp , of which 64 % were used in transportation , mostly in steamboats .",
"The Corliss steam engine , patented in 1848 , was called the most significant development in steam engineering since James Watt . The Corliss engine was more efficient than previous engines and maintained more uniform speed in response to load changes , making it suitable for a wide variety of industrial applications . It was the first steam engine that was suitable for cotton spinning . Previously steam engines for cotton spinning pumped water to a water wheel that powered the machinery .",
"Steam power greatly expanded during the late 19th century with the rise of large factories , the expanded railroad network and early electric lighting and electric street railways .",
"The number of steamboats on western rivers in the U.S. grew from 187 in 1830 to 735 in 1860 . Total registered tonnage of steam vessels for the U.S. grew from 63,052 in 1830 to 770,641 in 1860 .",
"Until the introduction of iron ships , the U.S. made the best in the world . The design of U.S. ships required fewer crew members to operate . U.S. made ships cost from 40 % to 60 % as much as European ships , and lasted longer .",
"The screw propeller was tested on Lake Ontario in 1841 before being used on ocean ships . Propellers began being used on Great Lakes ships in 1845 . Propellers caused vibrations which were a problem for wooden ships . The SS Great Britain , launched in 1845 , was the first iron ship with a screw propeller . Iron ships became common and more efficient multiple expansion engines were developed . After the introduction of iron ships , Britain became the leading shipbuilding country . The U.S. tried to compete by building wooden clipper ships , which were fast , but too narrow to carry economic volumes of low value freight .",
"Congress approved funds for a short demonstration telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington D.C. , which was operational in 1844 . The telegraph was quickly adopted by the railroad industry , which needed rapid communication to coordinate train schedules , the importance of which had been highlighted by a collision on the Western Railroad in 1841 . Railroads also needed to communicate over a vast network in order to keep track of freight and equipment . Consequently , railroads installed telegraphs lines on their existing right - of - ways . By 1852 there were 22,000 miles of telegraph lines in the U.S. , compared to 10,000 miles of track .",
"By 1860 , on the eve of Civil War , 16 % of the people lived in cities with 2500 or more people and one third of the nation 's income came from manufacturing . Urbanized industry was limited primarily to the Northeast ; cotton cloth production was the leading industry , with the manufacture of shoes , woolen clothing , and machinery also expanding . Most of the workers in the new factories were immigrants or their children . Between 1845 and 1855 , some 300,000 European immigrants arrived annually . Many remained in eastern cities , especially mill towns and mining camps , while those with farm experience and some savings bought farms in the West .",
"In antebellum period the U.S. supplied 80 % of Britain 's cotton imports . Just before the Civil War the value of cotton was 61 % of all goods exported from the U.S.",
"The westward expansion into the highly productive heartland was aided the new railroads , and both population and grain production in the West expanded dramatically . Increased grain production was able to capitalize on high grain prices caused by poor harvests in Europe during the time of the Great Famine in Ireland Grain prices also rose during the Crimean War , but when the war ended U.S. exports to Europe fell dramatically , depressing grain prices . Low grain prices were a cause of the Panic of 1857 . Cotton and tobacco prices recovered after the panic .",
"Agriculture was the largest single industry and it prospered during the war . Prices were high , pulled up by a strong demand from the army and from Britain , which depended on American wheat for a fourth of its food imports .",
"John Deere developed a cast steel plow in 1837 which was lightweight and had a moldboard that efficiently turned over and shed the plowed earth . It was easy for a horse to pull and was well suited to cutting the thick prairie sod of the Midwest . He and his brother Charles founded Deere and Company which continues into the 21st century as the largest maker of tractors , combines , harvesters and other farm implements .",
"Threshing machines , which were a novelty at the end of the 18th century , began being widely introduced in the 1830s and 1840s . Mechanized threshing required less than half the labor of hand threshing .",
"The Civil War acted as a catalyst that encouraged the rapid adoption of horse - drawn machinery and other implements . The rapid spread of recent inventions such as the reaper and mower made the work force efficient , even as hundreds of thousands of farmers were in the army . Many wives took their place , and often consulted by mail on what to do ; increasingly they relied on community and extended kin for advice and help .",
"The 1862 Homestead Act opened up the public domain lands for free . Land grants to the railroads meant they could sell tracts for family farms ( 80 to 200 acres ) at low prices with extended credit . In addition the government sponsored fresh information , scientific methods and the latest techniques through the newly established Department of Agriculture and the Morrill Land Grant College Act .",
"In 1860 , there were 4.5 million Americans of African descent , 4 million of which were slaves , worth $3 billion . They were mainly owned by southern planters of cotton and sugar cane . An estimated 60 % of the value of farms in Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi and South Carolina was in slaves , with less than a third in land and buildings .",
"In the aftermath of the Panic of 1857 , which left many northern factory workers unemployed and deprived to the point of causing bread riots , supporters of slavery pointed out that slaves were generally better fed and had better living quarters than many free workers . It is estimated that slaves received 15 % more in imputed wages than the free market .",
"After the expiration of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States , federal revenues were handled by the Independent Treasury beginning in 1846 . The Second Bank of the U.S. had also maintained some control over other banks , but in its absence banks were only under state regulation .",
"One of the main problems with banks was over-issuance of banknotes . These were redeemable in specie ( gold or silver ) upon presentation to the chief cashier of the bank . When people lost trust in a bank they rushed to redeem its notes , and because banks issued more notes than their specie reserves , the bank could n't redeem the notes , often causing the bank to fail . In 1860 there were over 8,000 state chartered banks issuing notes . In 1861 the U.S. began issuing United States Notes as legal tender .",
"Banks began paying interest on deposits and using the proceeds to make short term call loans , mainly to stock brokers .",
"New York banks created a clearing house association in 1853 in which member banks cleared accounts with other city banks at the close of the week . The clearinghouse association also handled notes from banks in other parts of the country . The association was able to detect banks that were issuing excessive notes because they could not settle .",
"The recovery from the depression that followed the Panic of 1837 began in 1843 and lasted until the Panic of 1857 .",
"The panic was triggered by the August 24 failure of the well regarded Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co . A manager in the New York branch , one of the city 's largest financial institutions , had embezzled funds and made excessive loans . The company 's president announced suspension of specie redemption , which triggered a rush to redeem banknotes , causing many banks to fail because of lack of specie .",
"The United States had been running a trade deficit , draining gold out of the country . Because of the tariff revenues , the U.S. Treasury held a considerable amount of gold , which kept it out of circulation . On September 12 , the SS Central America , which was carrying $1.5 million in gold from California , sank , contributing to the panic . Secretary of the Treasury Howell Cobb came to the aid of New York mercantile interests by buying back some of the national debt . On September 25 the Bank of Pennsylvania suspended specie payment , starting a nationwide bank run .",
"The danger of interest bearing deposits became apparent when bankers had to call loans made to stock brokers , many of who were unable to pay . Banks then had to curtail credit to commercial and industrial customers . Many business were unable to pay workers back wages because they held so many worthless banknotes .",
"The Crimean War , which had cut off Russian wheat exports , ended in 1856 . The war had caused high wheat prices and overexpansion in the U.S. , which had been exporting wheat to Europe . Bountiful western harvests in 1857 caused grain prices to fall . Good harvests in England , France and Russia caused collapse in demand for U.S. grains in 1858 and 1859 . This caused railroad shipments from the West to fall , which resulted in the bankruptcy of some railroads .",
"The inability of the West to sell its crops hurt businesses in other regions , such as New England , which manufactured shoes sold in the West . Cotton and tobacco prices fell , but unlike grains , soon recovered .",
"The panic left many northern wage earners unemployed , most temporarily , but high unemployment lingered for a couple of years .",
"Immigration to the U.S. surged following the Great Famine ( Ireland ) . There were about 3 million immigrants during the decade of the 1850s . They were mainly from Germany , Ireland and England .",
"The wartime devastation of the South was great and poverty ensued ; incomes of whites dropped , but income of the former slaves rose . During Reconstruction railroad construction was heavily subsidized ( with much corruption ) , but the region maintained its dependence on cotton . Former slaves became wage laborers , tenant farmers , or sharecroppers . They were joined by many poor whites , as the population grew faster than the economy . As late as 1940 the only significant manufacturing industries were textile mills ( mostly in the upland Carolinas ) and some steel in Alabama .",
"The industrial advantages of the North over the South helped secure a Northern victory in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . The Northern victory sealed the destiny of the nation and its economic system . The slave - labor system was abolished ; the world price of cotton plunged , making the large southern cotton plantations much less profitable . Northern industry , which had expanded rapidly before and during the war , surged ahead . Industrialists came to dominate many aspects of the nation 's life , including social and political affairs .",
"From the 1830s to 1860 , Congress repeatedly rejected Whig calls for higher tariffs , and its policies of economic nationalism , which included increased state control , regulation and macroeconomic development of infrastructure . President Andrew Jackson , for example , did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States . The tariff was lowered time and again before the Civil War . Proposals to fund massive western railroad projects , or to give free land to homesteaders , were defeated by Southerners afraid these policies would strengthen the North . The Civil War changed everything .",
"In 1860 the Treasury was a small operation that funded the small - scale operations of the government through the low tariff and land sales . Revenues were trivial in comparison with the cost of a full - scale war , but the Treasury Department under Secretary Salmon P. Chase showed unusual ingenuity in financing the war without crippling the economy . Many new taxes were imposed , and always with a patriotic theme comparing the financial sacrifice to the sacrifices of life and limb . The government paid for supplies in real money , which encouraged people to sell to the government regardless of their politics . By contrast the Confederacy gave paper promissory notes when it seized property , so that even loyal Confederates would hide their horses and mules rather than sell them for dubious paper . Overall the Northern financial system was highly successful in raising money and turning patriotism into profit , while the Confederate system impoverished its patriots .",
"The United States needed $3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and fleets raised to fight the Civil War -- over $400 million just in 1862 . The largest tax sum by far came from new excise taxes -- a sort of value added tax -- that was imposed on every sort of manufactured item . Second came much higher tariffs , through several Morrill tariff laws . Third came the nation 's first income tax ; only the wealthy paid and it was repealed at war 's end .",
"Apart from taxes , the second major source was government bonds . For the first time bonds in small denominations were sold directly to the people , with publicity and patriotism as key factors , as designed by banker Jay Cooke . State banks lost their power to issue banknotes . Only national banks could do that , and Chase made it easy to become a national bank ; it involved buying and holding federal bonds and financiers rushed to open these banks . Chase numbered them , so that the first one in each city was the `` First National Bank '' . Fourth the government printed `` greenbacks '' -- paper money -- which were controversial because they caused inflation .",
"Secretary Chase , though a long - time free - trader , worked with Congressman Justin Morrill to pass a second tariff bill in summer 1861 , raising rates another 10 points in order to generate more revenues . These subsequent bills were primarily revenue driven to meet the war 's needs , though they enjoyed the support of protectionists such as Carey , who again assisted Morrill in the bill 's drafting . The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was designed to raise revenue . The tariff act of 1862 served not only to raise revenue , but also to encourage the establishment of factories free from British competition by taxing British imports . Furthermore , it protected American factory workers from low paid European workers , and as a major bonus attracted tens of thousands of those Europeans to immigrate to America for high wage factory and craftsman jobs .",
"The U.S. government owned vast amounts of good land ( mostly from the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the Oregon Treaty with Britain in 1846 ) . The challenge was to make the land useful to people and to provide the economic basis for the wealth that would pay off the war debt . The government did this by breaking it up into smaller plots for private ownership , through various federal laws .",
"Bounty - land warrants were issued to military veterans in the United States from 1775 to 1855 . The land grants were used extensively for settlement of pre-Louisiana Purchase lands east of the Mississippi River , including the Ohio Territory , the Northwest Territory , and the Platte Purchase in Missouri .",
"About 180 million acres were granted to railroad construction companies between 1850 and 1871 . The Land Grant Act of 1850 provided for 3.75 million acres of land to the states to support railroad projects ; by 1857 21 million acres of public lands were used for railroads in the Mississippi River valley , and the stage was set for more substantial Congressional subsidies to future railroads .",
"The Pacific Railroad Acts financed several transcontinental railroads by granting land directly to corporations for the first time . In addition to operating revenues , railroads were able to finance networks crossing vast distances by selling granted property adjacent to the tracks ; these would become highly desirable plots for new settlers and businesses because of the easy access to long - distance transportation .",
"Morrill Land - Grant Acts starting in 1860 benefited colleges and universities .",
"Various Homestead Acts distributed land nearly for free in return for improvements such as building a house , farming , or planting trees . Between 1862 and 1934 , the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres ( 420,000 sq mi ) of federal land for private ownership . This was a total of 10 % of all land in the United States . Eligibility for the last such program , in Alaska , ended in 1986 . The Land Office made about 100 million acres of direct sales in the western United States from 1850 to 1900 , benefiting cattle ranchers and speculators .",
"The economic and military power of the federal government was used to clear Native Americans from land desired by European - American settlers . Land grants creating the Indian Reservation system were used by the Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 to segregate native tribes , but later acts opened some of that land to white settlement , notably including a land run opening the Unassigned Lands in Oklahoma . The Dawes Act of 1887 pressured Native Americans to assimilate to European - American culture , offering former tribal land to individuals separating from their tribes and putting `` surplus '' reservation land up for auction . Overall , about half of Indian Reservation land was sold to white Americans by 1906 , about 75 million acres .",
"The North 's most important war measure was perhaps the creation of a system of national banks that provided a sound currency for the industrial expansion . Even more important , the hundreds of new banks that were allowed to open were required to purchase government bonds . Thereby the nation monetized the potential wealth represented by farms , urban buildings , factories , and businesses , and immediately turned that money over to the Treasury for war needs .",
"British Parliamentary Committee members Joseph Whitworth and George Wallis were very impressed at the educational level of workers in the U.S. , commenting that `` ... so that everybody reads ... and intelligence penetrates through the lowest grades of society . '' They also remarked that most states had compulsory education laws requiring a minimum of three months per year schooling for child factory workers .",
"The Union grew rich fighting the war , as the Confederate economy was destroyed . The Republicans in control in Washington had a Whig vision of an industrial nation , with great cities , efficient factories , productive farms , national banks , and high - speed rail links . The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because slavery would not benefit ; with the South gone , and Northern Democrats very weak in Congress , the Republicans enacted their legislation . At the same time they passed new taxes to pay for part of the war , and issued large amounts of bonds to pay for the most of the rest . ( The remainder can be charged to inflation . ) They wrote an elaborate program of economic modernization that had the dual purpose of winning the war and permanently transforming the economy . The key policy - maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens , as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee . He took charge of major legislation that funded the war effort and revolutionized the nation 's economic policies regarding tariffs , bonds , income and excise taxes , national banks , suppression of money issued by state banks , greenback currency , and western railroad land grants .",
"Historians have debated whether or not the Civil War sped up the rate of economic growth in the face of destruction throughout the South and the diversion of resources to military supplies and away from civilian goods . In any case the war taught new organizational methods , prioritized engineering skills , and shifted the national attention from politics to business .",
"In the last third of the 19th century the United States entered a phase of rapid economic growth which doubled per capita income over the period . By 1895 , the USA leaped ahead of Britain for first place in manufacturing output . For the first time , exports of machinery and consumer goods became important . For example , Standard Oil led the way in exporting kerosene ; Russia was its main rival in international trade . Singer Corporation led the way in developing a global marketing strategy for its sewing machines .",
"The greatly expanded railroad network , using inexpensive steel rails produced by new steel making processes , dramatically lowered transportation cost to areas without access to navigable waterways . Low freight rates allowed large manufacturing facilities with great economies of scale . Machinery became a large industry and many types of machines were developed . Businesses were able to operate over wide areas and chain stores arose . Mail order companies started operating . Rural Free Delivery began being implemented in the early 1890s , but it was not widely implemented for a decade .",
"Companies created a new management systems to carry out their operations on a large scale . Companies integrated processes to eliminate unnecessary steps and to eliminate middlemen .",
"An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place , a process called the Second Industrial Revolution . The electric light , telephone , steam turbine , internal combustion engine , automobile , phonograph , typewriter and tabulating machine were some of the many inventions of the period . New processes for making steel and chemicals such as dyes and explosives were invented . The pneumatic tire , improved ball bearings , machine tools and newly developed metal stamping techniques enabled the large scale production of bicycles in the 1890s . Another significant development was the widespread introduction of electric street railways ( trams , trolleys or streetcars ) in the 1890s .",
"Improvements in transportation and other technological progress caused prices to fall , especially during the so - called long depression , but the rising amount of gold and silver eventually resulted in mild inflation during the 1890s and beyond .",
"Table 3 : Ten leading U.S. industries by value added ( millions of 1914 $ 's ) 1860 1880 1900 1920 Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added Cotton goods 59 Machinery 111 Machinery 432 Machinery 576 Lumber 54 Iron and steel 105 Iron and steel 339 Iron and steel 493 Boots and shoes 53 Cotton goods 97 Printing and publishing 313 Lumber 393 Flour and meal 43 Lumber 87 Lumber 300 Cotton goods 364 Men 's clothing 39 Boots and shoes 82 Clothing 262 Shipbuilding 349 Machinery 31 Men 's clothing 78 Liquor 224 Automotive 347 Woolen goods 27 Flour and meal 64 Cotton goods 196 General shop construction 328 Leather goods 24 Woolen goods 60 Masonry and brick 140 Printing and publishing 268 Cast iron 23 Printing 58 General shop construction 131 Electrical machinery 246 Printing 20 Liquor 44 Meatpacking 124 Clothing 239 Source : Joel Mokyr",
"1860 1880 1900 1920",
"Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added",
"Cotton goods 59 Machinery 111 Machinery 432 Machinery 576",
"Lumber 54 Iron and steel 105 Iron and steel 339 Iron and steel 493",
"Boots and shoes 53 Cotton goods 97 Printing and publishing 313 Lumber 393",
"Flour and meal 43 Lumber 87 Lumber 300 Cotton goods 364",
"Men 's clothing 39 Boots and shoes 82 Clothing 262 Shipbuilding 349",
"Machinery 31 Men 's clothing 78 Liquor 224 Automotive 347",
"Woolen goods 27 Flour and meal 64 Cotton goods 196 General shop construction 328",
"Leather goods 24 Woolen goods 60 Masonry and brick 140 Printing and publishing 268",
"Cast iron 23 Printing 58 General shop construction 131 Electrical machinery 246",
"Printing 20 Liquor 44 Meatpacking 124 Clothing 239",
"Source : Joel Mokyr",
"Railroads saw their greatest growth in new track added in the last three decades of the 19th century . ( See Table 2 ) Railroads also enjoyed high productivity growth during this time , mainly because of the introduction of new processes that made steel inexpensive . Steel rails lasted roughly ten times longer than iron rails . Steel rails , which became heavier as steel prices fell , enabled heavier , more powerful locomotives that could pull longer trains . Rail cars made of steel on steel roads could be made longer cars and had a load carrying to car weight ratio of 2 : 1 compared to cars made of iron at 1 : 1 .",
"In 1890 David Ames Wells estimated wagon transport at 16 cents per ton - mile compared to railroads at less than one cent per ton - mile .",
"Railroads competed fiercely for passengers and freight by expanding their routes , too often into increasingly marginal ones . The high capital required for expansion plus the low rates , driven by competition and by what the market would bear , resulted in a large percentage of railroad track in bankruptcy .",
"A practical refrigerated ( ice cooled ) railcar was introduced in 1881 . This made it possible to ship cattle and hog carcasses , which weighed only 40 % as much as live animals . Gustavus Franklin Swift developed an integrated network of cattle procurement , slaughtering , meat - packing and shipping meat to market . Up to that time cattle were driven great distances to railroad shipping points , causing the cattle to lose considerable weight . Swift developed a large business , which grew in size with the entry of several competitors .",
"In the last three decades of the 19th century iron and steel became a leading industry , in second place by value added , with machinery being in first place . The Bessemer process was the first large scale process for producing steel , which it was able to do at low cost . The first U.S. licensed Bessemer plant began operation in 1865 . Bessemer steel was used mostly for rails . Due to difficulty in controlling quality and embrittlement with aging , Bessemer steel was not suitable for structural purposes .",
"The Siemens - Martin process , or open hearth process , produced a suitable grade structural steel . Open hearth steel displaced wrought iron as a structural material in the 1880s . Open hearth steel began being used in a wide variety of applications including high rise buildings , ships , machinery , pipelines , rails and bridges .",
"Early electrification was too limited to have a big impact on the late 19th century economy . Electricity was also very expensive because of the low conversion efficiency of fuel to power , the small scale of power plants and the fact that most utilities offered only nighttime service . Daytime service became common during the early 20th century after the introduction of the AC motor , which tended to be used more during the day , balancing the load . Until that time a large share of power was self - generated by the user , such as a factory , hotel or electric street railway ( tram or streetcar ) .",
"Electric street railways were introduced in the U.S. in 1888 when Frank J. Sprague designed and built the first practical system , the Richmond Union Passenger Railway in Richmond , Virginia . Electric street railways rapidly spread to cities around the country in the following years .",
"The early electric street railways typically generated their own power and also operated as electric utilities , which served to even out daily load because the main use of power for lighting was after the peak usage by railways .",
"Until the early 1880s electricity had been used mainly in telegraphy and electroplating . Efficient dynamo 's were introduced in the 1870s and began being used to power electric carbon arc lamps after 1879 . In 1880 Thomas Edison patented his invention of a long lasting incandescent light bulb and a system for distributing electrical power . In 1882 he opened the Pearl Street Station in Manhattan , which was the first central power station in the U.S.",
"Using DC placed severe restrictions on the distance power could be transmitted due to power losses . With DC there was no way to transform power to high voltages , which would have reduced the current and lowered the transmission losses . Power can be safely generated to about 2000 volts , but this is a dangerous voltage for household use . With alternating current voltage can be changed up or down using a transformer . AC power began being widely introduced in the 1890s .",
"Following the failure of the first short lived Transatlantic telegraph cable of 1858 , a second , more durable cable was completed in 1865 , connecting Nova Scotia to England . By 1890 there was an international telegraph network .",
"After invention of the telephone in 1876 additional development work was required to make it commercially viable . The first telephones were for local calls . Long distance calling came into being in the 1890s , but the technology to make transcontinental calls took until 1915 to be operational .",
"Automatic telephone switching , which eliminated the need for telephone operators to manually connect local calls on a switchboard , was introduced in 1892 ; however it did not become widespread for several decades .",
"Before railroads most businesses were run by a sole proprietor or were a partnership . The owners typically ran the daily operations . The railroad industry was the first to adopt modern business management practices in response to the need to operate over vast areas , to maintain continuous long distance communications , to manage a complex network , to track trains and freight . Railroads hired professional managers and divided work into various corporate departments , and developed the organization diagram .",
"Another modern business innovation was vertical integration , by which companies expanded to encompass all stages of a business , from producing the raw materials , processing them into saleable products and selling the finished products . Notable examples occurred in the steel and petroleum industries .",
"A dramatic expansion in farming took place . The number of farms tripled from 2.0 million in 1860 to 6.0 million in 1905 . The number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905 . The value of farms soared from $8.0 billion in 1860 to $30 billion in 1906 .",
"The federal government issued 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) tracts virtually free to settlers under the Homestead Act of 1862 . Even larger numbers of settlers purchased lands at very low interest from the new railroads , which were trying to create markets . The railroads advertised heavily in Europe and brought over , at low fares , hundreds of thousands of farmers from Germany , Scandinavia and Britain .",
"Despite their remarkable progress and general prosperity , 19th - century U.S. farmers experienced recurring cycles of hardship , caused primarily by falling world prices for cotton and wheat .",
"Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per unit area , the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century , as the railroads opened up new areas of the West for settlement . The wheat farmers enjoyed abundant output and good years from 1876 to 1881 when bad European harvests kept the world price high . They then suffered from a slump in the 1880s when conditions in Europe improved . The farther west the settlers went , the more dependent they became on the monopolistic railroads to move their goods to market , and the more inclined they were to protest , as in the Populist movement of the 1890s . Wheat farmers blamed local grain elevator owners ( who purchased their crop ) , railroads and eastern bankers for the low prices . Sales of various types of horse pulled harvesting machines increased dramatically between the Civil war and the end of the century . Harvesting machine improvements included automatic rakers , which eliminated the manual raker , allowing operation by a single man , and combination harvester and binders .",
"To modernize traditional agriculture reformers founded the Grange movement , in 1867 . the Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families experienced . Women 's participation was actively encouraged . Spurred by the Panic of 1873 , the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members . The Granges set up their own marketing systems , stores , processing plants , factories and cooperatives . Most went bankrupt . The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s . A few Midwestern states passed `` Granger Laws '' , limiting railroad and warehouse fees .",
"Federal land grants helped each state create an agricultural college and a network of extension agents who demonstrated modern techniques to farmers . Wheat and cotton farmers in the 1890s supported the Populist movement , but failed in their demands for free silver and inflation . Instead the 1896 election committed the nation to the gold standard and a program of sustained industrialization . Farmers in the Midwest and East gave verbal support to the Populists . They focused on the nearby urban markets , rather than me highly fluctuating European markets for weaving cotton .",
"In the 1850s an advance in lighting was the use of kerosene lamps with glass chimneys , which produced a good quality light at a relatively affordable price . Kerosene lighting effectively extended the day and made it easier to read at night . An industry developed to produce coal oil , as kerosene was then called . Kerosene was also being distilled from Pennsylvania crude oil by Samuel Kier .",
"George Bissell paid a visit Dartmouth College , which he had attended , and saw a sample of `` rock oil '' from Pennsylvania . Suspecting that the oil may have potential as an illuminant and lubricant , he organized an investor group . In 1853 Bissell 's group , which became the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co. , hired Yale chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman , Jr. to perform an analysis of `` rock oil '' . Silliman 's report of April 1864 stated that `` rock oil '' could yield an excellent illuminating oil . However , there was no economical means for producing sufficient commercial quantities of oil . Bissell had a chance insight when he saw a picture of oil derricks used to produce an oil based patent medicine obtained as a byproduct of a brine well .",
"Following a shareholder disagreement , Bissell and fellow investor Jonathan Eveleth investor split with Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co. and formed Seneca Oil in 1858 . Edwin Drake , a shareholder , was hired by the company to drill for oil . The site chosen to drill the well was on Oil Creek near Titusville , PA , where a water well was producing oil . Drake chose to use brine well drilling technology based on the technique used in China since ancient times that reached the West in the late 1820s , except that Drake used iron cable , an iron well casing and a steam engine . The Drake Well hit oil at a depth of 69.55 feet on August 27 , 1858 , starting a drilling boom in the region .",
"Among the numerous refineries that were started were several along a new rail link to Cleveland , Ohio , where John D. Rockefeller and his partner Maurice Clark owned a grocery produce shipping business . Rockefeller and Clark also got in the refining business , and in 1865 the partners decided to hold a private auction between the two , with Rockefeller being the successful bidder . The refining industry was intensely competitive , and by 1869 there was three times the capacity needed , a situation which lasted many years , with the number of refineries reaching 6000 .",
"In 1870 John D. Rockefeller , his brother William Rockefeller , Henry Flagler , Oliver Burr Jennings and silent partner Stephen V. Harkness formed Standard Oil . John D. Rockefeller was the master planner and organizer of the systematic plan to form combinations with or acquire competitors and enter all phases of the oil industry from production to transportation , refining and distribution , a concept called vertical integration . Standard Oil sought every possible advantage over its competitors . One method was using Standard 's high shipping volume to secure discounts and drawbacks ( payments from railroads for transporting competitors products ) from railroads . By 1879 Standard oil controlled 90 % of U.S. refining capacity . Producers in the Pennsylvania oil region tried to counter Standard Oil 's transportation arrangements buy building the first long distance pipeline , the 110 mile long Tidewater Pipeline to Williamsport , Pennsylvania , which was on the Reading Railroad . Standard Oil fought back by building four pipelines of its own . Standard continued to monopolize the oil industry in the U.S. until it was broken up by the 1911 supreme court case Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States .",
"Efficient gas mantles and electric lighting were eroding the illuminating oil market beginning in the 1880s ; however a previously low value byproduct of refining was gasoline , which more than offset the role of kerosene in the early 20th century .",
"Parallel to these achievements was the development of the nation 's industrial infrastructure . Coal was found in abundance in the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to Kentucky . Oil was discovered in western Pennsylvania ; it was mainly used for kerosene for lamps but also lubricants .",
"Large iron ore mines opened in the Lake Superior region of the upper Midwest . Steel mills thrived in places where these coal and iron ore could be brought together to produce steel . Large copper and silver mines opened , followed by lead mines and cement factories .",
"During the period , a series of recessions happened . The recession of 1869 resulted from a stock market panic , which lowered stock prices 20 % and briefly cut wheat prices in half . It was one of the shortest and mildest recessions in American economic history .",
"Panic of 1873 created one of the worst and longest depressions in American history , seriously affecting every aspect of the economy and bringing the railroad expansion to a halt . The New York Stock Exchange closed for ten days . Of the country 's 364 railroads , 89 went bankrupt , a total of 18,000 businesses failed between 1873 and 1875 , unemployment reached 14 % by 1876 , during a time which became known in Britain as the Long Depression . Politically , the Democrats took control of Congress in 1874 , the election of 1876 was deadlocked .",
"The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893 , a deep depression that lasted until 1897 . Wheat and cotton farmers in the West and South were especially hard hit , and moved toward radicalism . President Grover Cleveland was forced to ask the Wall Street bankers help keep the Treasury liquid . Agrarian spokesmen William Jennings Bryan called for an inflationary policy of using cheap silver to effectively replace expensive gold . Bryan lost in a major political realignment in favor of the conservative pro-gold Republicans in the election of 1896 .",
"Europe had a substantial amount of water supply and sewer infrastructure installed by the mid 1870s . In 1880 only 0.3 % of urban households had filtered water , with this figure rising to 1.5 % in 1890 and 6.3 % in 1900 .",
"The American labor movement began with the first significant labor union , the Knights of Labor in 1869 . The Knights collapsed in the 1880s and were displaced by strong international unions that banded together as the American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers . Rejecting socialism , the AFL unions negotiated with owners for higher wages and better working conditions . Union growth was slow until 1900 , then grew to a peak during World War I .",
"The period from 1890 to 1910 was one of rapid economic growth of above 4 % , in part due to rapid population growth . However , a sharp break in the growth rate to around 2.8 % occurred from 1910 to 1929 . Economists are uncertain what combination of supply and demand factors caused the break , but productivity growth was strong , enabling the labor cost per unit of output to decline from 1910 to 1929 . The growth rate in hours worked fell 57 % compared to the decline in the growth rate of output of 27 % . It is generally accepted that the new technologies and more efficient business methods permanently shifted the supply and demand relationship for labor , with labor being in surplus ( except during both world wars when the economy was engaged in war - time production and millions of men served in the armed forces . ) The technologies that became widespread after 1910 , such as electrification , internal powered transportation and mass production , were capital saving . Total non-residential fixed business fell after 1910 due to the fall of investment in structures .",
"Two of the most transformative technologies of the century were widely introduced during the early decades : electrification , powered by high pressure boilers and steam turbines and automobiles and trucks powered by the internal combustion engine .",
"Chain stores experienced rapid growth .",
"Standardization was urged by Dept. of Commerce for consumer goods such as bedspreads and screws . A simplified standardization program was issued during World War I .",
"Electrification was one of the most important drivers of economic growth in the early 20th century . The revolutionary design of electric powered factories caused the period of the highest productivity growth in manufacturing . There was large growth in the electric utility industry and the productivity growth of electric utilities was high as well .",
"At the turn of the 20th century electricity was used primarily for lighting and most electric companies did not provide daytime service . Electric motors that were used in daytime , such as the DC motors that powered street railways , helped balance the load , and many street railways generated their own electricity and also operated as electric utilities . The AC motor , developed in the 1890s , was ideal for industrial and commercial power and greatly increased the demand for electricity , particular during daytime .",
"Electrification in the U.S. started in industry c. 1900 , and by 1930 about 80 % of power used in industry was electric . Electric utilities with central generating stations using steam turbines greatly lowered the cost of power , with businesses and houses in cities becoming electrified . In 1900 only 3 % of households had electricity , increasing to 30 % by 1930 . Electrical appliances such as irons , cooking appliances and washing machines were slowly adopted by households . Household mechanical refrigerators were introduced in 1919 but were in only about 8 % of households by 1930 , mainly because of their high cost .",
"The electrical power industry had high productivity growth . Many large central power stations , equipped with high pressure boilers and steam turbine generators began being built after 1913 . These central stations were designed for efficient handling of coal from the layout of the rail yards to the conveyor systems . They were also much more fuel efficient , lowering the amount of fuel per kilowatt - hour of electricity to a small fraction of what it had been .",
"Rapid economic growth in the early decades of the 20th century were largely due to productivity growth in manufacturing .",
"Factory electrification revolutionized manufacturing . Unit drive , which means using a single electric motor for powering a single machine , eliminated line shafts previously used to transmit power from a small number of steam engines or hydraulic turbines . Line shafts created constraints on building arrangement that impeded the efficient flow of materials because they presented traffic barriers and required multi-story buildings for economy . It was not uncommon for large manufacturing sites to have many miles of line shafts . Electric motors were much more economical to operate than steam engines in terms of energy efficiency and operator attention . Electric motors were also lower in capital cost .",
"Frederick W. Taylor was the best known pioneer in the field of scientific management in the late 19th century , carefully timing and plotting the functions of various workers and then devising new , more efficient ways for them to do their jobs . Ford Motor Co. used techniques of scientific management although Henry Ford claimed not to know of the Taylor 's system . Ford Motor used every practical means to reduce the effort and movement of workers in order to reduce the time involved in making parts , moving parts and assembling parts into automobiles . Ford used electric powered factories and in 1913 Ford introduced the assembly line , a step in the process that became known as mass - production . The price of a Ford Model T fell from $900 in 1908 - 9 to $360 in 1916 , despite the fact that wages doubled to $5 per day in 1914 . Production grew from 13,840 in 1909 to 132,702 in 1916 . Productivity for this period , measured in output of Model Ts per worker , rose 150 % .",
"Taking his cue from developments during the progressive era , Ford offered a very generous wage -- $5 a day -- to his workers , arguing that a mass production enterprise could not survive if average workers could not buy the goods . However , the wage increase did not extend to women , and Ford expanded the company 's Sociological Department to monitor his workers and ensure that they did not spend their newfound bounty on `` vice and cheap thrills '' .",
"Gasoline powered tractors were introduced . The Fordson began mass production in 1917 .",
"Electric street railways developed into a major mode of transportation , and electric inter-urban service connected many cities in the Northeast and Midwest . Electric street railways also carried freight , which was important before trucks became widely introduced . The widespread adoption of the automobile and motor bus halted the expansion of the electric street railways during the 1920s .",
"Electrochemicals are chemicals and metals produced by an electrolytic process . Important examples include aluminum made by the Hall -- Héroult process and chlorine and caustic ( sodium and potassium compounds ) . Chlorine and caustic had been produced by chemical processes but producing aluminum this way was prohibitively expensive . A large plant using Hall -- Héroult process was opened in Pittsburgh , USA in 1888 and others opened around the world . Falling electricity prices in the early 20th century greatly lowered the cost of making electrochemicals . There was high demand for aluminum for aircraft during World War I and afterward for commercial aviation .",
"Some other electrochemicals are chromium , manganese and tungsten .",
"Chlorine began being used for treating household water to kill microorganisms .",
"At the beginning of the 20th century the railroad network had over-expanded with many miles of unprofitable routes . In 1906 Congress gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate freight rates and the industry was unable to increase revenue enough to cover rising costs . By 1916 , the peak year of track mileage , one - sixth of the nations railroad trackage was in bankruptcy .",
"The railroads proved inadequate to the increased freight volume created by World War I . There were major traffic jams in the system and critical supplies were experiencing delays . In December 1917 the railroads were taken over by the government and put under control of the United States Railroad Administration ( USRA ) . The USRA ordered 1,930 new standardized steam locomotives and over 100,000 railcars . The USRA 's control over the railroads ended in March 1920 .",
"By the dawn of the 20th century , automobiles had begun to replace horse - drawn carriages . Numerous companies were building cars , but car manufacturing was challenging . Consequently , prices were high and production was low . Mass production techniques of the mid 1910s brought down the cost of automobiles and sales grew dramatically . By 1919 automobile registrations were 6.6 million and truck registrations were 898,000 .",
"Replacing horses with cars and trucks eliminated enormous quantities of horse manure and urine from city streets , greatly reducing the labor for street cleaning and also improving sanitation and living conditions . Reducing the number of horses for transportation freed up between one - sixth and one - quarter of all farm land .",
"In 1900 there were only 200 miles of paved roads outside of cities in the U.S. By the late 1920s automobiles were becoming common , but there were few highways connecting cities . The Federal road building program ended in 1818 , leaving states to build roads until the Federal Road act of 1916 . A national highway system was agreed on in 1926 , at which time there were 23.1 million cars and 3.5 million trucks.In 1926 , when an interstate program ( not to be confused with the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways ) began , there were 23.1 million cars and 3.5 million trucks . The system was nearly complete when the U.S. entered World War II in December , 1941 .",
"At the turn of the century approximately one - third of urban households had running water ; however , most of it was untreated and carried disease causing microorganisms . The widespread building of water treatment plants and piping of water to and sewage from urban households occurred in the early decades of the century . The number of urban households supplied with running filtered water increased from 6.3 % in 1900 to 25 % in 1910 and 42 % in 1925 . In 1908 the Jersey City Water Works in New Jersey was the first to sterilize water using sodium hypochlorite ( chlorine bleach ) . Chlorination of drinking water became common in urban water supplies by the 1930s and contributed to a sharp reduction in many diseases such as hepatitis A , typhoid fever , cholera and dysentery .",
"Tractors appeared on farms and farmers began using automobiles and trucks to haul produce . Combined harvester - threshers reduced labor cost 85 % compared to using binders and stationary threshers .",
"Before 1900 telephones were used primarily by businesses . The number of telephones per 100 households was approximately 2 in 1900 , but the number steadily grew until it peaked at 45 in 1929 , then declined to 33 in 1933 . Automatic telephone switching , which was introduced in 1892 , eliminated the need for telephone operators to manually connect local calls on a switchboard . By 1929 , 31.9 % of the Bell system was automatic .",
"Radio communications using Morse code were introduced in the first decade of the 20th century . Their main use was for communicating with ships . Ship radio became more widely used after the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912 .",
"Radio technology advanced rapidly . The triode vacuum tube made it possible to build amplifiers for broadcasting and for receivers . Radio circuit design also advanced , allowing better signals with less noise . By the early 1920s radios began being mass - produced and commercial broadcast stations were set up around the country .",
"A major economic downturn in 1906 ended the expansion from the late 1890s . This was followed by the Panic of 1907 . The Panic of 1907 was a factor in the establishment of the Federal Reserve Bank in 1913 .",
"The mild inflation of the 1890s , attributed to the rising gold supply from mining , continued until World War I , at which time inflation rose sharply with wartime shortages including labor shortages . Following the war the rate of inflation fell , but prices remained above the prewar level .",
"The U.S. economy prospered during World War I , partly due to sales of war goods to Europe . The stock market had its best year in history in 1916 . The U.S. gold reserves doubled between 1913 and 1918 , causing the price level to rise . Interest rates had been held low to minimize interest on war bonds , but after the final war bonds were sold in 1919 , the Federal Reserve raised the discount rate from 4 % to 6 % . Interest rates rose and the money supply contracted . The economy entered the Depression of 1920 - 21 which sharp . By 1923 the economy had returned to full employment .",
"A debt fueled boom developed following the war . Jerome ( 1934 ) gives an unattributed quote about finance conditions that allowed the great industrial expansion of the post WW I period :",
"Probably never before in this country had such a volume of funds been available at such low rates for such a long period .",
"There was also a real estate and housing bubble in the 1920s , especially in Florida , which burst in 1925 . Alvin Hansen stated that housing construction during the 1920s decade exceeded population growth by 25 % . See also : Florida land boom of the 1920s",
"Debt reached unsustainable levels . Speculation in stocks drove prices up to unpresented valuation levels . The stock market crashed in late October 1929 .",
"The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of legislation that led to the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Another such act passed the same year was the Federal Meat Inspection Act . The new laws helped the large packers , and hurt small operations that lacked economy of scale or quality controls .",
"The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which allowed the Federal Government to tax all income , was adopted in 1913 .",
"The Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) established a quota system on immigrants by country of origin , with the maximum number of annual immigrants from a country limited to 3 % of the number of that national background living in the U.S. according to the 1910 United States Census . The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the quota from 3 % to 2 % and added additional restrictions on certain nationalities .",
"In the early years of American history , most political leaders were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector , except in the area of transportation . In general , they accepted the concept of laissez - faire , a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order . This attitude started to change during the latter part of the 19th century , when small business , farm , and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf .",
"By the start of the 20th century , a middle class had developed that was leery of both the business elite and the somewhat radical political movements of farmers and laborers in the Midwest and West . Known as Progressives , these people favored government regulation of business practices to , in their minds , ensure competition and free enterprise . Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 ( the Interstate Commerce Act ) , and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 ( the Sherman Antitrust Act ) . These laws were not rigorously enforced , however , until the years between 1900 and 1920 , when Republican President Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) , Democrat President Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) , and others sympathetic to the views of the Progressives came to power . Many of today 's U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years , including the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission . Ida M. Tarbell wrote a series of articles against the Standard Oil monopoly . The series helped pave the way for the breakup of the monopoly .",
"Muckrakers were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more regulation of business . Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle ( 1906 ) showed America the horrors of the Chicago Union Stock Yards , a giant complex of meat processing that developed in the 1870s . The federal government responded to Sinclair 's book with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration .",
"When Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected President with a Democrat controlled Congress in 1912 he implemented a series of progressive policies . In 1913 , the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified , and the income tax was instituted in the United States . Wilson resolved the longstanding debates over tariffs and antitrust , and created the Federal Reserve , a complex business - government partnership that to this day dominates the financial world .",
"The World War involved a massive mobilization of money , taxes , and banking resources to pay for the American war effort and , through government - to - government loans , most of the Allied war effort as well .",
"Under Republican President Warren G. Harding , who called for normalcy and an end to high wartime taxes , Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon raised the tariff , cut other taxes , and used the large surplus to reduce the federal debt by about a third from 1920 to 1930 . Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover worked to introduce efficiency , by regulating business practices . This period of prosperity , along with the culture of the time , was known as the Roaring Twenties . The rapid growth of the automobile industry stimulated industries such as oil , glass , and road - building . Tourism soared and consumers with cars had a much wider radius for their shopping . Small cities prospered , and large cities had their best decade ever , with a boom in construction of offices , factories and homes . The new electric power industry transformed both business and everyday life . Telephones and electricity spread to the countryside , but farmers never recovered from the wartime bubble in land prices . Millions migrated to nearby cities . However , in October 1929 , the Stock market crashed and banks began to fail in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 .",
"The early decades of the 20th century was remarkable for the improvements of the quality of life in the U.S. The quality of housing improved , with houses offering better protection against cold . Floor space per occupant increased . Sanitation was greatly improved by the building of water supply and sewage systems , plus the treatment drinking water by filtration and chlorination . The change over to internal combustion took horses off the streets and eliminated horse manure and urine and the flies they attracted .",
"Federal regulation of food products and processing , including government inspection of meat processing plants helped lower the incidence of food related illness and death .",
"Infant mortality , which had been declining dramatically in the last quarter of the 19th century , continued to decline .",
"The workweek , which averaged 53 hours in 1900 , continued to decline . The burden of household chores lessened considerably . Hauling water and firewood into the home every day was no longer necessary for an increasing number of households .",
"Electric light was far less expensive and higher quality than kerosene lamp light . Electric light also eliminated smoke and fumes and reduced the fire hazard .",
"Despite the Great Depression and World War II , the middle decades of the 20th century were among the highest for productivity growth . The research developed through informal cooperation between U.S. industry and academia grew rapidly and by the late 1930s exceeded the size of that taking place in Britain ( although the quality of U.S. research was not yet on par with British and German research at the time ) .",
"Productivity growth in manufacturing slowed from the electrification era of the early century , but remained moderate . Automation of factories became widespread during the middle decades as industry invested in newly developed instruments and controls that allowed fewer workers to operate vast factories , refineries and chemical plants with fewer workers . See : Process control",
"Following the stock market crash , the worldwide economy plunged into the Great Depression . The U.S. money supply began to contract by one - third . The protectionist Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act incited retaliation by Canada , Britain , Germany and other trading partners . Congress , in 1932 , worried about the rapidly growing deficit and national debt , and raised income tax rates . Economists generally agree that these measures deepened an already serious crisis . By 1932 , the unemployment rate was 25 % . Conditions were worse in heavy industry , lumbering , export agriculture ( cotton , wheat , tobacco ) , and mining . Conditions were not quite as bad in white collar sectors and in light manufacturing .",
"Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 without a specific program . He relied on a highly eclectic group of advisors who patched together many programs , known as the New Deal .",
"Table 2 : Depression Data 1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940 Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 103.7 113.0 Consumer Price Index 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2 Index of Industrial Production 109 75 69 112 89 126 Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2 Exports ( $ billions ) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02 Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9",
"Table 2 : Depression Data 1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940",
"Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 103.7 113.0",
"Consumer Price Index 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2",
"Index of Industrial Production 109 75 69 112 89 126",
"Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2",
"Exports ( $ billions ) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02",
"Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9",
"in 1929 dollars 1935 -- 39 = 100",
"Government spending increased from 8.0 % of GNP under Hoover in 1932 to 10.2 % of GNP in 1936 . Roosevelt balanced the `` regular '' budget the emergency budget was funded by debt , which increased from 33.6 % of GNP in 1932 to 40.9 % in 1936 . Deficit spending had been recommended by some economists , most notably John Maynard Keynes in Britain . Roosevelt met Keynes but did not pay attention to his recommendations . After a meeting with Keynes , who kept drawing diagrams , Roosevelt remarked that `` He must be a mathematician rather than a political economist '' .",
"In 1929 -- 33 the economy was destabilized by bank failures . The initial reasons were substantial losses in investment banking , followed by bank runs . Bank runs occurred when a large number of customers lost confidence in their deposits ( which were not insured ) and rushed to withdraw their deposits . Runs destabilized many banks to the point where they faced bankruptcy . Between 1929 and 1933 40 % of all banks ( 9,490 out of 23,697 banks ) went bankrupt . Much of the Great Depression 's economic damage was caused directly by bank runs .",
"Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs , but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic . Roosevelt acted as soon as he took office ; he closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation . On March 9 , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors . The act was passed and signed into law the same day . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days . Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month , thus stabilizing the banking system . By the end of 1933 , 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks . Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion ; depositors lost a total of $540 million , and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits ; it is a common myth that they received nothing back . The Glass -- Steagall Act limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms to regulate speculations . It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , which insured deposits for up to $250,000 , ended the risk of runs on banks .",
"Unemployment reached 25 percent in the worst days of 1932 -- 33 , but it was unevenly distributed . Job losses were less severe among women than men , among workers in nondurable industries ( such as food and clothing ) , in services and sales , and in government jobs . The least skilled inner city men had much higher unemployment rates , as did young people who had a hard time getting their first job , and men over the age of 45 who if they lost their job would seldom find another one because employers had their choice of younger men . Millions were hired in the Great Depression , but men with weaker credentials were never hired , and fell into a long - term unemployment trap . The migration that brought millions of farmers and townspeople to the bigger cities in the 1920s suddenly reversed itself , as unemployment made the cities unattractive , and the network of kinfolk and more ample food supplies made it wise for many to go back .",
"City governments in 1930 -- 31 tried to meet the depression by expanding public works projects , as president Herbert Hoover strongly encouraged . However tax revenues were plunging , and the cities as well as private relief agencies were totally overwhelmed by 1931 men were unable to provide significant additional relief . They fell back on the cheapest possible relief , soup kitchens which provided free meals for anyone who showed up . After 1933 new sales taxes and infusions of federal money helped relieve the fiscal distress of the cities , but the budgets did not fully recover until 1941 .",
"The federal programs launched by Hoover and greatly expanded by president Roosevelt 's New Deal used massive construction projects to try to jump start the economy and solve the unemployment crisis . The alphabet agencies ERA , CCC , FERA , WPA and PWA built and repaired the public infrastructure in dramatic fashion , but did little to foster the recovery of the private sector . FERA , CCC , and especially WPA focused on providing unskilled jobs for long - term unemployed men .",
"The extent to which the spending for relief and public works provided a sufficient stimulus to revive the U.S. economy , or whether it harmed the economy , is also debated . If one defines economic health entirely by the gross domestic product , the U.S. had gotten back on track by 1934 , and made a full recovery by 1936 , but as Roosevelt said , one third of the nation was ill fed , ill - housed and ill - clothed . See Chart 3 . GNP was 34 % higher in 1936 than 1932 , and 58 % higher in 1940 on the eve of war . The economy grew 58 % from 1932 to 1940 in 8 years of peacetime , and then grew another 56 % from 1940 to 1945 in 5 years of wartime . The unemployment rate fell from 25.2 % in 1932 to 13.9 % in 1940 when the draft started . During the war the economy operated under so many different conditions that comparison is impossible with peacetime , such as massive spending , price controls , bond campaigns , controls over raw materials , prohibitions on new housing and new automobiles , rationing , guaranteed cost - plus profits , subsidized wages , and the draft of 12 million soldiers .",
"In 1995 economist Robert Whaples stated that measuring the effect of the New Deal remains a thorny issue for economists because it is so difficult to measure the effects it had on the country . A survey of academic specialists by Whaples showed that 49 % of those economists surveyed felt that the New Deal lengthened and deepened the depression , while 51 % disagreed . The same survey also showed that only 5 % of professional historians and 27 % of professional economists felt the same way . However , economist Eric Rauchway of the University of California stated `` very few people disapprove of most of the New Deal reforms '' , which include Social Security , the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. , and Fannie Mae . Regardless , unemployment peaked in 1932 at 25 % and was reduced to 13.9 % by 1940 .",
"As Broadus Mitchell summarized , `` Most indexes worsened until the summer of 1932 , which may be called the low point of the depression economically and psychologically '' . Economic indicators show the American economy declined until February 1933 . After Roosevelt took office , there began a steady , sharp upward recovery that persisted until the brief Recession of 1937 -- 1938 ( see graph ) after which they continued their upward climb . Thus the Federal Reserve Index of Industrial Production bottomed at 52.8 on July 1 , 1932 and was practically unchanged at 54.3 on March 1 , 1933 ; however by July 1 , 1933 , it had climbed to 85.5 ( with 1935 -- 39 = 100 , and for comparison 2005 = 1,342 ) .",
"Unemployment dropped to 2 % , relief programs largely ended , and the industrial economy grew rapidly to new heights as millions of people moved to new jobs in war centers , and 16 million men and 300,000 women were drafted or volunteered for military service .",
"All economic sectors grew during the war . Farm output went from an index ( by volume ) of 106 in 1939 to 128 in 1943 . Coal output went from 446 million tons in 1939 to 651 in 1943 ; oil from 1.3 billion barrels to 1.5 billion . Manufacturing output doubled , from a volume index of 109 in 1939 to 239 in 1943 . Railroads strained to move it all to market , going from an output of 13.6 billion loaded car miles in 1939 to 23.3 in 1943 .",
"The War Production Board coordinated the nation 's productive capabilities so that military priorities would be met . Converted consumer - products plants filled many military orders . Automakers built tanks and aircraft , for example , making the United States the `` arsenal of democracy '' . In an effort to prevent rising national income and scarce consumer products from causing inflation , the newly created Office of Price Administration rationed and set prices for consumer items ranging from sugar to meat , clothing and gasoline , and otherwise tried to restrain price increases . It also set rent in war centers .",
"Six million women took jobs in manufacturing and production ; most were newly created temporary jobs in munitions . Some were replacing men away in the military . These working women were symbolized by the fictional character of Rosie the Riveter . After the war many women returned to household work as men returned from military service . The nation turned to the suburbs , as a pent - up demand for new housing was finally unleashed .",
"The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was a golden era of economic growth . $200 billion in war bonds matured , and the G.I. Bill financed a well - educated work force . The middle class swelled , as did GDP and productivity . This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes , which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period -- labor union membership peaked historically in the U.S. during the 1950s , in the midst of this massive economic growth . Much of the growth came from the movement of low income farm workers into better paying jobs in the towns and cities -- a process largely completed by 1960 .",
"Congress created the Council of Economic Advisors , to promote high employment , high profits and low inflation . The Eisenhower administration ( 1953 -- 1961 ) supported an activist contracyclical approach that helped to establish Keynesianism as a bipartisan economic policy for the nation . Especially important in formulating the CEA response to the recession -- accelerating public works programs , easing credit , and reducing taxes -- were Arthur F. Burns and Neil H. Jacoby . `` '' I am now a Keynesian in economics `` , proclaimed Republican President Richard Nixon in 1969 . Although this period brought economic expansion to the country as a whole , it was not recession proof . The recessions of 1945 , 1949 , 1953 , 1958 , and 1960 saw a drastic decline in GDP .",
"The `` Baby Boom '' saw a dramatic increase in fertility in the period 1942 -- 1957 ; it was caused by delayed marriages and childbearing during depression years , a surge in prosperity , a demand for suburban single - family homes ( as opposed to inner city apartments ) and new optimism about the future . The boom crested about 1957 , then slowly declined .",
"The New Deal era farm programs were continued into the 1940s and 1950s , with the goal of supporting the prices received by farmers . Typical programs involved farm loans , commodity subsidies , and price supports . The rapid decline in the farm population led to a smaller voice in Congress . So the well - organized Farm Bureau and other lobbyists , worked in the 1970s to appeal to urban Congressman through food stamp programs for the poor . By 2000 , the food stamp program was the largest component of the farm bill . In 2010 , the Tea Party movement brought in many Republicans committed to cutting all federal subsidies , including those agriculture . Meanwhile , urban Democrats strongly opposed reductions , pointing to the severe hardships caused by the 2008 - 10 economic recession . The Agricultural Act of 2014 saw many rural Republican Congressman voting against the program despite its support from farmers ; it passed with urban support .",
"Ammonia from plants built during World War II to make explosives became available for making fertilizers , leading to a permanent decline in real fertilizer prices . The early 1950s was the peak period for tractor sales in the U.S. as the few remaining horses and mules were phased out . The horsepower of farm machinery underwent a large expansion . A successful cotton picking machine was introduced in 1949 . The machine could do the work of 50 men picking by hand .",
"Research on plant breeding produced varieties of grain crops that could produce high yields with heavy fertilizer input . This resulted in the Green revolution , beginning in the 1940s . By the century 's end yields of corn ( maize ) rose by a factor of over four . Wheat and soybean yields also rose significantly .",
"Air transport was a major beneficiary of the war . The United States was the leading producer of combat aircraft during World War II and had a large surplus of machine tools and manufacturing facilities for airplanes at the end of the war . There were also experienced airplane manufacturing and maintenance personnel . Additionally , radar had been developed during the war .",
"The aircraft industry had the highest productivity growth of any major industry , growing by 8.9 % per year from 1929 - 1966 .",
"Very little housing had been built during the Great Depression and World War , except for emergency quarters near war industries . Overcrowded and inadequate apartments was the common condition . Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown . However , the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles , highways , and inexpensive housing . The population had grown , and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments , automobiles and appliances . The product was a great housing boom . Whereas an average of 316,000 new housing non-farm units had been constructed from the 1930s through 1945 , there were 1,450,000 units built annually from 1946 through 1955 .",
"The G.I. Bill guaranteed low cost loans for veterans , with very low down payments , and low interest rates . With 16 million eligible veterans , the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand . In 1947 alone , 540,000 veterans bought one ; their average price was $7300 . The construction industry kept prices low by standardization -- for example standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets , refrigerators and stoves , allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings . Developers purchased empty land just outside the city , installed tract houses based on a handful of designs , and provided streets and utilities , or local public officials race to build schools . The most famous development was Levittown , in Long Island just east of New York City . It offered a new house for $1000 down , and $70 a month ; it featured three bedrooms , fireplace , gas range and gas furnace , and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet , all for a total price of $10,000 . Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment .",
"Construction of the Interstate Highway System began in 1956 .",
"Mainframe business computer systems started being widely introduced in the 1960s . These systems handled a variety of accounting , billing and payroll functions .",
"One highly significant application was the Sabre airline reservations system , which first went into operation in 1960 . With Sabre reservations could be placed remotely using teleprinters and all functions were done automatically , including ticket printing . This eliminated manually handling file cards .",
"Federal taxes on incomes , profits and payrolls had risen to high levels during World War II and had been cut back only slowly ; the highest rates for individuals reached the 90 % level . Congress cut tax rates in 1964 . President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) dreamed of creating a `` Great Society '' , and began many new social programs to that end , such as Medicaid and Medicare .",
"After the Cold War began in 1947 , and especially after the Korean War began in 1950 and the government adopted a strategy in NSC - 68 military spending soared . Economists examined how much this `` military Keynesianism '' stimulated the economy .",
"President Eisenhower feared that excessive military spending would damage the economy , so he downsized the Army after Korea and shifted priorities to missiles and nuclear weapons ( which were much less expensive than army divisions ) . He also promoted the Interstate Highway system as necessary for national defense , and made space exploration a priority . His successor John F Kennedy made a manned mission to the moon a national priority . Much of the new spending went to California and the West , a continuation of wartime spending .",
"An even greater impact came in the South , where it stimulated a modernization of the economy away from cotton towards manufacturing and high technology . For example , there were new , large technologically sophisticated installations at the Atomic Energy Commission 's Savannah River Site in South Carolina ; the Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville in Alabama ; nuclear research facilities at Oak Ridge , Tennessee ; and space facilities at Cape Canaveral , Florida , at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , and at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi .",
"The Defense Department financed some of private industry 's research and development throughout these decades , most notably ARPANET ( which would become the Internet ) .",
"Manufacturing employment and nominal value added shares of the economy have been in a steady decline since World War II . In the late 1960s manufacturing 's share of both employment and nominal value added was about 26 % , falling to about 11 % and 12 % respectively by the end of the century .",
"Per - capita steel consumption in the U.S. peaked in 1977 , then fell by half before staging a modest recovery to levels well below the peak .",
"The decline in the relative size of manufacturing coincided with a rise in the size of the service sector .",
"Technological innovations of the final third of the 20th century were significant , but were not as powerful as those of the first two - thirds of the century . Manufacturing productivity growth continued at a somewhat slower rate than in earlier decades , but overall productivity was dragged down by the relative increase in size of the government and service sectors .",
"The postwar boom ended with a number of events in the early 1970s :",
"the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 the growing influx of imported manufacturing goods , such as automobiles and electronics the 1973 oil crisis , productivity growth fell to a low level after 1973 and remained low until the 1990s , the 1973 -- 1974 stock market crash , and the ensuing displacement of Keynesian economics by monetarist economics , especially by the free - market Chicago School of Economics , led by economist Milton Friedman . At the same time , the consensus among experts moved against New - Deal - style regulation , in favor of deregulation .",
"the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971",
"the growing influx of imported manufacturing goods , such as automobiles and electronics",
"the 1973 oil crisis ,",
"productivity growth fell to a low level after 1973 and remained low until the 1990s ,",
"the 1973 -- 1974 stock market crash ,",
"and the ensuing displacement of Keynesian economics by monetarist economics , especially by the free - market Chicago School of Economics , led by economist Milton Friedman . At the same time , the consensus among experts moved against New - Deal - style regulation , in favor of deregulation .",
"In the late 1960s it was apparent to some that this juggernaut of economic growth was slowing down , and it began to become visibly apparent in the early 1970s . The United States grew increasingly dependent on oil importation from OPEC after peaking production in 1970 , resulting in oil supply shocks in 1973 and 1979 . Stagflation gripped the nation , and the government experimented with wage and price controls under President Nixon . The Bretton Woods Agreement collapsed in 1971 -- 1972 , and President Nixon closed the gold window at the Federal Reserve , taking the United States entirely off the gold standard .",
"President Gerald Ford introduced the slogan , `` Whip Inflation Now '' ( WIN ) . In 1974 , productivity shrunk by 1.5 % , though this soon recovered . In 1976 , Jimmy Carter won the Presidency . Carter would later take much of the blame for the even more turbulent economic times to come , though some say circumstances were outside his control . Inflation continued to climb skyward . Productivity growth was small , when not negative . Interest rates remained high , with the prime reaching 20 % in January 1981 ; Art Buchwald quipped that 1980 would go down in history as the year when it was cheaper to borrow money from the Mafia than the local bank .",
"Unemployment dropped mostly steadily from 1975 to 1979 , although it then began to rise sharply .",
"This period also saw the increased rise of the environmental and consumer movements , and the government established new regulations and regulatory agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration , the Consumer Product Safety Commission , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission , and others .",
"Deregulation gained momentum in the mid-1970s , spurred by slow productivity growth and increasing operation and capital costs in several key sectors . It was not until 1978 that the first meaningful deregulation legislation , the Airline Deregulation Act , was cleared by Congress . Transportation deregulation accelerated in 1980 , with the deregulation of railroads and trucking . Deregulation of interstate buses followed in 1982 . In addition to transportation deregulation , savings and loan associations and banks were partially deregulated with the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act in 1980 and the Garn -- St. Germain Depository Institutions Act in 1982 .",
"On a broader front , the economy initially recovered at a brisk pace from the 1973 -- 75 recession . Incoming president Jimmy Carter instituted a large fiscal stimulus package in 1977 in order to boost the economy . However , inflation began a steep rise beginning in late 1978 , and rose by double digits following the 1979 energy crisis . In order to combat inflation , Carter appointed Paul Volcker to the Federal Reserve , who raised interest rates and caused a sharp recession in the first six months of 1980 . In March 1980 , Carter introduced his own policies for reducing inflation , and the Federal Reserve brought down interest rates to cooperate with the initiatives .",
"During the 1980 recession , manufacturing shed 1.1 million jobs , while service industries remained intact . Employment in automotive manufacturing in particular suffered , experiencing a 33 % reduction by the end of the recession . Collectively these factors contributed to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . The Federal Reserve once again began to raise interest rates in 1981 , which plunged the economy back into recession . Unemployment rose to a peak of 10.8 % in December 1982 , a post-war high .",
"In 1981 , Ronald Reagan introduced Reaganomics . That is , fiscally expansive economic policies , cutting marginal federal income tax rates by 25 % . Inflation dropped dramatically from 13.5 % annually in 1980 to just 3 % annually in 1983 due to a short recession and the Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker 's tighter control of the money supply and interest rates . Real GDP began to grow after contracting in 1980 and 1982 . The unemployment rate continued to rise to a peak of 10.8 % by late 1982 , but dropped well under 6 % unemployment at the end of Reagan 's presidency in January 1989 .",
"20 million jobs were created under Reagan 's presidency -- which were made up of 82 percent high - paying and long - term jobs . From 1982 to 1987 the Dow Jones Industrial Average gained over 1900 points from 776 in 1982 to 2722 in 1987 -- about a 350 % increase . An economic boom took place from 1983 until a recession began in 1990 . Between 1983 and 1989 the number of people below the poverty line decreased by 3.8 million .",
"The boom saw the increasing popularity of electronic appliances like computers , cell phones , music players and video games . Credit cards were a symbol of the boom . The Reagan tax cuts seemed to work and Americans were able to shrug off the crash of 1987 by the beginning of 1988 . The growth ended by 1990 after seven years of stock market growth and prosperity for the upper and middle class . The federal debt spawned by his policies tripled ( from $930 billion in 1981 to $2.6 trillion in 1988 ) , reaching record levels .",
"Though debt almost always increased under every president in the latter half of the 20th century , it declined as a percentage of GDP under all Presidents after 1950 and prior to Reagan . In addition to the fiscal deficits , the U.S. started to have large trade deficits . Also it was during his second term that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 was passed . Vice President George H.W. Bush was elected to succeed Reagan in 1988 . The early Bush Presidency 's economic policies were sometimes seen as a continuation of Reagan 's policies , but in the early 1990s , Bush went back on a promise and increased taxes in a compromise with Congressional Democrats . He ended his presidency on a moderate note , signing regulatory bills such as the Americans With Disabilities Act , and negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement . In 1992 , Bush and third - party candidate Ross Perot lost to Democrat Bill Clinton .",
"The advent of deindustrialization in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw income inequality increase dramatically to levels never seen before . But at the same time , most orthodox economists , and most policy makers , pointed to the fact that consumers could buy so many goods , even with the inflation of the 1970s , as evidence that the general shift away from manufacturing and into services was creating widespread prosperity . In 1968 , the U.S. Gini coefficient was 0.386 . In 2005 , the American Gini coefficient had reached 0.469 .",
"Critics of economic policies favored by Republican and Democratic administrations since the 1960s , particularly those expanding `` free trade '' and `` open markets '' ( see Neoliberalism ) say that these policies , though benefiting trading as well as the cost of products in the U.S. , could have taken their own on the prosperity of the America middle - class . But in this period , consumers were buying as never before with so many products and goods at such low costs and in high quantities . Critics however argued that this consumer behavior was giving a false reading of the health of the economy , because it was being paid for by taking on rapidly increasing levels of indebtedness , thus covering up the stagnating wages and earnings of most of the workforce .",
"During the 1990s , government debt increased by 75 % , GDP rose by 69 % , and the stock market as measured by the S&P 500 grew more than threefold .",
"From 1994 to 2000 real output increased , inflation was manageable and unemployment dropped to below 5 % , resulting in a soaring stock market known as the dot - com boom . The second half of the 1990s was characterized by well - publicized initial public offerings of high - tech and `` dot - com '' companies . By 2000 , however , it was evident a bubble in stock valuations had occurred , such that beginning in March 2000 , the market would give back some 50 % to 75 % of the growth of the 1990s . The economy worsened in 2001 with output increasing only 0.3 % and unemployment and business failures rising substantially , and triggering a recession that is often blamed on the September 11 attacks .",
"An additional factor in the fall of the US markets and in investor confidence included numerous corporate scandals .",
"From 2001 - 07 , the red - hot housing market across the United States fueled a false sense of security regarding the strength of the U.S. economy .",
"This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 )",
"This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 )",
"In 2008 , a series of related economic disasters hit the American and European financial systems . The bursting of a worldwide bubble in housing set the recession in motion . The end of housing bubbles in California , Florida and Arizona led to the collapse of housing prices and the shrinkage of construction sector . Millions of mortgages ( averaging about $200,000 each ) had been bundled into securities called collateralized debt obligations that were resold worldwide . Many banks and hedge funds had borrowed hundreds of billions of dollars to buy these securities , which were now `` toxic '' because their value was unknown and no one wanted to buy them .",
"A series of the largest banks in the U.S. and Europe collapsed ; some went bankrupt , such as Lehman Brothers with $690 billion in assets ; others such as the leading insurance company AIG , the leading bank Citigroup , and the two largest mortgage companies were bailed out by the government . Congress voted $700 billion in bailout money , and the Treasury and Federal Reserve committed trillions of dollars to shoring up the financial system , but the measures did not reverse the declines . Banks drastically tightened their lending policies , despite infusions of federal money . The government for the first time took major ownership positions in the largest banks . The stock market plunged 40 % , wiping out tens of trillions of dollars in wealth ; housing prices fell 20 % nationwide wiping out trillions more . By late 2008 distress was spreading beyond the financial and housing sectors , especially as the `` Big Three '' of the automobile industry ( General Motors , Ford and Chrysler ) were on the verge of bankruptcy , and the retail sector showed major weaknesses . Critics of the $700 billion Troubled Assets Relief Program ( TARP ) expressed anger that much of the TARP money that has been distributed to banks is seemingly unaccounted for , with banks being secretive on the issue .",
"President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 in February 2009 ; the bill provides $787 billion in stimulus through a combination of spending and tax cuts . The plan is largely based on the Keynesian theory that government spending should offset the fall in private spending during an economic downturn ; otherwise the fall in private spending may perpetuate itself and productive resources , such as the labor hours of the unemployed , will be wasted . Critics claim that government spending can not offset a fall in private spending because government must borrow money from the private sector in order to add money to it . However , most economists do not think such `` crowding out '' is an issue when interest rates are near zero and the economy is stagnant . Opponents of the stimulus also point to problems of possible future inflation and government debt caused by such a large expenditure .",
"In the U.S. , jobs paying between $14 and $21 per hour made up about 60 % those lost during the recession , but such mid-wage jobs have comprised only about 27 % of jobs gained during the recovery through mid-2012 . In contrast , lower - paying jobs constituted about 58 % of the jobs regained .",
"United States Annual Economic Data United States Annual Economic Data Year GDP Nominal ( $ billions ) GDP Adjusted ( $ billions ) Population ( millions ) GDP per capita Nominal ( $ ) GDP per capita Adjusted ( $ ) 1790 0.19 3.60 3.929 48 916 1791 0.21 3.82 4.048 52 944 1792 0.22 4.10 4.171 53 983 1793 0.25 4.43 4.297 58 1031 1794 0.31 5.00 4.428 70 1129 1795 0.38 5.31 4.562 83 1164 1796 0.41 5.47 4.700 87 1164 1797 0.41 5.57 4.843 85 1150 1798 0.41 5.80 4.990 82 1162 1799 0.44 6.20 5.141 86 1206 1800 0.48 6.55 5.297 91 1237 1801 0.51 6.87 5.486 93 1252 1802 0.45 7.09 5.679 79 1248 1803 0.48 7.21 5.872 82 1228 1804 0.53 7.49 6.065 87 1235 1805 0.56 7.88 6.258 89 1259 1806 0.61 8.26 6.451 95 1280 1807 0.58 8.27 6.644 87 1245 1808 0.64 8.28 6.838 94 1211 1809 0.68 8.92 7.031 97 1269 1810 0.70 9.40 7.224 97 1301 1811 0.76 9.82 7.460 102 1316 1812 0.78 10.2 7.700 101 1326 1813 0.96 10.8 7.939 121 1358 1814 1.06 11.2 8.179 130 1372 1815 0.91 11.3 8.419 108 1342 1816 0.81 11.3 8.659 94 1304 1817 0.76 11.5 8.899 85 1297 1818 0.72 12.0 9.139 79 1308 1819 0.72 12.3 9.379 77 1309 1820 0.70 12.8 9.618 73 1328 1821 0.73 13.4 9.939 73 1351 1822 0.80 14.0 10.268 78 1360 1823 0.75 14.5 10.596 71 1364 1824 0.75 15.3 10.924 69 1400 1825 0.81 16.0 11.252 72 1421 1826 0.86 16.6 11.580 74 1431 1827 0.91 17.1 11.909 76 1433 1828 0.89 17.3 12.237 73 1415 1829 0.92 18.0 12.565 73 1431 1830 1.01 19.5 12.901 78 1518 1831 1.04 21.2 13.321 78 1591 1832 1.12 22.6 13.742 82 1646 1833 1.14 23.3 14.162 80 1647 1834 1.20 23.7 14.582 82 1625 1835 1.32 25.0 15.003 88 1664 1836 1.46 25.7 15.423 95 1667 1837 1.54 26.0 15.843 97 1639 1838 1.58 27.1 16.264 97 1663 1839 1.65 27.8 16.684 99 1666 1840 1.55 27.8 17.123 91 1622 1841 1.63 28.4 17.733 92 1603 1842 1.60 29.4 18.345 87 1600 1843 1.55 30.8 18.957 82 1623 1844 1.69 32.6 19.569 86 1665 1845 1.84 34.6 20.182 91 1715 1846 2.04 37.4 20.794 98 1799 1847 2.39 40.0 21.406 112 1870 1848 2.41 41.4 22.018 109 1881 1849 2.40 42.0 22.631 106 1855 1850 2.56 43.9 23.261 110 1889 1851 2.70 47.5 24.086 112 1972 1852 3.04 53.0 24.911 122 2128 1853 3.28 57.3 25.736 127 2226 1854 3.68 59.3 26.561 139 2232 1855 3.94 61.7 27.386 144 2254 1856 4.00 64.1 28.212 142 2270 1857 4.13 64.4 29.037 142 2218 1858 4.05 67.1 29.862 136 2247 1859 4.38 72.0 30.687 143 2346 1860 4.32 72.3 31.513 137 2296 1861 4.58 73.7 32.351 142 2277 1862 5.76 82.9 33.188 174 2497 1863 7.60 89.3 34.026 223 2624 1864 9.43 90.4 34.863 270 2592 1865 9.86 93.0 35.701 276 2606 1866 8.98 88.8 36.538 246 2430 1867 8.33 90.4 37.376 223 2418 1868 8.14 93.9 38.213 213 2458 1869 7.85 96.6 39.051 201 2473 1870 7.79 100 39.905 195 2509 1871 7.68 105 40.938 188 2573 1872 8.21 113 41.972 196 2683 1873 8.68 123 43.006 202 2824 1874 8.43 124 44.040 191 2815 1875 8.05 123 45.073 179 2726 1876 8.21 128 46.107 178 2781 1877 8.27 132 47.141 175 2804 1878 8.31 139 48.174 172 2894 1879 9.36 157 49.208 190 3188 1880 10.4 170 50.262 206 3379 1881 11.6 191 51.542 226 3708 1882 12.2 201 52.821 231 3800 1883 12.3 206 54.100 227 3808 1884 11.8 203 55.379 212 3667 1885 11.4 201 56.658 202 3552 1886 12.0 218 57.938 208 3764 1887 13.0 234 59.217 219 3944 1888 13.8 249 60.496 227 4108 1889 13.8 258 61.775 224 4169 1890 15.2 284 63.056 240 4502 1891 15.5 287 64.361 240 4459 1892 16.4 301 65.666 250 4590 1893 15.5 284 66.970 231 4242 1894 14.2 271 68.275 208 3972 1895 15.6 300 69.580 224 4313 1896 15.4 294 70.885 218 4153 1897 16.1 307 72.189 223 4256 1898 18.2 344 73.494 248 4685 1899 19.5 365 74.799 261 4884 1900 20.7 376 76.094 272 4943 1901 22.4 397 77.584 289 5112 1902 24.2 417 79.163 305 5261 1903 26.1 429 80.632 323 5317 1904 25.8 414 82.166 314 5034 1905 28.9 459 83.822 344 5480 1906 30.9 475 85.450 362 5564 1907 34.0 492 87.008 391 5649 1908 30.3 439 88.710 342 4949 1909 32.2 468 90.490 356 5169 1910 33.4 473 92.407 362 5116 1911 34.3 488 93.863 366 5200 1912 37.4 511 95.335 392 5359 1913 39.1 531 97.225 403 5462 1914 36.5 490 99.111 368 4948 1915 38.7 504 100.546 385 5011 1916 49.6 574 101.961 487 5626 1917 59.7 560 103.268 578 5418 1918 75.8 610 103.208 735 5910 1919 78.3 615 104.514 749 5883 1920 88.4 609 106.461 830 5721 1921 73.6 595 108.538 678 5483 1922 73.4 628 110.049 667 5708 1923 85.4 711 111.947 763 6350 1924 87.0 733 114.109 762 6422 1925 90.6 750 115.829 782 6475 1926 97.0 799 117.397 826 6806 1927 95.5 807 119.035 803 6777 1928 97.4 816 120.509 808 6771 1929 103.6 865.2 121.767 851 7105 1930 91.2 790.7 123.077 741 6424 1931 76.5 739.9 124.040 617 5965 1932 58.7 643.7 124.840 470 5156 1933 56.4 635.5 125.579 449 5061 1934 66.0 704.2 126.374 522 5572 1935 73.3 766.9 127.250 576 6027 1936 83.8 866.6 128.053 654 6768 1937 91.9 911.1 128.825 713 7072 1938 86.1 879.7 129.825 663 6776 1939 92.2 950.7 130.880 704 7264 1940 101.4 1034.1 131.954 768 7837 1941 126.7 1211.1 133.121 952 9098 1942 161.9 1435.4 133.920 1209 10718 1943 198.6 1670.9 134.245 1479 12447 1944 219.8 1806.5 132.885 1654 13594 1945 223.1 1786.3 132.481 1684 13483 1946 222.3 1589.4 140.054 1587 11348 1947 244.2 1574.5 143.446 1702 10976 1948 269.2 1643.2 146.093 1843 11248 1949 267.3 1634.6 148.665 1798 10995 1950 293.8 1777.3 151.235 1943 11752 1951 339.3 1915.0 153.310 2213 12491 1952 358.3 1988.3 155.687 2301 12771 1953 379.4 2079.5 158.242 2398 13141 1954 380.4 2065.4 161.164 2360 12816 1955 414.8 2212.8 164.308 2525 13467 1956 437.5 2255.8 167.306 2615 13483 1957 461.1 2301.1 170.371 2706 13506 1958 467.2 2279.2 173.320 2696 13150 1959 506.6 2441.3 176.289 2874 13848 1960 526.4 2501.8 179.979 2925 13901 1961 544.7 2560.0 182.992 2977 13990 1962 585.6 2715.2 185.771 3152 14616 1963 617.7 2834.0 188.483 3277 15036 1964 663.6 2998.6 191.141 3472 15688 1965 719.1 3191.1 193.526 3716 16489 1966 787.8 3399.1 195.576 4028 17380 1967 832.6 3484.6 197.457 4217 17647 1968 911.0 3652.7 199.399 4564 18319 1969 984.6 3765.4 201.385 4889 18698 1970 1038.5 3771.9 203.984 5091 18491 1971 1127.1 3898.6 206.827 5449 18850 1972 1238.3 4105.0 209.284 5917 19614 1973 1382.7 4341.5 211.357 6542 20541 1500.0 4319.6 213.342 7031 20247 1638.3 4311.2 215.465 7604 20009 1976 1825.3 4540.9 217.583 8389 20870 1977 2030.9 4750.5 219.760 9241 21617 1978 2294.7 5015.0 222.095 10332 22580 1979 2563.3 5173.4 224.567 11414 23037 1980 2789.5 5161.7 227.225 12276 22716 1981 3128.4 5291.7 229.466 13633 23061 1982 3255.0 5189.3 231.664 14051 22400 3536.7 5423.8 233.792 15128 23199 1984 3933.2 5813.6 235.825 16678 24652 1985 4220.3 6053.7 237.924 17738 25444 1986 4462.8 6263.6 240.133 18585 26084 4739.5 6475.1 242.289 19561 26725 1988 5103.8 6742.7 244.499 20875 27578 5484.4 6981.4 246.819 22220 28286 5803.1 7112.5 249.623 23247 28493 1991 5995.9 7100.5 252.981 23701 28067 6337.7 7336.6 256.514 24707 28601 6657.4 7532.7 259.919 25613 28981 7072.2 7835.5 263.126 26878 29779 1995 7397.7 8031.7 266.278 27782 30163 7816.9 8328.9 269.394 29017 30917 8304.3 8703.5 272.647 30458 31922 1998 8747.0 9066.9 275.854 31709 32868 1999 9268.4 9470.3 279.040 33215 33939 2000 9817.0 9817.0 282.217 34785 34785 10128.0 9890.7 285.226 35509 34677 2002 10469.6 10048.8 288.126 36337 34876 2003 10960.8 10301.0 290.796 37692 35423 11685.9 10675.8 293.638 39797 36357 2005 12433.9 11003.4 296.507 41935 37110 2006 13194.7 11319.4 299.98 44071 37807",
"United States Annual Economic Data",
"United States Annual Economic Data",
"United States Annual Economic Data Year GDP Nominal ( $ billions ) GDP Adjusted ( $ billions ) Population ( millions ) GDP per capita Nominal ( $ ) GDP per capita Adjusted ( $ ) 1790 0.19 3.60 3.929 48 916 1791 0.21 3.82 4.048 52 944 1792 0.22 4.10 4.171 53 983 1793 0.25 4.43 4.297 58 1031 1794 0.31 5.00 4.428 70 1129 1795 0.38 5.31 4.562 83 1164 1796 0.41 5.47 4.700 87 1164 1797 0.41 5.57 4.843 85 1150 1798 0.41 5.80 4.990 82 1162 1799 0.44 6.20 5.141 86 1206 1800 0.48 6.55 5.297 91 1237 1801 0.51 6.87 5.486 93 1252 1802 0.45 7.09 5.679 79 1248 1803 0.48 7.21 5.872 82 1228 1804 0.53 7.49 6.065 87 1235 1805 0.56 7.88 6.258 89 1259 1806 0.61 8.26 6.451 95 1280 1807 0.58 8.27 6.644 87 1245 1808 0.64 8.28 6.838 94 1211 1809 0.68 8.92 7.031 97 1269 1810 0.70 9.40 7.224 97 1301 1811 0.76 9.82 7.460 102 1316 1812 0.78 10.2 7.700 101 1326 1813 0.96 10.8 7.939 121 1358 1814 1.06 11.2 8.179 130 1372 1815 0.91 11.3 8.419 108 1342 1816 0.81 11.3 8.659 94 1304 1817 0.76 11.5 8.899 85 1297 1818 0.72 12.0 9.139 79 1308 1819 0.72 12.3 9.379 77 1309 1820 0.70 12.8 9.618 73 1328 1821 0.73 13.4 9.939 73 1351 1822 0.80 14.0 10.268 78 1360 1823 0.75 14.5 10.596 71 1364 1824 0.75 15.3 10.924 69 1400 1825 0.81 16.0 11.252 72 1421 1826 0.86 16.6 11.580 74 1431 1827 0.91 17.1 11.909 76 1433 1828 0.89 17.3 12.237 73 1415 1829 0.92 18.0 12.565 73 1431 1830 1.01 19.5 12.901 78 1518 1831 1.04 21.2 13.321 78 1591 1832 1.12 22.6 13.742 82 1646 1833 1.14 23.3 14.162 80 1647 1834 1.20 23.7 14.582 82 1625 1835 1.32 25.0 15.003 88 1664 1836 1.46 25.7 15.423 95 1667 1837 1.54 26.0 15.843 97 1639 1838 1.58 27.1 16.264 97 1663 1839 1.65 27.8 16.684 99 1666 1840 1.55 27.8 17.123 91 1622 1841 1.63 28.4 17.733 92 1603 1842 1.60 29.4 18.345 87 1600 1843 1.55 30.8 18.957 82 1623 1844 1.69 32.6 19.569 86 1665 1845 1.84 34.6 20.182 91 1715 1846 2.04 37.4 20.794 98 1799 1847 2.39 40.0 21.406 112 1870 1848 2.41 41.4 22.018 109 1881 1849 2.40 42.0 22.631 106 1855 1850 2.56 43.9 23.261 110 1889 1851 2.70 47.5 24.086 112 1972 1852 3.04 53.0 24.911 122 2128 1853 3.28 57.3 25.736 127 2226 1854 3.68 59.3 26.561 139 2232 1855 3.94 61.7 27.386 144 2254 1856 4.00 64.1 28.212 142 2270 1857 4.13 64.4 29.037 142 2218 1858 4.05 67.1 29.862 136 2247 1859 4.38 72.0 30.687 143 2346 1860 4.32 72.3 31.513 137 2296 1861 4.58 73.7 32.351 142 2277 1862 5.76 82.9 33.188 174 2497 1863 7.60 89.3 34.026 223 2624 1864 9.43 90.4 34.863 270 2592 1865 9.86 93.0 35.701 276 2606 1866 8.98 88.8 36.538 246 2430 1867 8.33 90.4 37.376 223 2418 1868 8.14 93.9 38.213 213 2458 1869 7.85 96.6 39.051 201 2473 1870 7.79 100 39.905 195 2509 1871 7.68 105 40.938 188 2573 1872 8.21 113 41.972 196 2683 1873 8.68 123 43.006 202 2824 1874 8.43 124 44.040 191 2815 1875 8.05 123 45.073 179 2726 1876 8.21 128 46.107 178 2781 1877 8.27 132 47.141 175 2804 1878 8.31 139 48.174 172 2894 1879 9.36 157 49.208 190 3188 1880 10.4 170 50.262 206 3379 1881 11.6 191 51.542 226 3708 1882 12.2 201 52.821 231 3800 1883 12.3 206 54.100 227 3808 1884 11.8 203 55.379 212 3667 1885 11.4 201 56.658 202 3552 1886 12.0 218 57.938 208 3764 1887 13.0 234 59.217 219 3944 1888 13.8 249 60.496 227 4108 1889 13.8 258 61.775 224 4169 1890 15.2 284 63.056 240 4502 1891 15.5 287 64.361 240 4459 1892 16.4 301 65.666 250 4590 1893 15.5 284 66.970 231 4242 1894 14.2 271 68.275 208 3972 1895 15.6 300 69.580 224 4313 1896 15.4 294 70.885 218 4153 1897 16.1 307 72.189 223 4256 1898 18.2 344 73.494 248 4685 1899 19.5 365 74.799 261 4884 1900 20.7 376 76.094 272 4943 1901 22.4 397 77.584 289 5112 1902 24.2 417 79.163 305 5261 1903 26.1 429 80.632 323 5317 1904 25.8 414 82.166 314 5034 1905 28.9 459 83.822 344 5480 1906 30.9 475 85.450 362 5564 1907 34.0 492 87.008 391 5649 1908 30.3 439 88.710 342 4949 1909 32.2 468 90.490 356 5169 1910 33.4 473 92.407 362 5116 1911 34.3 488 93.863 366 5200 1912 37.4 511 95.335 392 5359 1913 39.1 531 97.225 403 5462 1914 36.5 490 99.111 368 4948 1915 38.7 504 100.546 385 5011 1916 49.6 574 101.961 487 5626 1917 59.7 560 103.268 578 5418 1918 75.8 610 103.208 735 5910 1919 78.3 615 104.514 749 5883 1920 88.4 609 106.461 830 5721 1921 73.6 595 108.538 678 5483 1922 73.4 628 110.049 667 5708 1923 85.4 711 111.947 763 6350 1924 87.0 733 114.109 762 6422 1925 90.6 750 115.829 782 6475 1926 97.0 799 117.397 826 6806 1927 95.5 807 119.035 803 6777 1928 97.4 816 120.509 808 6771 1929 103.6 865.2 121.767 851 7105 1930 91.2 790.7 123.077 741 6424 1931 76.5 739.9 124.040 617 5965 1932 58.7 643.7 124.840 470 5156 1933 56.4 635.5 125.579 449 5061 1934 66.0 704.2 126.374 522 5572 1935 73.3 766.9 127.250 576 6027 1936 83.8 866.6 128.053 654 6768 1937 91.9 911.1 128.825 713 7072 1938 86.1 879.7 129.825 663 6776 1939 92.2 950.7 130.880 704 7264 1940 101.4 1034.1 131.954 768 7837 1941 126.7 1211.1 133.121 952 9098 1942 161.9 1435.4 133.920 1209 10718 1943 198.6 1670.9 134.245 1479 12447 1944 219.8 1806.5 132.885 1654 13594 1945 223.1 1786.3 132.481 1684 13483 1946 222.3 1589.4 140.054 1587 11348 1947 244.2 1574.5 143.446 1702 10976 1948 269.2 1643.2 146.093 1843 11248 1949 267.3 1634.6 148.665 1798 10995 1950 293.8 1777.3 151.235 1943 11752 1951 339.3 1915.0 153.310 2213 12491 1952 358.3 1988.3 155.687 2301 12771 1953 379.4 2079.5 158.242 2398 13141 1954 380.4 2065.4 161.164 2360 12816 1955 414.8 2212.8 164.308 2525 13467 1956 437.5 2255.8 167.306 2615 13483 1957 461.1 2301.1 170.371 2706 13506 1958 467.2 2279.2 173.320 2696 13150 1959 506.6 2441.3 176.289 2874 13848 1960 526.4 2501.8 179.979 2925 13901 1961 544.7 2560.0 182.992 2977 13990 1962 585.6 2715.2 185.771 3152 14616 1963 617.7 2834.0 188.483 3277 15036 1964 663.6 2998.6 191.141 3472 15688 1965 719.1 3191.1 193.526 3716 16489 1966 787.8 3399.1 195.576 4028 17380 1967 832.6 3484.6 197.457 4217 17647 1968 911.0 3652.7 199.399 4564 18319 1969 984.6 3765.4 201.385 4889 18698 1970 1038.5 3771.9 203.984 5091 18491 1971 1127.1 3898.6 206.827 5449 18850 1972 1238.3 4105.0 209.284 5917 19614 1973 1382.7 4341.5 211.357 6542 20541 1500.0 4319.6 213.342 7031 20247 1638.3 4311.2 215.465 7604 20009 1976 1825.3 4540.9 217.583 8389 20870 1977 2030.9 4750.5 219.760 9241 21617 1978 2294.7 5015.0 222.095 10332 22580 1979 2563.3 5173.4 224.567 11414 23037 1980 2789.5 5161.7 227.225 12276 22716 1981 3128.4 5291.7 229.466 13633 23061 1982 3255.0 5189.3 231.664 14051 22400 3536.7 5423.8 233.792 15128 23199 1984 3933.2 5813.6 235.825 16678 24652 1985 4220.3 6053.7 237.924 17738 25444 1986 4462.8 6263.6 240.133 18585 26084 4739.5 6475.1 242.289 19561 26725 1988 5103.8 6742.7 244.499 20875 27578 5484.4 6981.4 246.819 22220 28286 5803.1 7112.5 249.623 23247 28493 1991 5995.9 7100.5 252.981 23701 28067 6337.7 7336.6 256.514 24707 28601 6657.4 7532.7 259.919 25613 28981 7072.2 7835.5 263.126 26878 29779 1995 7397.7 8031.7 266.278 27782 30163 7816.9 8328.9 269.394 29017 30917 8304.3 8703.5 272.647 30458 31922 1998 8747.0 9066.9 275.854 31709 32868 1999 9268.4 9470.3 279.040 33215 33939 2000 9817.0 9817.0 282.217 34785 34785 10128.0 9890.7 285.226 35509 34677 2002 10469.6 10048.8 288.126 36337 34876 2003 10960.8 10301.0 290.796 37692 35423 11685.9 10675.8 293.638 39797 36357 2005 12433.9 11003.4 296.507 41935 37110 2006 13194.7 11319.4 299.98 44071 37807",
"United States Annual Economic Data Year GDP Nominal ( $ billions ) GDP Adjusted ( $ billions ) Population ( millions ) GDP per capita Nominal ( $ ) GDP per capita Adjusted ( $ ) 1790 0.19 3.60 3.929 48 916 1791 0.21 3.82 4.048 52 944 1792 0.22 4.10 4.171 53 983 1793 0.25 4.43 4.297 58 1031 1794 0.31 5.00 4.428 70 1129 1795 0.38 5.31 4.562 83 1164 1796 0.41 5.47 4.700 87 1164 1797 0.41 5.57 4.843 85 1150 1798 0.41 5.80 4.990 82 1162 1799 0.44 6.20 5.141 86 1206 1800 0.48 6.55 5.297 91 1237 1801 0.51 6.87 5.486 93 1252 1802 0.45 7.09 5.679 79 1248 1803 0.48 7.21 5.872 82 1228 1804 0.53 7.49 6.065 87 1235 1805 0.56 7.88 6.258 89 1259 1806 0.61 8.26 6.451 95 1280 1807 0.58 8.27 6.644 87 1245 1808 0.64 8.28 6.838 94 1211 1809 0.68 8.92 7.031 97 1269 1810 0.70 9.40 7.224 97 1301 1811 0.76 9.82 7.460 102 1316 1812 0.78 10.2 7.700 101 1326 1813 0.96 10.8 7.939 121 1358 1814 1.06 11.2 8.179 130 1372 1815 0.91 11.3 8.419 108 1342 1816 0.81 11.3 8.659 94 1304 1817 0.76 11.5 8.899 85 1297 1818 0.72 12.0 9.139 79 1308 1819 0.72 12.3 9.379 77 1309 1820 0.70 12.8 9.618 73 1328 1821 0.73 13.4 9.939 73 1351 1822 0.80 14.0 10.268 78 1360 1823 0.75 14.5 10.596 71 1364 1824 0.75 15.3 10.924 69 1400 1825 0.81 16.0 11.252 72 1421 1826 0.86 16.6 11.580 74 1431 1827 0.91 17.1 11.909 76 1433 1828 0.89 17.3 12.237 73 1415 1829 0.92 18.0 12.565 73 1431 1830 1.01 19.5 12.901 78 1518 1831 1.04 21.2 13.321 78 1591 1832 1.12 22.6 13.742 82 1646 1833 1.14 23.3 14.162 80 1647 1834 1.20 23.7 14.582 82 1625 1835 1.32 25.0 15.003 88 1664 1836 1.46 25.7 15.423 95 1667 1837 1.54 26.0 15.843 97 1639 1838 1.58 27.1 16.264 97 1663 1839 1.65 27.8 16.684 99 1666 1840 1.55 27.8 17.123 91 1622 1841 1.63 28.4 17.733 92 1603 1842 1.60 29.4 18.345 87 1600 1843 1.55 30.8 18.957 82 1623 1844 1.69 32.6 19.569 86 1665 1845 1.84 34.6 20.182 91 1715 1846 2.04 37.4 20.794 98 1799 1847 2.39 40.0 21.406 112 1870 1848 2.41 41.4 22.018 109 1881 1849 2.40 42.0 22.631 106 1855 1850 2.56 43.9 23.261 110 1889 1851 2.70 47.5 24.086 112 1972 1852 3.04 53.0 24.911 122 2128 1853 3.28 57.3 25.736 127 2226 1854 3.68 59.3 26.561 139 2232 1855 3.94 61.7 27.386 144 2254 1856 4.00 64.1 28.212 142 2270 1857 4.13 64.4 29.037 142 2218 1858 4.05 67.1 29.862 136 2247 1859 4.38 72.0 30.687 143 2346 1860 4.32 72.3 31.513 137 2296 1861 4.58 73.7 32.351 142 2277 1862 5.76 82.9 33.188 174 2497 1863 7.60 89.3 34.026 223 2624 1864 9.43 90.4 34.863 270 2592 1865 9.86 93.0 35.701 276 2606 1866 8.98 88.8 36.538 246 2430 1867 8.33 90.4 37.376 223 2418 1868 8.14 93.9 38.213 213 2458 1869 7.85 96.6 39.051 201 2473 1870 7.79 100 39.905 195 2509 1871 7.68 105 40.938 188 2573 1872 8.21 113 41.972 196 2683 1873 8.68 123 43.006 202 2824 1874 8.43 124 44.040 191 2815 1875 8.05 123 45.073 179 2726 1876 8.21 128 46.107 178 2781 1877 8.27 132 47.141 175 2804 1878 8.31 139 48.174 172 2894 1879 9.36 157 49.208 190 3188 1880 10.4 170 50.262 206 3379 1881 11.6 191 51.542 226 3708 1882 12.2 201 52.821 231 3800 1883 12.3 206 54.100 227 3808 1884 11.8 203 55.379 212 3667 1885 11.4 201 56.658 202 3552 1886 12.0 218 57.938 208 3764 1887 13.0 234 59.217 219 3944 1888 13.8 249 60.496 227 4108 1889 13.8 258 61.775 224 4169 1890 15.2 284 63.056 240 4502 1891 15.5 287 64.361 240 4459 1892 16.4 301 65.666 250 4590 1893 15.5 284 66.970 231 4242 1894 14.2 271 68.275 208 3972 1895 15.6 300 69.580 224 4313 1896 15.4 294 70.885 218 4153 1897 16.1 307 72.189 223 4256 1898 18.2 344 73.494 248 4685 1899 19.5 365 74.799 261 4884 1900 20.7 376 76.094 272 4943 1901 22.4 397 77.584 289 5112 1902 24.2 417 79.163 305 5261 1903 26.1 429 80.632 323 5317 1904 25.8 414 82.166 314 5034 1905 28.9 459 83.822 344 5480 1906 30.9 475 85.450 362 5564 1907 34.0 492 87.008 391 5649 1908 30.3 439 88.710 342 4949 1909 32.2 468 90.490 356 5169 1910 33.4 473 92.407 362 5116 1911 34.3 488 93.863 366 5200 1912 37.4 511 95.335 392 5359 1913 39.1 531 97.225 403 5462 1914 36.5 490 99.111 368 4948 1915 38.7 504 100.546 385 5011 1916 49.6 574 101.961 487 5626 1917 59.7 560 103.268 578 5418 1918 75.8 610 103.208 735 5910 1919 78.3 615 104.514 749 5883 1920 88.4 609 106.461 830 5721 1921 73.6 595 108.538 678 5483 1922 73.4 628 110.049 667 5708 1923 85.4 711 111.947 763 6350 1924 87.0 733 114.109 762 6422 1925 90.6 750 115.829 782 6475 1926 97.0 799 117.397 826 6806 1927 95.5 807 119.035 803 6777 1928 97.4 816 120.509 808 6771 1929 103.6 865.2 121.767 851 7105 1930 91.2 790.7 123.077 741 6424 1931 76.5 739.9 124.040 617 5965 1932 58.7 643.7 124.840 470 5156 1933 56.4 635.5 125.579 449 5061 1934 66.0 704.2 126.374 522 5572 1935 73.3 766.9 127.250 576 6027 1936 83.8 866.6 128.053 654 6768 1937 91.9 911.1 128.825 713 7072 1938 86.1 879.7 129.825 663 6776 1939 92.2 950.7 130.880 704 7264 1940 101.4 1034.1 131.954 768 7837 1941 126.7 1211.1 133.121 952 9098 1942 161.9 1435.4 133.920 1209 10718 1943 198.6 1670.9 134.245 1479 12447 1944 219.8 1806.5 132.885 1654 13594 1945 223.1 1786.3 132.481 1684 13483 1946 222.3 1589.4 140.054 1587 11348 1947 244.2 1574.5 143.446 1702 10976 1948 269.2 1643.2 146.093 1843 11248 1949 267.3 1634.6 148.665 1798 10995 1950 293.8 1777.3 151.235 1943 11752 1951 339.3 1915.0 153.310 2213 12491 1952 358.3 1988.3 155.687 2301 12771 1953 379.4 2079.5 158.242 2398 13141 1954 380.4 2065.4 161.164 2360 12816 1955 414.8 2212.8 164.308 2525 13467 1956 437.5 2255.8 167.306 2615 13483 1957 461.1 2301.1 170.371 2706 13506 1958 467.2 2279.2 173.320 2696 13150 1959 506.6 2441.3 176.289 2874 13848 1960 526.4 2501.8 179.979 2925 13901 1961 544.7 2560.0 182.992 2977 13990 1962 585.6 2715.2 185.771 3152 14616 1963 617.7 2834.0 188.483 3277 15036 1964 663.6 2998.6 191.141 3472 15688 1965 719.1 3191.1 193.526 3716 16489 1966 787.8 3399.1 195.576 4028 17380 1967 832.6 3484.6 197.457 4217 17647 1968 911.0 3652.7 199.399 4564 18319 1969 984.6 3765.4 201.385 4889 18698 1970 1038.5 3771.9 203.984 5091 18491 1971 1127.1 3898.6 206.827 5449 18850 1972 1238.3 4105.0 209.284 5917 19614 1973 1382.7 4341.5 211.357 6542 20541 1500.0 4319.6 213.342 7031 20247 1638.3 4311.2 215.465 7604 20009 1976 1825.3 4540.9 217.583 8389 20870 1977 2030.9 4750.5 219.760 9241 21617 1978 2294.7 5015.0 222.095 10332 22580 1979 2563.3 5173.4 224.567 11414 23037 1980 2789.5 5161.7 227.225 12276 22716 1981 3128.4 5291.7 229.466 13633 23061 1982 3255.0 5189.3 231.664 14051 22400 3536.7 5423.8 233.792 15128 23199 1984 3933.2 5813.6 235.825 16678 24652 1985 4220.3 6053.7 237.924 17738 25444 1986 4462.8 6263.6 240.133 18585 26084 4739.5 6475.1 242.289 19561 26725 1988 5103.8 6742.7 244.499 20875 27578 5484.4 6981.4 246.819 22220 28286 5803.1 7112.5 249.623 23247 28493 1991 5995.9 7100.5 252.981 23701 28067 6337.7 7336.6 256.514 24707 28601 6657.4 7532.7 259.919 25613 28981 7072.2 7835.5 263.126 26878 29779 1995 7397.7 8031.7 266.278 27782 30163 7816.9 8328.9 269.394 29017 30917 8304.3 8703.5 272.647 30458 31922 1998 8747.0 9066.9 275.854 31709 32868 1999 9268.4 9470.3 279.040 33215 33939 2000 9817.0 9817.0 282.217 34785 34785 10128.0 9890.7 285.226 35509 34677 2002 10469.6 10048.8 288.126 36337 34876 2003 10960.8 10301.0 290.796 37692 35423 11685.9 10675.8 293.638 39797 36357 2005 12433.9 11003.4 296.507 41935 37110 2006 13194.7 11319.4 299.98 44071 37807",
"United States Annual Economic Data",
"Year GDP Nominal ( $ billions ) GDP Adjusted ( $ billions ) Population ( millions ) GDP per capita Nominal ( $ ) GDP per capita Adjusted ( $ )",
"1790 0.19 3.60 3.929 48 916",
"1791 0.21 3.82 4.048 52 944",
"1792 0.22 4.10 4.171 53 983",
"1793 0.25 4.43 4.297 58 1031",
"1794 0.31 5.00 4.428 70 1129",
"1795 0.38 5.31 4.562 83 1164",
"1796 0.41 5.47 4.700 87 1164",
"1797 0.41 5.57 4.843 85 1150",
"1798 0.41 5.80 4.990 82 1162",
"1799 0.44 6.20 5.141 86 1206",
"1800 0.48 6.55 5.297 91 1237",
"1801 0.51 6.87 5.486 93 1252",
"1802 0.45 7.09 5.679 79 1248",
"1803 0.48 7.21 5.872 82 1228",
"1804 0.53 7.49 6.065 87 1235",
"1805 0.56 7.88 6.258 89 1259",
"1806 0.61 8.26 6.451 95 1280",
"1807 0.58 8.27 6.644 87 1245",
"1808 0.64 8.28 6.838 94 1211",
"1809 0.68 8.92 7.031 97 1269",
"1810 0.70 9.40 7.224 97 1301",
"1811 0.76 9.82 7.460 102 1316",
"1812 0.78 10.2 7.700 101 1326",
"1813 0.96 10.8 7.939 121 1358",
"1814 1.06 11.2 8.179 130 1372",
"1815 0.91 11.3 8.419 108 1342",
"1816 0.81 11.3 8.659 94 1304",
"1817 0.76 11.5 8.899 85 1297",
"1818 0.72 12.0 9.139 79 1308",
"1819 0.72 12.3 9.379 77 1309",
"1820 0.70 12.8 9.618 73 1328",
"1821 0.73 13.4 9.939 73 1351",
"1822 0.80 14.0 10.268 78 1360",
"1823 0.75 14.5 10.596 71 1364",
"1824 0.75 15.3 10.924 69 1400",
"1825 0.81 16.0 11.252 72 1421",
"1826 0.86 16.6 11.580 74 1431",
"1827 0.91 17.1 11.909 76 1433",
"1828 0.89 17.3 12.237 73 1415",
"1829 0.92 18.0 12.565 73 1431",
"1830 1.01 19.5 12.901 78 1518",
"1831 1.04 21.2 13.321 78 1591",
"1832 1.12 22.6 13.742 82 1646",
"1833 1.14 23.3 14.162 80 1647",
"1834 1.20 23.7 14.582 82 1625",
"1835 1.32 25.0 15.003 88 1664",
"1836 1.46 25.7 15.423 95 1667",
"1837 1.54 26.0 15.843 97 1639",
"1838 1.58 27.1 16.264 97 1663",
"1839 1.65 27.8 16.684 99 1666",
"1840 1.55 27.8 17.123 91 1622",
"1841 1.63 28.4 17.733 92 1603",
"1842 1.60 29.4 18.345 87 1600",
"1843 1.55 30.8 18.957 82 1623",
"1844 1.69 32.6 19.569 86 1665",
"1845 1.84 34.6 20.182 91 1715",
"1846 2.04 37.4 20.794 98 1799",
"1847 2.39 40.0 21.406 112 1870",
"1848 2.41 41.4 22.018 109 1881",
"1849 2.40 42.0 22.631 106 1855",
"1850 2.56 43.9 23.261 110 1889",
"1851 2.70 47.5 24.086 112 1972",
"1852 3.04 53.0 24.911 122 2128",
"1853 3.28 57.3 25.736 127 2226",
"1854 3.68 59.3 26.561 139 2232",
"1855 3.94 61.7 27.386 144 2254",
"1856 4.00 64.1 28.212 142 2270",
"1857 4.13 64.4 29.037 142 2218",
"1858 4.05 67.1 29.862 136 2247",
"1859 4.38 72.0 30.687 143 2346",
"1860 4.32 72.3 31.513 137 2296",
"1861 4.58 73.7 32.351 142 2277",
"1862 5.76 82.9 33.188 174 2497",
"1863 7.60 89.3 34.026 223 2624",
"1864 9.43 90.4 34.863 270 2592",
"1865 9.86 93.0 35.701 276 2606",
"1866 8.98 88.8 36.538 246 2430",
"1867 8.33 90.4 37.376 223 2418",
"1868 8.14 93.9 38.213 213 2458",
"1869 7.85 96.6 39.051 201 2473",
"1870 7.79 100 39.905 195 2509",
"1871 7.68 105 40.938 188 2573",
"1872 8.21 113 41.972 196 2683",
"1873 8.68 123 43.006 202 2824",
"1874 8.43 124 44.040 191 2815",
"1875 8.05 123 45.073 179 2726",
"1876 8.21 128 46.107 178 2781",
"1877 8.27 132 47.141 175 2804",
"1878 8.31 139 48.174 172 2894",
"1879 9.36 157 49.208 190 3188",
"1880 10.4 170 50.262 206 3379",
"1881 11.6 191 51.542 226 3708",
"1882 12.2 201 52.821 231 3800",
"1883 12.3 206 54.100 227 3808",
"1884 11.8 203 55.379 212 3667",
"1885 11.4 201 56.658 202 3552",
"1886 12.0 218 57.938 208 3764",
"1887 13.0 234 59.217 219 3944",
"1888 13.8 249 60.496 227 4108",
"1889 13.8 258 61.775 224 4169",
"1890 15.2 284 63.056 240 4502",
"1891 15.5 287 64.361 240 4459",
"1892 16.4 301 65.666 250 4590",
"1893 15.5 284 66.970 231 4242",
"1894 14.2 271 68.275 208 3972",
"1895 15.6 300 69.580 224 4313",
"1896 15.4 294 70.885 218 4153",
"1897 16.1 307 72.189 223 4256",
"1898 18.2 344 73.494 248 4685",
"1899 19.5 365 74.799 261 4884",
"1900 20.7 376 76.094 272 4943",
"1901 22.4 397 77.584 289 5112",
"1902 24.2 417 79.163 305 5261",
"1903 26.1 429 80.632 323 5317",
"1904 25.8 414 82.166 314 5034",
"1905 28.9 459 83.822 344 5480",
"1906 30.9 475 85.450 362 5564",
"1907 34.0 492 87.008 391 5649",
"1908 30.3 439 88.710 342 4949",
"1909 32.2 468 90.490 356 5169",
"1910 33.4 473 92.407 362 5116",
"1911 34.3 488 93.863 366 5200",
"1912 37.4 511 95.335 392 5359",
"1913 39.1 531 97.225 403 5462",
"1914 36.5 490 99.111 368 4948",
"1915 38.7 504 100.546 385 5011",
"1916 49.6 574 101.961 487 5626",
"1917 59.7 560 103.268 578 5418",
"1918 75.8 610 103.208 735 5910",
"1919 78.3 615 104.514 749 5883",
"1920 88.4 609 106.461 830 5721",
"1921 73.6 595 108.538 678 5483",
"1922 73.4 628 110.049 667 5708",
"1923 85.4 711 111.947 763 6350",
"1924 87.0 733 114.109 762 6422",
"1925 90.6 750 115.829 782 6475",
"1926 97.0 799 117.397 826 6806",
"1927 95.5 807 119.035 803 6777",
"1928 97.4 816 120.509 808 6771",
"1929 103.6 865.2 121.767 851 7105",
"1930 91.2 790.7 123.077 741 6424",
"1931 76.5 739.9 124.040 617 5965",
"1932 58.7 643.7 124.840 470 5156",
"1933 56.4 635.5 125.579 449 5061",
"1934 66.0 704.2 126.374 522 5572",
"1935 73.3 766.9 127.250 576 6027",
"1936 83.8 866.6 128.053 654 6768",
"1937 91.9 911.1 128.825 713 7072",
"1938 86.1 879.7 129.825 663 6776",
"1939 92.2 950.7 130.880 704 7264",
"1940 101.4 1034.1 131.954 768 7837",
"1941 126.7 1211.1 133.121 952 9098",
"1942 161.9 1435.4 133.920 1209 10718",
"1943 198.6 1670.9 134.245 1479 12447",
"1944 219.8 1806.5 132.885 1654 13594",
"1945 223.1 1786.3 132.481 1684 13483",
"1946 222.3 1589.4 140.054 1587 11348",
"1947 244.2 1574.5 143.446 1702 10976",
"1948 269.2 1643.2 146.093 1843 11248",
"1949 267.3 1634.6 148.665 1798 10995",
"1950 293.8 1777.3 151.235 1943 11752",
"1951 339.3 1915.0 153.310 2213 12491",
"1952 358.3 1988.3 155.687 2301 12771",
"1953 379.4 2079.5 158.242 2398 13141",
"1954 380.4 2065.4 161.164 2360 12816",
"1955 414.8 2212.8 164.308 2525 13467",
"1956 437.5 2255.8 167.306 2615 13483",
"1957 461.1 2301.1 170.371 2706 13506",
"1958 467.2 2279.2 173.320 2696 13150",
"1959 506.6 2441.3 176.289 2874 13848",
"1960 526.4 2501.8 179.979 2925 13901",
"1961 544.7 2560.0 182.992 2977 13990",
"1962 585.6 2715.2 185.771 3152 14616",
"1963 617.7 2834.0 188.483 3277 15036",
"1964 663.6 2998.6 191.141 3472 15688",
"1965 719.1 3191.1 193.526 3716 16489",
"1966 787.8 3399.1 195.576 4028 17380",
"1967 832.6 3484.6 197.457 4217 17647",
"1968 911.0 3652.7 199.399 4564 18319",
"1969 984.6 3765.4 201.385 4889 18698",
"1970 1038.5 3771.9 203.984 5091 18491",
"1971 1127.1 3898.6 206.827 5449 18850",
"1972 1238.3 4105.0 209.284 5917 19614",
"1973 1382.7 4341.5 211.357 6542 20541",
"1500.0 4319.6 213.342 7031 20247",
"1638.3 4311.2 215.465 7604 20009",
"1976 1825.3 4540.9 217.583 8389 20870",
"1977 2030.9 4750.5 219.760 9241 21617",
"1978 2294.7 5015.0 222.095 10332 22580",
"1979 2563.3 5173.4 224.567 11414 23037",
"1980 2789.5 5161.7 227.225 12276 22716",
"1981 3128.4 5291.7 229.466 13633 23061",
"1982 3255.0 5189.3 231.664 14051 22400",
"3536.7 5423.8 233.792 15128 23199",
"1984 3933.2 5813.6 235.825 16678 24652",
"1985 4220.3 6053.7 237.924 17738 25444",
"1986 4462.8 6263.6 240.133 18585 26084",
"4739.5 6475.1 242.289 19561 26725",
"1988 5103.8 6742.7 244.499 20875 27578",
"5484.4 6981.4 246.819 22220 28286",
"5803.1 7112.5 249.623 23247 28493",
"1991 5995.9 7100.5 252.981 23701 28067",
"6337.7 7336.6 256.514 24707 28601",
"6657.4 7532.7 259.919 25613 28981",
"7072.2 7835.5 263.126 26878 29779",
"1995 7397.7 8031.7 266.278 27782 30163",
"7816.9 8328.9 269.394 29017 30917",
"8304.3 8703.5 272.647 30458 31922",
"1998 8747.0 9066.9 275.854 31709 32868",
"1999 9268.4 9470.3 279.040 33215 33939",
"2000 9817.0 9817.0 282.217 34785 34785",
"10128.0 9890.7 285.226 35509 34677",
"2002 10469.6 10048.8 288.126 36337 34876",
"2003 10960.8 10301.0 290.796 37692 35423",
"11685.9 10675.8 293.638 39797 36357",
"2005 12433.9 11003.4 296.507 41935 37110",
"2006 13194.7 11319.4 299.98 44071 37807"
] | Economic History of the United States - Wikipedia Economic History of the United States Jump to: navigation , search For more details on this topic, see Technological and industrial history of the United States . The economic history of the United States is about characteristics of and important developments in the U.S. economy from colonial times to the present. The emphasis is on economic performance and how it was affected by new technologies, the change of size in economic sectors and the effects of legislation and government policy. Specialized business history is covered in American business history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial economy to 1780s 1.1 Demographics 1.2 The economy 1.2.1 New England 1.3 Urban centers 1.4 Political environment 1.4.1 Mercantilism: old and new 1.4.2 Free enterprise 1.4.3 Taxation 1.5 The American Revolution 2 The New Nation 2.1 Industry and commerce 2.1.1 Transportation 2.1.2 Automatic flour mill 2.1.3 Cotton gin 2.1.4 Mechanized textile manufacturing 2.2 Finance, money and banking 3 The early 19th century 3.1 Political developments 3.2 Agriculture, commerce and industry 3.2.1 Population growth 3.2.2 Labor shortage 3.2.3 Agriculture 3.2.4 Roads 3.2.5 Canals 3.2.6 Steam power 3.2.7 Mechanical power transmission 3.2.8 Shipbuilding 3.2.9 Steamboats and steam ships 3.2.10 Railroads 3.2.11 Finance, money and banking 3.2.12 Manufacturing 3.2.12.1 Development of interchangeable parts 4 The mid 19th century 4.1 Commerce, industry and agriculture 4.1.1 Railroads 4.1.2 Iron industry 4.1.3 Coal displaces wood 4.1.4 Manufacturing 4.1.5 Steam power 4.1.6 Steamboats and ships 4.1.7 Telegraph 4.1.8 Urbanization 4.1.9 Agriculture 4.1.9.1 Slave labor 4.2 Finance, money and banking 4.2.1 Panic of 1857 4.3 Immigration surge 4.4 Collapse of the South 4.5 Political developments 4.5.1 Treasury 4.5.2 Land grants 4.5.3 Banking 4.5.4 Education 4.5.5 Civil War 5 Late 19th century 5.1 Commerce, industry and agriculture 5.1.1 Railroads 5.1.2 Steel 5.1.3 Electric lights and electric street railways 5.1.4 Communications 5.1.5 Modern business management 5.1.6 Agriculture 5.1.7 Oil, minerals and mining 5.1.7.1 Oil 5.1.7.2 Coal 5.1.7.3 Iron ore 5.1.8 Finance, money and banking 5.1.9 Water supply and sewers 5.1.10 Labor unions 6 Early 20th century 6.1 Economic growth and the 1910 break 6.2 Industry, commerce and agriculture 6.2.1 Electrification 6.2.2 Manufacturing 6.2.3 Electric street railways 6.2.4 Electrochemicals 6.2.5 Railroads 6.2.6 Automobiles and trucks 6.2.7 Highway system 6.2.8 Water supply and sewers 6.2.9 Agriculture 6.2.10 Communications 6.2.10.1 Telephone 6.2.10.2 Radio 6.2.11 Finance, money and banking 6.3 Political developments 6.3.1 World War I 6.3.2 Roaring twenties: 1920-- 1929 6.4 Quality of life 7 From 1929 through World War II 7.1 Pre-war industry, commerce, and agriculture 7.1.1 Manufacturing 7.2 Great Depression: 1929-- 1941 7.2.1 Spending 7.2.2 Banking crisis 7.2.3 Unemployment 7.2.4 Relief 7.3 Wartime output and controls: 1940-- 1945 8 Postwar prosperity: 1945-- 1973 8.1 Agriculture 8.1.1 Government policies 8.1.2 Changing technology 8.2 Aircraft and air transportation industries 8.3 Housing 8.4 Interstate highway system 8.5 Computer Technology 8.6 Fiscal Policy 8.7 Military and space spending 9 Late 20th century 9.1 Post industrial (service) economy 9.2 Service sector expansion 9.3 Productivity slowdown 9.4 Inflation woes: 1970s 9.5 Deregulation and Reaganomics: 1976-- 1992 9.6 The rise of globalization: 1990s -- late 2000s 10 The 21st century 10.1 Great Recession 11 Historical statistics 11.1 GDP 11.1.1 1790-2006 GDP 11.2 Employment 11.3 Manufacturing 11.4 Wealth and Income 11.5 Productivity 11.6 Inequality 11.7 Health spending 11.8 Tariff Rates 11.9 Trade Balance 11.10 Inflation 11.11 US Federal Tax 11.12 Government spending 11.13 Debt 11.14 Deficit 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Bibliography 14.1 References 14.2 Special studies 14.3 Data 15 External links Colonial economy to 1780s ( edit ) Shipping scene in Salem, Massachusetts, a shipping hub, in the 1770s The colonial economy differed significantly from that of most other regions in that land and natural resources were abundant in America but labor was scarce. From 1700 to 1775 the output of the thirteen colonies increased 12 fold, giving the colonies an economy about 30% the size of Britain's at the time of independence. Population growth was responsible for over three-quarters of the economic growth of the British American colonies. The free white population had the highest standard of living in the world. There was very little change in productivity and little in the way of introduction of new goods and services. Under the colonial system Britain put restrictions on the type of products that could be made in the colonies and put restrictions on trade outside the British Empire. Demographics ( edit ) Initial colonization of North America was extremely difficult and the great majority of settlers before 1625 died in their first year. Settlers had to depend on what they could hunt and gather plus what they brought with them and on uncertain shipments of food, tools and supplies until they could build shelters and forts, clear land and grow enough food and build gristmills, sawmills, iron works and blacksmith shops to be self-supporting. They also had to defend themselves against raids from hostile Indian and French forces. After 1829 population growth was very rapid due to high birth rates (8 children per family versus 4 in Europe) and lower death rates than in Europe, and immigration. The long life expectancy of the colonists was due to the abundant supply of food and firewood and the low population density that limited spread of infectious diseases. The death rate from diseases, especially malaria, was higher in the warm, humid southern colonies than in cold New England. The higher birth rate was due to better employment opportunities. Many young adults in Europe delayed marriage for financial reasons. Also there were many servants in Europe who were not permitted to marry. The population of white settlers grew from an estimated 40,000 in 1650 to 235,000 in 1700. In 1690 there were an estimated 13,000 black slaves. The population grew at an annual rate of over 3% throughout the 18th century, doubling every 25 years or less. By 1775 the population had grown to 2.6 million, of which 2.1 million were white, 540,000 black and 50,000 Native American, giving the colonies about one third of the population of Britain. The three most populated colonies in 1775 were Virginia, with a 21% share, and Pennsylvania and Massachusetts with 11% each. The economy ( edit ) The colonial economy of what would become the United States was pre-industrial, primarily characterized by subsistence farming. Farm households also were engaged in handicraft production, mostly for home consumption, but with some goods sold. The market economy was based on extracting and processing natural resource and agricultural products for local consumption, such as mining, gristmills and sawmills, and the export of agricultural products. The most important agricultural exports were raw and processed feed grains (wheat, Indian corn, rice, bread and flour) and tobacco. Tobacco was a major crop in the Chesapeake Bay region and rice a major crop in South Carolina . Dried and salted fish was also a significant export. North Carolina was the leading producer of naval stores, which included turpentine (used for lamps), rosin (candles and soap), tar (rope and wood preservative) and pitch (ships' hulls). Another export was potash , which was derived from hardwood ashes and was used as a fertilizer and for making soap and glass. The colonies depended on Britain for many finished goods, partly because laws prohibited making many types of finished goods in the colonies. These laws achieved the intended purpose of creating a trade surplus for Britain. The colonial balance trade in goods was heavily in favor of Britain; however, American shippers were able to offset roughly half of the goods trade deficit with revenues earned by shipping between ports within the British Empire. The largest non-agricultural segment was ship building, which was from 5 to 20% of total employment. About 45% of American made ships were sold to foreigners. Exports and related services accounted for about one-sixth of income in the decade before revolution. Just before the revolution, tobacco was about a quarter of the value of exports. Also at the time of the revolution the colonies produced about 15% of world iron, although the value of exported iron was small compared to grains and tobacco. The mined American iron ores at that time were not large deposits and were not all of high quality; however, the huge forests provided adequate wood for making charcoal. Wood in Britain was becoming scarce and coke was beginning to be substituted for charcoal; however, coke made inferior iron. Britain encouraged colonial production of pig and bar iron, but banned construction of new colonial iron fabrication shops in 1750, but the ban was mostly ignored by the colonists. Settlement was sparse during the colonial period and transportation was severely limited by lack of improved roads. Towns were located on or near the coasts or navigable inland waterways. Even on improved roads, which were rare during the colonial period, wagon transport was very expensive. Economical distance for transporting low value agricultural commodities to navigable waterways varied but was limited to something on the order of less than 25 miles. In the few small cities and among the larger plantations of South Carolina , and Virginia , some necessities and virtually all luxuries were imported in return for tobacco, rice, and indigo exports. By the 18th century, regional patterns of development had become clear: the New England colonies relied on shipbuilding and sailing to generate wealth; plantations (many using slave labor) in Maryland , Virginia, and the Carolinas grew tobacco, rice, and indigo; and the middle colonies of New York, Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Delaware shipped general crops and furs. Except for slaves, standards of living were generally high-- higher, in fact, than in England itself. New England ( edit ) The New England region's economy grew steadily over the entire colonial era, despite the lack of a staple crop that could be exported. All the provinces and many towns as well, tried to foster economic growth by subsidizing projects that improved the infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, inns and ferries. They gave bounties and subsidies or monopolies to sawmills, grist mills, iron mills , pulling mills (which treated cloth), salt works and glassworks. Most important, colonial legislatures set up a legal system that was conducive to business enterprise by resolving disputes, enforcing contracts, and protecting property rights. Hard work and entrepreneurship characterized the region, as the Puritans and Yankees endorsed the `` Protestant Ethic '' , which enjoined men to work hard as part of their divine calling. The benefits of growth were widely distributed in New England, reaching from merchants to farmers to hired laborers. The rapidly growing population led to shortages of good farm land on which young families could establish themselves; one result was to delay marriage, and another was to move to new lands farther west. In the towns and cities, there was strong entrepreneurship, and a steady increase in the specialization of labor. Wages for men went up steadily before 1775; new occupations were opening for women, including weaving, teaching, and tailoring. The region bordered New France, and in the numerous wars the British poured money in to purchase supplies, build roads and pay colonial soldiers. The coastal ports began to specialize in fishing, international trade and shipbuilding-- and after 1780 in whaling. Combined with growing urban markets for farm products, these factors allowed the economy to flourish despite the lack of technological innovation. The Connecticut economy began with subsistence farming in the 17th century, and developed with greater diversity and an increased focus on production for distant markets, especially the British colonies in the Caribbean. The American Revolution cut off imports from Britain, and stimulated a manufacturing sector that made heavy use of the entrepreneurship and mechanical skills of the people. In the second half of the 18th century, difficulties arose from the shortage of good farmland, periodic money problems, and downward price pressures in the export market. In agriculture there was a shift from grain to animal products. The colonial government from time to time attempted to promote various commodities such as hemp, potash, and lumber as export items to bolster its economy and improve its balance of trade with Great Britain. Urban centers ( edit ) Historian Carl Bridenbaugh examined in depth five key cities: Boston (population 16,000 in 1760), Newport Rhode Island (population 7500), New York City (population 18,000), Philadelphia (population 23,000), and Charles Town (Charlestown, South Carolina), (population 8000). He argues they grew from small villages to take major leadership roles in promoting trade, land speculation, immigration, and prosperity, and in disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment, and new methods in medicine and technology. Furthermore, they sponsored a consumer taste for English amenities, developed a distinctly American educational system, and began systems for care of people meeting welfare. The cities were not remarkable by European standards, but they did display certain distinctly American characteristics, according to Bridenbaugh. There was no aristocracy or established church, there was no long tradition of powerful guilds. The colonial governments were much less powerful and intrusive than corresponding national governments in Europe. They experimented with new methods to raise revenue, build infrastructure, and solve urban problems. They were more democratic than European cities, in that a large fraction of the men could vote, and class lines were more fluid. Contrasted to Europe, printers (especially as newspaper editors) had a much larger role in shaping public opinion, and lawyers moved easily back and forth between politics and their profession. Bridenbaugh argues that by the mid-18th century, the middle-class businessmen, professionals, and skilled artisans dominated the cities. He characterizes them as `` sensible, shrewd, frugal, ostentatiously moral, generally honest,'' public spirited, and upwardly mobile, and argues their economic strivings led to `` democratic yearnings'' for political power. Numerous historians have explored the roles of working-class men, including slaves, in the economy of the colonial cities, and in the early Republic. There were few cities in the entire South, and Charleston (Charles Town) and New Orleans were the most important before the Civil War. The colony of South Carolina was settled mainly by planters from the overpopulated sugar island colony of Barbados , who brought large numbers of African slaves from that island. On the eve of the Revolution, 95 percent of the American population lived outside the cities-- much to the frustration of the British, who were able to capture the cities with their Royal Navy, but lacked the manpower to occupy and subdue the countryside. In explaining the importance of the cities in shaping the American Revolution, Benjamin Carp compares the important role of waterfront workers, taverns, churches, kinship networks, and local politics. Historian Gary B. Nash emphasizes the role of the working class, and their distrust of their betters, in northern ports. He argues that working class artisans and skilled craftsmen made up a radical element in Philadelphia that took control of the city starting about 1770 and promoted a radical Democratic form of government during the revolution. They held power for a while, and used their control of the local militia disseminate their ideology to the working class and to stay in power until the businessmen staged a conservative counterrevolution. Political environment ( edit ) Mercantilism: old and new ( edit ) The colonial economies of the world operated under the economic philosophy of mercantilism , a policy by which countries attempted to run a trade surplus in order to accumulate gold reserves. The colonial powers of England, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic tried to protect their investments in colonial ventures by limiting trade between each other's colonies. Spain clung to old style mercantilism, primarily concerned with enriching the Spanish government by accumulating gold and silver. The Dutch and particularly the British approach was more conducive to private business. A mercantile policy that affected the British American colonies was the Navigation Acts , which were passed by the British Parliament between 1651 and 1673. Important features of the Navigation Acts are: Foreign vessels were excluded from carrying trade between ports within the British Empire Manufactured goods from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England Enumerated items, which included furs, ship masts, rice, indigo and tobacco, were only allowed to be exported to Great Britain. Although the Navigation Acts were enforced, they had a negligible effect on commerce and profitability of trade. On the eve of independence Britain was entering the early stage of the Industrial Revolution, with cottage industries and workshops providing finished goods for export to the colonies. Free enterprise ( edit ) The domestic economy of the British American colonies enjoyed a great deal of freedom, although some of their freedom was due to lack of enforcement of British regulations on commerce and industry. Adam Smith used the colonies as an example of the benefits of free enterprise. Colonists paid minimal taxes. Some colonies, such as Virginia, were founded principally as business ventures. England's success at colonizing what would become the United States was due in large part to its use of charter companies . Charter companies were groups of stockholders (usually merchants and wealthy landowners) who sought personal economic gain and, perhaps, wanted also to advance England's national goals. While the private sector financed the companies, the king also provided each project with a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authority. The colonies did not show profits, however, and the disappointed English investors often turned over their colonial charters to the settlers. The political implications, although not realized at the time, were enormous. The colonists were left to build their own governments and their own economy. Taxation ( edit ) The colonial governments had few expenses and taxes were minimal. Although the colonies provided an export market for finished goods made in Britain or sourced by British merchants and shipped from Britain, the British incurred the expenses of providing protection against piracy by the British Navy and other military expenses. An early tax was the Molasses Act of 1733. In the 1760s the London government raised small sums by new taxes on the colonies. This occasioned an enormous uproar, from which historians date the origins of the American Revolution. The issue was not the amount of the taxes-- they were quite small-- but rather the constitutional authority of Parliament versus the colonial assemblies to vote taxes. New taxes included the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765 and taxes on tea and other colonial imports. Historians have debated back and forth about the cost imposed by the Navigation Acts , which were less visible and rarely complained about. However, by 1995, the consensus view among economic historians and economists was that the `` costs imposed on (American) colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small.'' The American Revolution ( edit ) Americans in the Thirteen Colonies demanded their rights as Englishmen , as they saw it, to select their own representatives to govern and tax them -- which Britain refused. The Americans attempted resistance through boycotts of British manufactured items, but the British responded with a rejection of American rights and the Intolerable Acts of 1774. In turn, the Americans launched the American Revolution , resulting in an all-out war against the British and to independence for the new United States of America. The British tried to crush the American economy with a blockade of all ports, but with 90% of the people in farming, and only 10% in cities, the American economy proved resilient and able to support a sustained war, which lasted from 1775 to 1783. Revolutionary era cartoon showing US sawing of the horn of a cow (symbolizing a break from British commerce) with a distressed Englishman watching as other European powers wait to collect milk. The cartoon represents the commercial status of the US during the Revolution. The American Revolution (1775-- 1783) brought a dedication to unalienable rights to `` life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness'' , which emphasize individual liberty and economic entrepreneurship, and simultaneously a commitment to the political values of liberalism and republicanism , which emphasize natural rights , equality under the law for all citizens, civic virtue and duty, and promotion of the general welfare. Britain's war against the Americans, French and Spanish cost about £ 100 million. The Treasury borrowed 40% of the money it needed and raised the rest through an efficient system of taxation. Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution . Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war. In 1775 there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies, not nearly enough to cover existing transactions, let alone on a major war. The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port, which cut off almost all imports and exports. One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen, and donations from patriotic citizens. Another was to delay actual payments, pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency, and promise it would be made good after the war. Indeed, in 1783 the soldiers and officers were given land grants to cover the wages they had earned but had not been paid during the war. Not until 1781, when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States , did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters. Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war. Seeking greater efficiency, Morris reduced the civil list, saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts, tightened accounting procedures, and demanded the federal government's full share of money and supplies from the states. Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war, which cost about 66 million dollars in specie (gold and silver). Congress made two issues of paper money, in 1775-- 1780, and in 1780-- 81. The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars. This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes, but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar. By 1780, the paper money was `` not worth a Continental'' , as people said, and a second issue of new currency was attempted. The second issue quickly became nearly worthless-- but it was redeemed by the new federal government in 1791 at 100 cents on the dollar. At the same time the states, especially Virginia and the Carolinas, issued over 200 million dollars of their own currency. In effect, the paper money was a hidden tax on the people, and indeed was the only method of taxation that was possible at the time. The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes-- but 90 percent of the people were farmers, and were not directly affected by that inflation. Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper. The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army, whose wages-- usually in arrears-- declined in value every month, weakening their morale and adding to the hardships suffered by their families. Starting in 1776, the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals, promising to redeem the bonds after the war. The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value, but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie, and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown. Starting in 1776, the French secretly supplied the Americans with money, gunpowder and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy, Great Britain. When France officially entered the war in 1778, the subsidies continued, and the French government, as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam loaned large sums to the American war effort. These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s. Beginning in 1777, Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money. But the states had no system of taxation either, and were little help. By 1780 Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn, beef, pork and other necessities-- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive. The cities played a major role in fomenting the American Revolution, but they were hard hit during the war itself, 1775-83. They lost their main role as oceanic ports, because of the blockade by the British Navy. Furthermore, the British occupied the cities, especially New York 1776-83, and the others for briefer periods. During the occupations they were cut off from their hinterland trade and from overland communication. When the British finally departed in 1783, they took out large numbers of wealthy merchants who resumed their business activities elsewhere in the British Empire. The new nation ( edit ) Chart 1: trends in economic growth, 1700-- 1850 The U.S. Constitution , adopted in 1787, established that the entire nation was a unified, or common market, with no internal tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce. The extent of federal power was much debated, with Alexander Hamilton taking a very broad view as the first Secretary of the Treasury during the presidential administration of George Washington . Hamilton successfully argued for the concept of `` implied powers '' , whereby the federal government was authorized by the Constitution to create anything necessary to support its contents, even if it not specifically noted in it (build lighthouses, etc.). He succeeded in building strong national credit based on taking over the state debts and bundling them with the old national debt into new securities sold to the wealthy. They in turn now had an interest in keeping the new government solvent. Hamilton funded the debt with tariffs on imported goods and a highly controversial tax on whiskey. Hamilton believed the United States should pursue economic growth through diversified shipping, manufacturing, and banking. He sought and achieved Congressional authority to create the First Bank of the United States in 1791; the charter lasted until 1811. After the war, the older cities finally restored their economic basis; newer growing cities included Salem, Massachusetts (which opened a new trade with China), New London, Connecticut, and Baltimore, Maryland. The Washington administration under the leadership of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton set up a national bank in 1791, and local banks began to flourish in all the cities. Merchant entrepreneurship flourished and was a powerful engine of prosperity in the cities. World peace lasted only a decade, for in 1793 a two-decade-long war between Britain and France and their allies broke out. As the leading neutral trading partner the United States did business with both sides. France resented it, and the Quasi-War of 1798-99 disrupted trade. Outraged at British impositions on American merchant ships, and sailors, the Jefferson and Madison administrations engaged in economic warfare with Britain 1807-1812 , and then full-scale warfare 1812 to 1815 . The result was additional serious damage to the mercantile interests. Industry and commerce ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) There were very few roads outside of cities and no canals in the new nation. In 1792 it was reported that the cost of transport of many crops to seaport was from one-fifth to one half their cost. The cheapest form of transportation was by water, along the seacoast or on lakes and rivers. Automatic flour mill ( edit ) In the mid 1780s Oliver Evans invented a fully automatic mill that could process grain with practically no human labor or operator attention. This was a revolutionary development in two ways: 1) it used bucket elevators and conveyor belts, which would eventually revolutionize materials handling, and 2) it used governors , a forerunner of modern automation, for control. Cotton gin ( edit ) `` The First Cotton Gin'' conjectural image from 1869 Cotton was at first a small-scale crop in the South. Cotton farming boomed following the improvement of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney . It was 50 times faster at removing the seeds than with a roller. Soon, large cotton plantations, based on slave labor, expanded in the richest lands from the Carolinas westward to Texas. The raw cotton was shipped to textile mills in Britain, France and New England. Mechanized textile manufacturing ( edit ) Samuel Slater (1768-- 1835) In the final decade of the 18th century England was beginning to enter the rapid growth period of the Industrial Revolution , but the rest of the world was completely devoid of any type of large scale mechanized industry. Britain prohibited the export of textile machinery and designs and did not allow mechanics with such skills to emigrate. Samuel Slater , who worked as mechanic at a cotton spinning operation in England, memorized the design of the machinery. He was able to disguise himself as a laborer and emigrated to the U.S., where he heard there was a demand for his knowledge. In 1789 Slater began working as a consultant to Almy & Brown in Rhode Island who were trying to successfully spin cotton on some equipment they had recently purchased. Slater determined that the machinery was not capable of producing good quality yarn and persuaded the owners to have him design new machinery. Slater found no mechanics in the U.S. when he arrived and had great difficulty finding someone to build the machinery. Eventually he located Oziel Wilkinson and his son David to produce iron castings and forgings for the machinery. According to David Wilkinson : `` all the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by Mr. Slater was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power'' . By 1791 Slater had some of the equipment operating. In 1793 Slater and Brown opened a factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, which was the first successful water powered roller spinning cotton factory in the U.S. ( See: Slater Mill Historic Site ). David Wilkinson went on to invent a metalworking lathe which won him a Congressional prize. Finance, money and banking ( edit ) Main article: History of banking in the United States § New Nation The First Bank of the United States was chartered in 1791. It was designed by Alexander Hamilton and faced strenuous opposition from agrarians led by Thomas Jefferson, who deeply distrusted banks and urban institutions. The early 19th century ( edit ) The United States was pre-industrial throughout the first third of the 19th century. Most people lived on farms and produced much of what they consumed. A considerable percentage of the non-farm population was engaged in handling goods for export. The country was an exporter of agricultural products. The U.S. built the best ships in the world. The textile industry became established in New England, where there was abundant water power. Steam power began being used in factories, but water was the dominant source of industrial power until after the Civil War. The building of roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the first railroads were the beginning of a transportation revolution that would accelerate throughout the century. Political developments ( edit ) Main articles: Tariffs in United States history , List of tariffs in the United States , and Protectionism in the United States Tariff Rates (France, UK, US) Average Tariff Rates in USA (1821-2016) The institutional arrangements of the American System were initially formulated by first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton , who proposed the creation of a government-sponsored bank and increased tariffs to encourage industrial development. Following Hamilton's death at the hands of Aaron Burr , the American school of political economy was championed in the antebellum period by Henry Clay and the Whig Party generally. Specific government programs and policies which gave shape and form to the American School and the American System include the establishment of the Patent Office in 1802; the creation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1807 and other measures to improve river and harbor navigation; the various Army expeditions to the west, beginning with Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery in 1804 and continuing into the 1870s, almost always under the direction of an officer from the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers , and which provided crucial information for the overland pioneers that followed; the assignment of Army Engineer officers to assist or direct the surveying and construction of the early railroads and canals; the establishment of the First Bank of the United States and Second Bank of the United States as well as various protectionist measures (e.g., the tariff of 1828 ). Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed a strong central government (and, consequently, most of Hamilton's economic policies), but they could not stop Hamilton, who wielded immense power and political clout in the Washington administration. In 1801, however, Jefferson became president and turned to promoting a more decentralized, agrarian democracy called Jeffersonian democracy . (He based his philosophy on protecting the common man from political and economic tyranny. He particularly praised small farmers as `` the most valuable citizens'' .) However, Jefferson did not change Hamilton's basic policies. As president in 1811 Madison let the bank charter expire, but the War of 1812 proved the need for a national bank and Madison reversed positions. The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816, with a 20-year charter. Thomas Jefferson was able to purchase the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 for $15 million, although the treasury at the time only had $10 million. The Louisiana Purchase greatly expanded the size of the United States, adding extremely good farmland, the Mississippi River and the city of New Orleans. Wars from 1793 to 1814 caused withdrawal of most foreign shipping from the U.S., leaving trade in the Caribbean and Central and South America open for the U.S. Seizure of U.S. ships by France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars led to the Embargo Act of 1807 which prohibited most foreign trade. The War of 1812, by cutting off almost all foreign trade, created a home market for goods made in the U.S. (even if they were more expensive), changing an early tendency toward free trade into a protectionism characterized by nationalism and protective tariffs. States built roads and waterways, such as the Cumberland Pike (1818) and the Erie Canal (1825), opening up markets for western farm products. The Whig Party supported Clay's American System , which proposed to build internal improvements (e.g. roads, canals and harbors), protect industry, and create a strong national bank. The Whig legislation program was blocked at the national level by the Democrats, but similar modernization programs were enacted in most states on a bipartisan basis. The role of the Federal Government in regulating interstate commerce was firmly established by the landmark Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v Ogden , which decided against allowing states to grant exclusive rights to steamboat companies operating between states. President Andrew Jackson (1829-- 1837), leader of the new Democratic Party, opposed the Second Bank of the United States, which he believed favored the entrenched interests of rich. When he was elected for a second term, Jackson blocked the renewal of the bank's charter. Jackson opposed paper money and demanded the government be paid in gold and silver coins. The Panic of 1837 stopped business growth for three years. Agriculture, commerce and industry ( edit ) Population growth ( edit ) Although there was relatively little immigration from Europe, the rapid expansion of settlements to the West, and the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, opened up vast frontier lands. The high birth rate, and the availability of cheap land caused the rapid expansion of population. The average age was under 20, with children everywhere. The population grew from 5.3 million people in 1800, living on 865,000 square miles of land to 9.6 million in 1820 on 1,749,000 square miles. By 1840, the population had reached 17,069,000 on the same land. New Orleans and St. Louis joined the United States and grew rapidly; entirely new cities were begun at Pittsburgh, Marietta, Cincinnati, Louisville, Lexington, Nashville and points west. The coming of the steamboat after 1810 made upstream traffic economical on major rivers, especially the Hudson, Ohio, Mississippi, Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers. Historian Richard Wade has emphasized the importance of the new cities in the Westward expansion in settlement of the farmlands. They were the transportation centers, and nodes for migration and financing of the westward expansion. The newly opened regions had few roads, but a very good river system in which everything flowed downstream to New Orleans. With the coming of the steamboat after 1815, it became possible to move merchandise imported from the Northeast and from Europe upstream to new settlements. The opening of the Erie Canal made Buffalo the jumping off point for the lake transportation system that made important cities out of Cleveland, Detroit, and especially Chicago. Labor shortage ( edit ) The U.S. economy of the early 19th century was characterized by labor shortages, as noted by numerous contemporary observers. The labor shortage was attributed to the cheapness of land and the high returns on agriculture. All types of labor were in high demand, especially unskilled labor and experienced factory workers. Labor prices in the U.S. were typically between 30 and 50 percent higher than in Britain. Women factory workers were especially scarce. The elasticity of labor was low in part because of lack of transportation and low population density. The relative labor scarcity and high price was an incentive for capital investment, particularly in machinery. Agriculture ( edit ) Main article: History of agriculture in the United States The U.S. economy was primarily agricultural in the early 19th century. Westward expansion plus the building of canals and the introduction of steamboats opened up new areas for agriculture. Much land was cleared and put into growing cotton in the Mississippi valley and in Alabama, and new grain growing areas were brought into production in the Mid West. Eventually this put severe downward pressure on prices, particularly of cotton, first from 1820 to 1823 and again from 1840 to 1843. Before the Industrial Revolution most cotton was spun and woven near where it was grown, leaving little raw cotton for the international marketplace. World cotton demand experienced strong growth due to mechanized spinning and weaving technologies of the Industrial Revolution. Although cotton was grown in India, China, Egypt, the Middle East and other tropical and sub-tropical areas, the Americas, particularly the U.S., had sufficient suitable land available to support large scale cotton plantations, which were highly profitable. The cotton trade, excluding financing, transport and marketing, was 6 percent or less of national income in the 1830s. Cotton became the United States' largest export. Sugar cane was being grown in Louisiana, where it was refined into granular sugar. Growing and refining sugar required a large amount of capital. Some of the nation's wealthiest people owned sugar plantations, which often had their own sugar mills. Southern plantations, which grew cotton, sugar cane and tobacco, used negro slave labor. Roads ( edit ) There were only a few roads outside of cities at the beginning of the 19th century, but turnpikes were being built. A ton-mile by wagon cost from between 30 and 70 cents in 1819. Robert Fulton's estimate for typical wagonage was 32 cents per ton-mile. The cost of transporting wheat or corn to Philadelphia exceeded the value at 218 and 135 miles, respectively. To facilitate westward expansion, in 1801 Thomas Jefferson began work on the Natchez Trace , which was to connect Daniel Boone 's Wilderness Road , which ended in Nashville, Tennessee, with the Mississippi River. Following the Louisiana Purchase the need for additional roads to the West were recognized by Thomas Jefferson, who authorized the construction of the Cumberland Road in 1806. The Cumberland Road was to connect Cumberland Maryland on the Potomac River with the Wheeling (West) Virginia on the Ohio River, which was on the other side of the Alleghany Mountains . Mail roads were also built to New Orleans. The building of roads in the early years of the 19th century greatly lowered transportation costs and was a factor in the deflation of 1819 to 1821, which was one of the most severe in U.S. history. Some turnpikes were wooden plank roads, which typically cost about $1,500 to $1,800 per mile, but wore out quickly. Macadam roads in New York cost an average of $3,500 per mile, while high-quality roads cost between $5,000 and $10,000 per mile. Canals ( edit ) Scene of Lockport on the Erie Canal (W.H. Bartlett 1839) Because a horse can pull a barge carrying a cargo of over 50 tons compared to the typical one ton or less hauled by wagon, and the horse required a wagoner versus a couple of men for the barge, water transportation costs were a small fraction of wagonage costs. Canals' shipping costs were between two and three cents per ton-mile, compared to over 30 cents by wagon. The cost of constructing a typical canal was between $20,000 and $30,000. Only 100 miles of canals had been built in the U.S. by 1816, and only a few were longer than two miles. The early canals were typically financially successful, such as those carrying coal in eastern Pennsylvania. The 325-mile Erie Canal , which connected Albany, New York, on the Hudson River with Buffalo, New York, on Lake Erie, began operation in 1825. Wagon cost from Buffalo to New York City in 1817 was 19.2 cents per ton-mile. By Erie Canal c. 1857 to 1860 the cost was 0.81 cents. The Erie Canal was a great commercial success and had a large regional economic impact. The Delaware and Raritan Canal was also very successful. Also important was the 2.5-mile canal bypassing the falls on the Ohio River at Louisville, which opened in 1830. The success of some of the early canals led to a canal building boom, during which work began on many canals which would prove to be financially unsuccessful. As the canal boom was underway in the late 1820s, a small number of horse railways were being built. These were quickly followed by the first steam railways in the 1830s. Steam power ( edit ) In 1780 the United States had three major steam engines, all of which were used for pumping water: two in mines and one for New York City's water supply. Most power in the U.S. was supplied by water wheels (and water turbines during after 1840). By 1807 when the North River Steamboat (unofficially called Clermont ) first sailed, there were estimated to be fewer than a dozen steam engines operating in the U.S. Steam power did not overtake water power until sometime after 1850. Oliver Evans began developing a high pressure steam engine that was more practical than the engine developed around the same time by Richard Trevithick in England. The high pressure engine did away with the separate condenser and thus did not require cooling water. It also had a higher power to weight ratio, making it suitable for powering steamboats and locomotives. Evans produced a few custom steam engines from 1801 to 1806, when he opened the Mars Works foundry and factory near Philadelphia, where he produced additional engines. In 1812 he produced his successful Colombian engine at Mars. As his business grew and orders were being shipped inland, Evans and a partner formed the Pittsburgh Steam Engine Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Steam engines soon became common in public water supply, sawmills and flour milling, especially in areas with little or no water power. Mechanical power Transmission ( edit ) In 1828 Paul Moody substituted leather belting for gearing in mills. Leather belting continued in use until it was displaced by unit drive electric motors in the early decades of the 20th century. Shipbuilding ( edit ) Shipbuilding remained sizable industry. U.S.-built ships were superior in design, required smaller crews and cost between 40 and 60 percent less to build than European ships. The British gained the lead in shipbuilding after they introduced iron-hulled ships in the mid 19th century. Steamboats and steam ships ( edit ) For Steamboat monopoly, see Gibbons v. Ogden . Commercial steamboat operations began in 1807 within weeks of the launch of Robert Fulton 's North River Steamboat , often referred to as the Clermont . The first steamboats were powered by Boulton and Watt type low pressure engines, which were very large and heavy in relation to the smaller high pressure engines. In 1807 and 1808 Robert L. Stevens began operation of the Phoenix , which used a high pressure engine in combination with a low pressure condensing engine. The first steamboats powered only by high pressure were the Aetna and Pennsylvania designed and built by Oliver Evans . In the winter of 1811 to 1812, the New Orleans became the first steamboat to travel down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. The commercial feasibility of steamboats on the Mississippi and its tributaries was demonstrated by the Enterprise in 1814. By the time of Fulton's death in 1815 he operated 21 of the estimated 30 steamboats in the U.S. The number of steamboats steadily grew into the hundreds. There were more steamboats in the Mississippi valley than anywhere else in the world. Early steamboats took 30 days to travel from New Orleans to Louisville, which was from half to one-quarter the time by keel boat. Due to improvements in steamboat technology, by 1830 the time from New Orleans to Louisville was halved. In 1820 freight rates for keel boats were five cents versus two cents by steamboat, falling to one-half cent per pound by 1830. The SS Savannah crossed from Savannah to Liverpool in 1819 as the first trans-Atlantic steamship; however, until the development of more efficient engines, trans-ocean ships had to carry more coal than freight. Early trans-ocean steamships were used for passengers and soon some companies began offering regularly scheduled service. Railroads ( edit ) Railroads were an English invention, and the first entrepreneurs imported British equipment in the 1830s. By the 1850s the Americans had developed their own technology. The early lines in the 1830s and 1840s were locally funded, and connected nearby cities or connected farms to navigable waterways. They primarily handled freight rather than passengers. The first locomotives were imported from England. One such locomotive was the John Bull which arrived in 1831. While awaiting assembly, Matthias W. Baldwin , who had designed and manufactured a highly successful stationary steam engine, was able to inspect the parts and obtain measurements. Baldwin was already working on an experimental locomotive based on designs shown at the Rainhill Trials in England. Baldwin produced his first locomotive in 1832; he went on to found the Baldwin Locomotive Works , one of the largest steam locomotive manufacturers. In 1833 when there were few locomotives in the U.S., three quarters were made in England. In 1838 there were 346 locomotives recorded in the U.S., three-fourths of which were made in the U.S. Ohio had more railroads built in the 1840s than any other state. Ohio's railroads put the canals out of business. A typical mile of railroad cost $30,000 compared to the $20,000 per mile of canal, but a railroad could carry 50 times as much traffic. Railroads appeared at the time of the canal boom, causing its abrupt end, although some canals flourished for an additional half-century. Finance, money and banking ( edit ) See also: Panic of 1837 The charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811. Its absence caused serious difficulties for the national government trying to finance the War of 1812 over the refusal of New England bankers to help out. President James Madison reverses earlier Jeffersonian opposition to banking, and secured the opening of a new national bank. The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816. Its leading executive was Philadelphia banker Nicholas Biddle . It collapsed in 1836, under heavy attack from President Andrew Jackson during his Bank War . There were three economic downturns in the early 19th century. The first was the result of the Embargo Act of 1807 , which shut off most international shipping and trade due to the Napoleonic Wars . The other two downturns were depressions accompanied by significant periods of deflation during the early 19th century. The first and most severe was during the depression from 1818 to 1821 when prices of agricultural commodities declined by almost 50 percent. A credit contraction caused by a financial crisis in England drained specie out of the U.S. The Bank of the United States also contracted its lending. The price of agricultural commodities fell by almost 50 percent from the high in 1815 to the low in 1821, and did not recover until the late 1830s, although to a significantly lower price level. Most damaging was the price of cotton, the U.S.'s main export. Food crop prices, which had been high because of the famine of 1816 that was caused by the year without a summer , fell after the return of normal harvests in 1818. Improved transportation, mainly from turnpikes, and to a minor extent the introduction of steamboats, significantly lowered transportation costs. The third economic downturn was the depression of the late 1830s to 1843, following the Panic of 1837 , when the money supply in the United States contracted by about 34 percent with prices falling by 33 percent. The magnitude of this contraction is matched only by the Great Depression. A fundamental cause of the Panic of 1837 was depletion of Mexican silver mines. Despite the deflation and depression, GDP rose 16 percent from 1839 to 1843, partly because of rapid population growth. In order to dampen speculation in land, Andrew Jackson signed the executive order known as the Specie Circular in 1836, requiring sale of government land to be paid in gold and silver. Branch mints at New Orleans ; Dahlonega , Georgia; and Charlotte , North Carolina, were authorized by congress in 1835 and became operational in 1838. Gold was being withdrawn from the U.S. by England and silver had also been taken out of the country because it had been under valued relative to gold by the Coinage Act of 1834 . Canal projects began to fail. The result was the financial Panic of 1837 . In 1838 there was a brief recovery. The business cycle upturn occurred in 1843. Economic historians have explored the high degree of financial and economic instability in the Jacksonian era. For the most part, they follow the conclusions of Peter Temin , who absolved Jackson's policies, and blamed international events beyond American control, such as conditions in Mexico, China and Britain. A survey of economic historians in 1995 show that the vast majority concur with Temin's conclusion that `` the inflation and financial crisis of the 1830s had their origin in events largely beyond President Jackson's control and would have taken place whether or not he had acted as he did vis-a-vis the Second Bank of the U.S.'' Manufacturing ( edit ) Starting with textiles in the 1790s, factories were built to supply a regional and national market. The power came from waterfalls, and most of the factories were built alongside the rivers in rural New England and upstate New York. Boston Manufacturing Co., Waltham, Massachusetts Before 1800, most cloth was made in home workshops, and housewives sewed it into clothing for family use or trade with neighbors. In 1810 the secretary of the treasury estimated that two-thirds of rural household clothing, including hosiery and linen, was produced by households. By the 1820s, housewives bought the cloth at local stores, and continued their sewing chores. The American textile industry was established during the long period of wars from 1793 to 1815, when cheap cloth imports from Britain were unavailable. Samuel Slater secretly brought in the plans for complex textile machinery from Britain, and build new factories in Rhode Island using the stolen designs. By the time the Embargo Act of 1807 cut off trade with Britain, there here were 15 cotton spinning mills in operation. These were all small operations, typically employing fewer than 50 people, and most used Arckwright water frames powered by small streams. They were all located in southeastern New England. In 1809 the number of mills had grown to 62, with 25 under construction. To meet increased demand for cloth several manufacturers resorted to the putting-out system of having the handloom weaving done in homes. The putting-out system was inefficient because of the difficulty of distributing the yarn and collecting the cloth, embezzlement of supplies, lack of supervision and poor quality. To overcome these problems the textile manufacturers began to consolidate work in central workshops shops where they could supervise operations. Taking this to the next level, in 1815 Francis Cabot Lowell of the Boston Manufacturing Company built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham, Massachusetts, using plans for a power loom that he smuggled out of England. This was the largest factory in the U.S., with a workforce of about 300. It was a very efficient, highly profitable mill that, with the aid of the Tariff of 1816 , competed effectively with British textiles at a time when many smaller operations were being forced out of business. The U.S. began exporting textiles in the 1830s; the Americans specialized in coarse fabrics, while the British exported finer cloth that reached a somewhat different market. Cloth production-- mostly cotton but also wool, linen and silk-- became the leading American industry. The building of textile machinery became a major driving force in the development of advanced mechanical devices. The shoe industry began transitioning from production by craftsmen to the factory system , with division of labor. Low return freight rates from Europe offered little protection from imports to domestic industries. Development of interchangeable parts ( edit ) Main article: Interchangeable parts Standardization and interchangeability have been cited as major contributors to the exceptional growth of the U.S. economy. The idea of standardization of armaments was originated by French General Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval , who in 1765 began instituting the Gribeauval system . Honoré Blanc , who had served as inspector general of the three French arsenals, began producing muskets with interchangeable locks in France when Thomas Jefferson was minister to France. Jefferson wrote a letter to John Jay about these developments in 1785. The idea of armament standardization was advocated by Louis de Tousard , who fled the French Revolution and in 1795 joined the U.S. Corps of Artillerists and Engineers where he taught artillery and engineering he learned in France. At the suggestion of George Washington, Tousard had been working on an artillery manual, which he published as The American Artillerist's Companion (1809). Tousard's manual, which was a standard textbook for officer training, stressed the importance of developing a system of standardized armaments. Fears of war stemming from the XYZ Affair caused the U.S. to begin offering cash advance contracts for producing small arms to private individuals in 1798. Two notable recipients of these contracts associated with interchangeable parts were Eli Whitney and Simeon North . Although Whitney was not able to make interchangeable parts, he was a proponent of using machinery for gun making; however, he employed only the simplest machines in his factory. North eventually made progress toward some degree of interchangeability and developed special machinery. North's shop used the first known milling machine ( c. 1816 ), a fundamental machine tool . The experience of the War of 1812 led the War Department to issue a request for contract proposals for firearms with interchangeable parts . Previously, parts from each firearm had to be carefully custom fitted; almost all infantry regiments necessarily included an artificer or armorer who could perform this intricate gunsmithing. The requirement for interchangeable parts forced forward the development of modern metal-working machine tools, including milling machines, grinders, shapers and planers. The Federal Armories perfected the use of machine tools by developing fixtures to correctly position the parts being machined and jigs to guide the cutting tools over the proper path. Systems of blocks and gauges were also developed to check the accuracy and precision of the machined parts. Developing the manufacturing techniques for making interchangeable parts by the Federal Armories took over two decades; however, the first interchangeable small arms parts were not made to a high degree of precision. It wasn't until mid century or later that parts for U.S. rifles and handguns could be considered truly interchangeable with a degree of precision. In 1853 when the British Parliamentary Committee on Small Arms questioned gun maker Samuel Colt , and machine tool makers James Nasmyth and Joseph Whitworth , there was still some question about what constituted interchangeability and whether it could be achieved at a reasonable cost. The machinists' skills were called armory practice and the system eventually became known as the American system of manufacturing . Machinists from the armories eventually spread the technology to other industries, such as clocks and watches, especially in the New England area. It wasn't until late in the 19th century that interchangeable parts became widespread in the U.S. manufacturing. Among the items using interchangeable parts were some sewing machine brands and bicycles. The development of these modern machine tools and machining practices made possible the development of modern industry capable of mass production; however, large scale industrial production did not develop in the U.S. until the late 19th century. The mid 19th century ( edit ) The mid-19th century was a period of transition toward industrialization, particularly in the Northeast, which produced cotton textiles and shoes. The population of the West (generally meaning from Ohio to and including Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri and south to include Kentucky) grew rapidly. The West was primarily a grain and pork producing region, with an important machine tool industry developing around Cincinnati, Ohio. The Southern economy was based on plantation agriculture, primarily cotton, tobacco and sugar, produced with slave labor. The market economy and factory system were not typical before 1850, but developed along transportation routes. Steamboats and railroads, introduced in the early part of the century, became widespread and aided westward expansion. The telegraph was introduced and was in widespread use by the mid 1850s. A machine tool industry developed and machinery became a major industry. Sewing machines began being manufactured. The shoe industry became mechanized. Horse drawn reapers became widely introduced, significantly increasing the productivity of farming. The use of steam engines in manufacturing increased and steam power exceeded water power after the Civil War. Coal displaced wood as the major fuel. The combination of railroads, the telegraph and machinery and factories began to create an industrial economy. James K. Polk, the 11th president, served his presidency from 1845 to 1849. He grew America by 1/3 through the Mexican American war in turn growing the economy and supporting Manifest Destiny . Commerce, industry and agriculture ( edit ) The depression that began in 1839 ended with an upswing in economic activity in 1843. Table 1: Sector shares Employment % Output % (1860 prices) Year Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Industry Services 1840 68 12 20 47 21 31 1850 60 17 23 42 29 29 1860 56 19 25 38 28 34 1870 53 22 25 35 31 34 1880 52 23 25 31 32 38 1890 43 26 31 22 41 37 1900 40 26 33 20 40 39 Source: Joel Mokyr Railroads ( edit ) Main article: Rail transportation in the United States Historian Larry Haeg argues from the perspective of the end of the nineteenth century: Railroads created virtually every major American industry: coal, oil, gas, steel, lumber, farm equipment, grain, cotton, textile factories, California citrus. Railroads opened up remote areas and drastically cut the cost of moving freight and passengers. By 1860 long distance bulk rates had fallen by 95%, less than half of which was due to the general fall in prices. This large fall in transportation costs created `` a major revolution in domestic commerce.'' As transportation improved, new markets continuously opened. Railroads greatly increased the importance of hub cities such as Atlanta, Billings, Chicago, and Dallas. Railroads were a highly capital intensive business, with a typical cost of $30,000 per mile with a considerable range depending on terrain and other factors. Private capital for Railroads during the period from 1830-- 1860 was inadequate. States awarded charters, funding, tax breaks, land grants, and provided some financing. Railroads were allowed banking privileges and lotteries in some states. Private investors provided a small but not insignificant share or railroad capital. A combination of domestic and foreign investment along with the discovery of gold and a major commitment of America's public and private wealth, enabled the nation to develop a large-scale railroad system, establishing the base for the country's industrialization. Table 2: Railroad Mileage Increase by Groups of States 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 New England 2,507 3,660 4,494 5,982 6,831 Middle States 3,202 6,705 10,964 15,872 21,536 Southern States 2,036 8,838 11,192 14,778 29,209 Western States and Territories 1,276 11,400 24,587 52,589 62,394 Pacific States and Territories 23 1,677 4,080 9,804 TOTAL NEW TRACK USA 9,021 30,626 52,914 93,301 129,774 Source: Chauncey M. Depew (ed.), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795-- 1895 p 111 1864, Pennsylvania oil drilling early in the history of the petroleum industry in the United States Railroad executives invented modern methods for running large-scale business operations, creating a blueprint that all large corporations basically followed. They created career tracks that took 18-year-old boys and turned them into brakemen, conductors and engineers. They were first to encounter managerial complexities, labor union issues, and problems of geographical competition. Due to these radical innovations, the railroad became the first large-scale business enterprise and the model for most large corporations. 1900 panoramic image of the Chicago slaughter houses Iron industry ( edit ) The most important technological innovation in mid 19th century pig iron production was the adoption of hot blast , which was developed and patented in Scotland in 1828. Hot blast is a method of using heat from the blast furnace exhaust gas to preheat combustion air, saving a considerable amount of fuel. It allowed much higher furnace temperatures and increased the capacity of furnaces. Hot blast allowed blast furnaces to use anthracite or lower grade coal. Anthracite was difficult to light with cold blast. High quality metallurgical coking coal deposits of sufficient size for iron making were only available in Great Britain and western Germany in the 19th century, but with less fuel required per unit of iron, it was possible to use lower grade coal. The use of anthracite was rather short lived because the size of blast furnaces increased enormously toward the end of the century, forcing the use of coke , which was more porous and did not impede the upflow of the gases through the furnace. Charcoal would have been crushed by the column of material in tall furnaces. Also, the capacity of furnaces would have eventually exceeded the wood supply, as happened with locomotives. Iron was used for a wide variety of purposes. In 1860 large consumers were numerous types of castings, especially stoves. Of the $32 million of bar, sheet and railroad iron produced, slightly less than half was railroad iron. The value added by stoves was equal to the value added by rails. Coal displaces wood ( edit ) Coal displaced wood during the mid-nineteenth century. In 1840 wood was the major fuel while coal production was minor. In 1850 wood was 90% of fuel consumption and 90% of that was for home heating. By 1880 wood was only 5% of fuel consumption. Cast iron stoves for heating and cooking displaced inefficient fireplaces. Charcoal production was very labor and land intensive. It was estimated that to fuel a typical sized 100 ton of pig iron per week furnace in 1833 at a sustained yield, timber plantations required 20,000 acres. The trees had to be hauled by oxen to where they were cut, stacked on end and covered with earth or put in a kiln to be charred for about a week. Anthracite reduced labor cost to $2.50 per ton compared to charcoal at $15.50 per ton. Wood was a byproduct of land clearing and was placed along the banks of rivers for steamboats. By mid century the forests were being depleted while steamboats and locomotives were using enough wood to create shortages along their routes; however, railroads, canals and navigable internal waterways were able to bring coal to market at a price far below the cost of wood. Coal sold in Cincinnati for 10 cents per bushel (94 pounds) and in New Orleans for 14 cents. Manufacturing ( edit ) Manufacturing became well established during the mid 19th century. Labor in the U.S. was expensive and industry made every effort to economize by using machinery. Woodworking machinery such as circular saws, high speed lathes, planers and mortising machines and various other machines amazed the British as was reported by Joseph Whitworth . See: American system of manufacturing#Use of machinery In the early 19th century machinery was made mostly of wood with iron parts. By the mid century machines were being increasingly of all iron, which allowed them to operate at higher speeds and with higher precision. The demand for machinery created a machine tool industry that designed and manufactured lathes, metal planers, shapers and other precision metal cutting tools. The shoe industry was the second to be mechanized, beginning in the 1840s. Sewing machines were developed for sewing leather. A leather rolling machine eliminated hand hammering, and was thirty times faster. Blanchard lathes began being used for making shoe lasts (forms) in the 1850s, allowing the manufacture of standard sizes. By the 1850s much progress had been made in the development of the sewing machine , with a few companies making the machines, based on a number of patents, with no company controlling the right combination of patents to make a superior machine. To prevent damaging lawsuits, in 1856 several important patents were pooled under the Sewing Machine Combination , which licensed the patents for a fixed fee per machine sold. The sewing machine industry was a beneficiary of machine tools and the manufacturing methods developed at the Federal Armories. By 1860 two sewing machine manufacturers were using interchangeable parts. The sewing machine increased the productivity of sewing cloth by a factor of 5. In 1860 the textile industry was the largest manufacturing industry in terms of workers employed (mostly women and children), capital invest and value of goods produced. That year there were 5 million spindles in the U.S. Steam power ( edit ) The Treasury Department's steam engine report of 1838 was the most valuable survey of steam power until the 1870 Census. According to the 1838 report there were an estimated 2,000 engines totaling 40,000 hp, of which 64% were used in transportation, mostly in steamboats. The Corliss steam engine , patented in 1848, was called the most significant development in steam engineering since James Watt . The Corliss engine was more efficient than previous engines and maintained more uniform speed in response to load changes, making it suitable for a wide variety of industrial applications. It was the first steam engine that was suitable for cotton spinning. Previously steam engines for cotton spinning pumped water to a water wheel that powered the machinery. Steam power greatly expanded during the late 19th century with the rise of large factories, the expanded railroad network and early electric lighting and electric street railways. Steamboats and ships ( edit ) The number of steamboats on western rivers in the U.S. grew from 187 in 1830 to 735 in 1860. Total registered tonnage of steam vessels for the U.S. grew from 63,052 in 1830 to 770,641 in 1860. Until the introduction of iron ships, the U.S. made the best in the world. The design of U.S. ships required fewer crew members to operate. U.S. made ships cost from 40% to 60% as much as European ships, and lasted longer. The screw propeller was tested on Lake Ontario in 1841 before being used on ocean ships. Propellers began being used on Great Lakes ships in 1845. Propellers caused vibrations which were a problem for wooden ships. The SS Great Britain , launched in 1845, was the first iron ship with a screw propeller. Iron ships became common and more efficient multiple expansion engines were developed. After the introduction of iron ships, Britain became the leading shipbuilding country. The U.S. tried to compete by building wooden clipper ships , which were fast, but too narrow to carry economic volumes of low value freight. Telegraph ( edit ) Congress approved funds for a short demonstration telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington D.C., which was operational in 1844. The telegraph was quickly adopted by the railroad industry, which needed rapid communication to coordinate train schedules, the importance of which had been highlighted by a collision on the Western Railroad in 1841. Railroads also needed to communicate over a vast network in order to keep track of freight and equipment. Consequently, railroads installed telegraphs lines on their existing right-of-ways . By 1852 there were 22,000 miles of telegraph lines in the U.S., compared to 10,000 miles of track. Urbanization ( edit ) By 1860, on the eve of Civil War, 16% of the people lived in cities with 2500 or more people and one third of the nation's income came from manufacturing. Urbanized industry was limited primarily to the Northeast; cotton cloth production was the leading industry, with the manufacture of shoes, woolen clothing, and machinery also expanding. Most of the workers in the new factories were immigrants or their children. Between 1845 and 1855, some 300,000 European immigrants arrived annually. Many remained in eastern cities, especially mill towns and mining camps, while those with farm experience and some savings bought farms in the West. Agriculture ( edit ) Threshing machine from 1881. Steam engines were also used instead of horses. Adriance reaper, late 19th century In antebellum period the U.S. supplied 80% of Britain's cotton imports. Just before the Civil War the value of cotton was 61% of all goods exported from the U.S. The westward expansion into the highly productive heartland was aided the new railroads, and both population and grain production in the West expanded dramatically. Increased grain production was able to capitalize on high grain prices caused by poor harvests in Europe during the time of the Great Famine in Ireland Grain prices also rose during the Crimean War , but when the war ended U.S. exports to Europe fell dramatically, depressing grain prices. Low grain prices were a cause of the Panic of 1857 . Cotton and tobacco prices recovered after the panic. Agriculture was the largest single industry and it prospered during the war. Prices were high, pulled up by a strong demand from the army and from Britain, which depended on American wheat for a fourth of its food imports. John Deere developed a cast steel plow in 1837 which was lightweight and had a moldboard that efficiently turned over and shed the plowed earth. It was easy for a horse to pull and was well suited to cutting the thick prairie sod of the Midwest. He and his brother Charles founded Deere and Company which continues into the 21st century as the largest maker of tractors, combines, harvesters and other farm implements. Threshing machines, which were a novelty at the end of the 18th century, began being widely introduced in the 1830s and 1840s. Mechanized threshing required less than half the labor of hand threshing. The Civil War acted as a catalyst that encouraged the rapid adoption of horse-drawn machinery and other implements. The rapid spread of recent inventions such as the reaper and mower made the work force efficient, even as hundreds of thousands of farmers were in the army. Many wives took their place, and often consulted by mail on what to do; increasingly they relied on community and extended kin for advice and help. The 1862 Homestead Act opened up the public domain lands for free. Land grants to the railroads meant they could sell tracts for family farms (80 to 200 acres) at low prices with extended credit. In addition the government sponsored fresh information, scientific methods and the latest techniques through the newly established Department of Agriculture and the Morrill Land Grant College Act. Slave labor ( edit ) In 1860, there were 4.5 million Americans of African descent, 4 million of which were slaves, worth $3 billion. They were mainly owned by southern planters of cotton and sugar cane. An estimated 60% of the value of farms in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina was in slaves, with less than a third in land and buildings. In the aftermath of the Panic of 1857 , which left many northern factory workers unemployed and deprived to the point of causing bread riots, supporters of slavery pointed out that slaves were generally better fed and had better living quarters than many free workers. It is estimated that slaves received 15% more in imputed wages than the free market. Finance, money and banking ( edit ) After the expiration of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States , federal revenues were handled by the Independent Treasury beginning in 1846. The Second Bank of the U.S. had also maintained some control over other banks, but in its absence banks were only under state regulation. One of the main problems with banks was over-issuance of banknotes . These were redeemable in specie (gold or silver) upon presentation to the chief cashier of the bank. When people lost trust in a bank they rushed to redeem its notes, and because banks issued more notes than their specie reserves, the bank couldn't redeem the notes, often causing the bank to fail. In 1860 there were over 8,000 state chartered banks issuing notes. In 1861 the U.S. began issuing United States Notes as legal tender. Banks began paying interest on deposits and using the proceeds to make short term call loans , mainly to stock brokers. New York banks created a clearing house association in 1853 in which member banks cleared accounts with other city banks at the close of the week. The clearinghouse association also handled notes from banks in other parts of the country. The association was able to detect banks that were issuing excessive notes because they could not settle. Panic of 1857 ( edit ) The recovery from the depression that followed the Panic of 1837 began in 1843 and lasted until the Panic of 1857 . The panic was triggered by the August 24 failure of the well regarded Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. A manager in the New York branch, one of the city's largest financial institutions, had embezzled funds and made excessive loans. The company's president announced suspension of specie redemption, which triggered a rush to redeem banknotes, causing many banks to fail because of lack of specie. The United States had been running a trade deficit, draining gold out of the country. Because of the tariff revenues, the U.S. Treasury held a considerable amount of gold, which kept it out of circulation. On September 12, the SS Central America , which was carrying $1.5 million in gold from California, sank, contributing to the panic. Secretary of the Treasury Howell Cobb came to the aid of New York mercantile interests by buying back some of the national debt. On September 25 the Bank of Pennsylvania suspended specie payment, starting a nationwide bank run. The danger of interest bearing deposits became apparent when bankers had to call loans made to stock brokers, many of who were unable to pay. Banks then had to curtail credit to commercial and industrial customers. Many business were unable to pay workers back wages because they held so many worthless banknotes. The Crimean War , which had cut off Russian wheat exports, ended in 1856. The war had caused high wheat prices and overexpansion in the U.S., which had been exporting wheat to Europe. Bountiful western harvests in 1857 caused grain prices to fall. Good harvests in England, France and Russia caused collapse in demand for U.S. grains in 1858 and 1859. This caused railroad shipments from the West to fall, which resulted in the bankruptcy of some railroads. The inability of the West to sell its crops hurt businesses in other regions, such as New England, which manufactured shoes sold in the West. Cotton and tobacco prices fell, but unlike grains, soon recovered. The panic left many northern wage earners unemployed, most temporarily, but high unemployment lingered for a couple of years. Immigration surge ( edit ) Immigration to the U.S. surged following the Great Famine (Ireland) . There were about 3 million immigrants during the decade of the 1850s. They were mainly from Germany, Ireland and England. Collapse of the South ( edit ) See also: Economy of the Confederate States of America The wartime devastation of the South was great and poverty ensued; incomes of whites dropped, but income of the former slaves rose. During Reconstruction railroad construction was heavily subsidized (with much corruption), but the region maintained its dependence on cotton. Former slaves became wage laborers, tenant farmers , or sharecroppers . They were joined by many poor whites, as the population grew faster than the economy. As late as 1940 the only significant manufacturing industries were textile mills (mostly in the upland Carolinas) and some steel in Alabama. The industrial advantages of the North over the South helped secure a Northern victory in the American Civil War (1861-- 1865). The Northern victory sealed the destiny of the nation and its economic system. The slave-labor system was abolished; the world price of cotton plunged, making the large southern cotton plantations much less profitable. Northern industry, which had expanded rapidly before and during the war, surged ahead. Industrialists came to dominate many aspects of the nation's life, including social and political affairs. Political developments ( edit ) From the 1830s to 1860, Congress repeatedly rejected Whig calls for higher tariffs, and its policies of economic nationalism , which included increased state control, regulation and macroeconomic development of infrastructure . President Andrew Jackson , for example, did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States . The tariff was lowered time and again before the Civil War. Proposals to fund massive western railroad projects, or to give free land to homesteaders , were defeated by Southerners afraid these policies would strengthen the North. The Civil War changed everything. Treasury ( edit ) In 1860 the Treasury was a small operation that funded the small-scale operations of the government through the low tariff and land sales. Revenues were trivial in comparison with the cost of a full-scale war, but the Treasury Department under Secretary Salmon P. Chase showed unusual ingenuity in financing the war without crippling the economy. Many new taxes were imposed, and always with a patriotic theme comparing the financial sacrifice to the sacrifices of life and limb. The government paid for supplies in real money, which encouraged people to sell to the government regardless of their politics. By contrast the Confederacy gave paper promissory notes when it seized property, so that even loyal Confederates would hide their horses and mules rather than sell them for dubious paper. Overall the Northern financial system was highly successful in raising money and turning patriotism into profit, while the Confederate system impoverished its patriots. The United States needed $3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and fleets raised to fight the Civil War -- over $400 million just in 1862. The largest tax sum by far came from new excise taxes-- a sort of value added tax -- that was imposed on every sort of manufactured item. Second came much higher tariffs, through several Morrill tariff laws. Third came the nation's first income tax; only the wealthy paid and it was repealed at war's end. Apart from taxes, the second major source was government bonds. For the first time bonds in small denominations were sold directly to the people, with publicity and patriotism as key factors, as designed by banker Jay Cooke . State banks lost their power to issue banknotes. Only national banks could do that, and Chase made it easy to become a national bank; it involved buying and holding federal bonds and financiers rushed to open these banks. Chase numbered them, so that the first one in each city was the `` First National Bank'' . Fourth the government printed `` greenbacks'' -- paper money-- which were controversial because they caused inflation. Secretary Chase, though a long-time free-trader, worked with Congressman Justin Morrill to pass a second tariff bill in summer 1861, raising rates another 10 points in order to generate more revenues. These subsequent bills were primarily revenue driven to meet the war's needs, though they enjoyed the support of protectionists such as Carey, who again assisted Morrill in the bill's drafting. The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was designed to raise revenue. The tariff act of 1862 served not only to raise revenue, but also to encourage the establishment of factories free from British competition by taxing British imports. Furthermore, it protected American factory workers from low paid European workers, and as a major bonus attracted tens of thousands of those Europeans to immigrate to America for high wage factory and craftsman jobs. Land grants ( edit ) Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1886 The U.S. government owned vast amounts of good land (mostly from the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the Oregon Treaty with Britain in 1846). The challenge was to make the land useful to people and to provide the economic basis for the wealth that would pay off the war debt. The government did this by breaking it up into smaller plots for private ownership, through various federal laws. Bounty-land warrants were issued to military veterans in the United States from 1775 to 1855. The land grants were used extensively for settlement of pre-Louisiana Purchase lands east of the Mississippi River, including the Ohio Territory , the Northwest Territory , and the Platte Purchase in Missouri. About 180 million acres were granted to railroad construction companies between 1850 and 1871. The Land Grant Act of 1850 provided for 3.75 million acres of land to the states to support railroad projects; by 1857 21 million acres of public lands were used for railroads in the Mississippi River valley, and the stage was set for more substantial Congressional subsidies to future railroads. The Pacific Railroad Acts financed several transcontinental railroads by granting land directly to corporations for the first time. In addition to operating revenues, railroads were able to finance networks crossing vast distances by selling granted property adjacent to the tracks; these would become highly desirable plots for new settlers and businesses because of the easy access to long-distance transportation. Morrill Land-Grant Acts starting in 1860 benefited colleges and universities. Various Homestead Acts distributed land nearly for free in return for improvements such as building a house, farming, or planting trees. Between 1862 and 1934, the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres (420,000 sq mi) of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States. Eligibility for the last such program, in Alaska, ended in 1986. The Land Office made about 100 million acres of direct sales in the western United States from 1850 to 1900, benefiting cattle ranchers and speculators. The economic and military power of the federal government was used to clear Native Americans from land desired by European-American settlers. Land grants creating the Indian Reservation system were used by the Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 to segregate native tribes, but later acts opened some of that land to white settlement, notably including a land run opening the Unassigned Lands in Oklahoma. The Dawes Act of 1887 pressured Native Americans to assimilate to European-American culture , offering former tribal land to individuals separating from their tribes and putting `` surplus'' reservation land up for auction. Overall, about half of Indian Reservation land was sold to white Americans by 1906, about 75 million acres. Further information: Land grant § United_States Banking ( edit ) The North's most important war measure was perhaps the creation of a system of national banks that provided a sound currency for the industrial expansion. Even more important, the hundreds of new banks that were allowed to open were required to purchase government bonds. Thereby the nation monetized the potential wealth represented by farms, urban buildings, factories, and businesses, and immediately turned that money over to the Treasury for war needs. Education ( edit ) British Parliamentary Committee members Joseph Whitworth and George Wallis were very impressed at the educational level of workers in the U.S., commenting that `` ...so that everybody reads...and intelligence penetrates through the lowest grades of society.'' They also remarked that most states had compulsory education laws requiring a minimum of three months per year schooling for child factory workers. Civil war ( edit ) The Union grew rich fighting the war, as the Confederate economy was destroyed. The Republicans in control in Washington had a Whig vision of an industrial nation, with great cities, efficient factories, productive farms, national banks, and high-speed rail links. The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because slavery would not benefit; with the South gone, and Northern Democrats very weak in Congress, the Republicans enacted their legislation. At the same time they passed new taxes to pay for part of the war, and issued large amounts of bonds to pay for the most of the rest. (The remainder can be charged to inflation.) They wrote an elaborate program of economic modernization that had the dual purpose of winning the war and permanently transforming the economy. The key policy-maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens , as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee . He took charge of major legislation that funded the war effort and revolutionized the nation's economic policies regarding tariffs, bonds, income and excise taxes, national banks, suppression of money issued by state banks, greenback currency, and western railroad land grants. Historians have debated whether or not the Civil War sped up the rate of economic growth in the face of destruction throughout the South and the diversion of resources to military supplies and away from civilian goods. In any case the war taught new organizational methods, prioritized engineering skills, and shifted the national attention from politics to business. Late 19th century ( edit ) Commerce, industry and agriculture ( edit ) See also: Gilded Age In the last third of the 19th century the United States entered a phase of rapid economic growth which doubled per capita income over the period. By 1895, the USA leaped ahead of Britain for first place in manufacturing output. For the first time, exports of machinery and consumer goods became important. For example, Standard Oil led the way in exporting kerosene; Russia was its main rival in international trade. Singer Corporation led the way in developing a global marketing strategy for its sewing machines. The greatly expanded railroad network, using inexpensive steel rails produced by new steel making processes, dramatically lowered transportation cost to areas without access to navigable waterways. Low freight rates allowed large manufacturing facilities with great economies of scale . Machinery became a large industry and many types of machines were developed. Businesses were able to operate over wide areas and chain stores arose. Mail order companies started operating. Rural Free Delivery began being implemented in the early 1890s, but it was not widely implemented for a decade. Companies created a new management systems to carry out their operations on a large scale. Companies integrated processes to eliminate unnecessary steps and to eliminate middlemen. An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place, a process called the Second Industrial Revolution . The electric light, telephone, steam turbine , internal combustion engine, automobile, phonograph , typewriter and tabulating machine were some of the many inventions of the period. New processes for making steel and chemicals such as dyes and explosives were invented. The pneumatic tire , improved ball bearings , machine tools and newly developed metal stamping techniques enabled the large scale production of bicycles in the 1890s. Another significant development was the widespread introduction of electric street railways (trams, trolleys or streetcars) in the 1890s. Improvements in transportation and other technological progress caused prices to fall, especially during the so-called long depression , but the rising amount of gold and silver eventually resulted in mild inflation during the 1890s and beyond. Table 3: Ten leading U.S. industries by value added (millions of 1914 $'s ) 1860 1880 1900 1920 Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added Cotton goods 59 Machinery 111 Machinery 432 Machinery 576 Lumber 54 Iron and steel 105 Iron and steel 339 Iron and steel 493 Boots and shoes 53 Cotton goods 97 Printing and publishing 313 Lumber 393 Flour and meal 43 Lumber 87 Lumber 300 Cotton goods 364 Men's clothing 39 Boots and shoes 82 Clothing 262 Shipbuilding 349 Machinery 31 Men's clothing 78 Liquor 224 Automotive 347 Woolen goods 27 Flour and meal 64 Cotton goods 196 General shop construction 328 Leather goods 24 Woolen goods 60 Masonry and brick 140 Printing and publishing 268 Cast iron 23 Printing 58 General shop construction 131 Electrical machinery 246 Printing 20 Liquor 44 Meatpacking 124 Clothing 239 Source: Joel Mokyr Steel workers in 1905, Meadville, Philadelphia Railroads ( edit ) Real gross national product per capita of the United States 1869-- 1918 Pork packing in Cincinnati, 1873 Railroads saw their greatest growth in new track added in the last three decades of the 19th century. (See Table 2 ) Railroads also enjoyed high productivity growth during this time, mainly because of the introduction of new processes that made steel inexpensive. Steel rails lasted roughly ten times longer than iron rails. Steel rails, which became heavier as steel prices fell, enabled heavier, more powerful locomotives that could pull longer trains. Rail cars made of steel on steel roads could be made longer cars and had a load carrying to car weight ratio of 2:1 compared to cars made of iron at 1:1. In 1890 David Ames Wells estimated wagon transport at 16 cents per ton-mile compared to railroads at less than one cent per ton-mile. Railroads competed fiercely for passengers and freight by expanding their routes, too often into increasingly marginal ones. The high capital required for expansion plus the low rates, driven by competition and by what the market would bear, resulted in a large percentage of railroad track in bankruptcy. A practical refrigerated (ice cooled) railcar was introduced in 1881. This made it possible to ship cattle and hog carcasses, which weighed only 40% as much as live animals. Gustavus Franklin Swift developed an integrated network of cattle procurement, slaughtering, meat-packing and shipping meat to market. Up to that time cattle were driven great distances to railroad shipping points, causing the cattle to lose considerable weight. Swift developed a large business, which grew in size with the entry of several competitors. Steel ( edit ) Main articles: Carnegie Steel Company and History of the steel industry (1850-- 1970) In the last three decades of the 19th century iron and steel became a leading industry, in second place by value added, with machinery being in first place. The Bessemer process was the first large scale process for producing steel, which it was able to do at low cost. The first U.S. licensed Bessemer plant began operation in 1865. Bessemer steel was used mostly for rails. Due to difficulty in controlling quality and embrittlement with aging, Bessemer steel was not suitable for structural purposes. The Siemens-Martin process, or open hearth process , produced a suitable grade structural steel. Open hearth steel displaced wrought iron as a structural material in the 1880s. Open hearth steel began being used in a wide variety of applications including high rise buildings, ships, machinery, pipelines, rails and bridges. Electric lights and electric street railways ( edit ) Main article: Electrification Early electrification was too limited to have a big impact on the late 19th century economy. Electricity was also very expensive because of the low conversion efficiency of fuel to power, the small scale of power plants and the fact that most utilities offered only nighttime service. Daytime service became common during the early 20th century after the introduction of the AC motor , which tended to be used more during the day, balancing the load. Until that time a large share of power was self-generated by the user, such as a factory, hotel or electric street railway ( tram or streetcar). Electric street railways were introduced in the U.S. in 1888 when Frank J. Sprague designed and built the first practical system, the Richmond Union Passenger Railway in Richmond, Virginia. Electric street railways rapidly spread to cities around the country in the following years. The early electric street railways typically generated their own power and also operated as electric utilities, which served to even out daily load because the main use of power for lighting was after the peak usage by railways. Until the early 1880s electricity had been used mainly in telegraphy and electroplating . Efficient dynamo 's were introduced in the 1870s and began being used to power electric carbon arc lamps after 1879. In 1880 Thomas Edison patented his invention of a long lasting incandescent light bulb and a system for distributing electrical power. In 1882 he opened the Pearl Street Station in Manhattan, which was the first central power station in the U.S. Using DC placed severe restrictions on the distance power could be transmitted due to power losses. With DC there was no way to transform power to high voltages, which would have reduced the current and lowered the transmission losses. Power can be safely generated to about 2000 volts, but this is a dangerous voltage for household use. With alternating current voltage can be changed up or down using a transformer . AC power began being widely introduced in the 1890s. Communications ( edit ) Following the failure of the first short lived Transatlantic telegraph cable of 1858, a second, more durable cable was completed in 1865, connecting Nova Scotia to England. By 1890 there was an international telegraph network. After invention of the telephone in 1876 additional development work was required to make it commercially viable. The first telephones were for local calls. Long distance calling came into being in the 1890s, but the technology to make transcontinental calls took until 1915 to be operational. Automatic telephone switching, which eliminated the need for telephone operators to manually connect local calls on a switchboard, was introduced in 1892; however it did not become widespread for several decades. Modern business management ( edit ) Before railroads most businesses were run by a sole proprietor or were a partnership. The owners typically ran the daily operations. The railroad industry was the first to adopt modern business management practices in response to the need to operate over vast areas, to maintain continuous long distance communications, to manage a complex network, to track trains and freight. Railroads hired professional managers and divided work into various corporate departments, and developed the organization diagram. Another modern business innovation was vertical integration , by which companies expanded to encompass all stages of a business, from producing the raw materials, processing them into saleable products and selling the finished products. Notable examples occurred in the steel and petroleum industries. Agriculture ( edit ) Main article: History of agriculture in the United States § Railroad Age: 1860-1910 A dramatic expansion in farming took place. The number of farms tripled from 2.0 million in 1860 to 6.0 million in 1905. The number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905. The value of farms soared from $8.0 billion in 1860 to $30 billion in 1906. The federal government issued 160-acre (65 ha ) tracts virtually free to settlers under the Homestead Act of 1862. Even larger numbers of settlers purchased lands at very low interest from the new railroads, which were trying to create markets. The railroads advertised heavily in Europe and brought over, at low fares, hundreds of thousands of farmers from Germany, Scandinavia and Britain. Despite their remarkable progress and general prosperity, 19th-century U.S. farmers experienced recurring cycles of hardship, caused primarily by falling world prices for cotton and wheat. Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per unit area, the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century, as the railroads opened up new areas of the West for settlement. The wheat farmers enjoyed abundant output and good years from 1876 to 1881 when bad European harvests kept the world price high. They then suffered from a slump in the 1880s when conditions in Europe improved. The farther west the settlers went, the more dependent they became on the monopolistic railroads to move their goods to market, and the more inclined they were to protest, as in the Populist movement of the 1890s. Wheat farmers blamed local grain elevator owners (who purchased their crop), railroads and eastern bankers for the low prices. Sales of various types of horse pulled harvesting machines increased dramatically between the Civil war and the end of the century. Harvesting machine improvements included automatic rakers, which eliminated the manual raker, allowing operation by a single man, and combination harvester and binders. To modernize traditional agriculture reformers founded the Grange movement , in 1867. the Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families experienced. Women's participation was actively encouraged. Spurred by the Panic of 1873, the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members. The Granges set up their own marketing systems, stores, processing plants, factories and cooperatives . Most went bankrupt. The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s. A few Midwestern states passed `` Granger Laws '' , limiting railroad and warehouse fees. Federal land grants helped each state create an agricultural college and a network of extension agents who demonstrated modern techniques to farmers. Wheat and cotton farmers in the 1890s supported the Populist movement, but failed in their demands for free silver and inflation. Instead the 1896 election committed the nation to the gold standard and a program of sustained industrialization. Farmers in the Midwest and East gave verbal support to the Populists. They focused on the nearby urban markets, rather than me highly fluctuating European markets for weaving cotton. Oil, minerals and mining ( edit ) Oil ( edit ) For more details on this topic, see Standard Oil . In the 1850s an advance in lighting was the use of kerosene lamps with glass chimneys, which produced a good quality light at a relatively affordable price. Kerosene lighting effectively extended the day and made it easier to read at night. An industry developed to produce coal oil , as kerosene was then called. Kerosene was also being distilled from Pennsylvania crude oil by Samuel Kier . George Bissell paid a visit Dartmouth College , which he had attended, and saw a sample of `` rock oil'' from Pennsylvania. Suspecting that the oil may have potential as an illuminant and lubricant, he organized an investor group. In 1853 Bissell's group, which became the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co., hired Yale chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr. to perform an analysis of `` rock oil'' . Silliman's report of April 1864 stated that `` rock oil'' could yield an excellent illuminating oil. However, there was no economical means for producing sufficient commercial quantities of oil. Bissell had a chance insight when he saw a picture of oil derricks used to produce an oil based patent medicine obtained as a byproduct of a brine well. Following a shareholder disagreement, Bissell and fellow investor Jonathan Eveleth investor split with Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co. and formed Seneca Oil in 1858. Edwin Drake , a shareholder, was hired by the company to drill for oil. The site chosen to drill the well was on Oil Creek near Titusville, PA, where a water well was producing oil. Drake chose to use brine well drilling technology based on the technique used in China since ancient times that reached the West in the late 1820s, except that Drake used iron cable, an iron well casing and a steam engine. The Drake Well hit oil at a depth of 69.55 feet on August 27, 1858, starting a drilling boom in the region. Among the numerous refineries that were started were several along a new rail link to Cleveland, Ohio, where John D. Rockefeller and his partner Maurice Clark owned a grocery produce shipping business. Rockefeller and Clark also got in the refining business, and in 1865 the partners decided to hold a private auction between the two, with Rockefeller being the successful bidder. The refining industry was intensely competitive, and by 1869 there was three times the capacity needed, a situation which lasted many years, with the number of refineries reaching 6000. In 1870 John D. Rockefeller, his brother William Rockefeller , Henry Flagler , Oliver Burr Jennings and silent partner Stephen V. Harkness formed Standard Oil . John D. Rockefeller was the master planner and organizer of the systematic plan to form combinations with or acquire competitors and enter all phases of the oil industry from production to transportation, refining and distribution, a concept called vertical integration . Standard Oil sought every possible advantage over its competitors. One method was using Standard's high shipping volume to secure discounts and drawbacks (payments from railroads for transporting competitors products) from railroads. By 1879 Standard oil controlled 90% of U.S. refining capacity. Producers in the Pennsylvania oil region tried to counter Standard Oil's transportation arrangements buy building the first long distance pipeline, the 110 mile long Tidewater Pipeline to Williamsport, Pennsylvania, which was on the Reading Railroad. Standard Oil fought back by building four pipelines of its own. Standard continued to monopolize the oil industry in the U.S. until it was broken up by the 1911 supreme court case Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States . Efficient gas mantles and electric lighting were eroding the illuminating oil market beginning in the 1880s; however a previously low value byproduct of refining was gasoline, which more than offset the role of kerosene in the early 20th century. Coal ( edit ) Parallel to these achievements was the development of the nation's industrial infrastructure. Coal was found in abundance in the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to Kentucky . Oil was discovered in western Pennsylvania; it was mainly used for kerosene for lamps but also lubricants. Iron ore ( edit ) Large iron ore mines opened in the Lake Superior region of the upper Midwest. Steel mills thrived in places where these coal and iron ore could be brought together to produce steel. Large copper and silver mines opened, followed by lead mines and cement factories. Finance, money and banking ( edit ) During the period, a series of recessions happened. The recession of 1869 resulted from a stock market panic, which lowered stock prices 20% and briefly cut wheat prices in half. It was one of the shortest and mildest recessions in American economic history. Panic of 1873 created one of the worst and longest depressions in American history, seriously affecting every aspect of the economy and bringing the railroad expansion to a halt. The New York Stock Exchange closed for ten days. Of the country's 364 railroads, 89 went bankrupt, a total of 18,000 businesses failed between 1873 and 1875, unemployment reached 14% by 1876, during a time which became known in Britain as the Long Depression . Politically, the Democrats took control of Congress in 1874, the election of 1876 was deadlocked. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893 , a deep depression that lasted until 1897. Wheat and cotton farmers in the West and South were especially hard hit, and moved toward radicalism. President Grover Cleveland was forced to ask the Wall Street bankers help keep the Treasury liquid. Agrarian spokesmen William Jennings Bryan called for an inflationary policy of using cheap silver to effectively replace expensive gold. Bryan lost in a major political realignment in favor of the conservative pro-gold Republicans in the election of 1896 . Water supply and sewers ( edit ) Europe had a substantial amount of water supply and sewer infrastructure installed by the mid 1870s. In 1880 only 0.3% of urban households had filtered water , with this figure rising to 1.5% in 1890 and 6.3% in 1900. Labor unions ( edit ) Main article: Labor unions in the United States Workers in New York in 1871 demand the eight-hour day The American labor movement began with the first significant labor union, the Knights of Labor in 1869. The Knights collapsed in the 1880s and were displaced by strong international unions that banded together as the American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers . Rejecting socialism, the AFL unions negotiated with owners for higher wages and better working conditions. Union growth was slow until 1900, then grew to a peak during World War I. Early 20th century ( edit ) Economic growth and the 1910 break ( edit ) The period from 1890 to 1910 was one of rapid economic growth of above 4%, in part due to rapid population growth. However, a sharp break in the growth rate to around 2.8% occurred from 1910 to 1929. Economists are uncertain what combination of supply and demand factors caused the break, but productivity growth was strong, enabling the labor cost per unit of output to decline from 1910 to 1929. The growth rate in hours worked fell 57% compared to the decline in the growth rate of output of 27%. It is generally accepted that the new technologies and more efficient business methods permanently shifted the supply and demand relationship for labor, with labor being in surplus (except during both world wars when the economy was engaged in war-time production and millions of men served in the armed forces.) The technologies that became widespread after 1910, such as electrification, internal powered transportation and mass production, were capital saving. Total non-residential fixed business fell after 1910 due to the fall of investment in structures. Industry, commerce and agriculture ( edit ) For more details on this topic, see Causes of the Great Depression § Specific theories of cause#Productivity shock . Two of the most transformative technologies of the century were widely introduced during the early decades: electrification , powered by high pressure boilers and steam turbines and automobiles and trucks powered by the internal combustion engine . Chain stores experienced rapid growth. Standardization was urged by Dept. of Commerce for consumer goods such as bedspreads and screws. A simplified standardization program was issued during World War I. Electrification ( edit ) Main article: Electrification Electrification was one of the most important drivers of economic growth in the early 20th century. The revolutionary design of electric powered factories caused the period of the highest productivity growth in manufacturing. There was large growth in the electric utility industry and the productivity growth of electric utilities was high as well. At the turn of the 20th century electricity was used primarily for lighting and most electric companies did not provide daytime service. Electric motors that were used in daytime, such as the DC motors that powered street railways, helped balance the load, and many street railways generated their own electricity and also operated as electric utilities. The AC motor , developed in the 1890s, was ideal for industrial and commercial power and greatly increased the demand for electricity, particular during daytime. Electrification in the U.S. started in industry c. 1900, and by 1930 about 80% of power used in industry was electric. Electric utilities with central generating stations using steam turbines greatly lowered the cost of power, with businesses and houses in cities becoming electrified. In 1900 only 3% of households had electricity, increasing to 30% by 1930. Electrical appliances such as irons, cooking appliances and washing machines were slowly adopted by households. Household mechanical refrigerators were introduced in 1919 but were in only about 8% of households by 1930, mainly because of their high cost. The electrical power industry had high productivity growth. Many large central power stations, equipped with high pressure boilers and steam turbine generators began being built after 1913. These central stations were designed for efficient handling of coal from the layout of the rail yards to the conveyor systems. They were also much more fuel efficient, lowering the amount of fuel per kilowatt-hour of electricity to a small fraction of what it had been. Manufacturing ( edit ) Main article: Mass production § Factory electrification Rapid economic growth in the early decades of the 20th century were largely due to productivity growth in manufacturing. Factory electrification revolutionized manufacturing. Unit drive, which means using a single electric motor for powering a single machine, eliminated line shafts previously used to transmit power from a small number of steam engines or hydraulic turbines. Line shafts created constraints on building arrangement that impeded the efficient flow of materials because they presented traffic barriers and required multi-story buildings for economy. It was not uncommon for large manufacturing sites to have many miles of line shafts. Electric motors were much more economical to operate than steam engines in terms of energy efficiency and operator attention. Electric motors were also lower in capital cost. Frederick W. Taylor was the best known pioneer in the field of scientific management in the late 19th century, carefully timing and plotting the functions of various workers and then devising new, more efficient ways for them to do their jobs. Ford Motor Co. used techniques of scientific management although Henry Ford claimed not to know of the Taylor's system. Ford Motor used every practical means to reduce the effort and movement of workers in order to reduce the time involved in making parts, moving parts and assembling parts into automobiles. Ford used electric powered factories and in 1913 Ford introduced the assembly line , a step in the process that became known as mass-production . The price of a Ford Model T fell from $900 in 1908-9 to $360 in 1916, despite the fact that wages doubled to $5 per day in 1914. Production grew from 13,840 in 1909 to 132,702 in 1916. Productivity for this period, measured in output of Model Ts per worker, rose 150%. Taking his cue from developments during the progressive era, Ford offered a very generous wage-- $5 a day-- to his workers, arguing that a mass production enterprise could not survive if average workers could not buy the goods. However, the wage increase did not extend to women, and Ford expanded the company's Sociological Department to monitor his workers and ensure that they did not spend their newfound bounty on `` vice and cheap thrills'' . Gasoline powered tractors were introduced. The Fordson began mass production in 1917. Electric street railways ( edit ) Electric street railways developed into a major mode of transportation, and electric inter-urban service connected many cities in the Northeast and Midwest. Electric street railways also carried freight, which was important before trucks became widely introduced. The widespread adoption of the automobile and motor bus halted the expansion of the electric street railways during the 1920s. Electrochemicals ( edit ) Electrochemicals are chemicals and metals produced by an electrolytic process . Important examples include aluminum made by the Hall-- Héroult process and chlorine and caustic (sodium and potassium compounds). Chlorine and caustic had been produced by chemical processes but producing aluminum this way was prohibitively expensive. A large plant using Hall-- Héroult process was opened in Pittsburgh, USA in 1888 and others opened around the world. Falling electricity prices in the early 20th century greatly lowered the cost of making electrochemicals. There was high demand for aluminum for aircraft during World War I and afterward for commercial aviation. Some other electrochemicals are chromium, manganese and tungsten. Chlorine began being used for treating household water to kill microorganisms. Railroads ( edit ) Main article: Rail transportation in the United States At the beginning of the 20th century the railroad network had over-expanded with many miles of unprofitable routes. In 1906 Congress gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate freight rates and the industry was unable to increase revenue enough to cover rising costs. By 1916, the peak year of track mileage, one-sixth of the nations railroad trackage was in bankruptcy. The railroads proved inadequate to the increased freight volume created by World War I . There were major traffic jams in the system and critical supplies were experiencing delays. In December 1917 the railroads were taken over by the government and put under control of the United States Railroad Administration (USRA). The USRA ordered 1,930 new standardized steam locomotives and over 100,000 railcars. The USRA's control over the railroads ended in March 1920. Automobiles and trucks ( edit ) By the dawn of the 20th century, automobiles had begun to replace horse-drawn carriages. Numerous companies were building cars, but car manufacturing was challenging. Consequently, prices were high and production was low. Mass production techniques of the mid 1910s brought down the cost of automobiles and sales grew dramatically. By 1919 automobile registrations were 6.6 million and truck registrations were 898,000. Replacing horses with cars and trucks eliminated enormous quantities of horse manure and urine from city streets, greatly reducing the labor for street cleaning and also improving sanitation and living conditions. Reducing the number of horses for transportation freed up between one- sixth and one-quarter of all farm land. Highway system ( edit ) In 1900 there were only 200 miles of paved roads outside of cities in the U.S. By the late 1920s automobiles were becoming common, but there were few highways connecting cities. The Federal road building program ended in 1818, leaving states to build roads until the Federal Road act of 1916. A national highway system was agreed on in 1926, at which time there were 23.1 million cars and 3.5 million trucks.In 1926, when an interstate program (not to be confused with the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways ) began, there were 23.1 million cars and 3.5 million trucks. The system was nearly complete when the U.S. entered World War II in December, 1941. Water supply and sewers ( edit ) At the turn of the century approximately one-third of urban households had running water; however, most of it was untreated and carried disease causing microorganisms. The widespread building of water treatment plants and piping of water to and sewage from urban households occurred in the early decades of the century. The number of urban households supplied with running filtered water increased from 6.3% in 1900 to 25% in 1910 and 42% in 1925. In 1908 the Jersey City Water Works in New Jersey was the first to sterilize water using sodium hypochlorite (chlorine bleach). Chlorination of drinking water became common in urban water supplies by the 1930s and contributed to a sharp reduction in many diseases such as hepatitis A , typhoid fever , cholera and dysentery . Agriculture ( edit ) Tractors appeared on farms and farmers began using automobiles and trucks to haul produce. Combined harvester-threshers reduced labor cost 85% compared to using binders and stationary threshers. Communications ( edit ) Telephone ( edit ) Before 1900 telephones were used primarily by businesses. The number of telephones per 100 households was approximately 2 in 1900, but the number steadily grew until it peaked at 45 in 1929, then declined to 33 in 1933. Automatic telephone switching, which was introduced in 1892, eliminated the need for telephone operators to manually connect local calls on a switchboard. By 1929, 31.9% of the Bell system was automatic. Radio ( edit ) Main article: History of radio Radio communications using Morse code were introduced in the first decade of the 20th century. Their main use was for communicating with ships. Ship radio became more widely used after the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912. Radio technology advanced rapidly. The triode vacuum tube made it possible to build amplifiers for broadcasting and for receivers. Radio circuit design also advanced, allowing better signals with less noise. By the early 1920s radios began being mass-produced and commercial broadcast stations were set up around the country. Finance, money and banking ( edit ) Main article: Wall Street § History A major economic downturn in 1906 ended the expansion from the late 1890s. This was followed by the Panic of 1907 . The Panic of 1907 was a factor in the establishment of the Federal Reserve Bank in 1913. The mild inflation of the 1890s, attributed to the rising gold supply from mining, continued until World War I, at which time inflation rose sharply with wartime shortages including labor shortages. Following the war the rate of inflation fell, but prices remained above the prewar level. The U.S. economy prospered during World War I, partly due to sales of war goods to Europe. The stock market had its best year in history in 1916. The U.S. gold reserves doubled between 1913 and 1918, causing the price level to rise. Interest rates had been held low to minimize interest on war bonds, but after the final war bonds were sold in 1919, the Federal Reserve raised the discount rate from 4% to 6%. Interest rates rose and the money supply contracted. The economy entered the Depression of 1920-21 which sharp. By 1923 the economy had returned to full employment. A debt fueled boom developed following the war. Jerome (1934) gives an unattributed quote about finance conditions that allowed the great industrial expansion of the post WW I period: Probably never before in this country had such a volume of funds been available at such low rates for such a long period. There was also a real estate and housing bubble in the 1920s, especially in Florida, which burst in 1925. Alvin Hansen stated that housing construction during the 1920s decade exceeded population growth by 25%. See also: Florida land boom of the 1920s Debt reached unsustainable levels. Speculation in stocks drove prices up to unpresented valuation levels. The stock market crashed in late October 1929. Political developments ( edit ) See also: Progressive Era The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of legislation that led to the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Another such act passed the same year was the Federal Meat Inspection Act . The new laws helped the large packers, and hurt small operations that lacked economy of scale or quality controls. The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which allowed the Federal Government to tax all income, was adopted in 1913. The Emergency Quota Act (1921) established a quota system on immigrants by country of origin, with the maximum number of annual immigrants from a country limited to 3% of the number of that national background living in the U.S. according to the 1910 United States Census . The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the quota from 3% to 2% and added additional restrictions on certain nationalities. In the early years of American history, most political leaders were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector, except in the area of transportation. In general, they accepted the concept of laissez-faire , a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order. This attitude started to change during the latter part of the 19th century, when small business, farm, and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf. Fear of monopolies (`` trusts'' ) is shown in this attack on Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company By the start of the 20th century, a middle class had developed that was leery of both the business elite and the somewhat radical political movements of farmers and laborers in the Midwest and West. Known as Progressives , these people favored government regulation of business practices to, in their minds, ensure competition and free enterprise. Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 (the Interstate Commerce Act ), and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 (the Sherman Antitrust Act ). These laws were not rigorously enforced, however, until the years between 1900 and 1920, when Republican President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-- 1909), Democrat President Woodrow Wilson (1913-- 1921), and others sympathetic to the views of the Progressives came to power. Many of today's U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years, including the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission . Ida M. Tarbell wrote a series of articles against the Standard Oil monopoly. The series helped pave the way for the breakup of the monopoly. Noon hour in a furniture factory. Indianapolis, Indiana, 1908 Muckrakers were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more regulation of business. Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle (1906) showed America the horrors of the Chicago Union Stock Yards , a giant complex of meat processing that developed in the 1870s. The federal government responded to Sinclair's book with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration . President Wilson in 1913 using tariff, currency, and anti-trust laws to `` prime the pump'' and get the economy working. When Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected President with a Democrat controlled Congress in 1912 he implemented a series of progressive policies. In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified, and the income tax was instituted in the United States. Wilson resolved the longstanding debates over tariffs and antitrust, and created the Federal Reserve , a complex business-government partnership that to this day dominates the financial world. World war I ( edit ) Main article: United States home front during World War I See also: Liberty bond The World War involved a massive mobilization of money, taxes, and banking resources to pay for the American war effort and, through government-to-government loans, most of the Allied war effort as well. Roaring Twenties: 1920-- 1929 ( edit ) Main article: Roaring Twenties People filing tax forms in 1920 Under Republican President Warren G. Harding , who called for normalcy and an end to high wartime taxes, Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon raised the tariff, cut other taxes, and used the large surplus to reduce the federal debt by about a third from 1920 to 1930. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover worked to introduce efficiency, by regulating business practices. This period of prosperity, along with the culture of the time, was known as the Roaring Twenties . The rapid growth of the automobile industry stimulated industries such as oil, glass, and road-building. Tourism soared and consumers with cars had a much wider radius for their shopping. Small cities prospered, and large cities had their best decade ever, with a boom in construction of offices, factories and homes. The new electric power industry transformed both business and everyday life. Telephones and electricity spread to the countryside, but farmers never recovered from the wartime bubble in land prices. Millions migrated to nearby cities. However, in October 1929, the Stock market crashed and banks began to fail in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . Quality of life ( edit ) The early decades of the 20th century was remarkable for the improvements of the quality of life in the U.S. The quality of housing improved, with houses offering better protection against cold. Floor space per occupant increased. Sanitation was greatly improved by the building of water supply and sewage systems, plus the treatment drinking water by filtration and chlorination. The change over to internal combustion took horses off the streets and eliminated horse manure and urine and the flies they attracted. Federal regulation of food products and processing, including government inspection of meat processing plants helped lower the incidence of food related illness and death. Infant mortality, which had been declining dramatically in the last quarter of the 19th century, continued to decline. The workweek, which averaged 53 hours in 1900, continued to decline. The burden of household chores lessened considerably. Hauling water and firewood into the home every day was no longer necessary for an increasing number of households. Electric light was far less expensive and higher quality than kerosene lamp light. Electric light also eliminated smoke and fumes and reduced the fire hazard. From 1929 through World war II ( edit ) Prewar industry, commerce, and agriculture ( edit ) Despite the Great Depression and World War II, the middle decades of the 20th century were among the highest for productivity growth. The research developed through informal cooperation between U.S. industry and academia grew rapidly and by the late 1930s exceeded the size of that taking place in Britain (although the quality of U.S. research was not yet on par with British and German research at the time). Manufacturing ( edit ) Productivity growth in manufacturing slowed from the electrification era of the early century, but remained moderate. Automation of factories became widespread during the middle decades as industry invested in newly developed instruments and controls that allowed fewer workers to operate vast factories, refineries and chemical plants with fewer workers. See: Process control Great Depression: 1929-- 1941 ( edit ) Main article: Great Depression in the United States For more details on this topic, see Causes of the Great Depression . Stock exchange trading floor after the 1929 crash `` Broke, baby sick, and car trouble!'' Dorothea Lange 's photo of Missouri migrants living in a truck in California. Many displaced people moved to California to look for work during the Depression. John Steinbeck depicted the situation in The Grapes of Wrath Following the stock market crash, the worldwide economy plunged into the Great Depression . The U.S. money supply began to contract by one-third. The protectionist Smoot-- Hawley Tariff Act incited retaliation by Canada, Britain, Germany and other trading partners. Congress, in 1932, worried about the rapidly growing deficit and national debt, and raised income tax rates. Economists generally agree that these measures deepened an already serious crisis. By 1932, the unemployment rate was 25%. Conditions were worse in heavy industry, lumbering, export agriculture (cotton, wheat, tobacco), and mining. Conditions were not quite as bad in white collar sectors and in light manufacturing. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 without a specific program. He relied on a highly eclectic group of advisors who patched together many programs, known as the New Deal . Table 2: Depression Data 1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940 Real Gross National Product (GNP) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 103.7 113.0 Consumer Price Index 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2 Index of Industrial Production 109 75 69 112 89 126 Money Supply M2 ($ billions) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2 Exports ($ billions) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02 Unemployment (% of civilian work force) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9 in 1929 dollars 1935-- 39 = 100 Spending ( edit ) Government spending increased from 8.0% of GNP under Hoover in 1932 to 10.2% of GNP in 1936. Roosevelt balanced the `` regular'' budget the emergency budget was funded by debt, which increased from 33.6% of GNP in 1932 to 40.9% in 1936. Deficit spending had been recommended by some economists, most notably John Maynard Keynes in Britain. Roosevelt met Keynes but did not pay attention to his recommendations. After a meeting with Keynes, who kept drawing diagrams, Roosevelt remarked that `` He must be a mathematician rather than a political economist'' . Banking crisis ( edit ) In 1929-- 33 the economy was destabilized by bank failures. The initial reasons were substantial losses in investment banking, followed by bank runs . Bank runs occurred when a large number of customers lost confidence in their deposits (which were not insured) and rushed to withdraw their deposits. Runs destabilized many banks to the point where they faced bankruptcy. Between 1929 and 1933 40% of all banks (9,490 out of 23,697 banks) went bankrupt. Much of the Great Depression 's economic damage was caused directly by bank runs. Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs, but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic. Roosevelt acted as soon as he took office; he closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation. On March 9, Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover's top advisors. The act was passed and signed into law the same day. It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision, with federal loans available if needed. Three-quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days. Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month, thus stabilizing the banking system. By the end of 1933, 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks. Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion; depositors lost a total of $540 million, and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits; it is a common myth that they received nothing back. The Glass-- Steagall Act limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms to regulate speculations. It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured deposits for up to $250,000, ended the risk of runs on banks. Unemployment ( edit ) Unemployment reached 25 percent in the worst days of 1932-- 33, but it was unevenly distributed. Job losses were less severe among women than men, among workers in nondurable industries (such as food and clothing), in services and sales, and in government jobs. The least skilled inner city men had much higher unemployment rates, as did young people who had a hard time getting their first job, and men over the age of 45 who if they lost their job would seldom find another one because employers had their choice of younger men. Millions were hired in the Great Depression, but men with weaker credentials were never hired, and fell into a long-term unemployment trap. The migration that brought millions of farmers and townspeople to the bigger cities in the 1920s suddenly reversed itself, as unemployment made the cities unattractive, and the network of kinfolk and more ample food supplies made it wise for many to go back. City governments in 1930-- 31 tried to meet the depression by expanding public works projects, as president Herbert Hoover strongly encouraged. However tax revenues were plunging, and the cities as well as private relief agencies were totally overwhelmed by 1931 men were unable to provide significant additional relief. They fell back on the cheapest possible relief, soup kitchens which provided free meals for anyone who showed up. After 1933 new sales taxes and infusions of federal money helped relieve the fiscal distress of the cities, but the budgets did not fully recover until 1941. The federal programs launched by Hoover and greatly expanded by president Roosevelt's New Deal used massive construction projects to try to jump start the economy and solve the unemployment crisis. The alphabet agencies ERA, CCC, FERA, WPA and PWA built and repaired the public infrastructure in dramatic fashion, but did little to foster the recovery of the private sector. FERA, CCC, and especially WPA focused on providing unskilled jobs for long-term unemployed men. Relief ( edit ) The extent to which the spending for relief and public works provided a sufficient stimulus to revive the U.S. economy, or whether it harmed the economy, is also debated. If one defines economic health entirely by the gross domestic product, the U.S. had gotten back on track by 1934, and made a full recovery by 1936, but as Roosevelt said, one third of the nation was ill fed, ill-housed and ill-clothed. See Chart 3. GNP was 34% higher in 1936 than 1932, and 58% higher in 1940 on the eve of war. The economy grew 58% from 1932 to 1940 in 8 years of peacetime, and then grew another 56% from 1940 to 1945 in 5 years of wartime. The unemployment rate fell from 25.2% in 1932 to 13.9% in 1940 when the draft started. During the war the economy operated under so many different conditions that comparison is impossible with peacetime, such as massive spending, price controls, bond campaigns, controls over raw materials, prohibitions on new housing and new automobiles, rationing, guaranteed cost-plus profits, subsidized wages, and the draft of 12 million soldiers. Chart 3: GDP annual pattern and long-term trend, 1920-- 40, in billions of constant dollars In 1995 economist Robert Whaples stated that measuring the effect of the New Deal remains a thorny issue for economists because it is so difficult to measure the effects it had on the country. A survey of academic specialists by Whaples showed that 49% of those economists surveyed felt that the New Deal lengthened and deepened the depression, while 51% disagreed. The same survey also showed that only 5% of professional historians and 27% of professional economists felt the same way. However, economist Eric Rauchway of the University of California stated `` very few people disapprove of most of the New Deal reforms'' , which include Social Security, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., and Fannie Mae. Regardless, unemployment peaked in 1932 at 25% and was reduced to 13.9% by 1940. As Broadus Mitchell summarized, `` Most indexes worsened until the summer of 1932, which may be called the low point of the depression economically and psychologically'' . Economic indicators show the American economy declined until February 1933. After Roosevelt took office, there began a steady, sharp upward recovery that persisted until the brief Recession of 1937-- 1938 (see graph) after which they continued their upward climb. Thus the Federal Reserve Index of Industrial Production bottomed at 52.8 on July 1, 1932 and was practically unchanged at 54.3 on March 1, 1933; however by July 1, 1933, it had climbed to 85.5 (with 1935-- 39 = 100, and for comparison 2005 = 1,342). Wartime output and controls: 1940-- 1945 ( edit ) Women making aluminum shells for the war in 1942 Unemployment dropped to 2%, relief programs largely ended, and the industrial economy grew rapidly to new heights as millions of people moved to new jobs in war centers, and 16 million men and 300,000 women were drafted or volunteered for military service. All economic sectors grew during the war. Farm output went from an index (by volume) of 106 in 1939 to 128 in 1943. Coal output went from 446 million tons in 1939 to 651 in 1943; oil from 1.3 billion barrels to 1.5 billion. Manufacturing output doubled, from a volume index of 109 in 1939 to 239 in 1943. Railroads strained to move it all to market, going from an output of 13.6 billion loaded car miles in 1939 to 23.3 in 1943. The War Production Board coordinated the nation's productive capabilities so that military priorities would be met. Converted consumer-products plants filled many military orders. Automakers built tanks and aircraft, for example, making the United States the `` arsenal of democracy'' . In an effort to prevent rising national income and scarce consumer products from causing inflation, the newly created Office of Price Administration rationed and set prices for consumer items ranging from sugar to meat, clothing and gasoline, and otherwise tried to restrain price increases. It also set rent in war centers. Six million women took jobs in manufacturing and production; most were newly created temporary jobs in munitions. Some were replacing men away in the military. These working women were symbolized by the fictional character of Rosie the Riveter . After the war many women returned to household work as men returned from military service. The nation turned to the suburbs, as a pent-up demand for new housing was finally unleashed. Postwar prosperity: 1945-- 1973 ( edit ) Further information: Post-- World War II economic expansion The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was a golden era of economic growth. $200 billion in war bonds matured, and the G.I. Bill financed a well-educated work force. The middle class swelled, as did GDP and productivity. This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes, which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period-- labor union membership peaked historically in the U.S. during the 1950s, in the midst of this massive economic growth. Much of the growth came from the movement of low income farm workers into better paying jobs in the towns and cities-- a process largely completed by 1960. Congress created the Council of Economic Advisors , to promote high employment, high profits and low inflation. The Eisenhower administration (1953-- 1961) supported an activist contracyclical approach that helped to establish Keynesianism as a bipartisan economic policy for the nation. Especially important in formulating the CEA response to the recession-- accelerating public works programs, easing credit, and reducing taxes-- were Arthur F. Burns and Neil H. Jacoby . `` '' I am now a Keynesian in economics`` , proclaimed Republican President Richard Nixon in 1969. Although this period brought economic expansion to the country as a whole, it was not recession proof. The recessions of 1945, 1949, 1953, 1958, and 1960 saw a drastic decline in GDP. The `` Baby Boom'' saw a dramatic increase in fertility in the period 1942-- 1957; it was caused by delayed marriages and childbearing during depression years, a surge in prosperity, a demand for suburban single-family homes (as opposed to inner city apartments) and new optimism about the future. The boom crested about 1957, then slowly declined. Agriculture ( edit ) Government policies ( edit ) Main article: United States farm bill The New Deal era farm programs were continued into the 1940s and 1950s, with the goal of supporting the prices received by farmers. Typical programs involved farm loans, commodity subsidies, and price supports. The rapid decline in the farm population led to a smaller voice in Congress. So the well-organized Farm Bureau and other lobbyists, worked in the 1970s to appeal to urban Congressman through food stamp programs for the poor. By 2000, the food stamp program was the largest component of the farm bill. In 2010, the Tea Party movement brought in many Republicans committed to cutting all federal subsidies, including those agriculture. Meanwhile, urban Democrats strongly opposed reductions, pointing to the severe hardships caused by the 2008-10 economic recession. The Agricultural Act of 2014 saw many rural Republican Congressman voting against the program despite its support from farmers; it passed with urban support. Changing technology ( edit ) Ammonia from plants built during World War II to make explosives became available for making fertilizers, leading to a permanent decline in real fertilizer prices. The early 1950s was the peak period for tractor sales in the U.S. as the few remaining horses and mules were phased out. The horsepower of farm machinery underwent a large expansion. A successful cotton picking machine was introduced in 1949. The machine could do the work of 50 men picking by hand. Research on plant breeding produced varieties of grain crops that could produce high yields with heavy fertilizer input. This resulted in the Green revolution , beginning in the 1940s. By the century's end yields of corn (maize) rose by a factor of over four. Wheat and soybean yields also rose significantly. Aircraft and air transportation industries ( edit ) Air transport was a major beneficiary of the war. The United States was the leading producer of combat aircraft during World War II and had a large surplus of machine tools and manufacturing facilities for airplanes at the end of the war. There were also experienced airplane manufacturing and maintenance personnel. Additionally, radar had been developed during the war. The aircraft industry had the highest productivity growth of any major industry, growing by 8.9% per year from 1929-1966. Housing ( edit ) Very little housing had been built during the Great Depression and World War, except for emergency quarters near war industries. Overcrowded and inadequate apartments was the common condition. Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown. However, the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles, highways, and inexpensive housing. The population had grown, and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments, automobiles and appliances. The product was a great housing boom. Whereas an average of 316,000 new housing non-farm units had been constructed from the 1930s through 1945, there were 1,450,000 units built annually from 1946 through 1955. The G.I. Bill guaranteed low cost loans for veterans, with very low down payments, and low interest rates. With 16 million eligible veterans, the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand. In 1947 alone, 540,000 veterans bought one; their average price was $7300. The construction industry kept prices low by standardization -- for example standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets, refrigerators and stoves, allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings. Developers purchased empty land just outside the city, installed tract houses based on a handful of designs, and provided streets and utilities, or local public officials race to build schools. The most famous development was Levittown , in Long Island just east of New York City. It offered a new house for $1000 down, and $70 a month; it featured three bedrooms, fireplace, gas range and gas furnace, and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet, all for a total price of $10,000. Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment. Interstate Highway system ( edit ) Construction of the Interstate Highway System began in 1956. Computer technology ( edit ) Main article: Computer Mainframe business computer systems started being widely introduced in the 1960s. These systems handled a variety of accounting, billing and payroll functions. One highly significant application was the Sabre airline reservations system , which first went into operation in 1960. With Sabre reservations could be placed remotely using teleprinters and all functions were done automatically, including ticket printing. This eliminated manually handling file cards. Fiscal policy ( edit ) Federal taxes on incomes, profits and payrolls had risen to high levels during World War II and had been cut back only slowly; the highest rates for individuals reached the 90% level. Congress cut tax rates in 1964. President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-- 69) dreamed of creating a `` Great Society '' , and began many new social programs to that end, such as Medicaid and Medicare . Military and space spending ( edit ) After the Cold War began in 1947, and especially after the Korean War began in 1950 and the government adopted a strategy in NSC-68 military spending soared. Economists examined how much this `` military Keynesianism'' stimulated the economy. President Eisenhower feared that excessive military spending would damage the economy, so he downsized the Army after Korea and shifted priorities to missiles and nuclear weapons (which were much less expensive than army divisions). He also promoted the Interstate Highway system as necessary for national defense, and made space exploration a priority. His successor John F Kennedy made a manned mission to the moon a national priority. Much of the new spending went to California and the West, a continuation of wartime spending. An even greater impact came in the South, where it stimulated a modernization of the economy away from cotton towards manufacturing and high technology. For example, there were new, large technologically sophisticated installations at the Atomic Energy Commission's Savannah River Site in South Carolina; the Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville in Alabama; nuclear research facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee ; and space facilities at Cape Canaveral , Florida, at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, and at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi. The Defense Department financed some of private industry's research and development throughout these decades, most notably ARPANET (which would become the Internet). Late 20th century ( edit ) The US Trade Balance 1980-2010. U.S. Trade Balance (1895-- 2015) Number of countries having a banking crisis in each year since 1800. This is based on This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly which covers only 70 countries. The general upward trend might be attributed to many factors. One of these is a gradual increase in the percent of people who receive money for their labor. The dramatic feature of this graph is the virtual absence of banking crises during the period of the Bretton Woods agreement , 1945 to 1971. This analysis is similar to Figure 10.1 in Reinhart and Rogoff (2009). For more details see the help file for `` bankingCrises'' in the Ecdat package available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Post industrial (service) economy ( edit ) Manufacturing employment and nominal value added shares of the economy have been in a steady decline since World War II. In the late 1960s manufacturing's share of both employment and nominal value added was about 26%, falling to about 11% and 12% respectively by the end of the century. Per-capita steel consumption in the U.S. peaked in 1977, then fell by half before staging a modest recovery to levels well below the peak. Service sector expansion ( edit ) The decline in the relative size of manufacturing coincided with a rise in the size of the service sector. Productivity slowdown ( edit ) Technological innovations of the final third of the 20th century were significant, but were not as powerful as those of the first two-thirds of the century. Manufacturing productivity growth continued at a somewhat slower rate than in earlier decades, but overall productivity was dragged down by the relative increase in size of the government and service sectors. Inflation woes: 1970s ( edit ) The postwar boom ended with a number of events in the early 1970s: the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 the growing influx of imported manufacturing goods, such as automobiles and electronics the 1973 oil crisis , productivity growth fell to a low level after 1973 and remained low until the 1990s, the 1973-- 1974 stock market crash, and the ensuing displacement of Keynesian economics by monetarist economics , especially by the free-market Chicago School of Economics , led by economist Milton Friedman . At the same time, the consensus among experts moved against New-Deal-style regulation, in favor of deregulation. In the late 1960s it was apparent to some that this juggernaut of economic growth was slowing down, and it began to become visibly apparent in the early 1970s. The United States grew increasingly dependent on oil importation from OPEC after peaking production in 1970, resulting in oil supply shocks in 1973 and 1979 . Stagflation gripped the nation, and the government experimented with wage and price controls under President Nixon . The Bretton Woods Agreement collapsed in 1971-- 1972, and President Nixon closed the gold window at the Federal Reserve, taking the United States entirely off the gold standard . President Gerald Ford introduced the slogan, `` Whip Inflation Now '' (WIN). In 1974, productivity shrunk by 1.5%, though this soon recovered. In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the Presidency. Carter would later take much of the blame for the even more turbulent economic times to come, though some say circumstances were outside his control. Inflation continued to climb skyward. Productivity growth was small, when not negative. Interest rates remained high, with the prime reaching 20% in January 1981; Art Buchwald quipped that 1980 would go down in history as the year when it was cheaper to borrow money from the Mafia than the local bank. Unemployment dropped mostly steadily from 1975 to 1979, although it then began to rise sharply. This period also saw the increased rise of the environmental and consumer movements, and the government established new regulations and regulatory agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration , the Consumer Product Safety Commission , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission , and others. Deregulation and Reaganomics: 1976-- 1992 ( edit ) Deregulation gained momentum in the mid-1970s, spurred by slow productivity growth and increasing operation and capital costs in several key sectors. It was not until 1978 that the first meaningful deregulation legislation, the Airline Deregulation Act , was cleared by Congress. Transportation deregulation accelerated in 1980, with the deregulation of railroads and trucking. Deregulation of interstate buses followed in 1982. In addition to transportation deregulation, savings and loan associations and banks were partially deregulated with the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act in 1980 and the Garn-- St. Germain Depository Institutions Act in 1982. On a broader front, the economy initially recovered at a brisk pace from the 1973-- 75 recession . Incoming president Jimmy Carter instituted a large fiscal stimulus package in 1977 in order to boost the economy. However, inflation began a steep rise beginning in late 1978, and rose by double digits following the 1979 energy crisis . In order to combat inflation, Carter appointed Paul Volcker to the Federal Reserve , who raised interest rates and caused a sharp recession in the first six months of 1980. In March 1980, Carter introduced his own policies for reducing inflation, and the Federal Reserve brought down interest rates to cooperate with the initiatives. During the 1980 recession, manufacturing shed 1.1 million jobs, while service industries remained intact. Employment in automotive manufacturing in particular suffered, experiencing a 33% reduction by the end of the recession. Collectively these factors contributed to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The Federal Reserve once again began to raise interest rates in 1981, which plunged the economy back into recession. Unemployment rose to a peak of 10.8% in December 1982, a post-war high. In 1981, Ronald Reagan introduced Reaganomics . That is, fiscally expansive economic policies, cutting marginal federal income tax rates by 25%. Inflation dropped dramatically from 13.5% annually in 1980 to just 3% annually in 1983 due to a short recession and the Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker 's tighter control of the money supply and interest rates. Real GDP began to grow after contracting in 1980 and 1982. The unemployment rate continued to rise to a peak of 10.8% by late 1982, but dropped well under 6% unemployment at the end of Reagan's presidency in January 1989. 20 million jobs were created under Reagan's presidency -- which were made up of 82 percent high-paying and long-term jobs. From 1982 to 1987 the Dow Jones Industrial Average gained over 1900 points from 776 in 1982 to 2722 in 1987 -- about a 350% increase. An economic boom took place from 1983 until a recession began in 1990. Between 1983 and 1989 the number of people below the poverty line decreased by 3.8 million. The boom saw the increasing popularity of electronic appliances like computers, cell phones, music players and video games. Credit cards were a symbol of the boom. The Reagan tax cuts seemed to work and Americans were able to shrug off the crash of 1987 by the beginning of 1988. The growth ended by 1990 after seven years of stock market growth and prosperity for the upper and middle class. The federal debt spawned by his policies tripled (from $930 billion in 1981 to $2.6 trillion in 1988), reaching record levels. Though debt almost always increased under every president in the latter half of the 20th century, it declined as a percentage of GDP under all Presidents after 1950 and prior to Reagan. In addition to the fiscal deficits, the U.S. started to have large trade deficits . Also it was during his second term that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 was passed. Vice President George H.W. Bush was elected to succeed Reagan in 1988 . The early Bush Presidency's economic policies were sometimes seen as a continuation of Reagan's policies, but in the early 1990s, Bush went back on a promise and increased taxes in a compromise with Congressional Democrats. He ended his presidency on a moderate note, signing regulatory bills such as the Americans With Disabilities Act , and negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement . In 1992, Bush and third-party candidate Ross Perot lost to Democrat Bill Clinton . The advent of deindustrialization in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw income inequality increase dramatically to levels never seen before. But at the same time, most orthodox economists, and most policy makers, pointed to the fact that consumers could buy so many goods, even with the inflation of the 1970s, as evidence that the general shift away from manufacturing and into services was creating widespread prosperity. In 1968, the U.S. Gini coefficient was 0.386. In 2005, the American Gini coefficient had reached 0.469. Critics of economic policies favored by Republican and Democratic administrations since the 1960s, particularly those expanding `` free trade'' and `` open markets'' (see Neoliberalism ) say that these policies, though benefiting trading as well as the cost of products in the U.S., could have taken their own on the prosperity of the America middle-class. But in this period, consumers were buying as never before with so many products and goods at such low costs and in high quantities. Critics however argued that this consumer behavior was giving a false reading of the health of the economy, because it was being paid for by taking on rapidly increasing levels of indebtedness, thus covering up the stagnating wages and earnings of most of the workforce. The rise of globalization: 1990s -- late 2000s ( edit ) Main article: New economy This graph shows three major stock indices since 1975. Notice the meteoric rise of the stock market in the 1990s, followed by the collapse of the dot-com bubble in 2000 on the tech-heavy NASDAQ . During the 1990s, government debt increased by 75%, GDP rose by 69%, and the stock market as measured by the S&P 500 grew more than threefold. From 1994 to 2000 real output increased, inflation was manageable and unemployment dropped to below 5%, resulting in a soaring stock market known as the dot-com boom . The second half of the 1990s was characterized by well-publicized initial public offerings of high-tech and `` dot-com '' companies. By 2000, however, it was evident a bubble in stock valuations had occurred, such that beginning in March 2000, the market would give back some 50% to 75% of the growth of the 1990s. The economy worsened in 2001 with output increasing only 0.3% and unemployment and business failures rising substantially, and triggering a recession that is often blamed on the September 11 attacks . An additional factor in the fall of the US markets and in investor confidence included numerous corporate scandals . From 2001-07, the red-hot housing market across the United States fueled a false sense of security regarding the strength of the U.S. economy. The 21st century ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017) Main article: Economy of the United States Great recession ( edit ) Further information: Financial crisis of 2007-- 08 and Automotive industry crisis of 2008-- 10 President Obama signs the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) into law on February 17, 2009. In 2008, a series of related economic disasters hit the American and European financial systems. The bursting of a worldwide bubble in housing set the recession in motion. The end of housing bubbles in California, Florida and Arizona led to the collapse of housing prices and the shrinkage of construction sector. Millions of mortgages (averaging about $200,000 each) had been bundled into securities called collateralized debt obligations that were resold worldwide. Many banks and hedge funds had borrowed hundreds of billions of dollars to buy these securities, which were now `` toxic '' because their value was unknown and no one wanted to buy them. A series of the largest banks in the U.S. and Europe collapsed; some went bankrupt, such as Lehman Brothers with $690 billion in assets; others such as the leading insurance company AIG , the leading bank Citigroup , and the two largest mortgage companies were bailed out by the government. Congress voted $700 billion in bailout money, and the Treasury and Federal Reserve committed trillions of dollars to shoring up the financial system, but the measures did not reverse the declines. Banks drastically tightened their lending policies, despite infusions of federal money. The government for the first time took major ownership positions in the largest banks. The stock market plunged 40%, wiping out tens of trillions of dollars in wealth; housing prices fell 20% nationwide wiping out trillions more. By late 2008 distress was spreading beyond the financial and housing sectors, especially as the `` Big Three'' of the automobile industry ( General Motors , Ford and Chrysler ) were on the verge of bankruptcy, and the retail sector showed major weaknesses. Critics of the $700 billion Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) expressed anger that much of the TARP money that has been distributed to banks is seemingly unaccounted for, with banks being secretive on the issue. Percent of US civilian working age population employed, 1995-- 2012 President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 in February 2009; the bill provides $787 billion in stimulus through a combination of spending and tax cuts. The plan is largely based on the Keynesian theory that government spending should offset the fall in private spending during an economic downturn; otherwise the fall in private spending may perpetuate itself and productive resources, such as the labor hours of the unemployed, will be wasted. Critics claim that government spending cannot offset a fall in private spending because government must borrow money from the private sector in order to add money to it. However, most economists do not think such `` crowding out '' is an issue when interest rates are near zero and the economy is stagnant . Opponents of the stimulus also point to problems of possible future inflation and government debt caused by such a large expenditure. In the U.S., jobs paying between $14 and $21 per hour made up about 60% those lost during the recession, but such mid-wage jobs have comprised only about 27% of jobs gained during the recovery through mid-2012. In contrast, lower-paying jobs constituted about 58% of the jobs regained. Historical Statistics ( edit ) GDP ( edit ) 1790-2006 GDP ( edit ) United States Annual Economic Data United States Annual Economic Data Year GDP Nominal ($ billions) GDP Adjusted ($ billions) Population (millions) GDP per capita Nominal ($) GDP per capita Adjusted ($) 1790 0.19 3.60 3.929 48 916 1791 0.21 3.82 4.048 52 944 1792 0.22 4.10 4.171 53 983 1793 0.25 4.43 4.297 58 1031 1794 0.31 5.00 4.428 70 1129 1795 0.38 5.31 4.562 83 1164 1796 0.41 5.47 4.700 87 1164 1797 0.41 5.57 4.843 85 1150 1798 0.41 5.80 4.990 82 1162 1799 0.44 6.20 5.141 86 1206 1800 0.48 6.55 5.297 91 1237 1801 0.51 6.87 5.486 93 1252 1802 0.45 7.09 5.679 79 1248 1803 0.48 7.21 5.872 82 1228 1804 0.53 7.49 6.065 87 1235 1805 0.56 7.88 6.258 89 1259 1806 0.61 8.26 6.451 95 1280 1807 0.58 8.27 6.644 87 1245 1808 0.64 8.28 6.838 94 1211 1809 0.68 8.92 7.031 97 1269 1810 0.70 9.40 7.224 97 1301 1811 0.76 9.82 7.460 102 1316 1812 0.78 10.2 7.700 101 1326 1813 0.96 10.8 7.939 121 1358 1814 1.06 11.2 8.179 130 1372 1815 0.91 11.3 8.419 108 1342 1816 0.81 11.3 8.659 94 1304 1817 0.76 11.5 8.899 85 1297 1818 0.72 12.0 9.139 79 1308 1819 0.72 12.3 9.379 77 1309 1820 0.70 12.8 9.618 73 1328 1821 0.73 13.4 9.939 73 1351 1822 0.80 14.0 10.268 78 1360 1823 0.75 14.5 10.596 71 1364 1824 0.75 15.3 10.924 69 1400 1825 0.81 16.0 11.252 72 1421 1826 0.86 16.6 11.580 74 1431 1827 0.91 17.1 11.909 76 1433 1828 0.89 17.3 12.237 73 1415 1829 0.92 18.0 12.565 73 1431 1830 1.01 19.5 12.901 78 1518 1831 1.04 21.2 13.321 78 1591 1832 1.12 22.6 13.742 82 1646 1833 1.14 23.3 14.162 80 1647 1834 1.20 23.7 14.582 82 1625 1835 1.32 25.0 15.003 88 1664 1836 1.46 25.7 15.423 95 1667 1837 1.54 26.0 15.843 97 1639 1838 1.58 27.1 16.264 97 1663 1839 1.65 27.8 16.684 99 1666 1840 1.55 27.8 17.123 91 1622 1841 1.63 28.4 17.733 92 1603 1842 1.60 29.4 18.345 87 1600 1843 1.55 30.8 18.957 82 1623 1844 1.69 32.6 19.569 86 1665 1845 1.84 34.6 20.182 91 1715 1846 2.04 37.4 20.794 98 1799 1847 2.39 40.0 21.406 112 1870 1848 2.41 41.4 22.018 109 1881 1849 2.40 42.0 22.631 106 1855 1850 2.56 43.9 23.261 110 1889 1851 2.70 47.5 24.086 112 1972 1852 3.04 53.0 24.911 122 2128 1853 3.28 57.3 25.736 127 2226 1854 3.68 59.3 26.561 139 2232 1855 3.94 61.7 27.386 144 2254 1856 4.00 64.1 28.212 142 2270 1857 4.13 64.4 29.037 142 2218 1858 4.05 67.1 29.862 136 2247 1859 4.38 72.0 30.687 143 2346 1860 4.32 72.3 31.513 137 2296 1861 4.58 73.7 32.351 142 2277 1862 5.76 82.9 33.188 174 2497 1863 7.60 89.3 34.026 223 2624 1864 9.43 90.4 34.863 270 2592 1865 9.86 93.0 35.701 276 2606 1866 8.98 88.8 36.538 246 2430 1867 8.33 90.4 37.376 223 2418 1868 8.14 93.9 38.213 213 2458 1869 7.85 96.6 39.051 201 2473 1870 7.79 100 39.905 195 2509 1871 7.68 105 40.938 188 2573 1872 8.21 113 41.972 196 2683 1873 8.68 123 43.006 202 2824 1874 8.43 124 44.040 191 2815 1875 8.05 123 45.073 179 2726 1876 8.21 128 46.107 178 2781 1877 8.27 132 47.141 175 2804 1878 8.31 139 48.174 172 2894 1879 9.36 157 49.208 190 3188 1880 10.4 170 50.262 206 3379 1881 11.6 191 51.542 226 3708 1882 12.2 201 52.821 231 3800 1883 12.3 206 54.100 227 3808 1884 11.8 203 55.379 212 3667 1885 11.4 201 56.658 202 3552 1886 12.0 218 57.938 208 3764 1887 13.0 234 59.217 219 3944 1888 13.8 249 60.496 227 4108 1889 13.8 258 61.775 224 4169 1890 15.2 284 63.056 240 4502 1891 15.5 287 64.361 240 4459 1892 16.4 301 65.666 250 4590 1893 15.5 284 66.970 231 4242 1894 14.2 271 68.275 208 3972 1895 15.6 300 69.580 224 4313 1896 15.4 294 70.885 218 4153 1897 16.1 307 72.189 223 4256 1898 18.2 344 73.494 248 4685 1899 19.5 365 74.799 261 4884 1900 20.7 376 76.094 272 4943 1901 22.4 397 77.584 289 5112 1902 24.2 417 79.163 305 5261 1903 26.1 429 80.632 323 5317 1904 25.8 414 82.166 314 5034 1905 28.9 459 83.822 344 5480 1906 30.9 475 85.450 362 5564 1907 34.0 492 87.008 391 5649 1908 30.3 439 88.710 342 4949 1909 32.2 468 90.490 356 5169 1910 33.4 473 92.407 362 5116 1911 34.3 488 93.863 366 5200 1912 37.4 511 95.335 392 5359 1913 39.1 531 97.225 403 5462 1914 36.5 490 99.111 368 4948 1915 38.7 504 100.546 385 5011 1916 49.6 574 101.961 487 5626 1917 59.7 560 103.268 578 5418 1918 75.8 610 103.208 735 5910 1919 78.3 615 104.514 749 5883 1920 88.4 609 106.461 830 5721 1921 73.6 595 108.538 678 5483 1922 73.4 628 110.049 667 5708 1923 85.4 711 111.947 763 6350 1924 87.0 733 114.109 762 6422 1925 90.6 750 115.829 782 6475 1926 97.0 799 117.397 826 6806 1927 95.5 807 119.035 803 6777 1928 97.4 816 120.509 808 6771 1929 103.6 865.2 121.767 851 7105 1930 91.2 790.7 123.077 741 6424 1931 76.5 739.9 124.040 617 5965 1932 58.7 643.7 124.840 470 5156 1933 56.4 635.5 125.579 449 5061 1934 66.0 704.2 126.374 522 5572 1935 73.3 766.9 127.250 576 6027 1936 83.8 866.6 128.053 654 6768 1937 91.9 911.1 128.825 713 7072 1938 86.1 879.7 129.825 663 6776 1939 92.2 950.7 130.880 704 7264 1940 101.4 1034.1 131.954 768 7837 1941 126.7 1211.1 133.121 952 9098 1942 161.9 1435.4 133.920 1209 10718 1943 198.6 1670.9 134.245 1479 12447 1944 219.8 1806.5 132.885 1654 13594 1945 223.1 1786.3 132.481 1684 13483 1946 222.3 1589.4 140.054 1587 11348 1947 244.2 1574.5 143.446 1702 10976 1948 269.2 1643.2 146.093 1843 11248 1949 267.3 1634.6 148.665 1798 10995 1950 293.8 1777.3 151.235 1943 11752 1951 339.3 1915.0 153.310 2213 12491 1952 358.3 1988.3 155.687 2301 12771 1953 379.4 2079.5 158.242 2398 13141 1954 380.4 2065.4 161.164 2360 12816 1955 414.8 2212.8 164.308 2525 13467 1956 437.5 2255.8 167.306 2615 13483 1957 461.1 2301.1 170.371 2706 13506 1958 467.2 2279.2 173.320 2696 13150 1959 506.6 2441.3 176.289 2874 13848 1960 526.4 2501.8 179.979 2925 13901 1961 544.7 2560.0 182.992 2977 13990 1962 585.6 2715.2 185.771 3152 14616 1963 617.7 2834.0 188.483 3277 15036 1964 663.6 2998.6 191.141 3472 15688 1965 719.1 3191.1 193.526 3716 16489 1966 787.8 3399.1 195.576 4028 17380 1967 832.6 3484.6 197.457 4217 17647 1968 911.0 3652.7 199.399 4564 18319 1969 984.6 3765.4 201.385 4889 18698 1970 1038.5 3771.9 203.984 5091 18491 1971 1127.1 3898.6 206.827 5449 18850 1972 1238.3 4105.0 209.284 5917 19614 1973 1382.7 4341.5 211.357 6542 20541 1500.0 4319.6 213.342 7031 20247 1638.3 4311.2 215.465 7604 20009 1976 1825.3 4540.9 217.583 8389 20870 1977 2030.9 4750.5 219.760 9241 21617 1978 2294.7 5015.0 222.095 10332 22580 1979 2563.3 5173.4 224.567 11414 23037 1980 2789.5 5161.7 227.225 12276 22716 1981 3128.4 5291.7 229.466 13633 23061 1982 3255.0 5189.3 231.664 14051 22400 3536.7 5423.8 233.792 15128 23199 1984 3933.2 5813.6 235.825 16678 24652 1985 4220.3 6053.7 237.924 17738 25444 1986 4462.8 6263.6 240.133 18585 26084 4739.5 6475.1 242.289 19561 26725 1988 5103.8 6742.7 244.499 20875 27578 5484.4 6981.4 246.819 22220 28286 5803.1 7112.5 249.623 23247 28493 1991 5995.9 7100.5 252.981 23701 28067 6337.7 7336.6 256.514 24707 28601 6657.4 7532.7 259.919 25613 28981 7072.2 7835.5 263.126 26878 29779 1995 7397.7 8031.7 266.278 27782 30163 7816.9 8328.9 269.394 29017 30917 8304.3 8703.5 272.647 30458 31922 1998 8747.0 9066.9 275.854 31709 32868 1999 9268.4 9470.3 279.040 33215 33939 2000 9817.0 9817.0 282.217 34785 34785 10128.0 9890.7 285.226 35509 34677 2002 10469.6 10048.8 288.126 36337 34876 2003 10960.8 10301.0 290.796 37692 35423 11685.9 10675.8 293.638 39797 36357 2005 12433.9 11003.4 296.507 41935 37110 2006 13194.7 11319.4 299.98 44071 37807 Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP (1930-- 1946), source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP (1947-- 1973), source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP (1974-- 1990), source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP (1991-- 2008), source Bureau of Economic Analysis GDP per capita growth. Real GDP per capita in the United States United States GDP history Historical growth of the US economy from 1961-2015 GDP per person in the United States US Gross Private Domestic Investment and Corporate Profits After Tax as shares of Gross Domestic Product US share of world GDP (%) since 1980. US share of world GDP (nominal) peaked in 1985 with 32.74% of global GDP (nominal). The second highest share was 32.24% in 2001. US share of world GDP (PPP) peaked in 1999 with 23.78% of global GDP (PPP). The share has been declining each year since then. U.S. in global economy Employment ( edit ) Main article: Unemployment in the United States The Percentage of the US working age population employed, 1995-- 2012. Official U.S. unemployment rate, 1950-- 2005 United States mean duration of unemployment 1948-- 2010. Average annual hours worked All employees, private industries, by branches Manufacturing ( edit ) Main articles: Manufacturing in the United States and Economy of the United States by sector U.S. manufacturing employment Wealth and Income ( edit ) Main articles: Income in the United States and Wealth in the United States See also: Personal income in the United States , Household income in the United States , Income inequality in the United States , Affluence in the United States , and United States counties by per capita income U.S. Change in real income versus selected goods and services v1 Productivity ( edit ) Productivity and real median family income growth, 1947-- 2009. Real compensation per hour in the US (1947-- 2013). U.S. Productivity and Real Hourly Compensation (1948-2013) Inequality ( edit ) Main articles: Income inequality in the United States and Poverty in the United States Top income inequality in the United States and France Top 1% fiscal income share Gini Coefficient for Household Income (1967-- 2007), source United States Chamber of Commerce U.S. Income Shares of Top 1% and 0.1% 1913-2013 Income inequality panel - v1 Health spending ( edit ) Main article: Health care in the United States Life expectancy compared to healthcare spending from 1970 to 2008, in the US and the next 19 most wealthy countries by total GDP. Health spending as a share of GDP International Comparison - Healthcare spending as % GDP Tariff Rates ( edit ) Main articles: List of tariffs in the United States , Tariffs in United States history , and Protectionism in the United States Average Tariff Rates in USA (1821-2016) Average Tariff Rate(France, UK, US) Average Tariff Rates for Selected Countries (1913-2007) Average Tariff Rates on manufactured products Trade Balance ( edit ) Main article: Foreign trade of the United States U.S. Trade Balance (1895-- 2015) Imports vs exports & net imports US Trade Balance 1980 2010 Merchandise exports (1870-1992) Inflation ( edit ) United States historical inflation rate, 1666-- 2004. U.SFederal tax ( edit ) Main article: Taxation in the United States U.S. federal effective tax rates by income percentile and component as projected for 2014 by the Tax Policy Center . CBO estimates of historical effective federal tax rates broken down by income level. Government spending ( edit ) Main article: United States federal budget Federal, state, and local government spending as a % of GDP history Revenue and Expense as % GDP. Debt ( edit ) Main article: United States public debt Assets of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960-- 2008 Liabilities of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960-- 2009 Development of US federal government debt ceiling from 1990 to January 2012. Deficit and debt increases 2001-- 2016. U.S. public net debt and the total public debt Deficit ( edit ) Annual federal deficit as a percent of GDP `` Twin deficit'' (1960-- 2006) See also ( edit ) Credit in the Thirteen Colonies History of agriculture in the United States History of banking in the United States History of coal mining in the United States List of regions by past GDP (PPP) Productivity improving technologies (historical) Wall Street's history Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 Jump up ^ Whaples, Robert (March 1995). `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions'' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 (1): 144. doi : 10.1017/S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 . (Registration required ( help )) . There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world. Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 1-- 5 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. x ^ Jump up to: Perkins 1988 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 24, 28 Jump up ^ Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). A New Economic View of American History . New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p. 36. ISBN 0-393-96315-2 . Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 36 ^ Jump up to: Atack & Passell 1994 Jump up ^ Landes, David. S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 89-- 92. ISBN 0-521-09418-6 . Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 55 Jump up ^ Taylor, George Rogers (1969). The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 . p. 56. ISBN 978-0873321013 . Jump up ^ Perkins, Edwin J. (1988). The Economy of Colonial America (2nd ed. 1988) . New York: Columbia University Press. Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole, eds., A Companion to the American Revolution (2004) chapter 7 Jump up ^ Margaret Alan Newell, `` The Birth of New England in the Atlantic Economy: From its Beginning to 1770,'' in Peter Temin, ed., Engines of Enterprise: An Economic History of New England (Harvard UP, 2000), pp. 11-- 68, esp. p. 41 Jump up ^ Gloria L. Main and Jackson T. Main, `` The Red Queen in New England?'' , William and Mary Quarterly (1999) 56#1 pp 121-- 50 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bruce C. Daniels, `` Economic Development in Colonial and Revolutionary Connecticut: An Overview,'' William and Mary Quarterly (1980) 37#3 pp. 429-450 in JSTOR Jump up ^ P. Bradley Nutting, `` Colonial Connecticut's Search for a Staple: A Mercantile Paradox,'' New England Journal of History (2000) 57#1 pp 58-69. Jump up ^ Freeman W. Meyer, `` The Evolution of the Interpretation of Economic Life in Colonial Connecticut,'' Connecticut History (1985) 26#1 pp 33-43. Jump up ^ Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness-The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625-1742 (1938) online edition Jump up ^ Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743-1776 (1955), pp 147, 332 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp, `` Cities in review,'' Common-Place (July 2003) 3#4 online Archived March 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seth Rockman, `` Work in the Cities of Colonial British North America,'' Journal of Urban History (2007) 33#6 pp 1021-1032 Jump up ^ Seth Rockman, `` Class and the History of Working People in the Early Republic.'' Journal of the Early Republic (2005) 25#4 pp: 527-535. online Jump up ^ Peter Wood, Origins of American Slavery (1997), pp. 64-- 65. Jump up ^ Walter J. Fraser, Charleston! Charleston!: The History of a Southern City (1991) Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp, Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution (2007) online edition Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution (2nd ed. 1986) pp 240-47; the first edition of 1979 was entitled Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution Jump up ^ Schweikart, Larry; Allen, Michael (2004). A Patriot's History of the United States . USA: Sentinel, member of Penguin Group. pp. 12-- 17. ISBN 1595230017 . Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 13 Jump up ^ Edmund Morgan, and Helen M. Morgan, The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution (1953). Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid, `` ' In Our Contracted Sphere' : The Constitutional Contract, the Stamp Act Crisis, and the Coming of the American Revolution,'' Columbia Law Review 76#1 pp. 21-47 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Larry Sawers, `` The Navigation Acts Revisited.'' Economic History Review (1992) 45#2 pp: 262-284. online Jump up ^ Whaples, Robert (March 1995). `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions'' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 (1): 140. doi : 10.1017/S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 . (Registration required ( help )) . Jump up ^ Merrill Jensen, The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763-- 1776 (2008) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole, eds., A Companion to the American Revolution (2004) chapters 42, 48 Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987) p. 81, 119 Jump up ^ John Brewer, The sinews of power: war, money, and the English state, 1688-- 1783 (1990) p 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-- 1815 (1962) pp 23-- 44 Jump up ^ Charles Rappleye, Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution (2010) pp 225-- 52 Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood, A History of Colonial America (1961) pp 586-- 589 Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow, `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance, 1775-- 1783'' , American Historical Review Vol. 35, No. 1 (Oct., 1929), pp. 46-- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson, The power of the purse: A history of American public finance, 1776-- 1790 (1961) Jump up ^ Erna Risch, Supplying Washington's Army (1982) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp, To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775-- 1783 (1990) Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettles, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-1815 (1962) Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-- 1815 (1962) Jump up ^ Robert A. East, `` The Business Entrepreneur in a Changing Colonial Economy, 1763-1795,'' Journal of Economic History (May, 1946), Vol. 6, Supplement pp. 16-27 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettles, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-1815 (1962) remains the best economic overview. Jump up ^ John Allen Krout and Dixon Ryan Fox, The Completion of Independence, 1790-- 1830 (1944) is a wide-ranging social history of the new nation; see pp 1-73 Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 34 Jump up ^ Angela Lakwete (2005). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America . Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 7. Jump up ^ Lewis Cecil Gray, History of agriculture in the southern United States to 1860 (2 vol 1933) Jump up ^ Thomson, Ross (2009). Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865 . Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9141-0 . Jump up ^ Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America, from the Revolution to the Civil War (1957). Jump up ^ Larry Schweikart, ed. Banking and Finance to 1913 (1990), an encyclopedia with short articles by experts, ^ Jump up to: Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 126 Jump up ^ Taylor, George Rogers (1969). The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 . ISBN 978-0873321013 . Jump up ^ Lind, Michael (1997). Hamilton's Republic: Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition . Jump up ^ Boritt, Gabor S. (1994). Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream . Jump up ^ Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (1958) ^ Jump up to: North, Douglas C. (1966). The Economic Growth of the United States 1790-1860 . New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393003468 . Jump up ^ Matthew H. Wahlert, `` Towards Protectionism: An Examination of the Napoleonic Wars, the War of 1812 and America's Trade Policy'' , New England Journal of History , Fall 2011, Vol. 68 Issue 1, pp 4-- 20 Jump up ^ Carter Goodrich, ed. The Government and the economy, 1783-- 1861 (1967), primary sources and a detailed overview Jump up ^ Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (1958); Taylor, The Transportation Revolution 1815-- 1860 (1962) Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (1976) series A-1 and A-2, p 8 Jump up ^ George Rogers Taylor, The transportation revolution, 1815-1860 (1951) pp 15-73. Jump up ^ Richard C. Wade, The urban frontier: pioneer life in early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (1959). Jump up ^ Habakkuk, H.J. (1962). American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century . London, U.K., New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521094474 . Jump up ^ Beckert, Sven (2014). Empire of Cotton: A Global History . US: Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-71396-5 . Jump up ^ North 1966 ^ Jump up to: Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 133 Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 53 Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 146 Jump up ^ Taylor, George Rogers (1969). The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 . ISBN 978-0873321013 . Jump up ^ Hunter, Louis C. (1985). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Jump up ^ Eugene S. Ferguson, Oliver Evans, Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution (Hagley Museum & Library, 1980). Jump up ^ Thomson 2009 , pp. 32 Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 Jump up ^ Hunter & year-1985 , pp. 14-- 31 ^ Jump up to: Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 63 Jump up ^ Thomson, Ross (2009). Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865 . Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8018-9141-0 . Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 429 Jump up ^ Thomson, Ross (2009). Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865 . Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-8018-9141-0 . Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 46 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins, American public finance and financial services, 1700-1815 (1994) pp 324-48. Complete text line free Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the bank war (1967). Jump up ^ Taylor, George Rogers (1951). The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 . New York, Toronto: Rinehart & Co. pp. 133, 331-- 4. ISBN 978-0-87332-101-3 . ^ Jump up to: Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). A New Economic View of American History . New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p. 102. ISBN 0-393-96315-2 . Jump up ^ Schweikart, Larry; Allen, Michael (2004). A Patriot's History of the United States . USA: Sentinel, member of Penguin Group. ISBN 1595230017 . Jump up ^ Robert Whaples, `` Were Andrew Jackson's Policies ' Good for the Economy' ?'' Independent Review (2014) 18#4 online Jump up ^ Victor Clark, History of manufactures in the United States: 1607-1860. Vol. 1. (1916). online Jump up ^ Chandler 1993 , pp. 51 Jump up ^ David Montgomery, `` The Working Classes of the Pre-Industrial American City, 1780-1830,'' Labor History (1968) 9#1 pp 3-22, esp. p.4 Jump up ^ Barbara M. Tucker, Samuel Slater and the origins of the American textile industry: 1790-1860 (1984) Jump up ^ Chandler 1993 , pp. 57-- 9 Jump up ^ Kenton Beerman, `` The Beginning of a Revolution: Waltham and the Boston Manufacturing Company.'' The Concord Review (1994) online . Jump up ^ Peter Temin, `` Product quality and vertical integration in the early cotton textile industry.'' Journal of Economic History (1988) 48#4 pp: 891-907. Jump up ^ Clark, History of Manufacturers 1: 529-77 Jump up ^ George S. Gibb, The Saco-Lowell Shops: Textile Machinery Building in New England, 1813-1949 (1950). ^ Jump up to: Thomson, Ross (1989). The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807818671 . Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 126 Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1982 , pp. 818 ^ Jump up to: Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ Merritt Roe Smith, Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology: The Challenge of Change (1980) Jump up ^ David R. Meyer, Networked Machinists: High-Technology Industries in Antebellum America (2007) Jump up ^ Otto Mayr , et al. (eds.), Yankee Enterprise: The Rise of the American System of Manufactures (1981) Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 215 Jump up ^ Hunter & year-1985 , pp. 67 ^ Jump up to: Economics 323-2: Economic History of the United States Since 1865 http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jmokyr/Graphs-and-Tables.PDF Jump up ^ Larry Haeg, Harriman vs. Hill: Wall Street's Great Railroad War (University of Minnesota Press, 2013) p 7 Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 135 Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 135Author's quote Jump up ^ Albro Martin, Railroads Triumphant: The Growth, Rejection, and Rebirth of a Vital American Force (1992) Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 88-- 100 Jump up ^ Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (1983) ^ Jump up to: Chandler Jr., Alfred D. (1993). The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674940529 . Jump up ^ Landes & year-1969 , pp. 88 Jump up ^ Hunter & year-1985 , pp. 40-- 405 Jump up ^ North 1966 Jump up ^ Hunter & year-1985 , pp. 415 Jump up ^ Gordon, Robert B (1996). American Iron 1607-1900 . Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 45, 48-- 53. ISBN 0-8018-6816-5 . Jump up ^ Hunter & year-1985 , pp. 400 Jump up ^ Hunter & year-1985 , pp. 403-- 21 Jump up ^ Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), English and American Tool Builders , New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( LCCN 27-24075 ); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7 ).Report of the British Commissioners to the New York Industrial Exhibition, London 1854 Jump up ^ Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), English and American Tool Builders , New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( LCCN 27-24075 ); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7 ). Jump up ^ Beckert, Sven (2014). Empire of Cotton: A Global History . US: Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-375-71396-5 . Jump up ^ Hunter & year-1985 , pp. 69, 73 Jump up ^ Hunter & year-1985 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 62 Jump up ^ Cowan, Ruth Schwartz (1997), A Social History of American Technology , New York: Oxford University Press, p. 108, ISBN 0-19-504605-6 Jump up ^ Taylor & year-1969 , pp. 118 ^ Jump up to: Chandler 1993 ^ Jump up to: Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 469 ^ Jump up to: Walter Licht, Industrializing America: The Nineteenth Century (1995) Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 136 Jump up ^ Beckert, Sven (2014). Empire of Cotton: A Global History . US: Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-375-71396-5 . ^ Jump up to: Huston, James L (1986). The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War . Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press. Jump up ^ Fite, Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War, (1910) pp 1-- 23; Paludan, A People's Contest'' pp 159-- 69 Jump up ^ Paul W. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War (1965) covers 1850-- 1870 Jump up ^ Edward C. Kendall, John Deere's steel plow (Smithsonian Institution, 1959) Jump up ^ Neil Dahlstrom and Jeremy Dahlstrom, The John Deere Story: A Biography of Plowmakers John & Charles Deere (Northern Illinois University Press, 2005) Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 282 Jump up ^ Clark, Gregory (2007). A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World . Princeton University Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-691-12135-2 . ^ Jump up to: `` Grain Harvesting History'' (PDF) . Shenandoah Valley Agricultural Research and Extension Center. Jump up ^ J.L. Anderson, `` The Vacant Chair on the Farm: Soldier Husbands, Farm Wives, and the Iowa Home Front, 1861-- 1865'' , Annals of Iowa , Summer/Fall 2007, Vol. 66 Issue 3/4, pp. 241-- 265 Jump up ^ Fred A. Shannon, The Farmer's Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860-- 1897 (1945) Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 307 Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 336 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Banks (April 2013). `` A Brief History of U.S. Paper Currency'' . Federal Reserve Banks. Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Jump up ^ Huston 1986 Jump up ^ Huston 1986 , pp. 3 Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 209 Jump up ^ Huston 1986 , pp. 5 Jump up ^ Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War (1986); Roger Ransom, Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery, Emancipation and the American Civil War (1989) Jump up ^ Guelzo, Allen C. (1999). Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President . Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8028-3872-3 . Jump up ^ Jane Flaherty, `` ' The Exhausted Condition of the Treasury' on the Eve of the Civil War'' , Civil War History , Volume 55, Number 2, June 2009, pp. 244-- 277 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ John Niven, Salmon P. Chase: a biography (1995) p. 331 Jump up ^ Jane Flaherty, The revenue imperative (2009) Jump up ^ Jerry W. Markham, A financial history of the United States (2001) vol 3 p 220 Jump up ^ Bray Hammond, Sovereignty and the Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War (1970). Jump up ^ Richardson, 100, 113 Jump up ^ James L. Huston, `` A Political Response to Industrialism: The Republican Embrace of Protectionist Labor Doctrines'' , Journal of American History , June 1983, Vol. 70 Issue 1, pp 35-- 57 in JSTOR Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/research/military/bounty-land-1775-1855.pdf Jump up ^ http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1165 ^ Jump up to: http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gfeldmeth/chart.land.pdf Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer, The American Congress: the building of democracy , p.288 Jump up ^ The Homestead Act of 1862 ; Archives.gov Jump up ^ US Department of the Interior, National Park Service. `` Homesteading by the Numbers'' , accessed February 5, 2010. Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 174The Industry of the United States in Machinery, Manufactures and Useful and Applied Arts , compiled from the Official Reports of Messrs Whitworth and Wallis, London, 1854. Jump up ^ Emerson David Fite, Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War (1910) online edition Jump up ^ Heather Cox Richardson (1997). The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War . Harvard University Press. pp. 9, 41, 52, 111, 116, 120, 182, 202. Jump up ^ Ralph Andreano, ed. The Economic Impact of the American Civil War (1962) Jump up ^ Fareed Zakaria (1999). From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role . Princeton UP. p. 46. Jump up ^ G. Gareth Jones, `` The oil-fuel market in Britain 1900-- 14: A lost cause revisited.'' Business History 20#2 (1978): 131-152. Jump up ^ Andrew Godley, `` Selling the Sewing Machine Around the World: Singer's International Marketing Strategies, 1850-- 1920,'' Enterprise & Society (2006) 7#2 pp. 266-314 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Gordon, Robert J. (2016). The Rise and Fall of American Growth . Princeton, NJ USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14772-7 . ^ Jump up to: Wells, David A. (1891). Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society . New York: D. Appleton and Co. ISBN 0-543-72474-3 . ^ Jump up to: Stapleford, Thomas (2009). The Cost of Living in America: A Political History of Economic Statistics, 1880-2000 . Cambridge University Peess. pp. 69-- 73. Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1982 , pp. 7 Jump up ^ Alfred D. Chandler, Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (1962). pp 25-28 ^ Jump up to: Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power . Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08198-9 . Jump up ^ McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology . London: Routledge. p. 383. ISBN 0415147921 . ^ Jump up to: Nye, David E. (1990). Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology . Cambridge, MA, USA and London, England: The MIT Press. Jump up ^ Bennett, S. (1993). A History of Control Engineering 1930-1955 . London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. On behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 71. ISBN 0-86341-280-7 . ^ Jump up to: Jerome, Harry (1934). Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research . p. 158. Jump up ^ Chandler 1993 Jump up ^ Fred A. Shannon, The farmer's last frontier: agriculture, 1860-1897 (1945) complete text online Archived 2012-07-10 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Historical Statistics (1975) p. 437 series K1-K16 Jump up ^ William Clark, Farms and farmers: the story of American agriculture (1970) p. 205 Jump up ^ Shannon, Farmer's Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860-1897 (1945), ch 1 Jump up ^ Elwyn B. Robinson, History of North Dakota (1982) p 203 Jump up ^ D. Sven Nordin, Rich Harvest: A History of the Grange, 1867-- 1900 (1974) ^ Jump up to: Yergin, Daniel (1992). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power . ISBN 978-1-4391-1012-6 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Modern America, (1927) Jump up ^ Quentin R. Skrabec Jr. (2014). The 100 Most Important American Financial Crises: An Encyclopedia of the Lowest Points in American Economic History . ABC-CLIO. pp. 331-- 33. Jump up ^ Skrabec Jr. (2014). The 100 Most Important American Financial Crises: An Encyclopedia of the Lowest Points in American Economic History . p. 337. Jump up ^ Daniel J. Leab, ed. Encyclopedia of American Recessions and Depressions (2014) pp 227-76 Jump up ^ Daniel J. Leab, ed. Encyclopedia of American Recessions and Depressions (2014) pp 27-328 Jump up ^ Wyatt Wells, Rhetoric of the standards: The debate over gold and silver in the 1890s,'' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (2015). 14#1 pp 49-68. ^ Jump up to: Gordon 2016 , pp. 216-- 7 Jump up ^ Melvyn Dubofsky and Foster Rhea Dulles. Labor in America: A History (2004) Jump up ^ Vatter, Harold G.; Walker, John F.; Alperovitz, Gar (2005). `` The onset and persistence of secular stagnation in the U.S. economy: 1910-1990, Journal of Economic Issues'' . ^ Jump up to: Gordon, Robert J. (2016). The Rise and Fall of American Growth . Princeton, NJ USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14772-7 . ^ Jump up to: Constable, George; Somerville, Bob. A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements That Transformed Our Lives . Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0309089085 . Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav (2006). Transforming the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations and Their Consequences . Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ^ Jump up to: Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-- 1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08198-9 . Jump up ^ Warren D. Devine, Jr. `` From Shafts to Wire: Historical Perspective on Electrification'' . Journal of Economic History, Vol 43, No. 2 (June 1983) pp. 347-- 372. Jump up ^ Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996). Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression: The Macroeconomics of Electrification . New York, Lincoln, Shanghi: Authors Choice Press. p. 152. Jump up ^ Henry Ford Five Dollar Day Model T Ford Motor Company Assembly Line James Couzens Highland Park Detroit Automobiles . American Heritage website retrieved October 27, 2008. Jump up ^ General Motors and the Decline of Streetcars Jump up ^ John F. Stover, American Railroads (1997) Jump up ^ Field 2011 , pp. 71 Jump up ^ Cowan, Ruth Schwartz (1997), A Social History of American Technology , New York: Oxford University Press, p. 235, ISBN 0-19-504605-6 Jump up ^ Paepke, C. Owen (1992). The Evolution of Progress: The End of Economic Growth and the Beginning of Human Transformation . New York, Toronto: Random House. p. 96. ISBN 0-679-41582-3 . Jump up ^ Field 2011 , pp. 71-- 3 Jump up ^ Gordon 2016 , pp. 164 Jump up ^ Gordon 2016 , pp. 189-- 90 Jump up ^ Bruner, Robert F.; Carr, Sean D. (2007), The Panic of 1907: Lessons Learned from the Market's Perfect Storm , Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-15263-8 Jump up ^ Smiley, Gene (2002). Rethinking the Great Depression . Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-472-5 . Jump up ^ Jerome, Harry (1934). Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ Hansen, Alvin (1939). `` Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth'' . American Economic Review . 29 (March). Jump up ^ Roger Roots, `` A Muckraker's Aftermath: The Jungle of Meat-Packing Regulation After a Century.'' William Mitchell Law Review 27 (2000): 2413+ online ^ Jump up to: Harold U. Faulkner, The Decline of Laissez Faire, 1897-- 1917 (1951) Jump up ^ George Soule, Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression: 1917-- 1929 (1947) ch 1-- 3 Jump up ^ George Soule, The Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression, 1917-- 1929 (1947) Jump up ^ Nye, David E. (1990). Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology . Cambridge, MA, USA and London, England: The MIT Press. ^ Jump up to: Bjork, Gordon J. (1999). The Way It Worked and Why It Won't : Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth . Westport, CT; London: Praeger. p. 291. ISBN 0-275-96532-5 Appendix table 9.2 Jump up ^ Field, Alexander J. (2011). A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven, London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15109-1 . Jump up ^ Walker, William (1993). `` National Innovation Systems: Britain'' . In Nelson, Richard R. National innovation systems : a comparative analysis . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0195076176 . Jump up ^ Broadus Mitchell, The Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929-- 1941 (1947) Jump up ^ Source GNP: U.S. Dept of Commerce, National Income and Product Accounts (1) ; Mitchell 446, 449, 451; Money supply M2 (2) Jump up ^ Historical Statistics (1976) series Y457, Y493, F32 Jump up ^ Moggridge, Donald Edward (1992). Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography . New York: Routledge. p. 582. ISBN 978-0-415-05141-5 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ R.W. Hafer, The Federal Reserve System (Greenwood, 2005) p 18 Jump up ^ Ben Bernanke , `` Nonmonetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression'' , (1983) American Economic Review . Am 73#3 257-- 76. Jump up ^ `` Bottom-- Printout-- TIME'' . Time.com. March 13, 1933 . Retrieved 2008-10-11 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz (1963). A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-- 1960 . Princeton University Press. pp. 438-- 9. ISBN 978-0-691-00354-2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy, Susan E. (1973). The Banking Crisis of 1933 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen, `` The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression.'' Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1989): 553-583 in JSTOR ; online copy Jump up ^ Robert A. Margo, `` The microeconomics of depression unemployment.'' Journal of Economic History (1991) 51#2 pp: 333-341. Jump up ^ Janet Poppendieck, Breadlines knee-deep in wheat: Food assistance in the Great Depression (2014) Jump up ^ Donald S. Howard, The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943) Online edition Jump up ^ based on data in Susan Carter, ed. Historical Statistics of the US: Millennial Edition (2006) series Ca9 Jump up ^ `` Did the New Deal Work'' . Jump up ^ `` EH.R: FORUM: The Great Depression'' . Eh.net. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16 . Retrieved 2017-07-24 . Jump up ^ Mitchell p 404 Jump up ^ Industrial Production Index Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US) Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1946 (1946) pp 507, 629, 749, 755, 811. The data use volume indexes not dollar amounts. Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in World War II (1985) Jump up ^ D'Ann Campbell, Women at War with America (1985) Jump up ^ Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House (2002) p. 295 Jump up ^ Steven Mintz and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions: a Social History of American Family Life (1988) ch 9 Jump up ^ Carl Zulauf and David Orden. `` 80 Years of Farm Bills-- Evolutionary Reform.'' Choices (2016) online Jump up ^ Christopher Bosso, Framing the Farm Bill: Interests, Ideology, and Agricultural Act of 2014 (2017). Jump up ^ Carl Zulauf and David Orden, `` The US Agricultural Act of 2014: Overview and Analysis.'' (International Food Policy Research Institute discussion paper 01393, 2014) online . Jump up ^ David Orden and Carl Zulauf, `` Political economy of the 2014 farm bill.'' American Journal of Agricultural Economics 97.5 (2015): 1298-1311. online Jump up ^ Field, Alexander J. (2011). A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven, London: Yale University Press. pp. 22-- 3. ISBN 978-0-300-15109-1 . Jump up ^ White, William J. `` Economic History of Tractors in the United States'' . Archived from the original on 2013-10-24. Jump up ^ Rifkin, Jeremy (1995). The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era . Putnam Publishing Group. ISBN 0-87477-779-8 . Jump up ^ (3) Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production . MIT Press. ISBN 0262693135 . Jump up ^ USDA Statistics Jump up ^ Perdue University Dept. Agronomy Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Nathan (1982). Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics . Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-521-27367-6 . Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (1976) series H-156 Jump up ^ Joseph Goulden, The Best Years, 1945-- 1950 (1976) pp 135-- 39. Jump up ^ Barbara Mae Kelly, Expanding the American Dream: Building and Rebuilding Levittown (SUNY Press, 1993). Jump up ^ Ken Young, `` Revisiting NSC 68,'' Journal of Cold War Studies (2013) 15#1 pp: 3-33. Jump up ^ Alex Mintz, and Alexander Hicks. `` Military Keynesianism in the United States, 1949-1976: Disaggregating military expenditures and their determination.'' American Journal of Sociology (1984): 411-417 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Kevin Fernlund, The Cold War American West (1998) Jump up ^ Kari A. Frederickson, Cold War Dixie: Militarization and Modernization in the American South (2013) Jump up ^ Works, Anchor Media. `` This Time is Different - A Book by Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff'' . reinhartandrogoff.com. Jump up ^ Gordon, Robert J. (Spring 2013). `` U.S. Productivity Growth: The Slowdown Has Returned After a Temporary Revival'' (PDF) . International Productivity Monitor, Centre for the Study of Living Standards. 25 : 13-- 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-09 . Retrieved 2014-07-19 . See: Chart 2 Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav (2006). Transforming the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations and Their Consequences . Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ^ Jump up to: Michael French, US Economic History since 1945 (1997) Jump up ^ Iden, George R.; Ribe, Frederick C.; Dennis, Robert (1982). `` The Prospects for Economic Recovery'' (PDF) . Congressional Budget Office: 1-- 5 . Retrieved April 8, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carter vs. Inflation'' . Time . 1980 . Retrieved April 8, 2011 . Jump up ^ Gardner, Jennifer M. (1994). `` The 1990-- 1991 Recession: How Bad was the Labor Market?'' (PDF) . Monthly Labor Review . Bureau of Labor Statistics. 117 (6): 3-- 11 . Retrieved April 6, 2011 . Jump up ^ Hewson, Marillyn A.; Urquhart, Michael A. (1983). `` Unemployment Continued to Rise in 1982 as Recession Deepened'' (PDF) . Monthly Labor Review . Bureau of Labor Statistics. 106 (2): 3-- 12 . Retrieved April 10, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Gregg Jackson, `` Conservative Comebacks to Liberal Lies'' (2011) Jump up ^ The Washington Post Jump up ^ Peter B. Levy, Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years (1996) Jump up ^ Charles R. Morris, The Two Trillion Dollar Meltdown: Easy Money, High Rollers, and the Great Credit Crash (2009) Jump up ^ Mauro F. Guillén , `` The Global Economic & Financial Crisis: A Timeline'' , The Lauder Institute , 2009, online Archived 2010-06-18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mark H. Rose, `` United States Bank Rescue Politics, 2008-- 2009: A Business Historian's View'' , Enterprise and Society , 2009, 10(4):612-- 650 Jump up ^ Richard A. Posner, A Failure of Capitalism: The Crisis of ' 08 and the Descent into Recession (2009) Jump up ^ `` Low wage jobs are dominating the U.S. recovery'' Washington Post , August 31, 2012 Jump up ^ GDP (nominal and adjusted) figures from 1929 to present are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Figures for before 1929 have been reconstructed by Johnston and Williamson based on various sources and are less reliable. See (4) for more information about sources and methods. Current-dollar and real GDP . United States Bureau of Economic Analysis. Dec 20, 2007. Louis D. Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson, `` The Annual Real and Nominal GDP for the United States, 1790-- present'' . Economic History Services, July 27, 2007. Inflation-adjusted figures are for base year 2000. Jump up ^ Labor Compensation and Labor Productivity: Recent Recoveries and the Long-Term Trend Economic Research - Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jump up ^ Kenworthy, Lane (July 10, 2011). `` America's inefficient health-care system: another look'' . Consider the Evidence (blog) . Retrieved September 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Effective tax rates: income, payroll, corporate and estate taxes combined'' . Peter G. Peterson Foundation. July 1, 2013 . Retrieved November 3, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` T13-0174 -- Average Effective Federal Tax Rates by Filing Status; by Expanded Cash Income Percentile, 2014'' . Tax Policy Center. July 25, 2013 . Retrieved November 3, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2010'' . The US Congressional Budget Office (CBO). December 4, 2013 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Table 7.3 -- Statutory Limits on Federal Debt: 1940-- Current'' . Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved December 25, 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Atack, Jeremy and Peter Passell. A New Economic View of American History: From Colonial Times to 1940 (1994) online , 1st edition was Lee, Susan Previant, and Peter Passell. A New Economic View of American History (1979) online 1st edition Carson, Thomas, ed. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History (1999) Chandler, Alfred D. The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business (1993) online Clark, Victor S. History of Manufacturers in the United States (3 vol. 1929); comprehensive coverage to the 1920s online Cochran; Thomas C. 200 Years of American Business. (1977) online Davis, Lance, Jonathan R.T. Hughes and Duncan M. McDougall. American Economic History: The Development Of A National Economy (2012) Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. Labor in America: A History (2004) online older edition Engerman, Stanley L. and Robert E. Gallman, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States (2000), cover 1790-- 1914; heavily quantitative Engerman, Stanley L.; Gallman, Robert E. (1996). The Cambridge Economic History of the United States: vol 1: The Colonial Era . Cambridge Up. online Faulkner, Harold U. The Decline of Laissez Faire, 1897-- 1917 (1951), survey of the era Faulkner, Harold U. Economic history of the United States (1937) online Fite, Emerson David. Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War (1910) online edition , old but still useful French, Michael. US Economic History since 1945 (1997) Gordon, John Steele An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power (2004), popular history Gordon, Robert J. (2016). The Rise and Fall of American Growth . Princeton, NJ USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14772-7 . Hughes, Jonathan and Louis P. Cain. American Economic History (8th Edition) (2010), textbook Kirkland; Edward C. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor and Public Policy, 1860-- 1897 (1961), survey of era Kirkland; Edward C. A History of American Economic Life (1951), textbook online ; also online McCusker, John J. and Russell R. Menard. The Economy of British America, 1607-1789 (1991) Matson, Cathy, ed. The Economy of Early America: Historical Perspectives and New Directions (2006) excerpt and text search Meyer, Balthasar Henry, and Caroline Elizabeth MacGill. History of Transportation in the United States before 1860 (1917). online Mitchell, Broadus. The Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929-- 1941 (1947) broad economic history of the era; online Mokyr, Joel , ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History (5 vol. 2003), worldwide coverage by experts text search Morris, Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money: The Great Crash and the Global Depression: 1929-1939 (PublicAffairs, 2017), 389 pp. online review Nettels, Curtis P. The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-- 1815 (1962) broad economic history of the era Nettels, Curtis P. Roots of American Civilization (1938), strong on colonial economics online Perkins, Edwin. The Economy of Colonial America (1988) Porter, Glen. Encyclopedia of American Economic History: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas (3 vol 1980) Rosenberg, `` Nathan Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics (1982) Schmidt, Louis Bernard, and Earle Dudley Ross . Readings in the Economic History of American Agriculture (1925), primary sources; online Sellers, Charles, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-- 1846 (1994) online Soule, George. The Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression, 1917-- 1929 (1947) broad economic history of decade Studenski, Paul, and Herman Krooss. A Financial History of the United States (1952) Taylor, George Rogers. The Transportation Revolution 1815-- 1860 (1962) broad economic history of the era Temin, Peter. The Jacksonian Economy (1969) online Walton, Gary M. and Hugh Rockoff. History of the American Economy with Economic Applications (2012), textbook Whaples, Robert and Dianne C. Betts, eds. Historical Perspectives on the American Economy: Selected Readings (1995) articles Woytinsky, W.S. World Population and Production: Trends and Outlook (1953). 1268 pp, tables, maps, analysis covering most industrial powers, 1800-- 1950; US is heavily represented Woytinsky, W.S. World commerce and governments: Trends and outlook (1955), 907pp References ( edit ) This article contains public domain text from the United States Department of State from `` State.gov'' . Archived from the original on 2006-08-31 . Retrieved 2014-12-30 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Special Studies ( edit ) Chandler, Alfred D. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977), business history Chandler, Alfred D.; Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (1969) online Chandler, Alfred D. and James W. Cortada. A Nation Transformed by Information: How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present (2000) online Chernow, Ron. The house of Morgan: an American banking dynasty and the rise of modern finance (2001). Folsom, Burt, et al. The Myth of the Robber Barons (2010) Goldin, Claudia Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (1990), quantitative Gordon, Robert. `` U.S. Economic Growth since 1870: One Big Wave'' , American Economic Review 89:2 (May 1999), 123-- 28; in JSTOR Gordon, Robert. The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War (2016), Comprehensive coverage by leading scholar. Klebaner, Benjamin J. American commercial banking: A history (Twayne, 1990). online Lindert, Peter H. and Jeffrey G. Williamson. Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality since 1700 (2016) Mason, David L. From buildings and loans to bail-outs: A history of the American savings and loan industry, 1831-- 1995 (Cambridge University Press, 2004). Misa, Thomas J. A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America, 1865-- 1925 (1995) chapter 1 online , on steel industry Morris, Charles R. The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (2005) Morris, Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money: The Great Crash and the Global Depression: 1929-1939 (2017) Ransom, Roger. Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery, Emancipation and the American Civil War (1989) Schweikart, Larry, ed. Banking and Finance to 1913 (1990); Banking and Finance, 1913-1989 (2 vol 1990), an encyclopedia with short articles by experts Wright, Gavin. Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War (1986) Wright, Gavin. The Political Economy of the Cotton South: Households, Markets, and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century (1978) online Wright, Robert E. and David J. Cowen. Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich, University of Chicago Press, 2006. ISBN 0-226-91068-7 . Data ( edit ) Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (1976) part 1 online ; part 2 online ; volumes 1 and 2 Carter, Susan B. et al. eds. The Historical Statistics of the United States (6 vol: Cambridge UP, 2006); huge compilation of statistical data; online Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President (annual 1947-- ) , complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistical tables Bureau of Economic Analysis: Official United States GDP data What Was the U.S. GDP Then? Annual Observations in Table and Graphical Format for years 1790 to Present. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances, 1789-- 1980 Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency , 1863-- 1980 Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 75 Years of American Finance , a graphic presentation of American financial history from 1861 through 1938 Statistical Abstract of the United States Long Term Economic Growth -- 1860-- 1965: A Statistical Compendium Business Booms and Depressions since 1775 , a chart of the past trend of price inflation, federal debt, business, national income, stocks and bond yields for the United States from 1775 to 1943. Budget of the United States Government External links ( edit ) 594 historic photographs regarding American business and commerce; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright. Economic histories by country Current nations/regions Africa Argentina Australia Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Ecuador Europe France Germany Greece India Iran Ireland Republic of Ireland Japan Mexico Morocco Netherlands Nicaragua Nigeria Pakistan Peru Portugal Russia Scotland Somalia South Africa Spain Economic history of Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Vietnam Zimbabwe Former industrialized economies Czechoslovakia East Germany Mongolian People's Republic Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia Historical economies Confederate States of America Empire of Brazil Byzantine Empire Dutch Republic Ancient Greece China Han Dynasty Song Dynasty Ming Dynasty Republic of China Muisca Ottoman Empire Roman Empire Scotland in the Middle Ages England in the Middle Ages Iroquois United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican-- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African-American Civil Rights Movement 1865-- 1895 / 1896-- 1954 Spanish-- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991-- 2008) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events (2008-- present) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890-- 1945 1946-- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities, towns, and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Political divisions List of states and territories of the United States States Territories Federal district Native American autonomous administrative divisions United States Minor Outlying Islands Associated states Local government in the United States Federal enclave Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Vetos in the UN Security Council Ideologies Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State governments governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Wall Street Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing in the United States Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home-ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same-sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_the_United_States&oldid=809732756 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States Social history of the United States Hidden categories: Pages with login required references or sources Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Español Français 日本 語 සිංහල 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017, at 01:27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. AboutWikipedia | 5864127182541134354 |
who is d richest man in d world 2018 | No . Name Net worth ( USD ) ( March 2018 ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $112.0 billion 54 United States Amazon 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $90.0 billion 62 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $84.0 billion 87 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $72.0 billion 69 France LVMH 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $71.0 billion 33 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $70.0 billion 81 Spain Inditex , Zara 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $67.1 billion 78 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $60.0 billion 82 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , David David Koch $60.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $58.5 billion 73 United States Oracle Corporation | [
[
"Jeff Bezos"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The World 's Billionaires List of the world 's billionaires , ranked in order of net worth The net worth of the world 's billionaires increased from less than $1 trillion in 2000 to over $7 trillion in 2015 . Publication details Publisher Whale Media Investments Forbes family Publication Forbes First published March 1987 Latest publication 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 Current list details ( 2018 ) Wealthiest Jeff Bezos Net worth ( 1st ) US $ 112 billion Number of billionaires 2,208 Total list net worth value US $9.1 trillion Average net worth US $4.1 billion Number of women 256 Number of people aged 40 years or less 63 New members to the list 259 Forbes : The World 's Billionaires website",
"List of the world 's billionaires , ranked in order of net worth",
"The net worth of the world 's billionaires increased from less than $1 trillion in 2000 to over $7 trillion in 2015 .",
"Publication details",
"Publisher Whale Media Investments Forbes family",
"Whale Media Investments Forbes family",
"Whale Media Investments",
"Publication Forbes",
"First published March 1987",
"Latest publication 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018",
"Current list details ( 2018 )",
"Wealthiest Jeff Bezos",
"Net worth ( 1st ) US $ 112 billion",
"Number of billionaires 2,208",
"Total list net worth value US $9.1 trillion",
"Average net worth US $4.1 billion",
"Number of women 256",
"Number of people aged 40 years or less 63",
"New members to the list 259",
"Forbes : The World 's Billionaires website",
"The World 's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the world 's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine Forbes . The list was first published in March 1987 . The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated and is cited in United States dollars , based on their documented assets and accounting for debt . Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists . This ranking is an index of the wealthiest documented individuals , excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is not able to be completely ascertained .",
"In 2018 , there was a record of 2,208 people on the list , that included 259 newcomers mostly from China and the U.S. ; there were 63 people under 40 and it had a record number of 256 women . The average net worth of the list came in at US $ 4.1 billion , up US $350 million from 2017 . Added together , the total net worth for 2018 's billionaires was US $9.1 trillion , up from US $7.67 trillion in 2017 . As of 2018 , Microsoft founder Bill Gates has topped the list 18 of the past 24 years , while Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is ranked at the top for the first time and he became the first centibillionaire included in the ranking .",
"In 2017 , 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion , according to a report by Bloomberg News . According to a 2017 Oxfam report , the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as `` the poorest half of the human race '' .",
"Each year , Forbes employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world 's wealthiest individuals . Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list . According to Forbes , they received three types of responses -- some people try to inflate their wealth , others cooperate but leave out details , and some refuse to answer any questions . Business deals are then scrutinized and estimates of valuable assets -- land , homes , vehicles , artwork , etc. -- are made . Interviews are conducted to vet the figures and improve the estimate of an individual 's holdings . Finally , positions in a publicly traded stock are priced to market on a date roughly a month before publication . Privately held companies are priced by the prevailing price - to - sales or price - to - earnings ratios . Known debt is subtracted from assets to get a final estimate of an individual 's estimated worth in United States dollars . Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly , an individual 's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled .",
"Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of relatives are included only if those individuals ' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars . However , when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members , it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living . Royal families and dictators that have their wealth contingent on a position are always excluded from these lists .",
"The rankings are published annually in March , so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time . These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires for each year .",
"In the 32nd annual Forbes list of the world 's billionaires , the gap between the top one percent and the rest of the billionaires continued to widen with the 20 richest people on the planet worth $1.2 trillion that amounts to 13 percent of all billionaires ' fortunes combined . A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth was $9.1 trillion , up 18 % since 2017 . For the first time , Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon 's rising stock price that resulted in one person 's biggest one year gain in wealth ( $35 billion ) since Forbes started tracking in 1987 . The U.S. continued to have the most billionaires in the world , with a record of 585 , while China is catching up with 476 ( when including Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan ) .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) ( March 2018 ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $112.0 billion 54 United States Amazon 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $90.0 billion 62 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $84.0 billion 87 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $72.0 billion 69 France LVMH 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $71.0 billion 33 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $70.0 billion 81 Spain Inditex , Zara 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $67.1 billion 78 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $60.0 billion 82 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , David David Koch $60.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $58.5 billion 73 United States Oracle Corporation",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) ( March 2018 ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"( March 2018 )",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $112.0 billion 54 United States Amazon",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $90.0 billion 62 United States Microsoft",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $84.0 billion 87 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $72.0 billion 69 France LVMH",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $71.0 billion 33 United States Facebook",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $70.0 billion 81 Spain Inditex , Zara",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $67.1 billion 78 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $60.0 billion 82 United States Koch Industries",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , David David Koch $60.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $58.5 billion 73 United States Oracle Corporation",
"On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes ' list of the world 's billionaires , for the fourth year in a row , Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world . In 2017 , there was a record of 2,043 people on the list , which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed , that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S. ; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women . The number of billionaires increased 13 % to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016 ; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally . Added together , the total net worth for 2017 's billionaires was US $7.67 trillion , up from US $7.1 trillion in 2015 . This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five . The U.S. had the most billionaires in the world , with a record of 565 . China has 319 ( not including Hong Kong or Macau ) , Germany has 114 , and India has the fourth most with 101 ; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex , Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg , Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P.",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex , Zara",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg , Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P.",
"For the third year in a row , Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's 2016 list of the world 's billionaires . This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot . Amancio Ortega rose from last year 's position of number four to second . Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time , while Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year 's second position to fourth . Jeff Bezos of Amazon , Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P. , appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list , coming at fifth , sixth and eighth position , respectively . Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31 . Larry Ellison , Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year 's positions , with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth , respectively .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $75.0 billion 60 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $67.0 billion 79 Spain Inditex 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $60.8 billion 85 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $50.0 billion 76 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $45.2 billion 52 United States Amazon 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $44.6 billion 31 United States Facebook 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $43.6 billion 71 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bloomberg , Michael Michael Bloomberg $40.0 billion 74 United States Bloomberg L.P. 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $39.6 billion 80 United States Koch Industries 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch , David David Koch $39.6 billion 75 United States Koch Industries",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $75.0 billion 60 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $67.0 billion 79 Spain Inditex",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $60.8 billion 85 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $50.0 billion 76 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $45.2 billion 52 United States Amazon",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $44.6 billion 31 United States Facebook",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $43.6 billion 71 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bloomberg , Michael Michael Bloomberg $40.0 billion 74 United States Bloomberg L.P.",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $39.6 billion 80 United States Koch Industries",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch , David David Koch $39.6 billion 75 United States Koch Industries",
"In the 29th annual Forbes list of global billionaires , a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year . 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40 . A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time , of whom 25 percent hail from China , which produced a world - leading 71 newcomers . The United States came in second , with 57 , followed by India , with 28 , and Germany , with 23 . The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526 . Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014 . Russia was placed behind China , Germany and India by the number of billionaires . Self - made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions ( over 65 percent ) while just 230 ( under 13 percent ) have wealth through inheritance . The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405 .",
"Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's annual list of the world 's billionaires . This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot . Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time . Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third , while Amancio Ortega of Spain , slipped down a position from last year to number four . Larry Ellison , the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five . Christy Walton was the highest - ranking female at number eight . America 's Evan Spiegel , co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24 . At age 99 , David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list . Mark Zuckerberg , the founder of Facebook , rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion . Iceland had a billionaire , Thor Bjorgolfsson , in the list after a gap of five years . Guatemala had a billionaire , Mario Lopez Estrada , for the first time in its history .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $79.2 billion 59 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $77.1 billion 75 Mexico América Móvil , Telmex , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $72.7 billion 84 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.5 billion 78 Spain Inditex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $54.3 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $42.9 billion 79 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $42.9 billion 74 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Christy Christy Walton $41.7 billion 66 United States Walmart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Jim Jim Walton $40.6 billion 66 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bettencourt , Liliane Liliane Bettencourt $40.1 billion 92 France L'Oreal",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $79.2 billion 59 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $77.1 billion 75 Mexico América Móvil , Telmex , Grupo Carso",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $72.7 billion 84 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.5 billion 78 Spain Inditex",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $54.3 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $42.9 billion 79 United States Koch Industries",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $42.9 billion 74 United States Koch Industries",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Christy Christy Walton $41.7 billion 66 United States Walmart",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Jim Jim Walton $40.6 billion 66 United States Walmart",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bettencourt , Liliane Liliane Bettencourt $40.1 billion 92 France L'Oreal",
"Bill Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the Forbes 2014 billionaire list . He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years , but his previous number one ranking was in 2009 . Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years . Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year . American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year , placing fourth . America 's Christy Walton was the highest ranking woman , placing ninth overall . Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25 , with an estimated net worth of $25 billion .",
"A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list , representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion . Of those , a record 268 were newcomers , surpassing 2008 's 226 newcomers . One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list . The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014 . Approximately 66 percent of the list was self - made , 13 percent achieved their wealth through inheritance alone , and 21 percent through a mixture of the two .",
"The United States had 492 billionaires on the list , the most of any country . The country also had the most newcomers with 50 , and women with 54 . China had the second most billionaires with 152 , while Russia was third with 111 . Algeria , Lithuania , Tanzania , and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time . Turkey saw the most people drop off the list , 19 , due to a period of high inflation in the country .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $76.0 billion 58 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $72.0 billion 74 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.0 billion 77 Spain Inditex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $58.2 billion 83 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $48.0 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $40.0 billion 78 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $40.0 billion 73 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Adelson , Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $38.0 billion 80 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Christy Christy Walton & family $36.7 billion 65 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Jim Jim Walton $34.7 billion 65 United States Walmart",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $76.0 billion 58 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $72.0 billion 74 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.0 billion 77 Spain Inditex",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $58.2 billion 83 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $48.0 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $40.0 billion 78 United States Koch Industries",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $40.0 billion 73 United States Koch Industries",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Adelson , Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $38.0 billion 80 United States Las Vegas Sands",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Christy Christy Walton & family $36.7 billion 65 United States Walmart",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Jim Jim Walton $34.7 billion 65 United States Walmart",
"Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list , marking his fourth consecutive year at the top . Bill Gates remained in second , while Amancio Ortega moved up to third . Ortega 's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list . Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000 , placing fourth . Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers , debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion .",
"A global rise in asset prices , led Forbes editor Randall Lane to declare `` It ( was ) a very good year to be a billionaire '' . However , it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th , suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list . Overall , net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4 : 1 .",
"A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list , representing $5.4 trillion of assets . Of those , 442 billionaires hailed from the United States . The Asian - Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366 . The list also featured a record number of newcomers , 210 , representing 42 different countries . Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died . The Asia - Pacific region had the most drop - offs , with 29 , followed by the United States with 16 . The 2013 list featured 138 women , of which 50 came from the United States . A majority of the list ( 961 individuals , 67 percent ) was entirely self - made ; 184 ( 13 percent ) inherited their wealth , and 281 ( 20 percent ) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $73.0 billion 73 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $67.0 billion 57 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $57.0 billion 76 Spain Inditex Group 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $53.5 billion 82 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $43.0 billion 68 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $34.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $34.0 billion 72 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $31.0 billion 84 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Bettencourt , Liliane Liliane Bettencourt & family $30.0 billion 90 France L'Oréal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $29.0 billion 63 France LVMH",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $73.0 billion 73 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $67.0 billion 57 United States Microsoft",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $57.0 billion 76 Spain Inditex Group",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $53.5 billion 82 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $43.0 billion 68 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $34.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $34.0 billion 72 United States Koch Industries",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $31.0 billion 84 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Bettencourt , Liliane Liliane Bettencourt & family $30.0 billion 90 France L'Oréal",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $29.0 billion 63 France LVMH",
"Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list , marking this third consecutive year at the top . Bill Gates placed second , but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim 's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates ' rose $5 billion . Warren Buffett remained in third place . Bernard Arnault of France was the top - ranking European on the list , placing fourth . Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars , adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall . Making her debut on the list at age 27 , Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self - made female billionaire ever . Colombia 's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest - ranked newcomer , inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father . India 's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply . As a result , he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong 's Li Ka - shing .",
"A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list , representing 58 different countries . Of those , 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women . The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425 . Russia had 96 people on the list , while China had 95 . Georgia , Morocco , and Peru were newly represented on the list . Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide . Twelve others listed in 2011 died . Overall , net gainers ( 460 ) barely outnumbered net losers ( 441 ) .",
"To coincide with the release of the 2012 list , Forbes announced a new `` Billionaire Real - Time Ticker '' updating the wealth of the world 's top fifty billionaires in real time .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $69.0 billion 72 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $61.0 billion 56 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 81 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 63 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $37.5 billion 75 Spain Inditex Group 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $36.0 billion 67 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 55 Brazil EBX Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Stefan Persson $26.0 billion 64 Sweden H&M 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $25.5 billion 83 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $25.4 billion 92 Germany Aldi",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $69.0 billion 72 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $61.0 billion 56 United States Microsoft",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 81 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 63 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $37.5 billion 75 Spain Inditex Group",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $36.0 billion 67 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 55 Brazil EBX Group",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Stefan Persson $26.0 billion 64 Sweden H&M",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $25.5 billion 83 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $25.4 billion 92 Germany Aldi",
"In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires , Carlos Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune , the most of anyone , and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion . Bill Gates remained in second place with $56 billion , while Warren Buffett was third with $50 billion . The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion , up from $342 billion in 2010 . According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan , `` media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social '' since the 2010 list . However , Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion . Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook - related billionaires on the list , as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd . Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list . Aged 26 , eight days younger than Zuckerberg , he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion . IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion , dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall .",
"A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list , representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion , up from $3.6 trillion the previous year . One third of the world 's billionaires , 413 , came from the United States . China had the second most billionaires with 115 , while Russia was third with 101 . Asia moved up to 332 billionaires , passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s . The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $74.0 billion 71 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 55 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $50.0 billion 80 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 62 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $39.5 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $31.1 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $31.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $27.0 billion 54 India Reliance Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Christy Christy Walton & family $26.5 billion 62 United States Walmart",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $74.0 billion 71 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 55 United States Microsoft",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $50.0 billion 80 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 62 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $39.5 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $31.1 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $31.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $27.0 billion 54 India Reliance Industries",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Christy Christy Walton & family $26.5 billion 62 United States Walmart",
"Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time . Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent . Gates ' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion , placing him second . Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion . Christy Walton was the highest - ranking woman , placing 12th overall , with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion . At age 25 , Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world 's youngest self - made billionaire . American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney .",
"A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list . The United States accounted for 403 billionaires , followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62 . It was the first time China , while including Hong Kong , placed second . A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list , including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires . Eighty - nine women made the list , but only 14 of them were self - made . The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion , up 50 percent from 2009 's $2.4 trillion , while the average net worth was $3.5 billion .",
"The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers . Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants . Overall , just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009 , and 30 people fell off the list . Thirteen others died . Of the 89 women , 12 were newcomers in 2010 . Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world 's economy was recovering from 2009 's global financial crisis .",
"In June 2010 , Warren Buffett and Bill Gates announce The Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy . As of 2017 , the pledge has 158 signatories , but some of the signatories have since died . Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires , and their pledges total to over $365 billion .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $53.5 billion 70 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $53.0 billion 54 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $47.0 billion 79 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $29.0 billion 53 India Reliance Industries 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $28.7 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $28.0 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $27.5 billion 61 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $27.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $25.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $23.5 billion 90 Germany Aldi Süd",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $53.5 billion 70 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $53.0 billion 54 United States Microsoft",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $47.0 billion 79 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $29.0 billion 53 India Reliance Industries",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $28.7 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $28.0 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $27.5 billion 61 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $27.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $25.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $23.5 billion 90 Germany Aldi Süd",
"In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 , the world 's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30 % smaller than the previous year 's list .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $40.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $37.0 billion 78 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $35.0 billion 69 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $22.5 billion 64 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $22.0 billion 83 Sweden IKEA 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $21.5 billion 89 Germany Aldi Süd 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $19.5 billion 52 India Reliance Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $19.3 billion 58 India Arcelor Mittal 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Albrecht , Theo Theo Albrecht $18.8 billion 87 Germany Aldi Nord , Trader Joe 's 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $18.3 billion 73 Spain Inditex Group",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $40.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $37.0 billion 78 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $35.0 billion 69 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $22.5 billion 64 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $22.0 billion 83 Sweden IKEA",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $21.5 billion 89 Germany Aldi Süd",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $19.5 billion 52 India Reliance Industries",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $19.3 billion 58 India Arcelor Mittal",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Albrecht , Theo Theo Albrecht $18.8 billion 87 Germany Aldi Nord , Trader Joe 's",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $18.3 billion 73 Spain Inditex Group",
"Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg , four years after starting the company , joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self - made billionaire .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $62.0 billion 77 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $60.0 billion 68 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $58.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $45.0 billion 57 India Arcelor Mittal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $43.0 billion 51 India Reliance Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ambani , Anil Anil Ambani $42.0 billion 48 India Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $31.0 billion 81 Sweden IKEA 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Pal Singh , Kushal Kushal Pal Singh $30.0 billion 76 India DLF Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Deripaska , Oleg Oleg Deripaska $28.0 billion 40 Russia Rusal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $27.0 billion 88 Germany Aldi Süd",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $62.0 billion 77 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $60.0 billion 68 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $58.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $45.0 billion 57 India Arcelor Mittal",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $43.0 billion 51 India Reliance Industries",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ambani , Anil Anil Ambani $42.0 billion 48 India Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $31.0 billion 81 Sweden IKEA",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Pal Singh , Kushal Kushal Pal Singh $30.0 billion 76 India DLF Group",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Deripaska , Oleg Oleg Deripaska $28.0 billion 40 Russia Rusal",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $27.0 billion 88 Germany Aldi Süd",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $52.0 billion 76 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $49.0 billion 67 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ingvar Kamprad $33.0 billion 80 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $32.0 billion 56 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Adelson , Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $26.5 billion 73 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $26.0 billion 58 France LVMH 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $24.0 billion 71 Spain Inditex Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $23.0 billion 78 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings , Hutchison Whampoa 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 David Thomson $22.0 billion 49 Canada Thomson Corporation",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $52.0 billion 76 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $49.0 billion 67 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ingvar Kamprad $33.0 billion 80 Sweden IKEA",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $32.0 billion 56 India Arcelor Mittal",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Adelson , Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $26.5 billion 73 United States Las Vegas Sands",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $26.0 billion 58 France LVMH",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $24.0 billion 71 Spain Inditex Group",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $23.0 billion 78 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings , Hutchison Whampoa",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 David Thomson $22.0 billion 49 Canada Thomson Corporation",
"Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction , known as the real estate bubble created a total of nearly $5 trillion in 2005 , contributing to economic growth worldwide .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $52.0 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $42.0 billion 75 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $30.0 billion 66 Mexico Telmex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $28.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $23.5 billion 55 India Mittal Steel Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $22.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $21.5 billion 57 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Thomson , Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $19.6 billion 82 Canada The Thomson Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Shing , Li Ka Li Ka Shing $18.8 billion 77 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Group , Hutchison Whampoa",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $52.0 billion 50 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $42.0 billion 75 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $30.0 billion 66 Mexico Telmex",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $28.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $23.5 billion 55 India Mittal Steel Company",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $22.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $21.5 billion 57 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Thomson , Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $19.6 billion 82 Canada The Thomson Corporation",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Shing , Li Ka Li Ka Shing $18.8 billion 77 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Group , Hutchison Whampoa",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $46.5 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 74 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $25.0 billion 54 India Mittal Steel Company 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $23.8 billion 65 Mexico Telmex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $23.7 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $23.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $18.5 billion 85 Germany Aldi Süd 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $18.4 billion 60 United States Oracle Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton $18.3 billion 61 United States Walmart",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $46.5 billion 49 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 74 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $25.0 billion 54 India Mittal Steel Company",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $23.8 billion 65 Mexico Telmex",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $23.7 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $23.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $18.5 billion 85 Germany Aldi Süd",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $18.4 billion 60 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton $18.3 billion 61 United States Walmart",
"The founders of Google , Sergey Brin and Larry Page , become billionaires at age 30 .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $46.6 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $42.9 billion 73 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $23.0 billion 84 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $21.5 billion 47 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $20.0 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $20.0 billion 84 United States Wal - Mart 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $20.0 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , John John Walton * $20.0 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.0 billion 60 United States Wal - Mart",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $46.6 billion 48 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $42.9 billion 73 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $23.0 billion 84 Germany Aldi Süd",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $21.5 billion 47 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $20.0 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $20.0 billion 84 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $20.0 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , John John Walton * $20.0 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.0 billion 60 United States Wal - Mart",
"Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart .",
"Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart .",
"Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African American billionaire .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $40.7 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $30.5 billion 72 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.6 billion 83 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $20.1 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $17.7 billion 46 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $16.6 billion 58 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $16.5 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $16.5 billion 83 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $16.5 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , John John Walton * $16.5 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $16.5 billion 59 United States Wal - Mart",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $40.7 billion 47 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $30.5 billion 72 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.6 billion 83 Germany Aldi Süd",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $20.1 billion 50 United States Microsoft",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $17.7 billion 46 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $16.6 billion 58 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $16.5 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $16.5 billion 83 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $16.5 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , John John Walton * $16.5 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $16.5 billion 59 United States Wal - Mart",
"Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart .",
"Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart .",
"As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot - com bubble , 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $52.8 billion 46 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $35.0 billion 71 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $26.8 billion 82 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $25.2 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $23.5 billion 57 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $20.8 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , John John Walton * $20.7 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $20.5 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.5 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $20.5 billion 82 United States Wal - Mart",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $52.8 billion 46 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $35.0 billion 71 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $26.8 billion 82 Germany Aldi Süd",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $25.2 billion 49 United States Microsoft",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $23.5 billion 57 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $20.8 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , John John Walton * $20.7 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $20.5 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.5 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $20.5 billion 82 United States Wal - Mart",
"Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart .",
"Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart .",
"In 2001 , BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African - American billionaire .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $58.7 billion 45 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $32.3 billion 70 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $30.4 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $26.0 billion 56 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.0 billion 81 Germany Aldi 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 44 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $18.8 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , John John Walton * $18.7 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $18.6 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $18.5 billion 52 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $18.5 billion 81 United States Wal - Mart",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $58.7 billion 45 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $32.3 billion 70 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $30.4 billion 48 United States Microsoft",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $26.0 billion 56 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.0 billion 81 Germany Aldi",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 44 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $18.8 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , John John Walton * $18.7 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $18.6 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $18.5 billion 52 United States Wal - Mart",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $18.5 billion 81 United States Wal - Mart",
"Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . Had he been alive in 2001 , Sam Walton would have been the world 's wealthiest person .",
"Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . Had he been alive in 2001 , Sam Walton would have been the world 's wealthiest person .",
"Bill Gates became the first American to take the top spot of the World 's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot - com bubble 's height in 1999 when Gates ' fortune peaked at $90 billion . After the dot - com bubble started to collapse in 2000 , his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list .",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $60.0 billion 44 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $47.0 billion 55 United States Oracle Corporation 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $28.0 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $25.6 billion 69 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $20.0 billion 80 Germany Aldi Süd 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 43 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton $20.0 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Son , Masayoshi Masayoshi Son $19.4 billion 43 Japan Softbank Capital , SoftBank Mobile 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Dell , Michael Michael Dell $19.1 billion 35 United States Dell 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Thomson , Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $16.1 billion 77 Canada The Thomson Corporation",
"No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth",
"7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $60.0 billion 44 United States Microsoft",
"7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $47.0 billion 55 United States Oracle Corporation",
"7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $28.0 billion 47 United States Microsoft",
"7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $25.6 billion 69 United States Berkshire Hathaway",
"7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $20.0 billion 80 Germany Aldi Süd",
"7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 43 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company",
"7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton $20.0 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart",
"7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Son , Masayoshi Masayoshi Son $19.4 billion 43 Japan Softbank Capital , SoftBank Mobile",
"7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Dell , Michael Michael Dell $19.1 billion 35 United States Dell",
"7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Thomson , Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $16.1 billion 77 Canada The Thomson Corporation",
"Icon Description Has not changed from the previous ranking . Has increased from the previous ranking . Has decreased from the previous ranking .",
"Icon Description",
"Has not changed from the previous ranking .",
"Has increased from the previous ranking .",
"Has decreased from the previous ranking .",
"The dot - com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires . However , once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear . Billionaires ' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis ; 2009 was the first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires . The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses . Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s .",
"Number and combined net worth of billionaires by year Year Number of billionaires Group 's combined net worth 2018 2,208 $9.1 trillion 2017 2,043 $7.7 trillion 2016 1,810 $6.5 trillion 2015 1,826 $7.1 trillion 2014 1,645 $6.4 trillion 2013 1,426 $5.4 trillion 2012 1,226 $4.6 trillion 2011 1,210 $4.5 trillion 1,011 $3.6 trillion 2009 793 $2.4 trillion 2008 1,125 $4.4 trillion 2007 946 $3.5 trillion 2006 793 $2.6 trillion 2005 691 $2.2 trillion 587 $1.9 trillion 2003 476 $1.4 trillion 2002 497 $1.5 trillion 2001 538 $1.8 trillion 2000 470 $0.9 trillion $898 billion",
"Year Number of billionaires Group 's combined net worth",
"2018 2,208 $9.1 trillion",
"2017 2,043 $7.7 trillion",
"2016 1,810 $6.5 trillion",
"2015 1,826 $7.1 trillion",
"2014 1,645 $6.4 trillion",
"2013 1,426 $5.4 trillion",
"2012 1,226 $4.6 trillion",
"2011 1,210 $4.5 trillion",
"1,011 $3.6 trillion",
"2009 793 $2.4 trillion",
"2008 1,125 $4.4 trillion",
"2007 946 $3.5 trillion",
"2006 793 $2.6 trillion",
"2005 691 $2.2 trillion",
"587 $1.9 trillion",
"2003 476 $1.4 trillion",
"2002 497 $1.5 trillion",
"2001 538 $1.8 trillion",
"2000 470 $0.9 trillion $898 billion",
"Source : Forbes ."
] | The world's billionaires - Wikipedia The world's billionaires Jump to: navigation , search The World's Billionaires List of the world's billionaires , ranked in order of net worth The net worth of the world's billionaires increased from less than $1 trillion in 2000 to over $7 trillion in 2015. Publication details Publisher Whale Media Investments Forbes family Publication Forbes First published March 1987 Latest publication 000000002018-03-06-0000 March 6, 2018 Current list details (2018) Wealthiest Jeff Bezos Net worth (1st) US$ 112 billion Number of billionaires 2,208 Total list net worth value US$9.1 trillion Average net worth US$4.1 billion Number of women 256 Number of people aged 40 years or less 63 New members to the list 259 Forbes : The World's Billionaires website The World's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the world's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine Forbes . The list was first published in March 1987. The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated and is cited in United States dollars , based on their documented assets and accounting for debt. Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists. This ranking is an index of the wealthiest documented individuals, excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is not able to be completely ascertained. In 2018, there was a record of 2,208 people on the list, that included 259 newcomers mostly from China and the U.S.; there were 63 people under 40 and it had a record number of 256 women. The average net worth of the list came in at US$ 4.1 billion , up US$350 million from 2017. Added together, the total net worth for 2018's billionaires was US$9.1 trillion , up from US$7.67 trillion in 2017. As of 2018 , Microsoft founder Bill Gates has topped the list 18 of the past 24 years, while Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is ranked at the top for the first time and he became the first centibillionaire included in the ranking. In 2017, 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion, according to a report by Bloomberg News . According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as `` the poorest half of the human race'' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Annual rankings 2.1 2018 2.2 2017 2.3 2016 2.4 2015 2.5 2014 2.6 2013 2.7 2012 2.8 2011 2.9 2010 2.10 2009 2.11 2008 2.12 2007 2.13 2006 2.14 2005 2.15 2004 2.16 2003 2.17 2002 2.18 2001 2.19 2000 2.20 Legend 3 Statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Methodology ( edit ) Each year, Forbes employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world's wealthiest individuals. Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list. According to Forbes , they received three types of responses -- some people try to inflate their wealth, others cooperate but leave out details, and some refuse to answer any questions. Business deals are then scrutinized and estimates of valuable assets -- land, homes, vehicles, artwork, etc. -- are made. Interviews are conducted to vet the figures and improve the estimate of an individual's holdings. Finally, positions in a publicly traded stock are priced to market on a date roughly a month before publication. Privately held companies are priced by the prevailing price-to-sales or price-to-earnings ratios. Known debt is subtracted from assets to get a final estimate of an individual's estimated worth in United States dollars. Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly, an individual's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled. Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of relatives are included only if those individuals' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars. However, when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members, it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living. Royal families and dictators that have their wealth contingent on a position are always excluded from these lists. Annual rankings ( edit ) The rankings are published annually in March, so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time. These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires for each year. 2018 ( edit ) In the 32nd annual Forbes list of the world's billionaires, the gap between the top one percent and the rest of the billionaires continued to widen with the 20 richest people on the planet worth $1.2 trillion that amounts to 13 percent of all billionaires' fortunes combined. A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth was $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth ($35 billion) since Forbes started tracking in 1987. The U.S. continued to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 585, while China is catching up with 476 (when including Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan ). No. Name Net worth ( USD ) (March 2018) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $112.0 billion 54 United States Amazon 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $90.0 billion 62 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $84.0 billion 87 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $72.0 billion 69 France LVMH 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $71.0 billion 33 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $70.0 billion 81 Spain Inditex , Zara 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $67.1 billion 78 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $60.0 billion 82 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Koch, David David Koch $60.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $58.5 billion 73 United States Oracle Corporation 2017 ( edit ) On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes' list of the world's billionaires, for the fourth year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world. In 2017, there was a record of 2,043 people on the list, which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed, that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S.; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women. The number of billionaires increased 13% to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally. Added together, the total net worth for 2017's billionaires was US$7.67 trillion , up from US$7.1 trillion in 2015. This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five. The U.S. had the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 565. China has 319 (not including Hong Kong or Macau ), Germany has 114, and India has the fourth most with 101; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex , Zara 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Koch, David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P. 2016 ( edit ) For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes's 2016 list of the world's billionaires. This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Amancio Ortega rose from last year's position of number four to second. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time, while Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year's second position to fourth. Jeff Bezos of Amazon , Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P. , appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list, coming at fifth, sixth and eighth position, respectively. Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31. Larry Ellison , Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year's positions, with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth, respectively. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $75.0 billion 60 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $67.0 billion 79 Spain Inditex 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $60.8 billion 85 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $50.0 billion 76 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $45.2 billion 52 United States Amazon 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $44.6 billion 31 United States Facebook 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $43.6 billion 71 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $40.0 billion 74 United States Bloomberg L.P. 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $39.6 billion 80 United States Koch Industries 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Koch, David David Koch $39.6 billion 75 United States Koch Industries 2015 ( edit ) Main article: The World's Billionaires 2015 In the 29th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year. 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40. A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time, of whom 25 percent hail from China, which produced a world-leading 71 newcomers. The United States came in second, with 57, followed by India, with 28, and Germany, with 23. The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526. Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014. Russia was placed behind China , Germany and India by the number of billionaires. Self-made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions (over 65 percent) while just 230 (under 13 percent) have wealth through inheritance. The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405. Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes's annual list of the world's billionaires. This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot. Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third, while Amancio Ortega of Spain, slipped down a position from last year to number four. Larry Ellison , the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five. Christy Walton was the highest-ranking female at number eight. America's Evan Spiegel , co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24. At age 99, David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list. Mark Zuckerberg , the founder of Facebook, rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion. Iceland had a billionaire, Thor Bjorgolfsson , in the list after a gap of five years. Guatemala had a billionaire, Mario Lopez Estrada , for the first time in its history. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $79.2 billion 59 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $77.1 billion 75 Mexico América Móvil , Telmex , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $72.7 billion 84 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.5 billion 78 Spain Inditex 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $54.3 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $42.9 billion 79 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Koch, David David Koch $42.9 billion 74 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Walton, Christy Christy Walton $41.7 billion 66 United States Walmart 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Walton, Jim Jim Walton $40.6 billion 66 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Bettencourt, Liliane Liliane Bettencourt $40.1 billion 92 France L'Oreal 2014 ( edit ) Main article: The World's Billionaires 2014 Bill Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the Forbes 2014 billionaire list. He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years, but his previous number one ranking was in 2009. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years. Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year. American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year, placing fourth. America's Christy Walton was the highest ranking woman, placing ninth overall. Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25, with an estimated net worth of $25 billion. A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list, representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion. Of those, a record 268 were newcomers, surpassing 2008's 226 newcomers. One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list. The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014. Approximately 66 percent of the list was self-made, 13 percent achieved their wealth through inheritance alone, and 21 percent through a mixture of the two. The United States had 492 billionaires on the list, the most of any country. The country also had the most newcomers with 50, and women with 54. China had the second most billionaires with 152, while Russia was third with 111. Algeria , Lithuania , Tanzania , and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time. Turkey saw the most people drop off the list, 19, due to a period of high inflation in the country. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $76.0 billion 58 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $72.0 billion 74 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.0 billion 77 Spain Inditex 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $58.2 billion 83 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $48.0 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $40.0 billion 78 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Koch, David David Koch $40.0 billion 73 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Adelson, Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $38.0 billion 80 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Walton, Christy Christy Walton & family $36.7 billion 65 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Walton, Jim Jim Walton $34.7 billion 65 United States Walmart 2013 ( edit ) Main article: The World's Billionaires 2013 Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list, marking his fourth consecutive year at the top. Bill Gates remained in second, while Amancio Ortega moved up to third. Ortega's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list. Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000, placing fourth. Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers, debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion. A global rise in asset prices, led Forbes editor Randall Lane to declare `` It (was) a very good year to be a billionaire'' . However, it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th, suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list. Overall, net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4:1. A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list, representing $5.4 trillion of assets. Of those, 442 billionaires hailed from the United States. The Asian-Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366. The list also featured a record number of newcomers, 210, representing 42 different countries. Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died. The Asia-Pacific region had the most drop-offs, with 29, followed by the United States with 16. The 2013 list featured 138 women, of which 50 came from the United States. A majority of the list (961 individuals, 67 percent) was entirely self-made; 184 (13 percent) inherited their wealth, and 281 (20 percent) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $73.0 billion 73 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $67.0 billion 57 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $57.0 billion 76 Spain Inditex Group 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $53.5 billion 82 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $43.0 billion 68 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $34.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Koch, David David Koch $34.0 billion 72 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Ka-shing, Li Li Ka-shing $31.0 billion 84 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Bettencourt, Liliane Liliane Bettencourt & family $30.0 billion 90 France L'Oréal 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $29.0 billion 63 France LVMH 2012 ( edit ) Main article: The World's Billionaires 2012 Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Bill Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates' rose $5 billion. Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of France was the top-ranking European on the list, placing fourth. Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars, adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall. Making her debut on the list at age 27, Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self-made female billionaire ever. Colombia's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest-ranked newcomer, inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father. India's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply. As a result, he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong's Li Ka-shing . A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list, representing 58 different countries. Of those, 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women. The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425. Russia had 96 people on the list, while China had 95. Georgia, Morocco, and Peru were newly represented on the list. Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide. Twelve others listed in 2011 died. Overall, net gainers (460) barely outnumbered net losers (441). To coincide with the release of the 2012 list, Forbes announced a new `` Billionaire Real-Time Ticker'' updating the wealth of the world's top fifty billionaires in real time. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $69.0 billion 72 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $61.0 billion 56 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 81 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 63 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $37.5 billion 75 Spain Inditex Group 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $36.0 billion 67 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Batista, Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 55 Brazil EBX Group 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Stefan Persson $26.0 billion 64 Sweden H&M 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Ka-shing, Li Li Ka-shing $25.5 billion 83 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $25.4 billion 92 Germany Aldi 2011 ( edit ) Main article: The World's Billionaires 2011 In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, Carlos Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune, the most of anyone, and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion. Bill Gates remained in second place with $56 billion, while Warren Buffett was third with $50 billion. The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion, up from $342 billion in 2010. According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan, `` media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social'' since the 2010 list. However, Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion. Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook-related billionaires on the list, as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd. Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list. Aged 26, eight days younger than Zuckerberg, he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion, dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall. A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list, representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion, up from $3.6 trillion the previous year. One third of the world's billionaires, 413, came from the United States. China had the second most billionaires with 115, while Russia was third with 101. Asia moved up to 332 billionaires, passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s. The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $74.0 billion 71 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 55 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $50.0 billion 80 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 62 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $39.5 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $31.1 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $31.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Batista, Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Ambani, Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $27.0 billion 54 India Reliance Industries 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Walton, Christy Christy Walton & family $26.5 billion 62 United States Walmart Main article: The World's Billionaires 2010 Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time. Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent. Gates' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion, placing him second. Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion. Christy Walton was the highest-ranking woman, placing 12th overall, with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion. At age 25, Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world's youngest self-made billionaire. American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney . A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list. The United States accounted for 403 billionaires, followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62. It was the first time China, while including Hong Kong, placed second. A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list, including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires. Eighty-nine women made the list, but only 14 of them were self-made. The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion, up 50 percent from 2009's $2.4 trillion, while the average net worth was $3.5 billion. The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers. Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants. Overall, just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009, and 30 people fell off the list. Thirteen others died. Of the 89 women, 12 were newcomers in 2010. Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world's economy was recovering from 2009's global financial crisis. In June 2010, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates announce The Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy . As of 2017, the pledge has 158 signatories, but some of the signatories have since died. Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires, and their pledges total to over $365 billion. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $53.5 billion 70 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $53.0 billion 54 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $47.0 billion 79 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Ambani, Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $29.0 billion 53 India Reliance Industries 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $28.7 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $28.0 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $27.5 billion 61 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Batista, Eike Eike Batista $27.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $25.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $23.5 billion 90 Germany Aldi Süd 2009 ( edit ) In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007-- 2008 , the world's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30% smaller than the previous year's list. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $40.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $37.0 billion 78 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $35.0 billion 69 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $22.5 billion 64 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Kamprad, Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $22.0 billion 83 Sweden IKEA 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $21.5 billion 89 Germany Aldi Süd 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Ambani, Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $19.5 billion 52 India Reliance Industries 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $19.3 billion 58 India Arcelor Mittal 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Albrecht, Theo Theo Albrecht $18.8 billion 87 Germany Aldi Nord , Trader Joe's 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $18.3 billion 73 Spain Inditex Group 2008 ( edit ) Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg , four years after starting the company, joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self-made billionaire. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $62.0 billion 77 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $60.0 billion 68 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $58.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $45.0 billion 57 India Arcelor Mittal 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Ambani, Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $43.0 billion 51 India Reliance Industries 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Ambani, Anil Anil Ambani $42.0 billion 48 India Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Kamprad, Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $31.0 billion 81 Sweden IKEA 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Pal Singh, Kushal Kushal Pal Singh $30.0 billion 76 India DLF Group 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Deripaska, Oleg Oleg Deripaska $28.0 billion 40 Russia Rusal 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $27.0 billion 88 Germany Aldi Süd 2007 ( edit ) No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $52.0 billion 76 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $49.0 billion 67 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Ingvar Kamprad $33.0 billion 80 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $32.0 billion 56 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Adelson, Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $26.5 billion 73 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $26.0 billion 58 France LVMH 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $24.0 billion 71 Spain Inditex Group 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Ka-shing, Li Li Ka-shing $23.0 billion 78 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings , Hutchison Whampoa 7001100000000000000♠ 10 David Thomson $22.0 billion 49 Canada Thomson Corporation 2006 ( edit ) Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction, known as the real estate bubble created a total of nearly $5 trillion in 2005, contributing to economic growth worldwide. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $52.0 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $42.0 billion 75 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $30.0 billion 66 Mexico Telmex 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Kamprad, Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $28.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $23.5 billion 55 India Mittal Steel Company 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $22.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $21.5 billion 57 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Al-Waleed, Prince Prince Al-Waleed $20.0 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Thomson, Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $19.6 billion 82 Canada The Thomson Corporation 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Shing, Li Ka Li Ka Shing $18.8 billion 77 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Group , Hutchison Whampoa 2005 ( edit ) No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $46.5 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 74 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $25.0 billion 54 India Mittal Steel Company 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $23.8 billion 65 Mexico Telmex 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Al-Waleed, Prince Prince Al-Waleed $23.7 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Kamprad, Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $23.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $18.5 billion 85 Germany Aldi Süd 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $18.4 billion 60 United States Oracle Corporation 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton $18.3 billion 61 United States Walmart The founders of Google , Sergey Brin and Larry Page , become billionaires at age 30. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $46.6 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $42.9 billion 73 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $23.0 billion 84 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Al-Waleed, Prince Prince Al-Waleed $21.5 billion 47 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Walton, Alice Alice Walton * $20.0 billion 55 United States Wal-Mart 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Walton, Helen Helen Walton * $20.0 billion 84 United States Wal-Mart 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Walton, Jim Jim Walton * $20.0 billion 56 United States Wal-Mart 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Walton, John John Walton * $20.0 billion 58 United States Wal-Mart 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.0 billion 60 United States Wal-Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal-Mart . 2003 ( edit ) Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African American billionaire. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $40.7 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $30.5 billion 72 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.6 billion 83 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $20.1 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Al-Waleed, Prince Prince Al-Waleed $17.7 billion 46 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $16.6 billion 58 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Walton, Alice Alice Walton * $16.5 billion 54 United States Wal-Mart 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Walton, Helen Helen Walton * $16.5 billion 83 United States Wal-Mart 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Walton, Jim Jim Walton * $16.5 billion 55 United States Wal-Mart 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Walton, John John Walton * $16.5 billion 57 United States Wal-Mart 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $16.5 billion 59 United States Wal-Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal-Mart . 2002 ( edit ) As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot-com bubble , 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $52.8 billion 46 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $35.0 billion 71 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $26.8 billion 82 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $25.2 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $23.5 billion 57 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Walton, Jim Jim Walton * $20.8 billion 54 United States Wal-Mart 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Walton, John John Walton * $20.7 billion 56 United States Wal-Mart 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Walton, Alice Alice Walton * $20.5 billion 53 United States Wal-Mart 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.5 billion 58 United States Wal-Mart 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Walton, Helen Helen Walton * $20.5 billion 82 United States Wal-Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal-Mart . 2001 ( edit ) In 2001, BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African-American billionaire. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $58.7 billion 45 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $32.3 billion 70 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $30.4 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $26.0 billion 56 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.0 billion 81 Germany Aldi 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Al-Waleed, Prince Prince Al-Waleed $20.0 billion 44 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Walton, Jim Jim Walton * $18.8 billion 53 United States Wal-Mart 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Walton, John John Walton * $18.7 billion 55 United States Wal-Mart 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $18.6 billion 57 United States Wal-Mart 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Walton, Alice Alice Walton * $18.5 billion 52 United States Wal-Mart 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Walton, Helen Helen Walton * $18.5 billion 81 United States Wal-Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal-Mart . Had he been alive in 2001, Sam Walton would have been the world's wealthiest person. 2000 ( edit ) Bill Gates became the first American to take the top spot of the World's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot-com bubble 's height in 1999 when Gates' fortune peaked at $90 billion. After the dot-com bubble started to collapse in 2000, his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source(s) of wealth 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $60.0 billion 44 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $47.0 billion 55 United States Oracle Corporation 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $28.0 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $25.6 billion 69 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $20.0 billion 80 Germany Aldi Süd 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Al-Waleed, Prince Prince Al-Waleed $20.0 billion 43 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000♠ 7 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton $20.0 billion 57 United States Wal-Mart 7000800000000000000♠ 8 Son, Masayoshi Masayoshi Son $19.4 billion 43 Japan Softbank Capital , SoftBank Mobile 7000900000000000000♠ 9 Dell, Michael Michael Dell $19.1 billion 35 United States Dell 7001100000000000000♠ 10 Thomson, Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $16.1 billion 77 Canada The Thomson Corporation Legend ( edit ) Icon Description Has not changed from the previous ranking. Has increased from the previous ranking. Has decreased from the previous ranking. Statistics ( edit ) The dot-com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires. However, once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear. Billionaires' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis ; 2009 was the first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires. The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses. Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s. Number and combined net worth of billionaires by year Year Number of billionaires Group's combined net worth 2018 2,208 $9.1 trillion 2017 2,043 $7.7 trillion 2016 1,810 $6.5 trillion 2015 1,826 $7.1 trillion 2014 1,645 $6.4 trillion 2013 1,426 $5.4 trillion 2012 1,226 $4.6 trillion 2011 1,210 $4.5 trillion 1,011 $3.6 trillion 2009 793 $2.4 trillion 2008 1,125 $4.4 trillion 2007 946 $3.5 trillion 2006 793 $2.6 trillion 2005 691 $2.2 trillion 587 $1.9 trillion 2003 476 $1.4 trillion 2002 497 $1.5 trillion 2001 538 $1.8 trillion 2000 470 $0.9 trillion $898 billion Source: Forbes . See also ( edit ) Bloomberg Billionaires Index List of cities by the number of billionaires List of countries by the number of US dollar billionaires List of wealthiest animals List of wealthiest families List of wealthiest historical figures List of wealthiest organizations References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to: Kollmeyer, Barbara (4 March 2014). `` Bill Gates back on top, WhatsApp founders and more women in Forbes' billionaire rankings'' . Market Watch, The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kroll, Luisa (March 6, 2018). `` Forbes Billionaires 2018: Meet The Richest People On The Planet'' . Forbes . Retrieved March 6, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Gore, Leada (4 March 2014). `` Youngest, oldest and one who can body slam you: More on Forbes list of the ultra-rich'' . AL.com . Alabama Media Group . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why Putin Isn't on ' Forbes' Billionaires List'' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to: Kroll, Luisa. `` Forbes 2017 billionaires list: Meet the richest people on the planet'' . Forbes . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Dolan, Kerry A.; Kroll, Luisa (2 March 2015). `` Inside The 2015 Forbes Billionaires List: Facts And Figures'' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Tom; Witzig, Jack (27 December 2017). `` World's Wealthiest Became $1 Trillion Richer in 2017'' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Erickson, Amanda (27 December 2017). `` The world's 500 wealthiest people got $1 trillion richer in 2017'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff, Anna (16 January 2017). `` Just 8 men own same wealth as half the world'' . Oxfam . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mullany, Gerry (16 January 2017). `` World's 8 Richest Have as Much Wealth as Bottom Half of Global Population'' . New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Dolan, Kerry A. (7 March 2012). `` Methodology: How We Crunch The Numbers'' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Krastev, Nikola (11 March 2010). `` Forbes' Rich List: Number Of New Billionaires Reflects Global Recovery'' . Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Fortunes Of Kings, Queens And Dictators Forbes, May 5, 2006 Jump up ^ `` The World's Billionaires List'' . Forbes . 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` #1 Bill Gates'' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amancio Ortega'' . Forbes . 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World's Billionaires : Warren Buffett'' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Bezos'' . Forbes . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' The World's Billionaires - Mark Zuckerberg `` '' . Forbes . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The World's Billionaires - Michael Bloomberg `` '' . Forbes . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander, Dan (2 March 2015). `` Record 290 Newcomers Join Forbes Billionaires List, Including Michael Jordan'' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Dolan, Kerry A. `` The World's Billionaires'' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World's Billionaires'' . Forbes . 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Lopez Estrada'' . Forbes: The World's Billionaires . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolan, Kerry A.; Kroll, Luisa (3 March 2014). `` Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List: Facts And Figures'' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Barber, Elizabeth (4 March 2014). `` Forbes' richest people: number of billionaires up significantly'' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Hickman, Martin (4 March 2013). `` 2013 Forbes Billionaires list: Record number of new entries appear on rich list, but Carlos Slim and Bill Gates still top the charts'' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kollmeyer, Barbara (4 March 2013). `` Forbes billionaire list 2013: Mr. Slim wins it again'' . Market Watch, Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Reaney, Patricia (4 March 2013). `` Factbox: Record number of billionaires make Forbes 2013 list'' . Reuters . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Forbes rich list 2012: Carlos Slim tops rich list for third year'' . The Telegraph . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanx creator Sara Blakely becomes youngest woman on Forbes Billionaires List'' . Fox News Channel . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kroll, Luisa (7 March 2014). `` Forbes World's Billionaires 2012'' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bates, Daniel (11 March 2011). `` Facebook's fortunes skyrocket on Forbes billionaires list... but no one can beat Carlos Slim'' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Georg Szalai (9 March 2011). `` Steven Spielberg, Oprah Winfrey Drop in Forbes Billionaire Ranking'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert, Geoff (10 March 2011). `` Forbes' 2011 list of ' World's Billionaires' is biggest ever'' . Syracuse Post-Standard . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Miller, Matthew; Kroll, Luisa (10 March 2010). `` Bill Gates No Longer World's Richest Man'' . Forbes . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` China ranks No 2 on Forbes billionaires list'' . China Daily . 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Giving Pledge List Reaches $365 Billion'' . Insatiable Fox . Retrieved 2016-04-23 . Jump up ^ Confer Thomas Philippon. `` '' The future of the financial industry `` '' . Finance Department of the New York University Stern School of Business . Jump up ^ `` Greenspan Kennedy Report -- Table 2 -- Sources and Uses of Equity Extracted from Homes'' (PDF) . Retrieved May 1, 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller, Matthew (6 May 2009). `` The Wealthiest Black Americans'' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The New Rich'' . The Economist. 14 June 2001. Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The Rich'' . The Economist. 4 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Report 2011'' (PDF) . The Boston Consulting Group . 31 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` World Wealth Report 2011'' (PDF) . Capgemini and Merrill Lynch . 22 June 2011. ^ Jump up to: `` Billionaires 25th Anniversary Timeline -- Forbes'' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Dolan, Kerry A.; Kroll, Luisa (3 March 2014). `` Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List: Facts And Figures'' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Kroll, Luisa (4 March 2013). `` Inside The 2013 Billionaires List: Facts and Figures'' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . General 2000-- 2010 Top 10s: Rogers, Simon (11 March 2010). `` Forbes rich list: ten years of top tens'' . The Guardian . 2011 Top 10: `` The World's Billionaires 2011'' . Forbes . 2012 Top 10: `` Forbes rich list 2012: top 50'' . The Telegraph . 8 March 2012. 2013 Top 10: Durgy, Edwin (4 March 2013). `` The World's Richest Billionaires: Full List Of The Top 500'' . Forbes . 2014 Top 10: `` Forbes Releases 28th Annual World's Billionaires Issue'' . Forbes . 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . 2015 Top 10: `` Forbes' 29th Annual World's Billionaires Issue'' . Forbes . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Forbes : The World's Billionaires ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World's 100 Most Powerful Women World's Most Powerful People Richest The World's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia's 50 Richest Places America's Best Colleges Sports Highest-paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Major League Soccer's most valuable teams Technology Midas List (Tech's Top Deal Makers) Lists of people by net worth By citizenship Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China (PRC) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mexico Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan (ROC) Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine UAE United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam By region Arab League South Asia South East Asia Africa World Forbes lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Forbes 400 In history List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in history Other Bloomberg Billionaires Index Forbes Fictional 15 Financial Review Rich List (Australia) Hurun Muslims Royals Sunday Times Rich List (UK) Women Wealthiest Americans (1957) By alumni Extreme Wealth Concepts Billionaires Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High-net-worth individual UHNWI Millionaires National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Lists of people Female billionaires Wealthiest Americans Richest royals Wealthiest families Wealthiest historical figures Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization Wealthiest organizations Other lists Cities by number of billionaires Countries by number of billionaires Most expensive things Wealthiest animals See also Business magnate Business oligarch Philanthropy The Giving Pledge The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche Religion and poverty The World's Billionaires -- Top ten richest people in the world as of 10 March 2018 Jeff Bezos ($112B, United States) Bill Gates ($90B, United States) Warren Buffett ($84B, United States) Bernard Arnault ($72B, France) Mark Zuckerberg ($71B, United States) Amancio Ortega ($70B, Spain) Carlos Slim ($67.1B, Mexico) Charles Koch ($60B, United States) David Koch ($60B, United States) Larry Ellison ($58.5B, United States) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World%27s_Billionaires&oldid=843673680 '' Categories : Lists of people by wealth Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use American English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018,at17:56.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -2130805434497046116 |
what is the meaning of cap in cricket | The most capped Briton is Warrington Wolves forward Adrian Morley who has 52 caps ( 30 for Great Britain , 22 for England ) . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"In sport , a cap is a metaphorical term for a player 's appearance in a game at international level . The term dates from the practice in the United Kingdom of awarding a cap to every player in an international match of association football . In the early days of football , the concept of each team wearing a set of matching shirts had not been universally adopted , so each side would distinguish itself from the other by wearing a specific sort of cap .",
"An early illustration of the first international football match between Scotland and England in 1872 shows the Scottish players wearing cowls , and the English wearing a variety of school caps . The practice was first approved on 10 May 1886 for association football after a proposal made by N. Lane Jackson , founder of the Corinthians :",
"That all players taking part for England in future international matches be presented with a white silk cap with red rose embroidered on the front . These to be termed International Caps .",
"The act of awarding a cap is now international and is applied to other sports . Although in some sports physical caps may not now always be given ( whether at all or for each appearance ) the term `` cap '' for an international or other appearance has been retained as an indicator of the number of occasions on which a sportsperson has represented a team in a particular sport . Thus , a `` cap '' is awarded for each game played and so a player who has played x games , for the team , is said to have been capped x times or have won x caps .",
"The practice of awarding a physical cap varies from sport to sport . It may be awarded prior to a player 's debut or , particularly for national teams , a commemorative cap may be awarded after a player reaches the 100th cap .",
"As an example , the England men 's association football teams still awards physical caps . Players are awarded one cap for every match they play -- unless they play in a World Cup or European Championship finals tournament . Then they are given a single cap for the competition -- with the names of all their opponents stitched into the fabric of the cap itself . For example , when David Beckham made his one hundredth appearance for England , because a number of his appearances had been at World Cup and European Championship final tournaments for which he received only one cap , he received only his 85th physical cap .",
"The world record holder for the highest number of international caps as of 5 November 2010 is retired American player Kristine Lilly , who has 354 caps ( between 1987 and 2010 ) . In men 's association football , the record belongs to former player Ahmed Hassan of Egypt ; he surpassed Claudio Suárez with his 178th cap on 27 March 2012 . The first footballer to win 100 international caps was Billy Wright of England 's Wolverhampton Wanderers . Wright went on to appear 105 times for England , 90 of them he obtained whilst he was a captain .",
"FIFA rules state that any club that refuses to release a player for national team duty is barred from using the player for two matches , a rule which is intended to discourage clubs from pretending that the player is injured . However , it is a player 's choice to refuse to play for or retire from his or her national team .",
"Some current leading holders of association football caps ( as of 11 June 2017 ) are :",
"184 -- Ahmed Hassan , Egypt 178 -- Hossam Hassan , Egypt 178 -- Mohamed Al - Deayea , Saudi Arabia 177 -- Claudio Suárez , Mexico 178 in Mexican records 169 -- Gianluigi Buffon , Italy 168 -- Iván Hurtado , Ecuador 167 -- Iker Casillas , Spain 166 -- Vitālijs Astafjevs , Latvia 164 -- Cobi Jones , United States 163 -- Mohammed Al - Khilaiwi , Saudi Arabia 161 -- Adnan Al - Talyani , United Arab Emirates 158 -- Bader Al - Mutawa , Kuwait 157 -- Landon Donovan , United States 157 -- Martin Reim , Estonia",
"184 -- Ahmed Hassan , Egypt",
"178 -- Hossam Hassan , Egypt",
"178 -- Mohamed Al - Deayea , Saudi Arabia",
"177 -- Claudio Suárez , Mexico 178 in Mexican records",
"169 -- Gianluigi Buffon , Italy",
"168 -- Iván Hurtado , Ecuador",
"167 -- Iker Casillas , Spain",
"166 -- Vitālijs Astafjevs , Latvia",
"164 -- Cobi Jones , United States",
"163 -- Mohammed Al - Khilaiwi , Saudi Arabia",
"161 -- Adnan Al - Talyani , United Arab Emirates",
"158 -- Bader Al - Mutawa , Kuwait",
"157 -- Landon Donovan , United States",
"157 -- Martin Reim , Estonia",
"354 -- Kristine Lilly , United States World record holder 311 -- Christie Rampone , United States 275 -- Mia Hamm , United States 272 -- Julie Foudy , United States 259 - Christine Sinclair , Canada 256 -- Abby Wambach , United States 239 -- Joy Fawcett , United States 231 -- Heather O'Reilly , United States 214 -- Birgit Prinz , Germany 214 -- Therese Sjögran , Sweden",
"354 -- Kristine Lilly , United States World record holder",
"311 -- Christie Rampone , United States",
"275 -- Mia Hamm , United States",
"272 -- Julie Foudy , United States",
"259 - Christine Sinclair , Canada",
"256 -- Abby Wambach , United States",
"239 -- Joy Fawcett , United States",
"231 -- Heather O'Reilly , United States",
"214 -- Birgit Prinz , Germany",
"214 -- Therese Sjögran , Sweden",
"Bold denotes players currently active in international football .",
"In cricket , there are two types of caps . Firstly , there is the international type , as described above . Some countries also award a domestic type generally known as a `` county cap '' . The latter system is most commonly applied in English county cricket . Most counties do not automatically award caps to players on their first appearance ; instead , they have to be `` earned '' through good performances . Indeed , one can play at the highest domestic level for several years , and have a quite significant career in first - class cricket , without ever winning a cap .",
"The world record for the number of caps in Test cricket is held by Sachin Tendulkar of India , who has , over the course of a 22 - year career , collected 200 . Tendulkar also holds the record for One Day Internationals , with 463 caps .",
"In rugby union , 35 players have reached 100 international caps as of 5 June 2012 . Players from England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland are eligible for selection to the British and Irish Lions touring squad . Lions matches are classed as full international tests , and caps are awarded . The Pacific Islanders team , composed of players from Fiji , Samoa , Tonga , Niue and Cook Islands have a similar arrangement , although no players involved have so far reached 100 caps ( Fijian Nicky Little is closest with 71 caps ) .",
"Players still active at Test level are in bold type .",
"Richie McCaw , New Zealand -- 148 ( 2001 to 2015 ) Brian O'Driscoll , Ireland -- 141 ( 133 for Ireland ( 1999 to 2014 ) , 8 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ) ) George Gregan , Australia -- 139 ( 1994 to 2007 ) Gethin Jenkins , Wales , 131 -- ( 2002 - 2016 , 5 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ) ) Ronan O'Gara , Ireland -- 130 ( 128 for Ireland ( 2000 to 2013 ) , 2 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2001 , 2005 , 2009 ) ) Keven Mealamu , New Zealand -- 125 ( 2002 to 2015 ) Victor Matfield , South Africa -- 122 ( 2001 to 2011 , 2014 to 2015 ) Jason Leonard , England -- 119 ( 114 for England ( 1990 to 2004 ) , 5 for the British and Irish Lions ( 1993 , 1997 , 2001 ) ) Fabien Pelous , France -- 118 ( 1995 to 2007 ) Stephen Moore , Australia -- 117 ( 2005 to - ) Nathan Sharpe , Australia -- 116 ( 2002 to 2012 ) Paul O'Connell , Ireland 115 -- ( 108 for Ireland ( 2002 to 2015 ) , 7 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ) ) Tony Woodcock , New Zealand - 114 ( 2002 to 2015 ) Sergio Parisse , Italy -- 112 ( 2002 to 2015 ) Marco Bortolami , Italy -- 111 ( 2001 to 2015 ) George Smith , Australia -- 111 ( 2000 to 2009 , 2013 ) Philippe Sella , France -- 111 ( 1982 to 1995 ) John Smit , South Africa -- 111 ( 2000 to 2011 ) Stephen Jones , Wales -- 110 ( 104 for Wales ( 1998 to 2011 ) , 6 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 , 2009 ) ) Ross Ford , Scotland -- 110 ( 2004 to 2017 ) Bryan Habana , South Africa , 109 -- ( 2002 to 2015 ) Chris Paterson , Scotland -- 109 ( 1999 to 2011 ) Adam Ashley - Cooper , Australia -- 107 ( 2005 to 2015 ) Jean de Villiers , South Africa -- 107 ( 2002 to 2015 ) John Hayes , Ireland -- 107 ( 105 for Ireland ( 2000 to 2011 ) , 2 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 , 2009 ) ) Daniel Carter , New Zealand -- 105 ( 2003 to 2015 ) Martyn Williams , Wales -- 104 ( 100 for Wales ( 1996 to 2012 ) , 4 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2001 , 2005 ) ) Andrea Lo Cicero , Italy -- 103 ( 2000 to 2013 ) Gareth Thomas , Wales -- 103 ( 100 for Wales ( 1995 to 2007 ) , 3 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 ) ) Mauro Bergamasco , Italy -- 102 ( 1998 to 2015 ) Stephen Larkham , Australia -- 102 ( 1996 to 2007 ) Percy Montgomery , South Africa -- 102 ( 1997 to 2008 ) David Campese , Australia -- 101 ( 1982 to 1996 ) Alessandro Troncon , Italy -- 101 ( 1994 to 2007 ) Adam Jones , Wales -- 100 ( 95 for Wales ( 2002 to 2014 ) , 5 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2009 , 2013 ) ) Mils Muliaina , New Zealand -- 100 ( 2003 to 2011 ) Vasco Uva , Portugal -- 100 ( 2003 to 2015 ) Ma'a Nonu , New Zealand -- 100 ( 2003 to 2015 ) Sean Lamont , Scotland - 100 ( 2004 to 2015 )",
"Richie McCaw , New Zealand -- 148 ( 2001 to 2015 )",
"Brian O'Driscoll , Ireland -- 141 ( 133 for Ireland ( 1999 to 2014 ) , 8 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ) )",
"George Gregan , Australia -- 139 ( 1994 to 2007 )",
"Gethin Jenkins , Wales , 131 -- ( 2002 - 2016 , 5 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ) )",
"Ronan O'Gara , Ireland -- 130 ( 128 for Ireland ( 2000 to 2013 ) , 2 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2001 , 2005 , 2009 ) )",
"Keven Mealamu , New Zealand -- 125 ( 2002 to 2015 )",
"Victor Matfield , South Africa -- 122 ( 2001 to 2011 , 2014 to 2015 )",
"Jason Leonard , England -- 119 ( 114 for England ( 1990 to 2004 ) , 5 for the British and Irish Lions ( 1993 , 1997 , 2001 ) )",
"Fabien Pelous , France -- 118 ( 1995 to 2007 )",
"Stephen Moore , Australia -- 117 ( 2005 to - )",
"Nathan Sharpe , Australia -- 116 ( 2002 to 2012 )",
"Paul O'Connell , Ireland 115 -- ( 108 for Ireland ( 2002 to 2015 ) , 7 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ) )",
"Tony Woodcock , New Zealand - 114 ( 2002 to 2015 )",
"Sergio Parisse , Italy -- 112 ( 2002 to 2015 )",
"Marco Bortolami , Italy -- 111 ( 2001 to 2015 )",
"George Smith , Australia -- 111 ( 2000 to 2009 , 2013 )",
"Philippe Sella , France -- 111 ( 1982 to 1995 )",
"John Smit , South Africa -- 111 ( 2000 to 2011 )",
"Stephen Jones , Wales -- 110 ( 104 for Wales ( 1998 to 2011 ) , 6 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 , 2009 ) )",
"Ross Ford , Scotland -- 110 ( 2004 to 2017 )",
"Bryan Habana , South Africa , 109 -- ( 2002 to 2015 )",
"Chris Paterson , Scotland -- 109 ( 1999 to 2011 )",
"Adam Ashley - Cooper , Australia -- 107 ( 2005 to 2015 )",
"Jean de Villiers , South Africa -- 107 ( 2002 to 2015 )",
"John Hayes , Ireland -- 107 ( 105 for Ireland ( 2000 to 2011 ) , 2 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 , 2009 ) )",
"Daniel Carter , New Zealand -- 105 ( 2003 to 2015 )",
"Martyn Williams , Wales -- 104 ( 100 for Wales ( 1996 to 2012 ) , 4 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2001 , 2005 ) )",
"Andrea Lo Cicero , Italy -- 103 ( 2000 to 2013 )",
"Gareth Thomas , Wales -- 103 ( 100 for Wales ( 1995 to 2007 ) , 3 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2005 ) )",
"Mauro Bergamasco , Italy -- 102 ( 1998 to 2015 )",
"Stephen Larkham , Australia -- 102 ( 1996 to 2007 )",
"Percy Montgomery , South Africa -- 102 ( 1997 to 2008 )",
"David Campese , Australia -- 101 ( 1982 to 1996 )",
"Alessandro Troncon , Italy -- 101 ( 1994 to 2007 )",
"Adam Jones , Wales -- 100 ( 95 for Wales ( 2002 to 2014 ) , 5 for the British and Irish Lions ( 2009 , 2013 ) )",
"Mils Muliaina , New Zealand -- 100 ( 2003 to 2011 )",
"Vasco Uva , Portugal -- 100 ( 2003 to 2015 )",
"Ma'a Nonu , New Zealand -- 100 ( 2003 to 2015 )",
"Sean Lamont , Scotland - 100 ( 2004 to 2015 )",
"In rugby league , only three players have achieved 50 Test match caps . The record for most caps is held by former Australian Kangaroos player & captain Darren Lockyer with 59 games . Former New Zealand Kiwis player & captain Ruben Wiki has 55 caps , and the current Australian Kangaroos player & captain Cameron Smith has 50 caps .",
"Players still active at Test level are in bold type .",
"Darren Lockyer , Australia -- 59 ( 1998 to 2011 ) Ruben Wiki , New Zealand - 55 ( 1994 to 2006 ) Cameron Smith , Australia - 50 ( 2006 to 2017 ) Stacey Jones , New Zealand - 46 ( 1995 to 2006 ) Gary Freeman , New Zealand - 46 ( 1986 to 1996 ) Mal Meninga , Australia -- 46 ( 1982 to 1994 ) Stephen Kearney , New Zealand - 45 ( 1993 to 2004 ) Petero Civoniceva , Australia -- 44 ( 2001 to 2011 ) ; Fiji -- 6 ( 2013 to 2014 ) Graeme Langlands , Australia - 45 ( 1963 to 1975 ) Simon Mannering , New Zealand - 41 ( 2006 to 2016 ) Isaac Luke , New Zealand - 40 ( 2008 to 2017 ) Brad Fittler , Australia - 40 ( 1990 to 2001 ) Greg Inglis , Australia - 39 ( 2006 to 2016 ) Adam Blair , New Zealand - 39 ( 2006 to 2017 ) Reg Gasnier , Australia - 39 ( 1959 to 1967 ) Johnny Raper , Australia - 39 ( 1959 to 1968 ) Johnathan Thurston , Australia - 38 ( 2006 to 2016 ) Thomas Leuluai , New Zealand - 38 ( 2003 to 2017 ) Nathan Cayless , New Zealand - 38 ( 1998 to 2008 ) Nigel Vagana , New Zealand - 38 ( 1998 to 2006 ) ; Samoa -- 3 ( 1995 , 2008 )",
"Darren Lockyer , Australia -- 59 ( 1998 to 2011 )",
"Ruben Wiki , New Zealand - 55 ( 1994 to 2006 )",
"Cameron Smith , Australia - 50 ( 2006 to 2017 )",
"Stacey Jones , New Zealand - 46 ( 1995 to 2006 )",
"Gary Freeman , New Zealand - 46 ( 1986 to 1996 )",
"Mal Meninga , Australia -- 46 ( 1982 to 1994 )",
"Stephen Kearney , New Zealand - 45 ( 1993 to 2004 )",
"Petero Civoniceva , Australia -- 44 ( 2001 to 2011 ) ; Fiji -- 6 ( 2013 to 2014 )",
"Graeme Langlands , Australia - 45 ( 1963 to 1975 )",
"Simon Mannering , New Zealand - 41 ( 2006 to 2016 )",
"Isaac Luke , New Zealand - 40 ( 2008 to 2017 )",
"Brad Fittler , Australia - 40 ( 1990 to 2001 )",
"Greg Inglis , Australia - 39 ( 2006 to 2016 )",
"Adam Blair , New Zealand - 39 ( 2006 to 2017 )",
"Reg Gasnier , Australia - 39 ( 1959 to 1967 )",
"Johnny Raper , Australia - 39 ( 1959 to 1968 )",
"Johnathan Thurston , Australia - 38 ( 2006 to 2016 )",
"Thomas Leuluai , New Zealand - 38 ( 2003 to 2017 )",
"Nathan Cayless , New Zealand - 38 ( 1998 to 2008 )",
"Nigel Vagana , New Zealand - 38 ( 1998 to 2006 ) ; Samoa -- 3 ( 1995 , 2008 )",
"The most capped Briton is Warrington Wolves forward Adrian Morley who has 52 caps ( 30 for Great Britain , 22 for England ) ."
] | Cap (sport) - wikipedia Cap (sport) For the physical headgear, see cap . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sports cap awarded to a Perth Academy schoolboy in the UK in the 1930s In sport , a cap is a metaphorical term for a player's appearance in a game at international level. The term dates from the practice in the United Kingdom of awarding a cap to every player in an international match of association football . In the early days of football, the concept of each team wearing a set of matching shirts had not been universally adopted, so each side would distinguish itself from the other by wearing a specific sort of cap. An early illustration of the first international football match between Scotland and England in 1872 shows the Scottish players wearing cowls , and the English wearing a variety of school caps. The practice was first approved on 10 May 1886 for association football after a proposal made by N. Lane Jackson, founder of the Corinthians : That all players taking part for England in future international matches be presented with a white silk cap with red rose embroidered on the front. These to be termed International Caps . The act of awarding a cap is now international and is applied to other sports. Although in some sports physical caps may not now always be given (whether at all or for each appearance) the term `` cap'' for an international or other appearance has been retained as an indicator of the number of occasions on which a sportsperson has represented a team in a particular sport. Thus, a `` cap'' is awarded for each game played and so a player who has played x games, for the team, is said to have been capped x times or have won x caps. The practice of awarding a physical cap varies from sport to sport. It may be awarded prior to a player's debut or, particularly for national teams, a commemorative cap may be awarded after a player reaches the 100th cap. Contents 1 Association football 1.1 Records 1.1.1 Men 1.1.2 Women 2 Cricket 2.1 Records 3 Rugby Union 4 Rugby League 5 References 6 External links Association football ( edit ) As an example, the England men's association football teams still awards physical caps. Players are awarded one cap for every match they play -- unless they play in a World Cup or European Championship finals tournament. Then they are given a single cap for the competition -- with the names of all their opponents stitched into the fabric of the cap itself. For example, when David Beckham made his one hundredth appearance for England, because a number of his appearances had been at World Cup and European Championship final tournaments for which he received only one cap, he received only his 85th physical cap. The world record holder for the highest number of international caps as of 5 November 2010 is retired American player Kristine Lilly , who has 354 caps (between 1987 and 2010). In men's association football, the record belongs to former player Ahmed Hassan of Egypt; he surpassed Claudio Suárez with his 178th cap on 27 March 2012. The first footballer to win 100 international caps was Billy Wright of England's Wolverhampton Wanderers . Wright went on to appear 105 times for England, 90 of them he obtained whilst he was a captain. FIFA rules state that any club that refuses to release a player for national team duty is barred from using the player for two matches, a rule which is intended to discourage clubs from pretending that the player is injured. However, it is a player's choice to refuse to play for or retire from his or her national team. Records ( edit ) Some current leading holders of association football caps (as of 11 June 2017) are: Men ( edit ) See also: List of association football players with 100 or more caps § Men , and Progression of association football caps record 184 -- Ahmed Hassan , Egypt 178 -- Hossam Hassan , Egypt 178 -- Mohamed Al-Deayea , Saudi Arabia 177 -- Claudio Suárez , Mexico 178 in Mexican records 169 -- Gianluigi Buffon , Italy 168 -- Iván Hurtado , Ecuador 167 -- Iker Casillas , Spain 166 -- Vitālijs Astafjevs , Latvia 164 -- Cobi Jones , United States 163 -- Mohammed Al-Khilaiwi , Saudi Arabia 161 -- Adnan Al-Talyani , United Arab Emirates 158 -- Bader Al-Mutawa , Kuwait 157 -- Landon Donovan , United States 157 -- Martin Reim , Estonia Women ( edit ) See also: List of football (soccer) players with 100 or more caps § Women 354 -- Kristine Lilly , United States World record holder 311 -- Christie Rampone , United States 275 -- Mia Hamm , United States 272 -- Julie Foudy , United States 259 - Christine Sinclair , Canada 256 -- Abby Wambach , United States 239 -- Joy Fawcett , United States 231 -- Heather O'Reilly , United States 214 -- Birgit Prinz , Germany 214 -- Therese Sjögran , Sweden Bold denotes players currently active in international football. Cricket ( edit ) See also: Cricket cap In cricket , there are two types of caps. Firstly, there is the international type, as described above. Some countries also award a domestic type generally known as a `` county cap'' . The latter system is most commonly applied in English county cricket . Most counties do not automatically award caps to players on their first appearance; instead, they have to be `` earned'' through good performances. Indeed, one can play at the highest domestic level for several years, and have a quite significant career in first-class cricket , without ever winning a cap. Records ( edit ) The world record for the number of caps in Test cricket is held by Sachin Tendulkar of India , who has, over the course of a 22-year career, collected 200. Tendulkar also holds the record for One Day Internationals , with 463 caps. Rugby union ( edit ) See also: List of rugby union Test caps leaders In rugby union , 35 players have reached 100 international caps as of 5 June 2012. Players from England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland are eligible for selection to the British and Irish Lions touring squad. Lions matches are classed as full international tests, and caps are awarded. The Pacific Islanders team, composed of players from Fiji , Samoa , Tonga , Niue and Cook Islands have a similar arrangement, although no players involved have so far reached 100 caps (Fijian Nicky Little is closest with 71 caps). Players still active at Test level are in bold type . Richie McCaw , New Zealand -- 148 (2001 to 2015) Brian O'Driscoll , Ireland -- 141 (133 for Ireland (1999 to 2014), 8 for the British and Irish Lions (2001, 2005, 2009, 2013)) George Gregan , Australia -- 139 (1994 to 2007) Gethin Jenkins , Wales , 131 -- (2002-2016,5 for the British and Irish Lions (2005, 2009, 2013)) Ronan O'Gara , Ireland -- 130 (128 for Ireland (2000 to 2013), 2 for the British and Irish Lions (2001, 2005, 2009)) Keven Mealamu , New Zealand -- 125 (2002 to 2015) Victor Matfield , South Africa -- 122 (2001 to 2011, 2014 to 2015) Jason Leonard , England -- 119 (114 for England (1990 to 2004), 5 for the British and Irish Lions (1993, 1997, 2001)) Fabien Pelous , France -- 118 (1995 to 2007) Stephen Moore , Australia -- 117 (2005 to - ) Nathan Sharpe , Australia -- 116 (2002 to 2012) Paul O'Connell , Ireland 115 -- (108 for Ireland (2002 to 2015), 7 for the British and Irish Lions (2005, 2009, 2013)) Tony Woodcock , New Zealand - 114 (2002 to 2015) Sergio Parisse , Italy -- 112 (2002 to 2015) Marco Bortolami , Italy -- 111 (2001 to 2015) George Smith , Australia -- 111 (2000 to 2009, 2013) Philippe Sella , France -- 111 (1982 to 1995) John Smit , South Africa -- 111 (2000 to 2011) Stephen Jones , Wales -- 110 (104 for Wales (1998 to 2011), 6 for the British and Irish Lions (2005, 2009)) Ross Ford , Scotland -- 110 (2004 to 2017) Bryan Habana , South Africa , 109 -- (2002 to 2015) Chris Paterson , Scotland -- 109 (1999 to 2011) Adam Ashley-Cooper , Australia -- 107 (2005 to 2015) Jean de Villiers , South Africa -- 107 (2002 to 2015) John Hayes , Ireland -- 107 (105 for Ireland (2000 to 2011), 2 for the British and Irish Lions (2005, 2009)) Daniel Carter , New Zealand -- 105 (2003 to 2015) Martyn Williams , Wales -- 104 (100 for Wales (1996 to 2012), 4 for the British and Irish Lions (2001, 2005)) Andrea Lo Cicero , Italy -- 103 (2000 to 2013) Gareth Thomas , Wales -- 103 (100 for Wales (1995 to 2007), 3 for the British and Irish Lions (2005)) Mauro Bergamasco , Italy -- 102 (1998 to 2015) Stephen Larkham , Australia -- 102 (1996 to 2007) Percy Montgomery , South Africa -- 102 (1997 to 2008) David Campese , Australia -- 101 (1982 to 1996) Alessandro Troncon , Italy -- 101 (1994 to 2007) Adam Jones , Wales -- 100 (95 for Wales (2002 to 2014), 5 for the British and Irish Lions (2009,2013)) Mils Muliaina , New Zealand -- 100 (2003 to 2011) Vasco Uva , Portugal -- 100 (2003 to 2015) Ma'a Nonu , New Zealand -- 100 (2003 to 2015) Sean Lamont , Scotland - 100 (2004 to 2015) Rugby league ( edit ) In rugby league , only three players have achieved 50 Test match caps. The record for most caps is held by former Australian Kangaroos player & captain Darren Lockyer with 59 games. Former New Zealand Kiwis player & captain Ruben Wiki has 55 caps, and the current Australian Kangaroos player & captain Cameron Smith has 50 caps. Players still active at Test level are in bold type . Darren Lockyer , Australia -- 59 (1998 to 2011) Ruben Wiki , New Zealand - 55 (1994 to 2006) Cameron Smith , Australia - 50 (2006 to 2017) Stacey Jones , New Zealand - 46 (1995 to 2006) Gary Freeman , New Zealand - 46 (1986 to 1996) Mal Meninga , Australia -- 46 (1982 to 1994) Stephen Kearney , New Zealand - 45 (1993 to 2004) Petero Civoniceva , Australia -- 44 (2001 to 2011); Fiji -- 6 (2013 to 2014) Graeme Langlands , Australia - 45 (1963 to 1975) Simon Mannering , New Zealand - 41 (2006 to 2016) Isaac Luke , New Zealand - 40 (2008 to 2017) Brad Fittler , Australia - 40 (1990 to 2001) Greg Inglis , Australia - 39 (2006 to 2016) Adam Blair , New Zealand - 39 (2006 to 2017) Reg Gasnier , Australia - 39 (1959 to 1967) Johnny Raper , Australia - 39 (1959 to 1968) Johnathan Thurston , Australia - 38 (2006 to 2016) Thomas Leuluai , New Zealand - 38 (2003 to 2017) Nathan Cayless , New Zealand - 38 (1998 to 2008) Nigel Vagana , New Zealand - 38 (1998 to 2006); Samoa -- 3 (1995, 2008) The most capped Briton is Warrington Wolves forward Adrian Morley who has 52 caps (30 for Great Britain, 22 for England). References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What does the term ' Cap' mean in sport?'' . albionsports.wordpress.com . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Blacks century-makers: What it takes to crack 100'' . The New Zealand Herald . 9 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard memorabilia to be exhibited at Anfield'' . Sky Sports . 15 May 2015. Jump up ^ http://blogs.reuters.com/soccer/2008/03/26/dont-tell-anyone-but-this-is-only-beckhams-85th-cap/ External links ( edit ) Men's Records and Facts FIFA Players with 100+ Caps (men) RSSSF Picture of International Football Cap National Museum of Scotland Gallery of International Caps and Honours Caps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap_(sport)&oldid=855179934 '' Categories : Sports terminology Association football terminology Association football records and statistics Caps Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Magyar Nederlands Svenska Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018, at 13:39 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 3043683985033009396 |
where was the battle of badr fought in 624 ad | The Battle of Badr ( Arabic : غزوة بدر ) , fought on Tuesday , 13 March 624 CE ( 17 Ramadan , 2 AH in the Islamic calendar ) in the Hejaz region of western Arabia ( present - day Saudi Arabia ) , was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad 's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish in Mecca . The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention , or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad . It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran . All knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts , both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad , recorded in written form some time after the battle . There is little evidence outside of these of the battle . There are no descriptions of the battle prior to the 9th Century . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Battle of Badr Part of the Muslim - Quraish Wars Scene from Siyer - i Nebi , Hamza and Ali leading the Muslim armies at Badr . The writing is Ottoman Naskh . Date 13 March 624 CE / 17 Ramadan , 2 AH Location At the wells of Badr , 70 mi ( 110 km ) southwest of Medina Result Decisive Muslim victory Belligerents Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders and leaders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al - Muttalib Ali ibn Abi Talib Abu - Bakr Umar ibn Al - Khattab Abu Jahl ⱶ Utba ibn Rabi'ah ⱶ Umayyah ibn Khalaf ⱶ Hind al - Hunnud Strength 313 infantry and cavalry : 2 horses and 70 camels 950 infantry and cavalry : 100 horses and 170 camels Casualties and losses 14 killed 70 killed , 70 prisoners",
"Battle of Badr",
"Part of the Muslim - Quraish Wars",
"Scene from Siyer - i Nebi , Hamza and Ali leading the Muslim armies at Badr . The writing is Ottoman Naskh .",
"Date 13 March 624 CE / 17 Ramadan , 2 AH Location At the wells of Badr , 70 mi ( 110 km ) southwest of Medina Result Decisive Muslim victory",
"Date 13 March 624 CE / 17 Ramadan , 2 AH Location At the wells of Badr , 70 mi ( 110 km ) southwest of Medina Result Decisive Muslim victory",
"Date 13 March 624 CE / 17 Ramadan , 2 AH",
"Location At the wells of Badr , 70 mi ( 110 km ) southwest of Medina",
"Result Decisive Muslim victory",
"Belligerents",
"Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca",
"Commanders and leaders",
"Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al - Muttalib Ali ibn Abi Talib Abu - Bakr Umar ibn Al - Khattab Abu Jahl ⱶ Utba ibn Rabi'ah ⱶ Umayyah ibn Khalaf ⱶ Hind al - Hunnud",
"Strength",
"313 infantry and cavalry : 2 horses and 70 camels 950 infantry and cavalry : 100 horses and 170 camels",
"Casualties and losses",
"14 killed 70 killed , 70 prisoners",
"Campaigns of Muhammad Ghazwah ( expeditions where he took part ) Abwa Buwat Safwan Dul 1st Badr Kudr Sawiq Qaynuqa Thi Bahran Uhud Asad Nadir 2nd Nejd 2nd Badr Jandal Trench Qurayza Lahyan Mustaliq Treaty Khaybar Fadak Qura Dhat Baqra Mecca Hunayn Autas Ta'if Tabouk",
"Campaigns of Muhammad",
"",
"Ghazwah ( expeditions where he took part ) Abwa Buwat Safwan Dul 1st Badr Kudr Sawiq Qaynuqa Thi Bahran Uhud Asad Nadir 2nd Nejd 2nd Badr Jandal Trench Qurayza Lahyan Mustaliq Treaty Khaybar Fadak Qura Dhat Baqra Mecca Hunayn Autas Ta'if Tabouk",
"Abwa Buwat Safwan Dul 1st Badr Kudr Sawiq Qaynuqa Thi Bahran Uhud Asad Nadir 2nd Nejd 2nd Badr Jandal Trench Qurayza Lahyan Mustaliq Treaty Khaybar Fadak Qura Dhat Baqra Mecca Hunayn Autas Ta'if Tabouk",
"The Battle of Badr ( Arabic : غزوة بدر ) , fought on Tuesday , 13 March 624 CE ( 17 Ramadan , 2 AH in the Islamic calendar ) in the Hejaz region of western Arabia ( present - day Saudi Arabia ) , was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad 's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish in Mecca . The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention , or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad . It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran . All knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts , both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad , recorded in written form some time after the battle . There is little evidence outside of these of the battle . There are no descriptions of the battle prior to the 9th Century .",
"Prior to the battle , the Muslims and the Meccans had fought several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624 . Badr , however , was the first large - scale engagement between the two forces . Advancing to a strong defensive position , Muhammad 's well - disciplined force broke the Meccan lines , killing several important Quraishi leaders including the Muslims ' chief antagonist Abu Jahl . For the early Muslims the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies among the Meccans . Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia , fielding an army three times larger than that of the Muslims . The Muslim victory also signaled to the other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad 's position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina .",
"Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 CE into the Quraish tribe . After Muhammad 's revelation from Gabriel in 610 until his proclamation of monotheism to the Quraysh , Islam was practiced primarily in secret . The Quraiysh , who traditionally accepted religious practices other than their own , became increasingly more intolerant of the Muslims during the thirteen years of personal attacks against their ( the Meccans ) religions and gods . In fear for their religion and economic viability , which heavily relied on annual pilgrimages , the Meccans began to mock and disrupt Muhammad 's followers . In 622 , Muhammad bade many of his followers to migrate from Mecca to the neighboring city of Medina , 320 km ( 200 mi ) north of Mecca . Shortly thereafter , Muhammad himself left for Medina . This migration is referred to as the Hijra .",
"The Quranic Verse 22 : 39 uttered by Muhammad sometime shortly after the migration permitted Muslims , for the first time , to take up arms in defence . During this period Muhammad employed three broad military strategies against the Meccans . Firstly , to establish peace treaties with the tribes surrounding Medina , especially with those from whom the Meccans could derive most advantage against the Muslims . Secondly , to dispatch small groups to obtain intelligence on the Quraish and their allies and also provide , thereby , an opportunity for those Muslims still living in Mecca to leave with them . Thirdly , to intercept the trade caravans of the Meccans that passed close to Medina and to obstruct their trade route . In September 623 , Muhammad himself led a force of 200 in an unsuccessful raid against a large caravan . Shortly thereafter , the Meccans launched their own raid against Medina led by Kurz bin Jabir and fled with livestock belonging to the Muslims . In January 624 , Muhammad dispatched a group of eight men to Nakhlah , on the outskirts of Mecca , led by Abdullah bin Jahsh to obtain intelligence on the Quraysh . However , Abdullah bin Jash and his party disguised as Pilgrims with shaved heads , upon being discovered by a Meccan caravan , decided to attack and kill as many of the caravan as possible , resulting in killing one of its men , Amr bin Al - Hadrami , the seizing of its goods and taking two as prisoners . The situation was all the more serious since the killing occurred in the month of Rajab , a truce month sacred to the Meccans in which fighting was prohibited and a clear affront to Arab traditions . Upon their return to Medina , Muhammad initially disapproved of this decision on their part , rebuked them and refused to take any spoil until he claimed to have received revelation ( Quran , 2 : 217 ) stating that the Meccan persecution was worse than this violation of the sacred month . After his revelation Muhammed took the goods and the prisoners . The Muslims ' raids on caravans prompted the Battle of Badr , the first major battle involving a Muslim army . This was the spot where the Meccans had sent their own army to protect their caravans from Muslim raiders .",
"Muhammad 's forces included Abu Bakr , Umar , Ali , Hamza , Mus ` ab ibn ` Umair , Az - Zubair bin Al - ' Awwam , Ammar ibn Yasir , and Abu Dharr al - Ghifari . The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses , meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel . The future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah , the daughter of Muhammad . Salman the Persian also could not join the battle , as he was still not a free man .",
"Many of the Quraishi nobles , including Amr ibn Hishām , Walid ibn Utba , Shaiba , and Umayah ibn Khalaf , joined the Meccan army . Their reasons varied : some were out to protect their financial interests in the caravan ; others wanted to avenge Ibn al - Hadrami , the guard killed at Nakhlah ; finally , a few must have wanted to take part in what was expected to be an easy victory against the Muslims . Amr ibn Hishām is described as shaming at least one noble , Umayah ibn Khalaf , into joining the expedition .",
"By this time Muhammad 's companions were approaching the wells where he planned to either waylay the caravan , or to fight the Meccan army at Badr , along the Syrian trade route where the caravan would be expected to stop or the Meccan army to come for its protection . However , several Muslim scouts were discovered by scouts from the caravan and Abu Sufyan made a hasty turn towards Yanbu .",
"This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"`` Behold ! Allah Promised you one of the two ( enemy ) parties , that it should be yours : Ye wished that the one unarmed should be yours , but Allah Willed to justify the Truth according to His Words and to cut off the roots of the Unbelievers ; '' -- Quran : Al - Anfal 8 : 7",
"`` Behold ! Allah Promised you one of the two ( enemy ) parties , that it should be yours : Ye wished that the one unarmed should be yours , but Allah Willed to justify the Truth according to His Words and to cut off the roots of the Unbelievers ; ''",
"-- Quran : Al - Anfal 8 : 7",
"`` Behold ! Allah Promised Me that He would definitely help me . I 'm taking an oath by Allah 's Excellent Name , Here will be the grave of Abu Jahl , and here will lay Utba ibn Rabiah ( Prophet mentioned 14 different unbeliever leaders ' names and signed they graves before the battle ) . '' -- Muhammad -- Sahih Muslim",
"`` Behold ! Allah Promised Me that He would definitely help me . I 'm taking an oath by Allah 's Excellent Name , Here will be the grave of Abu Jahl , and here will lay Utba ibn Rabiah ( Prophet mentioned 14 different unbeliever leaders ' names and signed they graves before the battle ) . ''",
"-- Muhammad -- Sahih Muslim",
"When the word reached the Muslim army about the departure of the Meccan army , Muhammad immediately called a council of war , since there was still time to retreat and because many of the fighters there were recent converts ( called Ansar or `` Helpers '' to distinguish them from the Quraishi Muslims ) , who had only pledged to defend Medina . Under the terms of the Constitution of Medina , they would have been within their rights to refuse to fight and leave the army . However , according to tradition , they pledged to fight as well , with Sa 'd ibn Ubadah declaring , `` If you ( Muhammad ) order us to plunge our horses into the sea , we would do so . '' So , the Muslims continued to march towards Badr .",
"By 11 March both armies were about a day 's march from Badr . Several Muslim warriors ( including , according to some sources , Ali ) who had ridden ahead of the main column captured two Meccan water carriers at the Badr wells . Expecting them to say they were with the caravan , the Muslims were horrified to hear them say they were with the main Quraishi army. Template : Wrong number in source Some traditions also say that , upon hearing the names of all the Quraishi nobles accompanying the army , Muhammad exclaimed `` Mecca hath thrown unto you the best morsels of her liver . '' The next day Muhammad ordered a forced march to Badr and arrived before the Meccans .",
"The Badr wells were located on the gentle slope of the eastern side of a valley called `` Yalyal '' . The western side of the valley was hemmed in by a large hill called ' Aqanqal . When the Muslim army arrived from the east , Muhammad initially chose to form his army at the first well he encountered . Hubab ibn al - Mundhir , however , asked him if this choice was divine instruction or Muhammad 's own opinion . When Muhammad responded in the latter , Hubab suggested that the Muslims occupy the well closest to the Quraishi army , and block off the other ones . Muhammad accepted this decision and moved right away .",
"`` ( The ) Arabs will hear how we marched forth and of our mighty gathering , and they will stand in awe of us forever . '' -- Abu Jahl",
"`` ( The ) Arabs will hear how we marched forth and of our mighty gathering , and they will stand in awe of us forever . ''",
"-- Abu Jahl",
"By contrast , while little is known about the progress of the Quraishi army from the time it left Mecca until its arrival just outside Badr , several things are worth noting : although many Arab armies brought their women and children along on campaigns both to motivate and care for the men , the Meccan army did not . Also , the Quraish apparently made little or no effort to contact the many allies they had scattered throughout the Hijaz . Both facts suggest the Quraish lacked the time to prepare for a proper campaign in their haste to protect the caravan . Besides , it is believed they expected an easy victory , knowing they outnumbered the Muslims by three to one .",
"When the Quraishi reached Juhfah , just south of Badr , they received a message from Abu Sufyan telling them the caravan was safely behind them , and that they could therefore return to Mecca . At this point , according to Karen Armstrong , a power struggle broke out in the Meccan army . Abu Jahl wanted to continue , but several of the clans present , including Banu Zuhrah and Banu Adi , promptly went home . Armstrong suggests they may have been concerned about the power that Abu Jahl would gain from crushing the Muslims . The Banu Hashim tribe wanted to leave , but was threatened by Abu Jahl to stay . Despite these losses , Abu Jahl was still determined to fight , boasting `` We will not go back until we have been to Badr . '' During this period , Abu Sufyan and several other men from the caravan joined the main army .",
"At midnight on 13 March , the Quraish broke camp and marched into the valley of Badr . It had rained the previous day and they struggled to move their horses and camels up the hill of ' Aqanqal . After they descended from ' Aqanqal , the Meccans set up another camp inside the valley . While they rested , they sent out a scout , Umayr ibn Wahb to reconnoitre the Muslim lines . Umayr reported that Muhammad 's army was small , and that there were no other Muslim reinforcements which might join the battle . However , he also predicted extremely heavy Quraishi casualties in the event of an attack ( One hadith refers to him seeing `` the camels of ( Medina ) laden with certain death '' ) . This further demoralized the Quraish , as Arab battles were traditionally low - casualty affairs , and set off another round of bickering among the Quraishi leadership . However , according to Arab traditions Amr ibn Hishām quashed the remaining dissent by appealing to the Quraishi 's sense of honor and demanding that they fulfill their blood vengeance .",
"The battle began with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat . Three of the Medinan Ansar emerged from the Muslim ranks , only to be shouted back by the Meccans , who were nervous about starting any unnecessary feuds and only wanted to fight the Quraishi Muslims , keeping the dispute within clan . So Hamza approached forward and called on Ubayda and Ali to join him . The Muslims dispatched the Meccan champions in a three - on - three melee . Hamza killed his opponent Utba ibn Rabi'ah ; Ali killed his opponent Walid ibn Utba ; Ubayda was wounded by his opponent Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah , but eventually killed him . So this was a victorious traditional 3 on 3 combat for the Muslims .",
"Now both armies began showering each other with arrows . A few Muslims and an unknown number of Quraish warriors were killed . Before the battle , Muhammad had given orders for the Muslims to attack first with their ranged weapons and only afterword advance to engage the Quraish with melee weapons . Now he gave the order to charge , throwing a handful of pebbles at the Meccans in what was probably a traditional Arabian gesture while yelling `` Defaced be those faces ! '' The Muslim army yelled `` Yā manṣūr amit ! '' `` O thou whom God hath made victorious , slay ! '' and rushed the Quraishi lines . The Meccans , understrength and unenthusiastic about fighting , promptly broke and ran . The battle itself only lasted a few hours and was over by the early afternoon . The Quran describes the force of the Muslim attack in many verses , which refer to thousands of angels descending from Heaven at Badr to terrify the Quraish . Muslim sources take this account literally , and there are several hadith where Muhammad discusses the Angel Jibreel and the role he played in the battle .",
"Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( show ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal",
"Part of a series on",
"Islam",
"Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection",
"Oneness of God",
"Oneness of God",
"Prophets Revealed books",
"Angels Predestination",
"Day of Resurrection",
"Day of Resurrection",
"Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage",
"Profession of faith Prayer",
"Profession of faith",
"Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage",
"Alms - giving",
"Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic )",
"Quran Sunnah Hadith",
"Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence )",
"Sharia ( law )",
"Fiqh ( jurisprudence )",
"Kalam ( dialectic )",
"Kalam ( dialectic )",
"History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam",
"Timeline Muhammad",
"Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun",
"Ahl al - Bayt",
"Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam",
"Spread of Islam",
"Culture and society ( show ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare",
"Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare",
"Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary",
"Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions",
"Criticism of Islam",
"Islam and other religions",
"Islamism Islamophobia",
"Glossary",
"Islam portal",
"Islam portal",
"",
"",
"After the battle Muhammad returned to Medina . Some seventy prisoners were taken captive and are noted to have been treated humanely including a number of Quraish leaders . Most of the prisoners were released upon payment of ransom and those who were literate were released on the condition that they teach ten persons how to read and write and this teaching was to count as their ransom .",
"William Muir wrote of this period :",
"In pursuance of Mahomet 's commands , the citizens of Medîna , and such of the Refugees as possessed houses , received the prisoners , and treated them with much consideration . `` Blessings be on the men of Medina ! '' said one of these prisoners in later days ; `` they made us ride , while they themselves walked : they gave us wheaten bread to eat when there was little of it , contenting themselves with dates . It is not surprising that when , some time afterwards , their friends came to ransom them , several of the prisoners who had been thus received declared themselves adherents of Islam ... Their kindly treatment was thus prolonged , and left a favourable impression on the minds even of those who did not at once go over to Islam ''",
"Two of the prisoners taken at Badr , namely Nadr ibn al - Harith and ' Uqbah ibn Abū Mu'ayṭ are reported to have been executed upon the order of Muhammad . According to Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman al - Mubarakpuri , these two captives were executed by Ali . Mubarakpuri says that this incident is also mentioned in the Sunan Abu Dawud no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3 / 12 However , according to numerous accounts deemed reliable , such as a number of narrations in Sahih Bukhari , and Ibn Sa 'd 's biographical compendium , the Tabaqat Al - Kubra , Uqba was not executed but was killed during fighting in the field of battle at Badr and was among those Quraysh leaders whose corpses were buried in a pit .",
"Fourteen Muslims were killed in that battle .",
"Haritha bin Suraqa al - Khazraji Dhush - shimaalayn ibn ' Abdi ' Amr al - Muhajiri Rafi ' bin al - Mu'alla al - Khazraji Sa 'd bin Khaythama al - Awsi Safwan bin Wahb al - Muhajiri Aaqil bin al - Bukayr al - Muhajiri Ubayda bin al - Harith al - Muhajiri Umayr bin al - Humam al - Khazraji Umayr bin Abi Waqqas al - Muhajiri Awf bin al - Harith al - Khazraji Mubashshir bin ' Abdi'l Mundhir al - Awsi Mu'awwidh bin al - Harith al - Khazraji Mihja ' bin Salih al - Muhajiri Yazid bin al - Harith bin Fus. hum al - Khazraji",
"Haritha bin Suraqa al - Khazraji",
"Dhush - shimaalayn ibn ' Abdi ' Amr al - Muhajiri",
"Rafi ' bin al - Mu'alla al - Khazraji",
"Sa 'd bin Khaythama al - Awsi",
"Safwan bin Wahb al - Muhajiri",
"Aaqil bin al - Bukayr al - Muhajiri",
"Ubayda bin al - Harith al - Muhajiri",
"Umayr bin al - Humam al - Khazraji",
"Umayr bin Abi Waqqas al - Muhajiri",
"Awf bin al - Harith al - Khazraji",
"Mubashshir bin ' Abdi'l Mundhir al - Awsi",
"Mu'awwidh bin al - Harith al - Khazraji",
"Mihja ' bin Salih al - Muhajiri",
"Yazid bin al - Harith bin Fus. hum al - Khazraji",
"The Battle of Badr was extremely influential in the rise of two men who would determine the course of history on the Arabian peninsula for the next century . The first was Muhammad , who was transformed overnight from a Meccan outcast into a major leader . Marshall Hodgson adds that Badr forced the other Arabs to `` regard the Muslims as challengers and potential inheritors to the prestige and the political role of the ( Quraish ) . '' Shortly thereafter he expelled the Banu Qaynuqa , one of the Jewish tribes at Medina that had been threatening his political position , and who had assaulted a Muslim woman which led to their expulsion for breaking the peace treaty . At the same time Abd - Allah ibn Ubayy , Muhammad 's chief opponent in Medina , found his own position seriously weakened . Henceforth , he would only be able to mount limited challenges to Muhammad .",
"The other major beneficiary of the Battle of Badr was Abu Sufyan , safely away from the battle leading the caravan . The death of Amr ibn Hashim , as well as many other Quraishi nobles gave Abu Sufyan the opportunity , almost by default , to become chief of the Quraish . As a result , when Muhammad marched into Mecca six years later , it was Abu Sufyan who helped negotiate its peaceful surrender . Abu Sufyan subsequently became a high - ranking official in the Muslim Empire , and his son Muawiya would later go on to found the Umayyad Caliphate .",
"In later days , the battle of Badr became so significant that Ibn Ishaq included a complete name - by - name roster of the Muslim army in his biography of Muhammad . In many hadiths , veterans who fought at Badr are identified as such as a formality , and they may have even received a stipend in later years . The death of the last of the Badr veterans occurred during the First Islamic civil war .",
"As Paul K. Davis sums up , `` Mohammed 's victory confirmed his authority as leader of Islam ; by impressing local tribes that joined him , the expansion of Islam began . ''",
"This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The Battle of Badr is one of the few battles explicitly discussed in the Quran . It is even mentioned by name as part of a comparison with the Battle of Uhud .",
"Quran : Al Imran 3 : 123 -- 125 . `` Allah had helped you at Badr , when ye were a contemptible little force ; then fear Allah ; thus May ye show your gratitude . Remember thou saidst to the Faithful : `` Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels ( Specially ) sent down ? `` Yea , -- if ye remain firm , and act aright , even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste , your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught . ''",
"According to Abdullah Yusuf Ali , the term `` gratitude '' may be a reference to discipline . At Badr , the Muslim forces had allegedly maintained firm discipline , whereas at Uhud they broke ranks to pursue the Meccans , allowing Meccan cavalry to flank and rout their army . The idea of Badr as a furqan , an Islamic miracle , is mentioned again in the same surah .",
"Quran : Al Imran 3 : 13 . `` There has already been for you a Sign in the two armies that met ( in combat ) : One was fighting in the cause of Allah , the other resisting Allah ; these saw with their own eyes Twice their number . But Allah doth support with His aid whom He pleaseth . In this is a warning for such as have eyes to see . ''",
"Badr is also the subject of Sura 8 : Al - Anfal , which details military conduct and operations . `` Al - Anfal '' means `` the spoils '' and is a reference to the post-battle discussion in the Muslim army over how to divide up the plunder from the Quraishi army . Though the Sura does not name Badr , it describes the battle , and several of the verses are commonly thought to have been from or shortly after the battle .",
"This battle is also mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection Sahih al - Bukhari and Sunan Abu Dawud . Sahih al - Bukhari mentions that Uthman did not join the battle :",
"`` Narrated Ibn ' Umar : ' Uthman did not join the Badr battle because he was married to one of the daughters of Allah 's Apostle and she was ill . So , the Prophet said to him . `` You will get a reward and a share ( from the war booty ) similar to the reward and the share of one who has taken part in the Badr battle . '' Sahih al - Bukhari , 4 : 53 : 359 ''",
"`` Narrated Ibn ' Umar : ' Uthman did not join the Badr battle because he was married to one of the daughters of Allah 's Apostle and she was ill . So , the Prophet said to him . `` You will get a reward and a share ( from the war booty ) similar to the reward and the share of one who has taken part in the Badr battle . '' Sahih al - Bukhari , 4 : 53 : 359 ''",
"Sahih al - Bukhari , 4 : 53 : 359",
"It also mentions the war booty that each fighter who participated in the battle received in Sahih al - Bukhari , 5 : 59 : 357 . Sahih al - Bukhari , 4 : 53 : 369 also mentions how Abu Jahl was killed :",
"`` Narrated ' Abdur - Rahman bin ' Auf : While I was standing in the row on the day ( of the battle ) of Badr , I looked to my right and my left and saw two young Ansari boys , and I wished I had been stronger than they . One of them called my attention saying , `` O Uncle ! Do you know Abu Jahl ? '' I said , `` Yes , what do you want from him , O my nephew ? '' He said , `` I have been informed that he abuses Allah 's Apostle . By Him in Whose Hands my life is , if I should see him , then my body will not leave his body till either of us meet his fate . '' I was astonished at that talk . Then the other boy called my attention saying the same as the other had said . After a while I saw Abu Jahl walking amongst the people . I said ( to the boys ) , `` Look ! This is the man you asked me about . '' So , both of them attacked him with their swords and struck him to death and returned to Allah 's Apostle to inform him of that . Allah 's Apostle asked , `` Which of you has killed him ? '' Each of them said , `` I Have killed him . '' Allah 's Apostle asked , `` Have you cleaned your swords ? '' They said , `` No . '' He then looked at their swords and said , `` No doubt , you both have killed him and the spoils of the deceased will be given to Muadh bin Amr bin Al - Jamuh . '' The two boys were Muadh bin ' Afra and Muadh bin Amr bin Al - Jamuh . Sahih al - Bukhari , 4 : 53 : 369 ''",
"`` Narrated ' Abdur - Rahman bin ' Auf : While I was standing in the row on the day ( of the battle ) of Badr , I looked to my right and my left and saw two young Ansari boys , and I wished I had been stronger than they . One of them called my attention saying , `` O Uncle ! Do you know Abu Jahl ? '' I said , `` Yes , what do you want from him , O my nephew ? '' He said , `` I have been informed that he abuses Allah 's Apostle . By Him in Whose Hands my life is , if I should see him , then my body will not leave his body till either of us meet his fate . '' I was astonished at that talk . Then the other boy called my attention saying the same as the other had said . After a while I saw Abu Jahl walking amongst the people . I said ( to the boys ) , `` Look ! This is the man you asked me about . '' So , both of them attacked him with their swords and struck him to death and returned to Allah 's Apostle to inform him of that . Allah 's Apostle asked , `` Which of you has killed him ? '' Each of them said , `` I Have killed him . '' Allah 's Apostle asked , `` Have you cleaned your swords ? '' They said , `` No . '' He then looked at their swords and said , `` No doubt , you both have killed him and the spoils of the deceased will be given to Muadh bin Amr bin Al - Jamuh . '' The two boys were Muadh bin ' Afra and Muadh bin Amr bin Al - Jamuh . Sahih al - Bukhari , 4 : 53 : 369 ''",
"Sahih al - Bukhari , 4 : 53 : 369",
"It is also mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sunan Abu Dawood , 14 : 2716",
"The incident is also mentioned in Ibn Ishaq 's biography of Muhammad .",
"`` Badr '' has become popular among Muslim armies and paramilitary organizations . `` Operation Badr '' was used to describe Egypt 's offensive in the 1973 Yom Kippur War as well as Pakistan 's actions in the 1999 Kargil War . Iranian offensive operations against Iraq in the late 1980s were also named after Badr . During the 2011 Libyan civil war , the rebel leadership stated that they selected the date of the assault on Tripoli to be the 20th of Ramadan , marking the anniversary of the Battle of Badr .",
"The Battle of Badr was featured in the 1976 film The Message , the 2004 animated movie Muhammad : The Last Prophet , and the 2012 TV series Omar ."
] | Battle of Badr - wikipedia Battle of Badr Jump to: navigation , search Battle of Badr Part of the Muslim - Quraish Wars Scene from Siyer-i Nebi , Hamza and Ali leading the Muslim armies at Badr. The writing is Ottoman Naskh . Date 13 March 624 CE/17 Ramadan, 2 AH Location At the wells of Badr , 70 mi (110 km) southwest of Medina Result Decisive Muslim victory Belligerents Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders and leaders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali ibn Abi Talib Abu-Bakr Umar ibn Al-Khattab Abu Jahl ⱶ Utba ibn Rabi'ah ⱶ Umayyah ibn Khalaf ⱶ Hind al-Hunnud Strength 313 infantry and cavalry: 2 horses and 70 camels 950 infantry and cavalry: 100 horses and 170 camels Casualties and losses 14 killed 70 killed, 70 prisoners Campaigns of Muhammad Ghazwah (expeditions where he took part) Abwa Buwat Safwan Dul 1st Badr Kudr Sawiq Qaynuqa Thi Bahran Uhud Asad Nadir 2nd Nejd 2nd Badr Jandal Trench Qurayza Lahyan Mustaliq Treaty Khaybar Fadak Qura Dhat Baqra Mecca Hunayn Autas Ta'if Tabouk The Battle of Badr ( Arabic : غزوة بدر ), fought on Tuesday, 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan , 2 AH in the Islamic calendar ) in the Hejaz region of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia ), was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad 's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish in Mecca . The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention , or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran . All knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad , recorded in written form some time after the battle. There is little evidence outside of these of the battle. There are no descriptions of the battle prior to the 9th Century. Prior to the battle, the Muslims and the Meccans had fought several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624. Badr, however, was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position , Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including the Muslims' chief antagonist Abu Jahl . For the early Muslims the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies among the Meccans. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia, fielding an army three times larger than that of the Muslims. The Muslim victory also signaled to the other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad's position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Muslim participants of Badr 3 Battle 3.1 March to Badr 3.2 Muslim plan 3.3 Meccan plan 3.4 Day of battle 4 Aftermath 4.1 Prisoners 4.2 Executions 4.3 Muslims killed in the Battle of Badr 4.4 Implications 5 Islamic primary sources 5.1 Badr in the Quran 5.2 Hadith literature 5.3 Biographical literature 6 In modern culture 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 9.1 Books and articles 9.2 Online references 10 External links Background Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 CE into the Quraish tribe . After Muhammad 's revelation from Gabriel in 610 until his proclamation of monotheism to the Quraysh,Islam was practiced primarily in secret. The Quraiysh, who traditionally accepted religious practices other than their own, became increasingly more intolerant of the Muslims during the thirteen years of personal attacks against their (the Meccans) religions and gods. In fear for their religion and economic viability, which heavily relied on annual pilgrimages, the Meccans began to mock and disrupt Muhammad's followers . In 622, Muhammad bade many of his followers to migrate from Mecca to the neighboring city of Medina , 320 km (200 mi) north of Mecca. Shortly thereafter, Muhammad himself left for Medina. This migration is referred to as the Hijra . The Quranic Verse 22:39 uttered by Muhammad sometime shortly after the migration permitted Muslims, for the first time, to take up arms in defence. During this period Muhammad employed three broad military strategies against the Meccans. Firstly, to establish peace treaties with the tribes surrounding Medina, especially with those from whom the Meccans could derive most advantage against the Muslims. Secondly, to dispatch small groups to obtain intelligence on the Quraish and their allies and also provide, thereby, an opportunity for those Muslims still living in Mecca to leave with them. Thirdly, to intercept the trade caravans of the Meccans that passed close to Medina and to obstruct their trade route. In September 623, Muhammad himself led a force of 200 in an unsuccessful raid against a large caravan. Shortly thereafter, the Meccans launched their own raid against Medina led by Kurz bin Jabir and fled with livestock belonging to the Muslims. In January 624, Muhammad dispatched a group of eight men to Nakhlah, on the outskirts of Mecca, led by Abdullah bin Jahsh to obtain intelligence on the Quraysh. However, Abdullah bin Jash and his party disguised as Pilgrims with shaved heads, upon being discovered by a Meccan caravan, decided to attack and kill as many of the caravan as possible, resulting in killing one of its men, Amr bin Al-Hadrami, the seizing of its goods and taking two as prisoners. The situation was all the more serious since the killing occurred in the month of Rajab , a truce month sacred to the Meccans in which fighting was prohibited and a clear affront to Arab traditions. Upon their return to Medina, Muhammad initially disapproved of this decision on their part, rebuked them and refused to take any spoil until he claimed to have received revelation (Quran, 2:217) stating that the Meccan persecution was worse than this violation of the sacred month. After his revelation Muhammed took the goods and the prisoners. The Muslims' raids on caravans prompted the Battle of Badr, the first major battle involving a Muslim army. This was the spot where the Meccans had sent their own army to protect their caravans from Muslim raiders. Muslim participants of Badr Main article: List of participants at the Battle of Badr Battle A map of the Badr campaign March to Badr Muhammad's forces included Abu Bakr , Umar , Ali , Hamza , Mus`ab ibn `Umair , Az-Zubair bin Al-' Awwam , Ammar ibn Yasir , and Abu Dharr al-Ghifari . The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel. The future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah , the daughter of Muhammad. Salman the Persian also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man. Many of the Quraishi nobles, including Amr ibn Hishām , Walid ibn Utba , Shaiba, and Umayah ibn Khalaf , joined the Meccan army. Their reasons varied: some were out to protect their financial interests in the caravan; others wanted to avenge Ibn al-Hadrami, the guard killed at Nakhlah; finally, a few must have wanted to take part in what was expected to be an easy victory against the Muslims. Amr ibn Hishām is described as shaming at least one noble, Umayah ibn Khalaf, into joining the expedition. By this time Muhammad's companions were approaching the wells where he planned to either waylay the caravan, or to fight the Meccan army at Badr, along the Syrian trade route where the caravan would be expected to stop or the Meccan army to come for its protection. However, several Muslim scouts were discovered by scouts from the caravan and Abu Sufyan made a hasty turn towards Yanbu . Muslim plan This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . (March 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Behold! Allah Promised you one of the two (enemy) parties, that it should be yours: Ye wished that the one unarmed should be yours, but Allah Willed to justify the Truth according to His Words and to cut off the roots of the Unbelievers; '' -- Quran: Al-Anfal 8:7 `` Behold! Allah Promised Me that He would definitely help me. I'm taking an oath by Allah's Excellent Name, Here will be the grave of Abu Jahl, and here will lay Utba ibn Rabiah (Prophet mentioned 14 different unbeliever leaders' names and signed they graves before the battle). '' -- Muhammad -- Sahih Muslim When the word reached the Muslim army about the departure of the Meccan army, Muhammad immediately called a council of war , since there was still time to retreat and because many of the fighters there were recent converts (called Ansar or `` Helpers'' to distinguish them from the Quraishi Muslims), who had only pledged to defend Medina. Under the terms of the Constitution of Medina , they would have been within their rights to refuse to fight and leave the army. However, according to tradition, they pledged to fight as well, with Sa'd ibn Ubadah declaring, `` If you (Muhammad) order us to plunge our horses into the sea, we would do so.'' So, the Muslims continued to march towards Badr. By 11 March both armies were about a day's march from Badr. Several Muslim warriors (including, according to some sources, Ali ) who had ridden ahead of the main column captured two Meccan water carriers at the Badr wells. Expecting them to say they were with the caravan, the Muslims were horrified to hear them say they were with the main Quraishi army. Template:Wrong number in source Some traditions also say that, upon hearing the names of all the Quraishi nobles accompanying the army, Muhammad exclaimed `` Mecca hath thrown unto you the best morsels of her liver.'' The next day Muhammad ordered a forced march to Badr and arrived before the Meccans. The Badr wells were located on the gentle slope of the eastern side of a valley called `` Yalyal'' . The western side of the valley was hemmed in by a large hill called ' Aqanqal. When the Muslim army arrived from the east, Muhammad initially chose to form his army at the first well he encountered. Hubab ibn al-Mundhir, however, asked him if this choice was divine instruction or Muhammad's own opinion. When Muhammad responded in the latter, Hubab suggested that the Muslims occupy the well closest to the Quraishi army, and block off the other ones. Muhammad accepted this decision and moved right away. Meccan plan `` (The) Arabs will hear how we marched forth and of our mighty gathering, and they will stand in awe of us forever. '' -- Abu Jahl By contrast, while little is known about the progress of the Quraishi army from the time it left Mecca until its arrival just outside Badr, several things are worth noting: although many Arab armies brought their women and children along on campaigns both to motivate and care for the men, the Meccan army did not. Also, the Quraish apparently made little or no effort to contact the many allies they had scattered throughout the Hijaz. Both facts suggest the Quraish lacked the time to prepare for a proper campaign in their haste to protect the caravan. Besides, it is believed they expected an easy victory, knowing they outnumbered the Muslims by three to one. When the Quraishi reached Juhfah , just south of Badr, they received a message from Abu Sufyan telling them the caravan was safely behind them, and that they could therefore return to Mecca. At this point, according to Karen Armstrong , a power struggle broke out in the Meccan army. Abu Jahl wanted to continue, but several of the clans present, including Banu Zuhrah and Banu Adi , promptly went home. Armstrong suggests they may have been concerned about the power that Abu Jahl would gain from crushing the Muslims. The Banu Hashim tribe wanted to leave, but was threatened by Abu Jahl to stay. Despite these losses, Abu Jahl was still determined to fight, boasting `` We will not go back until we have been to Badr.'' During this period, Abu Sufyan and several other men from the caravan joined the main army. Day of battle Further information: List of participants at the Battle of Badr At midnight on 13 March, the Quraish broke camp and marched into the valley of Badr. It had rained the previous day and they struggled to move their horses and camels up the hill of ' Aqanqal. After they descended from ' Aqanqal, the Meccans set up another camp inside the valley. While they rested, they sent out a scout, Umayr ibn Wahb to reconnoitre the Muslim lines. Umayr reported that Muhammad's army was small, and that there were no other Muslim reinforcements which might join the battle. However, he also predicted extremely heavy Quraishi casualties in the event of an attack (One hadith refers to him seeing `` the camels of (Medina) laden with certain death'' ). This further demoralized the Quraish, as Arab battles were traditionally low-casualty affairs, and set off another round of bickering among the Quraishi leadership. However, according to Arab traditions Amr ibn Hishām quashed the remaining dissent by appealing to the Quraishi's sense of honor and demanding that they fulfill their blood vengeance. The death of Abu Jahl, and the casting of the Meccan dead into dry wells The battle began with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat. Three of the Medinan Ansar emerged from the Muslim ranks, only to be shouted back by the Meccans, who were nervous about starting any unnecessary feuds and only wanted to fight the Quraishi Muslims, keeping the dispute within clan. So Hamza approached forward and called on Ubayda and Ali to join him. The Muslims dispatched the Meccan champions in a three-on-three melee. Hamza killed his opponent Utba ibn Rabi'ah ; Ali killed his opponent Walid ibn Utba ; Ubayda was wounded by his opponent Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah , but eventually killed him. So this was a victorious traditional 3 on 3 combat for the Muslims. Now both armies began showering each other with arrows. A few Muslims and an unknown number of Quraish warriors were killed. Before the battle, Muhammad had given orders for the Muslims to attack first with their ranged weapons and only afterword advance to engage the Quraish with melee weapons. Now he gave the order to charge, throwing a handful of pebbles at the Meccans in what was probably a traditional Arabian gesture while yelling `` Defaced be those faces!'' The Muslim army yelled `` Yā manṣūr amit!'' `` O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!'' and rushed the Quraishi lines. The Meccans, understrength and unenthusiastic about fighting, promptly broke and ran. The battle itself only lasted a few hours and was over by the early afternoon. The Quran describes the force of the Muslim attack in many verses, which refer to thousands of angels descending from Heaven at Badr to terrify the Quraish. Muslim sources take this account literally, and there are several hadith where Muhammad discusses the Angel Jibreel and the role he played in the battle. Aftermath Prisoners Part of a series on Islam Beliefs (show) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices (show) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms-giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws (show) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia (law) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Kalam (dialectic) History (show) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society (show) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics (show) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal After the battle Muhammad returned to Medina. Some seventy prisoners were taken captive and are noted to have been treated humanely including a number of Quraish leaders. Most of the prisoners were released upon payment of ransom and those who were literate were released on the condition that they teach ten persons how to read and write and this teaching was to count as their ransom. William Muir wrote of this period: In pursuance of Mahomet's commands, the citizens of Medîna , and such of the Refugees as possessed houses, received the prisoners, and treated them with much consideration. `` Blessings be on the men of Medina!'' said one of these prisoners in later days; `` they made us ride, while they themselves walked: they gave us wheaten bread to eat when there was little of it, contenting themselves with dates. It is not surprising that when, some time afterwards, their friends came to ransom them, several of the prisoners who had been thus received declared themselves adherents of Islam...Their kindly treatment was thus prolonged, and left a favourable impression on the minds even of those who did not at once go over to Islam'' -- William Muir , The Life of Mahomet Executions A painting from Siyer-i Nebi , Ali beheading Nadr ibn al-Harith in the presence of Muhammad and his companions . Two of the prisoners taken at Badr, namely Nadr ibn al-Harith and ' Uqbah ibn Abū Mu'ayṭ are reported to have been executed upon the order of Muhammad. According to Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri , these two captives were executed by Ali . Mubarakpuri says that this incident is also mentioned in the Sunan Abu Dawud no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3/12 However, according to numerous accounts deemed reliable , such as a number of narrations in Sahih Bukhari , and Ibn Sa'd 's biographical compendium, the Tabaqat Al-Kubra , Uqba was not executed but was killed during fighting in the field of battle at Badr and was among those Quraysh leaders whose corpses were buried in a pit. Muslims killed in the Battle of Badr Fourteen Muslims were killed in that battle. Haritha bin Suraqa al-Khazraji Dhush-shimaalayn ibn ' Abdi ' Amr al-Muhajiri Rafi' bin al-Mu'alla al-Khazraji Sa'd bin Khaythama al-Awsi Safwan bin Wahb al-Muhajiri Aaqil bin al-Bukayr al-Muhajiri Ubayda bin al-Harith al-Muhajiri Umayr bin al-Humam al-Khazraji Umayr bin Abi Waqqas al-Muhajiri Awf bin al-Harith al-Khazraji Mubashshir bin ' Abdi'l Mundhir al-Awsi Mu'awwidh bin al-Harith al-Khazraji Mihja' bin Salih al-Muhajiri Yazid bin al-Harith bin Fus.hum al-Khazraji Implications The Battle of Badr was extremely influential in the rise of two men who would determine the course of history on the Arabian peninsula for the next century. The first was Muhammad, who was transformed overnight from a Meccan outcast into a major leader. Marshall Hodgson adds that Badr forced the other Arabs to `` regard the Muslims as challengers and potential inheritors to the prestige and the political role of the (Quraish).'' Shortly thereafter he expelled the Banu Qaynuqa , one of the Jewish tribes at Medina that had been threatening his political position, and who had assaulted a Muslim woman which led to their expulsion for breaking the peace treaty. At the same time Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy , Muhammad's chief opponent in Medina, found his own position seriously weakened. Henceforth, he would only be able to mount limited challenges to Muhammad. The other major beneficiary of the Battle of Badr was Abu Sufyan, safely away from the battle leading the caravan . The death of Amr ibn Hashim, as well as many other Quraishi nobles gave Abu Sufyan the opportunity, almost by default, to become chief of the Quraish . As a result, when Muhammad marched into Mecca six years later, it was Abu Sufyan who helped negotiate its peaceful surrender. Abu Sufyan subsequently became a high-ranking official in the Muslim Empire, and his son Muawiya would later go on to found the Umayyad Caliphate . In later days, the battle of Badr became so significant that Ibn Ishaq included a complete name-by-name roster of the Muslim army in his biography of Muhammad. In many hadiths, veterans who fought at Badr are identified as such as a formality, and they may have even received a stipend in later years. The death of the last of the Badr veterans occurred during the First Islamic civil war . As Paul K. Davis sums up, `` Mohammed's victory confirmed his authority as leader of Islam; by impressing local tribes that joined him, the expansion of Islam began.'' Islamic primary sources The angelic host is sent to assist the Muslims This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . (March 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Badr in the Quran The Battle of Badr is one of the few battles explicitly discussed in the Quran . It is even mentioned by name as part of a comparison with the Battle of Uhud . Quran: Al Imran 3:123-- 125 . `` Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: `` Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? `` Yea, -- if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught.'' According to Abdullah Yusuf Ali , the term `` gratitude'' may be a reference to discipline. At Badr, the Muslim forces had allegedly maintained firm discipline, whereas at Uhud they broke ranks to pursue the Meccans, allowing Meccan cavalry to flank and rout their army. The idea of Badr as a furqan, an Islamic miracle, is mentioned again in the same surah. Quran: Al Imran 3:13 . `` There has already been for you a Sign in the two armies that met (in combat): One was fighting in the cause of Allah, the other resisting Allah; these saw with their own eyes Twice their number. But Allah doth support with His aid whom He pleaseth. In this is a warning for such as have eyes to see.'' Badr is also the subject of Sura 8: Al-Anfal , which details military conduct and operations. `` Al-Anfal'' means `` the spoils'' and is a reference to the post-battle discussion in the Muslim army over how to divide up the plunder from the Quraishi army. Though the Sura does not name Badr, it describes the battle, and several of the verses are commonly thought to have been from or shortly after the battle. Hadith literature This battle is also mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari and Sunan Abu Dawud . Sahih al-Bukhari mentions that Uthman did not join the battle: `` Narrated Ibn ' Umar: ' Uthman did not join the Badr battle because he was married to one of the daughters of Allah's Apostle and she was ill. So, the Prophet said to him. `` You will get a reward and a share (from the war booty) similar to the reward and the share of one who has taken part in the Badr battle.'' Sahih al-Bukhari , 4:53:359 '' It also mentions the war booty that each fighter who participated in the battle received in Sahih al-Bukhari , 5:59:357 . Sahih al-Bukhari , 4:53:369 also mentions how Abu Jahl was killed: `` Narrated ' Abdur-Rahman bin ' Auf: While I was standing in the row on the day (of the battle) of Badr, I looked to my right and my left and saw two young Ansari boys, and I wished I had been stronger than they. One of them called my attention saying, `` O Uncle! Do you know Abu Jahl?'' I said, `` Yes, what do you want from him, O my nephew?'' He said, `` I have been informed that he abuses Allah's Apostle. By Him in Whose Hands my life is, if I should see him, then my body will not leave his body till either of us meet his fate.'' I was astonished at that talk. Then the other boy called my attention saying the same as the other had said. After a while I saw Abu Jahl walking amongst the people. I said (to the boys), `` Look! This is the man you asked me about.'' So, both of them attacked him with their swords and struck him to death and returned to Allah's Apostle to inform him of that. Allah's Apostle asked, `` Which of you has killed him?'' Each of them said, `` I Have killed him.'' Allah's Apostle asked, `` Have you cleaned your swords?'' They said, `` No. '' He then looked at their swords and said, `` No doubt, you both have killed him and the spoils of the deceased will be given to Muadh bin Amr bin Al-Jamuh.'' The two boys were Muadh bin ' Afra and Muadh bin Amr bin Al-Jamuh. Sahih al-Bukhari , 4:53:369 '' It is also mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sunan Abu Dawood , 14:2716 Biographical literature The incident is also mentioned in Ibn Ishaq 's biography of Muhammad. In modern culture `` Badr'' has become popular among Muslim armies and paramilitary organizations. `` Operation Badr '' was used to describe Egypt 's offensive in the 1973 Yom Kippur War as well as Pakistan 's actions in the 1999 Kargil War . Iranian offensive operations against Iraq in the late 1980s were also named after Badr. During the 2011 Libyan civil war , the rebel leadership stated that they selected the date of the assault on Tripoli to be the 20th of Ramadan, marking the anniversary of the Battle of Badr. The Battle of Badr was featured in the 1976 film The Message , the 2004 animated movie Muhammad: The Last Prophet , and the 2012 TV series Omar . See also Book: Military career of Muhammad Islamic military jurisprudence Military career of Muhammad Pre-Islamic Arabia List of expeditions of Muhammad Footnotes Jump up ^ Quraish refers to the tribe in control of Mecca. The plural and adjective are Quraishi. The terms `` Quraishi'' and `` Meccan'' are used interchangeably between the Hijra in 622 and the Muslim Conquest of Mecca in 630. Jump up ^ The development of exegesis in early Islam: the authenticity of Muslim ... By Herbert Berg. Jump up ^ The Sealed Nectar, p. 274 Jump up ^ Noor Muhammad, Farkhanda. `` Islamiat'' . Fifth Revised Edition, 2008, p. 61 Jump up ^ Dr. Iftikhar ul Haq and Maulvi Jahangir.`` O' Level Islamiyat (Endorsed by CIE)'' , Bookland Publishers, 2008, p. 74 Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 167 Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham (326-- 328) Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq 299-- 301 Jump up ^ Nigosian, S.A. (2004). Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices . Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 10. ISBN 0-253-21627-3 . Retrieved 2016-03-16 . Jump up ^ Quran 22:39 Jump up ^ The Life of Muḥammad : A Translation of ibn Isḥāq 's Sīrat Rasul Allāh with introduction & notes by Alfred Guillaume, Oxford University Press, 1955, pp. 281-- 86 Jump up ^ Mirza Bashir Ahmad. `` The Life and Character of the Seal of Prophets'' , Volume II Islam International Publications, 2013, pp. 89-- 92 Jump up ^ Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) at the Wayback Machine Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 425 Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī , Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk , volume 3, p. 14, Lebanon, Bihī Dārul -Fikr , 2nd ed., (2002) Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 424-- 425 Jump up ^ Quran 2:217 Jump up ^ The Life of Muḥammad : A Translation of ibn Isḥāq 's Sīrat Rasul Allāh with introduction & notes by Alfred Guillaume, Oxford University Press, 1955, pp. 287-- 88 Jump up ^ Hodgson, pp. 174-- 75. Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 424-- 426 Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 428 Jump up ^ Ibn Kathir v. II p. 253 Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 138-- 39 Jump up ^ `` Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 4, Book 53, Number 359'' . Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Witness-pioneer.org'' . Witness-pioneer.org. 16 September 2002. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin Lings, pp. 139-- 40. Jump up ^ `` Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 286'' . Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq says that Abu Sufyan himself rode ahead to reconnoiter the area and discovered the Muslim scouts via the dates left in their camels' droppings Jump up ^ Martin Lings, p. 140 ^ Jump up to: `` Sahih Muslim: Book 19, Number 4394'' . Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin Lings, p. 142 Jump up ^ Lings, p. 154. Jump up ^ Lings, p. 142. Jump up ^ Armstrong, p. 174 Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 142-- 43. Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 143-- 44. Jump up ^ Armstrong, pp. 174-- 75. Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 144-- 146. ^ Jump up to: Armstrong, p. 176. ^ Jump up to: Lings, p. 148. Jump up ^ `` O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!'' Jump up ^ Quran: Al-i-Imran 3:123-- 125 . `` Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: `` Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? `` Yea, -- if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught.'' Jump up ^ `` Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 52, Number 252'' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Narrated Jabir bin ' Abdullah: When it was the day (of the battle) of Badr, prisoners of war were brought including Al-Abbas who was undressed. The Prophet looked for a shirt for him. It was found that the shirt of ' Abdullah bin Ubai would do, so the Prophet let him wear it. That was the reason why the Prophet took off and gave his own shirt to ' Abdullah. (The narrator adds, `` He had done the Prophet some favor for which the Prophet liked to reward him.'' ) ^ Jump up to: Muir, William (1861). The Life of Mahomet (Volume 3 ed.). London: Smith, Elder and Co. p. 122 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ William Muir (1861). `` The Life of Mahomet: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet, and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia'' . London: Smith, Elder and Co. p. ix . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ The Life of Muhammad The Prophet Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version) , p. 129 Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari : Volume 1, Book 4, Number 241 Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari : Volume 1, Book 9, Number 499 Jump up ^ Al Tabaqat-al-Kubra, Muhammad Ibn Sa'd , Volume 2, p. 260, ghazwatul Badr, Darul Ihya'it -Turathil-' Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon, First Edition, (1996) Jump up ^ Hodgson, pp. 176-- 78. Jump up ^ Including the elderly Abu Lahab , who was not at Badr but died within days of the army's return. Jump up ^ `` Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 357'' . Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Sahih Al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 358 Archived 16 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 95-- 96. Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham ; Ibn Ishaq (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq 's Sīrat rasūl Allāh . Translated by Alfred Guillaume . Oxford University Press. p. 304 . Retrieved 2016-03-16 . Jump up ^ Wright, Robin (1989). In the name of God: The Khomeini decade . New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 133. ISBN 9780671672355 . Jump up ^ Laub, Karin (21 August 2011). `` Libyan Rebels Say They Are Closing In on Tripoli'' . Associated Press (via The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ). Retrieved 21 August 2011. References Books and articles Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1987). The Holy Qur'an : Text, Translation & Commentary . Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an ; Reissue edition. ISBN 0-940368-32-3 . Armstrong, Karen (1992). Muhmmad: Biography of the Prophet . HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-250886-5 . Crone, Patricia (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam . Blackwell. Hodgson, Marshall (1974). The Venture of Islam: The Classical Age of Islam . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0-226-34683-8 . Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources . Inner Traditions International. ISBN 0-89281-170-6 . Mubarakpuri, Safi-ul-Raḥmān (2002). Ar-Raheeq Al Makhtum: The Sealed Nectar . Darussalam. ISBN 9960-899-55-1 . Retrieved 2016-03-16 . Nicolle, David (1993). Armies of the Muslim Conquest . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1-85532-279-X . Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet . United States of America: Oxford University Press . ISBN 0-19-530880-8 . Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina . Oxford University Press. Online references `` Translation of Malik's Muwatta'' . USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved September 2010 . Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) `` Translation of Sahih Muslim'' . USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved September 2010 . Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) `` Translation of Sahih al-Bukhari'' . USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved September 2010 . Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) `` Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud'' . USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved September 2010 . Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Battle of Badr Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Badr . Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Holy Qur'an /Al-Anfal Battle of Badr, 17th Ramadan 624 A.D Badr at IslamAnswers.Net The first battle of Islam at Badr : Islamic Occasions Network Tafsir (Sura 8: verse 11 to 18) -- Battle of Badr : Analysis of Qur'anic verses by Irshaad Hussain. People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters Non-humans Allâh (`` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran Beings in Jannah ( Paradise , literally ' Garden ' ) Ghilman & Wildan Houri Zaqqum Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud-hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqaṫ (she- camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians) Non-related Ḥimār (domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah (' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Jinns Iblīs the Devil Ifrit Marid Qareen Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al-Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl -Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs ( Enoch ?) Ilyās (Elijah) ' Imrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Is-ḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al-Wa'd (Fulfiller of the Promise) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab ?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David) ' Uzair (Ezra?) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrâ'îl (Israel) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn -Nūn (`` He of the Fish (or Whale )'' or `` Owner of the Fish (or Whale)'' ) Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūṫ (`` Companion of the Whale'' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu-l-' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl -Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ?) Luqmân Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭâlûṫ ( Saul or Gideon ?) Implied Ermia/Jeremiah Ṣamû'îl ( Samuel ) Yusha' ibn Nūn /Joshua (companion and successor of Musa) People of Prophets Mentioned evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah ) Fir'aun (Pharaoh of Moses) Hāmān Jâlûṫ (Goliath) Qarun/Korah (cousin of Musa/Moses) As-Sāmirī Abu Lahab Specified good ones Zechariah's wife Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Women of Moses Moses' mother Sister Wife Sister-in-law Isaac's mother Zayd Non-specified good ones Abiona/Amtelai daughter of Karnebo (mother of Ibrahim) Bathsheba (wife of Dawud, mother of Sulayman) Hājar /Hagar (wife of Ibrahim, mother of Isma'il ) Hannah/Anne daughter of Faquz (mother of Maryam, wife of Imran) Imran/Amram (father of Musa) Lamech (father of Nuh) Rāhil /Rachel (wife of Ya'qub , mother of Yūsuf ) Rahma/ Dinah (wife of Ayyub) Shamkha bint Anush/Betenos (mother of Nuh) Son of Luqman Implied Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah (wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya (vizier and successor of Sulayman) Bilquis (Queen of Saba/Sheba) Believer of Fir'aun Family (Hizbil/Hizqil ibn Sabura) Benyamin/Benjamin Habib the Carpenter (believer of Ya-Sin) Kaleb/Caleb (companion of Yusha' ) Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas/Simon Peter Abrahah Bal'am /Balaam Barsisa Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar (Al-Aziz) Shaddad Simeon (son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Valid ibn Rayyan (king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleikha (wife of al-Aziz) Groups Mentioned Aş -ḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aş -ḥāb as-Sabṫ (Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah's Ark Aş -ḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of the City (People of Ya-Sin) People of Yathrib or Medina Folk of Dawud Folk of Lut Folk of Musa and Harun Nation of Nuh Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins) ' Ād (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba' (People of Tubba ) People of Saba' /Sheba Quraysh Thamûd (people of Saleh ) Aṣ -ḥâb al-Ḥijr (`` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) Ajam Ar- Rûm (literally `` The Romans '' ) Banî Isrâ'îl (Children of Israel) Mu'ṫafikāṫ (The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣ -ḥāb al-Aykah (`` Companions of the Wood'' ) Qawm Yûnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj /Gog and Magog Ahl al-Bayṫ (`` People of the Household'' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham's nephew Lot (Ritha, Za'ura , et al.) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣ -ḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun (Emigrants) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally ' Helpers' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil (wife of Abu Lahab) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil/Cain (son of Adam) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah /Waala (wife of Nuh) Walihah or Wahilah (wife of Lut) Yam or Kan'an (son of Nuh) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl al-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-dhimmah (Dhimmi) Kâfirûn (Infidels) Zoroastrians Munafiqun ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book (Ahl al-Kiṫāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian (s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al-Arḍ Al-Mubārakah (`` The Land The Blessed'' ) Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah (`` The Land The Holy'' ) In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan) Al-Aḥqāf (`` The Sandy Plains,'' or `` the Wind-curved Sand-hills'' ) Iram dhāṫ al-' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al- Madīnah (formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāṫ Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwah Saba' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass In Mesopotamia : Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan (`` Place-of-Landing Blessed'' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryaṫ Yūnus (`` Township of Jonah ,'' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma' al-Bahrain Miṣr (Mainland Egypt ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al-Wādil -Ayman (The valley on the ' righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Mu'tafikat (Sodom) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn Bayt al-Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al-Nadwa Al- Ḥijāz (literally `` The Barrier'' ) Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Religious locations Bay'a (Church) Mihrab Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al-Mash'ar Al-Ḥarām (`` The Monument the Sacred'' ) Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā ( Al-Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Place-of-Prostration The Farthest'' ) Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubâ ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Al- Injîl (The Gospel of Jesus) Al- Qur'ân (The book of Muhammad) Ṣuḥuf -i Ibrâhîm (Scroll(s) of Abraham) Aṫ - Ṫawrâṫ (The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf -i-Mûsâ (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Az- Zabûr (The Psalms of David) Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al-Sakina (Casket of Shekhinah) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols (cult images) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites: Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah's people: Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh: Lāt Manāṫ ' Uzza Jibt and Taghut Events Battle of al-Aḥzāb (`` the Confederates'' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al-Mabit Mubahala Sayl al-' Arim (Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba) The Farewell Pilgrimage (Hujja al-Wada' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al-Qaza Yawm al-Dār Implied The event of Ghadir Khumm Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship) Coordinates : 23° 44′ N 38° 46′ E / 23.733° N 38.767° E / 23.733; 38.767 GND : 4428873-6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Badr&oldid=814879059 '' Categories : 624 in Asia Campaigns led by Muhammad Battles of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah Battle of Badr Angelic apparitions Muhammad in Medina Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles containing Arabic-language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 CS1 errors: dates Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Acèh Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017, at 13:22. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -8737683348979743539 |
grey's anatomy season 2 ep 6 music | Due to positive fan reception , Monica Keena would return again as Bonnie Crasnoff , despite her character 's death , in Season 3 , Episode 17 , `` Some Kind of Miracle , '' as a ghost while Meredith Grey was in purgatory . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for television . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Into You Like a Train '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for television . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Into You Like a Train '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for television . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Into You Like a Train '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for television . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Into You Like a Train '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"`` Into You Like a Train '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 6 Directed by Jeff Melman Written by Krista Vernoff Production code 201 Original air date October 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 30 ) ( ABC ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Kate Walsh as Dr. Addison Montgomery Monica Keena as Bonnie Crasnoff Bruce A. Young as Tom Maynard Kym Whitley as Yvonne Cynthia Ettinger as Jana Juliette Jeffers as Mary Michelle Arthur as Brooke Steven W. Bailey as Joe Episode chronology ← Previous `` Bring the Pain '' Next → `` Something to Talk About '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 2 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes",
"`` Into You Like a Train ''",
"Grey 's Anatomy episode",
"Episode no . Season 2 Episode 6",
"Directed by Jeff Melman",
"Written by Krista Vernoff",
"Production code 201",
"Original air date October 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 30 ) ( ABC )",
"Running time 43 minutes",
"Guest appearance ( s )",
"Kate Walsh as Dr. Addison Montgomery Monica Keena as Bonnie Crasnoff Bruce A. Young as Tom Maynard Kym Whitley as Yvonne Cynthia Ettinger as Jana Juliette Jeffers as Mary Michelle Arthur as Brooke Steven W. Bailey as Joe",
"Kate Walsh as Dr. Addison Montgomery Monica Keena as Bonnie Crasnoff Bruce A. Young as Tom Maynard Kym Whitley as Yvonne Cynthia Ettinger as Jana Juliette Jeffers as Mary Michelle Arthur as Brooke Steven W. Bailey as Joe",
"Episode chronology",
"← Previous `` Bring the Pain '' Next → `` Something to Talk About ''",
"← Previous `` Bring the Pain '' Next → `` Something to Talk About ''",
"← Previous `` Bring the Pain '' Next → `` Something to Talk About ''",
"Grey 's Anatomy ( season 2 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes",
"`` Into You Like a Train '' is the sixth episode of the second season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's fifteenth episode overall . The episode , which would have originally served as the season two premiere , was written by Krista Vernoff and directed by Jeff Melman . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on October 30 , 2005 . Vernoff received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . The episode 's title refers to a song by The Psychedelic Furs from their Talk Talk Talk album . The track was also covered by the band Jawbreaker as bonus track for their Dear You album 2004 reissue .",
"As Meredith nervously awaits a final decision from Derek , her fear is interrupted when a train crash brings several seriously injured patients to the hospital , including Bonnie and Tom , a pair of passengers who 've been impaled on a metal pole . The only way to remove the pole from these two is a very risky surgery where one of the two must be slid back on the pole , more than likely causing them to die . Tom , an older man in his 50s , offers to give his life to save Bonnie because he is older and has had a shot at living . Bonnie , an attractive woman in her late 20s , is engaged to be married and waiting for her fiancé to arrive at the hospital . Since Bonnie 's injuries are determined to be worse than Tom 's , she is the one chosen to be moved on the pole . All the doctors involved in the surgery promise they will do everything they can to try and save both Bonnie and Tom . In surgery , after being removed from the pole , Bonnie begins to crash . Doctors work on her only for a short time before they deem her `` unsavable '' and turn to help Tom , who has a greater chance of living . As the doctors move to Tom , Meredith stays by the dying Bonnie saying `` What about her ? We ca n't just abandon her ! '' This particular situation parallels Meredith 's situation with Derek . She feels that she has just been dropped when Derek returns to his unfaithful wife . At the emergency department , Alex is doing sutures but eventually fails to notice a woman bleeding internally which leads to her death . In the mean time , Addison Shepherd sees great potential in Izzie , who must decide whether her loyalty as Meredith 's friend outweighs professional gain .",
"`` Blood and Peanut Butter '' - B.C. Camplight `` Back Where I Was '' - The Hereafter `` The City Lights '' - Umbrellas `` Today Has Been Okay '' - Emilíana Torrini",
"`` Blood and Peanut Butter '' - B.C. Camplight",
"`` Back Where I Was '' - The Hereafter",
"`` The City Lights '' - Umbrellas",
"`` Today Has Been Okay '' - Emilíana Torrini",
"The episode received universal acclaim at its initial airing and critics have referred to it as the best episode of the show at numerous occasions . The A.V. Club included in November 2009 `` Into You Like a Train '' on its list of the best TV episodes of the decade , noting that in this episode `` the show turned melodramatic excess into great , goofy fun . '' Variety listed the episode in its top 10 most bizarre medical maladies encountered in the series .",
"Outside US the episode also received huge praise Indielondon wrote , `` What makes Into You Like A Train such a compelling episode is the way it manipulates your emotions -- you 'll laugh , cry and feel like screaming at the TV . '' and added that , `` There 's no denying the brilliance of the episode . It 's provocative viewing that forces you to have an opinion whilse becoming emotionally involved with its characters . You 'll love and hate it in equal measure -- and that can only be a good thing ! ''",
"The reviews remained largely positive with time and the episode has been referred to as one of the best of the show numerous times . Later in 2013 , The A.V. Club again reaffirmed the episode as `` the best single episode the show ever produced ''",
"Due to positive fan reception , Monica Keena would return again as Bonnie Crasnoff , despite her character 's death , in Season 3 , Episode 17 , `` Some Kind of Miracle , '' as a ghost while Meredith Grey was in purgatory ."
] | Into You Like a Train - Wikipedia Into You Like a Train This article is about the Grey's Anatomy episode. For the Psychedelic Furs ' , see Talk Talk Talk . hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for television . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources: `` Into You Like a Train'' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR (March 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 6th episode of the second season of Grey's Anatomy `` Into You Like a Train '' Grey's Anatomy episode Episode no. Season 2 Episode 6 Directed by Jeff Melman Written by Krista Vernoff Production code 201 Original air date October 30, 2005 ( 2005-10-30 ) ( ABC ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance(s) Kate Walsh as Dr. Addison Montgomery Monica Keena as Bonnie Crasnoff Bruce A. Young as Tom Maynard Kym Whitley as Yvonne Cynthia Ettinger as Jana Juliette Jeffers as Mary Michelle Arthur as Brooke Steven W. Bailey as Joe Episode chronology ← Previous `` Bring the Pain '' Next → `` Something to Talk About '' Grey's Anatomy (season 2) List of Grey's Anatomy episodes `` Into You Like a Train '' is the sixth episode of the second season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy , and the show's fifteenth episode overall. The episode, which would have originally served as the season two premiere, was written by Krista Vernoff and directed by Jeff Melman . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on October 30, 2005. Vernoff received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . The episode's title refers to a song by The Psychedelic Furs from their Talk Talk Talk album. The track was also covered by the band Jawbreaker as bonus track for their Dear You album 2004 reissue. Contents 1 Plot 2 Music 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) As Meredith nervously awaits a final decision from Derek, her fear is interrupted when a train crash brings several seriously injured patients to the hospital, including Bonnie and Tom, a pair of passengers who've been impaled on a metal pole. The only way to remove the pole from these two is a very risky surgery where one of the two must be slid back on the pole, more than likely causing them to die. Tom, an older man in his 50s, offers to give his life to save Bonnie because he is older and has had a shot at living. Bonnie, an attractive woman in her late 20s, is engaged to be married and waiting for her fiancé to arrive at the hospital. Since Bonnie's injuries are determined to be worse than Tom's , she is the one chosen to be moved on the pole. All the doctors involved in the surgery promise they will do everything they can to try and save both Bonnie and Tom. In surgery, after being removed from the pole, Bonnie begins to crash. Doctors work on her only for a short time before they deem her `` unsavable'' and turn to help Tom, who has a greater chance of living. As the doctors move to Tom, Meredith stays by the dying Bonnie saying `` What about her? We can't just abandon her!'' This particular situation parallels Meredith's situation with Derek. She feels that she has just been dropped when Derek returns to his unfaithful wife. At the emergency department, Alex is doing sutures but eventually fails to notice a woman bleeding internally which leads to her death. In the mean time, Addison Shepherd sees great potential in Izzie, who must decide whether her loyalty as Meredith's friend outweighs professional gain. Music ( edit ) `` Blood and Peanut Butter'' - B.C. Camplight `` Back Where I Was'' - The Hereafter `` The City Lights'' - Umbrellas `` Today Has Been Okay'' - Emilíana Torrini Reception ( edit ) The episode received universal acclaim at its initial airing and critics have referred to it as the best episode of the show at numerous occasions. The A.V. Club included in November 2009 `` Into You Like a Train'' on its list of the best TV episodes of the decade, noting that in this episode `` the show turned melodramatic excess into great, goofy fun.'' Variety listed the episode in its top 10 most bizarre medical maladies encountered in the series. Outside US the episode also received huge praise Indielondon wrote, `` What makes Into You Like A Train such a compelling episode is the way it manipulates your emotions -- you'll laugh, cry and feel like screaming at the TV.'' and added that, `` There's no denying the brilliance of the episode. It's provocative viewing that forces you to have an opinion whilse becoming emotionally involved with its characters. You'll love and hate it in equal measure -- and that can only be a good thing!'' The reviews remained largely positive with time and the episode has been referred to as one of the best of the show numerous times. Later in 2013, The A.V. Club again reaffirmed the episode as `` the best single episode the show ever produced'' Due to positive fan reception, Monica Keena would return again as Bonnie Crasnoff, despite her character's death, in Season 3, Episode 17, `` Some Kind of Miracle,'' as a ghost while Meredith Grey was in purgatory. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd (November 12, 2009). `` The best TV episodes of the decade (from shows not on any of our other lists)'' . The A.V. Club . The Onion, Inc . Retrieved October 13, 2012 . Jump up ^ Angulo Chen, Sandie (May 6, 2009). `` ' Grey's ' most bizzarre medical maladies'' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 13, 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.indielondon.co.uk/DVD-Review/greys-anatomy-season-2-into-you-like-a-train Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/article/sure-igreys-anatomyi-was-a-big-hit-but-was-it-good-99320 External links ( edit ) `` Into You Like a Train'' on IMDb `` Into You Like a Train'' at TV.com hide Grey's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin' and Hopin' '' `` Didn't We Almost Have It All? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody's Watchin' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going, Going, Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear (of the Unknown) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Don't Let's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Season 15 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_You_Like_a_Train&oldid=832855884 '' Categories : 2005 American television episodes Grey's Anatomy episodes Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with topics of unclear notability from March 2011 All articles with topics of unclear notability Television articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes TV.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 10:50 (UTC) . About Wikipedia | 3750682257626213981 |
the outermost layer of the kidney is called the | The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney , and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney . The adipose capsule is sometimes included in the structure of the renal capsule . It provides some protection from trauma and damage . The renal capsule is surrounded by the renal fascia . Overlying the renal fascia and between this and the transverse fascia is a region of pararenal fat . | [
[
"renal capsule"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Renal capsule 1 . Parenchyma 2 . Cortex 3 . Medulla 4 . Adipose capsule 5 . Renal capsule 6 . Ureter 7 . Renal pelvis 8 . Renal artery and Renal vein 9 . Renal hilum 10 . Calyx Transverse section , showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney . Details System Urinary system Identifiers Latin Capsula fibrosa renis Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"Renal capsule",
"1 . Parenchyma 2 . Cortex 3 . Medulla 4 . Adipose capsule 5 . Renal capsule 6 . Ureter 7 . Renal pelvis 8 . Renal artery and Renal vein 9 . Renal hilum 10 . Calyx",
"1 . Parenchyma 2 . Cortex 3 . Medulla 4 . Adipose capsule 5 . Renal capsule 6 . Ureter 7 . Renal pelvis 8 . Renal artery and Renal vein 9 . Renal hilum 10 . Calyx",
"1 . Parenchyma",
"2 . Cortex",
"3 . Medulla",
"4 . Adipose capsule",
"5 . Renal capsule",
"6 . Ureter",
"7 . Renal pelvis",
"8 . Renal artery and Renal vein",
"9 . Renal hilum",
"10 . Calyx",
"Transverse section , showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney .",
"Details",
"System Urinary system",
"Identifiers",
"Latin Capsula fibrosa renis",
"Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney , and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney . The adipose capsule is sometimes included in the structure of the renal capsule . It provides some protection from trauma and damage . The renal capsule is surrounded by the renal fascia . Overlying the renal fascia and between this and the transverse fascia is a region of pararenal fat .",
"The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order ( moving from innermost to outermost ) :",
"renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule adipose capsule of kidney ( or perirenal fat , or perinephric fat ) renal fascia pararenal fat ( or `` paranephric fat '' ) peritoneum ( anteriorly ) , and transverse fascia ( posteriorly ) .",
"adipose capsule of kidney ( or perirenal fat , or perinephric fat )",
"pararenal fat ( or `` paranephric fat '' )",
"peritoneum ( anteriorly ) , and transverse fascia ( posteriorly ) .",
"The adipose capsule of the kidney also known as the perirenal fat , may be regarded as a part of the renal capsule ."
] | Renal capsule - wikipedia Renal capsule Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with glomerular capsule . Renal capsule 1. Parenchyma 2. Cortex 3. Medulla 4. Adipose capsule 5. Renal capsule 6. Ureter 7. Renal pelvis 8. Renal artery and Renal vein 9. Renal hilum 10. Calyx Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney. Details System Urinary system Identifiers Latin Capsula fibrosa renis Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney , and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney . The adipose capsule is sometimes included in the structure of the renal capsule. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. The renal capsule is surrounded by the renal fascia . Overlying the renal fascia and between this and the transverse fascia is a region of pararenal fat . The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule adipose capsule of kidney (or perirenal fat, or perinephric fat) renal fascia pararenal fat (or `` paranephric fat'' ) peritoneum (anteriorly), and transverse fascia (posteriorly). Contents ( hide ) 1 Adipose capsule 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Adipose capsule ( edit ) The adipose capsule of the kidney also known as the perirenal fat, may be regarded as a part of the renal capsule. See also ( edit ) Renal medulla Renal pyramid Renal artery Renal vein References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Squire, Larry (2013). Fundamental neuroscience (4th ed. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 315. ISBN 9780123858702 . CS1 maint: Extra text ( link ) External links ( edit ) Anatomy image: urogen/dissectkidney2 at Human Anatomy Lecture (Biology 129), Pennsylvania State University figures/chapter_29/29-5.HTM : Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical School ( hide ) Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renal_capsule&oldid=825190522 '' Categories : Kidney anatomy Hidden categories: Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint: Extra text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Eesti Español فارسی Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018, at 00:16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -7125765339227485363 |
when did brazil organize its first world cup | Year Host Continent Winner 1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay 1934 Italy Europe Italy 1938 France Europe Italy 1942 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Cancelled due to World War II 1950 Brazil South America Uruguay 1954 Switzerland Europe West Germany 1958 Sweden Europe Brazil 1962 Chile South America Brazil 1966 England Europe England 1970 Mexico North America Brazil West Germany Europe West Germany 1978 Argentina South America Argentina 1982 Spain Europe Italy 1986 Mexico North America Argentina 1990 Italy Europe West Germany 1994 United States North America Brazil 1998 France Europe France 2002 South Korea / Japan Asia Brazil 2006 Germany Europe Italy South Africa Africa Spain 2014 Brazil South America Germany 2018 Russia Europe 2022 Qatar Asia 2026 TBD 2030 TBD | [
[
"1950"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Sixteen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition 's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930 . The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments , given the three - week boat journey between South America and Europe , the two centers of strength in football at the time .",
"The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these , the 1938 FIFA World Cup , in France was controversial , as the South American countries had been led to understand that the World Cup would rotate between the two continents .",
"Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the tournament . The first tournament following World War II , held in Brazil in 1950 , had three teams withdraw due to either financial problems or disagreements with the organization .",
"To avoid any future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternation between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Asia . The system evolved so that the host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council ( former Executive Committee ) . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament , though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament .",
"Only Mexico , Italy , France , Germany ( West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup ) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions . Mexico City 's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals . Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host , being split between Japan and South Korea .",
"Year Host Continent Winner 1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay 1934 Italy Europe Italy 1938 France Europe Italy 1942 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Cancelled due to World War II 1950 Brazil South America Uruguay 1954 Switzerland Europe West Germany 1958 Sweden Europe Brazil 1962 Chile South America Brazil 1966 England Europe England 1970 Mexico North America Brazil West Germany Europe West Germany 1978 Argentina South America Argentina 1982 Spain Europe Italy 1986 Mexico North America Argentina 1990 Italy Europe West Germany 1994 United States North America Brazil 1998 France Europe France 2002 South Korea / Japan Asia Brazil 2006 Germany Europe Italy South Africa Africa Spain 2014 Brazil South America Germany 2018 Russia Europe 2022 Qatar Asia 2026 TBD 2030 TBD",
"Year Host Continent Winner",
"1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay",
"1934 Italy Europe Italy",
"1938 France Europe Italy",
"1942 Cancelled due to World War II",
"1946 Cancelled due to World War II",
"1950 Brazil South America Uruguay",
"1954 Switzerland Europe West Germany",
"1958 Sweden Europe Brazil",
"1962 Chile South America Brazil",
"1966 England Europe England",
"1970 Mexico North America Brazil",
"West Germany Europe West Germany",
"1978 Argentina South America Argentina",
"1982 Spain Europe Italy",
"1986 Mexico North America Argentina",
"1990 Italy Europe West Germany",
"1994 United States North America Brazil",
"1998 France Europe France",
"2002 South Korea / Japan Asia Brazil",
"2006 Germany Europe Italy",
"South Africa Africa Spain",
"2014 Brazil South America Germany",
"2018 Russia Europe",
"2022 Qatar Asia",
"2026 TBD",
"2030 TBD",
"Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay",
"Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first - ever World Cup host , a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay . The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew , followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy . Then both Italy and Spain withdrew , in favour of the only remaining candidate , Uruguay . The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona , Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision , and Uruguay was chosen without a vote .",
"Uruguay Italy withdrew Spain withdrew Sweden withdrew Netherlands withdrew Hungary withdrew",
"Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay . For that reason , the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario .",
"Italy Sweden",
"Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote , allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup . The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm , Sweden and Zürich , Switzerland on 14 May 1932 . The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932 .",
"Italy Sweden withdrew",
"Argentina France Germany",
"Without any nations withdrawing their bids before the vote , the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin , Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host of the World Cup . Electing France took only one ballot , as France had more than half of the votes in the first round .",
"France , 19 votes Argentina , 4 votes Germany , 0 votes",
"France , 19 votes",
"Argentina , 4 votes",
"Germany , 0 votes",
"Bids for 1942 :",
"Argentina Brazil Germany",
"Cancelled FIFA election of the host due to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 .",
"Bids for 1946 :",
"none",
"Brazil",
"Brazil , Argentina , and Germany had official bid for the 1942 World Cup , but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II . The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949 , but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg , the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950 .",
"Brazil",
"Switzerland",
"The 1951 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946 , the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup , in Luxembourg City . On 27 July , the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals for three years , deciding it should take place in 1954 .",
"Switzerland",
"Sweden",
"Argentina , Chile , Mexico , and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament . Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals . Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950 .",
"Sweden",
"Argentina Chile West Germany",
"West Germany withdrew before the vote , which took place in Lisbon , Portugal on 10 June 1956 , leaving two remaining bids . In one round of voting , Chile won over Argentina .",
"Chile , 32 votes Argentina , 11 votes West Germany withdrew",
"Chile , 32 votes",
"Argentina , 11 votes",
"West Germany withdrew",
"England West Germany Spain",
"Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress , held in Rome , Italy on 22 August 1960 . Again , there was only one round of voting , with England defeating West Germany for the hosting position .",
"England , 34 votes West Germany , 27 votes Spain withdrew",
"England , 34 votes",
"West Germany , 27 votes",
"Argentina Australia Colombia Japan Mexico Peru",
"The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo , Japan on 8 October 1964 . One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina .",
"Mexico , 56 votes Argentina , 32 votes Australia withdrew Colombia withdrew Japan withdrew Peru withdrew",
"Mexico , 56 votes",
"Argentina , 32 votes",
"Three hosts for the 1974 , 1978 , and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London , England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress . Spain and West Germany , both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups , agreed to give one another a hosting job . Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process , essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot . Mexico , who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior , agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position .",
"West Germany Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties Italy withdrew Netherlands withdrew",
"Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties",
"Argentina Colombia withdrew Mexico withdrew , as they had won hosting for World Cup 1970",
"Mexico withdrew , as they had won hosting for World Cup 1970",
"Spain West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties Italy withdrew",
"West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties",
"Colombia",
"Host voting , handled by the then - FIFA Executive Committee ( or Exco ) , met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid .",
"Colombia",
"However , Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup due to financial problems on 5 November 1982 , less than four years before the event was to start . A call for bids was sent out again , and FIFA received intent from three nations :",
"Canada Mexico United States",
"In Zürich on 20 May 1983 , Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee , for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history ( except those nations who bid unopposed ) .",
"Mexico unanimous vote United States 0 votes Canada 0 votes",
"Mexico unanimous vote",
"United States 0 votes",
"Canada 0 votes",
"Austria England France Greece Iran Italy Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia",
"Except Italy and the Soviet Union , all nations withdrew before the vote , which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984 . Once again , only one round of voting was required , as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union .",
"Italy , 11 votes Soviet Union , 5 votes Austria withdrew England withdrew France withdrew Greece withdrew Iran withdrew West Germany withdrew Yugoslavia withdrew",
"Italy , 11 votes",
"Soviet Union , 5 votes",
"West Germany withdrew",
"Brazil Morocco United States Chile",
"Despite having three nations bidding for host duties , voting only took one round . The vote was held in Zürich ( for the third straight time ) on 4 July 1988 . The United States won the bid by receiving a little over half of the votes by the Exco members .",
"United States , 10 votes Morocco , 7 votes Brazil , 2 votes Chile withdrew",
"United States , 10 votes",
"Morocco , 7 votes",
"Brazil , 2 votes",
"England France Germany Morocco Switzerland",
"This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992 . Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco .",
"France , 12 votes Morocco , 7 votes Switzerland withdrew England withdrew Germany withdrew",
"France , 12 votes",
"Morocco , 7 votes",
"South Korea / Japan Mexico",
"South Korea / Japan",
"On 31 May 1996 , the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time . A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea , and the bid was `` voted by acclamation '' , an oral vote without ballots . The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved , edging out Mexico .",
"South Korea / Japan ( joint bid , voted by acclamation ) Mexico",
"South Korea / Japan ( joint bid , voted by acclamation )",
"The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan ( the final was held in Japan ) . Initially , the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process . But just before the vote , they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event . However , the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems . FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again , and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids .",
"Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa",
"On 6 July 2000 , the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich . Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote , and the field was narrowed to four . This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required . Three votes were eventually needed . Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes , and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention ( see below ) .",
"Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Germany 10 11 12 South Africa 6 11 11 England 5 Eliminated Morocco Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 23 24 23",
"Nation Vote",
"Round 1 Round 2 Round 3",
"Germany 10 11 12",
"South Africa 6 11 11",
"England 5 Eliminated",
"Morocco Eliminated Eliminated",
"Total votes 23 24 23",
"The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice . The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa , who had been favorites to win . New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey , who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation , abstained from voting at the last minute . If he had voted for the South African bid , the tally would have been 12 -- 12 , giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter , who , it was widely believed , would then have voted for South Africa .",
"Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday , the night before the vote , promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany . He argued that the pressure from all sides including `` an attempt to bribe '' him had become too much for him .",
"On 4 August 2000 , consequently , FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations . This was until October 2007 , during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy ( see below ) .",
"Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia / Libya",
"Tunisia / Libya",
"The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation ( the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn ) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the first World Cup to be held in Africa . On 7 July 2001 , during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires , a decision was ratified , which was that the rotation will begin in Africa . On 23 September 2002 , FIFA 's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations , would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup .",
"In January 2003 , Nigeria entered the bidding process , but withdrew their bid in September . In March 2003 , Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria 's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work . Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin , Ghana , and Togo .",
"After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future , Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004 . On 15 May 2004 in Zürich ( the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there ) , South Africa , after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding , defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host , 14 votes to 10 . Egypt received no votes .",
"Results Nation Vote Round 1 South Africa 14 Morocco 10 Egypt 0 Tunisia / Libya Withdrew Nigeria Withdrew Total votes 24",
"Nation Vote",
"Round 1",
"South Africa 14",
"Morocco 10",
"Egypt 0",
"Tunisia / Libya Withdrew",
"Nigeria Withdrew",
"Total votes 24",
"On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members .",
"On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . ''",
"On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead .",
"Argentina Brazil Colombia",
"FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America . FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept , but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision , after which it was dropped .",
"Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup , but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup . CONMEBOL , the South American Football Federation , indicated their preference for Brazil as a host . Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006 , as by that time , Colombia , Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn , and Venezuela was not allowed to bid .",
"Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup ( when Colombia was selected as host , but later withdrew for financial problems ) . The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision .",
"2014 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Brazil N / A N / A Argentina Withdrew Colombia Withdrew",
"Bidders Votes",
"Round 1 Round 2",
"Brazil N / A N / A",
"Argentina Withdrew",
"Colombia Withdrew",
"2018 Bids : Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia 2022 Bids : Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States",
"2018 Bids : Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia 2022 Bids : Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States",
"2018 Bids :",
"Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia",
"Belgium / Netherlands",
"Spain / Portugal",
"2022 Bids :",
"Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States",
"Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups",
"Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups",
"FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy , implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection . The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup , provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups . For the 2018 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed .",
"For the 2022 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed . Also , FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more ( after they were banned in 2002 ) , due to there being only one organizing committee per joint bid , unlike Korea / Japan , which had two different organizing committees . Countries that announced their interest included Australia , England , Indonesia , Japan , Qatar , Russia , South Korea , United States , the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands .",
"The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010 . Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup . Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Middle East and the second time in Asia . Also , the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup .",
"2018 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Spain / Portugal 7 7 Netherlands / Belgium England Eliminated Total votes 22 22",
"Nation Vote",
"Round 1 Round 2",
"Russia 9 13",
"Spain / Portugal 7 7",
"Netherlands / Belgium",
"England Eliminated",
"Total votes 22 22",
"2022 results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Eliminated Australia Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 22 22 22 22",
"Nation Vote",
"Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4",
"Qatar 11 10 11 14",
"United States 5 6 8",
"South Korea 5 5 Eliminated",
"Japan Eliminated Eliminated",
"Australia Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated",
"Total votes 22 22 22 22",
"Before the vote , allegations of bribery resulted in the suspension of two FIFA Executive Committee members , reducing the number of voters to 22 .",
"In May 2011 , allegations of corruption within the FIFA senior officials raised questions over the legitimacy of the World Cup being held in Qatar . According to then vice-President Jack Warner , an email has been publicised about the possibility that Qatar ' bought ' the 2022 World Cup through bribery via Mohammed bin Hammam who was president of the Asian Football Confederation at the time . Qatar 's officials in the bid team for 2022 have denied any wrongdoing .",
"A whistleblower , revealed to be Phaedra Almajid , alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar . She later retracted her claims of bribery , stating she had fabricated them in order to exact revenge on the Qatari bid team for relieving her of her job with them . She also denied being put under any pressure to make her retraction . FIFA confirmed receiving an email from her which stated her retraction .",
"On 1 June 2014 , The Sunday Times claimed to have obtained documents including e-mails , letters and bank transfers which allegedly proved that Bin Hammam had paid more than US $5 million to football officials to support the Qatar bid . Bin Hamman and all those accused of accepting bribes denied the charges",
"More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that Jack Warner , who was made to leave his post as president of CONCACAF in disgrace , and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar 's successful campaign . The FBI is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid .",
"Canada / USA / Mexico Morocco",
"Canada / USA / Mexico",
"A CONCACAF bid for the 2026 World Cup is probable , with Canada , USA , and Mexico the most likely nations to bid . Under FIFA rules as of 2016 , the 2026 Cup can not be in either Europe ( UEFA ) or Asia ( Asian Football Confederation ) , leaving an African ( CAF ) bid , a North American ( CONCACAF ) bid , a South American ( CONMEBOL ) bid or an Oceanian ( OFC ) bid as other possible options . In March 2017 , FIFA 's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . ''",
"The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015 , with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . On 10 June 2015 , FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed . However , following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016 , a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four - phase process .",
"CONCACAF member federations ( Canada , Mexico , United States ) are favoured to host the 2026 World Cup for the first time since 1994 World Cup . Also , FIFA 's president Infantino will consider the option for triple co-hosting by Canada , Mexico and the United States . On 14 October 2016 , FIFA said it will accept CONCACAF triple tournament - sharing bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States .",
"According to CONCACAF president , Victor Montagliani , there would be a possibility of a joint bid between Canada , United States , and Mexico to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup .",
"On 10 April 2017 , Canada , the United States , and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup , with three - quarters of the games to be played in the U.S. , including the final .",
"On 11 August 2017 , Morocco has officially announced a bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup .",
"Official 2026 Bids :",
"CONCACAF : Canada / United States / Mexico : Canada -- United States -- Mexico 2026 FIFA World Cup bid CAF : Morocco : Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid",
"CONCACAF : Canada / United States / Mexico : Canada -- United States -- Mexico 2026 FIFA World Cup bid",
"Canada / United States / Mexico : Canada -- United States -- Mexico 2026 FIFA World Cup bid",
"Canada / United States / Mexico : Canada -- United States -- Mexico 2026 FIFA World Cup bid",
"CAF : Morocco : Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid",
"Morocco : Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid",
"Morocco : Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid",
"Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay England",
"Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay",
"Six early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed , with a collective bid from the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , a proposed bid by the Football Federation of Chile , a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina , a proposed bid from Colombia , a proposed bid by The Football Association of England , and a proposed joint bid from New Zealand and Australia . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Also in June 2017 , UEFA 's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe ( UEFA ) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup .",
"The Uruguay -- Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final , and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay . The Uruguay - Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017 . Paraguay is aiming for joining the bid , but this is not confirmed or discarded yet . The efforts for the inclusion of Paraguay in the bid caused discomfort in the Uruguayan Football Association , and Wilmar Valdéz ( AUF president ) accused some insistence of the Conmebol although it is not official that Paraguay joins the event . Chile also wants to organize the World Cup with Uruguay and Argentina .",
"A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017 . Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo , FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts . On 31 August 2017 , it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host . CONMEBOL , the South American confederation , confirmed the joint three - way bid in September 2017 .",
"English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could potentially bid for 2030 , provided that the bidding process is made more transparent . `` England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48 - nation event in its entirety , while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option . '' In June 2017 , UEFA stated that `` it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England . ''",
"It is expected that countries from `` South America ( CONMEBOL ) and Europe ( UEFA ) will likely to be in a bid competition for 2030 . ''",
"Confirmed 2030 bids :",
"CONMEBOL : Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid",
"CONMEBOL : Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid",
"Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid",
"Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid",
"Expressed interest in bidding :",
"UEFA : England",
"UEFA : England",
"England",
"Indonesia and Thailand China",
"Indonesia and Thailand",
"The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011 , when the former Football Association of Singapore President , Zainudin Nordin , said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting . In 2013 , Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President , Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan , recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Therefore , the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034 .",
"Later , Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034 . In February 2017 , ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon , Myanmar .",
"In July 2017 , Joko Driyono , the Vice-President of the Indonesia 's Football Association , during meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South - East Asian nations in the bid . Driyono added that due to geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format ( 48 teams ) , at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches .",
"In September 2017 , the Football Association of Thailand 's Deputy CEO , Benjamin Tan , at the Asian Football Federation ( AFF ) Council meeting , confirmed that his Association has `` put in their interest to bid and co-host '' the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia . On the same occasion , the General Secretary of the AFF , Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad , confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid .",
"Far from ever having hosting the World Cup , no South - East Asian country ever qualified to the tournament . As of 2017 , Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 175th place and not a single national team from South - East Asia ranks in the FIFA top 100 .",
"China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated `` that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034 . ''",
"Expressed interest in bidding :",
"Indonesia and Thailand China",
"Indonesia and Thailand China",
"Indonesia and Thailand China",
"Indonesia and Thailand",
"World Cup - winning bids are bolded . Planned but not - yet - official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included .",
"Country Bids Years Germany 6 1938 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2006 Argentina 5 1938 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 2030 Mexico 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 2002 , 2026 Morocco 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2026 Spain 1930 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2018 Brazil 1950 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 England 1966 , 1990 , 2006 , 2018 United States 1986 , 1994 , 2022 , 2026 Italy 1930 , 1934 , 1990 Japan 1970 , 2002 , 2022 Canada 1986 , 2026 Chile 1962 , 2014 Colombia 1986 , 2014 France 1938 , 1998 Netherlands 1930 , 2018 Russia 1990 , 2018 South Africa 2006 , 2010 South Korea 2002 , 2022 Switzerland 1954 , 1998 Uruguay 1930 , 2030 Australia 2022 Belgium 2018 Egypt Greece 1990 Hungary 1930 Iran 1990 Libya Paraguay 2030 Portugal 2018 Qatar 2022 Sweden 1958 Tunisia",
"Country Bids Years",
"Germany 6 1938 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2006",
"Argentina 5 1938 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 2030",
"Mexico 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 2002 , 2026",
"Morocco 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2026",
"Spain 1930 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2018",
"Brazil 1950 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014",
"England 1966 , 1990 , 2006 , 2018",
"United States 1986 , 1994 , 2022 , 2026",
"Italy 1930 , 1934 , 1990",
"Japan 1970 , 2002 , 2022",
"Canada 1986 , 2026",
"Chile 1962 , 2014",
"Colombia 1986 , 2014",
"France 1938 , 1998",
"Netherlands 1930 , 2018",
"Russia 1990 , 2018",
"South Africa 2006 , 2010",
"South Korea 2002 , 2022",
"Switzerland 1954 , 1998",
"Uruguay 1930 , 2030",
"Australia 2022",
"Belgium 2018",
"Egypt",
"Greece 1990",
"Hungary 1930",
"Iran 1990",
"Libya",
"Paraguay 2030",
"Portugal 2018",
"Qatar 2022",
"Sweden 1958",
"Tunisia",
"^ Jump up to : Bid by West Germany , which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay . ^ Jump up to : Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup , but withdrew from hosting due to economic concerns . After a second bidding , Mexico was selected as the replacement host . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Portugal and Spain . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Japan and South Korea . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union , which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia .",
"^ Jump up to : Bid by West Germany , which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany .",
"^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay .",
"^ Jump up to : Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup , but withdrew from hosting due to economic concerns . After a second bidding , Mexico was selected as the replacement host .",
"^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States .",
"^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Portugal and Spain .",
"^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Japan and South Korea .",
"^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands .",
"Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union , which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia .",
"^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia .",
"It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup , with the host team usually performing above average . Of the eight countries that have won the tournament , only Brazil and Spain were not champions at home , and both England and France had their only titles as hosts .",
"Further , Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament , and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner - up in home soil . The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments , and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home . Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage .",
"# Performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Champion Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 % 15 12 3.8 Champion France ( 1998 ) 7 6 0 93 % 15 13 1.9 2.1 Champion England ( 1966 ) 6 5 0 92 % 11 8 1.3 1.8 Champion Italy ( 1934 ) 5 0 90 % 12 9 1.8 2.4 5 Champion West Germany ( 1974 ) 7 6 0 86 % 13 9 1.3 1.9 6 Champion Argentina ( 1978 ) 7 5 79 % 15 9 1.3 2.1 7 Runner - up Brazil ( 1950 ) 6 75 % 22 6 16 2.7 3.7 8 Runner - up Sweden ( 1958 ) 6 75 % 12 7 5 0.8 9 Third place Italy ( 1990 ) 7 6 0 93 % 10 8 1.1 1.4 10 Third place Germany ( 2006 ) 7 5 79 % 14 6 8 1.1 11 Third place Chile ( 1962 ) 6 0 67 % 10 8 0.33 1.3 12 Fourth place South Korea ( 2002 ) 7 57 % 8 6 0.3 1.1 13 Fourth place Brazil ( 2014 ) 7 57 % 11 14 − 3 − 0.4 1.57 14 Quarter - final Mexico ( 1986 ) 5 0 80 % 6 0.8 15 Quarter - final Mexico ( 1970 ) 63 % 6 0.5 1.5 16 Quarter - final Switzerland ( 1954 ) 0 50 % 11 11 0 0 2.8 17 Quarter - final France ( 1938 ) 0 50 % 0 0 18 Second round Spain ( 1982 ) 5 40 % 5 − 1 − 0.2 0.8 19 Round of 16 Japan ( 2002 ) 63 % 5 0.5 1.25 20 Round of 16 United States ( 1994 ) 38 % − 1 − 0.3 0.8 21 Group stage South Africa ( 2010 ) 50 % 5 − 2 − 0.7",
"# Performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M",
"Champion Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 % 15 12 3.8",
"Champion France ( 1998 ) 7 6 0 93 % 15 13 1.9 2.1",
"Champion England ( 1966 ) 6 5 0 92 % 11 8 1.3 1.8",
"Champion Italy ( 1934 ) 5 0 90 % 12 9 1.8 2.4",
"5 Champion West Germany ( 1974 ) 7 6 0 86 % 13 9 1.3 1.9",
"6 Champion Argentina ( 1978 ) 7 5 79 % 15 9 1.3 2.1",
"7 Runner - up Brazil ( 1950 ) 6 75 % 22 6 16 2.7 3.7",
"8 Runner - up Sweden ( 1958 ) 6 75 % 12 7 5 0.8",
"9 Third place Italy ( 1990 ) 7 6 0 93 % 10 8 1.1 1.4",
"10 Third place Germany ( 2006 ) 7 5 79 % 14 6 8 1.1",
"11 Third place Chile ( 1962 ) 6 0 67 % 10 8 0.33 1.3",
"12 Fourth place South Korea ( 2002 ) 7 57 % 8 6 0.3 1.1",
"13 Fourth place Brazil ( 2014 ) 7 57 % 11 14 − 3 − 0.4 1.57",
"14 Quarter - final Mexico ( 1986 ) 5 0 80 % 6 0.8",
"15 Quarter - final Mexico ( 1970 ) 63 % 6 0.5 1.5",
"16 Quarter - final Switzerland ( 1954 ) 0 50 % 11 11 0 0 2.8",
"17 Quarter - final France ( 1938 ) 0 50 % 0 0",
"18 Second round Spain ( 1982 ) 5 40 % 5 − 1 − 0.2 0.8",
"19 Round of 16 Japan ( 2002 ) 63 % 5 0.5 1.25",
"20 Round of 16 United States ( 1994 ) 38 % − 1 − 0.3 0.8",
"21 Group stage South Africa ( 2010 ) 50 % 5 − 2 − 0.7",
"Win % → Every draw counted as a half win . Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws .",
"Win % → Every draw counted as a half win . Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws ."
] | FIFA World Cup hosts - wikipedia FIFA World Cup hosts Jump to: navigation , search Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts, 1930-- 2014. Dark green: twice; middle green: once; light green: planned until 2022 Sixteen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930 . The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress. The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments, given the three-week boat journey between South America and Europe, the two centers of strength in football at the time. The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay, for example, led to only four European nations competing. The next two World Cups were both held in Europe. The decision to hold the second of these, the 1938 FIFA World Cup , in France was controversial, as the South American countries had been led to understand that the World Cup would rotate between the two continents. Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the tournament. The first tournament following World War II , held in Brazil in 1950 , had three teams withdraw due to either financial problems or disagreements with the organization. To avoid any future boycotts or controversy, FIFA began a pattern of alternation between the Americas and Europe, which continued until the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Asia. The system evolved so that the host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA's Council (former Executive Committee). This is done under an exhaustive ballot system. The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament, though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament. Only Mexico, Italy, France, Germany (West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions. Mexico City 's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals. Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host, being split between Japan and South Korea. Contents ( hide ) 1 List of hosts 2 1930 FIFA World Cup 3 1934 FIFA World Cup 4 1938 FIFA World Cup 5 Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 6 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups 6.1 1949 bid 6.2 1951 bid 7 1958 FIFA World Cup 8 1962 FIFA World Cup 9 1966 FIFA World Cup 10 1970 FIFA World Cup 11 1974, 1978, 1982 FIFA World Cups 11.1 1974 results 11.2 1978 results 11.3 1982 results 12 1986 FIFA World Cup 13 1990 FIFA World Cup 14 1994 FIFA World Cup 15 1998 FIFA World Cup 16 2002 FIFA World Cup 17 2006 FIFA World Cup 17.1 Controversy 18 2010 FIFA World Cup 18.1 Controversy 19 2014 FIFA World Cup 20 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups 20.1 Accusations of bribery 21 2026 FIFA World Cup 22 2030 FIFA World Cup 23 2034 FIFA World Cup 24 Total bids by country 25 Host country performances 26 References 27 External links List of hosts ( edit ) Year Host Continent Winner 1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay 1934 Italy Europe Italy 1938 France Europe Italy 1942 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Cancelled due to World War II 1950 Brazil South America Uruguay 1954 Switzerland Europe West Germany 1958 Sweden Europe Brazil 1962 Chile South America Brazil 1966 England Europe England 1970 Mexico North America Brazil West Germany Europe West Germany 1978 Argentina South America Argentina 1982 Spain Europe Italy 1986 Mexico North America Argentina 1990 Italy Europe West Germany 1994 United States North America Brazil 1998 France Europe France 2002 South Korea / Japan Asia Brazil 2006 Germany Europe Italy South Africa Africa Spain 2014 Brazil South America Germany 2018 Russia Europe 2022 Qatar Asia 2026 TBD 2030 TBD 1930 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1930 FIFA World Cup Bids: Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first-ever World Cup host, a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay. The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew, followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy. Then both Italy and Spain withdrew, in favour of the only remaining candidate, Uruguay. The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona , Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision, and Uruguay was chosen without a vote. Results: Uruguay Italy withdrew Spain withdrew Sweden withdrew Netherlands withdrew Hungary withdrew Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay . For that reason, the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario . 1934 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1934 FIFA World Cup Bids: Italy Sweden Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote, allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup. The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm , Sweden and Zürich , Switzerland on 14 May 1932. The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932. Results: Italy Sweden withdrew 1938 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1938 FIFA World Cup Bids: Argentina France Germany Without any nations withdrawing their bids before the vote, the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin , Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host of the World Cup. Electing France took only one ballot, as France had more than half of the votes in the first round. Results: France , 19 votes Argentina, 4 votes Germany, 0 votes Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 ( edit ) Bids for 1942: Argentina Brazil Germany Cancelled FIFA election of the host due to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939. Bids for 1946: none 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles: 1950 FIFA World Cup and 1954 FIFA World Cup 1949 bid ( edit ) Bid: Brazil Brazil, Argentina, and Germany had official bid for the 1942 World Cup, but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II. The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949, but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg, the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950. Result: Brazil 1951 bid ( edit ) Bid: Switzerland The 1951 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946, the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup, in Luxembourg City. On 27 July, the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals for three years, deciding it should take place in 1954. Result: Switzerland 1958 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles: 1958 FIFA World Cup § Host selection , and 1958 FIFA World Cup Bid: Sweden Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament. Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals . Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950. Result: Sweden 1962 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1962 FIFA World Cup Bids: Argentina Chile West Germany West Germany withdrew before the vote, which took place in Lisbon , Portugal on 10 June 1956, leaving two remaining bids. In one round of voting, Chile won over Argentina. Results: Chile , 32 votes Argentina, 11 votes West Germany withdrew 1966 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Bids: England West Germany Spain Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress, held in Rome , Italy on 22 August 1960. Again, there was only one round of voting, with England defeating West Germany for the hosting position. Results: England , 34 votes West Germany, 27 votes Spain withdrew 1970 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1970 FIFA World Cup Bids: Argentina Australia Colombia Japan Mexico Peru The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo , Japan on 8 October 1964. One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina. Results: Mexico , 56 votes Argentina, 32 votes Australia withdrew Colombia withdrew Japan withdrew Peru withdrew 1974, 1978, 1982 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles: 1974 FIFA World Cup , 1978 FIFA World Cup , and 1982 FIFA World Cup Three hosts for the 1974, 1978, and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London , England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress. Spain and West Germany, both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups, agreed to give one another a hosting job. Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process, essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot. Mexico, who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior, agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position. 1974 results ( edit ) West Germany Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties Italy withdrew Netherlands withdrew 1978 results ( edit ) Argentina Colombia withdrew Mexico withdrew, as they had won hosting for World Cup 1970 1982 results ( edit ) Spain West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties Italy withdrew 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1986 FIFA World Cup Bid: Colombia Host voting, handled by the then- FIFA Executive Committee (or Exco ), met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid. Result: Colombia However, Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup due to financial problems on 5 November 1982, less than four years before the event was to start. A call for bids was sent out again, and FIFA received intent from three nations: Canada Mexico United States In Zürich on 20 May 1983, Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee, for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history (except those nations who bid unopposed). Results: Mexico unanimous vote United States 0 votes Canada 0 votes 1990 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1990 FIFA World Cup Bids: Austria England France Greece Iran Italy Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia Except Italy and the Soviet Union, all nations withdrew before the vote, which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984. Once again, only one round of voting was required, as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union. Results: Italy , 11 votes Soviet Union, 5 votes Austria withdrew England withdrew France withdrew Greece withdrew Iran withdrew West Germany withdrew Yugoslavia withdrew 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1994 FIFA World Cup Bids: Brazil Morocco United States Chile Despite having three nations bidding for host duties, voting only took one round. The vote was held in Zürich (for the third straight time) on 4 July 1988. The United States won the bid by receiving a little over half of the votes by the Exco members. Results: United States , 10 votes Morocco, 7 votes Brazil, 2 votes Chile withdrew 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Bids: England France Germany Morocco Switzerland This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992. Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco. Result: France , 12 votes Morocco, 7 votes Switzerland withdrew England withdrew Germany withdrew 2002 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 2002 FIFA World Cup Bids: South Korea/ Japan Mexico On 31 May 1996, the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time. A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea, and the bid was `` voted by acclamation '' , an oral vote without ballots. The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved, edging out Mexico. Results: South Korea/ Japan (joint bid, voted by acclamation) Mexico The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan (the final was held in Japan). Initially, the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process. But just before the vote, they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event. However, the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems. FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again, and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids. 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 2006 FIFA World Cup Bids: Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa On 6 July 2000, the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich . Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote, and the field was narrowed to four. This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required. Three votes were eventually needed. Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes, and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention (see below). Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Germany 10 11 12 South Africa 6 11 11 England 5 Eliminated Morocco Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 23 24 23 Controversy ( edit ) The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice. The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa, who had been favorites to win. New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey , who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation , abstained from voting at the last minute. If he had voted for the South African bid, the tally would have been 12-- 12, giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter , who, it was widely believed, would then have voted for South Africa. Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday, the night before the vote, promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany. He argued that the pressure from all sides including `` an attempt to bribe'' him had become too much for him. On 4 August 2000, consequently, FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations. This was until October 2007, during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy (see below). 2010 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 2010 FIFA World Cup Bids: Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia / Libya The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation (the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the first World Cup to be held in Africa. On 7 July 2001, during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires , a decision was ratified, which was that the rotation will begin in Africa. On 23 September 2002, FIFA's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations, would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In January 2003, Nigeria entered the bidding process, but withdrew their bid in September. In March 2003, Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work. Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin, Ghana, and Togo. After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future, Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004. On 15 May 2004 in Zürich (the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there), South Africa, after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding, defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host, 14 votes to 10. Egypt received no votes. Results Nation Vote Round 1 South Africa 14 Morocco 10 Egypt 0 Tunisia / Libya Withdrew Nigeria Withdrew Total votes 24 Controversy ( edit ) On 28 May 2015, media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high-ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US$10 million in bribes to then-FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members. On 4 June 2015, FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities, confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups. Blazer stated, `` I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup.'' On 6 June 2015, The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes, but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead. 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles: 2014 FIFA World Cup bids and 2014 FIFA World Cup Bids: Argentina Brazil Colombia FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America . FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept, but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision, after which it was dropped. Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup, but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup. CONMEBOL , the South American Football Federation, indicated their preference for Brazil as a host. Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006, as by that time, Colombia, Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn, and Venezuela was not allowed to bid. Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup (when Colombia was selected as host, but later withdrew for financial problems). The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision. Result: 2014 FIFA bidding (majority 12 votes) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Brazil N/A N/A Argentina Withdrew Colombia Withdrew 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Further information: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids , 2018 FIFA World Cup , and 2022 FIFA World Cup 2018 Bids: Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia 2022 Bids: Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States Wikinews has related news: FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy, implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection. The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup, provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups. For the 2018 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed. For the 2022 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed. Also, FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more (after they were banned in 2002), due to there being only one organizing committee per joint bid, unlike Korea/Japan, which had two different organizing committees. Countries that announced their interest included Australia, England, Indonesia, Japan, Qatar, Russia, South Korea, United States, the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands. The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010. Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup. Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Middle East and the second time in Asia. Also, the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup. 2018 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Spain / Portugal 7 7 Netherlands / Belgium England Eliminated Total votes 22 22 2022 results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Eliminated Australia Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 22 22 22 22 Accusations of bribery ( edit ) Main article: Concerns and controversies over the 2022 FIFA World Cup Before the vote, allegations of bribery resulted in the suspension of two FIFA Executive Committee members, reducing the number of voters to 22. In May 2011, allegations of corruption within the FIFA senior officials raised questions over the legitimacy of the World Cup being held in Qatar. According to then vice-President Jack Warner , an email has been publicised about the possibility that Qatar ' bought' the 2022 World Cup through bribery via Mohammed bin Hammam who was president of the Asian Football Confederation at the time. Qatar's officials in the bid team for 2022 have denied any wrongdoing. A whistleblower, revealed to be Phaedra Almajid, alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar. She later retracted her claims of bribery, stating she had fabricated them in order to exact revenge on the Qatari bid team for relieving her of her job with them. She also denied being put under any pressure to make her retraction. FIFA confirmed receiving an email from her which stated her retraction. On 1 June 2014, The Sunday Times claimed to have obtained documents including e-mails, letters and bank transfers which allegedly proved that Bin Hammam had paid more than US$5 million to football officials to support the Qatar bid. Bin Hamman and all those accused of accepting bribes denied the charges More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that Jack Warner , who was made to leave his post as president of CONCACAF in disgrace, and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar's successful campaign. The FBI is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid. 2026 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 2026 FIFA World Cup Bids: Canada / USA / Mexico Morocco A CONCACAF bid for the 2026 World Cup is probable, with Canada, USA, and Mexico the most likely nations to bid. Under FIFA rules as of 2016, the 2026 Cup cannot be in either Europe ( UEFA ) or Asia ( Asian Football Confederation ), leaving an African ( CAF ) bid, a North American ( CONCACAF ) bid, a South American ( CONMEBOL ) bid or an Oceanian ( OFC ) bid as other possible options. In March 2017, FIFA's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively.'' The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015, with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia. On 10 June 2015, FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed. However, following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016, a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four-phase process. CONCACAF member federations (Canada, Mexico, United States) are favoured to host the 2026 World Cup for the first time since 1994 World Cup. Also, FIFA's president Infantino will consider the option for triple co-hosting by Canada, Mexico and the United States. On 14 October 2016, FIFA said it will accept CONCACAF triple tournament-sharing bid by Canada, Mexico and the United States. According to CONCACAF president, Victor Montagliani , there would be a possibility of a joint bid between Canada, United States, and Mexico to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup. On 10 April 2017, Canada, the United States, and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with three-quarters of the games to be played in the U.S., including the final. On 11 August 2017, Morocco has officially announced a bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup. Official 2026 Bids: CONCACAF : Canada / United States / Mexico: Canada-- United States-- Mexico 2026 FIFA World Cup bid CAF : Morocco: Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid 2030 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 2030 FIFA World Cup Bids: Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay England Six early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed, with a collective bid from the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , a proposed bid by the Football Federation of Chile , a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina , a proposed bid from Colombia, a proposed bid by The Football Association of England, and a proposed joint bid from New Zealand and Australia. Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World Cup cannot be held in Asia ( AFC ) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022. Also in June 2017, UEFA 's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe (UEFA) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup. The Uruguay-- Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final , and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay . The Uruguay-Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017. Paraguay is aiming for joining the bid, but this is not confirmed or discarded yet. The efforts for the inclusion of Paraguay in the bid caused discomfort in the Uruguayan Football Association , and Wilmar Valdéz (AUF president) accused some insistence of the Conmebol although it is not official that Paraguay joins the event. Chile also wants to organize the World Cup with Uruguay and Argentina. A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017. Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo, FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts. On 31 August 2017, it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host. CONMEBOL , the South American confederation, confirmed the joint three-way bid in September 2017. English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could potentially bid for 2030, provided that the bidding process is made more transparent. `` England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48-nation event in its entirety, while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option.'' In June 2017, UEFA stated that `` it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England .'' It is expected that countries from `` South America (CONMEBOL) and Europe (UEFA) will likely to be in a bid competition for 2030.'' The original bid logo for the Uruguay-Argentina World Cup Bid . Confirmed 2030 bids: CONMEBOL : Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay: Uruguay-- Argentina-- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Expressed interest in bidding: UEFA : England 2034 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 2034 FIFA World Cup Bids: Indonesia and Thailand China The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011, when the former Football Association of Singapore President, Zainudin Nordin , said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting. In 2013, Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President, Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan, recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup. Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World Cup cannot be held in Asia ( AFC ) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022. Therefore, the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034. Later, Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034. In February 2017, ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon, Myanmar . In July 2017, Joko Driyono, the Vice-President of the Indonesia's Football Association, during meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South-East Asian nations in the bid. Driyono added that due to geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format (48 teams), at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches. In September 2017, the Football Association of Thailand 's Deputy CEO, Benjamin Tan, at the Asian Football Federation (AFF) Council meeting, confirmed that his Association has `` put in their interest to bid and co-host'' the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia. On the same occasion, the General Secretary of the AFF, Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad, confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid. Far from ever having hosting the World Cup, no South-East Asian country ever qualified to the tournament. As of 2017, Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 175th place and not a single national team from South-East Asia ranks in the FIFA top 100. China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated `` that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034.'' Expressed interest in bidding: Indonesia and Thailand China Total bids by country ( edit ) World Cup-winning bids are bolded . Planned but not-yet-official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included. Country Bids Years Germany 6 1938, 1962, 1966, 1974 , 1982, 2006 Argentina 5 1938, 1962, 1970, 1978 , 2030 Mexico 1970 , 1978, 1986 , 2002, 2026 Morocco 1994, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2026 Spain 1930, 1966, 1974, 1982 , 2018 Brazil 1950 , 1994, 2006, 2014 England 1966 , 1990, 2006, 2018 United States 1986, 1994 , 2022, 2026 Italy 1930, 1934 , 1990 Japan 1970, 2002 , 2022 Canada 1986, 2026 Chile 1962 , 2014 Colombia 1986 , 2014 France 1938 , 1998 Netherlands 1930, 2018 Russia 1990, 2018 South Africa 2006, 2010 South Korea 2002 , 2022 Switzerland 1954 , 1998 Uruguay 1930 , 2030 Australia 2022 Belgium 2018 Egypt Greece 1990 Hungary 1930 Iran 1990 Libya Paraguay 2030 Portugal 2018 Qatar 2022 Sweden 1958 Tunisia ^ Jump up to: Bid by West Germany, which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany. ^ Jump up to: Joint bid by Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. ^ Jump up to: Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup, but withdrew from hosting due to economic concerns. After a second bidding, Mexico was selected as the replacement host. ^ Jump up to: Joint bid by Canada, Mexico and the United States. ^ Jump up to: Joint bid by Portugal and Spain. ^ Jump up to: Joint bid by Japan and South Korea. ^ Jump up to: Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands. Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union , which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia. ^ Jump up to: Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia. Host country performances ( edit ) Further information: National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup, with the host team usually performing above average. Of the eight countries that have won the tournament, only Brazil and Spain were not champions at home, and both England and France had their only titles as hosts. Further, Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament, and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner-up in home soil. The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments, and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home. Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage. # Performance Team Pld Win% GF GA GD GD/M GF/M Champion Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100% 15 12 3.8 Champion France ( 1998 ) 7 6 0 93% 15 13 1.9 2.1 Champion England ( 1966 ) 6 5 0 92% 11 8 1.3 1.8 Champion Italy ( 1934 ) 5 0 90% 12 9 1.8 2.4 5 Champion West Germany ( 1974 ) 7 6 0 86% 13 9 1.3 1.9 6 Champion Argentina ( 1978 ) 7 5 79% 15 9 1.3 2.1 7 Runner-up Brazil ( 1950 ) 6 75% 22 6 16 2.7 3.7 8 Runner-up Sweden ( 1958 ) 6 75% 12 7 5 0.8 9 Third place Italy ( 1990 ) 7 6 0 93% 10 8 1.1 1.4 10 Third place Germany ( 2006 ) 7 5 79% 14 6 8 1.1 11 Third place Chile ( 1962 ) 6 0 67% 10 8 0.33 1.3 12 Fourth place South Korea ( 2002 ) 7 57% 8 6 0.3 1.1 13 Fourth place Brazil ( 2014 ) 7 57% 11 14 − 3 − 0.4 1.57 14 Quarter-final Mexico ( 1986 ) 5 0 80% 6 0.8 15 Quarter-final Mexico ( 1970 ) 63% 6 0.5 1.5 16 Quarter-final Switzerland ( 1954 ) 0 50% 11 11 0 0 2.8 17 Quarter-final France ( 1938 ) 0 50% 0 0 18 Second round Spain ( 1982 ) 5 40% 5 − 1 − 0.2 0.8 19 Round of 16 Japan ( 2002 ) 63% 5 0.5 1.25 20 Round of 16 United States ( 1994 ) 38% − 1 − 0.3 0.8 21 Group stage South Africa ( 2010 ) 50% 5 − 2 − 0.7 Win% → Every draw counted as a half win . Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of 1930 World Cup'' . BBC Sport. April 11, 2002 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ France 1938 , FIFA World Cup site. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. Jump up ^ Brazil 1950 , FIFA World Cup site. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. ^ Jump up to: Norlin, pp.24-- 25 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup: host announcement decision'' (PDF) . FIFA. 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Host nation of 2010 FIFA World Cup -- South Africa Archived 12 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . World Cup 2018 Russia Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , FIFA Media Release, May 15, 2004. Retrieved on January 8, 2006. Jump up ^ `` FIFA president Blatter a big loser with Germany getting 2006 World Cup'' by Robert Wagman, SoccerTimes , July 7, 2000. Retrieved on January 8, 2006. Jump up ^ `` German magazine takes credit for bribery hoax'' , IOL , July 7, 2000. Retrieved on January 8, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Fifa to rotate World Cup'' . 4 August 2000 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Australia can host World Cup , by Matthew Hall, published 18 September 2005 Jump up ^ `` Six African associations announce interest in hosting 2010 FIFA World CupTM '' . FIFA. 6 January 2003. Jump up ^ `` 2010 FIFA World CupTM : bidding process opens'' . FIFA. 23 October 2002. Jump up ^ `` Nigeria bid for 2010'' . bbc.co.uk. 6 January 2003. Jump up ^ `` Nigeria ends World Cup bid'' . bbc.co.uk. 29 September 2003. Jump up ^ `` Fifa slams Nigeria's 2010 plan'' . bbc.co.uk. 18 March 2003. Jump up ^ `` South Africa is shaken by FIFA corruption probe'' , Los Angeles Times , 28 May 2015. Jump up ^ Vicki Hodges, Giles Mole, JJ Bull, Luke Brown and Rob Crilly, `` Fifa whistleblower Chuck Blazer - bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups: as it happened'' , The Telegraph , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ Owen Gibson, Paul Lewis, `` Fifa informant Chuck Blazer: I took bribes over 1998 and 2010 World Cups'' , The Guardian , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa in crisis: ' Morocco won 2010 World Cup vote - not South Africa ' '' . The Telegraph . London. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games win inspires bid to host 2018 World Cup'' by John Goodbody, The Times , November 16, 2005. Retrieved on January 8, 2006. Jump up ^ BBC News, Colombia bids for 2014 World Cup , 17 July 2006 Jump up ^ FIFA, Brazil confirms bid -- Colombia withdraws Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 13 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brazil set to host World Cup'' . BBC News. 2003-03-18 . Retrieved 2017-04-11 . Jump up ^ `` Clear declaration to defend the autonomy of sport'' (Press release). FIFA. 6 December 2006. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to: `` The end of the rotation policy: the press conference explaining the decision'' . Fifa.com -- News Centre. 29 October 2007. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Jump up ^ `` Fifa abandons World Cup rotation'' . BBC SPORT. 29 October 2007. Jump up ^ `` Blatter announces what's to come'' . FIFA. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Iberian threat to England's 2018 World Cup bid'' . ESPNsoccernet. 27 November 2007. Jump up ^ `` Australia Drops Out of Race to Host 2018 World Cup'' . BBC. 10 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` Russia and Qatar to host 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups, respectively'' . FIFA. 2 December 2010. Jump up ^ `` Temarii to appeal against suspension'' . ESPN. 30 November 2010. Jump up ^ `` Valcke denies 2022 ' bought' claim'' . BBC News . 30 May 2011. Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , `` Sorry Soccer'' , 23 May 2011, p. 16. Jump up ^ `` FIFA tight-lipped over whistleblower'' . Al Jazeera. 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Qatar World Cup whistleblower retracts her claims of Fifa bribes . The Guardian . 10 July 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2012. Jump up ^ Bond, David (31 May 2014). `` Qatar World Cup: ' £ 3m payments to officials' corruption claim'' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Watt, Holly (18 March 2014). `` World Cup 2022 investigation: demands to strip Qatar of World Cup'' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF president: North America must host 2026 World Cup'' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup, lifting Canada's chances'' . CBC . Associated Press. 14 October 2016. Jump up ^ Gastelum, Andrew. `` CONCACAF president is pushing hard to land 2026 World Cup'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Rest for the Curious: Looking Ahead To World Cup 2026'' . World Cup Blog. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Tim Hill in New York (2017-03-09). `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017-04-11 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November/December'' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` FIFA defers decision on continental rotation for WCup bids'' . Yahoo! News . Associated Press . 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2026 World Cup bidding process delayed'' . BBC News. 10 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` FIFA Statement on 2026 FIFA World Cup bidding'' . FIFA.com. 10 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council agrees on four-phase bidding process for 2026 FIFA World Cup'' . FIFA.com. 10 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40-team World Cup, Canada as co-hosts'' . Sportsnet . AP. 6 September 2016. ^ Jump up to: `` World Cup 2026 may be co-hosted in North America after FIFA says it will accept tournament-sharing'' . Mirror.co.uk. 2016-10-14 . Retrieved 2017-04-11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S., Canada, Mexico 2026 World Cup bid a possibility - CONCACAF chief'' . ESPN.com. 28 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` U.S., Mexico and Canada officially launch bid to co-host 2026 World Cup'' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2017-04-10 . Jump up ^ `` Le Maroc dépose officiellement sa candidature pour le Mondial 2026'' . Le360. 11 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40-team World Cup, Canada as co-hosts'' . Sportsnet.ca. 2016-09-06 . Retrieved 2017-04-11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar (2016-09-06). `` FIFA president Infantino open to 40-team World Cup, co-hosts'' . Ca.sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017-04-11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar (2016-10-14). `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup'' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2017-04-11 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Seeks to Host the 2026 FIFA World Cup bid'' . Morocco world news . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.frmf.ma/ar/article/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-2026-4 Jump up ^ Hunt, Luke. `` Singapore Plans ASEAN Bid for 2030 World Cup'' . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Emol. `` Sergio Jadue cree que Chile debe postular a organizar el Mundial de Fútbol 2030'' . ^ Jump up to: `` Coupe du Monde 2030 : l'Argentine et l'Uruguay confirment leur intérêt '' . Mondial-2030 (in French). January 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia y Chile pretenden organizar el Mundial 2030'' . Agencia Nacional de Noticias (in Spanish). 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ANDRÉS FELIPE VIVEROS B. (27 November 2014). `` Bedoya desmintió a Jesurún sobre candidatura al Mundial del 2030'' . ELTIEMPO.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` England's hopes of hosting 2030 World Cup given boost'' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup: NZ dream to host Cup'' . nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ's plan to host a FIFA World Cup (with Oz!)'' . socceroos.com.au . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA will ' fight' for Europe's right to host 2030 World Cup'' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Molestia en Uruguay por video de Conmebol (in Spanish) Jump up ^ Chile no se rinde con ser sede (in Spanish) Jump up ^ Dudko, James (29 July 2017). `` Argentina, Uruguay Announce Bid to Host 2030 FIFA World Cup'' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ Gadd, Mick (1 September 2017). `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez campaign for Uruguay and Argentina's 2030 World Cup bid before 0-0 draw'' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Es oficial: Paraguay se suma a la candidatura de Argentina y Uruguay para el Mundial 2030'' (It's official: Paraguay adds itself to the Argentina and Uruguay bid) (in Spanish). 5 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Sin Messi ni Suárez , así es el primer video promocional para la candidatura del Mundial 2030'' (Without Messi and Suarez, here is the first promotional video for the 2030 World Cup bid) (in Spanish). 5 September 2017. ^ Jump up to: `` England could bid for 2030 World Cup, says FA vice-chairman David Gill'' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Uruguay, Argentina And Paraguay Bid For 2030 FIFA World Cup Finals Will Be Hard To Beat ^ Jump up to: China to Overtake US economy and Host World Cup in 2034 HuffPost Jump up ^ Valdez: `` La candidatura original es Uruguay-Argentina'' (in Spanish) Jump up ^ Messi y Suárez apadrinan el Mundial Uruguay Argentina 2030 (in Spanish) Jump up ^ `` Singapore Strong ' Host' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid,'' Today , (November 14, 2017), http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/indonesia-ready-to-lead-asean-bid-for-2034-world-cup Jump up ^ Seng Foo, `` Indonesia-Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup,'' (September 23, 2017), http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 Jump up ^ `` Indonesia-Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup,'' Football Tribe , (September 24, 2017), http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ Jump up ^ George Deudley, `` AFF Backs Indonesia-Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup,'' SportsPro , (September 26, 2017), http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` ASEAN Mulling 2034 World Cup Bid: Myanmar,'' Myanmar Times , (February 12, 2017), https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/25019-asean-mulling-2034-world-cup-bid-myanmar.html Jump up ^ `` Football: Indonesia to Lead South-East Asian 2034 World Cup Bid,'' Straits Times , (July 5, 2017), http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-indonesia-to-lead-southeast-asian-2034-world-cup-bid Jump up ^ George Deudley, `` AFF Backs Indonesia-Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup,'' SportsPro , (September 26, 2017), http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ George Deudley, `` AFF Backs Indonesia-Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup,'' SportsPro , (September 26, 2017), http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` Singapore Strong ' Host' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid,'' Today , (November 14, 2017), http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ Seng Foo, `` Indonesia-Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup,'' (September 23, 2017), http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 Jump up ^ `` Indonesia-Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup,'' Football Tribe , (September 24, 2017), http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Ready Leads Regional Bid to Co-Host 2034 World Cup,'' Asian Review, (July 7, 2017), https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Indonesia-leads-regional-bid-to-co-host-2034-World-Cup Jump up ^ Seng Foo, `` Indonesia-Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup,'' (September 23, 2017), http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 Jump up ^ `` Indonesia-Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup,'' Football Tribe , (September 24, 2017), http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ Jump up ^ George Deudley, `` AFF Backs Indonesia-Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup,'' SportsPro , (September 26, 2017), http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ Seng Foo, `` Indonesia-Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup,'' (September 23, 2017), http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 Jump up ^ `` Indonesia-Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup,'' Football Tribe , (September 24, 2017), http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ Jump up ^ George Deudley, `` AFF Backs Indonesia-Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup,'' SportsPro , (September 26, 2017), http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ Chris Anderson & David Sally (12 June 2014). `` How Big Is Brazil's Home-Field Advantage at the World Cup?'' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What can econometrics tell us about World Cup performance?'' (PDF) . PricewaterhouseCoopers. May 2010. pp. 6-- 7 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smallwood, John (11 June 2014). `` Ultimate home field advantage: Host nation luck'' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Host Announcement Decision (PDF) FIFA World Cup hosts 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : France 1950 : Brazil 1954 : Switzerland 1958 : Sweden 1962 : Chile 1966 : England 1970 : Mexico 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Spain 1986 : Mexico 1990 : Italy 1994 : United States 1998 : France 2002 : South Korea & Japan 2006 : Germany 2010 : South Africa 2014 : Brazil 2018 : Russia 2022 : Qatar FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea/Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All-time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat-tricks own goals Penalty shoot-outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_hosts&oldid=826662872 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup bids FIFA World Cup-related lists Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018, at 10:26. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 5150378125952226530 |
where does the term hoi polloi come from | Hoi polloi ( Ancient Greek : οἱ πολλοί , hoi polloi , `` the many '' ) is an expression from Greek that means the many or , in the strictest sense , the majority . In English , it has been corrupted by being given a negative connotation to signify deprecation of the working class , commoners , the masses or common people in a derogatory or ( more often today ) ironic sense . Synonyms for hoi polloi , which also express the same or similar distaste for the common people felt by those who believe themselves to be superior , include `` the great unwashed '' , `` the plebeians '' or `` plebs '' , `` the rabble '' , `` the masses '' , `` the dregs of society '' , `` riffraff '' , `` the herd '' , `` the canaille '' , `` the proles '' ( proletariat ) , `` sheeple '' , and `` peons '' . | [
[
"Greek"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Hoi polloi ( Ancient Greek : οἱ πολλοί , hoi polloi , `` the many '' ) is an expression from Greek that means the many or , in the strictest sense , the majority . In English , it has been corrupted by being given a negative connotation to signify deprecation of the working class , commoners , the masses or common people in a derogatory or ( more often today ) ironic sense . Synonyms for hoi polloi , which also express the same or similar distaste for the common people felt by those who believe themselves to be superior , include `` the great unwashed '' , `` the plebeians '' or `` plebs '' , `` the rabble '' , `` the masses '' , `` the dregs of society '' , `` riffraff '' , `` the herd '' , `` the canaille '' , `` the proles '' ( proletariat ) , `` sheeple '' , and `` peons '' .",
"The phrase probably became known to English scholars through Pericles ' Funeral Oration , as mentioned in Thucydides ' History of the Peloponnesian War . Pericles uses it in a positive way when praising the Athenian democracy , contrasting it with hoi oligoi , `` the few '' ( Greek : οἱ ὀλίγοι , see also oligarchy ) .",
"Its current English usage originated in the early 19th century , a time when it was generally accepted that one must be familiar with Greek and Latin in order to be considered well educated . The phrase was originally written in Greek letters . Knowledge of these languages served to set apart the speaker from hoi polloi in question , who were not similarly educated .",
"Pronunciation depends on the speaker :",
"English speakers pronounce it / ˌhɔɪ pəˈlɔɪ / . Ancient Greek speakers pronounced it ( hoi polloi ˨ ˦ ) . Double - λ is pronounced as such . Modern Greek speakers pronounce it ( i poˈli ) since in Modern Greek there is no voiceless glottal / h / phoneme and οι is pronounced ( i ) ( all Ancient Greek diphthongs are now pronounced as monophthongs ) . Greek Cypriots still pronounce the double - λ ( ( i polˈli ) ) .",
"English speakers pronounce it / ˌhɔɪ pəˈlɔɪ / .",
"Ancient Greek speakers pronounced it ( hoi polloi ˨ ˦ ) . Double - λ is pronounced as such .",
"Modern Greek speakers pronounce it ( i poˈli ) since in Modern Greek there is no voiceless glottal / h / phoneme and οι is pronounced ( i ) ( all Ancient Greek diphthongs are now pronounced as monophthongs ) . Greek Cypriots still pronounce the double - λ ( ( i polˈli ) ) .",
"Some linguistic prescriptivists and students of ancient Greek argue that , given that hoi is a definite article , the phrase `` the hoi polloi '' is redundant , akin to saying `` the the masses '' . Others argue that this is inconsistent with other English loanwords . The word `` alcohol '' , for instance , derives from the Arabic al - kuhl , al being an article , yet `` the alcohol '' is universally accepted as good grammar .",
"There have been numerous uses of the term in English literature . James Fenimore Cooper , author of The Last of the Mohicans , is often credited with making the first recorded usage of the term in English . The first recorded use by Cooper occurs in his 1837 work Gleanings in Europe where he writes `` After which the oi polloi are enrolled as they can find interest . ''",
"Lord Byron had , in fact , previously used the term in his letters and journal . In one journal entry , dated 24 November 1813 , Byron writes `` I have not answered W. Scott 's last letter , -- but I will . I regret to hear from others , that he has lately been unfortunate in pecuniary involvements . He is undoubtedly the Monarch of Parnassus , and the most English of bards . I should place Rogers next in the living list ( I value him more as the last of the best school ) -- Moore and Campbell both third -- Southey and Wordsworth and Coleridge -- the rest , οι πολλοί ( hoi polloi in Greek ) -- thus : -- ( see image reproduced on this page ) .",
"Byron also wrote an 1821 entry in his journal `` ... one or two others , with myself , put on masks , and went on the stage with the ' oi polloi . ''",
"While Charles Darwin was at the University of Cambridge from 1828 to 1831 , undergraduates used the term `` hoi polloi '' or `` Poll '' for those reading for an ordinary degree , the `` pass degree '' . At that time only capable mathematicians would take the Tripos or honours degree . In his autobiography written in the 1870s , Darwin recalled that `` By answering well the examination questions in Paley , by doing Euclid well , and by not failing miserably in Classics , I gained a good place among the οἱ πολλοί , or crowd of men who do not go in for honours . ''",
"W.S. Gilbert used the term in 1882 when he wrote the libretto of the comic opera Iolanthe . In Act I , the following exchange occurs between a group of disgruntled fairies who are arranging to elevate a lowly shepherd to the peerage , and members of the House of Lords who will not hear of such a thing :",
"PEERS : Our lordly style You shall not quench With base canaille !",
"FAIRIES : ( That word is French . )",
"PEERS : Distinction ebbs Before a herd Of vulgar plebs !",
"FAIRIES : ( A Latin word . )",
"PEERS : ' Twould fill with joy , And madness stark The hoi polloi !",
"FAIRIES : ( A Greek remark . )",
"Gilbert 's parallel use of canaille , plebs ( plebeians ) , and hoi polloi makes it clear that the term is derogatory of the lower classes . In many versions of the vocal score , it is written as `` οἱ πολλοί '' , likely confusing generations of amateur choristers who had not had the advantages of a British Public School education .",
"John Dryden used the phrase in his Essay of Dramatick Poesie , published in 1668 . Dryden spells the phrase with Greek letters , but the rest of the sentence is in English ( and he does precede it with `` the '' ) .",
"The term has appeared in several films and radio programs . For example , one of the earliest short films from the Three Stooges , Hoi Polloi ( 1935 ) , opens in an exclusive restaurant where two wealthy gentlemen are arguing whether heredity or environment is more important in shaping character . They make a bet and pick on nearby trashmen ( the Stooges ) to prove their theory . At the conclusion of three months in training , the Stooges attend a dinner party , where they thoroughly embarrass the professors .",
"The University of Dayton 's Don Morlan says , `` The theme in these shorts of the Stooges against the rich is bringing the rich down to their level and shaking their heads . '' A typical Stooges joke from the film is when someone addresses them as `` gentlemen '' , and they look over their shoulders to see who is being addressed . The Three Stooges turn the tables on their hosts by calling them `` hoi polloi '' at the end .",
"At the English public school ( i.e. , private school ) Haileybury and Imperial Service College , in the 1950s and ' 60s , grammar schoolboys from nearby Hertford were referred to as `` oips '' , from `` hoi polloi '' , to distinguish them from comprehensive and secondary modern schoolboys , the lowest of the low , who were called `` oiks '' .",
"The term continues to be used in contemporary writing . In his 1983 introduction to Robert Anton Wilson 's Prometheus Rising , Israel Regardie writes , `` Once I was even so presumptuous as to warn ( Wilson ) in a letter that his humor was much too good to waste on hoi polloi who generally speaking would not understand it and might even resent it . ''",
"The term `` hoi polloi '' was used in a dramatic scene in the film Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) . In this scene , Professor Keating speaks negatively about the use of the article `` the '' in front of the phrase :",
"Keating : This is battle , boys . War ! Your souls are at a critical juncture . Either you will succumb to the hoi polloi and the fruit will die on the vine -- or you will triumph as individuals . It may be a coincidence that part of my duties are to teach you about Romanticism , but let me assure you that I take the task quite seriously . You will learn what this school wants you to learn in my class , but if I do my job properly , you will also learn a great deal more . You will learn to savor language and words because they are the stepping stones to everything you might endeavor to do in life and do well . A moment ago I used the term ' hoi polloi . ' Who knows what it means ? Come on , Overstreet , you twirp . ( laughter ) Anderson , are you a man or a boil ?",
"Anderson shakes his head `` no '' , but Meeks raises his hands and speaks : `` The hoi polloi . Does n't it mean the herd ? ''",
"Keating : Precisely , Meeks . Greek for the herd . However , be warned that , when you say `` the hoi polloi '' you are actually saying `` the the herd . '' Indicating that you too are `` hoi polloi '' .",
"Keating 's tone makes clear that he considers this statement to be an insult . He used the phrase `` the hoi polloi '' , to demonstrate the mistake he warned against .",
"The term was also used in the c ; comedy film Caddyshack ( 1980 ) . In a rare moment of cleverness , Spaulding Smails greets Danny Noonan as he arrives for the christening of The Flying Wasp , the boat belonging to Judge Elihu Smails ( Spaulding 's grandfather ) , with `` Ahoy , polloi ! Where did you come from , a scotch ad ? '' This is particularly ironic , because Danny has just finished mowing the Judge 's lawn , and arrives overdressed , wearing a sailboat captain 's outfit ( as the girl seated next to him points out , Danny `` looks like Dick Cavett '' ) .",
"Todd Rundgren 's band Utopia recorded a song titled `` Hoi Polloi '' on their album Deface the Music ( 1980 ) , in which all of the songs are written and performed in the style of the Beatles .",
"The Lovin ' Spoonful 's song `` Jug Band Music '' includes the line : `` He tried to mooch a towel from the hoi polloi . ''",
"In the song `` Risingson '' on Massive Attack 's Mezzanine album , the singer apparently appeals to his company to leave the club they 're in , deriding the common persons ' infatuation with them , and implying that he 's about to slide into antisocial behaviour :",
"Toy - like people make me boy - like ( ... ) And everything you got , hoi polloi like Now you 're lost and you 're lethal And now 's about the time you got ta leave all These good people ... dream on .",
"In an episode of This American Life , radio host Ira Glass uses the term hoi polloi while relaying a story about a woman who believes the letter ' q ' should occur later in the alphabet . He goes on to say that `` Q does not belong in the middle of the alphabet where it is , with the hoi polloi of the alphabet , with your ' m ' ' n ' and ' p ' . Letters that will just join any word for the asking . ''",
"The term was used in a first - series episode ( The New Vicar , aired 5 November 1990 ) of the British sitcom Keeping Up Appearances . The main character , Hyacinth Bucket , gets into a telephone argument with a bakery employee . When the employee abruptly hangs up in frustration , Hyacinth disparagingly refers to him as `` hoi polloi '' . This is in keeping with her character ; she looks down upon those she considers to be of lesser social standing , including working - class people .",
"Hoi Polloi was used in Larry Marder 's Tales of the Beanworld to name the unusual group of creatures that lived beneath the Beanworld .",
"In the first scene of The PlayStation ad `` Double Life , '' a British man says , `` In the day , I do my job , I ride the bus , Roll up my sleeves with the Hoi polloi '' .",
"Sue Townsend 's Adrian Mole writes a poem called `` The Hoi Polloi Reception '' and later works as a cook `` offal chef '' in a Soho restaurant called Hoi Polloi .",
"The August 14 , 2001 episode of CNN 's Larry King Live program included a discussion about whether the sport of polo was an appropriate part of the image of the British Royal Family . Joining King on the program were `` best - selling biographer and veteran royal watcher Robert Lacey '' and Kitty Kelley , author of the book The Royals . Their discussions focused on Prince Charles and his son Prince William :",
"Lacey said , `` There is another risk that I see in polo . Polo is a very nouveau riche , I think , rather vulgar game . I can say that having played it myself , and I do n't think it does Prince Charles 's image , or , I dare say , this is probably arrogant of me , his spirit any good . I do n't think it is a good thing for him to be involved in . I also , I 'm afraid , do n't think ( polo ) is a good thing for ( Charles ) to be encouraging his sons to get involved in . It is a very `` playboy '' set . We saw Harry recently all night clubbing , and why not , some might say , playing polo down in the south of Spain . I think the whole polo syndrome is something that the royal family would do very well to get uninvolved with as soon as possible .",
"King turned the question to Kelley , saying , `` Kitty , it is kind of hoi polloi , although it is an incredible sport in which , I have been told , that the horse is 80 percent of the game , the rider 20 percent . But it is a great sport to watch . But it is hoi polloi is n't it ? ''",
"To which Kelley replied , `` Yes , I do agree with Robert . The time is come and gone for the royals to be involved with polo . I mean it is -- it just increases that dissipated aristo - image that they have , and it is too bad to encourage someone like Prince William to get involved . ''",
"The term also appears in the 2003 Broadway musical Wicked , where it is used by the characters Elphaba and Glinda to refer to the many inhabitants of the Emerald City : `` ... I wan na be in this hoi polloi ... ''",
"Jack Cafferty , a CNN anchorman , was caught misusing the term . On 9 December 2004 he retracted his statement , saying `` And hoi - polloi refers to common people , not those rich morons that are evicting those two red - tail hawks ( ph ) from that fifth Avenue co-op . I misused the word hoi - polloi . And for that I humbly apologize . ''",
"New media and new inventions have also been described as being by or for the hoi polloi . Bob Garfield , co-host of NPR 's On the Media program , 8 November 2005 , used the phrase in reference to changing practices in the media , especially Wikipedia , `` The people in the encyclopedia business , I understand , tend to sniff at the wiki process as being the product of the mere hoi polloi . ''",
"In `` Sunk Costs '' ( season 3 episode 3 ) of `` Better Call Saul '' , Jimmy has been arrested and the DDA ( Oakley ) teases him `` getting fingerprinted with the hoi polloi '' .",
"The phrase `` hoi polloi '' has been used to promote products and businesses . As described by the Pittsburgh Dish , the name `` Hoi Polloi '' may be chosen to indicate that the brand or service will appeal to the `` common people '' .",
"Hoi Polloi is the name of many businesses , including a restaurant in the United Kingdom , Hoipolloi a theatre company based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom , a dance group based in New York City , a woman 's boutique in New Orleans , Louisiana , a Cafe - Bar in Agia Galini , Greece , a film crew in the United Kingdom , and a global telecommunications company . Oi Polloi is a Scottish anarcho - punk group , whose name is a pun on the term , and also Oi ! music . Hoi Polloi was an alternative gospel band from New Zealand . Hoi Polloi is a Marketing Communications blog by Angelo Fernando , a business writer covering technology , marketing , and interactive media . Hoi Polloi is the title of a literary journal produced by Dog Days Press in Massachusetts . Ahoi Polloi is the name of a well - known German cartoon blog .",
"Hoi Polloi is the name of many businesses , including a restaurant in the United Kingdom , Hoipolloi a theatre company based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom , a dance group based in New York City , a woman 's boutique in New Orleans , Louisiana , a Cafe - Bar in Agia Galini , Greece , a film crew in the United Kingdom , and a global telecommunications company .",
"Oi Polloi is a Scottish anarcho - punk group , whose name is a pun on the term , and also Oi ! music . Hoi Polloi was an alternative gospel band from New Zealand .",
"Hoi Polloi is a Marketing Communications blog by Angelo Fernando , a business writer covering technology , marketing , and interactive media .",
"Hoi Polloi is the title of a literary journal produced by Dog Days Press in Massachusetts .",
"Ahoi Polloi is the name of a well - known German cartoon blog .",
"The phrase has also been used in commercial works as the name a race of people .",
"hoi polloi is used by the character Kindle in the video game Advance Wars : Dual Strike . Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard claimed the existence of a race of extraterrestrial invaders known as the Hoipolloi .",
"hoi polloi is used by the character Kindle in the video game Advance Wars : Dual Strike .",
"Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard claimed the existence of a race of extraterrestrial invaders known as the Hoipolloi ."
] | Hoi polloi - Wikipedia Hoi polloi Jump to: navigation , search For the Three Stooges film, see Hoi Polloi (1935 film) . For the Scottish punk band, see Oi Polloi . For other uses, see HOI (disambiguation) . Hoi polloi ( Ancient Greek : οἱ πολλοί , hoi polloi , `` the many'' ) is an expression from Greek that means the many or, in the strictest sense, the majority . In English, it has been corrupted by being given a negative connotation to signify deprecation of the working class , commoners , the masses or common people in a derogatory or (more often today) ironic sense. Synonyms for hoi polloi, which also express the same or similar distaste for the common people felt by those who believe themselves to be superior, include `` the great unwashed '' , `` the plebeians '' or `` plebs'' , `` the rabble'' , `` the masses'' ,`` the dregs of society'' , `` riffraff '' , `` the herd'' , `` the canaille'' , `` the proles'' (proletariat) , `` sheeple '' , and `` peons '' . The phrase probably became known to English scholars through Pericles' Funeral Oration , as mentioned in Thucydides ' History of the Peloponnesian War . Pericles uses it in a positive way when praising the Athenian democracy , contrasting it with hoi oligoi , `` the few'' ( Greek : οἱ ὀλίγοι , see also oligarchy ). Its current English usage originated in the early 19th century, a time when it was generally accepted that one must be familiar with Greek and Latin in order to be considered well educated. The phrase was originally written in Greek letters . Knowledge of these languages served to set apart the speaker from hoi polloi in question, who were not similarly educated. Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciation 2 Usage 3 Appearances in the nineteenth century 4 Appearances in the twentieth century 5 Appearances in the twenty-first century 5.1 List of twenty-first century commercial uses 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Pronunciation ( edit ) Pronunciation depends on the speaker: English speakers pronounce it / ˌhɔɪ pəˈlɔɪ / . Ancient Greek speakers pronounced it (hoi polloi˨ ˦ ) . Double-λ is pronounced as such . Modern Greek speakers pronounce it (i poˈli ) since in Modern Greek there is no voiceless glottal /h/ phoneme and οι is pronounced (i) (all Ancient Greek diphthongs are now pronounced as monophthongs ). Greek Cypriots still pronounce the double-λ ( (i polˈli ) ). Usage ( edit ) Some linguistic prescriptivists and students of ancient Greek argue that, given that hoi is a definite article , the phrase `` the hoi polloi'' is redundant, akin to saying `` the the masses'' . Others argue that this is inconsistent with other English loanwords. The word `` alcohol'' , for instance, derives from the Arabic al-kuhl , al being an article , yet `` the alcohol'' is universally accepted as good grammar. Appearances in the nineteenth century ( edit ) See also: Macaronic verse Lord Byron 's view of the hoi polloi There have been numerous uses of the term in English literature . James Fenimore Cooper , author of The Last of the Mohicans , is often credited with making the first recorded usage of the term in English. The first recorded use by Cooper occurs in his 1837 work Gleanings in Europe where he writes `` After which the oi polloi are enrolled as they can find interest.'' Lord Byron had, in fact, previously used the term in his letters and journal. In one journal entry, dated 24 November 1813, Byron writes `` I have not answered W. Scott 's last letter,-- but I will. I regret to hear from others, that he has lately been unfortunate in pecuniary involvements. He is undoubtedly the Monarch of Parnassus , and the most English of bards. I should place Rogers next in the living list (I value him more as the last of the best school) -- Moore and Campbell both third-- Southey and Wordsworth and Coleridge -- the rest, οι πολλοί (hoi polloi in Greek)-- thus:-- ( see image reproduced on this page ). Byron also wrote an 1821 entry in his journal `` ... one or two others, with myself, put on masks, and went on the stage with the ' oi polloi.'' While Charles Darwin was at the University of Cambridge from 1828 to 1831, undergraduates used the term `` hoi polloi'' or `` Poll'' for those reading for an ordinary degree, the `` pass degree'' . At that time only capable mathematicians would take the Tripos or honours degree. In his autobiography written in the 1870s, Darwin recalled that `` By answering well the examination questions in Paley, by doing Euclid well, and by not failing miserably in Classics, I gained a good place among the οἱ πολλοί , or crowd of men who do not go in for honours.'' W.S. Gilbert used the term in 1882 when he wrote the libretto of the comic opera Iolanthe . In Act I, the following exchange occurs between a group of disgruntled fairies who are arranging to elevate a lowly shepherd to the peerage , and members of the House of Lords who will not hear of such a thing: PEERS: Our lordly style You shall not quench With base canaille! FAIRIES: (That word is French.) PEERS: Distinction ebbs Before a herd Of vulgar plebs! FAIRIES: (A Latin word.) PEERS: ' Twould fill with joy, And madness stark The hoi polloi! FAIRIES: (A Greek remark.) Gilbert's parallel use of canaille , plebs ( plebeians ), and hoi polloi makes it clear that the term is derogatory of the lower classes . In many versions of the vocal score, it is written as `` οἱ πολλοί '' , likely confusing generations of amateur choristers who had not had the advantages of a British Public School education. John Dryden used the phrase in his Essay of Dramatick Poesie , published in 1668. Dryden spells the phrase with Greek letters, but the rest of the sentence is in English (and he does precede it with `` the'' ). Appearances in the twentieth century ( edit ) The term has appeared in several films and radio programs. For example, one of the earliest short films from the Three Stooges , Hoi Polloi (1935), opens in an exclusive restaurant where two wealthy gentlemen are arguing whether heredity or environment is more important in shaping character. They make a bet and pick on nearby trashmen (the Stooges) to prove their theory. At the conclusion of three months in training, the Stooges attend a dinner party, where they thoroughly embarrass the professors. The University of Dayton 's Don Morlan says, `` The theme in these shorts of the Stooges against the rich is bringing the rich down to their level and shaking their heads.'' A typical Stooges joke from the film is when someone addresses them as `` gentlemen'' , and they look over their shoulders to see who is being addressed. The Three Stooges turn the tables on their hosts by calling them `` hoi polloi'' at the end. At the English public school (i.e., private school) Haileybury and Imperial Service College , in the 1950s and ' 60s, grammar schoolboys from nearby Hertford were referred to as `` oips'' , from `` hoi polloi'' , to distinguish them from comprehensive and secondary modern schoolboys, the lowest of the low, who were called `` oiks'' . The term continues to be used in contemporary writing. In his 1983 introduction to Robert Anton Wilson 's Prometheus Rising , Israel Regardie writes, `` Once I was even so presumptuous as to warn (Wilson) in a letter that his humor was much too good to waste on hoi polloi who generally speaking would not understand it and might even resent it.'' The term `` hoi polloi'' was used in a dramatic scene in the film Dead Poets Society (1989). In this scene, Professor Keating speaks negatively about the use of the article `` the'' in front of the phrase: Keating: This is battle, boys. War! Your souls are at a critical juncture. Either you will succumb to the hoi polloi and the fruit will die on the vine-- or you will triumph as individuals. It may be a coincidence that part of my duties are to teach you about Romanticism , but let me assure you that I take the task quite seriously. You will learn what this school wants you to learn in my class, but if I do my job properly, you will also learn a great deal more. You will learn to savor language and words because they are the stepping stones to everything you might endeavor to do in life and do well. A moment ago I used the term ' hoi polloi.' Who knows what it means? Come on, Overstreet, you twirp. (laughter) Anderson, are you a man or a boil? Anderson shakes his head `` no'' , but Meeks raises his hands and speaks: `` The hoi polloi. Doesn't it mean the herd?'' Keating: Precisely, Meeks. Greek for the herd. However, be warned that, when you say `` the hoi polloi'' you are actually saying `` the the herd.'' Indicating that you too are `` hoi polloi'' . Keating's tone makes clear that he considers this statement to be an insult. He used the phrase `` the hoi polloi'' , to demonstrate the mistake he warned against. The term was also used in the c;comedy film Caddyshack (1980). In a rare moment of cleverness, Spaulding Smails greets Danny Noonan as he arrives for the christening of The Flying Wasp, the boat belonging to Judge Elihu Smails (Spaulding's grandfather), with `` Ahoy, polloi! Where did you come from, a scotch ad?'' This is particularly ironic, because Danny has just finished mowing the Judge's lawn, and arrives overdressed, wearing a sailboat captain's outfit (as the girl seated next to him points out, Danny `` looks like Dick Cavett '' ). Todd Rundgren 's band Utopia recorded a song titled `` Hoi Polloi'' on their album Deface the Music (1980), in which all of the songs are written and performed in the style of the Beatles . The Lovin' Spoonful 's song `` Jug Band Music'' includes the line: `` He tried to mooch a towel from the hoi polloi.'' In the song `` Risingson '' on Massive Attack 's Mezzanine album, the singer apparently appeals to his company to leave the club they're in, deriding the common persons' infatuation with them, and implying that he's about to slide into antisocial behaviour : Toy-like people make me boy-like (...) And everything you got, hoi polloi like Now you're lost and you're lethal And now's about the time you gotta leave all These good people...dream on. In an episode of This American Life , radio host Ira Glass uses the term hoi polloi while relaying a story about a woman who believes the letter ' q' should occur later in the alphabet. He goes on to say that `` Q does not belong in the middle of the alphabet where it is, with the hoi polloi of the alphabet, with your ' m' ' n' and ' p' . Letters that will just join any word for the asking.'' The term was used in a first-series episode (The New Vicar, aired 5 November 1990) of the British sitcom Keeping Up Appearances . The main character, Hyacinth Bucket , gets into a telephone argument with a bakery employee. When the employee abruptly hangs up in frustration, Hyacinth disparagingly refers to him as `` hoi polloi'' . This is in keeping with her character; she looks down upon those she considers to be of lesser social standing, including working-class people. Hoi Polloi was used in Larry Marder 's Tales of the Beanworld to name the unusual group of creatures that lived beneath the Beanworld. In the first scene of The PlayStation ad `` Double Life ,'' a British man says, `` In the day, I do my job, I ride the bus, Roll up my sleeves with the Hoi polloi'' . Sue Townsend 's Adrian Mole writes a poem called `` The Hoi Polloi Reception'' and later works as a cook `` offal chef'' in a Soho restaurant called Hoi Polloi. Appearances in the twenty-first century ( edit ) The August 14, 2001 episode of CNN 's Larry King Live program included a discussion about whether the sport of polo was an appropriate part of the image of the British Royal Family . Joining King on the program were `` best-selling biographer and veteran royal watcher Robert Lacey '' and Kitty Kelley , author of the book The Royals . Their discussions focused on Prince Charles and his son Prince William : Lacey said, `` There is another risk that I see in polo. Polo is a very nouveau riche , I think, rather vulgar game. I can say that having played it myself, and I don't think it does Prince Charles's image, or, I dare say, this is probably arrogant of me, his spirit any good. I don't think it is a good thing for him to be involved in. I also, I'm afraid, don't think (polo) is a good thing for (Charles) to be encouraging his sons to get involved in. It is a very `` playboy'' set. We saw Harry recently all night clubbing, and why not, some might say, playing polo down in the south of Spain. I think the whole polo syndrome is something that the royal family would do very well to get uninvolved with as soon as possible. King turned the question to Kelley, saying, `` Kitty, it is kind of hoi polloi, although it is an incredible sport in which, I have been told, that the horse is 80 percent of the game, the rider 20 percent. But it is a great sport to watch. But it is hoi polloi isn't it?'' To which Kelley replied, `` Yes, I do agree with Robert. The time is come and gone for the royals to be involved with polo. I mean it is -- it just increases that dissipated aristo-image that they have, and it is too bad to encourage someone like Prince William to get involved.'' The term also appears in the 2003 Broadway musical Wicked , where it is used by the characters Elphaba and Glinda to refer to the many inhabitants of the Emerald City : `` ... I wanna be in this hoi polloi ...'' Jack Cafferty , a CNN anchorman , was caught misusing the term. On 9 December 2004 he retracted his statement, saying `` And hoi-polloi refers to common people, not those rich morons that are evicting those two red-tail hawks (ph) from that fifth Avenue co-op . I misused the word hoi-polloi. And for that I humbly apologize.'' New media and new inventions have also been described as being by or for the hoi polloi. Bob Garfield , co-host of NPR 's On the Media program, 8 November 2005, used the phrase in reference to changing practices in the media , especially Wikipedia , `` The people in the encyclopedia business, I understand, tend to sniff at the wiki process as being the product of the mere hoi polloi.'' In `` Sunk Costs'' (season 3 episode 3) of `` Better Call Saul'' , Jimmy has been arrested and the DDA (Oakley) teases him `` getting fingerprinted with the hoi polloi'' . List of twenty-first century commercial uses ( edit ) The phrase `` hoi polloi'' has been used to promote products and businesses. As described by the Pittsburgh Dish , the name `` Hoi Polloi'' may be chosen to indicate that the brand or service will appeal to the `` common people'' . Hoi Polloi is the name of many businesses, including a restaurant in the United Kingdom, Hoipolloi a theatre company based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom, a dance group based in New York City , a woman's boutique in New Orleans , Louisiana, a Cafe-Bar in Agia Galini , Greece, a film crew in the United Kingdom, and a global telecommunications company. Oi Polloi is a Scottish anarcho-punk group, whose name is a pun on the term, and also Oi! music. Hoi Polloi was an alternative gospel band from New Zealand. Hoi Polloi is a Marketing Communications blog by Angelo Fernando, a business writer covering technology, marketing, and interactive media. Hoi Polloi is the title of a literary journal produced by Dog Days Press in Massachusetts. Ahoi Polloi is the name of a well-known German cartoon blog. The phrase has also been used in commercial works as the name a race of people. hoi polloi is used by the character Kindle in the video game Advance Wars: Dual Strike . Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard claimed the existence of a race of extraterrestrial invaders known as the Hoipolloi . See also ( edit ) Dominant ideology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roget's New Millennium Thesaurus . Lexico Publishing Group, LLC . Retrieved 2006-07-12 . Jump up ^ Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War , Book 2.34-46: `` καὶ ὄνομα μὲν διὰ τὸ μὴ ἐς ὀλίγους ἀλλ ̓ ἐς πλείονας οἰκεῖν δημοκρατία κέκληται '' ( `` It is true that we are called a democracy, for the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few'' ). Jump up ^ Rexine, John E. (September-- October 1978). Review of The Scientist's Thesaurus: A Treasury of the Stock Words of Science by George F. Steffanides . The Modern Language Journal . 62 . p. 291. Jump up ^ `` British studies: the eighteenth century, a guide to topics in the Michigan state university libraries' collections'' . July 15, 2003. Archived from the original on 2006-09-05 . Retrieved 2007-01-15 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Colloquialisms starting with `` H '' `` . Translation Directory.com . Retrieved 2007-01-15 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Maven's Word of the Day'' . Random House. November 13, 1998 . Retrieved 2007-01-15 . Jump up ^ Editors of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition `` Blue plate special'' ; how to use `` hoi polloi ; `` Peck's Bad Boy October 28, 2003, Jewish World Review . Jump up ^ Lord Byron Lord Byron's Letters and Journals November 24, 1813. Jump up ^ `` The chicken and the egg: the pluralism of Greek spelling'' . Athens News . Archived from the original on 2006-12-10 . Retrieved 2007-01-15 . Jump up ^ http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/183475.html Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Jump up ^ The Literature Network . Jump up ^ Cooper, James Fenimore Gleanings in Europe: England 1837. ^ Jump up to: `` Hoi polloi: Word of the Day'' . November 25, 2006 . Retrieved 2007-01-15 . Jump up ^ Byron, George Gordon, sixth Baron Byron. `` Byron's 1813 diary'' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 2006-06-13 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lord Byron Detached Thoughts , 1821. Jump up ^ `` Letter 1189 -- Darwin, C.R. to Henslow, J.S. , 2 July (1848)'' . Darwin Correspondence Project. 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Barlow, Nora ed. 1958. The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-- 1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow . London: Collins. p. 59 . Jump up ^ New York Times Movies Jump up ^ von Busack, Richard, Pure Slap Shtik Metro Santa Cruz - January 16-- 22, 1997. Jump up ^ Regardie, Israel Introduction Prometheus 1983. Jump up ^ Schulman, Tom Excerpts from the script of Dead Poets Society. Jump up ^ Alwaysontherun.net. Risingson . Retrieved 14 February 2007. Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances 02 - Welcoming The Dishy Vicar Divxmoviesenglishsubtitles.com Accessed on 11 May 2007. Jump up ^ `` Larry Marder's Tales of the Beanworld - The Beanworld Glossary'' . RDrop.com . Retrieved 2008-02-06 . Jump up ^ Larry King Live Jump up ^ Schwartz, Stephen. `` Wicked Lyrics - `` One Short Day '' `` . musicalschwartz.com . Retrieved 2007-01-15 . Jump up ^ American Morning Transcript Jump up ^ On the Media Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/alliances-form-better-call-saul-heads-two-front-wa-254155 Jump up ^ `` The Dish on Dish: Hoi Polloi'' . Pittsburgh Dish . January 28, 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-12-04 . Retrieved 2008-02-06 . Jump up ^ Hoi Polloi Bar and Restaurant . Jump up ^ Hoipolloi Theatre . Jump up ^ Hoi Polloi dance group . Jump up ^ Hoi Polloi boutique . Jump up ^ (1) . Jump up ^ Hoi Polloi film crew . Jump up ^ `` Hoi Polloi Makes It Possible for Free Calls to China, Hong Kong (Mobile), Singapore, and Numerous Other Countries from the U.S.'' . ECNext.com . Retrieved 2008-02-06 . Jump up ^ `` Hoi Polloi'' . Typepad.com . Retrieved 2008-02-06 . Jump up ^ McNulty, Robert. `` hoi polloi - A Literary Journal for the Rest of Us'' . Lulu.com . access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ahoi Polloi'' . blogger.de . Retrieved 2008-09-16 . Jump up ^ `` Advance Wars: Dual Strike - Game Script v1.01'' . GameFaqs.com . December 2005 . Retrieved 2008-02-06 . External links ( edit ) Look up hoi polloi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoi_polloi&oldid=808096892 '' Categories : English phrases Greek words and phrases Social classes Hidden categories: Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017, at 21:24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -172275583964721570 |
what is the area to the north and south of the equator called | About ⁄ of South America , north of the mouth of the Amazon River | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Coordinates : 90 ° 0 ′ 0 '' N 0 ° 0 ′ 0 '' E / 90.00000 ° N 0.00000 ° E / 90.00000 ; 0.00000",
"The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the equator . For other planets in the Solar System , north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth 's North pole .",
"Due to the Earth 's axial tilt , winter in the Northern Hemisphere lasts from the December solstice ( typically December 21 UTC ) to the March Equinox ( typically March 20 UTC ) , while summer lasts from the June solstice ( typically June 21 UTC ) through to the September equinox ( typically September 23 UTC ) . The dates vary each year due to the difference between the calendar year and the astronomical year .",
"Its surface is 60.7 % water , compared with 80.9 % water in the case of the Southern Hemisphere , and it contains 67.3 % of Earth 's land .",
"The Arctic is the region north of the Arctic Circle . Its climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers . Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow . The Arctic experiences some days in summer when the Sun never sets , and some days during the winter when it never rises . The duration of these phases varies from one day for locations right on the Arctic Circle to several months near the North Pole , which is the middle of the Northern Hemisphere .",
"Between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer lies the Northern Temperate Zone . The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally mild , rather than extreme hot or cold . However , a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather .",
"Tropical regions ( between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator ) are generally hot all year round and tend to experience a rainy season during the summer months , and a dry season during the winter months .",
"In the Northern Hemisphere , objects moving across or above the surface of the Earth tend to turn to the right because of the coriolis effect . As a result , large - scale horizontal flows of air or water tend to form clockwise - turning gyres . These are best seen in ocean circulation patterns in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans .",
"For the same reason , flows of air down toward the northern surface of the Earth tend to spread across the surface in a clockwise pattern . Thus , clockwise air circulation is characteristic of high pressure weather cells in the Northern Hemisphere . Conversely , air rising from the northern surface of the Earth ( creating a region of low pressure ) tends to draw air toward it in a counterclockwise pattern . Hurricanes and tropical storms ( massive low - pressure systems ) spin counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere .",
"The shadow of a sundial moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ( opposite of the Southern Hemisphere ) . During the day , the Sun tends to rise to its maximum at a southerly position except between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator , where the sun can be seen to the north , directly overhead , or to the south at noon dependent on the time of year .",
"When viewed from the Northern Hemisphere , the Moon appears inverted compared to a view from the Southern Hemisphere . The North Pole faces away from the galactic center of the Milky Way . This results in the Milky Way being sparser and dimmer in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere , making the Northern Hemisphere more suitable for deep - space observation , as it is not `` blinded '' by the Milky Way .",
"The Northern Hemisphere is home to approximately 6.57 billion people which is around 90 % of the earth 's total human population of 7.3 billion people .",
"All of continental Europe All of North America , Central America and the Caribbean The vast majority of Asia , except part of Maritime Southeast Asia ( which straddles the equator ) About ⁄ of Africa , just above the `` horn '' About ⁄ of South America , north of the mouth of the Amazon River",
"All of continental Europe",
"All of North America , Central America and the Caribbean",
"The vast majority of Asia , except part of Maritime Southeast Asia ( which straddles the equator )",
"About ⁄ of Africa , just above the `` horn ''",
"About ⁄ of South America , north of the mouth of the Amazon River"
] | Northern Hemisphere - wikipedia Northern Hemisphere Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the northern hemisphere of Earth. For astronomical observations of the sky, see Northern Celestial Hemisphere . Coordinates : 90° 0′ 0'' N 0° 0′ 0'' E / 90.00000° N 0.00000° E / 90.00000; 0.00000 Northern Hemisphere highlighted in blue. The hemispheres appear to be unequal in this image due to Antarctica not being shown, but in reality are the same size. Northern Hemisphere from above the North Pole The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the equator . For other planets in the Solar System , north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's North pole. Due to the Earth's axial tilt , winter in the Northern Hemisphere lasts from the December solstice (typically December 21 UTC) to the March Equinox (typically March 20 UTC), while summer lasts from the June solstice (typically June 21 UTC) through to the September equinox (typically September 23 UTC). The dates vary each year due to the difference between the calendar year and the astronomical year . Its surface is 60.7% water, compared with 80.9% water in the case of the Southern Hemisphere , and it contains 67.3% of Earth's land. Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography and climate 2 Demographics 3 List of continents 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Geography and climate ( edit ) The Arctic is the region north of the Arctic Circle . Its climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow. The Arctic experiences some days in summer when the Sun never sets, and some days during the winter when it never rises. The duration of these phases varies from one day for locations right on the Arctic Circle to several months near the North Pole , which is the middle of the Northern Hemisphere. Between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer lies the Northern Temperate Zone . The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally mild, rather than extreme hot or cold. However, a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather. Tropical regions (between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator ) are generally hot all year round and tend to experience a rainy season during the summer months, and a dry season during the winter months. In the Northern Hemisphere, objects moving across or above the surface of the Earth tend to turn to the right because of the coriolis effect . As a result, large-scale horizontal flows of air or water tend to form clockwise -turning gyres . These are best seen in ocean circulation patterns in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. For the same reason, flows of air down toward the northern surface of the Earth tend to spread across the surface in a clockwise pattern. Thus, clockwise air circulation is characteristic of high pressure weather cells in the Northern Hemisphere. Conversely, air rising from the northern surface of the Earth (creating a region of low pressure) tends to draw air toward it in a counterclockwise pattern. Hurricanes and tropical storms (massive low-pressure systems) spin counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The shadow of a sundial moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (opposite of the Southern Hemisphere ). During the day, the Sun tends to rise to its maximum at a southerly position except between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator, where the sun can be seen to the north, directly overhead, or to the south at noon dependent on the time of year. When viewed from the Northern Hemisphere, the Moon appears inverted compared to a view from the Southern Hemisphere. The North Pole faces away from the galactic center of the Milky Way . This results in the Milky Way being sparser and dimmer in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere, making the Northern Hemisphere more suitable for deep-space observation, as it is not `` blinded'' by the Milky Way. Demographics ( edit ) The Northern Hemisphere is home to approximately 6.57 billion people which is around 90% of the earth's total human population of 7.3 billion people. List of continents ( edit ) All of continental Europe All of North America , Central America and the Caribbean The vast majority of Asia , except part of Maritime Southeast Asia (which straddles the equator) About ⁄ of Africa , just above the `` horn '' About ⁄ of South America , north of the mouth of the Amazon River See also ( edit ) North Pole North-- South divide South Pole Southern Hemisphere References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Report of the IAU Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2009 Jump up ^ Life on Earth: A - G...1 . ABC-CLIO. 2002. p. 528. ISBN 9781576072868 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Spitler. `` Does the Moon look different in the northern and southern hemispheres? (Beginner) - Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer'' . cornell.edu . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Perspective of the Moon from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres'' . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 90% Of People Live In The Northern Hemisphere - Business Insider'' . Business Insider. 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GIC - Article'' . galegroup.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Northern Hemisphere at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Hemispheres of Earth Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere Western Hemisphere Land Hemispheres Water Hemispheres Book:Hemispheres of Earth Portal:Geography Commons:Maps of Earth's hemispheres Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Hemisphere&oldid=800438143 '' Categories : Hemispheres of Earth Hidden categories: Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 客家 語 /Hak-kâ -ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай -малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 15:09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -8003268601014881742 |
when does the new family guy season come out | Family Guy 's sixteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1 , 2017 . | [
[
"October 1, 2017"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Family Guy ( season 16 ) Country of origin United States Release Original network Fox Original release October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 15 List of Family Guy episodes",
"Family Guy ( season 16 )",
"Country of origin United States",
"Release",
"Original network Fox",
"Original release October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) -- present",
"Season chronology",
"← Previous Season 15",
"List of Family Guy episodes",
"Family Guy 's sixteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1 , 2017 .",
"The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family , consisting of father Peter , mother Lois , daughter Meg , son Chris , baby Stewie and the family dog Brian , who reside in their hometown of Quahog . The executive producers for the sixteenth production season are Seth MacFarlane , Richard Appel , Alec Sulkin , Steve Callaghan , Danny Smith and Kara Vallow . Sulkin returns after a two - season absence as the new showrunner for the series , replacing previous showrunner Callaghan . Appel will continue to serve as showrunner alongside Sulkin .",
"The season will feature guest appearances from Danny Trejo , Ian McKellen , Kristen Bell , Louis C.K. , Bill Maher , and Modern Family cast members Ty Burrell , Julie Bowen and Sofía Vergara .",
"The season will also mark the final appearances of Adam West and Carrie Fisher following their deaths , as well as the show 's 300th episode .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 290 `` Emmy - Winning Episode '' James Purdum Dominic Bianchi Peter Shin Aaron Lee October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) FACX06 2.80 Peter goes out of his way to earn an Emmy win after getting fed up with not being nominated . He tries to make Family Guy more like several Emmy - nominated television shows , including Modern Family and Transparent . 291 `` Foxx in the Men House '' Brian Iles Andrew Goldberg October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) EACX20 3.05 Peter meets a paramedic named Striker after being knocked unconscious . He later dumps Quagmire , Cleveland and Joe as friends , due to his friendship with Striker giving him inflated self - esteem . Later on , Peter comes to realize he does not have the strength to do the physical activities that Striker wants to do . 292 `` Nanny Goats '' Steve Robertson Tom Devanney October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) FACX02 2.54 Barbara hires a nanny for the Griffin family when she gets displeased with recent living arrangements for the kids . This enables Peter and Lois to reconnect with their love . 293 `` Follow the Money '' Mike Kim Kevin Biggins October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) EACX15 2.69 Chris receives a dollar for his birthday from Carter and loses it at the same time , only to realize it is a rare dollar . Chris and Carter begin an adventure to find the dollar , as it 's being passed by every citizen of Quahog . 294 5 `` Three Directors '' Joe Vaux Travis Bowe November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) EACX18 TBD The story of Peter 's firing from the brewery , as told in the styles of Quentin Tarantino , Wes Anderson , and Michael Bay . 295 6 `` The D in Apartment 23 '' TBA TBA November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) FACX03 TBD 296 7 `` Petey IV '' TBA TBA November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) FACX04 TBD 298 9 `` Do n't Be a Dickens at Christmas '' TBA TBA December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) FACX07 TBD",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"290 `` Emmy - Winning Episode '' James Purdum Dominic Bianchi Peter Shin Aaron Lee October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) FACX06 2.80",
"Peter goes out of his way to earn an Emmy win after getting fed up with not being nominated . He tries to make Family Guy more like several Emmy - nominated television shows , including Modern Family and Transparent .",
"291 `` Foxx in the Men House '' Brian Iles Andrew Goldberg October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) EACX20 3.05",
"Peter meets a paramedic named Striker after being knocked unconscious . He later dumps Quagmire , Cleveland and Joe as friends , due to his friendship with Striker giving him inflated self - esteem . Later on , Peter comes to realize he does not have the strength to do the physical activities that Striker wants to do .",
"292 `` Nanny Goats '' Steve Robertson Tom Devanney October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) FACX02 2.54",
"Barbara hires a nanny for the Griffin family when she gets displeased with recent living arrangements for the kids . This enables Peter and Lois to reconnect with their love .",
"293 `` Follow the Money '' Mike Kim Kevin Biggins October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) EACX15 2.69",
"Chris receives a dollar for his birthday from Carter and loses it at the same time , only to realize it is a rare dollar . Chris and Carter begin an adventure to find the dollar , as it 's being passed by every citizen of Quahog .",
"294 5 `` Three Directors '' Joe Vaux Travis Bowe November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) EACX18 TBD",
"The story of Peter 's firing from the brewery , as told in the styles of Quentin Tarantino , Wes Anderson , and Michael Bay .",
"295 6 `` The D in Apartment 23 '' TBA TBA November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) FACX03 TBD",
"296 7 `` Petey IV '' TBA TBA November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) FACX04 TBD",
"298 9 `` Do n't Be a Dickens at Christmas '' TBA TBA December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) FACX07 TBD",
"Production code Title Reference FACX01 `` Dog Bites Bear '' FACX10 `` Send in Stewie , Please '' FACX15 `` HTTPete '' FACX ? ? `` Doc Brown '' FACX ? ? `` Crimes and Meg 's Demeanor '' FACX ? ? `` V is for Mystery '' FACX ? ? `` Brian Dates a Bitch '' FACX ? ? `` Veteran Guy '' FACX ? ? `` Family Guy Through the Years '' FACX ? ? `` The Woof of Wall Street ''",
"Production code Title Reference",
"FACX01 `` Dog Bites Bear ''",
"FACX10 `` Send in Stewie , Please ''",
"FACX15 `` HTTPete ''",
"FACX ? ? `` Doc Brown ''",
"FACX ? ? `` Crimes and Meg 's Demeanor ''",
"FACX ? ? `` V is for Mystery ''",
"FACX ? ? `` Brian Dates a Bitch ''",
"FACX ? ? `` Veteran Guy ''",
"FACX ? ? `` Family Guy Through the Years ''",
"FACX ? ? `` The Woof of Wall Street ''"
] | Family Guy (season 16) - wikipedia Family Guy (season 16) Jump to: navigation , search Family Guy (season 16) Country of origin United States Release Original network Fox Original release October 1, 2017 ( 2017-10-01 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 15 List of Family Guy episodes Family Guy 's sixteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family , consisting of father Peter , mother Lois , daughter Meg , son Chris , baby Stewie and the family dog Brian , who reside in their hometown of Quahog. The executive producers for the sixteenth production season are Seth MacFarlane , Richard Appel , Alec Sulkin , Steve Callaghan , Danny Smith and Kara Vallow . Sulkin returns after a two-season absence as the new showrunner for the series, replacing previous showrunner Callaghan. Appel will continue to serve as showrunner alongside Sulkin. The season will feature guest appearances from Danny Trejo , Ian McKellen , Kristen Bell , Louis C.K. , Bill Maher , and Modern Family cast members Ty Burrell , Julie Bowen and Sofía Vergara . The season will also mark the final appearances of Adam West and Carrie Fisher following their deaths, as well as the show's 300th episode. Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Unscheduled episodes 3 References 4 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also: List of Family Guy episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers (millions) 290 `` Emmy-Winning Episode '' James Purdum Dominic Bianchi Peter Shin Aaron Lee October 1, 2017 ( 2017-10-01 ) FACX06 2.80 Peter goes out of his way to earn an Emmy win after getting fed up with not being nominated. He tries to make Family Guy more like several Emmy-nominated television shows, including Modern Family and Transparent . 291 `` Foxx in the Men House '' Brian Iles Andrew Goldberg October 8, 2017 ( 2017-10-08 ) EACX20 3.05 Peter meets a paramedic named Striker after being knocked unconscious. He later dumps Quagmire, Cleveland and Joe as friends, due to his friendship with Striker giving him inflated self-esteem. Later on, Peter comes to realize he does not have the strength to do the physical activities that Striker wants to do. 292 `` Nanny Goats '' Steve Robertson Tom Devanney October 15, 2017 ( 2017-10-15 ) FACX02 2.54 Barbara hires a nanny for the Griffin family when she gets displeased with recent living arrangements for the kids. This enables Peter and Lois to reconnect with their love. 293 `` Follow the Money '' Mike Kim Kevin Biggins October 22, 2017 ( 2017-10-22 ) EACX15 2.69 Chris receives a dollar for his birthday from Carter and loses it at the same time, only to realize it is a rare dollar. Chris and Carter begin an adventure to find the dollar, as it's being passed by every citizen of Quahog. 294 5 `` Three Directors '' Joe Vaux Travis Bowe November 5, 2017 ( 2017-11-05 ) EACX18 TBD The story of Peter's firing from the brewery, as told in the styles of Quentin Tarantino , Wes Anderson , and Michael Bay . 295 6 `` The D in Apartment 23'' TBA TBA November 12, 2017 ( 2017-11-12 ) FACX03 TBD 296 7 `` Petey IV'' TBA TBA November 19, 2017 ( 2017-11-19 ) FACX04 TBD 298 9 `` Don't Be a Dickens at Christmas'' TBA TBA December 10, 2017 ( 2017-12-10 ) FACX07 TBD Unscheduled episodes ( edit ) Production code Title Reference FACX01 `` Dog Bites Bear'' FACX10 `` Send in Stewie, Please'' FACX15 `` HTTPete'' FACX?? `` Doc Brown'' FACX?? `` Crimes and Meg's Demeanor'' FACX?? `` V is for Mystery'' FACX?? `` Brian Dates a Bitch'' FACX?? `` Veteran Guy'' FACX?? `` Family Guy Through the Years'' FACX?? `` The Woof of Wall Street'' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 22, 2017). `` Fox Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates: ' Empire' , ' The Gifted' & ' Orville ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Snierson (July 19, 2017). `` Ian McKellen to guest on Family Guy'' . Ew.com . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Snierson (August 13, 2017). `` Kristen Bell, Louis C.K. to guest on Family Guy'' . Ew.com . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). `` ' NCIS: LA' and ' 60 Minutes' adjust up, ' Wisdom of the Crowd' and ' Ten Days in the Valley' down: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 10, 2017). `` NFL adjusts up, all others unchanged: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 17, 2017). `` ' Madam Secretary' and ' Wisdom of the Crowd' adjust down, ' 60 Minutes, ' AFV' and NFL up: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 24, 2017). `` ' NCIS: LA' and ' Shark Tank' adjust up, ' Madam Secretary' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listings - FAMILY GUY on FOX'' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listings - FAMILY GUY on FOX'' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (November 3, 2017). `` Family Guy producer reveals details on Carrie Fisher's final two episodes'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Reg. # PAu003816253 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg. # PAu003851061 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ `` Instagram'' . Instagram. December 14, 2016 . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ Reg. # PAu003803650 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg. # PAu003844797 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg. # PAu003848125 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg. # PAu003848227 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg. # PAu003852729 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg. # PAu003852731 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg. # PAu003852736 at U.S. Copyright Records database . External links ( edit ) Family Guy episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 16 `` Emmy-Winning Episode '' `` Foxx in the Men House '' `` Nanny Goats '' `` Follow the Money '' `` Three Directors '' `` The D in Apartment 23'' Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Mayor West Herbert Cleveland Jr. Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game! (2006) Family Guy Online (2012) Back to the Multiverse (2012) Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff (2014) Family Guy: Another Freakin' Mobile Game (2017) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_Guy_(season_16)&oldid=809030519 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Family Guy seasons Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 18:41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -7856526841607636298 |
what episode of the office does dwight saves jim from roy | `` The Negotiation '' ( originally titled `` Labor Negotiation '' ) is the nineteenth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's forty - seventh episode overall . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) tries to attack Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) for kissing Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) on Casino Night , only to be pepper - sprayed by Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) . Jim repeatedly tries to thank Dwight for his actions , but each attempt is rejected . Meanwhile , with Roy fired , Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) asks for a raise and is astounded when he learns that this raise would cause him to be paid more than his boss , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) . | [
[
"\"The Negotiation\""
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` The Negotiation '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 3 Episode 19 Directed by Jeffrey Blitz Written by Michael Schur Production code 319 Original air date April 5 , 2007 Running time 29 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli Episode chronology ← Previous `` Cocktails '' Next → `` Safety Training '' The Office ( U.S. season 3 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes",
"`` The Negotiation ''",
"The Office episode",
"Episode no . Season 3 Episode 19",
"Directed by Jeffrey Blitz",
"Written by Michael Schur",
"Production code 319",
"Original air date April 5 , 2007",
"Running time 29 minutes",
"Guest appearance ( s )",
"Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli",
"Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli",
"Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton",
"Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin",
"Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli",
"Episode chronology",
"← Previous `` Cocktails '' Next → `` Safety Training ''",
"← Previous `` Cocktails '' Next → `` Safety Training ''",
"← Previous `` Cocktails '' Next → `` Safety Training ''",
"The Office ( U.S. season 3 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes",
"`` The Negotiation '' ( originally titled `` Labor Negotiation '' ) is the nineteenth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's forty - seventh episode overall . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) tries to attack Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) for kissing Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) on Casino Night , only to be pepper - sprayed by Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) . Jim repeatedly tries to thank Dwight for his actions , but each attempt is rejected . Meanwhile , with Roy fired , Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) asks for a raise and is astounded when he learns that this raise would cause him to be paid more than his boss , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) .",
"It first aired on April 5 , 2007 on NBC as a longer , `` super-sized '' episode . It was written by Michael Schur and directed by Jeffrey Blitz , and featured the end of Roy 's plot arc to win back Pam , his former fiancé . The episode also included the return of actor Ed Helms , who portrays Andy Bernard . The episode was first screened at Paleyfest in early 2007 . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was viewed by an estimated audience of 6.7 million people and earned a 3.2 / 10 ratings share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode received generally positive reviews , with television critics in particular praising the Dwight -- Angela storyline . Schur received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but lost to fellow Office writer Greg Daniels for his work on `` Gay Witch Hunt '' .",
"Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) enters the office and attacks Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) for kissing Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , his former fiancée , but Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) subdues him with pepper spray . Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) and Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) fire Roy , and Jim , feeling guilty about all of his pranks over the years , tries to show his appreciation to Dwight for saving him , but each gesture is coolly rejected , as Dwight believes he only acted in the line of duty and is undeserving of any special praise .",
"Pam apologizes to Jim that Roy attacked him but her assurance that her relationship with Roy is over for good is met with polite skepticism . Roy picks up his last paycheck , apologizes to Jim for threatening him during their previous encounter , and asks Pam to join him for coffee . Their meeting at a local diner is awkward and ends with their relationship ( and even friendship ) appearing to be over ; they hug and Pam wipes a tear from her face . Roy encourages Pam to pursue her feelings for Jim but she says she will not try to get him . Roy does not understand his long - time fiancée , especially her choice to not pursue Jim .",
"Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) interviews people from the office repeatedly to hear the tale of Dwight 's heroics . Believing themselves to be alone at the end of the day , the two kiss passionately . Jim sees them and decides that keeping their relationship secret will be his gift to Dwight to make things `` even '' . Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) returns from anger management , and Dwight , unprovoked , subdues him with pepper spray . Toby confiscates the rest of Dwight 's arsenal , previously hidden in various locations in the office .",
"Meanwhile , Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) asks Michael for a 10 percent raise due to the extra workload resulting from Roy 's absence . When he discovers that the raise would make him higher - paid than Michael , Darryl goads Michael into going to Corporate to negotiate his own raise . Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) initially tries to keep their romantic relationship out of the negotiations but ultimately gives Michael the maximum 12 percent raise that was authorized despite his continued inability to negotiate properly .",
"Elsewhere , Toby becomes considerably annoyed with Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) and Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) 's constant making out and arguing in the cubicle next to his .",
"`` The Negotiation '' was written by supervising producer Michael Schur and directed by Jeffrey Blitz . It concluded a story arc featuring Roy Anderson 's attempt to win back Pam , his former fiancée . Roy 's portrayer , David Denman , reported he was `` really grateful '' that executive producer Greg Daniels allowed his character to develop , `` where all of a sudden , he was n't just a complete idiot but felt bad for being a bad boyfriend and wanted to try to get the girl back . It 's so rare to have that on a television show , because so often everyone wants you to be the same character every week . It was quite refreshing creatively to get to do that . '' Referring to Jim and Pam , Denman felt it was `` inevitable that Romeo and Juliet had to get together '' and end the series ' love triangle . `` Otherwise , '' he explained , `` it gets kind of tiring and old . I think it was the appropriate time ( to leave ) , and I had such a great experience working with all those guys . '' Denman also added that Daniels ' decision stemmed from a desire to advance the Jim -- Pam storyline `` to the next stage , '' rather than having anything to do specifically with Denman himself . Denman briefly returned in the series ' fifth , seventh , and ninth seasons .",
"Actress Kate Flannery , who plays Meredith Palmer , attributed her love of the episode to Craig Robinson , because the two shared an enjoyment of singing together ever since the first season episode `` Basketball '' . She explained , `` We sing on the set and in the hair and makeup trailer . We sound good together , but sometimes people are not in the mood to hear our amazing duets , mostly from the ' 80s . '' Flannery believed that Robinson 's performance in the episode was `` very funny , '' as his character served as a `` great foil for Michael Scott . '' `` The Negotiation '' featured the return of character Andy Bernard , who had last been seen in the episode `` The Return '' , as he was attending anger management classes . At the time `` The Return '' aired , no one was certain Helms would be returning , but in early February , NBC confirmed Helms had been hired on as a series regular for the rest of the year .",
"In early 2007 , the first half of `` The Negotiation '' was screened before fans at Paleyfest , along with its preceding episode , `` Cocktails '' . According to Eric Goldman of IGN , `` the crowd reacted gleefully to watching the series in the group setting , with many females ... laughing uproariously at the never ending stream of terrifically funny material . '' Part of `` The Negotiation '' involved Michael Scott reading the English Wikipedia entry on negotiations for advice in his attempt to fend off Darryl 's request for a pay raise . This scene triggered a plethora of activity around that particular article , as viewers added their own thoughts on the subject . It was ultimately placed into `` semi-protection '' mode by English Wikipedia administrators to discourage false information and vandalism among anonymous IP users . One hundred edits were added before the security protection was added .",
"`` The Negotiation '' first aired on April 5 , 2007 in the United States on NBC as a `` super-sized '' episode , a term used by the network and media outlets to indicate an unusually long episode . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was viewed by an estimated 6.7 million people and earned a 3.2 / 10 ratings share among adults aged 18 to 49 , the highest of the night . This means that it was seen by 3.2 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 10 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast .",
"The episode received generally positive reviews from television critics . IGN 's Brian Zoromski rated `` The Negotiation '' 9.7 out of 10 , an indication of an `` amazing '' episode . He opined that it `` had something for everyone -- uncomfortable moments , laugh - out - loud ridiculous situations , and scenes progressing various ongoing storylines . '' Writing for AOL TV , Jay Black sympathized with Roy 's actions but faulted the writers for `` just treading water '' with the Jim - Pam relationship . Though he called the episode a `` let down '' , Black did find some episode highlights , such as Angela 's `` lusty '' responses to Dwight 's defense of Jim . Television Without Pity graded the episode with an A .",
"In her review for Give Me My Remote , Kath Skerry wrote that the episode `` left me satisfied and smiling , '' ( a reference to a line from the episode `` Sexual Harassment '' ) partly attributing this to Roy 's attack as a `` way to make a very heavy , not do funny moment hysterical . '' She again expressed her dislike for Karen , but thought it `` was a fun episode for my two favorite Dunder Mifflin couples : Ryan & Kelly and Dwight & Angela . '' Entertainment Weekly columnist Abby West enjoyed the Dwight - Angela scenes , asserting that `` some of the best moments on screen are when those two let their freak flags fly . '' For his work on this episode , Michael Schur received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but lost to Greg Daniels for his work on `` Gay Witch Hunt '' ."
] | The Negotiation - Wikipedia The Negotiation Jump to: navigation , search `` The Negotiation '' The Office episode Episode no. Season 3 Episode 19 Directed by Jeffrey Blitz Written by Michael Schur Production code 319 Original air date April 5, 2007 Running time 29 minutes Guest appearance(s) Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli Episode chronology ← Previous `` Cocktails '' Next → `` Safety Training '' The Office (U.S. season 3) List of The Office (U.S. TV series) episodes `` The Negotiation '' (originally titled `` Labor Negotiation '' ) is the nineteenth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show's forty-seventh episode overall. The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) tries to attack Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) for kissing Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) on Casino Night , only to be pepper-sprayed by Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ). Jim repeatedly tries to thank Dwight for his actions, but each attempt is rejected. Meanwhile, with Roy fired, Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) asks for a raise and is astounded when he learns that this raise would cause him to be paid more than his boss, Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ). It first aired on April 5, 2007 on NBC as a longer, `` super-sized'' episode. It was written by Michael Schur and directed by Jeffrey Blitz , and featured the end of Roy's plot arc to win back Pam, his former fiancé . The episode also included the return of actor Ed Helms , who portrays Andy Bernard . The episode was first screened at Paleyfest in early 2007. According to Nielsen Media Research , it was viewed by an estimated audience of 6.7 million people and earned a 3.2/10 ratings share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. The episode received generally positive reviews, with television critics in particular praising the Dwight-- Angela storyline. Schur received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but lost to fellow Office writer Greg Daniels for his work on `` Gay Witch Hunt '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) enters the office and attacks Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) for kissing Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ), his former fiancée , but Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) subdues him with pepper spray. Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) and Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) fire Roy, and Jim, feeling guilty about all of his pranks over the years, tries to show his appreciation to Dwight for saving him, but each gesture is coolly rejected, as Dwight believes he only acted in the line of duty and is undeserving of any special praise. Pam apologizes to Jim that Roy attacked him but her assurance that her relationship with Roy is over for good is met with polite skepticism. Roy picks up his last paycheck, apologizes to Jim for threatening him during their previous encounter, and asks Pam to join him for coffee. Their meeting at a local diner is awkward and ends with their relationship (and even friendship) appearing to be over; they hug and Pam wipes a tear from her face. Roy encourages Pam to pursue her feelings for Jim but she says she will not try to get him. Roy does not understand his long-time fiancée , especially her choice to not pursue Jim. Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) interviews people from the office repeatedly to hear the tale of Dwight's heroics. Believing themselves to be alone at the end of the day, the two kiss passionately. Jim sees them and decides that keeping their relationship secret will be his gift to Dwight to make things `` even'' . Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) returns from anger management, and Dwight, unprovoked, subdues him with pepper spray. Toby confiscates the rest of Dwight's arsenal, previously hidden in various locations in the office. Meanwhile, Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) asks Michael for a 10 percent raise due to the extra workload resulting from Roy's absence. When he discovers that the raise would make him higher-paid than Michael, Darryl goads Michael into going to Corporate to negotiate his own raise. Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) initially tries to keep their romantic relationship out of the negotiations but ultimately gives Michael the maximum 12 percent raise that was authorized despite his continued inability to negotiate properly. Elsewhere, Toby becomes considerably annoyed with Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) and Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling )'s constant making out and arguing in the cubicle next to his. Production ( edit ) `` The Negotiation'' was written by supervising producer Michael Schur and directed by Jeffrey Blitz . It concluded a story arc featuring Roy Anderson's attempt to win back Pam, his former fiancée . Roy's portrayer, David Denman, reported he was `` really grateful'' that executive producer Greg Daniels allowed his character to develop, `` where all of a sudden, he wasn't just a complete idiot but felt bad for being a bad boyfriend and wanted to try to get the girl back. It's so rare to have that on a television show, because so often everyone wants you to be the same character every week. It was quite refreshing creatively to get to do that.'' Referring to Jim and Pam, Denman felt it was `` inevitable that Romeo and Juliet had to get together'' and end the series' love triangle. `` Otherwise,'' he explained, `` it gets kind of tiring and old. I think it was the appropriate time (to leave), and I had such a great experience working with all those guys.'' Denman also added that Daniels' decision stemmed from a desire to advance the Jim-- Pam storyline `` to the next stage,'' rather than having anything to do specifically with Denman himself. Denman briefly returned in the series' fifth, seventh, and ninth seasons. `` The Negotiation'' featured the last regular appearance of David Denman , who played Pam's former fiancé Roy. Actress Kate Flannery , who plays Meredith Palmer , attributed her love of the episode to Craig Robinson, because the two shared an enjoyment of singing together ever since the first season episode `` Basketball '' . She explained, `` We sing on the set and in the hair and makeup trailer. We sound good together, but sometimes people are not in the mood to hear our amazing duets, mostly from the ' 80s.'' Flannery believed that Robinson's performance in the episode was `` very funny,'' as his character served as a `` great foil for Michael Scott.'' `` The Negotiation'' featured the return of character Andy Bernard, who had last been seen in the episode `` The Return '' , as he was attending anger management classes. At the time `` The Return'' aired, no one was certain Helms would be returning, but in early February, NBC confirmed Helms had been hired on as a series regular for the rest of the year. In early 2007, the first half of `` The Negotiation'' was screened before fans at Paleyfest , along with its preceding episode, `` Cocktails '' . According to Eric Goldman of IGN , `` the crowd reacted gleefully to watching the series in the group setting, with many females... laughing uproariously at the never ending stream of terrifically funny material.'' Part of `` The Negotiation'' involved Michael Scott reading the English Wikipedia entry on negotiations for advice in his attempt to fend off Darryl's request for a pay raise. This scene triggered a plethora of activity around that particular article, as viewers added their own thoughts on the subject. It was ultimately placed into `` semi-protection'' mode by English Wikipedia administrators to discourage false information and vandalism among anonymous IP users. One hundred edits were added before the security protection was added. Reception ( edit ) `` The Negotiation'' first aired on April 5, 2007 in the United States on NBC as a `` super-sized'' episode, a term used by the network and media outlets to indicate an unusually long episode. According to Nielsen Media Research , it was viewed by an estimated 6.7 million people and earned a 3.2/10 ratings share among adults aged 18 to 49, the highest of the night. This means that it was seen by 3.2 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 10 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode received generally positive reviews from television critics. IGN's Brian Zoromski rated `` The Negotiation'' 9.7 out of 10, an indication of an `` amazing'' episode. He opined that it `` had something for everyone -- uncomfortable moments, laugh-out-loud ridiculous situations, and scenes progressing various ongoing storylines.'' Writing for AOL TV , Jay Black sympathized with Roy's actions but faulted the writers for `` just treading water'' with the Jim-Pam relationship. Though he called the episode a `` let down'' , Black did find some episode highlights, such as Angela's `` lusty'' responses to Dwight's defense of Jim. Television Without Pity graded the episode with an A. In her review for Give Me My Remote , Kath Skerry wrote that the episode `` left me satisfied and smiling,'' (a reference to a line from the episode `` Sexual Harassment '' ) partly attributing this to Roy's attack as a `` way to make a very heavy, not do funny moment hysterical.'' She again expressed her dislike for Karen, but thought it `` was a fun episode for my two favorite Dunder Mifflin couples: Ryan & Kelly and Dwight & Angela.'' Entertainment Weekly columnist Abby West enjoyed the Dwight-Angela scenes, asserting that `` some of the best moments on screen are when those two let their freak flags fly.'' For his work on this episode, Michael Schur received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but lost to Greg Daniels for his work on `` Gay Witch Hunt '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Office: Season 3'' . IGN . Retrieved September 14, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Goldman, Eric (March 5, 2007). `` Paley Fest: The Office'' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 6, 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Blitz (director), Michael Schur (writer) (April 5, 2007). `` The Negotiation'' . The Office . Season 3. Episode 19. NBC . ^ Jump up to: VanDerWerff, Todd (February 8, 2011). `` Interview David Denman'' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 6, 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (August 3, 2012). `` Exclusive: Which Original Office Mate Is Back?!'' . TVLine . Retrieved November 6, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Flannery, Kate (April 4, 2007). `` April 5, 2007: The Negotiation'' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 5, 2012 . Jump up ^ Krasinski, John , Rainn Wilson , Rashida Jones , Ed Helms , Leslie David Baker , Dave Rogers (editor) (2007). Audio commentary for `` Traveling Salesman/The Return'' (DVD). The Office: Season Three Disc 3: Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` People: It's elementary: Fox plans `5th grade' -level quiz show'' . The Journal Gazette . February 2, 2007 . Retrieved January 26, 2012 . (subscription required) Jump up ^ Jesdanun, Anick (April 12, 2007). `` ' Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia'' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 6, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Zoromski, Brian (April 9, 2007). `` The Office: The Negotiation Review'' . IGN . Retrieved September 14, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Springs Into Action on Thursdays with Return of ' 30 Rock' on April 5, a Night Filled with Super-Sized Comedies and Laughs'' (Press release). The Futon Critic. March 12, 2007 . Retrieved December 17, 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (October 24, 2007). `` ' Scrubs,' ' The Office' and the perils of supersizing'' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 17, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 11, 2007 Press Release ('' The Negotiation`` )'' (Press release). NBC. May 8, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008 . Retrieved September 14, 2012 . Jump up ^ Black, Jay (April 5, 2007). `` The Office: The Negotiation'' . AOL TV . Retrieved September 14, 2012 . Jump up ^ Giant, M. `` The Negotiation'' . Television Without Pity . Retrieved September 14, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Skerry, Kath (April 5, 2007). `` The Office Recap: `` The Negotiation '' `` . Give Me My Remote . Retrieved November 6, 2012 . Jump up ^ West, Abby (April 6, 2007). `` Love at First Fight'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 14, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Writing For A Comedy Series 2007'' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved November 6, 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` The Negotiation'' at NBC.com `` The Negotiation'' on IMDb `` The Negotiation'' at TV.com ( hide ) The Office (U.S.) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine's Day '' `` Dwight's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye, Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover-Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye, Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute, (Acting) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy's Wedding '' `` Andy's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Negotiation&oldid=837843012 '' Categories : The Office (U.S. season 3) episodes 2007 American television episodes Hidden categories: Pages containing links to subscription-only content Tv.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 11:02. About Wikipedia | 5190826992609471953 |
phineas and ferb milo murphy's law crossover wiki | 2018 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Joshua Pruett for `` The Island of the Lost Dakotas '' Nominated | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Milo Murphy 's Law Genre Comedy Created by Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Directed by Dan Povenmire Robert F. Hughes Bob Bowen Voices of `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Sabrina Carpenter Mekai Curtis Opening theme `` It 's My World ( And We 're All Living in It ) '' by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Ending theme `` It 's My World ( And We 're All Living in It ) '' ( Short Version ) Composer ( s ) Danny Jacob Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Producer ( s ) Robert F. Hughes Editor ( s ) Anne Harting Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Disney Television Animation Release Original network Disney XD Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) -- present External links Website",
"Milo Murphy 's Law",
"Genre Comedy",
"Created by Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh",
"Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh",
"Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh",
"Directed by Dan Povenmire Robert F. Hughes Bob Bowen",
"Dan Povenmire Robert F. Hughes Bob Bowen",
"Robert F. Hughes",
"Voices of `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Sabrina Carpenter Mekai Curtis",
"`` Weird Al '' Yankovic Sabrina Carpenter Mekai Curtis",
"`` Weird Al '' Yankovic",
"Opening theme `` It 's My World ( And We 're All Living in It ) '' by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic",
"Ending theme `` It 's My World ( And We 're All Living in It ) '' ( Short Version )",
"Composer ( s ) Danny Jacob",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons",
"No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes )",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh",
"Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh",
"Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh",
"Producer ( s ) Robert F. Hughes",
"Editor ( s ) Anne Harting",
"Running time 22 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Disney Television Animation",
"Release",
"Original network Disney XD",
"Picture format 720p ( HDTV )",
"Audio format Dolby Digital",
"Original release October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) -- present",
"External links",
"Website",
"Milo Murphy 's Law ( previously titled Mikey Murphy 's Law ) is an American animated television series from the creators of Phineas and Ferb , Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , which premiered on October 3 , 2016 , on Disney XD . The series revolves around the title character , Milo Murphy , who is a descendant of Edward A. Murphy Jr. , the namesake of Murphy 's Law , which states that anything that can go wrong will go wrong . It takes place in the same universe as Phineas and Ferb ; several references from the show appear in some episodes .",
"`` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Milo Murphy , the title character of the series . He has a reputation for having extreme misfortune and causing part of it to others as a result of being descended from the creator of Murphy 's Law , but he is always optimistic and finds ways to overcome it . He carries a backpack with him that always seems to have what he needs for any given situation . It was given to him by his old babysitter , Veronica , who was the only one able to handle Murphy 's Law . Sabrina Carpenter as Melissa Chase , the long - time best friend of Milo 's who likes to hang out with him despite his bad luck . Her father is the local fire chief . She has had a secret fear of rollercoasters since one nearly fell on her . Mekai Curtis as Zack Underwood , the new kid to the Tri-State Area who becomes best friends with Milo and sticks by Milo even though he is a jinx . He is on the football team . He was once the lead singer of a boy band called `` The Lumberzacks '' . He is often the straight man of the series .",
"`` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Milo Murphy , the title character of the series . He has a reputation for having extreme misfortune and causing part of it to others as a result of being descended from the creator of Murphy 's Law , but he is always optimistic and finds ways to overcome it . He carries a backpack with him that always seems to have what he needs for any given situation . It was given to him by his old babysitter , Veronica , who was the only one able to handle Murphy 's Law .",
"Sabrina Carpenter as Melissa Chase , the long - time best friend of Milo 's who likes to hang out with him despite his bad luck . Her father is the local fire chief . She has had a secret fear of rollercoasters since one nearly fell on her .",
"Mekai Curtis as Zack Underwood , the new kid to the Tri-State Area who becomes best friends with Milo and sticks by Milo even though he is a jinx . He is on the football team . He was once the lead singer of a boy band called `` The Lumberzacks '' . He is often the straight man of the series .",
"Diedrich Bader as Martin Murphy , Milo 's father . Just like his son , he has extreme misfortune . He works as a safety inspector , mostly due to the fact that when he 's around , safety contingencies are pushed to the limit . Pamela Adlon as Brigette Murphy , Milo 's mother and an architect . Kate Micucci as Sara Murphy , Milo 's older sister and fellow Dr. Zone fan who loves her brother despite his recurring bad luck . Dee Bradley Baker as Diogee Ex Machina Murphy , Milo 's dog . He regularly follows Milo , who keeps telling him to go home as he is almost always not allowed to be wherever Milo is at the moment . His name is pronounced `` D-O-G , '' as if spelling out the word `` dog . ''",
"Diedrich Bader as Martin Murphy , Milo 's father . Just like his son , he has extreme misfortune . He works as a safety inspector , mostly due to the fact that when he 's around , safety contingencies are pushed to the limit .",
"Pamela Adlon as Brigette Murphy , Milo 's mother and an architect .",
"Kate Micucci as Sara Murphy , Milo 's older sister and fellow Dr. Zone fan who loves her brother despite his recurring bad luck .",
"Dee Bradley Baker as Diogee Ex Machina Murphy , Milo 's dog . He regularly follows Milo , who keeps telling him to go home as he is almost always not allowed to be wherever Milo is at the moment . His name is pronounced `` D-O-G , '' as if spelling out the word `` dog . ''",
"Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh as Vinnie Dakota and Balthazar Cavendish . The pair are time travelers given the assignment to prevent the extinction of the pistachio . They are considered a joke by their fellow time agents because their job is considered inconsequential . Dakota dresses in Disco ( 1970s ) clothing while Cavendish dresses in Victorian era ( 1870s ) formal wear . They initially see Milo as an enemy agent until they learn about Murphy 's Law and befriend him in `` Missing Milo '' . Later in the same episode , it is revealed that they were the inspirations for Doctor Zone and the Time Ape . Mark Hamill as Mr. Block , Cavendish and Dakota 's superior . Ming - Na Wen and Brett Dalton as Savannah and Brick , colleagues of Dakota and Cavendish . Unlike Dakota and Cavendish , Savannah and Brick resemble traditional secret agents in the vein of James Bond , and drive a time vehicle that resembles a limousine , as opposed to Dakota and Cavendish 's which resembles a Beetle Their character designs are based on their voice actors , who previously portrayed secret agents in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. .",
"Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh as Vinnie Dakota and Balthazar Cavendish . The pair are time travelers given the assignment to prevent the extinction of the pistachio . They are considered a joke by their fellow time agents because their job is considered inconsequential . Dakota dresses in Disco ( 1970s ) clothing while Cavendish dresses in Victorian era ( 1870s ) formal wear . They initially see Milo as an enemy agent until they learn about Murphy 's Law and befriend him in `` Missing Milo '' . Later in the same episode , it is revealed that they were the inspirations for Doctor Zone and the Time Ape .",
"Mark Hamill as Mr. Block , Cavendish and Dakota 's superior .",
"Ming - Na Wen and Brett Dalton as Savannah and Brick , colleagues of Dakota and Cavendish . Unlike Dakota and Cavendish , Savannah and Brick resemble traditional secret agents in the vein of James Bond , and drive a time vehicle that resembles a limousine , as opposed to Dakota and Cavendish 's which resembles a Beetle Their character designs are based on their voice actors , who previously portrayed secret agents in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. .",
"Chrissie Fit as Amanda Lopez , a student in Milo 's class who is a perfectionist . Vincent Martella as Bradley Nicholson , a pessimistic and arrogant student who is jealous of the attention Milo gets . Greg Cipes as Mort Schaeffer , a burly - looking and spiritual student in Milo 's class . He is Bradley 's best friend , but tends to be civil with Milo . Django Marsh as Chad , a classmate of Milo 's who is convinced that Mr. Drako is a vampire . Michael Culross as Kyle Drako , a middle school teacher with a slight Romanian accent . A recurring gag involves him exhibiting traits resembling a vampire . Christian Slater as Elliot Decker , the school crossing guard and self - described `` Safety Czar '' . He makes it his mission to protect the city from Milo , and constantly hinders Milo and the gang . Mackenzie Phillips as Elizabeth Milder , the principal of Jefferson County Middle School . Kevin Michael Richardson as Nolan Mitchell , the football coach of Jefferson County Middle School . Sarah Chalke as Mrs. Murawski , the science teacher of Jefferson County Middle School who holds an unhealthy affection for her desk . Laraine Newman as Ms. White , another middle school teacher .",
"Chrissie Fit as Amanda Lopez , a student in Milo 's class who is a perfectionist .",
"Vincent Martella as Bradley Nicholson , a pessimistic and arrogant student who is jealous of the attention Milo gets .",
"Greg Cipes as Mort Schaeffer , a burly - looking and spiritual student in Milo 's class . He is Bradley 's best friend , but tends to be civil with Milo .",
"Django Marsh as Chad , a classmate of Milo 's who is convinced that Mr. Drako is a vampire .",
"Michael Culross as Kyle Drako , a middle school teacher with a slight Romanian accent . A recurring gag involves him exhibiting traits resembling a vampire .",
"Christian Slater as Elliot Decker , the school crossing guard and self - described `` Safety Czar '' . He makes it his mission to protect the city from Milo , and constantly hinders Milo and the gang .",
"Mackenzie Phillips as Elizabeth Milder , the principal of Jefferson County Middle School .",
"Kevin Michael Richardson as Nolan Mitchell , the football coach of Jefferson County Middle School .",
"Sarah Chalke as Mrs. Murawski , the science teacher of Jefferson County Middle School who holds an unhealthy affection for her desk .",
"Laraine Newman as Ms. White , another middle school teacher .",
"Vanessa Williams as Eileen Underwood , Zack 's mother who works as a surgeon . Phil LaMarr as Marcus Underwood , Zack 's father . Adrian Pasdar as Richard Chase , Melissa 's father who works as a fireman . Jemaine Clement as Doctor Zone the main character of the eponymous show within a show . He is based on the titular character from Doctor Who , as he travels through time . Orton Mahlson , the creator of The Doctor Zone Files is also the original actor who portrayed the character . Mahlson 's name is a parody of writer Martin Olson . Sophie Winkleman as Time Ape , Dr. Zone 's sidekick . Dan Povenmire as Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , the evil scientist from Phineas and Ferb ; Milo encounters him when looking for Professor Time .",
"Vanessa Williams as Eileen Underwood , Zack 's mother who works as a surgeon .",
"Phil LaMarr as Marcus Underwood , Zack 's father .",
"Adrian Pasdar as Richard Chase , Melissa 's father who works as a fireman .",
"Jemaine Clement as Doctor Zone the main character of the eponymous show within a show . He is based on the titular character from Doctor Who , as he travels through time . Orton Mahlson , the creator of The Doctor Zone Files is also the original actor who portrayed the character . Mahlson 's name is a parody of writer Martin Olson .",
"Sophie Winkleman as Time Ape , Dr. Zone 's sidekick .",
"Dan Povenmire as Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , the evil scientist from Phineas and Ferb ; Milo encounters him when looking for Professor Time .",
"The first season was announced to contain 21 half - hour episodes . The show was renewed for a second season on February 28 , 2017 .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Going the Extra Milo '' Dan Povenmire & Robert F. Hughes Story by : Dan Povenmire & Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Teleplay by : Dan Povenmire & Kyle Menke October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 101a 0.33 Zack Underwood , a newcomer to the Tri-State Area , meets Milo Murphy , the unluckiest kid in town . Because of Milo 's misfortune , he and Zack both miss the bus for school , so Milo shows Zack a `` shortcut '' to school , while attempting to avoid wolves , bees , fire , and even an alien abduction . Meanwhile , Melissa Chase , a friend of Milo 's , collects lunches as wagers from other students on whether or not Milo and Zack will make it to school before the bell rings . 1b 1b `` The Undergrounders '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 101b 0.26 Milo , Zack , and Melissa 's subway car gets derailed on their way to a field trip to the museum . While trying to find their way to the museum , they encounter a society of construction workers who have been underground for a long time . 2a 2a `` Rooting for the Enemy '' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 102a 0.26 Milo is allowed to attend his first school football game since his school team The Geckos will lose anyway , after a few fiascos thanks to Milo cheering his team on , he realizes that if he cheers for the opposing team The Tigers , his school might have a chance of winning . 2b 2b `` Sunny Side Up '' Robert F. Hughes Dan Povenmire & Kyle Menke October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 102b 0.33 At school , Milo 's teacher , Mrs. Murawski , announces that the class will be starting a new physics project , testing everything they have learned about gravity , inertia and weight distribution by building a container that will allow an egg to survive a fall from the roof of the school . It does n't take the class long to split up into teams of three , with Milo , Zack and Melissa being the last team formed ( by default , as no one else wants to team up with Milo ) . 3a 3a `` The Doctor Zone Files '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 103a 0.35 Milo and his sister , Sara , who are huge fans of the science - fiction television series The Doctor Zone Files , take `` newbies '' Zack and Melissa along with them to see the new Doctor Zone movie . However , Sara is hardly taking any chances with the effects of Murphy 's law . 3b 3b `` The Note '' Robert F. Hughes Story by : Scott Peterson Teleplay by : Jim Bernstein October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 103b 0.35 Milo loses his doctor 's note excusing his class absences due to Murphy 's law , so he , Zack , and Melissa attempt to retrieve it . 4a 4a `` Party of Peril '' Bob Bowen Martin Olson October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 104a 0.80 The other school kids , led by Melissa and Zack , throw a surprise birthday party for Milo at a go - kart arena . 4b 4b `` Smooth Opera - tor '' Robert F. Hughes Dani Vetere October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 104b 0.80 Zack , Melissa , and Milo attend an opera performance with Amanda , but Milo accidentally ends up backstage and attempts to prevent any havoc from occurring . 5a 5a `` Worked Day '' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) TBA 0.97 It 's career day and Milo is having a hard time deciding what his career should be . He tries to decide while visiting the water works , fire department , and hospital . But of course , everything goes wrong . Meanwhile , Dakota and Cavendish try and make sure a shipment truck full of pistachios make it to the pistachio warehouse . 5b 5b `` The Wilder West '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) TBA 0.97 Milo and his friends visit a dude ranch . While horse back riding , they meet a girl named Jackie who joins their posse , and Zack is smitten with love . But , Jackie leads them into more danger than usual . Meanwhile , Sara is going crazy because the ranch reminds her of scenes from The Doctor Zone Files , and invites other fans to join in the geek fest . Guest star : Ariel Winter as Jackie 6a 6a `` Family Vacation '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 106a 0.21 The Murphys go on vacation to nowhere in particular , but at a rest stop , Milo accidentally goes on the wrong RV with a different family . 6b 6b `` Murphy 's Lard '' Robert F. Hughes Martin Olson March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 106b 0.17 At Lard World , Milo and Zack help Melissa overcome her fear of rollercoasters , which stemmed from a certain rollercoaster landing in her backyard . Meanwhile , Dakota and Cavendish attempt to protect the pistachio stand at the park . Guest star : Thomas Lennon as Henry 7a 7a `` Secrets and Pies '' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 107a 0.17 After Milo 's attempt to cook macaroni and cheese ends in disaster , Milo decides to order pizza . While waiting for the pizza to arrive , Milo and his friends decide to share some secrets . Zack reveals that he was in a lumberjack - themed boy band . Guest star : Danica McKellar as Veronica 7b 7b `` Athledecamathalon '' Bob Bowen Jim Bernstein March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 107b 0.19 Due to budget cuts , the school has to combine the academic decathlon with the athletic decathlon . Meanwhile , Mr. and Mrs. Murphy visit the school in search of Mr. Murphy 's soccer trophy . 8a 8a `` The Substitute '' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 108a 0.14 Milo 's science class deals with a bored substitute . Meanwhile , Cavendish and Dakota hide in the classroom 's closet to hide a substance that will help pistachios grow . Guest star : Leah Remini as Ms. Baxter 8b 8b `` Time Out '' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 108b N / A Milo and Zack go fishing with their dads . Meanwhile , when their phone battery dies , Cavendish and Dakota interfere with Brick and Savannah 's time travel mission . 9a 9a `` We 're Going to the Zoo '' Bob Bowen Martin Olson March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 109a 0.18 At a donation drive , Milo accidentally gives away his mother 's precious vintage T - shirts . Cavendish and Dakota are assigned to protect the pistachios at the zoo . 9b 9b `` School Dance '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 109b N / A Amanda does everything she can to make sure the school dance goes off without a hitch . Cavendish and Dakota go to the dance to attempt to prove without a doubt that Milo is another agent attempting to thwart their plans . Chad mistakes Cavendish and Dakota for vampire hunters . 10a 10a `` Battle of the Bands '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 110a N / A Milo , Melissa , Zack , and Mort 's band enters the battle of the bands . Zack discovers his old boy band is competing in the battle . Guest star : Slash as himself 10b 10b `` The Math Book '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 110b N / A Milo , Zack and Melissa go to school after sunset to retrieve Melissa 's math book . Unfortunately , she leaves the spare key inside the locked classroom , so the three go on a `` quest '' in search of the mysterious janitor , otherwise known as the `` key - keeper '' . 11a 11a `` The Little Engine That Could n't '' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 111a N / A When Melissa 's dad drives her and Milo into town on a decommissioned old fire engine , chaos ensues . 11b 11b `` The Llama Incident '' Robert F. Hughes Dani Vetere , Jim Bernstein & Martin Olson March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 111b 0.18 Milo and Melissa finally tell Zack the story of the infamous Llama Incident . 12 12 `` Missing Milo '' Bob Bowen & Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett July 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) SPE 0.16 Cavendish and Dakota travel with Milo into the year 2175 , causing Zack and Melissa to lose him . Guest star : Rhys Darby as King Pistashion 13a 13a `` Star Struck '' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 112a 0.17 Milo learns that his favorite actor is supposed to be currently shooting a film nearby in town and decides to travel to the set and get his autograph . 13b 13b `` Disaster of My Dreams '' Bob Bowen Martin Olson September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 112b 0.17 Elliot Decker is put in charge as the school 's head safety monitor . 14a 14a `` A Clockwork Origin '' Bob Bowen Jim Bernstein September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 115a N / A Milo , Zack and Melissa set out in search of a missing robot that previously escaped . Guest stars : Joel McHale as Victor , Barry Bostwick as Clyde 14b 14b `` Perchance to Sleepwalk '' Robert F. Hughes Martin Olson & Scott Peterson September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 115b N / A Milo begins to sleepwalk through some nearby woods . Meanwhile , Cavendish and Dakota have a `` ditch day '' from pistachio duties after the ordeal from the evil pistachio creatures . 15a 15a `` Some Like It Yacht '' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 117a 0.14 The students embark on a special trip while using the school 's yacht . 15b 15b `` Backward to School Night '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 117b 0.14 During a Back to School Night event , the parents suddenly become children , thanks to Dakota 's stolen time device . 16a 16a `` World Without Milo '' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 118a N / A One morning , Elliot wakes up to discover that Milo has been erased . At first , he is naturally overjoyed , but soon becomes bored . 16b 16b `` The Race '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 118b N / A Milo participates in a race and relies on Melissa and Zack to throw him reinforcements from his backpack to finish it . Meanwhile , Cavendish and Dakota , while attempting to stop the re-assigned Brick and Savannah from saving the pistachios , find themselves in the Old West and meeting Milo 's great - great grandfather , Sheriff Murphy . 17a 17a `` Love Toboggan '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 120a N / A Sara contemplates whether or not she 's on a date with Neal from the comic book store . Milo , Zack , Melissa and Mr. Murphy go to the skiing slope , but the former three 's toboggan goes out of control . Guest star : Maulik Pancholy as Neal 17b 17b `` The Island of Lost Dakotas '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 120b N / A Cavendish keeps dying and Dakota repeatedly makes time paradox duplicate versions of himself to save him . Milo , Zack , and Melissa go to see Hamosaur 2 , but Milo ca n't find his shoes . Guest star : Jack McBrayer as Ship Captain 18 18 `` Fungus Among Us '' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 121 N / A Milo , Cavendish , and Dakota travel to 1965 to help Orton Mahlson create The Doctor Zone Files . Unfortunately , they find that Derek , the son of King Pistashion , has somehow survived and has body snatched pretty much everyone , even in the present . In a cliffhanger , it turns out their sole hope lies in a particularly incompetent pharmacist . 19 19 `` Milo 's Halloween Scream - a-Torium ! '' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein , Martin Olson , Scott Peterson , Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 119 0.23 Milo builds his own haunted house out of a decommissioned old truck and invites his friends to the fright fest , but Zack is not too amused because he 's grown out of being scared on Halloween , but thanks to Murphy 's Law and the truck going on a wild ride throughout town , Zack slowly changes his mind . Meanwhile Dakota and Cavendish take in on the Halloween fun while also investigating the mystery of the last Halloween , which not surprisingly happens because of them , actually Dakota , and a wayward time grenade . 20 20 `` A Christmas Peril '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 116 0.30 Sara , Milo , Melissa and Zack bring the Murphy family together for Christmas . Meanwhile , in the future , an older Cavendish and Dakota attempt to repair their broken friendship .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions )",
"1a 1a `` Going the Extra Milo '' Dan Povenmire & Robert F. Hughes Story by : Dan Povenmire & Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Teleplay by : Dan Povenmire & Kyle Menke October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 101a 0.33",
"Zack Underwood , a newcomer to the Tri-State Area , meets Milo Murphy , the unluckiest kid in town . Because of Milo 's misfortune , he and Zack both miss the bus for school , so Milo shows Zack a `` shortcut '' to school , while attempting to avoid wolves , bees , fire , and even an alien abduction . Meanwhile , Melissa Chase , a friend of Milo 's , collects lunches as wagers from other students on whether or not Milo and Zack will make it to school before the bell rings .",
"1b 1b `` The Undergrounders '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 101b 0.26",
"Milo , Zack , and Melissa 's subway car gets derailed on their way to a field trip to the museum . While trying to find their way to the museum , they encounter a society of construction workers who have been underground for a long time .",
"2a 2a `` Rooting for the Enemy '' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 102a 0.26",
"Milo is allowed to attend his first school football game since his school team The Geckos will lose anyway , after a few fiascos thanks to Milo cheering his team on , he realizes that if he cheers for the opposing team The Tigers , his school might have a chance of winning .",
"2b 2b `` Sunny Side Up '' Robert F. Hughes Dan Povenmire & Kyle Menke October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 102b 0.33",
"At school , Milo 's teacher , Mrs. Murawski , announces that the class will be starting a new physics project , testing everything they have learned about gravity , inertia and weight distribution by building a container that will allow an egg to survive a fall from the roof of the school . It does n't take the class long to split up into teams of three , with Milo , Zack and Melissa being the last team formed ( by default , as no one else wants to team up with Milo ) .",
"3a 3a `` The Doctor Zone Files '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 103a 0.35",
"Milo and his sister , Sara , who are huge fans of the science - fiction television series The Doctor Zone Files , take `` newbies '' Zack and Melissa along with them to see the new Doctor Zone movie . However , Sara is hardly taking any chances with the effects of Murphy 's law .",
"3b 3b `` The Note '' Robert F. Hughes Story by : Scott Peterson Teleplay by : Jim Bernstein October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 103b 0.35",
"Milo loses his doctor 's note excusing his class absences due to Murphy 's law , so he , Zack , and Melissa attempt to retrieve it .",
"4a 4a `` Party of Peril '' Bob Bowen Martin Olson October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 104a 0.80",
"The other school kids , led by Melissa and Zack , throw a surprise birthday party for Milo at a go - kart arena .",
"4b 4b `` Smooth Opera - tor '' Robert F. Hughes Dani Vetere October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 104b 0.80",
"Zack , Melissa , and Milo attend an opera performance with Amanda , but Milo accidentally ends up backstage and attempts to prevent any havoc from occurring .",
"5a 5a `` Worked Day '' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) TBA 0.97",
"It 's career day and Milo is having a hard time deciding what his career should be . He tries to decide while visiting the water works , fire department , and hospital . But of course , everything goes wrong . Meanwhile , Dakota and Cavendish try and make sure a shipment truck full of pistachios make it to the pistachio warehouse .",
"5b 5b `` The Wilder West '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) TBA 0.97",
"Milo and his friends visit a dude ranch . While horse back riding , they meet a girl named Jackie who joins their posse , and Zack is smitten with love . But , Jackie leads them into more danger than usual . Meanwhile , Sara is going crazy because the ranch reminds her of scenes from The Doctor Zone Files , and invites other fans to join in the geek fest . Guest star : Ariel Winter as Jackie",
"Milo and his friends visit a dude ranch . While horse back riding , they meet a girl named Jackie who joins their posse , and Zack is smitten with love . But , Jackie leads them into more danger than usual . Meanwhile , Sara is going crazy because the ranch reminds her of scenes from The Doctor Zone Files , and invites other fans to join in the geek fest .",
"6a 6a `` Family Vacation '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 106a 0.21",
"The Murphys go on vacation to nowhere in particular , but at a rest stop , Milo accidentally goes on the wrong RV with a different family .",
"6b 6b `` Murphy 's Lard '' Robert F. Hughes Martin Olson March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 106b 0.17",
"At Lard World , Milo and Zack help Melissa overcome her fear of rollercoasters , which stemmed from a certain rollercoaster landing in her backyard . Meanwhile , Dakota and Cavendish attempt to protect the pistachio stand at the park . Guest star : Thomas Lennon as Henry",
"At Lard World , Milo and Zack help Melissa overcome her fear of rollercoasters , which stemmed from a certain rollercoaster landing in her backyard . Meanwhile , Dakota and Cavendish attempt to protect the pistachio stand at the park .",
"7a 7a `` Secrets and Pies '' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 107a 0.17",
"After Milo 's attempt to cook macaroni and cheese ends in disaster , Milo decides to order pizza . While waiting for the pizza to arrive , Milo and his friends decide to share some secrets . Zack reveals that he was in a lumberjack - themed boy band . Guest star : Danica McKellar as Veronica",
"After Milo 's attempt to cook macaroni and cheese ends in disaster , Milo decides to order pizza . While waiting for the pizza to arrive , Milo and his friends decide to share some secrets . Zack reveals that he was in a lumberjack - themed boy band .",
"7b 7b `` Athledecamathalon '' Bob Bowen Jim Bernstein March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 107b 0.19",
"Due to budget cuts , the school has to combine the academic decathlon with the athletic decathlon . Meanwhile , Mr. and Mrs. Murphy visit the school in search of Mr. Murphy 's soccer trophy .",
"8a 8a `` The Substitute '' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 108a 0.14",
"Milo 's science class deals with a bored substitute . Meanwhile , Cavendish and Dakota hide in the classroom 's closet to hide a substance that will help pistachios grow . Guest star : Leah Remini as Ms. Baxter",
"Milo 's science class deals with a bored substitute . Meanwhile , Cavendish and Dakota hide in the classroom 's closet to hide a substance that will help pistachios grow .",
"8b 8b `` Time Out '' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 108b N / A",
"Milo and Zack go fishing with their dads . Meanwhile , when their phone battery dies , Cavendish and Dakota interfere with Brick and Savannah 's time travel mission .",
"9a 9a `` We 're Going to the Zoo '' Bob Bowen Martin Olson March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 109a 0.18",
"At a donation drive , Milo accidentally gives away his mother 's precious vintage T - shirts . Cavendish and Dakota are assigned to protect the pistachios at the zoo .",
"9b 9b `` School Dance '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 109b N / A",
"Amanda does everything she can to make sure the school dance goes off without a hitch . Cavendish and Dakota go to the dance to attempt to prove without a doubt that Milo is another agent attempting to thwart their plans . Chad mistakes Cavendish and Dakota for vampire hunters .",
"10a 10a `` Battle of the Bands '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 110a N / A",
"Milo , Melissa , Zack , and Mort 's band enters the battle of the bands . Zack discovers his old boy band is competing in the battle . Guest star : Slash as himself",
"Milo , Melissa , Zack , and Mort 's band enters the battle of the bands . Zack discovers his old boy band is competing in the battle .",
"10b 10b `` The Math Book '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 110b N / A",
"Milo , Zack and Melissa go to school after sunset to retrieve Melissa 's math book . Unfortunately , she leaves the spare key inside the locked classroom , so the three go on a `` quest '' in search of the mysterious janitor , otherwise known as the `` key - keeper '' .",
"11a 11a `` The Little Engine That Could n't '' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 111a N / A",
"When Melissa 's dad drives her and Milo into town on a decommissioned old fire engine , chaos ensues .",
"11b 11b `` The Llama Incident '' Robert F. Hughes Dani Vetere , Jim Bernstein & Martin Olson March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 111b 0.18",
"Milo and Melissa finally tell Zack the story of the infamous Llama Incident .",
"12 12 `` Missing Milo '' Bob Bowen & Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett July 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) SPE 0.16",
"Cavendish and Dakota travel with Milo into the year 2175 , causing Zack and Melissa to lose him . Guest star : Rhys Darby as King Pistashion",
"Cavendish and Dakota travel with Milo into the year 2175 , causing Zack and Melissa to lose him .",
"13a 13a `` Star Struck '' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 112a 0.17",
"Milo learns that his favorite actor is supposed to be currently shooting a film nearby in town and decides to travel to the set and get his autograph .",
"13b 13b `` Disaster of My Dreams '' Bob Bowen Martin Olson September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 112b 0.17",
"Elliot Decker is put in charge as the school 's head safety monitor .",
"14a 14a `` A Clockwork Origin '' Bob Bowen Jim Bernstein September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 115a N / A",
"Milo , Zack and Melissa set out in search of a missing robot that previously escaped . Guest stars : Joel McHale as Victor , Barry Bostwick as Clyde",
"Milo , Zack and Melissa set out in search of a missing robot that previously escaped .",
"14b 14b `` Perchance to Sleepwalk '' Robert F. Hughes Martin Olson & Scott Peterson September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 115b N / A",
"Milo begins to sleepwalk through some nearby woods . Meanwhile , Cavendish and Dakota have a `` ditch day '' from pistachio duties after the ordeal from the evil pistachio creatures .",
"15a 15a `` Some Like It Yacht '' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 117a 0.14",
"The students embark on a special trip while using the school 's yacht .",
"15b 15b `` Backward to School Night '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 117b 0.14",
"During a Back to School Night event , the parents suddenly become children , thanks to Dakota 's stolen time device .",
"16a 16a `` World Without Milo '' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 118a N / A",
"One morning , Elliot wakes up to discover that Milo has been erased . At first , he is naturally overjoyed , but soon becomes bored .",
"16b 16b `` The Race '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 118b N / A",
"Milo participates in a race and relies on Melissa and Zack to throw him reinforcements from his backpack to finish it . Meanwhile , Cavendish and Dakota , while attempting to stop the re-assigned Brick and Savannah from saving the pistachios , find themselves in the Old West and meeting Milo 's great - great grandfather , Sheriff Murphy .",
"17a 17a `` Love Toboggan '' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 120a N / A",
"Sara contemplates whether or not she 's on a date with Neal from the comic book store . Milo , Zack , Melissa and Mr. Murphy go to the skiing slope , but the former three 's toboggan goes out of control . Guest star : Maulik Pancholy as Neal",
"Sara contemplates whether or not she 's on a date with Neal from the comic book store . Milo , Zack , Melissa and Mr. Murphy go to the skiing slope , but the former three 's toboggan goes out of control .",
"17b 17b `` The Island of Lost Dakotas '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 120b N / A",
"Cavendish keeps dying and Dakota repeatedly makes time paradox duplicate versions of himself to save him . Milo , Zack , and Melissa go to see Hamosaur 2 , but Milo ca n't find his shoes . Guest star : Jack McBrayer as Ship Captain",
"Cavendish keeps dying and Dakota repeatedly makes time paradox duplicate versions of himself to save him . Milo , Zack , and Melissa go to see Hamosaur 2 , but Milo ca n't find his shoes .",
"18 18 `` Fungus Among Us '' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 121 N / A",
"Milo , Cavendish , and Dakota travel to 1965 to help Orton Mahlson create The Doctor Zone Files . Unfortunately , they find that Derek , the son of King Pistashion , has somehow survived and has body snatched pretty much everyone , even in the present . In a cliffhanger , it turns out their sole hope lies in a particularly incompetent pharmacist .",
"19 19 `` Milo 's Halloween Scream - a-Torium ! '' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein , Martin Olson , Scott Peterson , Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 119 0.23",
"Milo builds his own haunted house out of a decommissioned old truck and invites his friends to the fright fest , but Zack is not too amused because he 's grown out of being scared on Halloween , but thanks to Murphy 's Law and the truck going on a wild ride throughout town , Zack slowly changes his mind . Meanwhile Dakota and Cavendish take in on the Halloween fun while also investigating the mystery of the last Halloween , which not surprisingly happens because of them , actually Dakota , and a wayward time grenade .",
"20 20 `` A Christmas Peril '' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 116 0.30",
"Sara , Milo , Melissa and Zack bring the Murphy family together for Christmas . Meanwhile , in the future , an older Cavendish and Dakota attempt to repair their broken friendship .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 21 `` The Phineas and Ferb Effect '' Bob Bowen & Robert F. Hughes Story by : Jim Bernstein , Martin Olson , Scott Peterson , Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere Written by : Jim Bernstein , Martin Olson , Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett January 2019 ( 2019 - 01 ) TBA TBD",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions )",
"21 `` The Phineas and Ferb Effect '' Bob Bowen & Robert F. Hughes Story by : Jim Bernstein , Martin Olson , Scott Peterson , Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere Written by : Jim Bernstein , Martin Olson , Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett January 2019 ( 2019 - 01 ) TBA TBD",
"On July 21 , 2017 , it was announced that a crossover with fellow Povenmire / Marsh show Phineas and Ferb , titled `` The Phineas and Ferb Effect '' , was planned to be broadcast in 2018 . The crossover first premiered in Japan on August 10 , 2018 . It will air on Disney XD in the United Kingdom and Ireland in September , and make its American premiere on Disney Channel in January 2019 . The entire Phineas and Ferb cast is confirmed to be reprising their roles , with the exception of Ferb ( originally voiced by Thomas Sangster ) due to schedule conflicts , who will instead be voiced by David Errigo , Jr .",
"In the episode `` Fungus Among Us '' , Milo , Cavendish , Dakota , Orton Mahlson and Diogee encounter Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , the evil scientist from the show , who is spotted at the end of the episode , and is referred by Milo as Professor Time , the creator of time travel .",
"In Canada , the series premiered on Disney XD on October 17 , 2016 . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , a preview aired on Disney Channel on December 2 , 2016 and on Disney XD on December 12 , 2016 . The full series premiered on April 3 , 2017 and in September 2017 on each respective channel . The series premiered on Disney XD channels in Australia and New Zealand on February 4 , 2017 and in Sub-Saharan Africa on March 18 , 2017 . It debuted on Disney Channels in Southeast Asia on February 10 , 2017 and in India on August 21 , 2017 .",
"Year Award Nominee Result 2017 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Dan Povenmire and Kyle Menke for `` Going the Extra Milo '' Nominated 44th Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Animated Program Dan Povenmire ( executive producer ) , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh ( co-executive producer ) Nominated Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Kyle Menke , Dan Povenmire Nominated 2018 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Joshua Pruett for `` The Island of the Lost Dakotas '' Nominated",
"Year Award Nominee Result",
"2017 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Dan Povenmire and Kyle Menke for `` Going the Extra Milo '' Nominated",
"44th Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Animated Program Dan Povenmire ( executive producer ) , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh ( co-executive producer ) Nominated",
"Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Kyle Menke , Dan Povenmire Nominated",
"2018 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Joshua Pruett for `` The Island of the Lost Dakotas '' Nominated"
] | Milo Murphy's Law - wikipedia Milo Murphy's Law Milo Murphy's Law Genre Comedy Created by Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh Directed by Dan Povenmire Robert F. Hughes Bob Bowen Voices of `` Weird Al'' Yankovic Sabrina Carpenter Mekai Curtis Opening theme `` It's My World (And We're All Living in It)'' by `` Weird Al'' Yankovic Ending theme `` It's My World (And We're All Living in It)'' (Short Version) Composer(s) Danny Jacob Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh Producer(s) Robert F. Hughes Editor(s) Anne Harting Running time 22 minutes Production company(s) Disney Television Animation Release Original network Disney XD Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release October 3, 2016 ( 2016-10-03 ) -- present External links Website Milo Murphy's Law (previously titled Mikey Murphy's Law ) is an American animated television series from the creators of Phineas and Ferb , Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh , which premiered on October 3, 2016, on Disney XD. The series revolves around the title character, Milo Murphy, who is a descendant of Edward A. Murphy Jr. , the namesake of Murphy's Law , which states that anything that can go wrong will go wrong. It takes place in the same universe as Phineas and Ferb ; several references from the show appear in some episodes. Contents 1 Characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.2.1 Murphy family 1.2.2 Time travel agents 1.2.3 Jefferson County Middle School 1.3 Others 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 (2016-- 17) 2.2 Season 2 (2019) 3 Phineas and Ferb crossover 4 Broadcast 5 Awards and nominations 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) `` Weird Al'' Yankovic as Milo Murphy, the title character of the series. He has a reputation for having extreme misfortune and causing part of it to others as a result of being descended from the creator of Murphy's Law, but he is always optimistic and finds ways to overcome it. He carries a backpack with him that always seems to have what he needs for any given situation. It was given to him by his old babysitter, Veronica, who was the only one able to handle Murphy's Law. Sabrina Carpenter as Melissa Chase, the long-time best friend of Milo's who likes to hang out with him despite his bad luck. Her father is the local fire chief. She has had a secret fear of rollercoasters since one nearly fell on her . Mekai Curtis as Zack Underwood, the new kid to the Tri-State Area who becomes best friends with Milo and sticks by Milo even though he is a jinx. He is on the football team. He was once the lead singer of a boy band called `` The Lumberzacks'' . He is often the straight man of the series. Recurring ( edit ) Murphy family ( edit ) Diedrich Bader as Martin Murphy, Milo's father. Just like his son, he has extreme misfortune. He works as a safety inspector, mostly due to the fact that when he's around, safety contingencies are pushed to the limit. Pamela Adlon as Brigette Murphy, Milo's mother and an architect. Kate Micucci as Sara Murphy, Milo's older sister and fellow Dr. Zone fan who loves her brother despite his recurring bad luck. Dee Bradley Baker as Diogee Ex Machina Murphy, Milo's dog. He regularly follows Milo, who keeps telling him to go home as he is almost always not allowed to be wherever Milo is at the moment. His name is pronounced `` D-O-G,'' as if spelling out the word `` dog.'' Time travel agents ( edit ) Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh as Vinnie Dakota and Balthazar Cavendish. The pair are time travelers given the assignment to prevent the extinction of the pistachio. They are considered a joke by their fellow time agents because their job is considered inconsequential. Dakota dresses in Disco (1970s) clothing while Cavendish dresses in Victorian era (1870s) formal wear. They initially see Milo as an enemy agent until they learn about Murphy's Law and befriend him in `` Missing Milo'' . Later in the same episode, it is revealed that they were the inspirations for Doctor Zone and the Time Ape. Mark Hamill as Mr. Block, Cavendish and Dakota's superior. Ming-Na Wen and Brett Dalton as Savannah and Brick, colleagues of Dakota and Cavendish. Unlike Dakota and Cavendish, Savannah and Brick resemble traditional secret agents in the vein of James Bond , and drive a time vehicle that resembles a limousine, as opposed to Dakota and Cavendish's which resembles a Beetle Their character designs are based on their voice actors, who previously portrayed secret agents in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. . Jefferson County Middle school ( edit ) Chrissie Fit as Amanda Lopez, a student in Milo's class who is a perfectionist. Vincent Martella as Bradley Nicholson, a pessimistic and arrogant student who is jealous of the attention Milo gets. Greg Cipes as Mort Schaeffer, a burly-looking and spiritual student in Milo's class. He is Bradley's best friend, but tends to be civil with Milo. Django Marsh as Chad, a classmate of Milo's who is convinced that Mr. Drako is a vampire. Michael Culross as Kyle Drako, a middle school teacher with a slight Romanian accent. A recurring gag involves him exhibiting traits resembling a vampire. Christian Slater as Elliot Decker, the school crossing guard and self-described `` Safety Czar'' . He makes it his mission to protect the city from Milo, and constantly hinders Milo and the gang. Mackenzie Phillips as Elizabeth Milder, the principal of Jefferson County Middle School. Kevin Michael Richardson as Nolan Mitchell, the football coach of Jefferson County Middle School. Sarah Chalke as Mrs. Murawski, the science teacher of Jefferson County Middle School who holds an unhealthy affection for her desk. Laraine Newman as Ms. White, another middle school teacher. Others ( edit ) Vanessa Williams as Eileen Underwood, Zack's mother who works as a surgeon. Phil LaMarr as Marcus Underwood, Zack's father. Adrian Pasdar as Richard Chase, Melissa's father who works as a fireman. Jemaine Clement as Doctor Zone the main character of the eponymous show within a show . He is based on the titular character from Doctor Who , as he travels through time. Orton Mahlson, the creator of The Doctor Zone Files is also the original actor who portrayed the character. Mahlson's name is a parody of writer Martin Olson . Sophie Winkleman as Time Ape, Dr. Zone's sidekick. Dan Povenmire as Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , the evil scientist from Phineas and Ferb ; Milo encounters him when looking for Professor Time. Episodes ( edit ) The first season was announced to contain 21 half-hour episodes. The show was renewed for a second season on February 28, 2017. Season 1 (2016-- 17) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 1a 1a `` Going the Extra Milo'' Dan Povenmire & Robert F. Hughes Story by : Dan Povenmire & Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh Teleplay by : Dan Povenmire & Kyle Menke October 3, 2016 ( 2016-10-03 ) 101a 0.33 Zack Underwood, a newcomer to the Tri-State Area, meets Milo Murphy, the unluckiest kid in town. Because of Milo's misfortune, he and Zack both miss the bus for school, so Milo shows Zack a `` shortcut'' to school, while attempting to avoid wolves, bees, fire, and even an alien abduction. Meanwhile, Melissa Chase, a friend of Milo's , collects lunches as wagers from other students on whether or not Milo and Zack will make it to school before the bell rings. 1b 1b `` The Undergrounders'' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere October 10, 2016 ( 2016-10-10 ) 101b 0.26 Milo, Zack, and Melissa's subway car gets derailed on their way to a field trip to the museum. While trying to find their way to the museum, they encounter a society of construction workers who have been underground for a long time. 2a 2a `` Rooting for the Enemy'' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson October 10, 2016 ( 2016-10-10 ) 102a 0.26 Milo is allowed to attend his first school football game since his school team The Geckos will lose anyway, after a few fiascos thanks to Milo cheering his team on, he realizes that if he cheers for the opposing team The Tigers, his school might have a chance of winning. 2b 2b `` Sunny Side Up'' Robert F. Hughes Dan Povenmire & Kyle Menke October 3, 2016 ( 2016-10-03 ) 102b 0.33 At school, Milo's teacher, Mrs. Murawski, announces that the class will be starting a new physics project, testing everything they have learned about gravity, inertia and weight distribution by building a container that will allow an egg to survive a fall from the roof of the school. It doesn't take the class long to split up into teams of three, with Milo, Zack and Melissa being the last team formed (by default, as no one else wants to team up with Milo). 3a 3a `` The Doctor Zone Files'' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett October 17, 2016 ( 2016-10-17 ) 103a 0.35 Milo and his sister, Sara, who are huge fans of the science-fiction television series The Doctor Zone Files , take `` newbies'' Zack and Melissa along with them to see the new Doctor Zone movie. However, Sara is hardly taking any chances with the effects of Murphy's law. 3b 3b `` The Note'' Robert F. Hughes Story by : Scott Peterson Teleplay by : Jim Bernstein October 17, 2016 ( 2016-10-17 ) 103b 0.35 Milo loses his doctor's note excusing his class absences due to Murphy's law, so he, Zack, and Melissa attempt to retrieve it. 4a 4a `` Party of Peril'' Bob Bowen Martin Olson October 26, 2016 ( 2016-10-26 ) 104a 0.80 The other school kids, led by Melissa and Zack, throw a surprise birthday party for Milo at a go-kart arena. 4b 4b `` Smooth Opera-tor'' Robert F. Hughes Dani Vetere October 26, 2016 ( 2016-10-26 ) 104b 0.80 Zack, Melissa, and Milo attend an opera performance with Amanda, but Milo accidentally ends up backstage and attempts to prevent any havoc from occurring. 5a 5a `` Worked Day'' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett October 27, 2016 ( 2016-10-27 ) TBA 0.97 It's career day and Milo is having a hard time deciding what his career should be. He tries to decide while visiting the water works, fire department, and hospital. But of course, everything goes wrong. Meanwhile, Dakota and Cavendish try and make sure a shipment truck full of pistachios make it to the pistachio warehouse. 5b 5b `` The Wilder West'' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere October 27, 2016 ( 2016-10-27 ) TBA 0.97 Milo and his friends visit a dude ranch. While horse back riding, they meet a girl named Jackie who joins their posse, and Zack is smitten with love. But, Jackie leads them into more danger than usual. Meanwhile, Sara is going crazy because the ranch reminds her of scenes from The Doctor Zone Files, and invites other fans to join in the geek fest. Guest star : Ariel Winter as Jackie 6a 6a `` Family Vacation'' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett March 6, 2017 ( 2017-03-06 ) 106a 0.21 The Murphys go on vacation to nowhere in particular, but at a rest stop, Milo accidentally goes on the wrong RV with a different family. 6b 6b `` Murphy's Lard'' Robert F. Hughes Martin Olson March 7, 2017 ( 2017-03-07 ) 106b 0.17 At Lard World, Milo and Zack help Melissa overcome her fear of rollercoasters, which stemmed from a certain rollercoaster landing in her backyard. Meanwhile, Dakota and Cavendish attempt to protect the pistachio stand at the park. Guest star : Thomas Lennon as Henry 7a 7a `` Secrets and Pies'' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett March 8, 2017 ( 2017-03-08 ) 107a 0.17 After Milo's attempt to cook macaroni and cheese ends in disaster, Milo decides to order pizza. While waiting for the pizza to arrive, Milo and his friends decide to share some secrets. Zack reveals that he was in a lumberjack-themed boy band. Guest star : Danica McKellar as Veronica 7b 7b `` Athledecamathalon'' Bob Bowen Jim Bernstein March 9, 2017 ( 2017-03-09 ) 107b 0.19 Due to budget cuts, the school has to combine the academic decathlon with the athletic decathlon. Meanwhile, Mr. and Mrs. Murphy visit the school in search of Mr. Murphy's soccer trophy. 8a 8a `` The Substitute'' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein March 13, 2017 ( 2017-03-13 ) 108a 0.14 Milo's science class deals with a bored substitute. Meanwhile, Cavendish and Dakota hide in the classroom's closet to hide a substance that will help pistachios grow. Guest star : Leah Remini as Ms. Baxter 8b 8b `` Time Out'' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson March 14, 2017 ( 2017-03-14 ) 108b N/A Milo and Zack go fishing with their dads. Meanwhile, when their phone battery dies, Cavendish and Dakota interfere with Brick and Savannah's time travel mission. 9a 9a `` We're Going to the Zoo'' Bob Bowen Martin Olson March 15, 2017 ( 2017-03-15 ) 109a 0.18 At a donation drive, Milo accidentally gives away his mother's precious vintage T-shirts . Cavendish and Dakota are assigned to protect the pistachios at the zoo. 9b 9b `` School Dance'' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere March 16, 2017 ( 2017-03-16 ) 109b N/A Amanda does everything she can to make sure the school dance goes off without a hitch. Cavendish and Dakota go to the dance to attempt to prove without a doubt that Milo is another agent attempting to thwart their plans. Chad mistakes Cavendish and Dakota for vampire hunters. 10a 10a `` Battle of the Bands'' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere March 20, 2017 ( 2017-03-20 ) 110a N/A Milo, Melissa, Zack, and Mort's band enters the battle of the bands. Zack discovers his old boy band is competing in the battle. Guest star : Slash as himself 10b 10b `` The Math Book'' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere March 21, 2017 ( 2017-03-21 ) 110b N/A Milo, Zack and Melissa go to school after sunset to retrieve Melissa's math book. Unfortunately, she leaves the spare key inside the locked classroom, so the three go on a `` quest'' in search of the mysterious janitor, otherwise known as the `` key-keeper'' . 11a 11a `` The Little Engine That Couldn't '' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett March 22, 2017 ( 2017-03-22 ) 111a N/A When Melissa's dad drives her and Milo into town on a decommissioned old fire engine, chaos ensues. 11b 11b `` The Llama Incident'' Robert F. Hughes Dani Vetere, Jim Bernstein & Martin Olson March 23, 2017 ( 2017-03-23 ) 111b 0.18 Milo and Melissa finally tell Zack the story of the infamous Llama Incident. 12 12 `` Missing Milo'' Bob Bowen & Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett July 22, 2017 ( 2017-07-22 ) SPE 0.16 Cavendish and Dakota travel with Milo into the year 2175, causing Zack and Melissa to lose him. Guest star : Rhys Darby as King Pistashion 13a 13a `` Star Struck'' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein September 25, 2017 ( 2017-09-25 ) 112a 0.17 Milo learns that his favorite actor is supposed to be currently shooting a film nearby in town and decides to travel to the set and get his autograph. 13b 13b `` Disaster of My Dreams'' Bob Bowen Martin Olson September 25, 2017 ( 2017-09-25 ) 112b 0.17 Elliot Decker is put in charge as the school's head safety monitor. 14a 14a `` A Clockwork Origin'' Bob Bowen Jim Bernstein September 26, 2017 ( 2017-09-26 ) 115a N/A Milo, Zack and Melissa set out in search of a missing robot that previously escaped. Guest stars : Joel McHale as Victor, Barry Bostwick as Clyde 14b 14b `` Perchance to Sleepwalk'' Robert F. Hughes Martin Olson & Scott Peterson September 26, 2017 ( 2017-09-26 ) 115b N/A Milo begins to sleepwalk through some nearby woods. Meanwhile, Cavendish and Dakota have a `` ditch day'' from pistachio duties after the ordeal from the evil pistachio creatures. 15a 15a `` Some Like It Yacht'' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein September 27, 2017 ( 2017-09-27 ) 117a 0.14 The students embark on a special trip while using the school's yacht. 15b 15b `` Backward to School Night'' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett September 27, 2017 ( 2017-09-27 ) 117b 0.14 During a Back to School Night event, the parents suddenly become children, thanks to Dakota's stolen time device. 16a 16a `` World Without Milo'' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson September 28, 2017 ( 2017-09-28 ) 118a N/A One morning, Elliot wakes up to discover that Milo has been erased. At first, he is naturally overjoyed, but soon becomes bored. 16b 16b `` The Race'' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere September 28, 2017 ( 2017-09-28 ) 118b N/A Milo participates in a race and relies on Melissa and Zack to throw him reinforcements from his backpack to finish it. Meanwhile, Cavendish and Dakota, while attempting to stop the re-assigned Brick and Savannah from saving the pistachios, find themselves in the Old West and meeting Milo's great-great grandfather, Sheriff Murphy. 17a 17a `` Love Toboggan'' Bob Bowen Dani Vetere September 29, 2017 ( 2017-09-29 ) 120a N/A Sara contemplates whether or not she's on a date with Neal from the comic book store. Milo, Zack, Melissa and Mr. Murphy go to the skiing slope, but the former three's toboggan goes out of control. Guest star : Maulik Pancholy as Neal 17b 17b `` The Island of Lost Dakotas'' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett September 29, 2017 ( 2017-09-29 ) 120b N/A Cavendish keeps dying and Dakota repeatedly makes time paradox duplicate versions of himself to save him. Milo, Zack, and Melissa go to see Hamosaur 2, but Milo can't find his shoes. Guest star : Jack McBrayer as Ship Captain 18 18 `` Fungus Among Us'' Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett September 30, 2017 ( 2017-09-30 ) 121 N/A Milo, Cavendish, and Dakota travel to 1965 to help Orton Mahlson create The Doctor Zone Files . Unfortunately, they find that Derek, the son of King Pistashion, has somehow survived and has body snatched pretty much everyone, even in the present. In a cliffhanger, it turns out their sole hope lies in a particularly incompetent pharmacist . 19 19 `` Milo's Halloween Scream-a-Torium!'' Robert F. Hughes Jim Bernstein, Martin Olson, Scott Peterson, Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere October 7, 2017 ( 2017-10-07 ) 119 0.23 Milo builds his own haunted house out of a decommissioned old truck and invites his friends to the fright fest, but Zack is not too amused because he's grown out of being scared on Halloween, but thanks to Murphy's Law and the truck going on a wild ride throughout town, Zack slowly changes his mind. Meanwhile Dakota and Cavendish take in on the Halloween fun while also investigating the mystery of the last Halloween, which not surprisingly happens because of them, actually Dakota, and a wayward time grenade. 20 20 `` A Christmas Peril'' Bob Bowen Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere December 2, 2017 ( 2017-12-02 ) 116 0.30 Sara, Milo, Melissa and Zack bring the Murphy family together for Christmas. Meanwhile, in the future, an older Cavendish and Dakota attempt to repair their broken friendship. Season 2 (2019) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 21 `` The Phineas and Ferb Effect'' Bob Bowen & Robert F. Hughes Story by : Jim Bernstein, Martin Olson, Scott Peterson, Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere Written by : Jim Bernstein, Martin Olson, Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett January 2019 ( 2019-01 ) TBA TBD Phineas and Ferb crossover ( edit ) On July 21, 2017, it was announced that a crossover with fellow Povenmire / Marsh show Phineas and Ferb , titled `` The Phineas and Ferb Effect'' , was planned to be broadcast in 2018. The crossover first premiered in Japan on August 10, 2018. It will air on Disney XD in the United Kingdom and Ireland in September, and make its American premiere on Disney Channel in January 2019. The entire Phineas and Ferb cast is confirmed to be reprising their roles, with the exception of Ferb (originally voiced by Thomas Sangster ) due to schedule conflicts, who will instead be voiced by David Errigo, Jr. In the episode `` Fungus Among Us'' , Milo, Cavendish, Dakota, Orton Mahlson and Diogee encounter Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , the evil scientist from the show, who is spotted at the end of the episode, and is referred by Milo as Professor Time, the creator of time travel. Broadcast ( edit ) In Canada, the series premiered on Disney XD on October 17, 2016. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, a preview aired on Disney Channel on December 2, 2016 and on Disney XD on December 12, 2016. The full series premiered on April 3, 2017 and in September 2017 on each respective channel. The series premiered on Disney XD channels in Australia and New Zealand on February 4, 2017 and in Sub-Saharan Africa on March 18, 2017. It debuted on Disney Channels in Southeast Asia on February 10, 2017 and in India on August 21, 2017. Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2017 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production Dan Povenmire and Kyle Menke for `` Going the Extra Milo'' Nominated 44th Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children's Animated Program Dan Povenmire (executive producer) , Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh (co-executive producer) Nominated Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh, Kyle Menke, Dan Povenmire Nominated 2018 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production Joshua Pruett for `` The Island of the Lost Dakotas'' Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Prior to the television premiere, this episode was released on iTunes and Amazon on September 19, 2016. It was also released on Watch Disney XD and Video on Demand on September 26, 2016. ^ Jump up to: This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD. The episode premiered on Disney XD on October 27, 2016. ^ Jump up to: This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD. The episode premiered on Disney XD on October 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to: This episode is a one-hour special. ^ Jump up to: This episode is a half-hour special. Jump up ^ This episode first premiered in Japan on August 10, 2018. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (7 May 2015). `` ' Phineas & Ferb' Creators Land New Animated Comedy on Disney XD'' . ^ Jump up to: `` ' Milo Murphy's Law' Starring Weird Al Debuts Oct. 3'' . Animation Magazine. August 23, 2016 . Retrieved August 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ Milligan, Mercedes (February 4, 2016). `` Weird Al Yankovic Stars in Disney XD's ' Milo Murphy's Law ' '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved February 20, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Petski, Denise (4 February 2016). `` ' Weird Al' Yankovic To Voice Title Role In ' Milo Murphy's Law' For Disney XD'' . Deadline Hollywood . Carpenter (Girl Meets World) and Curtis (Kirby Buckets) co-star as Milo's friends Melissa Chase and Zack Underwood ...Slater (Mr. Robot) as Elliot Decker, a school crossing guard and Milo's foe; Williams (Desperate Housewives) as Zack's mom Eileen Underwood; Chalke (Scrubs) as science teacher Mrs. Murawski; Clement (Flight Of The Conchords) as popular television show character Dr. Zone; Mackenzie Phillips (One Day At A Time) as Principal Milder; Chrissie Fit (Teen Beach Movie) as classmate Amanda Lopez; Martella (Phineas And Ferb) as classmate Bradley Nicholson; Diedrich Bader (The Drew Carey Show) as Milo's dad Martin Murphy; Pamela Adlon (Californication) as Milo's mom Brigette Murphy; Kate Micucci (When In Rome) as Milo's sister Sara Murphy; Dee Bradley Baker (Phineas And Ferb) as Milo's dog Diogee; Gregory Michael Cipes (Ultimate Spider-Man) as classmate Mort Schaeffer; Michael Culross (Phineas And Ferb) as high school teacher Kyle Drako and Kevin Michael Richardson (The 7D) as Coach Nolan Mitchell. ^ Jump up to: Dan Povenmire & Robert F. Hughes (directors) Dan Povenmire & Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh & Kyle Menke (writers) (October 3, 2016). `` Going the Extra Milo'' . Milo Murphy's Law . Season 1. Episode 1a. Disney XD . Jump up ^ Bob Bowen (director) Joshua Pruett (writer) (October 17, 2016). `` The Doctor Zone Files'' . Milo Murphy's Law . Season 1. Episode 3a. Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Dan Povenmire on Twitter'' . Jump up ^ Kimberly Nordyke (February 28, 2017). `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic's ' Milo Murphy's Law,' Eden Sher's ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil' (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Al Yankovic on Twitter'' . ^ Jump up to: `` Milo Murphy's Law Episodes'' . Disney XD Press. ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (October 4, 2016). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.3.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (October 11, 2016). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.10.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 11, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (October 18, 2016). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.17.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 18, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (October 27, 2016). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.26.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 27, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (October 28, 2016). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.27.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 7, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.6.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 8, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.7.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 9, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.8.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 10, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.9.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 16, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.13.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 17, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.15.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 24, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.23.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 25, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.22.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (September 26, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.25.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (September 30, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.27.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 10, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.7.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 5, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.2.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (July 21, 2017). `` Comic-Con: Disney XD Sets ' Milo Murphy's Law' and ' Phineas and Ferb' Crossover (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ Povenmire, Dan (5:45 AM - 23 Oct 2017). `` April-is we think.https://twitter.com/zacharycosta4/status/922316736749285376 ...'' . @DanPovenmire . Retrieved 2018-02-04 . Check date values in: date= ( help ); External link in title= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Milo Murphy's Law'' . 7 August 2018. Jump up ^ Disney XD (August 9, 2018). `` Confirmation on Facebook'' . Facebook . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ Vo, Ryan (October 2, 2016). `` Disney XD Canada: Milo Murphy's Law Promo (2016)'' . YouTube . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel UK - Milo Murphi's Law - 2 December 2016'' . YouTube . November 25, 2016 . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milo Murphy's law sneak peck air in the uk'' . YouTube . December 7, 2016 . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke, Nigel (March 24, 2017). `` Milo Murphy's Law BAFTA Preview Screening and Competition'' . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milo Murphy's Law Who is Milo Murphy? Official Disney XD UK'' . Disney XD UK . September 18, 2017 . Retrieved November 30, 2017 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` Round the kids up for a brand new show on Disney XD Ch304. Milo Murphy's Law starts today at 14:15'' . DStv . March 18, 2017 . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milo Murphy's Law Promo #1 Disney Channel Asia'' . YouTube . January 13, 2017 . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milo Murphy's Law Hindi PROMO'' . YouTube . August 5, 2017 . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Milo Murphy's Law on IMDb Works by Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh TV series Phineas and Ferb (2007-2015) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb (2010-2011) Milo Murphy's Law (2016-present) Films Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension (2011) Disney XD original programming Current Avengers Assemble (since 2013) Guardians of the Galaxy (since 2015) Walk the Prank (since 2016) Mech-X4 (since 2016) Parker Plays (since 2017) Marvel's Spider-Man (since 2017) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone (2009-- 10) Yin Yang Yo! (2009) Phineas and Ferb (2009-- 15) Zeke and Luther (2009-- 12) I'm in the Band (2009-- 11) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil (2010-- 12) Pair of Kings (2010-- 13) The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes (2010-- 13) Kickin' It (2011-- 15) Lab Rats (2012-- 16) Ultimate Spider-Man (2012-- 17) Motorcity (2012-- 13) Tron: Uprising (2012-- 13) Gravity Falls (2012-- 16) Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja (2012-- 15) Crash & Bernstein (2012-- 14) Wander Over Yonder (2013-- 16) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. (2013-- 15) Mighty Med (2013-- 15) The 7D (2014-- 16) Star Wars Rebels (2014-- 18) Kirby Buckets (2014-- 17) Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero (2014-- 17) Star vs. the Forces of Evil (2015-- 18) Two More Eggs (2015-17) Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything (2015-- 17) Pickle and Peanut (2015-- 18) Lab Rats: Elite Force (2016) Future-Worm! (2016-- 18) Right Now Kapow (2016-- 17) Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (2016-17) Milo Murphy's Law (2016-- 17) Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer (2017) DuckTales (2017) Upcoming Star Wars Resistance (2018) Films Skyrunners (2009) Pants on Fire (2014) Mark & Russell's Wild Ride (2015) See also It's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Crossovers 25 Days of Christmas Disney Channel original programming Current Mickey Mouse (since 2013, short-form) Bunk'd (since 2015) Bizaardvark (since 2016) Tangled: The Series (since 2017) Andi Mack (since 2017) Hotel Transylvania: The Series (since 2017) Raven's Home (since 2017) Big Hero 6: The Series (since 2017) DuckTales (since 2018) Big City Greens (since 2018) Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp (since 2018) Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward (1995-- 97) Bug Juice (1998-- 2001) The Famous Jett Jackson (1998-- 2001) So Weird (1999-- 2001) The Jersey (1999-- 2004) 2000s debuts Totally Circus (2000) Even Stevens (2000-- 03) In a Heartbeat (2000-- 01) Totally Hoops (2001) Lizzie McGuire (2001-- 04) The Proud Family (2001-- 05) Kim Possible (2002-- 07) Totally in Tune (2002) That's So Raven (2003-- 07) Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003-- 06) Phil of the Future (2004-- 06) Dave the Barbarian (2004-- 05) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers (2004-- 06) American Dragon: Jake Long (2005-- 07) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005-- 08) The Buzz on Maggie (2005-- 06) The Emperor's New School (2006-- 08) Hannah Montana (2006-- 11) Disney Channel Games (2006-- 11) The Replacements (2006-- 09) Shorty McShorts' Shorts (2006-- 07) Cory in the House (2007-- 08) As the Bell Rings (2007-- 09) Phineas and Ferb (2007-- 15) Wizards of Waverly Place (2007-- 12) The Suite Life on Deck (2008-- 11) Sonny with a Chance (2009-- 11) Jonas (2009-- 10) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie (2010-- 14) Fish Hooks (2010-- 14) Shake It Up (2010-- 13) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb (2010-- 11) A.N.T. Farm (2011-- 14) So Random! (2011-- 12) PrankStars (2011) Jessie (2011-- 15) Austin & Ally (2011-- 16) Gravity Falls (2012-- 16) Code: 9 (2012) Dog with a Blog (2012-- 15) Wander Over Yonder (2013-- 16) Liv and Maddie (2013-- 17) Win, Lose or Draw (2014) I Didn't Do It (2014-- 15) Girl Meets World (2014-- 17) K.C. Undercover (2015-- 18) Best Friends Whenever (2015-- 16) Descendants: School of Secrets (2015, short-form) Descendants: Wicked World (2015-- 17, short-form) Walk the Prank (2016) Mech-X4 (2016) Elena of Avalor (2016-- 18) Stuck in the Middle (2016-- 18) Upcoming Go Away, Unicorn! (2018) Star Wars Resistance (2018) Fast Layne (2018) Milo Murphy's Law (2019) Star vs. the Forces of Evil (2019) Amphibia (2019) The Owl House (2019) See also It's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas 2010s portal Cartoon portal Disney portal Animation portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milo_Murphy%27s_Law&oldid=856662327 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2016 American television series debuts American children's animated comedy television series Disney Channel shows Disney XD shows English-language television programs Television series created by Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy'' Marsh Television series by Disney Television Animation Hidden categories: CS1 errors: dates CS1 errors: external links Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 20:05 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 5035673018122985030 |
when was the last time croatia went to the world cup final | Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions ( in 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 and 2018 ) since gaining independence in 1991 . Before that , from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia . Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final , where they lost 4 - 2 to France . | [
[
"2018"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions ( in 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 and 2018 ) since gaining independence in 1991 . Before that , from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia . Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final , where they lost 4 - 2 to France .",
"Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1930 to 1938 as part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1950 to 1990 as part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Did not enter 1998 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 11 5 2002 Group stage 23rd 0 2006 Group stage 22nd 0 Did not qualify 2014 Group stage 19th 0 6 6 2018 Runners - up 2nd 7 14 9 2022 To be determined 2026 Total 23 11 8 35 26",
"Year Round Position GP D * GS GA",
"1930 to 1938 as part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia",
"1950 to 1990 as part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia",
"Did not enter",
"1998 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 11 5",
"2002 Group stage 23rd 0",
"2006 Group stage 22nd 0",
"Did not qualify",
"2014 Group stage 19th 0 6 6",
"2018 Runners - up 2nd 7 14 9",
"2022 To be determined",
"2026",
"Total 23 11 8 35 26",
"* Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks",
"* Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks",
"show Croatia 's World Cup record First Match Croatia 3 -- 1 Jamaica ( 14 June 1998 ; Lens , France ) Biggest Win Croatia 4 -- 0 Cameroon ( 18 June 2014 ; Manaus , Brazil ) Biggest Defeat Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 12 June 2014 ; São Paulo , Brazil ) Mexico 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 23 June 2014 ; Recife , Brazil ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia ( 15 July 2018 ; Moscow , Russia ) Best Result Runners - up in 2018 Worst Result Group Stage in 2002 , 2006 and 2014",
"show Croatia 's World Cup record",
"First Match Croatia 3 -- 1 Jamaica ( 14 June 1998 ; Lens , France )",
"Biggest Win Croatia 4 -- 0 Cameroon ( 18 June 2014 ; Manaus , Brazil )",
"Biggest Defeat Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 12 June 2014 ; São Paulo , Brazil ) Mexico 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 23 June 2014 ; Recife , Brazil ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia ( 15 July 2018 ; Moscow , Russia )",
"Best Result Runners - up in 2018",
"Worst Result Group Stage in 2002 , 2006 and 2014",
"In the draw for the final tournament , held on 4 December 1997 at Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , Croatia was drawn to play in Group H , along with two other teams which qualified for the World Cup for the first time , Jamaica and Japan , and two - time World Cup winners Argentina . In their first match Croatia beat Jamaica 3 -- 1 , in a game memorable for Croatia 's first ever World Cup goal , an opener scored by Mario Stanić in the 27th minute . Croatia went on to beat Japan 1 -- 0 before losing their third group stage match against Argentina 0 -- 1 , in a game which was of little importance as both teams had already qualified for round of 16 .",
"In round of 16 , Croatia faced Group G winners Romania ( who had finished top of their group in front of England ) and won the game through a penalty converted by Davor Šuker in stoppage time of the first half after a foul on Aljoša Asanović by Gabriel Popescu . After that Croatia faced Germany in the quarter - finals , in a game which was at the time touted by the Croatian media as a great opportunity to get back at Germany as it was them who had knocked out Croatia in the UEFA Euro 1996 quarter - finals two years earlier . In the 40th minute Christian Wörns received a direct red card and was sent off for fouling Davor Šuker , and Robert Jarni opened the scoring eight minutes later in stoppage time of the first half . Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker added a second and third and the game ended in a 3 -- 0 win , which is still regarded by fans and the media as one of the most memorable matches Croatia ever played .",
"Croatia went on to face hosts France in the semi-finals , but lost the game 1 -- 2 when an opener scored by Šuker in the 46th minute was immediately equalised by Lilian Thuram the following minute . Thuram also scored France 's second goal in the 69th minute . These were the only two goals Thuram ever scored for France in an international career spanning from 1994 to 2008 which saw him earn a total of 147 caps . After Croatia 's exit manager Blažević was heavily criticized by Croatian press for not sending in Robert Prosinečki soon enough after France took the lead ( Prosinečki came on as a substitute for Mario Stanić just minutes before the final whistle ) . Croatia captain Zvonimir Boban tried to take the blame for the defeat saying that he felt he needed to be substituted but wanted to stay on the pitch just a little while longer ( it was his defending mistake which led to Thuram 's equaliser ) .",
"After being knocked out in the semi-finals , Croatia looked for consolation against Netherlands in the third place match played just three days later at Parc des Princes . Croatia went on to win 2 -- 1 through goals by Šuker and Prosinečki , but after the final whistle Dražen Ladić was labelled player of the match , for a career - best performance which saw him save numerous shots from Patrick Kluivert , Clarence Seedorf and Marc Overmars .",
"Manager Miroslav Blažević included the following 22 players in the finals tournament squad . The 16 players who were capped at least once in one of the seven matches Croatia played in France are highlighted in bold . The remaining six players were unused at the tournament ( defenders Goran Jurić and Anthony Šerić , defensive midfielder Mamić , striker Ardian Kozniku , and second and third - choice goalkeepers Marijan Mrmić and Vladimir Vasilj ) . On the other hand , six players appeared in all seven matches : goalkeeper Dražen Ladić , defender Slaven Bilić , midfielders Aljoša Asanović , Mario Stanić , Robert Jarni , and striker Davor Šuker .",
"Out of 11 goals scored by Croatia at the tournament , six were scored by Davor Šuker , who was awarded the Golden Shoe Award for the top goalscorer of the tournament , as well as the Silver Ball Award as the second most outstanding player of the tournament ( behind Ronaldo of Brazil ) . Robert Prosinečki ( who was retroactivelly given the 1990 FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award , where he had appeared for Yugoslavia ) , also scored two goals in matches against Jamaica and the Netherlands , which made him the only player in World Cup history to score goals at finals tournaments for two different countries .",
"For three players ( Jarni , Prosinečki and Šuker ) this was their second appearance at the World Cup , having been members of Yugoslavia squad at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Alen Bokšić would have been fourth , having been a key player in Croatia 's qualifying campaign , but he was dropped from the tournament squad after sustaining an injury just months before the tournament in France .",
"Aljoša Asanović Slaven Bilić Zvonimir Boban ( c ) Robert Jarni Krunoslav Jurčić Goran Jurić Ardian Kozniku Petar Krpan Dražen Ladić Zoran Mamić Silvio Marić Marijan Mrmić Robert Prosinečki Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Igor Štimac Davor Šuker Igor Tudor Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović",
"Zvonimir Boban ( c )",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 7 0 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage Croatia 0 + 2 6 Jamaica 0 9 − 6 Japan 0 0 − 3 0",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Argentina 0 0 7 0 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage",
"Croatia 0 + 2 6",
"Jamaica 0 9 − 6",
"Japan 0 0 − 3 0",
"Jamaica 1 -- 3 Croatia Earle 45 ' Report Stanić 27 ' Prosinečki 53 ' Šuker 69 '",
"Jamaica 1 -- 3 Croatia",
"Earle 45 ' Report Stanić 27 ' Prosinečki 53 ' Šuker 69 '",
"Japan 0 -- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 77 '",
"Japan 0 -- 1 Croatia",
"Report Šuker 77 '",
"Argentina 1 -- 0 Croatia Pineda 36 ' Report",
"Argentina 1 -- 0 Croatia",
"Pineda 36 ' Report",
"Romania 0 -- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 45 + 2 ' ( pen . )",
"Romania 0 -- 1 Croatia",
"Report Šuker 45 + 2 ' ( pen . )",
"Germany 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Jarni 45 + 3 ' Vlaović 80 ' Šuker 85 '",
"Germany 0 -- 3 Croatia",
"Report Jarni 45 + 3 ' Vlaović 80 ' Šuker 85 '",
"France 2 -- 1 Croatia Thuram 47 ' , 70 ' Report Šuker 46 '",
"France 2 -- 1 Croatia",
"Thuram 47 ' , 70 ' Report Šuker 46 '",
"Netherlands 1 -- 2 Croatia Zenden 22 ' Report Prosinečki 14 ' Šuker 36 '",
"Netherlands 1 -- 2 Croatia",
"Zenden 22 ' Report Prosinečki 14 ' Šuker 36 '",
"By beating Netherlands , Croatia finished third in their World Cup debut , a feat matched only by Eusébio 's Portugal in the 1966 World Cup 32 years earlier . Consequently , Croatia reached their highest ever FIFA ranking when they were third in the world for three months between January and March 1999 and were given the Best Mover of the Year Award in 1998 , the only team so far which won the award twice ( having been Best Movers in 1994 ) . Upon returning to Croatia , the whole squad was decorated by President Franjo Tuđman , and were nicknamed `` Brončani '' ( `` The Bronze Ones '' ) and `` Vatreni ' '' ( `` The Fiery Ones '' ) in the media . The latter stuck as a permanent nickname for the national team .",
"Most players continued playing for the team throughout the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifiers , but after Croatia failed to qualify manager Miroslav Blažević resigned and soon after that some of the players retired from the national team . The next manager Mirko Jozić kept some of the remaining members of the Bronze Generation and even took them to 2002 FIFA World Cup ( such as Šuker , Prosinečki , Jarni , Stanić , Soldo , Vlaović , Šimić ) , but they failed to make an impact at the tournament and almost all of them retired soon afterwards , but a number of them later became prominent figures in Croatian football .",
"Zvonimir Boban went into sports publishing and took over as CEO of Croatia 's sports daily Sportske novosti in 2005 and worked as a commentator for Italian television stations . Šuker launched his line of sports apparel and established a football academy carrying his name . Zvonimir Soldo , Robert Jarni , Slaven Bilić , Igor Štimac and Dražen Ladić all took up managing jobs ( Soldo coached Dinamo Zagreb to a Double in 2008 , while Jarni , Bilić and Štimac all had managerial spells at Hajduk Split ) . Štimac later became chairman of the association of Prva HNL clubs , the body regulating top flight football in Croatia , and Bilić took over as Croatia manager in 2006 , hiring Aljoša Asanović , Robert Prosinečki and Marijan Mrmić as his assistants . Dražen Ladić took up managing the Croatia under - 21 team in 2006 , and Krunoslav Jurčić is the current manager at Dinamo Zagreb , having been appointed in 2009 . Miroslav Blažević later managed a number of clubs in Croatia , Slovenia and Switzerland before taking over as Bosnia and Herzegovina manager in 2008 and sensationally leading them to the verge of qualifying for the 2010 World Cup .",
"Boško Balaban Alen Bokšić Tomislav Butina Robert Jarni ( c ) Niko Kovač Robert Kovač Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Robert Prosinečki Milan Rapaić Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Daniel Šarić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Davor Šuker Stjepan Tomas Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović Jurica Vranješ Davor Vugrinec Boris Živković",
"Robert Jarni ( c )",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Italy + 1 Croatia 0 − 1 Ecuador 0 − 2",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Mexico 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage",
"Italy + 1",
"Croatia 0 − 1",
"Ecuador 0 − 2",
"Croatia 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Blanco 60 ' ( pen . )",
"Croatia 0 -- 1 Mexico",
"Report Blanco 60 ' ( pen . )",
"Italy 1 -- 2 Croatia Vieri 55 ' Report Olić 73 ' Rapaić 76 '",
"Italy 1 -- 2 Croatia",
"Vieri 55 ' Report Olić 73 ' Rapaić 76 '",
"Ecuador 1 -- 0 Croatia Méndez 48 ' Report",
"Ecuador 1 -- 0 Croatia",
"Méndez 48 ' Report",
"Marko Babić Boško Balaban Ivan Bošnjak Tomislav Butina Joey Didulica Ivan Klasnić Niko Kovač ( c ) Robert Kovač Niko Kranjčar Ivan Leko Jerko Leko Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Dado Pršo Darijo Srna Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Mario Tokić Stjepan Tomas Igor Tudor Jurica Vranješ",
"Niko Kovač ( c )",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Australia 5 5 0 Croatia 0 − 1 Japan 0 7 − 5",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Brazil 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage",
"Australia 5 5 0",
"Croatia 0 − 1",
"Japan 0 7 − 5",
"Brazil 1 -- 0 Croatia Kaká 44 ' Report",
"Brazil 1 -- 0 Croatia",
"Kaká 44 ' Report",
"Kaká 44 '",
"Kaká 44 '",
"Japan 0 -- 0 Croatia Report",
"Japan 0 -- 0 Croatia",
"Report",
"Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia Srna 2 ' N. Kovač 56 ' Report Moore 38 ' ( pen . ) Kewell 79 '",
"Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia",
"Srna 2 ' N. Kovač 56 ' Report Moore 38 ' ( pen . ) Kewell 79 '",
"Srna 2 ' N. Kovač 56 '",
"Srna 2 '",
"N. Kovač 56 '",
"Moore 38 ' ( pen . ) Kewell 79 '",
"Moore 38 ' ( pen . )",
"Kewell 79 '",
"Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Vedran Ćorluka Eduardo da Silva Nikica Jelavić Mateo Kovačić Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Ivan Perišić Stipe Pletikosa Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Sammir Gordon Schildenfeld Darijo Srna ( c ) Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Ognjen Vukojević Oliver Zelenika",
"Eduardo da Silva",
"Darijo Srna ( c )",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil ( H ) 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 + 3 7 Croatia 0 6 6 0 Cameroon 0 0 9 − 8 0",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Brazil ( H ) 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage",
"Mexico 0 + 3 7",
"Croatia 0 6 6 0",
"Cameroon 0 0 9 − 8 0",
"Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia Neymar 29 ' , 71 ' ( pen . ) Oscar 90 + 1 ' Report Marcelo 11 ' ( o.g. )",
"Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia",
"Neymar 29 ' , 71 ' ( pen . ) Oscar 90 + 1 ' Report Marcelo 11 ' ( o.g. )",
"Neymar 29 ' , 71 ' ( pen . ) Oscar 90 + 1 '",
"Neymar 29 ' , 71 ' ( pen . )",
"Oscar 90 + 1 '",
"Marcelo 11 ' ( o.g. )",
"Marcelo 11 ' ( o.g. )",
"Cameroon 0 -- 4 Croatia Report Olić 11 ' Perišić 48 ' Mandžukić 61 ' , 73 '",
"Cameroon 0 -- 4 Croatia",
"Report Olić 11 ' Perišić 48 ' Mandžukić 61 ' , 73 '",
"Olić 11 ' Perišić 48 ' Mandžukić 61 ' , 73 '",
"Olić 11 '",
"Perišić 48 '",
"Mandžukić 61 ' , 73 '",
"Croatia 1 -- 3 Mexico Perišić 87 ' Report Márquez 72 ' Guardado 75 ' Hernández 82 '",
"Croatia 1 -- 3 Mexico",
"Perišić 87 ' Report Márquez 72 ' Guardado 75 ' Hernández 82 '",
"Perišić 87 '",
"Perišić 87 '",
"Márquez 72 ' Guardado 75 ' Hernández 82 '",
"Márquez 72 '",
"Guardado 75 '",
"Hernández 82 '",
"Milan Badelj Filip Bradarić Marcelo Brozović Duje Ćaleta - Car Vedran Ćorluka Tin Jedvaj Lovre Kalinić Nikola Kalinić Mateo Kovačić Andrej Kramarić Dominik Livaković Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić ( c ) Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Marko Pjaca Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Ivan Strinić Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko",
"Duje Ćaleta - Car",
"Luka Modrić ( c )",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3",
"Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification",
"",
"Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage",
"Argentina 5 − 2",
"Nigeria 0 − 1",
"Iceland 0 5 − 3",
"Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report",
"Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria",
"Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report",
"Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . )",
"Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. )",
"Modrić 71 ' ( pen . )",
"Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 '",
"Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia",
"Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 '",
"Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 '",
"Rebić 53 '",
"Modrić 80 '",
"Rakitić 90 + 1 '",
"Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 '",
"Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia",
"G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 '",
"G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . )",
"G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . )",
"Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 '",
"Badelj 53 '",
"Perišić 90 '",
"Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen",
"Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark",
"Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 '",
"Mandžukić 4 '",
"Mandžukić 4 '",
"M. Jørgensen 1 '",
"M. Jørgensen 1 '",
"Penalties",
"Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen",
"Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić",
"Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen",
"Krohn - Dehli",
"Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić",
"Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia",
"Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 '",
"Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 '",
"Cheryshev 31 '",
"Fernandes 115 '",
"Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 '",
"Kramarić 39 '",
"Vida 101 '",
"Penalties",
"Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić",
"Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev",
"Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić",
"Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 '",
"Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England",
"Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 '",
"Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 '",
"Perišić 68 '",
"Mandžukić 109 '",
"Trippier 5 '",
"Trippier 5 '",
"France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 '",
"France 4 -- 2 Croatia",
"Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 '",
"Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 '",
"Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. )",
"Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . )",
"Pogba 59 '",
"Mbappé 65 '",
"Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 '",
"Perišić 28 '",
"Mandžukić 69 '",
"World Cup Round Opponent Score Result Venue Scorers 1998 Group stage Jamaica 3 -- 1 Lens Stanić , Prosinečki , Šuker Japan 1 -- 0 Nantes Šuker Argentina 0 -- 1 Bordeaux & -- Round of 16 Romania 1 -- 0 Bordeaux Šuker Quarter - final Germany 3 -- 0 Lyon Jarni , Vlaović , Šuker Semi-final France 1 -- 2 Saint - Denis Šuker Third place match Netherlands 2 -- 1 Paris Prosinečki , Šuker 2002 Group stage Mexico 0 -- 1 Niigata & -- Italy 2 -- 1 Ibaraki Olić , Rapaić Ecuador 0 -- 1 Yokohama & -- 2006 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 1 Berlin & -- Japan 0 -- 0 Nuremberg & -- Australia 2 -- 2 Stuttgart Srna , N. Kovač 2014 Group stage Brazil 1 -- 3 São Paulo Marcelo ( o.g. ) Cameroon 4 -- 0 Manaus Olić , Perišić , Mandžukić ( 2 ) Mexico 1 -- 3 Recife Perišić 2018 Group stage Nigeria 2 -- 0 Kaliningrad Etebo ( o.g. ) , Modrić Argentina 3 -- 0 Nizhny Novgorod Rebić , Modrić , Rakitić Iceland 2 -- 1 Rostov - on - Don Badelj , Perišić Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Nizhny Novgorod Mandžukić Quarter - finals Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Sochi Kramarić , Vida Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić Final France 2 -- 4 Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić",
"World Cup Round Opponent Score Result Venue Scorers",
"1998 Group stage Jamaica 3 -- 1 Lens Stanić , Prosinečki , Šuker",
"Japan 1 -- 0 Nantes Šuker",
"Argentina 0 -- 1 Bordeaux & --",
"Round of 16 Romania 1 -- 0 Bordeaux Šuker",
"Quarter - final Germany 3 -- 0 Lyon Jarni , Vlaović , Šuker",
"Semi-final France 1 -- 2 Saint - Denis Šuker",
"Third place match Netherlands 2 -- 1 Paris Prosinečki , Šuker",
"2002 Group stage Mexico 0 -- 1 Niigata & --",
"Italy 2 -- 1 Ibaraki Olić , Rapaić",
"Ecuador 0 -- 1 Yokohama & --",
"2006 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 1 Berlin & --",
"Japan 0 -- 0 Nuremberg & --",
"Australia 2 -- 2 Stuttgart Srna , N. Kovač",
"2014 Group stage Brazil 1 -- 3 São Paulo Marcelo ( o.g. )",
"Cameroon 4 -- 0 Manaus Olić , Perišić , Mandžukić ( 2 )",
"Mexico 1 -- 3 Recife Perišić",
"2018 Group stage Nigeria 2 -- 0 Kaliningrad Etebo ( o.g. ) , Modrić",
"Argentina 3 -- 0 Nizhny Novgorod Rebić , Modrić , Rakitić",
"Iceland 2 -- 1 Rostov - on - Don Badelj , Perišić",
"Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Nizhny Novgorod Mandžukić",
"Quarter - finals Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Sochi Kramarić , Vida",
"Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić",
"Final France 2 -- 4 Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić",
"Luka Modrić is the only Croatian player to ever win the Golden Ball award . He was team captain in 2018 , when Croatia reached the World Cup final .",
"No . Name Matches World Cups Luka Modrić 12 2006 , 2014 and 2018 Dario Šimić 11 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Robert Jarni * 10 1998 and 2002 Dejan Lovren 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Perišić 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Rakitić 10 2014 and 2018 7 Mario Stanić 9 1998 and 2002 Stipe Pletikosa 9 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Ante Rebić 9 2014 and 2018 10 Zvonimir Soldo 8 1998 and 2002 Davor Šuker 8 1998 and 2002 Ivica Olić 8 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Šime Vrsaljko 8 2014 and 2018 Mateo Kovačić 8 2014 and 2018 Mario Mandžukić 8 2014 and 2018",
"No . Name Matches World Cups",
"Luka Modrić 12 2006 , 2014 and 2018",
"Dario Šimić 11 1998 , 2002 and 2006",
"Robert Jarni * 10 1998 and 2002",
"Dejan Lovren 10 2014 and 2018",
"Ivan Perišić 10 2014 and 2018",
"Ivan Rakitić 10 2014 and 2018",
"7 Mario Stanić 9 1998 and 2002",
"Stipe Pletikosa 9 2002 , 2006 and 2014",
"Ante Rebić 9 2014 and 2018",
"10 Zvonimir Soldo 8 1998 and 2002",
"Davor Šuker 8 1998 and 2002",
"Ivica Olić 8 2002 , 2006 and 2014",
"Šime Vrsaljko 8 2014 and 2018",
"Mateo Kovačić 8 2014 and 2018",
"Mario Mandžukić 8 2014 and 2018",
"* Robert Jarni also played one match at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia .",
"No . Name Goals World Cups Davor Šuker 6 1998 Ivan Perišić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 ) Mario Mandžukić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 ) Robert Prosinečki * 1998 Ivica Olić 2002 and 2014 Luka Modrić 2018",
"No . Name Goals World Cups",
"Davor Šuker 6 1998",
"Ivan Perišić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 )",
"Mario Mandžukić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 )",
"Robert Prosinečki * 1998",
"Ivica Olić 2002 and 2014",
"Luka Modrić 2018",
"* Robert Prosinečki also scored one goal at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia .",
"Third Place 1998 Second Place 2018",
"Third Place 1998",
"Second Place 2018",
"Golden Boot 1998 : Davor Šuker ( Oldest Golden Boot winner with 30 years ) Silver Ball 1998 : Davor Šuker All - Star Team 1998 : Davor Šuker Golden Ball 2018 : Luka Modrić All - Star Team 2018 : Luka Modrić",
"Golden Boot 1998 : Davor Šuker ( Oldest Golden Boot winner with 30 years )",
"Silver Ball 1998 : Davor Šuker",
"All - Star Team 1998 : Davor Šuker",
"Golden Ball 2018 : Luka Modrić",
"All - Star Team 2018 : Luka Modrić",
"Croatia squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Ladić 2 Krpan 3 Šerić 4 Štimac 5 Jurić 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Marić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Tudor 16 Kozniku 17 Jarni 18 Mamić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Jurčić 22 Vasilj Coach : Blažević",
"Croatia squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup third place",
"",
"1 Ladić 2 Krpan 3 Šerić 4 Štimac 5 Jurić 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Marić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Tudor 16 Kozniku 17 Jarni 18 Mamić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Jurčić 22 Vasilj Coach : Blažević",
"1 Ladić 2 Krpan 3 Šerić 4 Štimac 5 Jurić 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Marić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Tudor 16 Kozniku 17 Jarni 18 Mamić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Jurčić 22 Vasilj Coach : Blažević",
"10 Boban ( c )",
"Coach : Blažević",
"Croatia squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Šerić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Rapaić 6 Živković 7 Vugrinec 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker ( c ) 10 N. Kovač 11 Bokšić 12 Butina 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Šarić 16 Vranješ 17 Jarni 18 Olić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 R. Kovač 22 Balaban 23 Vasilj Coach : Jozić",
"Croatia squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup",
"",
"1 Pletikosa 2 Šerić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Rapaić 6 Živković 7 Vugrinec 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker ( c ) 10 N. Kovač 11 Bokšić 12 Butina 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Šarić 16 Vranješ 17 Jarni 18 Olić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 R. Kovač 22 Balaban 23 Vasilj Coach : Jozić",
"1 Pletikosa 2 Šerić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Rapaić 6 Živković 7 Vugrinec 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker ( c ) 10 N. Kovač 11 Bokšić 12 Butina 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Šarić 16 Vranješ 17 Jarni 18 Olić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 R. Kovač 22 Balaban 23 Vasilj Coach : Jozić",
"9 Šuker ( c )",
"10 N. Kovač",
"21 R. Kovač",
"Coach : Jozić",
"Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar",
"Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup",
"",
"1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar",
"1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar",
"4 R. Kovač",
"10 N. Kovač ( c )",
"15 I. Leko",
"16 J. Leko",
"19 N. Kranjčar",
"Coach : Z . Kranjčar",
"Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač",
"Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup",
"",
"1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač",
"1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač",
"11 Srna ( c )",
"Coach : Kovač",
"Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić",
"Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners - up",
"",
"1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić",
"1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić",
"10 Modrić ( c )",
"12 L. Kalinić",
"15 Ćaleta - Car",
"16 N. Kalinić",
"Coach : Dalić"
] | Croatia at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Croatia - Iceland match at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions (in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2014 and 2018) since gaining independence in 1991. Before that, from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia . Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final, where they lost 4-2 to France. Contents 1 Overview 2 Croatia in France 1998 2.1 Squad 2.2 Round of 16 2.3 Quarter-finals 2.4 Semi-finals 2.5 Third-place match 2.6 Legacy 3 Croatia in Korea/Japan 2002 3.1 Squad 4 Croatia in Germany 2006 4.1 Squad 5 Croatia in Brazil 2014 5.1 Squad 6 Croatia in Russia 2018 6.1 Squad 6.2 Round of 16 6.3 Quarter-finals 6.4 Semi-finals 6.5 Final 7 List of matches 8 Players with most appearances 9 Goalscorers 10 Awards 11 Squads 12 See also 13 References Overview ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D* GS GA 1930 to 1938 as part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1950 to 1990 as part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Did not enter 1998 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 11 5 2002 Group stage 23rd 0 2006 Group stage 22nd 0 Did not qualify 2014 Group stage 19th 0 6 6 2018 Runners-up 2nd 7 14 9 2022 To be determined 2026 Total 23 11 8 35 26 *Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show Croatia's World Cup record First Match Croatia 3-- 1 Jamaica (14 June 1998; Lens , France) Biggest Win Croatia 4-- 0 Cameroon (18 June 2014; Manaus , Brazil) Biggest Defeat Brazil 3-- 1 Croatia (12 June 2014; São Paulo , Brazil) Mexico 3-- 1 Croatia (23 June 2014; Recife , Brazil) France 4-- 2 Croatia (15 July 2018; Moscow , Russia) Best Result Runners-up in 2018 Worst Result Group Stage in 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Croatia in France 1998 ( edit ) Main article: Croatia at the 1998 FIFA World Cup In the draw for the final tournament, held on 4 December 1997 at Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , Croatia was drawn to play in Group H, along with two other teams which qualified for the World Cup for the first time, Jamaica and Japan, and two-time World Cup winners Argentina. In their first match Croatia beat Jamaica 3-- 1, in a game memorable for Croatia's first ever World Cup goal, an opener scored by Mario Stanić in the 27th minute. Croatia went on to beat Japan 1-- 0 before losing their third group stage match against Argentina 0-- 1, in a game which was of little importance as both teams had already qualified for round of 16. In round of 16, Croatia faced Group G winners Romania (who had finished top of their group in front of England) and won the game through a penalty converted by Davor Šuker in stoppage time of the first half after a foul on Aljoša Asanović by Gabriel Popescu . After that Croatia faced Germany in the quarter-finals, in a game which was at the time touted by the Croatian media as a great opportunity to get back at Germany as it was them who had knocked out Croatia in the UEFA Euro 1996 quarter-finals two years earlier. In the 40th minute Christian Wörns received a direct red card and was sent off for fouling Davor Šuker , and Robert Jarni opened the scoring eight minutes later in stoppage time of the first half. Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker added a second and third and the game ended in a 3-- 0 win, which is still regarded by fans and the media as one of the most memorable matches Croatia ever played. Croatia went on to face hosts France in the semi-finals, but lost the game 1-- 2 when an opener scored by Šuker in the 46th minute was immediately equalised by Lilian Thuram the following minute. Thuram also scored France's second goal in the 69th minute. These were the only two goals Thuram ever scored for France in an international career spanning from 1994 to 2008 which saw him earn a total of 147 caps. After Croatia's exit manager Blažević was heavily criticized by Croatian press for not sending in Robert Prosinečki soon enough after France took the lead (Prosinečki came on as a substitute for Mario Stanić just minutes before the final whistle). Croatia captain Zvonimir Boban tried to take the blame for the defeat saying that he felt he needed to be substituted but wanted to stay on the pitch just a little while longer (it was his defending mistake which led to Thuram's equaliser). After being knocked out in the semi-finals, Croatia looked for consolation against Netherlands in the third place match played just three days later at Parc des Princes . Croatia went on to win 2-- 1 through goals by Šuker and Prosinečki , but after the final whistle Dražen Ladić was labelled player of the match, for a career-best performance which saw him save numerous shots from Patrick Kluivert , Clarence Seedorf and Marc Overmars . Squad ( edit ) Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup squads Manager Miroslav Blažević included the following 22 players in the finals tournament squad. The 16 players who were capped at least once in one of the seven matches Croatia played in France are highlighted in bold. The remaining six players were unused at the tournament (defenders Goran Jurić and Anthony Šerić , defensive midfielder Mamić , striker Ardian Kozniku, and second and third-choice goalkeepers Marijan Mrmić and Vladimir Vasilj). On the other hand, six players appeared in all seven matches: goalkeeper Dražen Ladić , defender Slaven Bilić , midfielders Aljoša Asanović , Mario Stanić , Robert Jarni, and striker Davor Šuker . Out of 11 goals scored by Croatia at the tournament, six were scored by Davor Šuker , who was awarded the Golden Shoe Award for the top goalscorer of the tournament, as well as the Silver Ball Award as the second most outstanding player of the tournament (behind Ronaldo of Brazil ). Robert Prosinečki (who was retroactivelly given the 1990 FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award, where he had appeared for Yugoslavia), also scored two goals in matches against Jamaica and the Netherlands, which made him the only player in World Cup history to score goals at finals tournaments for two different countries. For three players (Jarni, Prosinečki and Šuker ) this was their second appearance at the World Cup, having been members of Yugoslavia squad at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Alen Bokšić would have been fourth, having been a key player in Croatia's qualifying campaign, but he was dropped from the tournament squad after sustaining an injury just months before the tournament in France. Aljoša Asanović Slaven Bilić Zvonimir Boban ( c ) Robert Jarni Krunoslav Jurčić Goran Jurić Ardian Kozniku Petar Krpan Dražen Ladić Zoran Mamić Silvio Marić Marijan Mrmić Robert Prosinečki Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Igor Štimac Davor Šuker Igor Tudor Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović Head coach: Miroslav Blažević Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 7 0 +7 9 Advance to knockout stage Croatia 0 +2 6 Jamaica 0 9 − 6 Japan 0 0 − 3 0 Source: FIFA 14 June 1998 21:00 Jamaica 1-- 3 Croatia Earle 45' Report Stanić 27' Prosinečki 53' Šuker 69' Stade Félix -Bollaert , Lens Attendance: 38,100 Referee: Vítor Melo Pereira ( Portugal ) 20 June 1998 14:30 Japan 0-- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 77' Stade de la Beaujoire , Nantes Attendance: 35,500 Referee: Ramesh Ramdhan ( Trinidad and Tobago ) 26 June 1998 16:00 Argentina 1-- 0 Croatia Pineda 36' Report Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Attendance: 31,800 Referee: Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Round of 16 ( edit ) 30 June 1998 16:30 Romania 0-- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 45+2' ( pen. ) Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Attendance: 31,800 Referee: Javier Castrilli ( Argentina ) Quarter-finals ( edit ) 4 July 1998 21:00 Germany 0-- 3 Croatia Report Jarni 45+3' Vlaović 80' Šuker 85' Stade de Gerland , Lyon Attendance: 39,100 Referee: Rune Pedersen ( Norway ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 8 July 1998 21:00 France 2-- 1 Croatia Thuram 47' , 70' Report Šuker 46' Stade de France , Saint-Denis Attendance: 76,000 Referee: José María García -Aranda ( Spain ) Third-place match ( edit ) 11 July 1998 21:00 Netherlands 1-- 2 Croatia Zenden 22' Report Prosinečki 14' Šuker 36' Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance: 45,500 Referee: Epifanio González ( Paraguay ) Legacy ( edit ) Ladić Štimac Šimić Bilić Soldo Stanić Jarni Boban (c) Asanović Vlaović Šuker Croatia's 3-5-2 lineup in the 1998 World Cup By beating Netherlands, Croatia finished third in their World Cup debut, a feat matched only by Eusébio 's Portugal in the 1966 World Cup 32 years earlier. Consequently, Croatia reached their highest ever FIFA ranking when they were third in the world for three months between January and March 1999 and were given the Best Mover of the Year Award in 1998, the only team so far which won the award twice (having been Best Movers in 1994). Upon returning to Croatia, the whole squad was decorated by President Franjo Tuđman , and were nicknamed `` Brončani '' (`` The Bronze Ones'' ) and `` Vatreni' '' (`` The Fiery Ones'' ) in the media. The latter stuck as a permanent nickname for the national team. Most players continued playing for the team throughout the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifiers , but after Croatia failed to qualify manager Miroslav Blažević resigned and soon after that some of the players retired from the national team. The next manager Mirko Jozić kept some of the remaining members of the Bronze Generation and even took them to 2002 FIFA World Cup (such as Šuker , Prosinečki , Jarni, Stanić , Soldo, Vlaović , Šimić ), but they failed to make an impact at the tournament and almost all of them retired soon afterwards, but a number of them later became prominent figures in Croatian football. Zvonimir Boban went into sports publishing and took over as CEO of Croatia's sports daily Sportske novosti in 2005 and worked as a commentator for Italian television stations. Šuker launched his line of sports apparel and established a football academy carrying his name. Zvonimir Soldo, Robert Jarni, Slaven Bilić , Igor Štimac and Dražen Ladić all took up managing jobs (Soldo coached Dinamo Zagreb to a Double in 2008, while Jarni, Bilić and Štimac all had managerial spells at Hajduk Split ). Štimac later became chairman of the association of Prva HNL clubs, the body regulating top flight football in Croatia, and Bilić took over as Croatia manager in 2006, hiring Aljoša Asanović , Robert Prosinečki and Marijan Mrmić as his assistants. Dražen Ladić took up managing the Croatia under-21 team in 2006, and Krunoslav Jurčić is the current manager at Dinamo Zagreb, having been appointed in 2009. Miroslav Blažević later managed a number of clubs in Croatia, Slovenia and Switzerland before taking over as Bosnia and Herzegovina manager in 2008 and sensationally leading them to the verge of qualifying for the 2010 World Cup . Croatia in Korea/Japan 2002 ( edit ) Squad ( edit ) Main article: 2002 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Kovač Tomas Šimunić Soldo Šarić Jarni (c) Kovač Rapaić Bokšić Olić Croatia's 3-- 4-- 1-2 lineup at the 2002 World Cup Boško Balaban Alen Bokšić Tomislav Butina Robert Jarni ( c ) Niko Kovač Robert Kovač Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Robert Prosinečki Milan Rapaić Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Daniel Šarić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Davor Šuker Stjepan Tomas Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović Jurica Vranješ Davor Vugrinec Boris Živković Head coach: Mirko Jozić Main article: 2002 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 0 +2 7 Advance to knockout stage Italy +1 Croatia 0 − 1 Ecuador 0 − 2 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Tie-breaking criteria 3 June 2002 15:30 Croatia 0-- 1 Mexico Report Blanco 60' ( pen. ) Niigata Big Swan Stadium , Niigata Attendance: 32,239 Referee: Lu Jun ( China PR ) 8 June 2002 18:00 Italy 1-- 2 Croatia Vieri 55' Report Olić 73' Rapaić 76' Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki Attendance: 36,472 Referee: Graham Poll ( England ) 13 June 2002 20:30 Ecuador 1-- 0 Croatia Méndez 48' Report International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama Attendance: 65,862 Referee: William Mattus ( Costa Rica ) Croatia in Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article: Croatia at the 2006 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article: 2006 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Kovač Šimić Šimunić Tudor Kovač (c) Srna Babić Kranjčar Klasnić Pršo Croatia's 3-- 4-- 1-- 2 lineup at the 2006 World Cup Marko Babić Boško Balaban Ivan Bošnjak Tomislav Butina Joey Didulica Ivan Klasnić Niko Kovač ( c ) Robert Kovač Niko Kranjčar Ivan Leko Jerko Leko Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Dado Pršo Darijo Srna Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Mario Tokić Stjepan Tomas Igor Tudor Jurica Vranješ Head coach: Zlatko Kranjčar Main article: 2006 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 7 +6 9 Advance to knockout stage Australia 5 5 0 Croatia 0 − 1 Japan 0 7 − 5 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Tie-breaking criteria 13 June 2006 21:00 Brazil 1-- 0 Croatia Kaká 44' Report Olympiastadion , Berlin Attendance: 72,000 Referee: Benito Archundia ( Mexico ) 18 June 2006 15:00 Japan 0-- 0 Croatia Report FIFA WM Stadion Nürnberg , Nuremberg Attendance: 41,000 Referee: Frank De Bleeckere ( Belgium ) 22 June 2006 21:00 Croatia 2-- 2 Australia Srna 2' N. Kovač 56' Report Moore 38' ( pen. ) Kewell 79' Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion , Stuttgart Attendance: 52,000 Referee: Graham Poll ( England ) Croatia in Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article: Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Ćorluka Lovren Srna (c) Vrsaljko Rakitić Modrić Perišić Olić Kovačić Mandžukić Croatia's 4-- 2-- 3-- 1 lineup at the 2014 World Cup Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Vedran Ćorluka Eduardo da Silva Nikica Jelavić Mateo Kovačić Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Ivan Perišić Stipe Pletikosa Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Sammir Gordon Schildenfeld Darijo Srna ( c ) Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Ognjen Vukojević Oliver Zelenika Head coach: Niko Kovač Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil (H) 0 7 +5 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 +3 7 Croatia 0 6 6 0 Cameroon 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Tie-breaking criteria (H) Host. Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup Group A 12 June 2014 17:00 UTC− 3 Brazil 3-- 1 Croatia Neymar 29' , 71' ( pen. ) Oscar 90+1' Report Marcelo 11' ( o.g. ) Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo Attendance: 62,103 Referee: Yuichi Nishimura ( Japan ) 18 June 2014 18:00 UTC− 4 Cameroon 0-- 4 Croatia Report Olić 11' Perišić 48' Mandžukić 61' , 73' Arena da Amazônia , Manaus Attendance: 39,982 Referee: Pedro Proença ( Portugal ) 23 June 2014 17:00 UTC− 3 Croatia 1-- 3 Mexico Perišić 87' Report Márquez 72' Guardado 75' Hernández 82' Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife Attendance: 41,212 Referee: Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Croatia in Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article: Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Subašić Lovren Vida Vrsaljko Strinić Brozović Rakitić Modrić Rebić Perišić Mandžukić Croatia's 4-- 3-3 lineup at the 2018 World Cup Milan Badelj Filip Bradarić Marcelo Brozović Duje Ćaleta -Car Vedran Ćorluka Tin Jedvaj Lovre Kalinić Nikola Kalinić Mateo Kovačić Andrej Kramarić Dominik Livaković Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić ( c ) Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Marko Pjaca Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Ivan Strinić Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Head coach: Zlatko Dalić Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 +6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D 16 June 2018 ( 2018-06-16 ) 21:00 KALT ( UTC+2 ) Croatia 2-- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71' ( pen. ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance: 31,136 Referee: Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018-06-21 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Argentina 0-- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53' Modrić 80' Rakitić 90+1' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance: 43,319 Referee: Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018-06-26 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Iceland 1-- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76' ( pen. ) Report Badelj 53' Perišić 90' Rostov Arena , Rostov-on-Don Attendance: 43,472 Referee: Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Round of 16 ( edit ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018-07-01 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Croatia 1-- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4' Report M. Jørgensen 1' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3-- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn-Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance: 40,851 Referee: Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Quarter-finals ( edit ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018-07-07 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Russia 2-- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31' Fernandes 115' Report Kramarić 39' Vida 101' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3-- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance: 44,287 Referee: Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018-07-11 ) 21:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) Croatia 2-- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68' Mandžukić 109' Report Trippier 5' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance: 78,011 Referee: Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Final ( edit ) 15 July 2018 ( 2018-07-15 ) 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ) France 4-- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38' ( pen. ) Pogba 59' Mbappé 65' Report Perišić 28' Mandžukić 69' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance: 78,011 Referee: Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) List of matches ( edit ) World Cup Round Opponent Score Result Venue Scorers 1998 Group stage Jamaica 3-- 1 Lens Stanić , Prosinečki , Šuker Japan 1-- 0 Nantes Šuker Argentina 0-- 1 Bordeaux & -- Round of 16 Romania 1-- 0 Bordeaux Šuker Quarter-final Germany 3-- 0 Lyon Jarni , Vlaović , Šuker Semi-final France 1-- 2 Saint-Denis Šuker Third place match Netherlands 2-- 1 Paris Prosinečki , Šuker 2002 Group stage Mexico 0-- 1 Niigata & -- Italy 2-- 1 Ibaraki Olić , Rapaić Ecuador 0-- 1 Yokohama & -- 2006 Group stage Brazil 0-- 1 Berlin & -- Japan 0-- 0 Nuremberg & -- Australia 2-- 2 Stuttgart Srna , N. Kovač 2014 Group stage Brazil 1-- 3 São Paulo Marcelo ( o.g. ) Cameroon 4-- 0 Manaus Olić , Perišić , Mandžukić (2) Mexico 1-- 3 Recife Perišić 2018 Group stage Nigeria 2-- 0 Kaliningrad Etebo ( o.g. ), Modrić Argentina 3-- 0 Nizhny Novgorod Rebić , Modrić , Rakitić Iceland 2-- 1 Rostov-on-Don Badelj , Perišić Round of 16 Denmark 1-- 1 ( a.e.t. ) (3-- 2 p ) Nizhny Novgorod Mandžukić Quarter-finals Russia 2-- 2 ( a.e.t. ) (4-- 3 p ) Sochi Kramarić , Vida Semi-finals England 2-- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić Final France 2-- 4 Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić Players with most appearances ( edit ) Luka Modrić became Croatia's record World Cup player when he captained his team in the final of the 2018 tournament. In 1998, Davor Šuker became the oldest Golden Boot winner ever at age 30 and went on to become the president of the Croatian Football Federation in 2012. The Croatia national football team in Russia 2018 Luka Modrić is the only Croatian player to ever win the Golden Ball award . He was team captain in 2018, when Croatia reached the World Cup final. No. Name Matches World Cups Luka Modrić 12 2006, 2014 and 2018 Dario Šimić 11 1998, 2002 and 2006 Robert Jarni * 10 1998 and 2002 Dejan Lovren 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Perišić 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Rakitić 10 2014 and 2018 7 Mario Stanić 9 1998 and 2002 Stipe Pletikosa 9 2002, 2006 and 2014 Ante Rebić 9 2014 and 2018 10 Zvonimir Soldo 8 1998 and 2002 Davor Šuker 8 1998 and 2002 Ivica Olić 8 2002, 2006 and 2014 Šime Vrsaljko 8 2014 and 2018 Mateo Kovačić 8 2014 and 2018 Mario Mandžukić 8 2014 and 2018 *Robert Jarni also played one match at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia . Goalscorers ( edit ) No. Name Goals World Cups Davor Šuker 6 1998 Ivan Perišić 5 2014 (2) and 2018 (3) Mario Mandžukić 5 2014 (2) and 2018 (3) Robert Prosinečki * 1998 Ivica Olić 2002 and 2014 Luka Modrić 2018 *Robert Prosinečki also scored one goal at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia . Awards ( edit ) Team Awards Third Place 1998 Second Place 2018 Individual Awards Golden Boot 1998: Davor Šuker (Oldest Golden Boot winner with 30 years) Silver Ball 1998: Davor Šuker All-Star Team 1998: Davor Šuker Golden Ball 2018: Luka Modrić All-Star Team 2018: Luka Modrić Squads ( edit ) Croatia squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Ladić 2 Krpan 3 Šerić 4 Štimac 5 Jurić 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Marić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Tudor 16 Kozniku 17 Jarni 18 Mamić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Jurčić 22 Vasilj Coach: Blažević Croatia squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Šerić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Rapaić 6 Živković 7 Vugrinec 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker ( c ) 10 N. Kovač 11 Bokšić 12 Butina 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Šarić 16 Vranješ 17 Jarni 18 Olić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 R. Kovač 22 Balaban 23 Vasilj Coach: Jozić Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach: Z. Kranjčar Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach: Kovač Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners-up 1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta -Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach: Dalić See also ( edit ) List of Croatia international footballers Croatia at the UEFA European Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup Final Draw'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2009-11-24 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Croatia v Nigeria'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Croatia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Iceland v Croatia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Croatia v Denmark'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 1 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter-final -- Russia v Croatia'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 7 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- Croatia v England'' (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia'' (PDF) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation Statistics Results Hat-tricks Players 20+ caps World Cup Finals Summary 2018 FIFA World Cup Final European Finals Summary Notable matches SR Croatia 5-- 2 Indonesia (1956) Croatia 2-- 1 United States (1990) Other teams Men's Under-21 Under-20 Under-19 Under-17 Women's Under-19 Under-17 Croatia at the FIFA World Cup France 1998 Korea/Japan 2002 Germany 2006 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All-time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). Have been member of multiple confederations. Team and national federation no longer exist. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856363525 '' Categories : Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Hrvatski Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018, at 17:49 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. AboutWikipedia | 2411611251294020788 |
who plays bridget in real husbands of hollywood | 2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Comedy Series Real Husbands Of Hollywood Nominated | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Real Husbands of Hollywood Genre Comedy Satire Created by Kevin Hart Chris Spencer Starring Kevin Hart Nick Cannon Boris Kodjoe Duane Martin Nelly J.B. Smoove Robin Thicke Cynthia McWilliams Dondré Whitfield Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 58 ( + 2 specials ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chris Spencer Dave Becky Jesse Collins Kevin Hart Ralph Farquhar Stan Lathan Stephen Hill Tim Gibbons Carl Craig Editor ( s ) Charles Kramer AJ Catoline Heidi Scharfe Camera setup Single Running time 20 - 22 minutes Production company ( s ) HartBeat Productions JSR Productions 3 Arts Entertainment Distributor BET Networks Release Original network BET Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) -- December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) External links Website",
"Real Husbands of Hollywood",
"Genre Comedy Satire",
"Comedy Satire",
"Created by Kevin Hart Chris Spencer",
"Kevin Hart Chris Spencer",
"Starring Kevin Hart Nick Cannon Boris Kodjoe Duane Martin Nelly J.B. Smoove Robin Thicke Cynthia McWilliams Dondré Whitfield",
"Kevin Hart Nick Cannon Boris Kodjoe Duane Martin Nelly J.B. Smoove Robin Thicke Cynthia McWilliams Dondré Whitfield",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons 5",
"No. of episodes 58 ( + 2 specials )",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Chris Spencer Dave Becky Jesse Collins Kevin Hart Ralph Farquhar Stan Lathan Stephen Hill Tim Gibbons Carl Craig",
"Chris Spencer Dave Becky Jesse Collins Kevin Hart Ralph Farquhar Stan Lathan Stephen Hill Tim Gibbons Carl Craig",
"Editor ( s ) Charles Kramer AJ Catoline Heidi Scharfe",
"Charles Kramer AJ Catoline Heidi Scharfe",
"Camera setup Single",
"Running time 20 - 22 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) HartBeat Productions JSR Productions 3 Arts Entertainment",
"HartBeat Productions JSR Productions 3 Arts Entertainment",
"3 Arts Entertainment",
"Distributor BET Networks",
"Release",
"Original network BET",
"Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV )",
"Original release January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) -- December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 )",
"External links",
"Website",
"Real Husbands of Hollywood ( abbreviated RHOH ) is an American reality television parody on BET which debuted on January 15 , 2013 .",
"The series was co-created by comedian Kevin Hart , and follows the daily lives of him and other married celebrities , each playing a fictionalized version of themselves , as they venture through their surreal life in Hollywood . Members of the initial cast include : Boris Kodjoe , Nelly , Duane Martin , J.B. Smoove , Nick Cannon , Oliver ( Hart 's assistant , played by James Davis ) , and Robin Thicke , who did not return for the second season due to his music career , though Hart has stated that the door is open for Thicke to return .",
"The series is intentionally filmed in a style similar to Bravo 's The Real Housewives . Episodes often hinge on the `` real '' Kevin Hart 's desperately unsuccessful attempts to climb Hollywood 's celebrity social ladder ( which always backfire in humiliating ways ) , and the character 's barely - hidden jealousy of his more successful celebrity friends . A sneak peek was shown as a segment during the 2012 BET Awards and the official promo was released in October 2012 .",
"Kevin Hart as himself Duane Martin as himself Nelly as himself Cynthia McWilliams as Trina Shaw Boris Kodjoe as himself Nick Cannon as himself Robin Thicke as himself J.B. Smoove as himself Jackie Long as himself Dondre Whitfield as himself James davis as Oliver Grant",
"Kevin Hart as himself",
"Duane Martin as himself",
"Nelly as himself",
"Cynthia McWilliams as Trina Shaw",
"Boris Kodjoe as himself",
"Nick Cannon as himself",
"Robin Thicke as himself",
"J.B. Smoove as himself",
"Jackie Long as himself",
"Dondre Whitfield as himself",
"James davis as Oliver Grant",
"Special guests during the first season include : Laila Ali , Ed O'Neil , Jennifer Freeman , Russell Simmons , Melanie Fiona , Estelle , Cedric the Entertainer , Shane Mosley , Elise Neal , Keri Hilson , La La Anthony , Rocsi Diaz , Alec Mapa , Terry Crews , Tisha Campbell - Martin , Takhorra Taylor , Young Jeezy , Nicole Ari Parker , Jay Leno , Ed O'Neill , Shaquille O'Neal , Faizon Love , James Davis , Common and Trey Songz .",
"Season 2 guest stars include Chris Rock , Conan O'Brien , Wanda Sykes , Katie Couric , Keenen Ivory Wayans , Nadine Velazquez , Kelly Rowland , Bobby Brown , Ralph Tresvant , Tichina Arnold , James Davis , Wayne Brady , Eric Benet , Selita Ebanks , Eva Marcille , Erykah Badu , and more .",
"Season 3 : Tamar Braxton , Mariah Carey , Regina Hall , Sanaa Lathan , George Lopez , Snoop Dogg , Jennifer Freeman , Vanessa L. Williams , Lance Bass , Chrisette Michele , Jessica White , Fred Williamson , and more .",
"Season 4 : Bobby Shmurda , Chris Brown , Brandy , Nia Long , Arsenio Hall , Wayne Brady , Mary J. Blige , Craig Robinson , EJ Johnson , Faith Evans , NeNe Leakes , Terry Crews , and more .",
"Season 5 : Letoya Luckett , Nia Long , Johnny Depp , Keke Palmer , Meghan Trainor , Nicki Minaj , Vivica A. Fox , Gabrielle Union , and more .",
"After it was announced in March 2013 , a twelve episode second season premiered on October 15 , 2013 . The following day , on October 16 , 2013 , the show began airing on The Comedy Channel in Australia . In April 2014 , Real Husbands of Hollywood was renewed for a third season , which premiered on October 14 , 2014 .",
"The fourth season premiered on August 18 , 2015 . On January 21 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a fifth season , which premiered on October 11 , 2016 .",
"Season Episodes First aired Last aired 10 + 1 special January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 12 + 1 special October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 12 October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 14 August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 5 10 October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 )",
"Season Episodes First aired Last aired",
"10 + 1 special January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 )",
"12 + 1 special October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 )",
"12 October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 )",
"14 August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 )",
"5 10 October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 )",
"No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Easy Bake Kevin '' Stan Lathan Kevin Hart & Chris Spencer & Ralph Farquhar January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 4.14 Kevin Hart headlines an all - star cast of Hollywood husbands in this semi-scripted reality show spoof . In the opener , Kevin kicks fellow hubby Nick Cannon out of a weekly poker get - together with the remaining husbands . Invited by Nelly , Robin Thicke begins a long - standing feud with Kevin , who has developed a strong crush on Robin 's wife , Paula Patton . `` Thicke and Tired '' Chris Robinson Kevin Hart & Chris Spencer & Ralph Farquhar January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 2.29 In the aftermath of the poker game incident , Nelly tries to play mediator between Kevin and Robin after their one - sided feud . Meanwhile , J.B. and Boris grow suspicious after discovering that Duane 's new clothing factory has questionable labor practices . `` It 's Gettin ' Hot in Herrre '' Chris Robinson Buddy Lewis January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 2.21 In attempt to make more money , Kevin tries to get in on Nelly 's investment in an exercise video , but Nelly wants only the other guys to join . `` Karma 's a Mitch '' Stan Lathan Calvin Brown Jr . February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 1.99 After flirting with boxer `` Sugar '' Shane Mosley 's girlfriend , Kevin fakes an ailment to avoid getting clobbered by the champ during a charity fight . 5 5 `` Hart vs. Mosley '' Stan Lathan Calvin Brown Jr . February 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) 2.00 Kevin Hart squares off in the anticipated chairty fight with professional boxer `` Sugar '' Shane Mosley . 6 6 `` Auf Wiedersehen , Mitches '' Stan Lathan Wayne Stamps February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 2.05 Kevin tries to start a music career and upsets one of the husbands , and Duane 's latest scheme causes Boris to run into an ex -- and into trouble . 7 7 `` Trick 'd '' Stan Lathan Robin Thede February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 1.85 J.B. gets a spot on a hidden - camera prank show , and Kevin receives some unexpected news from a heartless friend with benefits . 8 8 `` Hollyhood Scuffle '' Chris Robinson Prescott Tolk March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 1.82 Kevin writes a tell - all book about the other husbands and his own ex-wife , but he does n't exactly tell the complete truth . 9 9 `` Blackstabbers '' Chris Robinson Calvin Brown Jr . March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) 1.73 A mysterious blackmailer threatens to reveal incriminating `` boys ' night out '' photos unless the guys perform a series of outrageous stunts . 10 10 `` Retreat from Couples '' Stan Lathan Wayne Stamps March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 2.15 In the first season finale , it 's a double date night for Boris and Duane with their wives , and Kevin 's special `` double '' date night with a pair of twins gets interrupted by Nick . -- -- `` The Reunion Special '' Stan Lathan Wayne Stamps May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.67 Kevin and the guys revisit the dramas from Season 1 .",
"No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )",
"`` Easy Bake Kevin '' Stan Lathan Kevin Hart & Chris Spencer & Ralph Farquhar January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 4.14",
"Kevin Hart headlines an all - star cast of Hollywood husbands in this semi-scripted reality show spoof . In the opener , Kevin kicks fellow hubby Nick Cannon out of a weekly poker get - together with the remaining husbands . Invited by Nelly , Robin Thicke begins a long - standing feud with Kevin , who has developed a strong crush on Robin 's wife , Paula Patton .",
"`` Thicke and Tired '' Chris Robinson Kevin Hart & Chris Spencer & Ralph Farquhar January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 2.29",
"In the aftermath of the poker game incident , Nelly tries to play mediator between Kevin and Robin after their one - sided feud . Meanwhile , J.B. and Boris grow suspicious after discovering that Duane 's new clothing factory has questionable labor practices .",
"`` It 's Gettin ' Hot in Herrre '' Chris Robinson Buddy Lewis January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 2.21",
"In attempt to make more money , Kevin tries to get in on Nelly 's investment in an exercise video , but Nelly wants only the other guys to join .",
"`` Karma 's a Mitch '' Stan Lathan Calvin Brown Jr . February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 1.99",
"After flirting with boxer `` Sugar '' Shane Mosley 's girlfriend , Kevin fakes an ailment to avoid getting clobbered by the champ during a charity fight .",
"5 5 `` Hart vs. Mosley '' Stan Lathan Calvin Brown Jr . February 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) 2.00",
"Kevin Hart squares off in the anticipated chairty fight with professional boxer `` Sugar '' Shane Mosley .",
"6 6 `` Auf Wiedersehen , Mitches '' Stan Lathan Wayne Stamps February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 2.05",
"Kevin tries to start a music career and upsets one of the husbands , and Duane 's latest scheme causes Boris to run into an ex -- and into trouble .",
"7 7 `` Trick 'd '' Stan Lathan Robin Thede February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 1.85",
"J.B. gets a spot on a hidden - camera prank show , and Kevin receives some unexpected news from a heartless friend with benefits .",
"8 8 `` Hollyhood Scuffle '' Chris Robinson Prescott Tolk March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 1.82",
"Kevin writes a tell - all book about the other husbands and his own ex-wife , but he does n't exactly tell the complete truth .",
"9 9 `` Blackstabbers '' Chris Robinson Calvin Brown Jr . March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) 1.73",
"A mysterious blackmailer threatens to reveal incriminating `` boys ' night out '' photos unless the guys perform a series of outrageous stunts .",
"10 10 `` Retreat from Couples '' Stan Lathan Wayne Stamps March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 2.15",
"In the first season finale , it 's a double date night for Boris and Duane with their wives , and Kevin 's special `` double '' date night with a pair of twins gets interrupted by Nick .",
"-- -- `` The Reunion Special '' Stan Lathan Wayne Stamps May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.67",
"Kevin and the guys revisit the dramas from Season 1 .",
"No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 11 `` Fund Raising Hell '' Stan Lathan Michelle Listenbee Brown October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 3.54 In the second season premiere , Kevin shows off his upgraded celebrity digs while Wanda Sykes hijacks his new home for a star - studded fundraiser . 12 `` Hell of a Fund Raiser '' Stan Lathan Michelle Listenbee Brown October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 3.54 Wanda 's fundraiser at Kevin 's house continues , as Nick 's donated Smart Car is auctioned off by J.B. Kevin impulsively lands the winning bid on the car ( with a little help from Khloé Kardashian and Kris Jenner ) . Meanwhile , Kevin discovers that Selita Ebanks has left her cellphone behind , which Kevin decides to use to his advantage . 13 `` Frauditions '' Stan Lathan Robin Thede October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 1.69 Kevin decides to hold a series of fraudulent auditions for a non-existent movie in hopes of meeting an actress worthy of his rising stardom . Meanwhile , Trina convinces Boris to star in a musical stage play with Kelly Rowland as his co-star . 14 `` Tisha & Duane '' Chris Robinson Wayne Stamps October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 1.44 Duane and his wife , Tisha , are thrilled to attend a table read for a proposed television series named after them for Nick 's network . The last laugh is on Duane as he performs poorly with test audience , prompting Nick to offer Kevin the role as his replacement . Meanwhile , Nelly reluctantly agrees to work with Eric Benét to help Bobby Brown stage a comeback record . 15 5 `` Rock , Paper , Stealers '' Stan Lathan Chris Spencer November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 1.73 Chris Rock is in town and Kevin invites him to Oliver 's comedy routine . But Kevin learns that he has a propensity for shoplifting . 16 6 `` Hook , Lie & Sink Her '' Chris Robinson Prescott Tolk November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 1.52 Looking for love , Kevin joins a celebrity online dating service and manages to win a date with actress Nadine Velazquez . Her aggressive tactics become too much for Kevin to handle . Meanwhile , J.B. and Faizon Love have a physical grudge match . 17 7 `` Outdated '' Stan Lathan Buddy Lewis November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 1.46 Kevin appears on Wayne Brady 's late night talk show in efforts to win Selita Ebanks ' heart . Elsewhere , Bobby Brown tries another shot at stardom , despite Nelly rebuking him . 18 8 `` Doing the Bump '' Chris Robinson Joey Wells & Johnny Mack November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 1.62 Now appearing exclusively as a couple and crowned `` Kevlita '' by the media , Kevin and Selita start a new relationship / The buzz generates a lot of hype especially once it is revealed that Selita is pregnant . Meanwhile , Boris must prepare for the stage play despite the fact that he can not sing . Duane learns of Selita 's peculiar pregnancy . 19 9 `` Scattered Shower '' Stan Lathan Ralph Farquhar & Chris Spencer December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 1.65 Tisha and Nicole reluctantly join forces with Bridgette , Eva Marcille and Nadine Velazquez to plan a baby shower for the expecting Selita . 20 10 `` Storm Showers '' Stan Lathan Ralph Farquhar & Chris Spencer December 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 10 ) 1.65 A red carpet kicks off the events of Kevin and Selita 's baby shower during a television special with questionable , bad behavior from all involved . 21 11 `` The Bump Stops Here '' Chris Robinson Wayne Stamps December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 1.40 Duane arranges a public appearance sponsored by Gymboree for Kevin and Selita 's baby bump promotional tour . He soon learns that Selita 's `` baby bump '' was fake and used as a scheme to get back at him . He , Duane and Selita conspire to keep the news under wraps of the public finding out . Meanwhile , Trina tries to get Kevin to host the Oscars . 22 12 `` The Harter They Fall '' Chris Robinson Michelle Listenbee Brown December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 1.38 After the debacle surrounding the Kevlita baby bump , Selita agrees to go candid with Katie Couric in order to win back her image . Things do n't go so smoothly for Kevin as he tries to redeem himself with little success . -- -- `` Season 2 Reunion '' Stan Lathan Ralph Farquhar & Chris Spencer & Michelle Listenbee Brown & Wayne Stamps October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 0.80 The cast reflect on Season 2 dramas .",
"No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )",
"11 `` Fund Raising Hell '' Stan Lathan Michelle Listenbee Brown October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 3.54",
"In the second season premiere , Kevin shows off his upgraded celebrity digs while Wanda Sykes hijacks his new home for a star - studded fundraiser .",
"12 `` Hell of a Fund Raiser '' Stan Lathan Michelle Listenbee Brown October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 3.54",
"Wanda 's fundraiser at Kevin 's house continues , as Nick 's donated Smart Car is auctioned off by J.B. Kevin impulsively lands the winning bid on the car ( with a little help from Khloé Kardashian and Kris Jenner ) . Meanwhile , Kevin discovers that Selita Ebanks has left her cellphone behind , which Kevin decides to use to his advantage .",
"13 `` Frauditions '' Stan Lathan Robin Thede October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 1.69",
"Kevin decides to hold a series of fraudulent auditions for a non-existent movie in hopes of meeting an actress worthy of his rising stardom . Meanwhile , Trina convinces Boris to star in a musical stage play with Kelly Rowland as his co-star .",
"14 `` Tisha & Duane '' Chris Robinson Wayne Stamps October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 1.44",
"Duane and his wife , Tisha , are thrilled to attend a table read for a proposed television series named after them for Nick 's network . The last laugh is on Duane as he performs poorly with test audience , prompting Nick to offer Kevin the role as his replacement . Meanwhile , Nelly reluctantly agrees to work with Eric Benét to help Bobby Brown stage a comeback record .",
"15 5 `` Rock , Paper , Stealers '' Stan Lathan Chris Spencer November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 1.73",
"Chris Rock is in town and Kevin invites him to Oliver 's comedy routine . But Kevin learns that he has a propensity for shoplifting .",
"16 6 `` Hook , Lie & Sink Her '' Chris Robinson Prescott Tolk November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 1.52",
"Looking for love , Kevin joins a celebrity online dating service and manages to win a date with actress Nadine Velazquez . Her aggressive tactics become too much for Kevin to handle . Meanwhile , J.B. and Faizon Love have a physical grudge match .",
"17 7 `` Outdated '' Stan Lathan Buddy Lewis November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 1.46",
"Kevin appears on Wayne Brady 's late night talk show in efforts to win Selita Ebanks ' heart . Elsewhere , Bobby Brown tries another shot at stardom , despite Nelly rebuking him .",
"18 8 `` Doing the Bump '' Chris Robinson Joey Wells & Johnny Mack November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 1.62",
"Now appearing exclusively as a couple and crowned `` Kevlita '' by the media , Kevin and Selita start a new relationship / The buzz generates a lot of hype especially once it is revealed that Selita is pregnant . Meanwhile , Boris must prepare for the stage play despite the fact that he can not sing . Duane learns of Selita 's peculiar pregnancy .",
"19 9 `` Scattered Shower '' Stan Lathan Ralph Farquhar & Chris Spencer December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 1.65",
"Tisha and Nicole reluctantly join forces with Bridgette , Eva Marcille and Nadine Velazquez to plan a baby shower for the expecting Selita .",
"20 10 `` Storm Showers '' Stan Lathan Ralph Farquhar & Chris Spencer December 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 10 ) 1.65",
"A red carpet kicks off the events of Kevin and Selita 's baby shower during a television special with questionable , bad behavior from all involved .",
"21 11 `` The Bump Stops Here '' Chris Robinson Wayne Stamps December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 1.40",
"Duane arranges a public appearance sponsored by Gymboree for Kevin and Selita 's baby bump promotional tour . He soon learns that Selita 's `` baby bump '' was fake and used as a scheme to get back at him . He , Duane and Selita conspire to keep the news under wraps of the public finding out . Meanwhile , Trina tries to get Kevin to host the Oscars .",
"22 12 `` The Harter They Fall '' Chris Robinson Michelle Listenbee Brown December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 1.38",
"After the debacle surrounding the Kevlita baby bump , Selita agrees to go candid with Katie Couric in order to win back her image . Things do n't go so smoothly for Kevin as he tries to redeem himself with little success .",
"-- -- `` Season 2 Reunion '' Stan Lathan Ralph Farquhar & Chris Spencer & Michelle Listenbee Brown & Wayne Stamps October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 0.80",
"The cast reflect on Season 2 dramas .",
"No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 23 - 24 1 - 2 `` Falling Legend '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 2.54 After last season 's finale , Season 3 was picked up to where it was later revealed that Kevin fell off the ledge and suffers from Amnesia . Also , Kevin 's roasted by the guys ; Nick enters politics ; Trina and Bridgette 's new boyfriends are Kevin 's old frenemies . 25 `` No New Friends '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.04 Kevin finds new friends to replace Nick , Boris , Duane , and Nelly after the ledge incident ; Duane sees monetary gain in Boris ' spiritual quest . 26 `` Do n't Vote for Nick '' October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 0.85 Kevin disrupts Nick 's press conference ; Trina and Wayne are tested by scheduling conflicts . 27 5 `` A Blurred 47 1 / 2 Hours '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 0.97 The shooting of 47 and 1 / 2 Hours . Kevin might be replaced on the set by his comic rival Mike Epps ; Kevin becomes mocked by an Internet star and Kevin fumbles in a scene . Regina Hall guest stars . 28 6 `` Rolling With My Roomie '' November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 0.83 Regina Hall recovers at Kevin 's ; Nick hires a PI for campaign opposition research . 29 7 `` Bad Sport '' November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 0.81 Kevin 's son plays baseball , with Nelly 's help ; Duane revamps Boris ' message . 30 8 `` Black Is The Same Old Black '' November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 0.94 Tisha is arrested on a warrant , and all the girls protest against it . 31 9 `` The Fight for Duane '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 0.96 Duane moves in with Kevin ; Nelly writes a song for Bridgette . 32 10 `` Model Behavior '' January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 1.03 Jessica White takes Kevin on a wild night 33 11 `` Vote for Kidney '' January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) N / A Nick needs a new kidney ; `` Falling Legend '' and `` 47 1 / 2 Hours '' have a premiere dual event as Kevin squares off against Spoken Reasons . 34 12 `` One in a Bazillion '' January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 0.99 Boris has a charity event ; Kevin schemes to get out of donating his kidney . Guest stars Bobby Brown and Jennifer Freeman .",
"No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )",
"23 - 24 1 - 2 `` Falling Legend '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 2.54",
"After last season 's finale , Season 3 was picked up to where it was later revealed that Kevin fell off the ledge and suffers from Amnesia . Also , Kevin 's roasted by the guys ; Nick enters politics ; Trina and Bridgette 's new boyfriends are Kevin 's old frenemies .",
"25 `` No New Friends '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.04",
"Kevin finds new friends to replace Nick , Boris , Duane , and Nelly after the ledge incident ; Duane sees monetary gain in Boris ' spiritual quest .",
"26 `` Do n't Vote for Nick '' October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 0.85",
"Kevin disrupts Nick 's press conference ; Trina and Wayne are tested by scheduling conflicts .",
"27 5 `` A Blurred 47 1 / 2 Hours '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 0.97",
"The shooting of 47 and 1 / 2 Hours . Kevin might be replaced on the set by his comic rival Mike Epps ; Kevin becomes mocked by an Internet star and Kevin fumbles in a scene . Regina Hall guest stars .",
"28 6 `` Rolling With My Roomie '' November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 0.83",
"Regina Hall recovers at Kevin 's ; Nick hires a PI for campaign opposition research .",
"29 7 `` Bad Sport '' November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 0.81",
"Kevin 's son plays baseball , with Nelly 's help ; Duane revamps Boris ' message .",
"30 8 `` Black Is The Same Old Black '' November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 0.94",
"Tisha is arrested on a warrant , and all the girls protest against it .",
"31 9 `` The Fight for Duane '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 0.96",
"Duane moves in with Kevin ; Nelly writes a song for Bridgette .",
"32 10 `` Model Behavior '' January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 1.03",
"Jessica White takes Kevin on a wild night",
"33 11 `` Vote for Kidney '' January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) N / A",
"Nick needs a new kidney ; `` Falling Legend '' and `` 47 1 / 2 Hours '' have a premiere dual event as Kevin squares off against Spoken Reasons .",
"34 12 `` One in a Bazillion '' January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 0.99",
"Boris has a charity event ; Kevin schemes to get out of donating his kidney . Guest stars Bobby Brown and Jennifer Freeman .",
"No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 35 `` Suck My Trick '' August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) 1.16 In the Season 4 premiere , picking up from the Season 3 finale , Kevin is kidnapped by Arsenio Hall . He is also tricked by the guys into thinking that Nick is dead after he fails to give up his kidney . 36 `` When Kevin Met Salli '' August 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) 0.87 Kevin runs into Salli Richardson and invites her to the poker game ; Salli 's husband , Dondré Whitfield challenges Kevin to a joke - off for a permanent spot at the poker table . 37 `` Hart Medication : Part 1 '' September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) 0.89 Kevin accidentally takes drug - laden candies from rapper Bobby Shmurda ; Trina and the guys do an intervention to send Kevin to rehab . 38 `` Hart Medication : Part 2 '' September 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) 0.83 Kevin goes to rehab and meets Nia Long , who also checks in for her issues . Chris Brown hosts the event . 39 5 `` Cabin Pressure '' September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 0.88 The guys embark on an annual pilgrimage to the NBA All - Star Weekend . While along the way , they encounter travel problems , crazed fans , and Kevin encounters Regina Hall and Nadine Velazquez . 40 6 `` The Great American Zero '' September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 0.77 Kevin meets with Paramount President , Doug Howard to help put his dream into development for his next vehicle . 41 7 `` Kevin Davis Jr . '' September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 0.72 Kevin is offered the lead in a biopic role that takes his career to a new level . 42 8 `` Broad Talk '' October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 0.80 The Real Housewives and girlfriends must audition for a chick chat show . 43 9 `` Walk of Shame '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 0.75 Kevin and Nick compete for the last star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . 44 10 `` Bazillion Dollar Arm '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 0.58 Duane gets Kevin to babysit his new client , Camilo Campaneris , a Cuban baseball pitching phenom . 45 11 `` Do n't Cross That Bridgette '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 0.69 Kevin agrees to give his life - rights to Bridgette when she gets her own reality show 46 12 `` Claire and Present Danger '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 0.67 Kevin flirts with a `` cougar '' , who surprisingly returns his attention . 47 13 `` Trina Sister '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 0.59 Kevin tries to hook up with Trina 's sister 48 14 `` Easy as 1 - 2 - 3 '' February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 0.53 Craig Robinson visit the penthouse and stir up trouble with Kevin",
"No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )",
"35 `` Suck My Trick '' August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) 1.16",
"In the Season 4 premiere , picking up from the Season 3 finale , Kevin is kidnapped by Arsenio Hall . He is also tricked by the guys into thinking that Nick is dead after he fails to give up his kidney .",
"36 `` When Kevin Met Salli '' August 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) 0.87",
"Kevin runs into Salli Richardson and invites her to the poker game ; Salli 's husband , Dondré Whitfield challenges Kevin to a joke - off for a permanent spot at the poker table .",
"37 `` Hart Medication : Part 1 '' September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) 0.89",
"Kevin accidentally takes drug - laden candies from rapper Bobby Shmurda ; Trina and the guys do an intervention to send Kevin to rehab .",
"38 `` Hart Medication : Part 2 '' September 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) 0.83",
"Kevin goes to rehab and meets Nia Long , who also checks in for her issues . Chris Brown hosts the event .",
"39 5 `` Cabin Pressure '' September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 0.88",
"The guys embark on an annual pilgrimage to the NBA All - Star Weekend . While along the way , they encounter travel problems , crazed fans , and Kevin encounters Regina Hall and Nadine Velazquez .",
"40 6 `` The Great American Zero '' September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 0.77",
"Kevin meets with Paramount President , Doug Howard to help put his dream into development for his next vehicle .",
"41 7 `` Kevin Davis Jr . '' September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 0.72",
"Kevin is offered the lead in a biopic role that takes his career to a new level .",
"42 8 `` Broad Talk '' October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 0.80",
"The Real Housewives and girlfriends must audition for a chick chat show .",
"43 9 `` Walk of Shame '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 0.75",
"Kevin and Nick compete for the last star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .",
"44 10 `` Bazillion Dollar Arm '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 0.58",
"Duane gets Kevin to babysit his new client , Camilo Campaneris , a Cuban baseball pitching phenom .",
"45 11 `` Do n't Cross That Bridgette '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 0.69",
"Kevin agrees to give his life - rights to Bridgette when she gets her own reality show",
"46 12 `` Claire and Present Danger '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 0.67",
"Kevin flirts with a `` cougar '' , who surprisingly returns his attention .",
"47 13 `` Trina Sister '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 0.59",
"Kevin tries to hook up with Trina 's sister",
"48 14 `` Easy as 1 - 2 - 3 '' February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 0.53",
"Craig Robinson visit the penthouse and stir up trouble with Kevin",
"No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 49 `` Keep Coming Back '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 0.65 In the fifth - season premiere , Robin Thicke is back and wants Kevin to be his sponsor ; Nia Long respires her role as a sex addict and continues to pursue Kevin ; J.B 's aunt moves into Kevin 's neighborhood . 50 `` Baaack to School '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 0.67 Kevin goes back to high school to get his degree . Trina and Wayne compete in the game of Let 's Make a Deal and Wayne pops the big question . 51 `` Fifty Shades of Brown '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 0.59 LeToya Luckett tries to make Kevin the face for her skin - cafe / make - up line . The guys compete to be the next James Bond . Boris goes bald . 52 `` The Suitor '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 0.75 Kevin dates a young actress Keke Palmer . 53 5 `` Kevin and Nick are Wack '' November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) 0.57 Kevin and Nick compete against each other in a rap war ; Jackie and Bridgette appear on a game show called `` Spouse Smarts '' . 54 6 `` Hart in the Hood '' November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 0.61 Kevin moves back in the hood to find his funny mojo ; Nelly and the rest of the guys becomes interrogated by some `` men in black '' . Tyga guest stars . 55 7 `` Raising a Negro in the Sun '' November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 0.47 Kevin trains to audition for Broadway ; and Nelly owes his mentor Luggy . 56 8 `` Everyday I 'm Hustlin ' '' December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 0.49 Kevin searches for his limited - edition sneakers to give his son for his birthday . While doing so he encounters a ghost from his past . 57 9 `` # Hollywoodtooblack Part 1 '' December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 0.62 The guys begin to be the subject of the controversy when they are nominated for the Oscars for a slave movie . 58 10 `` # Hollywoodtooblack Part 2 '' December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 0.68 The guys become torn about whether to support the boycott of the awards show .",
"No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )",
"49 `` Keep Coming Back '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 0.65",
"In the fifth - season premiere , Robin Thicke is back and wants Kevin to be his sponsor ; Nia Long respires her role as a sex addict and continues to pursue Kevin ; J.B 's aunt moves into Kevin 's neighborhood .",
"50 `` Baaack to School '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 0.67",
"Kevin goes back to high school to get his degree . Trina and Wayne compete in the game of Let 's Make a Deal and Wayne pops the big question .",
"51 `` Fifty Shades of Brown '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 0.59",
"LeToya Luckett tries to make Kevin the face for her skin - cafe / make - up line . The guys compete to be the next James Bond . Boris goes bald .",
"52 `` The Suitor '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 0.75",
"Kevin dates a young actress Keke Palmer .",
"53 5 `` Kevin and Nick are Wack '' November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) 0.57",
"Kevin and Nick compete against each other in a rap war ; Jackie and Bridgette appear on a game show called `` Spouse Smarts '' .",
"54 6 `` Hart in the Hood '' November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 0.61",
"Kevin moves back in the hood to find his funny mojo ; Nelly and the rest of the guys becomes interrogated by some `` men in black '' . Tyga guest stars .",
"55 7 `` Raising a Negro in the Sun '' November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 0.47",
"Kevin trains to audition for Broadway ; and Nelly owes his mentor Luggy .",
"56 8 `` Everyday I 'm Hustlin ' '' December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 0.49",
"Kevin searches for his limited - edition sneakers to give his son for his birthday . While doing so he encounters a ghost from his past .",
"57 9 `` # Hollywoodtooblack Part 1 '' December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 0.62",
"The guys begin to be the subject of the controversy when they are nominated for the Oscars for a slave movie .",
"58 10 `` # Hollywoodtooblack Part 2 '' December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 0.68",
"The guys become torn about whether to support the boycott of the awards show .",
"The show has received positive reviews from critics . Entertainment Weekly chose the show as No. 1 for their `` The Must List : The Top 10 Things We Love This Week , '' writing , `` Step aside , Housewives ! Our new favorite divas are the men who take the spotlight in star / exec producer Kevin Hart 's uproariously funny reality TV spoof . ''",
"Year Association Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2014 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Real Husbands of Hollywood Won Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Kevin Hart Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Boris Kodjoe Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series J.B. Smoove Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nick Cannon Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series Ralph Farquhar , Chris Spencer ( Episode : `` Rock , Paper , Stealers '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Stan Lathan ( Episode : `` Rock , Paper , Stealers '' ) Nominated 2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Comedy Series Real Husbands Of Hollywood Nominated",
"Year Association Recipient ( s ) Result Ref .",
"2014 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Real Husbands of Hollywood Won",
"Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Kevin Hart Won",
"Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Boris Kodjoe Nominated",
"Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series J.B. Smoove Nominated",
"Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nick Cannon Nominated",
"Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series Ralph Farquhar , Chris Spencer ( Episode : `` Rock , Paper , Stealers '' ) Nominated",
"Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Stan Lathan ( Episode : `` Rock , Paper , Stealers '' ) Nominated",
"2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Comedy Series Real Husbands Of Hollywood Nominated"
] | Real Husbands of Hollywood - wikipedia Real Husbands of Hollywood Jump to: navigation , search Real Husbands of Hollywood Genre Comedy Satire Created by Kevin Hart Chris Spencer Starring Kevin Hart Nick Cannon Boris Kodjoe Duane Martin Nelly J.B. Smoove Robin Thicke Cynthia McWilliams Dondré Whitfield Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 58 (+ 2 specials) Production Executive producer(s) Chris Spencer Dave Becky Jesse Collins Kevin Hart Ralph Farquhar Stan Lathan Stephen Hill Tim Gibbons Carl Craig Editor(s) Charles Kramer AJ Catoline Heidi Scharfe Camera setup Single Running time 20-22 minutes Production company(s) HartBeat Productions JSR Productions 3 Arts Entertainment Distributor BET Networks Release Original network BET Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 15, 2013 ( 2013-01-15 ) -- December 13, 2016 ( 2016-12-13 ) External links Website Real Husbands of Hollywood (abbreviated RHOH ) is an American reality television parody on BET which debuted on January 15, 2013. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Cast 2.1 Guest stars 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 (2013) 3.2 Season 2 (2013) 3.3 Season 3 (2014-15) 3.4 Season 4 (2015-- 16) 3.5 Season 5 (2016) 4 Reception 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The series was co-created by comedian Kevin Hart, and follows the daily lives of him and other married celebrities, each playing a fictionalized version of themselves, as they venture through their surreal life in Hollywood. Members of the initial cast include: Boris Kodjoe , Nelly , Duane Martin , J.B. Smoove , Nick Cannon , Oliver (Hart's assistant, played by James Davis), and Robin Thicke , who did not return for the second season due to his music career, though Hart has stated that the door is open for Thicke to return. The series is intentionally filmed in a style similar to Bravo 's The Real Housewives . Episodes often hinge on the `` real'' Kevin Hart's desperately unsuccessful attempts to climb Hollywood's celebrity social ladder (which always backfire in humiliating ways), and the character's barely-hidden jealousy of his more successful celebrity friends. A sneak peek was shown as a segment during the 2012 BET Awards and the official promo was released in October 2012. Cast ( edit ) Kevin Hart as himself Duane Martin as himself Nelly as himself Cynthia McWilliams as Trina Shaw Boris Kodjoe as himself Nick Cannon as himself Robin Thicke as himself J.B. Smoove as himself Jackie Long as himself Dondre Whitfield as himself James davis as Oliver Grant Guest stars ( edit ) Special guests during the first season include: Laila Ali , Ed O'Neil , Jennifer Freeman , Russell Simmons , Melanie Fiona , Estelle , Cedric the Entertainer , Shane Mosley , Elise Neal , Keri Hilson , La La Anthony , Rocsi Diaz , Alec Mapa , Terry Crews , Tisha Campbell-Martin , Takhorra Taylor, Young Jeezy , Nicole Ari Parker , Jay Leno , Ed O'Neill , Shaquille O'Neal , Faizon Love , James Davis, Common and Trey Songz . Season 2 guest stars include Chris Rock , Conan O'Brien , Wanda Sykes , Katie Couric , Keenen Ivory Wayans , Nadine Velazquez , Kelly Rowland , Bobby Brown , Ralph Tresvant , Tichina Arnold , James Davis, Wayne Brady , Eric Benet , Selita Ebanks , Eva Marcille , Erykah Badu , and more. Season 3: Tamar Braxton , Mariah Carey , Regina Hall , Sanaa Lathan , George Lopez , Snoop Dogg , Jennifer Freeman , Vanessa L. Williams , Lance Bass , Chrisette Michele , Jessica White , Fred Williamson , and more. Season 4: Bobby Shmurda , Chris Brown , Brandy , Nia Long , Arsenio Hall , Wayne Brady , Mary J. Blige , Craig Robinson , EJ Johnson , Faith Evans , NeNe Leakes , Terry Crews , and more. Season 5: Letoya Luckett , Nia Long , Johnny Depp , Keke Palmer , Meghan Trainor , Nicki Minaj , Vivica A. Fox , Gabrielle Union , and more. Episodes ( edit ) After it was announced in March 2013, a twelve episode second season premiered on October 15, 2013. The following day, on October 16, 2013, the show began airing on The Comedy Channel in Australia. In April 2014, Real Husbands of Hollywood was renewed for a third season, which premiered on October 14, 2014. The fourth season premiered on August 18, 2015. On January 21, 2016, the show was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on October 11, 2016. Season Episodes First aired Last aired 10 + 1 special January 15, 2013 ( 2013-01-15 ) March 19, 2013 ( 2013-03-19 ) 12 + 1 special October 15, 2013 ( 2013-10-15 ) December 17, 2013 ( 2013-12-17 ) 12 October 14, 2014 ( 2014-10-14 ) January 27, 2015 ( 2015-01-27 ) 14 August 18, 2015 ( 2015-08-18 ) February 9, 2016 ( 2016-02-09 ) 5 10 October 11, 2016 ( 2016-10-11 ) December 13, 2016 ( 2016-12-13 ) Season 1 (2013) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (million) `` Easy Bake Kevin'' Stan Lathan Kevin Hart & Chris Spencer & Ralph Farquhar January 15, 2013 ( 2013-01-15 ) 4.14 Kevin Hart headlines an all-star cast of Hollywood husbands in this semi-scripted reality show spoof. In the opener, Kevin kicks fellow hubby Nick Cannon out of a weekly poker get-together with the remaining husbands. Invited by Nelly, Robin Thicke begins a long-standing feud with Kevin, who has developed a strong crush on Robin's wife, Paula Patton . `` Thicke and Tired'' Chris Robinson Kevin Hart & Chris Spencer & Ralph Farquhar January 22, 2013 ( 2013-01-22 ) 2.29 In the aftermath of the poker game incident, Nelly tries to play mediator between Kevin and Robin after their one-sided feud. Meanwhile, J.B. and Boris grow suspicious after discovering that Duane's new clothing factory has questionable labor practices. `` It's Gettin' Hot in Herrre'' Chris Robinson Buddy Lewis January 29, 2013 ( 2013-01-29 ) 2.21 In attempt to make more money, Kevin tries to get in on Nelly's investment in an exercise video, but Nelly wants only the other guys to join. `` Karma's a Mitch'' Stan Lathan Calvin Brown Jr. February 5, 2013 ( 2013-02-05 ) 1.99 After flirting with boxer `` Sugar'' Shane Mosley's girlfriend, Kevin fakes an ailment to avoid getting clobbered by the champ during a charity fight. 5 5 `` Hart vs. Mosley'' Stan Lathan Calvin Brown Jr. February 12, 2013 ( 2013-02-12 ) 2.00 Kevin Hart squares off in the anticipated chairty fight with professional boxer `` Sugar'' Shane Mosley. 6 6 `` Auf Wiedersehen, Mitches'' Stan Lathan Wayne Stamps February 19, 2013 ( 2013-02-19 ) 2.05 Kevin tries to start a music career and upsets one of the husbands, and Duane's latest scheme causes Boris to run into an ex -- and into trouble. 7 7 `` Trick'd '' Stan Lathan Robin Thede February 26, 2013 ( 2013-02-26 ) 1.85 J.B. gets a spot on a hidden-camera prank show, and Kevin receives some unexpected news from a heartless friend with benefits. 8 8 `` Hollyhood Scuffle'' Chris Robinson Prescott Tolk March 5, 2013 ( 2013-03-05 ) 1.82 Kevin writes a tell-all book about the other husbands and his own ex-wife, but he doesn't exactly tell the complete truth. 9 9 `` Blackstabbers'' Chris Robinson Calvin Brown Jr. March 12, 2013 ( 2013-03-12 ) 1.73 A mysterious blackmailer threatens to reveal incriminating `` boys' night out'' photos unless the guys perform a series of outrageous stunts. 10 10 `` Retreat from Couples'' Stan Lathan Wayne Stamps March 19, 2013 ( 2013-03-19 ) 2.15 In the first season finale, it's a double date night for Boris and Duane with their wives, and Kevin's special `` double'' date night with a pair of twins gets interrupted by Nick. -- -- `` The Reunion Special'' Stan Lathan Wayne Stamps May 28, 2013 ( 2013-05-28 ) 1.67 Kevin and the guys revisit the dramas from Season 1. Season 2 (2013) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 11 `` Fund Raising Hell'' Stan Lathan Michelle Listenbee Brown October 15, 2013 ( 2013-10-15 ) 3.54 In the second season premiere, Kevin shows off his upgraded celebrity digs while Wanda Sykes hijacks his new home for a star-studded fundraiser. 12 `` Hell of a Fund Raiser'' Stan Lathan Michelle Listenbee Brown October 15, 2013 ( 2013-10-15 ) 3.54 Wanda's fundraiser at Kevin's house continues, as Nick's donated Smart Car is auctioned off by J.B. Kevin impulsively lands the winning bid on the car (with a little help from Khloé Kardashian and Kris Jenner ). Meanwhile, Kevin discovers that Selita Ebanks has left her cellphone behind, which Kevin decides to use to his advantage. 13 `` Frauditions'' Stan Lathan Robin Thede October 22, 2013 ( 2013-10-22 ) 1.69 Kevin decides to hold a series of fraudulent auditions for a non-existent movie in hopes of meeting an actress worthy of his rising stardom. Meanwhile, Trina convinces Boris to star in a musical stage play with Kelly Rowland as his co-star. 14 `` Tisha & Duane'' Chris Robinson Wayne Stamps October 29, 2013 ( 2013-10-29 ) 1.44 Duane and his wife, Tisha, are thrilled to attend a table read for a proposed television series named after them for Nick's network. The last laugh is on Duane as he performs poorly with test audience, prompting Nick to offer Kevin the role as his replacement. Meanwhile, Nelly reluctantly agrees to work with Eric Benét to help Bobby Brown stage a comeback record. 15 5 `` Rock, Paper, Stealers'' Stan Lathan Chris Spencer November 5, 2013 ( 2013-11-05 ) 1.73 Chris Rock is in town and Kevin invites him to Oliver's comedy routine. But Kevin learns that he has a propensity for shoplifting. 16 6 `` Hook, Lie & Sink Her'' Chris Robinson Prescott Tolk November 12, 2013 ( 2013-11-12 ) 1.52 Looking for love, Kevin joins a celebrity online dating service and manages to win a date with actress Nadine Velazquez . Her aggressive tactics become too much for Kevin to handle. Meanwhile, J.B. and Faizon Love have a physical grudge match. 17 7 `` Outdated'' Stan Lathan Buddy Lewis November 19, 2013 ( 2013-11-19 ) 1.46 Kevin appears on Wayne Brady's late night talk show in efforts to win Selita Ebanks' heart. Elsewhere, Bobby Brown tries another shot at stardom, despite Nelly rebuking him. 18 8 `` Doing the Bump'' Chris Robinson Joey Wells & Johnny Mack November 26, 2013 ( 2013-11-26 ) 1.62 Now appearing exclusively as a couple and crowned `` Kevlita'' by the media, Kevin and Selita start a new relationship/ The buzz generates a lot of hype especially once it is revealed that Selita is pregnant. Meanwhile, Boris must prepare for the stage play despite the fact that he cannot sing. Duane learns of Selita's peculiar pregnancy. 19 9 `` Scattered Shower'' Stan Lathan Ralph Farquhar & Chris Spencer December 3, 2013 ( 2013-12-03 ) 1.65 Tisha and Nicole reluctantly join forces with Bridgette, Eva Marcille and Nadine Velazquez to plan a baby shower for the expecting Selita. 20 10 `` Storm Showers'' Stan Lathan Ralph Farquhar & Chris Spencer December 10, 2013 ( 2013-12-10 ) 1.65 A red carpet kicks off the events of Kevin and Selita's baby shower during a television special with questionable, bad behavior from all involved. 21 11 `` The Bump Stops Here'' Chris Robinson Wayne Stamps December 17, 2013 ( 2013-12-17 ) 1.40 Duane arranges a public appearance sponsored by Gymboree for Kevin and Selita's baby bump promotional tour. He soon learns that Selita's `` baby bump'' was fake and used as a scheme to get back at him. He, Duane and Selita conspire to keep the news under wraps of the public finding out. Meanwhile, Trina tries to get Kevin to host the Oscars. 22 12 `` The Harter They Fall'' Chris Robinson Michelle Listenbee Brown December 17, 2013 ( 2013-12-17 ) 1.38 After the debacle surrounding the Kevlita baby bump, Selita agrees to go candid with Katie Couric in order to win back her image. Things don't go so smoothly for Kevin as he tries to redeem himself with little success. -- -- `` Season 2 Reunion'' Stan Lathan Ralph Farquhar & Chris Spencer & Michelle Listenbee Brown & Wayne Stamps October 7, 2014 ( 2014-10-07 ) 0.80 The cast reflect on Season 2 dramas. Season 3 (2014-15) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 23-24 1-2 `` Falling Legend'' October 14, 2014 ( 2014-10-14 ) 2.54 After last season's finale, Season 3 was picked up to where it was later revealed that Kevin fell off the ledge and suffers from Amnesia . Also, Kevin's roasted by the guys; Nick enters politics; Trina and Bridgette's new boyfriends are Kevin's old frenemies. 25 `` No New Friends'' October 21, 2014 ( 2014-10-21 ) 1.04 Kevin finds new friends to replace Nick, Boris, Duane, and Nelly after the ledge incident; Duane sees monetary gain in Boris' spiritual quest. 26 `` Don't Vote for Nick'' October 28, 2014 ( 2014-10-28 ) 0.85 Kevin disrupts Nick's press conference; Trina and Wayne are tested by scheduling conflicts. 27 5 `` A Blurred 47 1/2 Hours'' November 4, 2014 ( 2014-11-04 ) 0.97 The shooting of 47 and 1/2 Hours . Kevin might be replaced on the set by his comic rival Mike Epps ; Kevin becomes mocked by an Internet star and Kevin fumbles in a scene. Regina Hall guest stars. 28 6 `` Rolling With My Roomie'' November 11, 2014 ( 2014-11-11 ) 0.83 Regina Hall recovers at Kevin's ; Nick hires a PI for campaign opposition research. 29 7 `` Bad Sport'' November 18, 2014 ( 2014-11-18 ) 0.81 Kevin's son plays baseball, with Nelly's help; Duane revamps Boris' message. 30 8 `` Black Is The Same Old Black'' November 25, 2014 ( 2014-11-25 ) 0.94 Tisha is arrested on a warrant, and all the girls protest against it. 31 9 `` The Fight for Duane'' January 6, 2015 ( 2015-01-06 ) 0.96 Duane moves in with Kevin; Nelly writes a song for Bridgette. 32 10 `` Model Behavior'' January 13, 2015 ( 2015-01-13 ) 1.03 Jessica White takes Kevin on a wild night 33 11 `` Vote for Kidney'' January 20, 2015 ( 2015-01-20 ) N/A Nick needs a new kidney; `` Falling Legend'' and `` 47 1/2 Hours'' have a premiere dual event as Kevin squares off against Spoken Reasons. 34 12 `` One in a Bazillion'' January 27, 2015 ( 2015-01-27 ) 0.99 Boris has a charity event; Kevin schemes to get out of donating his kidney. Guest stars Bobby Brown and Jennifer Freeman. Season 4 (2015-- 16) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 35 `` Suck My Trick'' August 18, 2015 ( 2015-08-18 ) 1.16 In the Season 4 premiere, picking up from the Season 3 finale, Kevin is kidnapped by Arsenio Hall . He is also tricked by the guys into thinking that Nick is dead after he fails to give up his kidney. 36 `` When Kevin Met Salli'' August 25, 2015 ( 2015-08-25 ) 0.87 Kevin runs into Salli Richardson and invites her to the poker game; Salli's husband, Dondré Whitfield challenges Kevin to a joke-off for a permanent spot at the poker table. 37 `` Hart Medication: Part 1'' September 1, 2015 ( 2015-09-01 ) 0.89 Kevin accidentally takes drug-laden candies from rapper Bobby Shmurda ; Trina and the guys do an intervention to send Kevin to rehab. 38 `` Hart Medication: Part 2'' September 8, 2015 ( 2015-09-08 ) 0.83 Kevin goes to rehab and meets Nia Long , who also checks in for her issues. Chris Brown hosts the event. 39 5 `` Cabin Pressure'' September 15, 2015 ( 2015-09-15 ) 0.88 The guys embark on an annual pilgrimage to the NBA All-Star Weekend. While along the way, they encounter travel problems, crazed fans, and Kevin encounters Regina Hall and Nadine Velazquez. 40 6 `` The Great American Zero'' September 22, 2015 ( 2015-09-22 ) 0.77 Kevin meets with Paramount President, Doug Howard to help put his dream into development for his next vehicle. 41 7 `` Kevin Davis Jr.'' September 29, 2015 ( 2015-09-29 ) 0.72 Kevin is offered the lead in a biopic role that takes his career to a new level. 42 8 `` Broad Talk'' October 6, 2015 ( 2015-10-06 ) 0.80 The Real Housewives and girlfriends must audition for a chick chat show. 43 9 `` Walk of Shame'' January 5, 2016 ( 2016-01-05 ) 0.75 Kevin and Nick compete for the last star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 44 10 `` Bazillion Dollar Arm'' January 12, 2016 ( 2016-01-12 ) 0.58 Duane gets Kevin to babysit his new client, Camilo Campaneris, a Cuban baseball pitching phenom. 45 11 `` Don't Cross That Bridgette'' January 19, 2016 ( 2016-01-19 ) 0.69 Kevin agrees to give his life-rights to Bridgette when she gets her own reality show 46 12 `` Claire and Present Danger'' January 26, 2016 ( 2016-01-26 ) 0.67 Kevin flirts with a `` cougar'' , who surprisingly returns his attention. 47 13 `` Trina Sister'' February 2, 2016 ( 2016-02-02 ) 0.59 Kevin tries to hook up with Trina's sister 48 14 `` Easy as 1-2-3'' February 9, 2016 ( 2016-02-09 ) 0.53 Craig Robinson visit the penthouse and stir up trouble with Kevin Season 5 (2016) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 49 `` Keep Coming Back'' October 11, 2016 ( 2016-10-11 ) 0.65 In the fifth-season premiere, Robin Thicke is back and wants Kevin to be his sponsor; Nia Long respires her role as a sex addict and continues to pursue Kevin; J.B's aunt moves into Kevin's neighborhood. 50 `` Baaack to School'' October 18, 2016 ( 2016-10-18 ) 0.67 Kevin goes back to high school to get his degree. Trina and Wayne compete in the game of Let's Make a Deal and Wayne pops the big question. 51 `` Fifty Shades of Brown'' October 25, 2016 ( 2016-10-25 ) 0.59 LeToya Luckett tries to make Kevin the face for her skin-cafe/make-up line. The guys compete to be the next James Bond. Boris goes bald. 52 `` The Suitor'' November 1, 2016 ( 2016-11-01 ) 0.75 Kevin dates a young actress Keke Palmer . 53 5 `` Kevin and Nick are Wack'' November 8, 2016 ( 2016-11-08 ) 0.57 Kevin and Nick compete against each other in a rap war; Jackie and Bridgette appear on a game show called `` Spouse Smarts'' . 54 6 `` Hart in the Hood'' November 22, 2016 ( 2016-11-22 ) 0.61 Kevin moves back in the hood to find his funny mojo; Nelly and the rest of the guys becomes interrogated by some `` men in black'' . Tyga guest stars. 55 7 `` Raising a Negro in the Sun'' November 29, 2016 ( 2016-11-29 ) 0.47 Kevin trains to audition for Broadway; and Nelly owes his mentor Luggy. 56 8 `` Everyday I'm Hustlin' '' December 6, 2016 ( 2016-12-06 ) 0.49 Kevin searches for his limited-edition sneakers to give his son for his birthday. While doing so he encounters a ghost from his past. 57 9 `` #Hollywoodtooblack Part 1'' December 13, 2016 ( 2016-12-13 ) 0.62 The guys begin to be the subject of the controversy when they are nominated for the Oscars for a slave movie. 58 10 `` #Hollywoodtooblack Part 2'' December 13, 2016 ( 2016-12-13 ) 0.68 The guys become torn about whether to support the boycott of the awards show. Reception ( edit ) The show has received positive reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly chose the show as No.1 for their `` The Must List: The Top 10 Things We Love This Week,'' writing, `` Step aside, Housewives ! Our new favorite divas are the men who take the spotlight in star/exec producer Kevin Hart's uproariously funny reality TV spoof.'' Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Recipient(s) Result Ref. 2014 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Real Husbands of Hollywood Won Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Kevin Hart Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Boris Kodjoe Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series J.B. Smoove Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nick Cannon Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series Ralph Farquhar, Chris Spencer (Episode: `` Rock, Paper, Stealers'' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Stan Lathan (Episode: `` Rock, Paper, Stealers'' ) Nominated 2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Comedy Series Real Husbands Of Hollywood Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` '' Real Husbands of Hollywood'' and `` Second Generation Wayans'' to Premiere Tuesday, January 15 on BET`` . thefutoncritic . Retrieved January 2, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BET Networks Unveils New Programming at 2012 Upfront Presentation'' . Retrieved January 2, 2013 . Jump up ^ Apr 7, 2013 (2013-04-07). `` Kevin Hart Explains Why Robin Thicke Left ' Real Husbands ' '' . Black America Web . Retrieved 2015-11-11 . Jump up ^ Berkshire, Geoff. `` BET's ' Real Husbands of Hollywood' with Nick Cannon, ' Second Generation Wayans' get January premieres'' . From Inside the Box (blog). Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 30, 2012 . Retrieved January 31, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` BET Networks Presents Its Fall 2013 TV Preview Lineup'' . The Futon Critic . August 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` BET's `` Real Husbands of Hollywood'' Renewed for 2nd Season!`` . the Futon Critic . Retrieved March 8, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Husbands of Hollywood on THE COMEDY CHANNEL'' . The Comedy Channel . Retrieved October 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (April 24, 2014). `` BET Renews ' The Game,' ' Being Mary Jane,' ' Real Husbands' ; Adds ' Book of Negroes' Mini'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/TWISTD-REAL-HUSBANDS-OF-HOLLYWOOD-and-PUNKD-Return-to-BET-This-August-20150804 . Retrieved August 5, 2015 . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Real Husbands of Hollywood Returns for Fifth Season!'' . January 21, 2016 . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday's Cable Ratings: BET Tops Charts with `` Real Husbands of Hollywood,'' `` Second Generation Wayans '' `` . The Futon Critic. January 17, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday's Cable Ratings: `` Hardcore Pawn'' Leads Viewers, `` Pretty Little Liars'' Tops Demos`` . The Futon Critic. January 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday's Cable Ratings: `` Hardcore Pawn,'' `` Pretty Little Liars'' Once Again Top Viewers, Demos`` . The Futon Critic. January 31, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings:' Tosh.0' Wins Night, ' Pretty Little Liars' , ' Hardcore Pawn' , ' Cougar Town' , ' Justified' , ' White Collar' & More'' . TV by the Numbers. February 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday's Cable Ratings: `` Tosh.0'' Tops Demos, Westminster Dog Show Leads Viewers`` . The Futon Critic. February 14, 2013. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 21, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings:' Tosh.0' Wins Night, College Basketball, ' Pretty Little Liars' , ' Cougar Town' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood' ,' Justified' , ' Face Off' & More'' . TV by the Numbers. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 28, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Tosh.0' Wins Night + ' Pretty Little Liars' , ' The Daily Show' , ' Snooki & JWOWW' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood' & More'' . TV by the Numbers. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 6, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball Wins Night, ' Pretty Little Liars' , ' Tosh.0' , ' Justified' , ' Cougar Town' , ' Dance Moms' & More'' . TV by the Numbers. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 13, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Tosh.0' Wins Night + ' Pretty Little Liars' , ' Snooki & JWOWW' , ' Justified' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 20, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Tosh.0' Wins Night, ' Pretty Little Liars' , ' Justified' , ' Cougar Town' ,' Top Gear' , ' Dance Moms' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 30, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: NBA Playoffs Win Night, ' Deadliest Catch' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood' , ' Counting Cars' , ' Backyard Oil' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (October 16, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, Real Husbands of Hollywood' , ' Catfish' , ' Face Off' , ' Tosh.0' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 23, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars' , ' Snooki & JWOWW' , ' Tosh.0' , ' Ravenswood' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 30, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: Basketball Wins Night, ' Sons of Anarchy' , ' Tosh.0' , ' Face Off' , ' Top Gear' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 6, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Leads Night + ' Moonshiners' , ' Tosh.0' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 13, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, College Basketball, ' Tosh.0' , ' Moonshiners' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 20, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night + ' Tosh.0' , ' Moonshiners' , ' The Daily Show' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 27, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Moonshiners' Wins Night, ' Tosh.0' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood' , ' Bad Girls Club' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 4, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night + ' Tosh.0' , ' Moonshiners' , ' The Real Husbands of Hollywood' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 11, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, ' After Anarchy' , ' Moonshiners' , ' Awkward' , ' Tosh.0' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to: Kondolojy, Amanda (December 17, 2013). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Moonshiners' Tops Night + ' The Daily Show' , ' The Real Husbands of Hollywood' , ' Bad Girls Club' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 8, 2014). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + ' Tosh.0' , MLB Baseball, ' 19 Kids and Counting' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 15, 2014). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, ' BET Hip Hop Awards' , ' Chrisley Knows Best' , ' Awkward' , ' Face Off' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 22, 2014). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, ' BET Hip Hop Awards' , ' Chrisley Knows Best' , ' Awkward' , ' Face Off' & MoreTuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting' , ' Ink Master' , ' Tosh.0' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 29, 2014). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings:' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, ' 19 Kids & Counting' , ' Ink Master' , ' Face Off' , ' Awkward' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 5, 2014). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting' , Election Coverage & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 12, 2014). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, ' 30 for 30' , ' 19 Kids & Counting' , ' Chrisley Knows Best' , ' Awkward' , ' Faking It' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 19, 2014). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + College Basketball, ' Anarchy Afterword' , ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 26, 2014). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Curse of Oak Island' Wins Night, ' Ink Master' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' , ' Bad Girls Club' , ' Awkward' , ' Faking It' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 8, 2015). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' The Haves and the Have Nots' Wins Night' ' Pretty Little Liars' , ' Switched at Birth' , ' Dance Moms' , ' The Real World' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 28, 2015). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' , ' The Curse of Oak Island' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 28, 2015). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots' , ' Sons of Liberty' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 19, 2015). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Deadliest Catch' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots' Win Night, ' Rizzoli & Isles' , ' Total Divas' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 26, 2015). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' The Haves and the Have Nots' Tops Night + ' Ink Master' , ' Tosh.0' , ' Rizzoli & Isles' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 2, 2015). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' The Haves and the Have Nots' Wins Night, ' Ink Master' , ' Rizzoli & Isles' , ' Total Divas' , ' Below Deck' , ' Tyrant' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 10, 2015). `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' The Haves and the Have Nots' Wins Night, US Open Coverage, ' Ink Master' , ' Counting Cars' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 10, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Real Husbands of Hollywood'' . Zap2it . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly Staff (February 8, 2013). `` The Must List'' . Entertainment Weekly . New York: Time Inc.: 7. Jump up ^ Aaron Couch, Arlene Washington (February 22, 2014). `` NAACP Image Awards: The Winners'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 22, 2014 . External links ( edit ) Real Husbands of Hollywood on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Husbands_of_Hollywood&oldid=835697128 '' Categories : 2010s American black sitcoms 2010s American satirical television series 2013 American television series debuts Television shows set in Los Angeles English-language television programs Black Entertainment Television shows Cultural depictions of people Reality television series parodies Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Hidden categories: Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018, at 07:02. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -581875398029205805 |
who is the ten commandments killer based on | The episode received mixed to negative reviews from critics , earning a 36 % approval rating , with an average score of 5 / 10 , on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2017 )",
"This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2017 )",
"`` The Ten Commandments Killer '' American Horror Story episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 8 Directed by Loni Peristere Written by Ryan Murphy Featured music `` Love Cliché '' ( Nickodemus Remix ) by Soulstice `` The New Call of the Freaks '' by Luis Russell Production code 5ATS08 Original air date December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) Running time 46 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Mare Winningham as Hazel Evers Richard T. Jones as Detective Andy Hahn Lennon Henry as Holden Lowe Episode chronology ← Previous `` Flicker '' Next → `` She Wants Revenge '' American Horror Story : Hotel List of American Horror Story episodes",
"`` The Ten Commandments Killer ''",
"American Horror Story episode",
"Episode no . Season 5 Episode 8",
"Directed by Loni Peristere",
"Written by Ryan Murphy",
"Featured music `` Love Cliché '' ( Nickodemus Remix ) by Soulstice `` The New Call of the Freaks '' by Luis Russell",
"`` Love Cliché '' ( Nickodemus Remix ) by Soulstice `` The New Call of the Freaks '' by Luis Russell",
"`` Love Cliché '' ( Nickodemus Remix ) by Soulstice",
"`` The New Call of the Freaks '' by Luis Russell",
"Production code 5ATS08",
"Original air date December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 )",
"Running time 46 minutes",
"Guest appearance ( s )",
"Mare Winningham as Hazel Evers Richard T. Jones as Detective Andy Hahn Lennon Henry as Holden Lowe",
"Mare Winningham as Hazel Evers Richard T. Jones as Detective Andy Hahn Lennon Henry as Holden Lowe",
"Mare Winningham as Hazel Evers",
"Richard T. Jones as Detective Andy Hahn",
"Lennon Henry as Holden Lowe",
"Episode chronology",
"← Previous `` Flicker '' Next → `` She Wants Revenge ''",
"← Previous `` Flicker '' Next → `` She Wants Revenge ''",
"← Previous `` Flicker '' Next → `` She Wants Revenge ''",
"American Horror Story : Hotel List of American Horror Story episodes",
"`` The Ten Commandments Killer '' is the eighth episode of the fifth season of the anthology television series American Horror Story . It aired on December 2 , 2015 on the cable network FX . This episode was written by Ryan Murphy and directed by Loni Peristere .",
"Det . John Lowe ( Wes Bentley ) recalls seeing Wren ( Jessica Belkin ) in a glass coffin in Hotel Cortez . He returns there and demands to know the truth from Liz Taylor ( Denis O'Hare ) . Sally ( Sarah Paulson ) leads him to Room 64 to find answers . There , behind the armoire , John finds the preserved body parts from the victims of the Ten Commandments Killer . Sally convinces John that he is the new Ten Commandment Killer , following the path set by James March ( Evan Peters ) . John goes to the hospital and meets Hahn ( Richard T. Jones ) . He confesses to being the Ten Commandment Killer and has regained his memories . He had first visited Cortez in 2010 , where Donovan ( Matt Bomer ) had taken him to March 's dinner party with Elizabeth ( Lady Gaga ) . March was so impressed by John that he sent Elizabeth away to spend quality time with him . Once John passed out , March discussed John 's potential as a protege with Elizabeth . She agreed to abduct Holden ( Lennon Henry ) to prepare John for his destiny with March .",
"In the aftermath of Holden 's disappearance , John frequently visits the Hotel to meet March and to continue an ongoing sexual relationship with Sally . During one visit , March shows John his trophy room . To satiate his hunger for injustice , March suggests a target to John : Martin Gamboa , who checked in and molested a ten - year - old boy , and left behind Polaroids of their sexual activity . John visits Gamboa and beats him to death with the Oscar statue , ( originally sent to him at the police station ) , before trying to hang himself . March saves him and reprimands Sally for failing to do so . Sally and March help John cope with his murder of Gamboa , and March shows him the legacy of the Ten Commandments Killer which he wants John to finish . John appoints himself as lead investigator of the case with no knowledge that he is the actual killer .",
"Sally provides the next target to John : an adulterous couple who had checked in the Cortez . March also explains to him that the Cortez can not be linked to the crimes , so John set up the lovers to stage their murder elsewhere . Hahn drapes the sheet over Wren 's corpse , unwilling to believe that his partner is the killer . John says that Hahn is wrong , and stabs him with an autopsy tool with an admonition not to covet his neighbor 's wife ; John had confirmed that Hahn had been lusting after Alex Lowe ( Chloë Sevigny ) .",
"Returning to the Hotel , John encounters Iris ( Kathy Bates ) , and tells her that he remembers everything . She is relieved , as she was never sure whether he would and was always tempted to explain it all to him . Then he demands the key to Room 64 . Inside , he and March place Hahn 's severed penis and testicles in the trophy case .",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 )",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 )",
"`` The Ten Commandments Killer '' was watched by 2.31 million people during its original broadcast , and gained a 1.2 ratings share among adults aged 18 -- 49 . It also ranked third in the Nielsen Social ratings , with 93,000 tweets seen by over 1.01 million people .",
"The episode received mixed to negative reviews from critics , earning a 36 % approval rating , with an average score of 5 / 10 , on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes ."
] | The Ten Commandments Killer - wikipedia The Ten Commandments Killer Jump to: navigation , search This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page . (July 2017) `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' American Horror Story episode Episode no. Season 5 Episode 8 Directed by Loni Peristere Written by Ryan Murphy Featured music `` Love Cliché '' (Nickodemus Remix) by Soulstice `` The New Call of the Freaks'' by Luis Russell Production code 5ATS08 Original air date December 2, 2015 ( 2015-12-02 ) Running time 46 minutes Guest appearance(s) Mare Winningham as Hazel Evers Richard T. Jones as Detective Andy Hahn Lennon Henry as Holden Lowe Episode chronology ← Previous `` Flicker '' Next → `` She Wants Revenge '' American Horror Story: Hotel List of American Horror Story episodes `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' is the eighth episode of the fifth season of the anthology television series American Horror Story . It aired on December 2, 2015 on the cable network FX . This episode was written by Ryan Murphy and directed by Loni Peristere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Det. John Lowe ( Wes Bentley ) recalls seeing Wren (Jessica Belkin) in a glass coffin in Hotel Cortez. He returns there and demands to know the truth from Liz Taylor ( Denis O'Hare ). Sally ( Sarah Paulson ) leads him to Room 64 to find answers. There, behind the armoire, John finds the preserved body parts from the victims of the Ten Commandments Killer. Sally convinces John that he is the new Ten Commandment Killer, following the path set by James March ( Evan Peters ). John goes to the hospital and meets Hahn ( Richard T. Jones ). He confesses to being the Ten Commandment Killer and has regained his memories. He had first visited Cortez in 2010, where Donovan ( Matt Bomer ) had taken him to March's dinner party with Elizabeth ( Lady Gaga ). March was so impressed by John that he sent Elizabeth away to spend quality time with him. Once John passed out, March discussed John's potential as a protege with Elizabeth. She agreed to abduct Holden (Lennon Henry) to prepare John for his destiny with March. In the aftermath of Holden's disappearance, John frequently visits the Hotel to meet March and to continue an ongoing sexual relationship with Sally. During one visit, March shows John his trophy room. To satiate his hunger for injustice, March suggests a target to John: Martin Gamboa, who checked in and molested a ten-year-old boy, and left behind Polaroids of their sexual activity. John visits Gamboa and beats him to death with the Oscar statue, (originally sent to him at the police station), before trying to hang himself. March saves him and reprimands Sally for failing to do so. Sally and March help John cope with his murder of Gamboa, and March shows him the legacy of the Ten Commandments Killer which he wants John to finish. John appoints himself as lead investigator of the case with no knowledge that he is the actual killer. Sally provides the next target to John: an adulterous couple who had checked in the Cortez. March also explains to him that the Cortez cannot be linked to the crimes, so John set up the lovers to stage their murder elsewhere. Hahn drapes the sheet over Wren's corpse, unwilling to believe that his partner is the killer. John says that Hahn is wrong, and stabs him with an autopsy tool with an admonition not to covet his neighbor's wife; John had confirmed that Hahn had been lusting after Alex Lowe ( Chloë Sevigny ). Returning to the Hotel, John encounters Iris ( Kathy Bates ), and tells her that he remembers everything. She is relieved, as she was never sure whether he would and was always tempted to explain it all to him. Then he demands the key to Room 64. Inside, he and March place Hahn's severed penis and testicles in the trophy case. Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (July 2017) `` The Ten Commandments Killer'' was watched by 2.31 million people during its original broadcast, and gained a 1.2 ratings share among adults aged 18-- 49. It also ranked third in the Nielsen Social ratings, with 93,000 tweets seen by over 1.01 million people. The episode received mixed to negative reviews from critics, earning a 36% approval rating, with an average score of 5/10, on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 3, 2015). `` Wednesday cable ratings: ' AHS: Hotel' dips, news channels rise with shooting coverage'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fratti, Karen (December 3, 2015). `` Scoreboard: Wednesday, Dec. 2'' . Lost Remote . Retrieved December 5, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Commandments Killer'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 10, 2015 . External links ( edit ) Book: American Horror Story: Hotel `` The Ten Commandments Killer'' on IMDb `` The Ten Commandments Killer'' at TV.com ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween, Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank, Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn, Witch, Burn! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake, Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Don't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11/9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool-Aid '' `` Charles (Manson) in Charge '' `` Great Again '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Horror portal Lady Gaga portal Television portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ten_Commandments_Killer&oldid=792068627 '' Categories : 2010 in fiction 2015 American television episodes American Horror Story: Hotel episodes Hidden categories: Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017, at 07:38. About Wikipedia | -3289451062362441775 |
in 1945 which meeting of world powers voted that poland should have a representative government | Casablanca Conference , 14 to 24 January 1943 | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The Potsdam Conference ( German : Potsdamer Konferenz ) was held at Cecilienhof , the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm in Potsdam , occupied Germany , from 17 July to 2 August 1945 . ( In some older documents , it is also referred to as the Berlin Conference of the Three Heads of Government of the USSR , USA , and UK . ) The participants were the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States , represented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin , Prime Ministers Winston Churchill and Clement Attlee , and President Harry S. Truman .",
"Stalin , Churchill , and Truman gathered to decide how to administer Germany , which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier on 8 May ( Victory in Europe Day ) . The goals of the conference also included the establishment of postwar order , peace treaty issues , and countering the effects of the war .",
"A number of changes had taken place in the five months since the Yalta Conference which greatly affected the relationships among the leaders . The Soviet Union was occupying Central and Eastern Europe , the Red Army effectively controlled the Baltic states , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Bulgaria , and Romania , and refugees were fleeing from these countries . Stalin had set up a puppet Communist government in Poland , and he insisted that his control of Eastern Europe was a defensive measure against possible future attacks , claiming that it was a legitimate sphere of Soviet influence .",
"Second , Britain had a new Prime Minister . Conservative Party leader Winston Churchill had served as Prime Minister in a coalition government ; his Soviet policy since the early 1940s had differed considerably from President Roosevelt 's , as Churchill believed Stalin to be a `` devil '' - like tyrant leading a vile system . A general election had been held in the UK on 5 July ; but with results delayed to allow the votes of armed forces personnel to be counted in their home constituencies . The outcome became known during the conference when Labour leader Clement Attlee became the new Prime Minister .",
"Third , President Roosevelt had died on 12 April 1945 , and Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency ; his succession saw VE Day ( Victory in Europe ) within a month and VJ Day ( Victory in Japan ) on the horizon . During the war and in the name of Allied unity , Roosevelt had brushed off warnings of a potential domination by Stalin in part of Europe . He explained , `` I just have a hunch that Stalin is not that kind of a man . '' `` I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask for nothing from him in return , ' noblesse oblige ' , he wo n't try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace . ''",
"Truman had closely followed the Allied progress of the war . George Lenczowski notes that , `` despite the contrast between his relatively modest background and the international glamour of his aristocratic predecessor , ( Truman ) had the courage and resolution to reverse the policy that appeared to him naive and dangerous '' , which was `` in contrast to the immediate , often ad hoc moves and solutions dictated by the demands of the war '' . With the end of the war , the priority of allied unity was replaced with the challenge of the relationship between the two emerging superpowers . The two leading powers continued to sustain a cordial relationship to the public , but suspicions and distrust lingered between them .",
"Truman was much more suspicious of the Communists than Roosevelt had been , and he became increasingly suspicious of Soviet intentions under Stalin . He and his advisers saw Soviet actions in Eastern Europe as aggressive expansionism which was incompatible with the agreements that Stalin had committed to at Yalta the previous February . In addition , Truman became aware of possible complications elsewhere when Stalin objected to Churchill 's proposal for an early Allied withdrawal from Iran , ahead of the schedule agreed at the Tehran Conference . The Potsdam Conference was the only time that Truman met Stalin in person .",
"At the Yalta Conference France had been granted an occupation zone within Germany , France had been a participant in the Berlin Declaration , and France was to be an equal member of the Allied Control Council . Nevertheless , at the insistence of the Americans , General de Gaulle was not invited to Potsdam , as he had too been denied representation at Yalta ; a diplomatic slight which was a cause of deep and lasting resentment . Reasons for the omissions included the longstanding personal mutual antagonism between Roosevelt and De Gaulle , ongoing disputes over the French and American occupation zones and anticipated conflicts of interest over French Indochina ; but also reflected the judgement of both the British and Americans that French aims in respect of many items on the Conference agenda were likely to be at variance with Anglo / American agreed objectives .",
"At the end of the conference , the three Heads of Government agreed on the following actions . All other issues were to be answered by the final peace conference to be called as soon as possible .",
"The Allies issued a statement of aims of their occupation of Germany : demilitarization , denazification , democratization , decentralization , dismantling and decartelization . Germany and Austria were each to be divided into four occupation zones ( earlier agreed in principle at Yalta ) , and similarly each capital , Berlin and Vienna , was to be divided into four zones . It was agreed that Nazi war criminals would be put on trial . All German annexations in Europe were to be reversed , including Sudetenland , Alsace - Lorraine , Austria , and the westernmost parts of Poland . Germany 's eastern border was to be shifted westwards to the Oder -- Neisse line , effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25 % compared to its 1937 borders . The territories east of the new border comprised East Prussia , Silesia , West Prussia , and two thirds of Pomerania . These areas were mainly agricultural , with the exception of Upper Silesia which was the second largest centre of German heavy industry . `` Orderly and humane '' expulsions of the German populations remaining beyond the new eastern borders of Germany were to be carried out ; from Poland , Czechoslovakia and Hungary , but not Yugoslavia . War reparations to the Soviet Union from their zone of occupation in Germany were agreed . It was also agreed that 10 % of the industrial capacity of the western zones unnecessary for the German peace economy should be transferred to the Soviet Union within 2 years . Stalin proposed and it was accepted that Poland was to be excluded from division of German compensation , to be later granted 15 % of compensation given to Soviet Union . It was to be ensured that German standards of living did not exceed the European average . The types and amounts of industry to dismantle to achieve this was to be determined later ( see Allied plans for German industry after World War II ) . German industrial war - potential was to be destroyed , through the destruction or control of all industry with military potential . To this end , all civilian shipyards and aircraft factories were to be dismantled or otherwise destroyed . All production capacity associated with war potential , such as metals , chemical , machinery etc. , were to be reduced to a minimum level which was later determined by the Allied Control Commission . Manufacturing capacity thus made `` surplus '' was to be dismantled as reparations or otherwise destroyed . All research and international trade was to be controlled . The economy was to be decentralized ( decartelization ) . The economy was also to be reorganized with primary emphasis on agriculture and peaceful domestic industries . In early 1946 agreement was reached on the details of the latter : Germany was to be converted into an agricultural and light industry economy . German exports were to be coal , beer , toys , textiles , etc. -- to take the place of the heavy industrial products which formed most of Germany 's pre-war exports .",
"The Allies issued a statement of aims of their occupation of Germany : demilitarization , denazification , democratization , decentralization , dismantling and decartelization .",
"Germany and Austria were each to be divided into four occupation zones ( earlier agreed in principle at Yalta ) , and similarly each capital , Berlin and Vienna , was to be divided into four zones .",
"It was agreed that Nazi war criminals would be put on trial .",
"All German annexations in Europe were to be reversed , including Sudetenland , Alsace - Lorraine , Austria , and the westernmost parts of Poland .",
"Germany 's eastern border was to be shifted westwards to the Oder -- Neisse line , effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25 % compared to its 1937 borders . The territories east of the new border comprised East Prussia , Silesia , West Prussia , and two thirds of Pomerania . These areas were mainly agricultural , with the exception of Upper Silesia which was the second largest centre of German heavy industry .",
"`` Orderly and humane '' expulsions of the German populations remaining beyond the new eastern borders of Germany were to be carried out ; from Poland , Czechoslovakia and Hungary , but not Yugoslavia .",
"War reparations to the Soviet Union from their zone of occupation in Germany were agreed . It was also agreed that 10 % of the industrial capacity of the western zones unnecessary for the German peace economy should be transferred to the Soviet Union within 2 years . Stalin proposed and it was accepted that Poland was to be excluded from division of German compensation , to be later granted 15 % of compensation given to Soviet Union .",
"It was to be ensured that German standards of living did not exceed the European average . The types and amounts of industry to dismantle to achieve this was to be determined later ( see Allied plans for German industry after World War II ) .",
"German industrial war - potential was to be destroyed , through the destruction or control of all industry with military potential . To this end , all civilian shipyards and aircraft factories were to be dismantled or otherwise destroyed . All production capacity associated with war potential , such as metals , chemical , machinery etc. , were to be reduced to a minimum level which was later determined by the Allied Control Commission . Manufacturing capacity thus made `` surplus '' was to be dismantled as reparations or otherwise destroyed . All research and international trade was to be controlled . The economy was to be decentralized ( decartelization ) . The economy was also to be reorganized with primary emphasis on agriculture and peaceful domestic industries . In early 1946 agreement was reached on the details of the latter : Germany was to be converted into an agricultural and light industry economy . German exports were to be coal , beer , toys , textiles , etc. -- to take the place of the heavy industrial products which formed most of Germany 's pre-war exports .",
"France , having been excluded from the Conference , resisted implementing the Potsdam agreements within its occupation zone . In particular , the French refused to resettle any expelled Germans from the east . Moreover the French did not accept any obligation to abide by Potsdam agreements in the proceedings of the Allied Control Council ; in particular resisting all proposals to establish common policies and institutions across Germany as a whole , and anything that they feared might lead to the emergence of an eventual unified German government .",
"A Provisional Government of National Unity recognized by all three powers should be created ( known as the Lublin Poles ) . When the Big Three recognized the Soviet controlled government , it meant , in effect , the end of recognition for the existing Polish government - in - exile ( known as the London Poles ) . Poles who were serving in the British Army should be free to return to Poland , with no security upon their return to the communist country guaranteed . The provisional western border should be the Oder -- Neisse line , defined by the Oder and Neisse rivers . Silesia , Pomerania , the southern part of East Prussia and the former Free City of Danzig should be under Polish administration . However the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should await the peace settlement ( which would take place 45 years later at the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in 1990 ) The Soviet Union declared it would settle the reparation claims of Poland from its own share of the overall reparation payments .",
"A Provisional Government of National Unity recognized by all three powers should be created ( known as the Lublin Poles ) . When the Big Three recognized the Soviet controlled government , it meant , in effect , the end of recognition for the existing Polish government - in - exile ( known as the London Poles ) .",
"Poles who were serving in the British Army should be free to return to Poland , with no security upon their return to the communist country guaranteed .",
"The provisional western border should be the Oder -- Neisse line , defined by the Oder and Neisse rivers . Silesia , Pomerania , the southern part of East Prussia and the former Free City of Danzig should be under Polish administration . However the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should await the peace settlement ( which would take place 45 years later at the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in 1990 )",
"The Soviet Union declared it would settle the reparation claims of Poland from its own share of the overall reparation payments .",
"In addition to the Potsdam Agreement , on 26 July , Churchill , Truman , and Chiang Kai - shek , Chairman of the Nationalist Government of China ( the Soviet Union was not at war with Japan ) issued the Potsdam Declaration which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan during World War II in Asia .",
"Truman had mentioned an unspecified `` powerful new weapon '' to Stalin during the conference . Towards the end of the conference , the United States gave Japan an ultimatum to surrender or meet `` prompt and utter destruction '' , which did not mention the new bomb but promised that `` it was not intended to enslave Japan '' . The Soviet Union was not involved in this declaration , as it was still neutral in the war against Japan . Prime minister Kantarō Suzuki did not respond , which was interpreted as a declaration that the Empire of Japan should ignore the ultimatum . Then the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima on 6 August and Nagasaki on 9 August 1945 . The justification was that both cities were legitimate military targets , to end the war swiftly , and to preserve American lives .",
"When Truman informed Stalin of the atomic bomb , he said that the United States `` had a new weapon of unusual destructive force '' , but Stalin had full knowledge of the atomic bomb 's development due to Soviet spy networks inside the Manhattan Project , and he told Truman at the conference to `` make good use of this new addition to the Allied arsenal '' .",
"The Soviet Union converted the other countries of eastern Europe into satellite states within the Eastern Bloc , such as the People 's Republic of Poland , the People 's Republic of Bulgaria , the People 's Republic of Hungary , the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , the People 's Republic of Romania , and the People 's Republic of Albania .",
"Yalta Conference , 4 to 11 February 1945 Second Quebec Conference , 12 to 16 September 1944 Tehran Conference , 28 November to 1 December 1943 Cairo Conference , 22 to 26 November 1943 Casablanca Conference , 14 to 24 January 1943",
"Yalta Conference , 4 to 11 February 1945",
"Second Quebec Conference , 12 to 16 September 1944",
"Tehran Conference , 28 November to 1 December 1943",
"Cairo Conference , 22 to 26 November 1943",
"Casablanca Conference , 14 to 24 January 1943"
] | Potsdam Conference - wikipedia Potsdam Conference A conference session including Clement Attlee , Ernest Bevin , Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov , Joseph Stalin , William D. Leahy , Joseph E. Davies , James F. Byrnes , and Harry S. Truman Joseph Stalin and Harry Truman meeting at the Potsdam Conference on 18 July 1945. From left to right, first row: Premier Joseph Stalin; President Harry S. Truman, Soviet Ambassador to the United States Andrei Gromyko , Secretary of State James F. Byrnes , and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov . Second row: Brigadier General Harry H. Vaughan , Truman's confidant and military aide, Russian interpreter Charles Bohlen , Truman naval aide James K. Vardaman, Jr. , and (partially obscured) Charles Griffith Ross . Sitting (from left): Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin, and behind: Fleet Admiral William Daniel Leahy , Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, and Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov Cecilienhof , site of the Potsdam Conference, pictured in 2014 The Potsdam Conference ( German : Potsdamer Konferenz ) was held at Cecilienhof , the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm in Potsdam , occupied Germany, from 17 July to 2 August 1945. (In some older documents, it is also referred to as the Berlin Conference of the Three Heads of Government of the USSR, USA, and UK . ) The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, represented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin , Prime Ministers Winston Churchill and Clement Attlee , and President Harry S. Truman . Stalin, Churchill, and Truman gathered to decide how to administer Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier on 8 May ( Victory in Europe Day ). The goals of the conference also included the establishment of postwar order, peace treaty issues, and countering the effects of the war. Contents 1 Relationships among the leaders 2 Agreements made between the leaders at Potsdam 2.1 Potsdam Agreements 2.1.1 Germany 2.1.2 Poland 2.2 Potsdam Declaration 3 Aftermath 4 Previous major conferences 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Primary sources 9 External links Relationships among the leaders ( edit ) A number of changes had taken place in the five months since the Yalta Conference which greatly affected the relationships among the leaders. The Soviet Union was occupying Central and Eastern Europe, the Red Army effectively controlled the Baltic states , Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania, and refugees were fleeing from these countries. Stalin had set up a puppet Communist government in Poland, and he insisted that his control of Eastern Europe was a defensive measure against possible future attacks, claiming that it was a legitimate sphere of Soviet influence. Second, Britain had a new Prime Minister. Conservative Party leader Winston Churchill had served as Prime Minister in a coalition government ; his Soviet policy since the early 1940s had differed considerably from President Roosevelt's , as Churchill believed Stalin to be a `` devil'' -like tyrant leading a vile system. A general election had been held in the UK on 5 July; but with results delayed to allow the votes of armed forces personnel to be counted in their home constituencies. The outcome became known during the conference when Labour leader Clement Attlee became the new Prime Minister. Third, President Roosevelt had died on 12 April 1945, and Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency; his succession saw VE Day (Victory in Europe) within a month and VJ Day (Victory in Japan) on the horizon. During the war and in the name of Allied unity, Roosevelt had brushed off warnings of a potential domination by Stalin in part of Europe. He explained, `` I just have a hunch that Stalin is not that kind of a man.'' `` I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask for nothing from him in return, ' noblesse oblige' , he won't try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace.'' Truman had closely followed the Allied progress of the war. George Lenczowski notes that, `` despite the contrast between his relatively modest background and the international glamour of his aristocratic predecessor, (Truman) had the courage and resolution to reverse the policy that appeared to him naive and dangerous'' , which was `` in contrast to the immediate, often ad hoc moves and solutions dictated by the demands of the war'' . With the end of the war, the priority of allied unity was replaced with the challenge of the relationship between the two emerging superpowers. The two leading powers continued to sustain a cordial relationship to the public, but suspicions and distrust lingered between them. Truman was much more suspicious of the Communists than Roosevelt had been, and he became increasingly suspicious of Soviet intentions under Stalin. He and his advisers saw Soviet actions in Eastern Europe as aggressive expansionism which was incompatible with the agreements that Stalin had committed to at Yalta the previous February. In addition, Truman became aware of possible complications elsewhere when Stalin objected to Churchill's proposal for an early Allied withdrawal from Iran, ahead of the schedule agreed at the Tehran Conference . The Potsdam Conference was the only time that Truman met Stalin in person. At the Yalta Conference France had been granted an occupation zone within Germany, France had been a participant in the Berlin Declaration , and France was to be an equal member of the Allied Control Council . Nevertheless, at the insistence of the Americans, General de Gaulle was not invited to Potsdam, as he had too been denied representation at Yalta; a diplomatic slight which was a cause of deep and lasting resentment. Reasons for the omissions included the longstanding personal mutual antagonism between Roosevelt and De Gaulle, ongoing disputes over the French and American occupation zones and anticipated conflicts of interest over French Indochina; but also reflected the judgement of both the British and Americans that French aims in respect of many items on the Conference agenda were likely to be at variance with Anglo/American agreed objectives. Agreements made between the leaders at Potsdam ( edit ) Potsdam agreements ( edit ) Main article: Potsdam Agreement Demographics map used for the border discussions at the conference The Oder-- Neisse line (click to enlarge) At the end of the conference, the three Heads of Government agreed on the following actions. All other issues were to be answered by the final peace conference to be called as soon as possible. Germany ( edit ) See also: Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944-- 50) , Allied plans for German industry after World War II , Oder-- Neisse line , Former eastern territories of Germany , and German reparations for World War II The Allies issued a statement of aims of their occupation of Germany: demilitarization , denazification , democratization , decentralization , dismantling and decartelization . Germany and Austria were each to be divided into four occupation zones (earlier agreed in principle at Yalta ), and similarly each capital, Berlin and Vienna , was to be divided into four zones. It was agreed that Nazi war criminals would be put on trial . All German annexations in Europe were to be reversed, including Sudetenland , Alsace-Lorraine , Austria, and the westernmost parts of Poland . Germany's eastern border was to be shifted westwards to the Oder-- Neisse line , effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to its 1937 borders. The territories east of the new border comprised East Prussia , Silesia , West Prussia , and two thirds of Pomerania . These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of Upper Silesia which was the second largest centre of German heavy industry. `` Orderly and humane'' expulsions of the German populations remaining beyond the new eastern borders of Germany were to be carried out; from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, but not Yugoslavia. War reparations to the Soviet Union from their zone of occupation in Germany were agreed. It was also agreed that 10% of the industrial capacity of the western zones unnecessary for the German peace economy should be transferred to the Soviet Union within 2 years. Stalin proposed and it was accepted that Poland was to be excluded from division of German compensation, to be later granted 15% of compensation given to Soviet Union. It was to be ensured that German standards of living did not exceed the European average. The types and amounts of industry to dismantle to achieve this was to be determined later (see Allied plans for German industry after World War II ). German industrial war-potential was to be destroyed, through the destruction or control of all industry with military potential. To this end, all civilian shipyards and aircraft factories were to be dismantled or otherwise destroyed. All production capacity associated with war potential, such as metals, chemical, machinery etc., were to be reduced to a minimum level which was later determined by the Allied Control Commission . Manufacturing capacity thus made `` surplus'' was to be dismantled as reparations or otherwise destroyed. All research and international trade was to be controlled. The economy was to be decentralized (decartelization). The economy was also to be reorganized with primary emphasis on agriculture and peaceful domestic industries. In early 1946 agreement was reached on the details of the latter: Germany was to be converted into an agricultural and light industry economy. German exports were to be coal, beer, toys, textiles, etc. -- to take the place of the heavy industrial products which formed most of Germany's pre-war exports. France, having been excluded from the Conference, resisted implementing the Potsdam agreements within its occupation zone. In particular, the French refused to resettle any expelled Germans from the east. Moreover the French did not accept any obligation to abide by Potsdam agreements in the proceedings of the Allied Control Council; in particular resisting all proposals to establish common policies and institutions across Germany as a whole, and anything that they feared might lead to the emergence of an eventual unified German government. Poland ( edit ) Poland 's old and new borders, 1945. Territory previously part of Germany is identified in pink See also: Western betrayal and Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II A Provisional Government of National Unity recognized by all three powers should be created (known as the Lublin Poles). When the Big Three recognized the Soviet controlled government, it meant, in effect, the end of recognition for the existing Polish government-in-exile (known as the London Poles). Poles who were serving in the British Army should be free to return to Poland, with no security upon their return to the communist country guaranteed. The provisional western border should be the Oder-- Neisse line , defined by the Oder and Neisse rivers. Silesia, Pomerania, the southern part of East Prussia and the former Free City of Danzig should be under Polish administration. However the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should await the peace settlement (which would take place 45 years later at the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in 1990) The Soviet Union declared it would settle the reparation claims of Poland from its own share of the overall reparation payments. Potsdam declaration ( edit ) Main article: Potsdam Declaration At the beginning: Winston Churchill , Harry S. Truman, and Joseph Stalin The Foreign Ministers: Vyacheslav Molotov , James F. Byrnes , and Anthony Eden , July 1945 In addition to the Potsdam Agreement, on 26 July, Churchill, Truman, and Chiang Kai-shek , Chairman of the Nationalist Government of China (the Soviet Union was not at war with Japan) issued the Potsdam Declaration which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan during World War II in Asia. Aftermath ( edit ) Further information: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Eastern Bloc , and Cold War Truman had mentioned an unspecified `` powerful new weapon'' to Stalin during the conference. Towards the end of the conference, the United States gave Japan an ultimatum to surrender or meet `` prompt and utter destruction'' , which did not mention the new bomb but promised that `` it was not intended to enslave Japan'' . The Soviet Union was not involved in this declaration, as it was still neutral in the war against Japan. Prime minister Kantarō Suzuki did not respond, which was interpreted as a declaration that the Empire of Japan should ignore the ultimatum. Then the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima on 6 August and Nagasaki on 9 August 1945. The justification was that both cities were legitimate military targets, to end the war swiftly, and to preserve American lives. When Truman informed Stalin of the atomic bomb, he said that the United States `` had a new weapon of unusual destructive force'' , but Stalin had full knowledge of the atomic bomb's development due to Soviet spy networks inside the Manhattan Project , and he told Truman at the conference to `` make good use of this new addition to the Allied arsenal'' . The Soviet Union converted the other countries of eastern Europe into satellite states within the Eastern Bloc, such as the People's Republic of Poland , the People's Republic of Bulgaria , the People's Republic of Hungary , the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , the People's Republic of Romania , and the People's Republic of Albania . Previous major conferences ( edit ) Yalta Conference , 4 to 11 February 1945 Second Quebec Conference , 12 to 16 September 1944 Tehran Conference , 28 November to 1 December 1943 Cairo Conference , 22 to 26 November 1943 Casablanca Conference , 14 to 24 January 1943 See also ( edit ) Diplomatic history of World War II List of Soviet Union-- United States summits Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Description of photograph , Truman Library. Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project -- A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941-- 1949 -- Potsdam Conference'' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Russia (USSR) / Poland Treaty (with annexed maps) concerning the Demarcation of the Existing Soviet-Polish State Frontier in the Sector Adjoining the Baltic Sea 5 March 1957 (retrieved from the UN Delimitation Treaties Infobase, accessed on 18 March 2002) Jump up ^ `` Potsdam Conference'' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Fact File: Potsdam Conference'' . Bbc.co.uk. 2 August 1945. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Attlee participated alongside Churchill while awaiting the outcome of the 1945 general election, and then replaced him as Prime Minister after the Labour Party's defeat of the Conservatives. Jump up ^ Leffler, Melvyn P., `` For the South of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War, First Edition, (New York, 2007) pg 31 Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 52 ^ Jump up to: George Lenczowski , American Presidents and the Middle East, (1990), pp. 7-- 13 Jump up ^ Hunt, Michael (2013). The World Transformed . Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780199371020 . Jump up ^ Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, Vol. 1: Year of Decisions (1955), p.380, cited in Lenczowski, American Presidents, p.10 Jump up ^ Nash, Gary B. `` The Troublesome Polish Question.'' The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. Print. Jump up ^ Reinisch, Jessica (2013). The Perils of Peace . Oxford University Press. p. 53. Jump up ^ Thomas, Martin (1998). The French Empire at War 1940-45 . Manchester University Press. p. 215. Jump up ^ Feis, Hebert (1960). Between War and Peace; the Potsdam Conference . Princeton University Press. p. 138. Jump up ^ Alfred de Zayas Nemesis at Potsdam , Routledge, London 1977. See also conference on `` Potsdamer Konferenz 60 Jahre danach'' hosted by the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Berlin on 19. August 2005 PDF Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Seite 37 et seq. Jump up ^ `` Potsdam Conference World War II'' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018-09-20 . Jump up ^ James Stewart Martin. All Honorable Men (1950) p. 191. Jump up ^ Ziemke, Earl Frederick (1990). The US Army and the Occupation of Germany 1944-- 1946 . Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 345. Jump up ^ `` How The Potsdam Conference Shaped The Future Of Post-War Europe'' . Imperial War Museums . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mokusatsu: One Word, Two Lessons'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Putz, Catherine (18 May 2016). `` What If the United States Had Told the Soviet Union About the Bomb?'' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Groves, Leslie (1962). Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York: Harper & Row. pp. 142-- 145. ISBN 0-306-70738-1 . OCLC 537684 . Jump up ^ Nichols, Tom (12 April 2016). `` Simply No Other Choice: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb on Japan'' . National Interest.org . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Granville, Johanna, The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 , Texas A&M University Press, 2004. ISBN 1-58544-298-4 Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370-- 71 Jump up ^ The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy , Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 References ( edit ) Cook, Bernard A. (2001), Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-8153-4057-5 Crampton, R.J. (1997), Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after , Routledge, ISBN 0-415-16422-2 Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007), From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-86244-2 Roberts, Geoffrey (Fall 2002). `` Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography'' . Journal of Cold War Studies . 4 (4): 93-- 103. Wettig, Gerhard (2008), Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-5542-9 Further reading ( edit ) Michael Beschloss. The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-- 1945 (Simon & Schuster, 2002) ISBN 0684810271 Farquharson, J.E. `` Anglo-American Policy on German Reparations from Yalta to Potsdam.'' English Historical Review 1997 112(448): 904-- 926. in JSTOR Feis, Herbert. Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference (Princeton University Press, 1960) OCLC 259319 Pulitzer Prize; online Gimbel, John. `` On the Implementation of the Potsdam Agreement: an Essay on U.S. Postwar German Policy.'' Political Science Quarterly 1972 87(2): 242-- 269. in JSTOR Gormly, James L. From Potsdam to the Cold War: Big Three Diplomacy, 1945-- 1947. (Scholarly Resources, 1990) Mee, Charles L., Jr. Meeting at Potsdam. M. Evans & Company, 1975. ISBN 0871311674 Naimark, Norman. Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (Harvard University Press, 2001) ISBN 0674003136 Neiberg, Michael. Potsdam: the End of World War II and the Remaking of Europe (Basic Books, 2015) ISBN 9780465075256 Thackrah, J.R. `` Aspects of American and British Policy Towards Poland from the Yalta to the Potsdam Conferences, 1945.'' Polish Review 1976 21(4): 3-- 34. in JSTOR Zayas, Alfred M. de. Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans, Background, Execution, Consequences. Routledge, 1977. ISBN 0710004583 Primary sources ( edit ) Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers. The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam Conference, 1945) 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potsdam Conference . Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference Truman and the Potsdam Conference Annotated bibliography for the Potsdam Conference from the Alsos Digital Library The Potsdam Conference, July -- August 1945 on navy.mil United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States : diplomatic papers : the Conference of Berlin (the Potsdam Conference) 1945 Volume I Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945 United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States : diplomatic papers : the Conference of Berlin (the Potsdam Conference) 1945 Volume II Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945 European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany Foreign relations of the United States : diplomatic papers, 1945. Harry Truman Revisionist Analysis of Potsdam Conference Shapell Manuscript Foundation Cornerstone of Steel , Time magazine, 21 January 1946 Cost of Defeat , Time magazine, 8 April 1946 Pas de Pagaille! Time magazine, 28 July 1947 Interview with James W. Riddleberger Chief, Division of Central European Affairs, U.S. Dept. of State, 1944-- 47 `` The Myth of Potsdam,'' in B. Heuser et al., eds., Myths in History (Providence, Rhode Island and Oxford: Berghahn, 1998) `` The United States, France, and the Question of German Power, 1945-- 1960,'' in Stephen Schuker, ed., Deutschland und Frankreich vom Konflikt zur Aussöhnung : Die Gestaltung der westeuropäischen Sicherheit 1914-- 1963, Schriften des Historischen Kollegs, Kolloquien 46 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2000). U.S. Economic Policy Towards defeated countries April 1946. Lebensraum EDSITEment's lesson Sources of Discord, 1945-- 1946 Diplomatic history of World War II Conferences U.S.-British Staff Conference (1941) Atlantic Conference (1941) First Moscow Conference (1941) Arcadia Conference (1941-- 1942) Second Washington Conference (1942) Second Moscow Conference (1942) Third Washington Conference (1943) First Quebec Conference (1943) Third Moscow Conference (1942) Cairo Conference (1943) Casablanca Conference (1943) Tehran Conference (1943) Second Cairo Conference (1943) Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference (1944) Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944) Second Quebec Conference (1944) Fourth Moscow Conference (1944) Bretton Woods Conference (1944) Malta Conference (1945) Yalta Conference (1945) United Nations Conference on International Organization (1945) Potsdam Conference (1945) Declarations and treaties Munich Agreement (1938) Molotov-- Ribbentrop Pact (1939) Pact of Steel (1939) Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact (1940) Destroyers for Bases Agreement (1940) Franco-Italian Armistice (1940) Moscow Peace Treaty (1940) Tripartite Pact (1940) Anglo-Soviet Agreement (1941) Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre (1941) German-- Turkish Treaty of Friendship (1941) Paris Protocols (1941) Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942 (1942) Armistice of Cassibile (1943) Cairo Declaration (1943) Declaration of the Four Nations (1943) Sino-American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China (1943) Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China (1943) Moscow Armistice (1944) Nuremberg Charter (1945) Potsdam Agreement (1945) Potsdam Declaration (1945) United Nations Charter (1945) Paris Peace Treaties (1947) Treaty of San Francisco (1951) Organizations Anglo-French Supreme War Council Sino-American Cooperative Organization European Advisory Commission Council of Foreign Ministers Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito-- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War (Second round) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War (Mexico) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit (1955) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Yemeni-- Adenese clan violence Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino-Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet-- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino-Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967-- 74 Years of Lead (Italy) USS Pueblo incident Six-Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al-Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino-Soviet border conflict CPP-- NPA-- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement (Syria) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping-pong diplomacy Uganda-- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution (Egypt) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Western Sahara War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino-Albanian split Cambodian-- Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War (Argentina) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution Sino-Vietnamese War New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet-- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Gulf of Sidra incident Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian-- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran-- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno-Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China-Taiwan Korea Nagorno-Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino-Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply-side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism-- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third-Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union-- United States relations USSR-- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia-- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Joseph Stalin History and politics Overviews Early life Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish-- Soviet War Rise Rule as Soviet leader Cult of personality Chronology August Uprising Anti-religious campaign (1921-- 1928) / (1928-- 1941) Collectivization Kolkhoz Sovkhoz Chinese Civil War First five-year plan Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 16th / 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1931 Menshevik Trial Spanish Civil War Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Soviet-- Japanese border conflicts 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 1937 Soviet Union legislative election 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Molotov-- Ribbentrop Pact Invasion of Poland Winter War Moscow Peace Treaty Occupation of the Baltic states German-- Soviet Axis talks Soviet-- Japanese Neutrality Pact Continuation War World War II Soviet atomic bomb project Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Ili Rebellion Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 1946 Iran crisis 1946 Soviet Union legislative election Turkish Straits crisis First Indochina War Cold War Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance Eastern Bloc Cominform Greek Civil War 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito-- Stalin split Berlin Blockade Comecon 1950 Soviet Union legislative election 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Korean War Concepts Stalinism Neo-Stalinism Korenizatsiya Socialism in One Country Great Break Socialist realism Stalinist architecture Aggravation of class struggle under socialism Five-year plans Great Construction Projects of Communism Engineers of the human soul 1936 Soviet Constitution New Soviet man Stakhanovite Transformation of nature Controversies National delimitation in the Soviet Union Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Great Purge Holodomor Gulag Decossackization Dekulakization Population transfer ( Nazi-- Soviet ) Forced settlement Great Break Tax on trees Hitler Youth Conspiracy Hotel Lux Wittorf affair Soviet war crimes Rootless cosmopolitan Night of the Murdered Poets Doctors' plot Moscow Trials Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization Allegations of antisemitism NKVD prisoner massacres Murder of Sergey Kirov Katyń massacre Medvedev Forest massacre 1937 Soviet Census Deportations ( Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Koreans ) Operation `` North'' Georgian Affair Mingrelian Affair Leningrad Affair Relationship with Shostakovich Lysenkoism Japhetic theory Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Censorship of images Operation `` Lentil'' in the Caucasus Operation `` Priboi'' Vinnytsia massacre Kurapaty 1946-- 1947 Soviet famine Nazino affair 1941 Red Army purge 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 1907 Tiflis bank robbery Soviet offensive plans controversy Works `` Marxism and the National Question '' `` The Principles of Leninism '' `` Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia '' `` Ten Blows'' speech Alleged 19 August 1939 speech Falsifiers of History Stalin Note The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 1936 Soviet Constitution Stalin's poetry Dialectical and Historical Materialism Order No. 227 Order No. 270 `` Marxism and Problems of Linguistics '' Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR De-Stalinization 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Pospelov Commission Rehabilitation Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences Gomulka thaw (Polish October) Soviet Nonconformist Art Shvernik Commission 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Era of Stagnation Criticism and opposition Stalin Epigram Lenin's Testament Ryutin Affair Anti-Stalinist left Trotskyism True Communists Russian Liberation Movement ( Russian Liberation Army Russian Corps ) Ukrainian Liberation Army Darkness at Noon Animal Farm Nineteen Eighty-Four Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism The Soviet Story Remembrance How the Steel Was Tempered Friends of the Soviet Union Iosif Stalin tank Iosif Stalin locomotive Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Stalin statues Pantheon, Moscow 1956 Georgian demonstrations Stalin Monument in Budapest Stalin Monument in Prague Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori Batumi Stalin Museum Places named after Stalin Yanks for Stalin Stalin Prize Stalin Peace Prize Stalin Society Stalin Bloc -- For the USSR Name of Russia Family Besarion Jughashvili (father) Keke Geladze (mother) Kato Svanidze (first wife) Yakov Dzhugashvili (son) Konstantin Kuzakov (son) Artyom Sergeyev (adopted son) Nadezhda Alliluyeva (second wife) Vasily Dzhugashvili (son) Svetlana Alliluyeva (daughter) Yevgeny Dzhugashvili (grandson) Galina Dzhugashvili (granddaughter) Joseph Alliluyev (grandson) Sergei Alliluyev (second father-in-law) Alexander Svanidze (brother-in-law) Yuri Zhdanov (son-in-law) William Wesley Peters (son-in-law) Residences Tiflis Spiritual Seminary Kuntsevo Dacha Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro) Sochi Dacha Blizhnyaya Dacha Category Harry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States (1945-- 1953) 34th Vice President of the United States (1945) U.S. Senator from Missouri (1935-- 1945) Presidency 1945 inauguration 1949 inauguration Potsdam Conference Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Fair Deal Mental Health Act National Institute of Mental Health National School Lunch Act Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Loyalty Order National Security Act of 1947 Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council Department of the Air Force Central Intelligence Agency Key West Agreement Joint Long Range Proving Grounds Revolt of the Admirals Committee on Civil Rights Integration of the Armed Forces Housing Act of 1949 North Atlantic Treaty NATO Assassination attempt Korean War U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 83 Relief of General MacArthur Office of Defense Mobilization Science Advisory Committee 1952 steel strike Puerto Rican constitutional referendum, 1952 National Security Agency State of the Union Address (1946 1950 1952) Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet Truman Balcony `` The buck stops here'' Life Early life and career Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite Missouri Office and Courtroom Truman Committee Democratic vice presidential nomination of 1944 Books Bibliography Homes Birthplace Harry S. Truman Farm Home Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site Historic District Blair House Truman Little White House Elections United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 1940 Democratic National Convention 1944 1948 United States presidential election, 1944 1948 `` Dewey Defeats Truman '' campaign song Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1952 Legacy Truman Day Harry S Truman Building Truman Dam and Reservoir Harry S. Truman Scholarship Truman Sports Complex U.S. Postage stamps Related Give ' em Hell, Harry (1975 play and film) Truman (1995 film) Madonna of the Trail statues Family Bess Wallace Truman (wife) Margaret Truman (daughter) John Anderson Truman (father) Martha Ellen Young Truman (mother) Clifton Truman Daniel (grandson) ← Franklin D. Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower→ Category Winston Churchill Bibliography Life Winston Churchill as historian Winston Churchill as painter Winston Churchill in politics, 1900-- 1939 Timeline War Rooms conferences Percentages agreement Quebec Agreement Statement on Atrocities European Advisory Commission Honours of Winston Churchill Later life of Winston Churchill funeral gravesite The Other Club Blenheim Palace Chartwell Writings The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898) Savrola (1899 novel) The River War (1899) London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900) Ian Hamilton's March (1900) Lord Randolph Churchill (1906) The World Crisis (1923-- 1931, five volumes) My Early Life (1930) Marlborough: His Life and Times (1933-- 1938, four volumes) Great Contemporaries (1937) Arms and the Covenant (1938) The Second World War (1948-- 1963, six volumes) A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956-- 1958, four volumes) Speeches `` Blood, toil, tears, and sweat '' `` Be ye men of valour '' `` We shall fight on the beaches '' `` This was their finest hour '' `` Never was so much owed by so many to so few '' `` Iron Curtain'' Legacy and depictions Palace of Westminster statue Parliament Square statue Washington, DC, statue Epstein bust Memorial Trusts Churchill College, Cambridge Churchill Archives Centre The Churchill Centre US Churchill Museum Cultural depictions Churchillian Drift Related Norway Debate Terminological inexactitude Siege of Sidney Street Tonypandy riots May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis Sword of Stalingrad Operation Unthinkable Family Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill (wife) Diana Churchill (daughter) Randolph Churchill (son) Sarah Churchill (daughter) Marigold Churchill (daughter) Mary Soames, Baroness Soames (daughter) Lord Randolph Churchill (father) Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill (mother) Jack Churchill (brother) Descendants John Spencer-Churchill (grandfather) Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill (grandmother) Leonard Jerome (grandfather) WorldCat Identities GND : 4076285-3 LCCN : n50026604 VIAF : 133170879 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potsdam_Conference&oldid=860371928 '' Categories : Aftermath of World War II World War II conferences Germany-- Soviet Union relations Poland-- Soviet Union relations Foreign relations of the Soviet Union Diplomatic conferences in Germany Soviet Union-- United States diplomatic conferences Poland-- United Kingdom relations History of Potsdam 1945 conferences 1945 in Germany 1945 in international relations British Empire in World War II July 1945 events August 1945 events Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing German-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча /tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2018, at 06:23 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -4209291460183416387 |
when was i am the walrus released in the uk | `` I Am the Walrus '' is a song by the Beatles released in November 1967 . It was featured in the Beatles ' television film Magical Mystery Tour in December of that year , as a track on the associated British double EP of the same name and its American counterpart LP , and was the B - side to the number 1 hit single `` Hello , Goodbye '' . Since the single and the double EP held at one time in December 1967 the top two slots on the British singles chart , the song had the distinction of being at number 1 and number 2 simultaneously . | [
[
"November 1967"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` I Am the Walrus '' US picture sleeve Single by the Beatles from the album Magical Mystery Tour A-side `` Hello , Goodbye '' Released 24 November 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 24 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 5 , 6 , 27 and 29 September 1967 , EMI Studios , London Genre Psychedelic rock acid rock experimental rock Length 4 : 33 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles singles chronology `` All You Need Is Love '' ( 1967 ) All You Need Is Love 1967 `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' ( 1967 ) String Module Error : Match not found1967 `` Lady Madonna '' ( 1968 ) Lady Madonna 1968",
"`` I Am the Walrus ''",
"US picture sleeve",
"Single by the Beatles",
"from the album Magical Mystery Tour",
"A-side `` Hello , Goodbye ''",
"Released 24 November 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 24 )",
"Format 7 - inch single",
"Recorded 5 , 6 , 27 and 29 September 1967 , EMI Studios , London",
"5 , 6 , 27 and 29 September 1967 , EMI Studios , London",
"5 , 6 , 27 and 29 September 1967 ,",
"EMI Studios , London",
"Genre Psychedelic rock acid rock experimental rock",
"Psychedelic rock acid rock experimental rock",
"Length 4 : 33",
"Label Parlophone",
"Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney",
"Producer ( s ) George Martin",
"The Beatles singles chronology",
"`` All You Need Is Love '' ( 1967 ) All You Need Is Love 1967 `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' ( 1967 ) String Module Error : Match not found1967 `` Lady Madonna '' ( 1968 ) Lady Madonna 1968",
"`` All You Need Is Love '' ( 1967 ) All You Need Is Love 1967 `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' ( 1967 ) String Module Error : Match not found1967 `` Lady Madonna '' ( 1968 ) Lady Madonna 1968",
"`` All You Need Is Love '' ( 1967 ) All You Need Is Love 1967 `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' ( 1967 ) String Module Error : Match not found1967 `` Lady Madonna '' ( 1968 ) Lady Madonna 1968",
"`` I Am the Walrus '' is a song by the Beatles released in November 1967 . It was featured in the Beatles ' television film Magical Mystery Tour in December of that year , as a track on the associated British double EP of the same name and its American counterpart LP , and was the B - side to the number 1 hit single `` Hello , Goodbye '' . Since the single and the double EP held at one time in December 1967 the top two slots on the British singles chart , the song had the distinction of being at number 1 and number 2 simultaneously .",
"John Lennon received a letter from a pupil at Quarry Bank High School , which he had attended . The writer mentioned that the English master was making his class analyse Beatles ' lyrics . ( Lennon wrote an answer , dated 1 September 1967 , which was auctioned by Christie 's of London in 1992 . ) Lennon , amused that a teacher was putting so much effort into understanding the Beatles ' lyrics , decided to write in his next song the most confusing lyrics that he could .",
"According to author Ian MacDonald , the `` model '' for `` I Am the Walrus '' was most likely Procol Harum 's `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' , which was a hit single during the summer of 1967 and Lennon 's favourite song of the period . The lyrics came from three song ideas that Lennon had been working on , the first of which was inspired by hearing a police siren at his home in Weybridge ; Lennon wrote the lines `` Mis - ter cit - y police - man '' to the rhythm and melody of the siren . The second idea was a short rhyme about Lennon sitting amidst his garden , while the third was a nonsense lyric about sitting on a corn flake . Unable to finish the three different songs , he combined them into one . The lyrics also included the phrase `` Lucy in the sky '' , a reference to the Beatles ' earlier song `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' .",
"The walrus refers to Lewis Carroll 's poem `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' ( from the book Through the Looking - Glass ) . Lennon later expressed dismay upon belatedly realising that the walrus was a villain in the poem .",
"The final piece of the song came together when Lennon 's friend and former fellow member of the Quarrymen , Pete Shotton visited , and Lennon asked him about a playground nursery rhyme they sang as children . Shotton recalled the rhyme as follows :",
"Yellow matter custard , green slop pie , All mixed together with a dead dog 's eye , Slap it on a butty , ten foot thick , Then wash it all down with a cup of cold sick .",
"Lennon borrowed a couple of images from the first two lines . Shotton was also responsible for suggesting that Lennon change the lyric `` waiting for the man to come '' to `` waiting for the van to come '' . The Beatles ' official biographer , Hunter Davies , was present while the song was being written and wrote an account in his 1968 book The Beatles . According to this biography , Lennon remarked to Shotton , `` Let the fuckers work that one out . '' While the band were studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968 , George Harrison told journalist Lewis Lapham that one of the lines in `` I Am the Walrus '' incorporated the personal mantra he had received from their meditation teacher , Maharishi Mahesh Yogi . According to Pattie Boyd , Harrison 's wife at the time , the words `` semolina pilchard '' refer to Sergeant Pilcher of the London Drug Squad , who waged a campaign against British rock stars and underground figures during the late 1960s .",
"Lennon claimed he wrote the first two lines on separate acid trips ; he explained much of the song to Playboy in 1980 :",
"The first line was written on one acid trip one weekend . The second line was written on the next acid trip the next weekend , and it was filled in after I met Yoko ... I 'd seen Allen Ginsberg and some other people who liked Dylan and Jesus going on about Hare Krishna . It was Ginsberg , in particular , I was referring to . The words ' Element'ry penguin ' meant that it 's naïve to just go around chanting Hare Krishna or putting all your faith in one idol . In those days I was writing obscurely , à la Dylan . ( ... )",
"It never dawned on me that Lewis Carroll was commenting on the capitalist system . I never went into that bit about what he really meant , like people are doing with the Beatles ' work . Later , I went back and looked at it and realized that the walrus was the bad guy in the story and the carpenter was the good guy . I thought , Oh , shit , I picked the wrong guy . I should have said , ' I am the carpenter . ' But that would n't have been the same , would it ? ( Sings , laughing ) ' I am the carpenter ... '",
"All the chords are major chords or seventh chords , and all the musical letters of the alphabet ( A , B , C , D , E , F and G ) are used . The song ends using a Shepard tone , with a chord progression built on ascending and descending lines in the bass and strings , repeated as the song fades . Musicologist Alan W. Pollack analyses : `` The chord progression of the outro itself is a harmonic Moebius strip with scales in bassline and top voice that move in contrary motion . '' The bassline descends stepwise A , G , F , E , D , C , and B , while the strings part rises A , B , C , D , E , F ♯ , G : this sequence repeats as the song fades , with the strings rising higher on each iteration . Pollack also notes that the repeated cell is seven bars long , which means that a different chord begins each four - bar phrase . The fade is described by Walter Everett as a `` false ending '' , in the form of an `` unrelated coda '' consisting of the orchestral chord progression , chorus , and sampling of the radio play .",
"The song is in the key of A , and the instrumental introduction starts in the Lydian mode of B major . Verse 1 begins with a I -- ♭ III -- IV -- I rock pattern : `` I am he '' ( A chord ) ... `` you are me '' ( C chord ) `` and we are all toge ... '' ( D chord ) `` ... ther '' ( A chord ) . Verse 2 , however , involves a ♭ VI -- ♭ VII -- I Aeolian ascent : `` waiting '' ( F chord ) `` for the van '' ( G chord ) `` to come '' ( A chord ) . The chorus uses a ♭ III -- IV -- V pattern : `` I am the eggman ( C chord ) `` they are the eggmen ( D chord ) . `` I am the walrus ( E chord ) , `` goo goo g'joob '' hanging as an imperfect cadence until resolved with the I ( A chord ) on `` Mr. City Policeman '' . At the line `` Sitting in an English garden '' the D ♯ melody note ( as in the instrumental introduction ) establishes a Lydian mode ( sharp 4th note in the scale ) , and this mode is emphasised more strongly with the addition of a D ♯ note to the B chord on `` If the sun do n't come '' .",
"`` I Am the Walrus '' was the first studio recording made by the Beatles after the death of their manager , Brian Epstein , in August 1967 . The basic backing track featuring the Beatles was released in 1996 on Anthology 2 . George Martin arranged and added orchestral accompaniment that included violins , cellos , horns , and clarinet . Paul McCartney said that Lennon gave instructions to Martin as to how he wished the orchestration to be scored , including singing most of the parts as a guide . A 16 - voice choir of professional studio vocalists named the Mike Sammes Singers took part in the recording as well , variously singing `` Ho - ho - ho , hee - hee - hee , ha - ha - ha '' , `` oompah , oompah , stick it up your jumper ! '' , `` everybody 's got one '' and making a series of shrill whooping noises . The `` stick it up your jumper '' refrain originated with the 1930s novelty song `` Umpa , Umpa ( Stick It Up Your Jumper ) '' by The Two Leslies .",
"In 2015 , founding Moody Blues member Ray Thomas said in an interview that he and fellow band member Mike Pinder contributed backing vocals to the song , as well as harmonicas to `` The Fool on the Hill '' .",
"The dramatic reading in the mix is Shakespeare 's King Lear ( Act IV , Scene 6 ) , lines 219 -- 222 and 249 -- 262 . It was added to the song on 29 September 1967 , recorded directly from an AM radio Lennon was fiddling with . Lennon tuned around the dial and settled on the 7 : 30 pm to 11 pm broadcast of the play on the BBC Third Programme .",
"The first excerpt ( ll. 219 -- 222 ) moves in and out of the text , containing fragments of lines only . It begins where the disguised Edgar talks to his estranged and maliciously blinded father the Earl of Gloucester ( timings given ) :",
"Gloucester : ( 2 : 35 ) Now , good sir , wh -- ( Lennon appears to change the channel away from the station here ) Edgar : ( 2 : 38 ) -- poor man , made tame by fortune -- ( 2 : 44 ) good pity --",
"In the play Edgar then kills Oswald , Goneril 's steward . During the fade of the song the second main extract ( ll. 249 -- 262 ) , this time of continuous text , is heard ( timings given ) :",
"Oswald : ( 3 : 52 ) Slave , thou hast slain me . Villain , take my purse . If ever thou wilt thrive , ( 4 : 02 ) bury my body , And give the ( 4 : 05 ) letters which thou find'st about me To ( 4 : 08 ) Edmund , Earl of Gloucester ; ( 4 : 10 ) seek him out Upon the British party . O , ( 4 : 14 ) untimely Death ! Edgar : ( 4 : 23 ) I know thee well : a ( 4 : 25 ) serviceable villain ; As duteous to the ( 4 : 27 ) vices of thy mistress As badness would desire . Gloucester : What , is he dead ? Edgar : ( 4 : 31 ) Sit you down father , rest you .",
"On the radio broadcast the roles were read by Mark Dignam ( Gloucester ) , Philip Guard ( Edgar ) , and John Bryning ( Oswald ) .",
"In the original ( 1967 ) stereo release , at around two minutes through the song , the mix changes from true stereo to `` fake stereo '' . This came about because the radio broadcast had been added `` live '' into the mono mix - down and so was unavailable for inclusion in the stereo mix ; hence , fake stereo from the mono mix was created for this portion of the song .",
"The mono version opens with a four - beat chord , while the stereo mix features six beats on the initial chord . The four - beat - only intro is also included on a different stereo mix ( overseen by George Martin ) for the previous MPI Home Video version of Magical Mystery Tour , especially the US Magical Mystery Tour album . The US mono single mix includes an extra bar of music before the words `` yellow matter custard '' . This is actually the original uncut version of the mono mix called RM23 . An early , overdub - free mix of the song released on Anthology 2 reveals John singing the lyrics `` Yellow mat - '' too early -- this was edited out . A hybrid version prepared for the 1980 US Rarities LP combines the six - beat opening with the extra bar of music that precedes the words `` yellow matter custard '' ( from the aforementioned US mono single mix ) . An entirely new full stereo remix was done in 2012 for Apple 's DVD and Blu - ray release of the restored version of Magical Mystery Tour .",
"A 5.1 surround sound full stereo remix of the song appeared on the DVD release of Anthology in 2003 , on disc 4 . A full stereo digital remix was also done for the Cirque du Soleil show Love and album of the same name , released in 2006 . Producers George and Giles Martin were allowed access to early generations of the original master tapes . Musical parts that had previously been mixed were now available as separate elements . Additionally , a copy of the BBC broadcast of King Lear was acquired . Now , with all the sound sources used in the original mono mix present , a proper stereo remix could be accomplished . These tracks were transferred digitally and lined up to create a new multi-track master , from which a new mix would be made .",
"In addition to the stereo remixes prepared for the Love show and the 2012 Apple reissue referenced above , the DVDs that were released for those same projects contain a 5.1 surround sound mix of the song , making three distinct 5.1 remixes of the same song .",
"In Spring / Summer 1988 a Dutch radio station aired a no - overdub version that was acquired through dubious raids on the Apple vaults and titled Beatles unlimited . ( Private copy , used by owner only , is noted here . )",
"John Lennon -- lead vocals , electric piano , Mellotron Paul McCartney -- bass guitar , tambourine , backing vocals George Harrison -- electric guitar , backing vocals Ringo Starr -- drums Orchestrated , directed and produced by George Martin Session musicians -- strings , brass , and woodwinds Mike Sammes singers -- backing vocals Ray Thomas -- backing vocals Mike Pinder -- backing vocals Engineered by Geoff Emerick and Ken Scott Mixed by Geoff Emerick and John Lennon",
"John Lennon -- lead vocals , electric piano , Mellotron",
"Paul McCartney -- bass guitar , tambourine , backing vocals",
"George Harrison -- electric guitar , backing vocals",
"Ringo Starr -- drums",
"Orchestrated , directed and produced by George Martin",
"Session musicians -- strings , brass , and woodwinds",
"Mike Sammes singers -- backing vocals",
"Ray Thomas -- backing vocals",
"Mike Pinder -- backing vocals",
"Engineered by Geoff Emerick and Ken Scott",
"Mixed by Geoff Emerick and John Lennon",
"Critical reception at the time of the track 's release was largely positive :",
"`` John growls the nonsense ( and sometimes suggestive ) lyric , backed by a complex scoring incorporating violins and cellos . You need to hear it a few times before you can absorb it '' -- Derek Johnson . `` Into the world of Alice in Wonderland now and you can almost visualise John crouching on a deserted shore singing ' I am the walrus ' to some beautiful strings from far away on the horizon and a whole bagful of Beatle sounds , like a ringing doorbell and someone sawing a plank of wood . A fantastic track which you will need to live with for a while to fully appreciate '' -- Nick Logan . In the 21st century , professional Beatleologist Scott Freiman called the song `` the Beatles ' last psychedelic masterpiece '' .",
"`` John growls the nonsense ( and sometimes suggestive ) lyric , backed by a complex scoring incorporating violins and cellos . You need to hear it a few times before you can absorb it '' -- Derek Johnson .",
"`` Into the world of Alice in Wonderland now and you can almost visualise John crouching on a deserted shore singing ' I am the walrus ' to some beautiful strings from far away on the horizon and a whole bagful of Beatle sounds , like a ringing doorbell and someone sawing a plank of wood . A fantastic track which you will need to live with for a while to fully appreciate '' -- Nick Logan .",
"In the 21st century , professional Beatleologist Scott Freiman called the song `` the Beatles ' last psychedelic masterpiece '' .",
"The song was banned by the BBC for the use of the word `` knickers '' in the line `` You 've been a naughty girl , you 've let your knickers down '' .",
"Although it has been reported that Lennon wrote `` I Am the Walrus '' to confuse those who tried to interpret his songs , there have nevertheless been many attempts to analyse the meaning of the lyrics .",
"Seen in the Magical Mystery Tour film singing the song , Lennon , apparently , is the walrus ; on the track - list of the accompanying soundtrack album , however , underneath `` I Am the Walrus '' are printed the words `` ' No you 're not ! ' said Little Nicola '' ( in the film , Nicola Hale is a little girl who keeps contradicting everything the other characters say ) . Lennon returned to the subject in the lyrics of three of his subsequent songs : in the 1968 Beatles song `` Glass Onion '' he sings , `` I told you ' bout the walrus and me , man / You know that we 're as close as can be , man / Well here 's another clue for you all / The walrus was Paul '' ; in the third verse of `` Come Together '' he sings the line `` he bag production , he got walrus gumboot '' ; and in his 1970 solo song `` God '' , admits : `` I was the walrus , but now I 'm John '' .",
"Eric Burdon , lead singer of the Animals , claims to be the `` Eggman '' mentioned in the song 's lyric . Burdon was known as `` Eggs '' to his friends , the nickname originating from his fondness for breaking eggs over naked women 's bodies . Burdon 's biography mentions such an affair taking place in the presence of John Lennon , who shouted `` Go on , go get it , Eggman ... ''",
"In the 30 October 1993 episode of Saturday Night Live , motivational speaker Matt Foley ( played by Chris Farley ) is speaking to a group of teenagers who have just returned from egging houses in the neighborhood , and references the song by saying `` I 'm the eggman , goo , goo , ga joo ! '' English rock band Oasis covered the song as a B - side for their 1994 single `` Cigarettes & Alcohol '' . The cover was featured in the compilation album The Masterplan . `` I Am The Walrus '' would also stay as a staple of their live set until the band broke up in 2009 . In the 2007 movie Across the Universe , it was the featured song of Dr. Robert ( played by Bono ) as they went for their `` magical bus tour '' on a trip for enlightenment . In the movie The Big Lebowski , a reference is made to this song as a play on words between quotes from `` Lenin '' ( Vladimir Lenin ) and `` Lennon '' ( John Lennon ) . In the book Dreamcatcher ( novel ) by Stephen King , the character Henry regularly references himself as `` The Eggman '' including a chapter named `` The Eggman 's Journey '' In the game Elmo through the looking glass when clicked on Telly monster ( while dressed as a walrus ) quotes a few lines from the song as well as the original poem the song was based upon",
"In the 30 October 1993 episode of Saturday Night Live , motivational speaker Matt Foley ( played by Chris Farley ) is speaking to a group of teenagers who have just returned from egging houses in the neighborhood , and references the song by saying `` I 'm the eggman , goo , goo , ga joo ! ''",
"English rock band Oasis covered the song as a B - side for their 1994 single `` Cigarettes & Alcohol '' . The cover was featured in the compilation album The Masterplan . `` I Am The Walrus '' would also stay as a staple of their live set until the band broke up in 2009 .",
"In the 2007 movie Across the Universe , it was the featured song of Dr. Robert ( played by Bono ) as they went for their `` magical bus tour '' on a trip for enlightenment .",
"In the movie The Big Lebowski , a reference is made to this song as a play on words between quotes from `` Lenin '' ( Vladimir Lenin ) and `` Lennon '' ( John Lennon ) .",
"In the book Dreamcatcher ( novel ) by Stephen King , the character Henry regularly references himself as `` The Eggman '' including a chapter named `` The Eggman 's Journey ''",
"In the game Elmo through the looking glass when clicked on Telly monster ( while dressed as a walrus ) quotes a few lines from the song as well as the original poem the song was based upon",
"Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 268 , 443 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Davies 2002 . Jump up ^ Lapham 2005 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Boyd 2007 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Pollack 1996 . Jump up ^ Walter Everett . The Foundations of Rock : From `` Blue Suede Shoes '' to `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' . p. 154 Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . p. 270 Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . pp. 233 -- 34 Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . pp. 270 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discussions Magazine Music Blog : An EXCLUSIVE interview with THE MOODY BLUES ' Ray Thomas ! '' . Discussionsmagazine.com. 2015 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Fontenot , `` I Am the Walrus '' , on Oldies Music page from about.com . Accessed 2 May 2014 ^ Jump up to : Dave Rybaczewski , `` I Am The Walrus '' , on Beatles Music History . Accessed 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Network 3 Programme Listings for Friday , 29 September , 1967 '' . BBC Genome Project . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Walter Everett . The Beatles as Musicians . Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . NY . 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509553 - 7 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . pp. 134 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Here , There and Everywhere : My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles . Books.google.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Beatlesongs . Books.google.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1967 . Jump up ^ Logan 1967 . Jump up ^ Freiman , Scott . `` Deconstructing The Beatles '' . beatleslectures.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ beatlesebooks.com . Jump up ^ `` '' I Am The Walrus `` : What it means '' . Recmusicbeatles.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reference Library : I Am The Walrus - An Interpretation '' . The Internet Beatles Album . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 1990 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Du Noyer , Paul ( 7 November 1998 ) . `` The flip side of Oasis '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .",
"Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 268 , 443 .",
"Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 268 .",
"Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 185 .",
"Jump up ^ Davies 2002 .",
"Jump up ^ Lapham 2005 , p. 56 .",
"Jump up ^ Boyd 2007 , p. 129 .",
"Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 184 .",
"Jump up ^ Pollack 1996 .",
"Jump up ^ Walter Everett . The Foundations of Rock : From `` Blue Suede Shoes '' to `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' . p. 154",
"Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . p. 270",
"Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . pp. 233 -- 34",
"Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . pp. 270 -- 71 .",
"Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 68 .",
"^ Jump up to : `` Discussions Magazine Music Blog : An EXCLUSIVE interview with THE MOODY BLUES ' Ray Thomas ! '' . Discussionsmagazine.com. 2015 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 .",
"^ Jump up to : Robert Fontenot , `` I Am the Walrus '' , on Oldies Music page from about.com . Accessed 2 May 2014",
"^ Jump up to : Dave Rybaczewski , `` I Am The Walrus '' , on Beatles Music History . Accessed 2 May 2014 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Network 3 Programme Listings for Friday , 29 September , 1967 '' . BBC Genome Project . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 December 2016 .",
"Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 128 .",
"Jump up ^ Walter Everett . The Beatles as Musicians . Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . NY . 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509553 - 7 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . pp. 134 -- 35 .",
"Jump up ^ Here , There and Everywhere : My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles . Books.google.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 .",
"Jump up ^ Beatlesongs . Books.google.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 .",
"Jump up ^ Johnson 1967 .",
"Jump up ^ Logan 1967 .",
"Jump up ^ Freiman , Scott . `` Deconstructing The Beatles '' . beatleslectures.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 .",
"Jump up ^ www.telegraph.co.uk .",
"Jump up ^ beatlesebooks.com .",
"Jump up ^ `` '' I Am The Walrus `` : What it means '' . Recmusicbeatles.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Reference Library : I Am The Walrus - An Interpretation '' . The Internet Beatles Album . Retrieved 28 March 2016 .",
"Jump up ^ Aldridge 1990 , p. 145 .",
"Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 357 .",
"Jump up ^ Du Noyer , Paul ( 7 November 1998 ) . `` The flip side of Oasis '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .",
"`` I Am the Walrus '' . About The Beatles. 2008 . Retrieved 12 March 2008 . Aldridge , Alan , ed. ( 1990 ) . The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics . Boston : Houghton Mifflin / Seymour Lawrence . ISBN 0 - 395 - 59426 - X . Boyd , Pattie ; with Junor , Penny ( 2007 ) . Wonderful Today : The Autobiography . London : Headline Review . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1646 - 5 . Davies , Hunter ( 2002 ) . `` My Friend John '' . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . `` Styx 's Live Walrus Recording to Debut on iTunes ; Styx 's Version of `` I Am the Walrus '' Hits Top 10 on Classic Rock Charts `` . Encyclopedia.com. 17 November 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2007 . Fontenot , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` I Am the Walrus '' . About.com . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Johnson , Derek ( 18 November 1967 ) . `` Hello Goodbye / I am the Walrus '' . NME . Lapham , Lewis ( 2005 ) . With the Beatles . Brooklyn , NY : Melville House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 612193977 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Logan , Nick ( 25 November 1967 ) . `` Magical Mystery Tour '' . NME . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 2nd rev . edn ) . Chicago , IL : Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Pollack , Alan W. ( 1996 ) . `` Notes on ' I Am the Walrus ' '' . Retrieved 8 June 2007 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Deezen , Eddie ( 2012 ) . `` Who was the walrus ? Analyzing the strangest Beatle 's song '' . Retrieved 9 July 2017 .",
"`` I Am the Walrus '' . About The Beatles. 2008 . Retrieved 12 March 2008 .",
"Aldridge , Alan , ed. ( 1990 ) . The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics . Boston : Houghton Mifflin / Seymour Lawrence . ISBN 0 - 395 - 59426 - X .",
"Boyd , Pattie ; with Junor , Penny ( 2007 ) . Wonderful Today : The Autobiography . London : Headline Review . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1646 - 5 .",
"Davies , Hunter ( 2002 ) . `` My Friend John '' . Retrieved 7 December 2007 .",
"`` Styx 's Live Walrus Recording to Debut on iTunes ; Styx 's Version of `` I Am the Walrus '' Hits Top 10 on Classic Rock Charts `` . Encyclopedia.com. 17 November 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2007 .",
"Fontenot , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` I Am the Walrus '' . About.com . Retrieved 7 December 2007 .",
"Johnson , Derek ( 18 November 1967 ) . `` Hello Goodbye / I am the Walrus '' . NME .",
"Lapham , Lewis ( 2005 ) . With the Beatles . Brooklyn , NY : Melville House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 612193977 .",
"Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 .",
"Logan , Nick ( 25 November 1967 ) . `` Magical Mystery Tour '' . NME .",
"MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 2nd rev . edn ) . Chicago , IL : Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 .",
"Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 .",
"Pollack , Alan W. ( 1996 ) . `` Notes on ' I Am the Walrus ' '' . Retrieved 8 June 2007 .",
"Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 .",
"Deezen , Eddie ( 2012 ) . `` Who was the walrus ? Analyzing the strangest Beatle 's song '' . Retrieved 9 July 2017 ."
] | I Am the Walrus - wikipedia I Am the Walrus Jump to: navigation , search `` I Am the Walrus'' US picture sleeve Single by the Beatles from the album Magical Mystery Tour A-side `` Hello, Goodbye '' Released 24 November 1967 ( 1967-11-24 ) Format 7-inch single Recorded 5, 6, 27 and 29 September 1967, EMI Studios , London Genre Psychedelic rock acid rock experimental rock Length 4 : 33 Label Parlophone Songwriter(s) Lennon-- McCartney Producer(s) George Martin The Beatles singles chronology `` All You Need Is Love '' (1967) All You Need Is Love 1967 `` Hello, Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' (1967) String Module Error: Match not found1967 `` Lady Madonna '' (1968) Lady Madonna 1968 `` I Am the Walrus '' is a song by the Beatles released in November 1967. It was featured in the Beatles' television film Magical Mystery Tour in December of that year, as a track on the associated British double EP of the same name and its American counterpart LP, and was the B-side to the number 1 hit single `` Hello, Goodbye '' . Since the single and the double EP held at one time in December 1967 the top two slots on the British singles chart, the song had the distinction of being at number 1 and number 2 simultaneously. Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Musical structure 3 Recording 3.1 Incorporation of text from King Lear 4 Different versions 5 Personnel 6 Reception 7 Interpretation 8 In popular culture 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Composition ( edit ) John Lennon received a letter from a pupil at Quarry Bank High School , which he had attended. The writer mentioned that the English master was making his class analyse Beatles' lyrics. (Lennon wrote an answer, dated 1 September 1967, which was auctioned by Christie's of London in 1992.) Lennon, amused that a teacher was putting so much effort into understanding the Beatles' lyrics, decided to write in his next song the most confusing lyrics that he could. According to author Ian MacDonald , the `` model'' for `` I Am the Walrus'' was most likely Procol Harum 's `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' , which was a hit single during the summer of 1967 and Lennon's favourite song of the period. The lyrics came from three song ideas that Lennon had been working on, the first of which was inspired by hearing a police siren at his home in Weybridge ; Lennon wrote the lines `` Mis-ter cit-y police-man'' to the rhythm and melody of the siren. The second idea was a short rhyme about Lennon sitting amidst his garden, while the third was a nonsense lyric about sitting on a corn flake . Unable to finish the three different songs, he combined them into one. The lyrics also included the phrase `` Lucy in the sky'' , a reference to the Beatles' earlier song `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' . The walrus refers to Lewis Carroll 's poem `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' (from the book Through the Looking-Glass ). Lennon later expressed dismay upon belatedly realising that the walrus was a villain in the poem. The final piece of the song came together when Lennon's friend and former fellow member of the Quarrymen , Pete Shotton visited, and Lennon asked him about a playground nursery rhyme they sang as children. Shotton recalled the rhyme as follows: Yellow matter custard, green slop pie, All mixed together with a dead dog's eye, Slap it on a butty , ten foot thick, Then wash it all down with a cup of cold sick . Lennon borrowed a couple of images from the first two lines. Shotton was also responsible for suggesting that Lennon change the lyric `` waiting for the man to come'' to `` waiting for the van to come'' . The Beatles' official biographer, Hunter Davies , was present while the song was being written and wrote an account in his 1968 book The Beatles . According to this biography, Lennon remarked to Shotton, `` Let the fuckers work that one out.'' While the band were studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968, George Harrison told journalist Lewis Lapham that one of the lines in `` I Am the Walrus'' incorporated the personal mantra he had received from their meditation teacher, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi . According to Pattie Boyd , Harrison's wife at the time, the words `` semolina pilchard'' refer to Sergeant Pilcher of the London Drug Squad, who waged a campaign against British rock stars and underground figures during the late 1960s. Lennon claimed he wrote the first two lines on separate acid trips ; he explained much of the song to Playboy in 1980: The first line was written on one acid trip one weekend. The second line was written on the next acid trip the next weekend, and it was filled in after I met Yoko ... I'd seen Allen Ginsberg and some other people who liked Dylan and Jesus going on about Hare Krishna . It was Ginsberg, in particular, I was referring to. The words ' Element'ry penguin' meant that it's naïve to just go around chanting Hare Krishna or putting all your faith in one idol. In those days I was writing obscurely, à la Dylan. (...) It never dawned on me that Lewis Carroll was commenting on the capitalist system. I never went into that bit about what he really meant, like people are doing with the Beatles' work. Later, I went back and looked at it and realized that the walrus was the bad guy in the story and the carpenter was the good guy. I thought, Oh, shit, I picked the wrong guy. I should have said, ' I am the carpenter.' But that wouldn't have been the same, would it? (Sings, laughing) ' I am the carpenter ...' Musical structure ( edit ) All the chords are major chords or seventh chords , and all the musical letters of the alphabet (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) are used. The song ends using a Shepard tone , with a chord progression built on ascending and descending lines in the bass and strings, repeated as the song fades. Musicologist Alan W. Pollack analyses: `` The chord progression of the outro itself is a harmonic Moebius strip with scales in bassline and top voice that move in contrary motion.'' The bassline descends stepwise A, G, F, E, D, C, and B, while the strings part rises A, B, C, D, E, F ♯ , G: this sequence repeats as the song fades, with the strings rising higher on each iteration. Pollack also notes that the repeated cell is seven bars long, which means that a different chord begins each four-bar phrase. The fade is described by Walter Everett as a `` false ending'' , in the form of an `` unrelated coda '' consisting of the orchestral chord progression, chorus, and sampling of the radio play. The song is in the key of A, and the instrumental introduction starts in the Lydian mode of B major. Verse 1 begins with a I-- ♭ III-- IV-- I rock pattern: `` I am he'' (A chord)...`` you are me'' (C chord) `` and we are all toge...'' (D chord) `` ...ther'' (A chord). Verse 2, however, involves a ♭ VI-- ♭ VII-- I Aeolian ascent: `` waiting'' (F chord) `` for the van'' (G chord) `` to come'' (A chord). The chorus uses a ♭ III-- IV-- V pattern: `` I am the eggman (C chord) `` they are the eggmen (D chord). `` I am the walrus (E chord), `` goo goo g'joob '' hanging as an imperfect cadence until resolved with the I (A chord) on `` Mr. City Policeman'' . At the line `` Sitting in an English garden'' the D ♯ melody note (as in the instrumental introduction) establishes a Lydian mode (sharp 4th note in the scale), and this mode is emphasised more strongly with the addition of a D ♯ note to the B chord on `` If the sun don't come '' . Recording ( edit ) `` I Am the Walrus'' was the first studio recording made by the Beatles after the death of their manager, Brian Epstein , in August 1967. The basic backing track featuring the Beatles was released in 1996 on Anthology 2 . George Martin arranged and added orchestral accompaniment that included violins , cellos , horns , and clarinet . Paul McCartney said that Lennon gave instructions to Martin as to how he wished the orchestration to be scored, including singing most of the parts as a guide. A 16-voice choir of professional studio vocalists named the Mike Sammes Singers took part in the recording as well, variously singing `` Ho-ho-ho, hee-hee-hee, ha-ha-ha'' , `` oompah, oompah, stick it up your jumper!'' , `` everybody's got one'' and making a series of shrill whooping noises. The `` stick it up your jumper'' refrain originated with the 1930s novelty song `` Umpa, Umpa (Stick It Up Your Jumper)'' by The Two Leslies . In 2015, founding Moody Blues member Ray Thomas said in an interview that he and fellow band member Mike Pinder contributed backing vocals to the song, as well as harmonicas to `` The Fool on the Hill '' . Incorporation of text from King Lear ( edit ) The dramatic reading in the mix is Shakespeare 's King Lear (Act IV, Scene 6), lines 219-- 222 and 249-- 262. It was added to the song on 29 September 1967, recorded directly from an AM radio Lennon was fiddling with. Lennon tuned around the dial and settled on the 7:30 pm to 11 pm broadcast of the play on the BBC Third Programme . The first excerpt (ll. 219-- 222) moves in and out of the text, containing fragments of lines only. It begins where the disguised Edgar talks to his estranged and maliciously blinded father the Earl of Gloucester (timings given ): Gloucester: (2:35) Now, good sir, wh-- (Lennon appears to change the channel away from the station here) Edgar: (2:38) -- poor man, made tame by fortune -- (2:44) good pity -- In the play Edgar then kills Oswald, Goneril's steward. During the fade of the song the second main extract (ll. 249-- 262), this time of continuous text, is heard (timings given ): Oswald: (3:52) Slave, thou hast slain me. Villain, take my purse. If ever thou wilt thrive, (4:02) bury my body, And give the (4:05) letters which thou find'st about me To (4:08) Edmund, Earl of Gloucester; (4:10) seek him out Upon the British party. O, (4:14) untimely Death! Edgar: (4:23) I know thee well: a (4:25) serviceable villain; As duteous to the (4:27) vices of thy mistress As badness would desire. Gloucester: What, is he dead? Edgar: (4:31) Sit you down father, rest you. On the radio broadcast the roles were read by Mark Dignam (Gloucester), Philip Guard (Edgar), and John Bryning (Oswald). Different versions ( edit ) In the original (1967) stereo release, at around two minutes through the song, the mix changes from true stereo to `` fake stereo '' . This came about because the radio broadcast had been added `` live'' into the mono mix-down and so was unavailable for inclusion in the stereo mix; hence, fake stereo from the mono mix was created for this portion of the song. The mono version opens with a four-beat chord, while the stereo mix features six beats on the initial chord. The four-beat-only intro is also included on a different stereo mix (overseen by George Martin ) for the previous MPI Home Video version of Magical Mystery Tour , especially the US Magical Mystery Tour album. The US mono single mix includes an extra bar of music before the words `` yellow matter custard'' . This is actually the original uncut version of the mono mix called RM23. An early, overdub-free mix of the song released on Anthology 2 reveals John singing the lyrics `` Yellow mat-'' too early-- this was edited out. A hybrid version prepared for the 1980 US Rarities LP combines the six-beat opening with the extra bar of music that precedes the words `` yellow matter custard'' (from the aforementioned US mono single mix). An entirely new full stereo remix was done in 2012 for Apple's DVD and Blu-ray release of the restored version of Magical Mystery Tour . A 5.1 surround sound full stereo remix of the song appeared on the DVD release of Anthology in 2003, on disc 4. A full stereo digital remix was also done for the Cirque du Soleil show Love and album of the same name , released in 2006. Producers George and Giles Martin were allowed access to early generations of the original master tapes. Musical parts that had previously been mixed were now available as separate elements. Additionally, a copy of the BBC broadcast of King Lear was acquired. Now, with all the sound sources used in the original mono mix present, a proper stereo remix could be accomplished. These tracks were transferred digitally and lined up to create a new multi-track master, from which a new mix would be made. In addition to the stereo remixes prepared for the Love show and the 2012 Apple reissue referenced above, the DVDs that were released for those same projects contain a 5.1 surround sound mix of the song, making three distinct 5.1 remixes of the same song. In Spring/Summer 1988 a Dutch radio station aired a no-overdub version that was acquired through dubious raids on the Apple vaults and titled Beatles unlimited. (Private copy, used by owner only, is noted here.) Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- lead vocals, electric piano , Mellotron Paul McCartney -- bass guitar, tambourine, backing vocals George Harrison -- electric guitar, backing vocals Ringo Starr -- drums Orchestrated, directed and produced by George Martin Session musicians -- strings , brass , and woodwinds Mike Sammes singers -- backing vocals Ray Thomas -- backing vocals Mike Pinder -- backing vocals Engineered by Geoff Emerick and Ken Scott Mixed by Geoff Emerick and John Lennon Reception ( edit ) Critical reception at the time of the track's release was largely positive: `` John growls the nonsense (and sometimes suggestive) lyric, backed by a complex scoring incorporating violins and cellos. You need to hear it a few times before you can absorb it'' -- Derek Johnson. `` Into the world of Alice in Wonderland now and you can almost visualise John crouching on a deserted shore singing ' I am the walrus' to some beautiful strings from far away on the horizon and a whole bagful of Beatle sounds, like a ringing doorbell and someone sawing a plank of wood. A fantastic track which you will need to live with for a while to fully appreciate'' -- Nick Logan. In the 21st century, professional Beatleologist Scott Freiman called the song `` the Beatles' last psychedelic masterpiece'' . The song was banned by the BBC for the use of the word `` knickers'' in the line `` You've been a naughty girl, you've let your knickers down'' . Interpretation ( edit ) Although it has been reported that Lennon wrote `` I Am the Walrus'' to confuse those who tried to interpret his songs, there have nevertheless been many attempts to analyse the meaning of the lyrics. Seen in the Magical Mystery Tour film singing the song, Lennon, apparently, is the walrus; on the track-list of the accompanying soundtrack album, however, underneath `` I Am the Walrus'' are printed the words `` ' No you're not!' said Little Nicola'' (in the film, Nicola Hale is a little girl who keeps contradicting everything the other characters say). Lennon returned to the subject in the lyrics of three of his subsequent songs: in the 1968 Beatles song `` Glass Onion '' he sings, `` I told you ' bout the walrus and me, man / You know that we're as close as can be, man / Well here's another clue for you all / The walrus was Paul'' ; in the third verse of `` Come Together '' he sings the line `` he bag production, he got walrus gumboot'' ; and in his 1970 solo song `` God '' , admits: `` I was the walrus, but now I'm John'' . Eric Burdon , lead singer of the Animals , claims to be the `` Eggman'' mentioned in the song's lyric. Burdon was known as `` Eggs'' to his friends, the nickname originating from his fondness for breaking eggs over naked women's bodies. Burdon's biography mentions such an affair taking place in the presence of John Lennon , who shouted `` Go on, go get it, Eggman...'' In popular culture ( edit ) In the 30 October 1993 episode of Saturday Night Live , motivational speaker Matt Foley (played by Chris Farley ) is speaking to a group of teenagers who have just returned from egging houses in the neighborhood, and references the song by saying `` I'm the eggman, goo, goo, ga joo!'' English rock band Oasis covered the song as a B-side for their 1994 single `` Cigarettes & Alcohol '' . The cover was featured in the compilation album The Masterplan . `` I Am The Walrus'' would also stay as a staple of their live set until the band broke up in 2009. In the 2007 movie Across the Universe , it was the featured song of Dr. Robert (played by Bono ) as they went for their `` magical bus tour'' on a trip for enlightenment. In the movie The Big Lebowski , a reference is made to this song as a play on words between quotes from `` Lenin'' ( Vladimir Lenin ) and `` Lennon'' (John Lennon). In the book Dreamcatcher (novel) by Stephen King , the character Henry regularly references himself as `` The Eggman'' including a chapter named `` The Eggman's Journey'' In the game Elmo through the looking glass when clicked on Telly monster (while dressed as a walrus) quotes a few lines from the song as well as the original poem the song was based upon Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 268, 443. Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 268. Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 185. Jump up ^ Davies 2002 . Jump up ^ Lapham 2005 , p. 56. Jump up ^ Boyd 2007 , p. 129. Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 184. Jump up ^ Pollack 1996 . Jump up ^ Walter Everett . The Foundations of Rock: From `` Blue Suede Shoes'' to `` Suite: Judy Blue Eyes'' . p. 154 Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. p. 270 Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. pp. 233-- 34 Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. pp. 270-- 71. Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 68. ^ Jump up to: `` Discussions Magazine Music Blog: An EXCLUSIVE interview with THE MOODY BLUES' Ray Thomas!'' . Discussionsmagazine.com. 2015-01-15 . Retrieved 2016-10-01 . ^ Jump up to: Robert Fontenot, `` I Am the Walrus'' , on Oldies Music page from about.com . Accessed 2 May 2014 ^ Jump up to: Dave Rybaczewski, `` I Am The Walrus'' , on Beatles Music History . Accessed 2 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Network 3 Programme Listings for Friday, 29 September, 1967'' . BBC Genome Project . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 128. Jump up ^ Walter Everett. The Beatles as Musicians. Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press. NY. 1999. ISBN 0-19-509553-7 . ISBN 0-19-512941-5 . pp. 134-- 35. Jump up ^ Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles . Books.google.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Beatlesongs . Books.google.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1967 . Jump up ^ Logan 1967 . Jump up ^ Freiman, Scott. `` Deconstructing The Beatles'' . beatleslectures.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ beatlesebooks.com . Jump up ^ `` '' I Am The Walrus`` : What it means'' . Recmusicbeatles.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reference Library: I Am The Walrus - An Interpretation'' . The Internet Beatles Album . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 1990 , p. 145. Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 357. Jump up ^ Du Noyer, Paul (7 November 1998). `` The flip side of Oasis'' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` I Am the Walrus'' . About The Beatles. 2008 . Retrieved 12 March 2008 . Aldridge, Alan , ed. (1990). The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics . Boston: Houghton Mifflin / Seymour Lawrence. ISBN 0-395-59426-X . Boyd, Pattie ; with Junor, Penny (2007). Wonderful Today: The Autobiography . London: Headline Review. ISBN 978-0-7553-1646-5 . Davies, Hunter (2002). `` My Friend John'' . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . `` Styx's Live Walrus Recording to Debut on iTunes; Styx's Version of `` I Am the Walrus'' Hits Top 10 on Classic Rock Charts`` . Encyclopedia.com. 17 November 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2007 . Fontenot, Robert (2007). `` I Am the Walrus'' . About.com . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Johnson, Derek (18 November 1967). `` Hello Goodbye/I am the Walrus'' . NME . Lapham, Lewis (2005). With the Beatles . Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. ISBN 978-1-612193977 . Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1 . Logan, Nick (25 November 1967). `` Magical Mystery Tour'' . NME . MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (2nd rev. edn). Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3 . Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now . New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6 . Pollack, Alan W. (1996). `` Notes on ' I Am the Walrus ' '' . Retrieved 8 June 2007 . Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4 . Deezen, Eddie (2012). `` Who was the walrus? Analyzing the strangest Beatle's song'' . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Magical Mystery Tour Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` I Am the Walrus'' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Magical Mystery Tour Songs Side one `` Magical Mystery Tour '' `` The Fool on the Hill '' `` Flying '' `` Blue Jay Way '' `` Your Mother Should Know '' `` I Am the Walrus '' Side two `` Hello, Goodbye '' `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' `` Baby, You're a Rich Man '' `` All You Need Is Love '' Outtakes `` All Together Now '' `` It's All Too Much '' `` You Know My Name (Look Up the Number) '' Related articles Magical Mystery Tour (film) The Beatles discography The Beatles in Bangor Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day's Night Beatles for Sale Help! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles (White Album) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US (all labels) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I'll Get You '' 1964 `` Can't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Can't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help! '' / `` I'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby, You're a Rich Man '' `` Hello, Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Don't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name (Look Up the Number) '' 1978 `` Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time (Is Here Again) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ain't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me, Baby '' `` A Hard Day's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee-Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I'll Get You '' `` I'll Cry Instead '' / `` I'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Don't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' (Canada) 1964 `` Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' (Germany) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' (Australia) 1968 `` Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' (Europe, Japan, Australia) `` Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da '' / `` I Will '' (Philippines) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Don't Pass Me By '' (Sweden) 1969 `` You're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' (Japan) 1970 `` Oh! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' (Japan) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' (Europe) 1978 `` Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' (Germany) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_the_Walrus&oldid=843231901 '' Categories : The Beatles songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Capitol Records singles Music based on Alice in Wonderland Oasis (band) songs Parlophone singles Songs published by Northern Songs Songs written by Lennon-- McCartney Styx (band) songs 1967 singles 1967 songs Hidden categories: Use British English from October 2010 Use dmy dates from December 2011 Music infoboxes with Module:String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 19:53. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. AboutWikipedia | 5144160365357296065 |
how many times has the raiders won the superbowl | Oakland Raiders Current season Established January 30 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 30 ) First season : 1960 Play in Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Silver , Black Fight song `` The Autumn Wind '' Personnel Owner ( s ) Mark Davis ( majority owner ) President Marc Badain General manager Reggie McKenzie Head coach Jon Gruden Team history Oakland Raiders ( 1960 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Team nicknames Silver and Black Men in Black Team of the Decades The World 's Team Raider Nation Malosos ( Mexican fan base ) Championships League championships ( 3 † ) AFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1967 Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) , 1980 ( XV ) , 1983 ( XVIII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) AFC : 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 Division championships ( 15 ) AFL West : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 AFC West : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger Playoff appearances ( 22 ) AFL : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2016 Home fields Kezar Stadium ( 1960 ) Candlestick Park ( 1961 ) Frank Youell Field ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( 1966 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( planned for 2020 ) | [
[
"3"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Oakland Raiders Current season Established January 30 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 30 ) First season : 1960 Play in Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Silver , Black Fight song `` The Autumn Wind '' Personnel Owner ( s ) Mark Davis ( majority owner ) President Marc Badain General manager Reggie McKenzie Head coach Jon Gruden Team history Oakland Raiders ( 1960 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Team nicknames Silver and Black Men in Black Team of the Decades The World 's Team Raider Nation Malosos ( Mexican fan base ) Championships League championships ( 3 † ) AFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1967 Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) , 1980 ( XV ) , 1983 ( XVIII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) AFC : 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 Division championships ( 15 ) AFL West : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 AFC West : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger Playoff appearances ( 22 ) AFL : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2016 Home fields Kezar Stadium ( 1960 ) Candlestick Park ( 1961 ) Frank Youell Field ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( 1966 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( planned for 2020 )",
"Oakland Raiders",
"Current season",
"Established January 30 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 30 ) First season : 1960 Play in Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California",
"Logo Wordmark",
"Logo Wordmark",
"",
"Logo Wordmark",
"League / conference affiliations",
"American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present )",
"American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 )",
"Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 )",
"Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 )",
"National Football League ( 1970 -- present )",
"American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present )",
"American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present )",
"AFC West ( 1970 -- present )",
"AFC West ( 1970 -- present )",
"Current uniform",
"Team colors Silver , Black",
"Silver , Black",
"Fight song `` The Autumn Wind ''",
"Personnel",
"Owner ( s ) Mark Davis ( majority owner )",
"President Marc Badain",
"General manager Reggie McKenzie",
"Head coach Jon Gruden",
"Team history",
"Oakland Raiders ( 1960 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1994 )",
"Oakland Raiders ( 1960 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1994 )",
"Oakland Raiders ( 1960 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present )",
"Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1994 )",
"Team nicknames",
"Silver and Black Men in Black Team of the Decades The World 's Team Raider Nation Malosos ( Mexican fan base )",
"Silver and Black Men in Black Team of the Decades The World 's Team Raider Nation Malosos ( Mexican fan base )",
"Silver and Black",
"Men in Black",
"Team of the Decades",
"The World 's Team",
"Malosos ( Mexican fan base )",
"Championships",
"League championships ( 3 † ) AFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1967 Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) , 1980 ( XV ) , 1983 ( XVIII )",
"League championships ( 3 † )",
"AFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1967",
"AFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1967",
"Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) , 1980 ( XV ) , 1983 ( XVIII )",
"Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) , 1980 ( XV ) , 1983 ( XVIII )",
"Conference championships ( 4 ) AFC : 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002",
"Conference championships ( 4 )",
"AFC : 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002",
"AFC : 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002",
"Division championships ( 15 ) AFL West : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 AFC West : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger",
"Division championships ( 15 )",
"AFL West : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 AFC West : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002",
"AFL West : 1967 , 1968 , 1969",
"AFC West : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002",
"Playoff appearances ( 22 )",
"AFL : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2016",
"AFL : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2016",
"AFL : 1967 , 1968 , 1969",
"NFL : 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2016",
"Home fields",
"Kezar Stadium ( 1960 ) Candlestick Park ( 1961 ) Frank Youell Field ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( 1966 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( planned for 2020 )",
"Kezar Stadium ( 1960 ) Candlestick Park ( 1961 ) Frank Youell Field ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( 1966 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( planned for 2020 )",
"Kezar Stadium ( 1960 )",
"Candlestick Park ( 1961 )",
"Frank Youell Field ( 1962 -- 1965 )",
"Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( 1966 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present )",
"Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1982 -- 1994 )",
"Las Vegas Stadium ( planned for 2020 )",
"The Oakland Raiders are a professional American football franchise based in Oakland , California . The Raiders compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . Founded on January 30 , 1960 , they played their first regular season game on September 11 , 1960 , as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) which merged with the NFL in 1970 .",
"The Raiders ' off - field fortunes have varied considerably over the years . The team 's first three years of operation ( 1960 -- 1962 ) were marred by poor on - field performance , financial difficulties , and spotty attendance . In 1963 , however , the Raiders ' fortunes improved dramatically with the introduction of head coach ( and eventual owner ) Al Davis . In 1967 , after several years of improvement , the Raiders reached the postseason for the first time . The team would go on to win its first ( and only ) AFL Championship that year ; in doing so , the Raiders advanced to Super Bowl II , where they were soundly defeated by the Green Bay Packers . Since 1963 , the team has won 15 division titles ( three AFL and 12 NFL ) , four AFC Championships ( 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , and 2002 ) , one AFL Championship ( 1967 ) , and three Super Bowl Championships ( XI , XV , and XVIII ) . At the end of the NFL 's 2017 season , the Raiders boasted a lifetime regular season record of 462 wins , 411 losses , and 11 ties ; their lifetime playoff record currently stands at 25 wins and 19 losses .",
"The team departed Oakland to play in Los Angeles , California from the 1982 season until the 1994 season before returning to Oakland at the start of the 1995 season . Al Davis owned the team from 1972 until his death in 2011 . Control of the franchise was then given to Al 's son Mark Davis .",
"On March 27 , 2017 , NFL team owners voted nearly unanimously to approve the Raiders ' application to relocate from Oakland to Las Vegas , Nevada , in a 31 - to - 1 vote at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona . The Raiders plan to remain in Oakland through 2018 -- and possibly 2019 -- and relocate to Las Vegas in either 2019 or 2020 , depending on the completion of the team 's planned new stadium .",
"The Raiders are known for their extensive fan base and distinctive team culture . The Raiders have 14 former members who have been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The Raiders currently play their home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum west of the Elmhurst district of East Oakland . They have previously played at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco , California , Candlestick Park in San Francisco , Frank Youell Field in Oakland , and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles .",
"The Oakland Raiders were originally going to be called the `` Oakland Señors '' after a name - the - team contest had that name finish first , but after being the target of local jokes , the name was changed to the Raiders before the 1960 season began . Having enjoyed a successful collegiate coaching career at Navy during the 1950s , San Francisco native Eddie Erdelatz was hired as the Raiders first head coach . On February 9 , 1960 , after rejecting offers from the NFL 's Washington Redskins and the AFL 's Los Angeles Chargers , Erdelatz accepted the Oakland Raiders head coaching position . In January 1960 , the Raiders were established in Oakland , and because of NFL interference with the original eighth franchise owner , were the last team of eight in the new American Football League to select players , thus relegated to the remaining talent available ( see below ) .",
"The 1960 Raiders 42 - man roster included 28 rookies and only 14 veterans . Among the Raiders rookies were future Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee center Jim Otto , and a future Raiders head coach , quarterback Tom Flores . In their debut year under Erdelatz the Raiders finished with a 6 -- 8 record .",
"Ownership conflicts prevented the team from signing any top draft picks the next season . On September 18 , 1961 , Erdelatz was dismissed after the Raiders were outscored 77 -- 46 in the first two games of the season . On September 24 , 1961 , after the dismissal of Erdelatz , management named Los Angeles native and offensive line coach Marty Feldman as the Raiders head coach . The team finished the 1961 season with a 2 -- 12 record .",
"Feldman began the 1962 season as Raiders head coach but was fired on October 16 , 1962 after an 0 -- 5 start . From October 16 through December , the Raiders were coached by Oklahoma native and former assistant coach Red Conkright . Under Conkright , the Raiders went 1 -- 8 , finishing the season with 1 -- 13 record . Following the 1962 season the Raiders appointed Conkright to an interim mentor position as they looked for a new head coach .",
"After the 1962 season , Raiders managing general partner F. Wayne Valley hired Al Davis as Raiders head coach and general manager . At 33 , he was the youngest person in professional football history to hold the positions . Davis immediately began to implement what he termed the `` vertical game '' , an aggressive offensive strategy inspired by the offense developed by Chargers head coach Sid Gillman . Under Davis the Raiders improved to 10 -- 4 and he was named the AFL 's Coach of the Year in 1963 . Though the team slipped to 5 -- 7 -- 2 in 1964 , they rebounded to an 8 -- 5 -- 1 record in 1965 . The famous silver and black Raider uniform debuted at the regular season opening game on September 8 , 1963 . Prior to this , the team wore a combination of black and white with gold trim on the pants and oversized numerals .",
"In April 1966 , Davis left the Raiders after being named AFL Commissioner , promoting assistant coach John Rauch to head coach . Two months later , the league announced its merger with the NFL . The leagues would retain separate regular seasons until 1970 . With the merger , the position of commissioner was no longer needed , and Davis entered into discussions with Valley about returning to the Raiders . On July 25 , 1966 , Davis returned as part - owner of the team . He purchased a 10 % interest in the team for $18,000 , and became the team 's third general partner -- the partner in charge of football operations .",
"Under Rauch , the Raiders matched their 1965 season 's 8 -- 5 -- 1 record in 1966 but missed the playoffs , finishing second in the AFL West Division .",
"On the field , the team Davis had assembled steadily improved . Led by quarterback Daryle Lamonica , acquired in a trade with the Buffalo Bills , the Raiders finished the 1967 season with a 13 -- 1 record and won the 1967 AFL Championship , defeating the Houston Oilers 40 -- 7 . The win earned the team a trip to the Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida to participate in Super Bowl II . On January 14 , 1968 , the Raiders were defeated in the second - ever Super Bowl , losing 33 -- 14 to Vince Lombardi 's Green Bay Packers .",
"The following year , the Raiders ended the 1968 season with a 12 -- 2 record and again winning the AFL West Division title . However , this time , they lost 27 -- 23 by the New York Jets in the AFL Championship Game .",
"Citing management conflicts with day - to - day coaching decisions , Rauch resigned as Raiders head coach on January 16 , 1969 , accepting the head coaching job of the Buffalo Bills .",
"During the early 1960s , John Madden was a defensive assistant coach at San Diego State University under SDSU head coach Don Coryell . Madden credited Coryell as being an influence on his coaching . In 1967 , Madden was hired by Al Davis as the Raiders linebacker coach . On February 4 , 1969 , after the departure of John Rauch , Madden was named the Raiders sixth head coach . Under Madden , the 1969 Raiders won the AFL West Division title for the third consecutive year with a 12 -- 1 -- 1 record . On December 20 , 1969 , the Raiders defeated the Oilers 56 -- 7 in the AFL Division playoff game . In the AFL Championship game on January 4 , 1970 , the Raiders were defeated by Hank Stram 's Kansas City Chiefs 17 -- 7 .",
"In 1970 , the AFL -- NFL merger officially took place and the Raiders joined the Western Division of the American Football Conference ( actually the AFL West with the same teams as in 1969 , except for the Cincinnati Bengals ) in the newly merged NFL . The first post-merger season saw the Raiders win the AFC West with an 8 -- 4 -- 2 record and advance to the conference championship , where they lost to the Baltimore Colts . Despite another 8 -- 4 -- 2 season in 1971 , the Raiders failed to win the division or playoff berth . When backup offensive lineman Ron Mix played , the 1971 Raiders had an eventual all - Pro Football Hall of Fame offensive line with tackle Art Shell , guard Gene Upshaw , center Jim Otto , and tackle Bob Brown .",
"The teams of the 1970s were thoroughly dominant teams , with eight Hall of Fame inductees on the roster and a Hall of Fame coach in John Madden . The 1970s Raiders created the team 's identity and persona as a team that was hard - hitting . Dominant on defense , with the crushing hits of safeties Jack Tatum and George Atkinson and cornerback Skip Thomas , the Raiders regularly held first place in the AFC West , entering the playoffs nearly every season . From 1973 through 1977 , the Raiders reached the conference championship every year .",
"This was also the era of a bitter rivalry between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Raiders . In the 1970s , the Steelers and Raiders were frequently the two best teams in the AFC and , arguably , the NFL . The teams would meet on five different occasions in the playoffs , and the winner of the Steelers - Raiders game went on to win the Super Bowl in three of those instances , from 1974 to 1976 . The rivalry garnered attention in the sports media , with controversial plays , late hits , accusations and public statements .",
"The rivalry began with and was fueled by a controversial last - second play in their first playoff game in 1972 . That season the Raiders achieved a 10 -- 3 -- 1 record and an AFC West title . In the divisional round , the Raiders would lose to the Steelers 13 -- 7 on the controversial play that become known as the `` Immaculate Reception '' .",
"The Raiders and Steelers would meet again the following season as the Raiders won the AFC West again with a 9 -- 4 -- 1 record . Lamonica was replaced as starting quarterback early in the season by Ken Stabler . The Raiders defeated Pittsburgh 33 -- 14 in the divisional round of the playoffs to reach the AFC Championship , but lost 27 -- 10 to the Miami Dolphins .",
"In 1974 , Oakland had a 12 -- 2 regular season , which included a nine - game winning streak . They beat the Dolphins 28 -- 26 in the divisional round of the playoffs in a see - saw battle remembered as the `` Sea of Hands '' game . They then lost the AFC Championship to the Steelers , who went on to win the Super Bowl . The Raiders were held to only 29 yards rushing by the Pittsburgh defense , and late mistakes turned a 10 -- 3 lead at the start of the fourth quarter into a disappointing 24 -- 13 loss .",
"In the 1975 season opener , the Raiders beat Miami and ended their 31 - game home winning streak . With an 11 -- 3 record , they defeated Cincinnati 31 -- 28 in the divisional playoff round . Again , the Raiders faced the Steelers in the conference championship , eager for revenge . According to Madden and Davis , the Raiders relied on quick movement by their wide receivers on the outside sidelines -- the deep threat , or ' long ball ' -- more so than the Steelers of that year , whose offense was far more run - oriented than it would become later in the 1970s . Forced to adapt to the frozen field of Three Rivers Stadium , with receivers slipping and unable to make quick moves to beat coverage , the Raiders lost , 16 -- 10 . The rivalry had now grown to hatred , and became the stereotype of the ' grudge match . ' Again , the Raiders came up short , as the Steelers won the AFC Championship and then went on to another Super Bowl title .",
"In 1976 , the Raiders came from behind dramatically to beat Pittsburgh 31 -- 28 in the season opener and continued to cement its reputation for dirty play by knocking WR Lynn Swann out for two weeks with a clothesline to the helmet . Al Davis later tried to sue Steelers coach Chuck Noll for libel after the latter called safety George Atkinson a criminal for the hit . The Raiders won 13 regular season games and a close controversial 21 -- 17 victory over New England in the divisional playoffs . With the Patriots up by three points in final two minutes , referee Ben Dreith called roughing the passer on New England 's Ray `` Sugar Bear '' Hamilton after he hit Oakland QB Ken Stabler . The Raiders went on to score a touchdown in the final minute to win . They then defeated the Steelers 24 -- 7 in the AFC Championship to advance to their second Super Bowl . In Super Bowl XI , Oakland 's opponent was the Minnesota Vikings , a team that had lost three previous Super Bowls . The Raiders jumped out to an early lead and led 16 -- 0 at halftime . By the end , having forced Minnesota into multiple turnovers , the Raiders won 32 -- 14 for their first post-merger championship .",
"The following season saw the Raiders finish 11 -- 3 , but they lost the division title to the Denver Broncos . They settled for a wild card , beating the Colts in the second - longest overtime game in NFL history and which featured the Ghost to the Post . however , the Raiders then fell to the Broncos in the AFC Championship .",
"During a 1978 preseason game , Patriots WR Darryl Stingley was injured by a hit from Raiders FS Jack Tatum and paralyzed for life . Although the 1978 Raiders achieved a winning record at 9 -- 7 , they missed the playoffs for the first time since 1971 , losing critical games down the stretch to miss the playoffs .",
"After 10 consecutive winning seasons and one Super Bowl championship , John Madden left coaching in 1979 to pursue a career as a television football commentator . His replacement was former Raiders quarterback Tom Flores , the first Hispanic head coach in NFL history . Flores led the Raiders to another 9 -- 7 season , but not the playoffs .",
"In the midst of the turmoil of Al Davis ' attempts to move the team to Los Angeles in 1980 , Flores looked to lead the Raiders to their third Super bowl by finishing the season 11 -- 5 and earning a wild card berth . Quarterback Jim Plunkett revitalized his career , taking over in game five when starter Dan Pastorini was lost for the season to a broken leg after owner Al Davis had picked up Pastorini when he swapped quarterbacks with the Houston Oilers , sending the beloved Ken Stabler to the Oilers . The Raiders defeated Stabler and the Oilers in the Wild Card game and advanced to the AFC Championship by defeating the Cleveland Browns 14 -- 12 . The Raiders slipped by the AFC West champion San Diego Chargers to advance to their third Super Bowl . In Super Bowl XV , the Raiders faced head coach Dick Vermeil 's Philadelphia Eagles . The Raiders dominated the Eagles , taking an early 14 -- 0 lead in the first quarter behind two touchdown passes by Plunkett , including a then - Super Bowl record 80 - yard pass and catch to running bank Kenny King . A Cliff Branch third quarter touchdown reception put the Raiders up 21 -- 3 in the third quarter . They would go on to win 27 -- 10 , winning their second Super Bowl and becoming the first team to ever win the Super Bowl after getting into the playoffs as the wild card team .",
"In 1980 , Al Davis attempted unsuccessfully to have improvements made to the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , specifically the addition of luxury boxes . That year , he signed a memorandum of agreement to move the Raiders from Oakland to Los Angeles . The move , which required three - fourths approval by league owners , was defeated 22 -- 0 ( with five owners abstaining ) . When Davis tried to move the team anyway , he was blocked by an injunction . In response , the Raiders not only became an active partner in an antitrust lawsuit filed by the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( who had recently lost the Los Angeles Rams ) , but filed an antitrust lawsuit of their own . After the first case was declared a mistrial , in May 1982 , a second jury found in favor of Davis and the Los Angeles Coliseum , clearing the way for the move . With the ruling , the Raiders would relocate to Los Angeles for the 1982 season to play their home games at the Los Angeles Coliseum .",
"The 1981 Raiders fell to 7 -- 9 record , failing to make the playoffs following their Super Bowl win",
"The newly minted Los Angeles Raiders finished the strike - shortened 1982 season 8 -- 1 to win the AFC West , but lost in the second round of the playoffs to the Jets . The following season , the Raiders finished 12 -- 4 to win the AFC West . Convincing playoff wins over the Steelers and Seattle Seahawks in the AFC playoffs propelled the Raiders to their fourth Super Bowl . Against the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII , the Raiders built a lead after blocking a punt and recovering for a touchdown early in the game . A Branch touchdown reception from Plunkett put the Raiders up 14 -- 0 with more than nine minutes remaining in the first quarter . With seven seconds remaining in the first half , linebacker Jack Squirek intercepted a Joe Theismann swing pass at the Washington five yard line and scored , sending the Raiders to a 21 -- 3 halftime lead . Following a John Riggins one - yard touchdown run ( extra point was blocked ) , Marcus Allen scored from five yards out to build the lead to 28 -- 9 . The Raiders sealed the game with Allen reversed his route on a Super Bowl record run that turned into a 74 - yard touchdown . The Raiders went on to a 38 -- 9 victory and their third NFL championship . Allen set a record for most rushing yards ( 191 ) and combined yards ( 209 ) in a Super Bowl as the Raiders won their third Super Bowl in eight years .",
"The team had another successful regular season in 1984 , finishing 11 -- 5 , but a three - game losing streak forced them to enter the playoffs as a wild - card , where they fell to the Seahawks in the Wild Card game .",
"The 1985 Raiders campaign saw 12 wins and a division title as Marcus Allen was named MVP . However , a loss to the Patriots derailed any further postseason hopes .",
"The Raiders ' fortunes declined after that , and from 1986 to 1989 , they finished no better than 8 -- 8 and posted consecutive losing seasons for the first time since 1961 -- 62 . Also in 1986 , Al Davis got into a widely publicized argument with Marcus Allen , whom he accused of faking injuries . The feud continued into 1987 , and Davis retaliated by signing Bo Jackson to essentially replace Allen . However , Jackson was also a left fielder for Major League Baseball 's Kansas City Royals , and could not play full - time until baseball season ended in October . Even worse , another strike cost the NFL one game and prompted them to use substitute players . The Raiders achieved a 1 -- 2 record before the regular players returned after the strike . After a weak 5 -- 10 finish , Tom Flores moved to the front office and was replaced by Denver Broncos offensive assistant coach Mike Shanahan .",
"Shanahan led the team to a 7 -- 9 season in 1988 , and Allen and Jackson continued to trade places as the starting running back . Low game attendance and fan apathy were evident by this point , and in the summer of 1988 , rumors of a Raiders return to Oakland intensified when a preseason game against the Houston Oilers was scheduled at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum .",
"As early as 1986 , Davis sought to abandon the Coliseum in favor of a more modern stadium . In addition to sharing the venue with the USC Trojans , the Raiders were less than ecstatic with the Coliseum as it was aging and still lacked the luxury suites and other amenities that Davis was promised when he moved the Raiders to Los Angeles . Finally , the Coliseum had 95,000 seats and the Raiders were rarely able to fill all of them even in their best years , and so most Raiders home games were blacked out in Southern California . Numerous sites in California were considered , including one near now - defunct Hollywood Park in Inglewood , where a NFL stadium for the Rams and Chargers is under construction , and another in Carson . In August 1987 , it was announced that the city of Irwindale paid Davis US $10 million as a good - faith deposit for a prospective stadium site . When the bid failed , Davis kept the non-refundable deposit . During this time Davis also almost moved the team to Sacramento in a deal that would have included Davis becoming the managing partner of the Sacramento Kings .",
"Negotiations between Davis and Oakland commenced in January 1989 , and on March 11 , 1991 , Davis announced his intention to bring the Raiders back to Oakland . By September 1991 , however , numerous delays had prevented the completion of the deal between Davis and Oakland . On September 11 , Davis announced a new deal to stay in Los Angeles , leading many fans in Oakland to burn Raiders paraphernalia in disgust .",
"After starting the 1989 season with a 1 -- 3 record , Shanahan was fired by Davis , which began a long - standing feud between the two . He was replaced by former Raider offensive lineman Art Shell , who had been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame earlier in the year . With the hiring , Shell became the first African American head coach in the modern NFL era , but the team still finished a middling 8 -- 8 .",
"In 1990 , Shell led the Raiders to a 12 -- 4 record . Behind Bo Jackson 's spectacular play , they beat the Cincinnati Bengals in the divisional round of the playoffs . However , Jackson suffered a severe hip and leg injury after a tackle during the game . Without him , the Raiders were blown out 51 -- 3 in the AFC Championship by the Buffalo Bills. Jackson was forced to quit football as a result of the injury , although surgery allowed him to continue playing baseball until he retired in 1994 .",
"The Raiders finished with a 9 -- 7 record in 1991 , but struggled looking for a reliable quarterback and lost to the Kansas City Chiefs in the Wild Card game . The struggle for a quarterback continued in 1992 as the Raiders started two different quarterbacks and stumbled to a 7 -- 9 record , two other playoff appearances during the 1990s , and finished higher than third place only three times .",
"The Raiders rebounded well in 1993 with Jeff Hostetler as the everyday quarterback , finishing in second place in the AFC West with a 10 -- 6 record . A win over the Broncos in the wild card game mean a rematch against the Bills for the right to go to the AFC Championship game . The Raiders , led by two Napoleon McCallum rushing touchdowns took a halftime lead , but could only manage six points in the second half losing to the Bills again 29 -- 23 .",
"However , following a 9 -- 7 record in the 1994 season that resulted in no postseason , Art Shell was fired .",
"On June 23 , 1995 , Davis signed a letter of intent to move the Raiders back to Oakland . The move was approved by the Alameda County Board of Supervisors the next month . As the NFL had never recognized the Raiders ' initial move to Los Angeles , they could not disapprove of the move or request a relocation fee , which had to be paid by the Los Angeles Rams for their move to St. Louis . In order to convince Davis to return , Oakland spent $220 million on stadium renovations . These included a new seating section -- commonly known as `` Mount Davis '' -- with 10,000 seats . It also built the team a training facility and paid all its moving costs . The Raiders pay $525,000 a year in rent -- a fraction of what the nearby San Francisco 49ers paid to play at the now - extinct Candlestick Park -- and do not pay maintenance or game - day operating costs .",
"The move was greeted with much fanfare , and under new head coach Mike White the 1995 season began well for the Raiders . Oakland started 8 -- 2 , but injuries to starting quarterback Jeff Hostetler contributed to a six - game losing streak for an 8 -- 8 finish and the Raiders failed to qualify for the playoffs for a second consecutive season .",
"After two more losing seasons ( 7 -- 9 in 1996 and 4 -- 12 in 1997 ) under White and his successor , Joe Bugel , Davis selected a new head coach from outside the Raiders organization for only the second time when he hired Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator Jon Gruden . Gruden previously worked for the 49ers and Green Bay Packers under head coach Mike Holmgren . Under Gruden , the Raiders posted consecutive 8 -- 8 seasons in 1998 and 1999 .",
"Oakland finished 12 -- 4 in the 2000 season , the team 's most successful in a decade . Led by veteran quarterback Rich Gannon ( MVP ) , Oakland won their first division title since 1990 , and advanced to the AFC Championship , where Gannon was hurt when sacked by Baltimore Ravens ' lineman Tony Siragusa . The Raider offense struggled without Gannon , and the Raiders fell 16 -- 3 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Ravens .",
"The Raiders acquired all - time leading receiver Jerry Rice prior to the 2001 season . They started 10 -- 3 but lost their last three games and finished with a 10 -- 6 record and a wild card playoff spot . They defeated the New York Jets 38 -- 24 in the wild card round to advance to face the New England Patriots . In a game in which the Raiders led for most of the game , the game was played in a heavy snowstorm . In what would be known as the `` Tuck Rule Game '' , late in the fourth quarter with the Patriots trailing the Raiders by a field goal , Raiders star cornerback Charles Woodson blitzed Patriots quarterback Tom Brady , causing an apparent fumble which was recovered by Raiders linebacker Greg Biekert . The recovery would assuredly have led to a Raiders victory , as the Raiders would have a first down with 1 : 43 remaining and the Patriots had no more time outs ) ; however , the play was reviewed and determined to be an incomplete pass ( it was ruled that Brady had pump - faked and then had not yet `` tucked '' the ball into his body , which , by rule , can not result in a fumble , was instead an incomplete pass -- though this explanation was not given on the field , but after the NFL season had ended ) . The Patriots retained possession and drove for a game - tying field goal . The game went into overtime and the Patriots won 16 -- 13 .",
"Shortly after the season , the Raiders made a move that involved releasing Gruden from his contract and allowing the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to sign him . In return , the Raiders received cash and future draft picks from the Buccaneers . The sudden move came after months of speculation in the media that Davis and Gruden had fallen out with each other both personally and professionally . Bill Callahan , who served as the team 's offensive coordinator and offensive line coach during Gruden 's tenure , was named head coach .",
"Under Callahan , the Raiders finished the 2002 season 11 -- 5 , won their third - straight division title , and clinched the top seed in the playoffs . Rich Gannon was named MVP of the NFL after passing for a league - high 4,689 yards . After beating the Jets and Titans by large margins in the playoffs , the Raiders made their fifth Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXVII . Their opponent was the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , coached by Gruden . The Raiders , who had not made significant changes to Gruden 's offensive schemes , were intercepted five times by the Buccaneers en route to a 48 -- 21 blowout . Some Tampa Bay players claimed that Gruden had given them so much information on Oakland 's offense , they knew exactly what plays were being called .",
"Callahan 's second season as head coach was considerably less successful . Oakland finished 4 -- 12 , which was their worst showing since 1997 . After a late - season loss to the Denver Broncos , a visibly frustrated Callahan exclaimed , `` We 've got to be the dumbest team in America in terms of playing the game . '' At the end of the 2003 regular season Callahan was fired and replaced by former Washington Redskins head coach Norv Turner .",
"The team 's fortunes did not improve in Turner 's first year . Oakland finished the 2004 season 5 -- 11 , with only one divisional win ( a one - point victory over the Broncos in Denver ) . During a Week 3 victory against the Buccaneers , Rich Gannon suffered a neck injury that ended his season and eventually his career . He never returned to the team and retired before the 2005 season . Kerry Collins , who led the New York Giants to an appearance in Super Bowl XXXV and signed with Oakland after the 2003 season , became the team 's starting quarterback .",
"In an effort to bolster their offense , in early 2005 the Raiders acquired Pro Bowl wide receiver Randy Moss via trade with the Minnesota Vikings , and signed free agent running back Lamont Jordan of the New York Jets . After a 4 -- 12 season and a second consecutive last place finish , Turner was fired as head coach .",
"On February 11 , 2006 the team announced the return of Art Shell as head coach . In announcing the move , Al Davis said that firing Shell in 1995 had been a mistake . Under Shell , the Raiders lost their first five games in 2006 en route to a 2 -- 14 record , the team 's worst since 1962 . Despite having one of the best defenses , Oakland 's offense struggled greatly , scoring just 168 points ( fewest in franchise history ) and allowing a league - high 72 sacks . Wide receiver Jerry Porter was benched by Shell for most of the season in what many viewed as a personal , rather than football - related , decision . Shell was fired again at the end of the season . The Raiders also earned the right to the first overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft for the first time since 1962 , by virtue of having the league 's worst record .",
"The team announced on January 22 , 2007 , the hiring of 31 - year - old USC offensive coordinator Lane Kiffin , the youngest coach in franchise history and the youngest coach in the NFL . In the 2007 NFL Draft , the Raiders selected LSU quarterback JaMarcus Russell with the # 1 overall pick , despite a strong objection from Kiffin . Russell , arguably the biggest bust in NFL history , held out until September 12 and did not make his first career start until week 17 . Kiffin coached the Raiders to a 4 -- 12 record in the 2007 season . After a 1 -- 3 start to 2008 and months of speculation and rumors , Davis fired Kiffin on September 30 .",
"Tom Cable was named as Kiffin 's interim replacement , and officially signed as the 17th head coach of the Oakland Raiders on Tuesday , February 3 , 2009 .",
"The team 's finish to the 2008 season would turn out to match their best since they lost the Super Bowl in the 2002 season . However , they still finished 5 -- 11 and ended up third in the AFC West , the first time they did not finish last since 2002 . They would produce an identical record in 2009 ; however , the season was somewhat ameliorated by the fact that four of the Raiders ' five wins were against opponents with above . 500 records . In 2010 , the Raiders became the first team in NFL history to go undefeated against their division yet miss the playoffs ( 6 -- 0 in the AFC West , 8 -- 8 overall , 3 games behind the Jets for the second Wild Card entry ) . On January 4 , 2011 , owner Al Davis informed head coach Tom Cable that his contract would not be renewed , ending his tenure with the organization . Many Raider players , such as punter Shane Lechler , were upset with the decision .",
"On January 17 , 2011 , it was announced that offensive coordinator Hue Jackson was going to be the next Raiders head coach . A press conference was held on January 18 , 2011 , to formally introduce Jackson as the next Raiders head coach , the fifth in just seven years . Following Davis 's death during the 2011 season , new owners Carol and Mark Davis decided to take the franchise in a drastically different direction by hiring a general manager . On New Year 's Day of 2012 , the Raiders played the San Diego Chargers , hoping to go to the playoffs for the first time since 2002 , the game ended with a 38 -- 26 loss . Their season ended with another disappointing 8 -- 8 record .",
"The Raiders named Green Bay Packers director of football operations Reggie McKenzie as the team 's first General Manager since Al Davis on January 6 , 2012 . Given full autonomy over personnel decisions by the Davis family , McKenzie , in his first day on the job , fired head coach Hue Jackson after only one season on January 10 , seeking to hire his own head coach instead . In the process , the Raiders lost their sixth head coach in the past ten seasons , none of whom lasted more than two seasons . Two weeks later , McKenzie hired Broncos defensive coordinator Dennis Allen as head coach . Most of the coaching staff has been replaced by new position and strength and conditioning coaches .",
"The Raiders began 2012 by running a nose tackle when they run a 4 - 3 defense . They lost their home opener on Monday Night Football against San Diego 22 -- 14 , and finished the season 4 -- 12 .",
"In the 2013 offseason , the Raiders began making major roster moves . These included the signing of linebackers Kevin Burnett , Nick Roach , and Kaluka Maiava , defensive tackles Pat Sims and Vance Walker , cornerbacks Tracy Porter and Mike Jenkins , defensive end Jason Hunter , and safety Usama Young and the release of wide receiver Darrius Heyward - Bey , safety Michael Huff , linebacker Rolando McClain and defensive tackle Tommy Kelly . Starting quarterback Carson Palmer was traded to the Arizona Cardinals in exchange for a sixth - round draft pick and a conditional seventh - round draft pick . Shortly before , they had traded a fifth - round pick and an undisclosed conditional pick in exchange for Matt Flynn . In addition to signing Matt Flynn , the Raiders also welcomed back Charles Woodson , signing him to a 1 - year deal in mid-May . The Oakland Raiders finished the 2013 season with a record of 4 -- 12 .",
"In the 2014 NFL Draft , the Raiders selected linebacker Khalil Mack in the first round and quarterback Derek Carr in the second round hoping each would anchor their side of the ball . Carr was given control early as he was chosen as the starter for the opener of the 2014 season . After an 0 -- 4 start to the 2014 season , and an 8 -- 28 overall record as head coach , Allen was fired . Offensive line coach Tony Sparano was named interim head coach on September 30 . The Oakland Raiders finished the 2014 season with a record of 3 -- 13 . Carr started all 16 games for the Raiders , the first Raider since 2002 to do so . First round pick Mack finished third in Defensive Rookie of the Year voting .",
"Jack Del Rio was hired to become the new head coach of the Oakland Raiders on January 14 , 2015 , replacing the fired Dennis Allen ( who coincidentally had preceded him as the Broncos defensive coordinator ) and interim head coach Tony Sparano .",
"The Raiders showed great improvement in Del Rio 's first season , improving upon their three - win 2014 season , going 7 -- 9 in the 2015 season . Rookie wide receiver Amari Cooper fulfilled almost all expectations and Derek Carr continued his improvement at quarterback . Cooper , Mack , Murray , and Carr were selected to participate in the Pro Bowl . DE Khalil Mack was the first player ever to be selected as an AP 2015 All - Pro Team at two positions in the same year .",
"The day following the conclusion of the 2015 regular season , the Raiders , St. Louis Rams , and San Diego Chargers all filed to relocate to Los Angeles . On January 12 , 2016 , the NFL owners voted 30 -- 2 to allow the Rams to return to L.A. and approved a stadium project in Inglewood , California proposed by Rams owner Stan Kroenke over a competing project in Carson , California that the Chargers and Raiders had jointly proposed . The Chargers were given a one - year approval to relocate as well , conditioned on negotiating a lease agreement with the Rams or an agreement to partner with the Rams on the new stadium construction . The Raiders were given conditional permission to relocate if the Chargers were to decline their option first .",
"As part of the Rams ' relocation decision , the NFL offered to provide both the Chargers and Raiders $100 million each if they could work out new stadiums in their home markets . The Chargers eventually announced on January 12 , 2017 that they would exercise their option to relocate to Los Angeles following the failure of a November 2016 ballot initiative to fund a new stadium in San Diego . In an official statement on the Rams decision , the Raiders offered they would `` now turn our attention to exploring all options to find a permanent stadium solution . '' Las Vegas and San Antonio were heavily rumored as possible relocation destinations . By mid-February 2016 , the team had worked out a one - year lease agreement with the City of Oakland to play at O.co Coliseum with the option for a second one - year lease .",
"In late January 2016 , billionaire Sheldon Adelson , president and CEO of the Las Vegas Sands Corporation casino empire , proposed a new domed stadium in Las Vegas to potentially house the University of Nevada , Las Vegas football team and a possible NFL team . Adelson quickly reached out to the Raiders to discuss the team partnering on the new stadium . In April 2016 , without promising the team would move , Raiders owner Mark Davis met with the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee and pledged $500 million toward Adelson 's stadium if public officials agreed to contribute to the stadium .",
"A group of investors led by former NFL stars Ronnie Lott and Rodney Peete proposed a new stadium to the city of Oakland in June 2016 as a way to keep the Raiders in the city .",
"Nevada 's legislature approved a $750 million public subsidy for the proposed domed Las Vegas stadium in October 2016 . Davis informed his fellow NFL owners that he intended to file for relocation to Las Vegas following the end of the season .",
"On November 28 , 2016 , the Raiders secured their first winning season since 2002 with a comeback win against the Carolina Panthers , and on December 18 , the team clinched their first postseason berth since 2002 with a victory over the San Diego Chargers . On December 20 , 2016 , the NFL announced that the Raiders would have seven Pro Bowl selections : Khalil Mack , Derek Carr , Amari Cooper , Donald Penn , Kelechi Osemele , Rodney Hudson and Reggie Nelson . This was the most selections for the team since 1991 , and the most for any team in the 2016 NFL season .",
"As the fifth seed in the AFC in the 2016 NFL playoffs , the Raiders faced the Houston Texans in the opening Wild Card round . With significant injuries hampering the team , including the loss of starting quarterback Carr in the second to last regular season game , they lost to the Texans 27 -- 14 .",
"The Raiders officially filed paperwork with the NFL on January 19 , 2017 , to relocate the club from Oakland to Las Vegas , Nevada by the 2020 season . The vote for the team 's relocation took place on March 27 , 2017 , and the NFL officially approved the Raiders ' relocation to Las Vegas by a 31 -- 1 vote . Only the Miami Dolphins dissented the proposed move . Subsequently , the team announced that it will continue to be known as the Oakland Raiders for the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons and will play its games in Oakland for at least those two seasons .",
"Prior to the 2017 season , the Raiders signed quarterback Derek Carr to a then - NFL record contract extension of five years , $125 million . Following their first trip to the playoffs in 14 years , the Raiders expected bigger things in 2017 , with a return to the playoffs seeming likely . However , the Raider defense struggled mightily on the year and the Raider offense could not return to its previous year 's form . After winning the first two games of the season , the Raiders lost four straight and six of their next eight leaving them two games below . 500 with six games remaining . They would win their next two games , but lose their final four games , ending the season a disappointing 6 -- 10 . On December 31 , 2017 , following a loss to the Los Angeles Chargers in Week 17 , head coach Del Rio was fired by Mark Davis after being granted a four - year contract extension prior to the season .",
"On January 6 , 2018 , the team announced the return of Jon Gruden as head coach . Gruden returned to the Raiders and coaching after a nine - year stint with ESPN serving as analyst for Monday Night Football . Davis , who had reportedly been wanting to hire Gruden for six years , gave Gruden a 10 - year contract worth an estimated $100 million .",
"The Raiders finished the 1967 season with a 13 -- 1 -- 0 record and won the 1967 AFL Championship . They subsequently lost to the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl II .",
"American Football League Championships Season Coach Location Opponent Score Game 1967 John Rauch Oakland , California Houston Oilers 40 -- 7 VIII",
"American Football League Championships",
"Season Coach Location Opponent Score Game",
"1967 John Rauch Oakland , California Houston Oilers 40 -- 7 VIII",
"The Raiders have won a total of 3 Super Bowls . They won their first Super Bowl under John Madden , and their next two with Tom Flores .",
"Super Bowl Championships Season Coach Location Opponent Score Super Bowl 1976 John Madden Pasadena , California Minnesota Vikings 32 -- 14 XI 1980 Tom Flores New Orleans , Louisiana Philadelphia Eagles 27 -- 10 XV Tom Flores Tampa , Florida Washington Redskins 38 -- 9 XVIII",
"Super Bowl Championships",
"Season Coach Location Opponent Score Super Bowl",
"1976 John Madden Pasadena , California Minnesota Vikings 32 -- 14 XI",
"1980 Tom Flores New Orleans , Louisiana Philadelphia Eagles 27 -- 10 XV",
"Tom Flores Tampa , Florida Washington Redskins 38 -- 9 XVIII",
"When the team was founded in 1960 , the Oakland Tribune held a name - the - team contest . The winning name was the Oakland Señors . After a few days of being the butt of local jokes ( and accusations that the contest was fixed , as Chet Soda was fairly well known within the Oakland business community for calling his acquaintances `` señor '' ) , the fledgling team ( and its owners ) changed the team 's name nine days later to the Oakland Raiders , which had finished third in the naming contest . Chet Soda hired a well known sportswriter , Gene Lawrence Perry as the first Director of Public Relations . Perry ( who was hired in 1959 as the first front office hire ) commissioned an unknown Berkeley artist and asked that a logo be created which included a helmeted man with an eyepatch , with the firm chin of a Randolph Scott , a well known Westerns actor . The new owner 's had their newly minted Raiders logo , a pirate wearing a football helmet with an eye patch on a gold football background with two white swords in black trim with gold handles criss - crossed behind the football .",
"The original Raiders uniforms were black and gold , while the helmets were black with a white stripe and no logo . The team wore this design from 1960 to 1962 . When Al Davis became head coach and general manager in 1963 , he changed the team 's color scheme to silver and black , and added a logo to the helmet . This logo is a shield that consists of the word `` RAIDERS '' at the top , two crossed cutlasses with handles up and cutting edge down , and superimposed head of a Raider wearing a football helmet and a black eye patch covering his right eye . Over the years , it has undergone minor color modifications ( such as changing the background from silver to black in 1964 ) , but it has essentially remained the same .",
"The Raiders ' current silver and black uniform design has essentially remained the same since it debuted in 1963 . It consists of silver helmets , silver pants , and either black or white jerseys . The black jerseys have silver lettering names and numbers , while the white jerseys have black lettering names and numbers with silver outlining the numbers only . Originally , the white jerseys had black letters for the names and silver numbers with a thick black outline , but they were changed to black with a silver outline for the 1964 season . In 1970 , the team used silver numerals with black outline and black lettering names for the season . However , in 1971 , the team again displayed black numerals and have stayed that way ever since ( with the exception of the 1994 season as part of the NFL 's 75th Anniversary where they donned the 1963 helmets with the 1970 silver away numbers and black lettering names ) .",
"The Raiders wore their white jerseys at home for the first time in their history on September 28 , 2008 against the San Diego Chargers . The decision was made by Lane Kiffin , who was coaching his final game for the Raiders , and was purportedly due to intense heat . The high temperature in Oakland that day was 78 ° .",
"For the 2009 season , the Raiders took part in the AFL Legacy Program and wore 1960s throwback jerseys for games against other teams from the former AFL .",
"In the 2012 and 2013 seasons , the team wore black cleats as a tribute to Al Davis . However , the team reverted to white cleats in 2014 .",
"After splitting the first home season between Kezar Stadium and Candlestick , the Raiders moved exclusively to Candlestick Park in 1961 , where total attendance for the season was about 50,000 , and finished 2 -- 12 . Valley threatened to move the Raiders out of the area unless a stadium was built in Oakland , so in 1962 the Raiders moved into 18,000 - seat Frank Youell Field ( later expanded to 22,000 seats ) , their first home in Oakland . It was a temporary home for the team while the 53,000 seat Oakland Alameda Coliseum was under construction ; the Coliseum was completed in 1966 . The Raiders have shared the Coliseum with the Oakland Athletics since the A 's moved to Oakland from Kansas City in 1968 , except for the years the Raiders called Los Angeles home ( 1982 -- 94 ) . The Raiders have defeated and lost to all 31 other NFL teams at the Coliseum at least once .",
"The Raiders did play one regular season game at California Memorial Stadium in Berkeley , California . On September 23 , 1973 they played the Miami Dolphins in Berkeley due to a scheduling conflict with the Athletics . The team defeated the Dolphins 12 -- 7 , ending Miami 's winning streak .",
"During the Los Angeles years , the Raiders played in the 93,000 - seat Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum .",
"From the assumption of the team by Mark Davis in 2011 , the Raiders had been subject to rampant relocation speculation as the team attempted to find a new stadium in Oakland or elsewhere , due to the age of Oakland Alameda Coliseum , being secondary tenants to Major League Baseball 's Athletics , and the expiration of the team 's lease at the end of 2016 . After looking into a variety of options in the Bay Area , Los Angeles and elsewhere the team will ultimately relocate to Las Vegas , Nevada by 2020 .",
"On March 27 , 2017 , NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve moving the Raiders to Las Vegas , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 NFL season , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium , although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum .",
"Prior to settling on Las Vegas , the Raiders had been linked to a number of new stadium projects .",
"There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi 's Stadium with the San Francisco 49ers . However , the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19 , 2012 and have since sold $670 million worth of seats including 70 % of club and luxury suites , making it unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would now be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites .",
"Raiders ' owner Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi 's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he has no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders ' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland . When Levi 's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17 , 2014 , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that it is up for the team to decide whether or not it wants to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland Coliseum .",
"Had the Raiders moved to Santa Clara , this would have marked the third time the Raiders and 49ers use the same venue . Before the Coliseum was built , the Raiders shared Kezar Stadium and Candlestick Park with the 49ers in San Francisco in 1960 and 1961 .",
"On February 19 , 2015 , the Raiders and the Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson , California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3 -- 0 . The council voted without having clarified several issues , including who would finance the stadium , how the required three - way land swap would be performed , and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant . On January 12 , the NFL rejected the Raiders ' relocation request . However , the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2019 , playing in a new stadium under construction in Inglewood , California to house the Los Angeles Rams . The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium , but the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017 . The Chargers exercised their option on January 12 , 2017 , effectively ending any possible Raiders ' relocation to Los Angeles .",
"On March 7 , 2012 , then - mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city ( the Raiders , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 's Athletics and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's Golden State Warriors ) , as well as attract new businesses to the city . The project , dubbed Coliseum City , had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland Alameda Coliseum complex . The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location , a baseball - only stadium and a football - only stadium , while Oracle Arena , home of the Warriors , will be either rebuilt or undergo extensive renovations . A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project . However , no officials from either of Oakland 's major league teams were present at the media conference .",
"According to the San Francisco Business Times , Oakland 's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC , an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC , Rashid Al Malik ( chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings ) , and the city , had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project , which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland Alameda Coliseum Complex . The development team also included JRDV Urban International , HKS Architects , and Forest City Real Estate Services . In an ideal situation , construction would have started by the end of 2014 . Meanwhile , as of 2014 , the Warriors were going forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay , not far from AT&T Park , and move back across the Bay Area from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019 .",
"On May 23 , 2016 , It was reported by the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets that a group led by NFL Hall of Famer Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new stadium for the Raiders . The group had met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal . They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf . The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott 's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the `` price and terms of sale '' for the 120 - acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena . On November 22 , 2016 , a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced .",
"The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13 , 2016 and approved by Oakland in a 7 -- 0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3 -- 1 vote . On March 1 , 2017 , Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the stadium plan to the NFL . On March 27 , 2017 , the Las Vegas plan was picked over the Lott plan by NFL owners with approval of the franchise 's eventual relocation to Las Vegas .",
"Al Davis coined slogans such as `` Pride and Poise '' , `` Commitment to Excellence '' , and `` Just Win , Baby '' -- all of which are registered trademarks of the team . `` Commitment to Excellence '' comes from a quote of Vince Lombardi , `` The quality of a person 's life is in direct proportion to their commitment to excellence , regardless of their chosen field of endeavor . ''",
"The nickname Raider Nation refers to the die hard fans of the team spread throughout the United States and the world . Members of the Raider Nation who attend home games are known for arriving to the stadium early , tailgating , and dressing up in face masks and black outfits . The Raider Nation is also known for the Black Hole , a specific area of the Coliseum ( sections 104 -- 107 ) frequented by the team 's rowdiest and most fervent fans .",
"Al Davis created the phrase Raider Nation in 1968 . In September 2009 , Ice Cube recorded a song for the Raiders named `` Raider Nation '' . In 2010 , he took part in a documentary for ESPN 's 30 for 30 series titled Straight Outta L.A.. It mainly focuses on N.W.A and the effect of the Raiders ' image on their persona . In 2012 , Ice Cube wrote another song for the Raiders , as a part of Pepsi 's NFL Anthems campaign , `` Come and Get It '' . It was released on September 14 , 2012 .",
"The Oakland Raiderettes are the cheerleading squad for the Oakland Raiders . They were established in 1961 as the Oakland Raiderettes . During the team 's time in Los Angeles they were the Los Angeles Raiderettes . They have been billed as `` Football 's Fabulous Females '' .",
"Raider games are broadcast in English on 16 radio stations in California , including flagship station KGMZ - FM 95.7 ( FM ) `` The Game '' in San Francisco . Additionally , games are broadcast on 20 radio stations in Nevada , Oregon , Colorado , Hawaii , and Arkansas . Greg Papa is the play - by - play announcer , with former Raider coach and quarterback Tom Flores doing commentary . George Atkinson and Jim Plunkett offer pre - and post-game commentary . Compass Media Networks is responsible for producing and distributing Raiders radio broadcasts .",
"Bill King was the voice of the Raiders from 1966 to 1992 , during which time he called approximately 600 games . The Raiders awarded him rings for all three of their Super Bowl victories . It is King 's radio audio heard on most of the NFL Films highlight footage of the Raiders . King 's call of the Holy Roller has been labeled ( by Chris Berman , among others ) as one of the five best in NFL history . King died in October 2005 from complications after surgery . Former San Francisco 49ers tight end Monty Stickles and Scotty Stirling , an Oakland Tribune sportswriter , served as color commentators with King . The Raider games were called on radio from 1960 to 1962 by Bud ( Wilson Keene ) Foster and Mel Venter , and from 1963 to 1965 by Bob Blum and Dan Galvin .",
"In June 2017 , it was announced that Beasley Media Group has a two - year deal as the Las Vegas flagship radio partner of the Raiders . Beasley 's stations KCYE - FM ( 102.7 ) `` The Coyote '' and KDWN - AM ( 720 ) will carry all 20 preseason and regular season games for the 2017 season .",
"The Raiders ' games are broadcast in the Bay Area on CBS affiliate KPIX and in Las Vegas on CBS affiliate KLAS - TV ( when playing an AFC opponent ) and on Fox Bay Area affiliate KTVU and Las Vegas affiliate KVVU - TV ( when hosting an NFC opponent ) , unless the game is blacked out locally . Sunday night and a few Thursday night games are on NBC Bay Area affiliate KNTV and Las Vegas affiliate KSNV .",
"The Raiders are a beneficiary of league scheduling policies . Both the Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers share the San Francisco Bay Area market , on the West Coast of the United States . This means that the Raiders can not play any home games , road division games against the Denver Broncos or Los Angeles Chargers , or interconference road games against the NFC West ( in seasons that the AFC West and NFC West meet in interconference play ) in the early 10 : 00 a.m. Pacific time slot . In addition , they can not play interconference home games at the same time or network as the 49ers . As a result , both teams generally have more limited scheduling options , and also benefit by receiving more prime time games than usual .",
"In light of the pending relocation of the Raider franchise to Las Vegas , KVVU - TV , the local Fox affiliate in Las Vegas will carry all Oakland Raiders preseason games and special content alongside Bay Area preseason game and special content broadcaster KTVU .",
"The Raiders have rivalries with the other three teams in the AFC West ( Denver Broncos , Kansas City Chiefs , and Los Angeles Chargers ) and a geographic rivalry with the San Francisco 49ers . They also have rivalries with other teams that arose from playoff battles in the past , most notably with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots . The Seattle Seahawks have an old rivalry with Oakland as well , but the rivalry became less relevant when the Seahawks moved to the NFC West as part of the NFL 's 2002 realignment .",
"Kansas City Chiefs",
"Kansas City Chiefs",
"The Chiefs are the Raiders biggest ( and most hated ) divisional foe , and the bitter rivalry between the two teams have had several memorable moments . Oakland lost the 1969 AFL Championship against Kansas City , who went on to beat the Minnesota Vikings and win the Super Bowl . From 1990 to 1999 , the Raiders have lost 17 out of 20 regular season meetings between the Chiefs , including a 10 -- game losing streak at Kansas City ; the Raiders also lost to the Chiefs on December 28 , 1991 Wild Card Playoffs ; final score was 10 -- 6 . On September 8 , 1996 , the Chiefs also began to lead the overall series against the Raiders for the first time since November 23 , 1969 . On January 1 , 2000 , the last game of the 1999 NFL regular season , the Raiders defeated the Chiefs for the first time in Kansas City since 1988 in overtime on a 33 - yard field goal kick made by Joe Nedney . The Chiefs lead the overall series 62 -- 53 -- 2 , and are the only team in the AFC West that the Raiders have a losing record against . Oakland currently has defeated Kansas City just twice since the 2012 NFL season . Until October 19 , 2017 - when they defeated the Chiefs , 31 - 30 on a game - tying touchdown on the last play of the game , leading to a game winning PAT - the Raiders had lost 5 straight to the Chiefs , their previous win against them being in the 2014 season .",
"Denver Broncos",
"The Raiders ' rivalry with the Broncos , while not as bitter as their rivalry with the Chiefs , is still very heated , as the two teams have faced each other twice a year since the AFL 's inception . The Raiders had a 14 - game winning streak against the Broncos from 1965 to 1971 , which lasted until October 22 , 1972 when the Broncos defeated the Raiders 30 -- 23 . While the Raiders still hold the advantage in the all - time series 60 -- 49 -- 2 , the Broncos amassed 21 wins in 28 games , from the 1995 season and the arrival of Broncos head coach Mike Shanahan , through the 2008 season . Shanahan coached the Raiders before being fired just four games into the 1989 season , which has only served to intensify this rivalry . On Sunday , October 24 , 2010 , the Raiders beat the Broncos ( 59 -- 14 ) , giving the Raiders the most points scored in a game in the team 's history . On December 13 , 2015 , The Raiders pulled a huge upset on the Broncos ( 15 -- 12 ) by a spectacular performance from their defense allowing 4 field goals . Linebacker Khalil Mack who recorded 5 sacks In that game against Denver which is tied the most sacks in franchise along with Howie Long . The Broncos ' first ever Super Bowl appearance ( in the 1977 season ) was made possible by defeating Oakland in the AFC Championship . Final Score was 20 -- 17 .",
"Los Angeles Chargers",
"Los Angeles Chargers",
"The Los Angeles Chargers ' rivalry with Oakland dates to the 1963 season , when the Raiders defeated the heavily favored Chargers twice , both come - from - behind fourth quarter victories . The Raiders held a streak without losing to the Chargers with a 16 -- 0 -- 2 record from 1968 to 1977 . One of the most memorable games between these teams was the `` Holy Roller '' game in 1978 , in which the Raiders fumbled for a touchdown in a very controversial play . In January 1981 , the Chargers hosted their first AFC title against the Raiders . The Raiders were victorious over the Chargers of a score 34 -- 27 . The Raiders ended up moving on to play in Super Bowl 15 defeating the Eagles 27 -- 10 . On November 22 , 1982 , the Raiders hosted their first Monday Night football game in Los Angeles against the San Diego Chargers . The Chargers led the game in the 1st half 24 -- 0 until the Raiders came into the 2nd half and made a huge comeback and defeated the San Diego Chargers 28 -- 24 . On October 10 , 2010 , The Raiders ended their 13 - game losing streak to the San Diego Chargers with a score of 35 -- 27 . The Raiders hold the overall series advantage at 59 -- 50 -- 2 .",
"The San Francisco 49ers , located on the other side of San Francisco Bay , are the Raiders ' geographic rivals . The first exhibition game , played in 1967 , ended with the 49ers defeating the AFL Raiders 13 -- 10 . After the 1970 merger , the 49ers won in Oakland 38 -- 7 . As a result , games between the two are referred to as the `` Battle of the Bay . '' Since the two teams play in different conferences , regular season matchups happen only once every four years . Fans and players of the winning team can claim `` bragging rights '' as the better team in the area .",
"On August 20 , 2011 , in the third week of the preseason , the preseason game between the rivals was marked by fights in restrooms and stands at Candlestick Park , including a shooting outside the stadium in which several were injured . The NFL has decided to cancel all future preseason games between the Raiders and 49ers .",
"The Raiders currently lead the all - time regular season series with 7 wins to the 49ers ' 6 . Oakland won the latest matchup at home 24 -- 13 , on December 7 in Week 14 of the 2014 regular season . Unless the NFL scheduling formula is reconfigured , the next matchup will be in 2018 .",
"The rivalry between the Raiders and New England Patriots dates to their time in the AFL , but was intensified during a 1978 preseason game , when Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley was permanently paralyzed after a vicious hit delivered by Raiders free safety Jack Tatum . Before that , New England also lost a playoff game in 1976 to the Raiders ; the game is unofficially known as `` The Ben Dreith Game '' due to a controversial penalty by head referee Dreith . While based in Los Angeles , the team hosted New England in the divisional round of the playoffs in 1986 . The game was won by New England and marred by a chaotic rumble between the teams in the end zone as players were leaving the field after the game . The brawl was especially notable for Matt Millen attacking Patriots GM Patrick Sullivan with his helmet . The two teams met in a divisional - round playoff game in 2002 , which became known as the `` Tuck Rule Game '' . Late in the game , an incomplete pass , ruled a fumble , by Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was overturned , and New England went on to win in overtime and eventually won the Super Bowl against the heavily favored St. Louis Rams , the Raiders ' former crosstown rivals in Los Angeles . Since that game , the Patriots have won five of the last six regular season contests between the two teams . The first contest being the following year during the 2002 season in Oakland , with the Raiders winning 27 -- 20 ; they met in the 2005 season opener in New England with the Patriots ruining Randy Moss ' debut as a Raider 30 -- 20 ; the Patriots defeated the Raiders 49 -- 26 in December 2008 in Bill Belichick 's 100th regular season win as Patriots coach ; a Patriots 31 -- 19 win during the 2011 season ; a scrappy 16 -- 9 Patriots win in the third week of the 2014 season , and the Patriots ' 33 -- 8 win in Mexico City in 2017 .",
"The New York Jets began a strong rivalry with the Raiders in the AFL during the 1960s that continued through much of the 1970s , fueled in part by Raider Ike Lassiter breaking star quarterback Joe Namath 's jaw during a 1967 game ( though Ben Davidson wrongly got blamed ) , the famous Heidi Game during the 1968 season , and the Raiders ' bitter loss to the Jets in the AFL Championship later that season . The rivalry waned in later years , but saw a minor resurgence in the 2000 -- 02 period . The Jets edged the Raiders in the final week of the 2001 season 24 -- 22 on a last - second John Hall field goal ; the Raiders hosted the Jets in the Wild Card round the following Saturday and won 38 -- 24 . In the 2002 season the Raiders defeated the Jets 26 -- 20 in December , then defeated them again in the AFC Divisional Playoffs , 30 -- 10 . The Raiders lost the 37 -- 27 on December 8 , 2013 , but won the most recent matchup 20 -- 34 on November 1 , 2015 .",
"Rivalries that have waned in recent years have been with the Miami Dolphins and Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans . The Raiders faced the Dolphins twice in the early 1970s ; the Dolphins defeated the Raiders in the 1973 AFC Championship Game 27 -- 10 on their way to Super Bowl VIII . The next year in the divisional playoffs the Raiders trailed Miami 26 -- 21 ; in the final minute the Raiders drove to the Miami eight yard line ; a desperation pass by Ken Stabler was caught in traffic by Clarence Davis in the play known as the `` Sea Of Hands . ''",
"The Pittsburgh Steelers ' rivalry with the Raiders has historically been very tight ; as of the 2015 season the Raiders lead the regular season series 12 wins to 10 , and their playoff rivalry is tied 3 -- 3 . The rivalry was extremely intense during the 1970s . The Steelers knocked the Raiders out of the playoffs in three of four consecutive seasons in the early 1970s ( the first loss was the `` Immaculate Reception '' game ) until the Raiders finally beat the Steelers in the 1976 AFC Championship ( and went on to win Super Bowl XI ) . During the 1975 AFC Championship game , Raiders strong safety George Atkinson delivered a hit on Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann that gave him a concussion . When the two teams met in the 1976 season opener , Atkinson hit Swann again and gave him another concussion . After the second incident , Steelers head coach Chuck Noll referred to Atkinson as part of the `` criminal element '' in the NFL . Atkinson filed a $2 million defamation lawsuit against Noll and the Steelers , which he lost . The two clubs ' three most recent contests harkened back to the rivalry 's history of bitterness and close competition . On December 6 , 2009 the 3 -- 8 Raiders helped spoil the defending champions ' quest for the playoffs as the game lead changed five times in the fourth quarter and a Louis Murphy touchdown with 11 seconds to go won it 27 -- 24 for the Raiders . Oakland was then beaten 35 -- 3 by Pittsburgh on November 21 , 2010 ; this game brought out the roughness of the rivalry 's 1970s history when Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger was punched by Raiders defensive end Richard Seymour following a touchdown . Most recently , on November 8 , 2015 , the Steelers outplayed the Raiders for a 38 -- 35 victory . During the game , the Raiders defense allowed wide receiver Antonio Brown to catch 17 passes for 284 yards . Both are Steelers team records and the 284 yards is the 7th most yards receiving in a game in NFL history .",
"The Raiders faced the Houston Oilers throughout the AFL era and twice in AFL playoffs in the late 1960s , winning 40 -- 7 in 1967 on their way to Super Bowl II and 56 -- 7 in the 1969 divisional playoffs . Oakland defeated the Oilers in the 1980 Wild Card playoffs 27 -- 7 and defeated the Titans in the 2002 AFC Championship Game 41 -- 24 ; the combined scores of these four games is 164 -- 45 .",
"As mentioned earlier , the Oakland Raiders and Los Angeles Rams had a rivalry during the 13 years both teams shared the Los Angeles market . The teams met six times in the regular season in this period ; Raiders won the 1st meeting 37 -- 31 when both teams met in this period on December 18 , 1982 , with the Raiders winning four times during the battle of Los Angeles .",
"Regular season record ( all - time ) : 462 -- 411 -- 11 (. 529 ) through the end of the 2017 NFL season . Playoff record ( all - time ) : 25 -- 19 (. 568 ) The Kansas City Chiefs were known as the Dallas Texans from 1960 through 1962 . The New York Jets were known as the New York Titans from 1960 through 1962 . The Tennessee Titans were known as the Houston Oilers from 1960 through 1996 , they were known as the Tennessee Oilers for the 1997 -- 98 season .",
"Regular season record ( all - time ) : 462 -- 411 -- 11 (. 529 ) through the end of the 2017 NFL season .",
"Playoff record ( all - time ) : 25 -- 19 (. 568 )",
"The Kansas City Chiefs were known as the Dallas Texans from 1960 through 1962 .",
"The New York Jets were known as the New York Titans from 1960 through 1962 .",
"The Tennessee Titans were known as the Houston Oilers from 1960 through 1996 , they were known as the Tennessee Oilers for the 1997 -- 98 season .",
"Raiders vs. NFL Opponent First meeting Regular season Playoffs Wins Losses Ties Win % Wins Losses Win % Arizona Cardinals 1973 5 0 . 556 0 0 -- Atlanta Falcons 1971 7 7 0 . 500 0 0 -- Baltimore Ravens 7 0 . 300 0 . 000 Buffalo Bills 1960 21 18 0 . 538 0 . 000 Carolina Panthers 1997 0 . 500 0 0 -- Chicago Bears 1972 7 7 0 . 500 0 0 -- Cincinnati Bengals 1968 18 10 0 . 643 0 1.000 Cleveland Browns 1970 12 10 0 . 545 0 1.000 Dallas Cowboys 6 6 0 . 500 0 0 -- Denver Broncos 1960 62 51 . 548 . 500 Detroit Lions 1970 6 6 0 . 500 0 0 -- Green Bay Packers 1968 5 7 0 . 417 0 . 000 Houston Texans 6 0 . 400 0 . 000 Indianapolis Colts 1971 8 6 0 . 571 . 500 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 500 0 0 -- Kansas City Chiefs 1960 52 61 . 461 . 333 Los Angeles Chargers 1960 62 52 . 543 0 1.000 Los Angeles Rams 1972 8 5 0 . 615 0 0 -- Miami Dolphins 1966 17 16 . 515 . 750 Minnesota Vikings 1973 9 5 0 . 643 0 1.000 New England Patriots 1960 14 17 . 453 . 333 New Orleans Saints 1971 6 6 . 500 0 0 -- New York Giants 1973 8 5 0 . 615 0 0 -- New York Jets 1960 23 17 . 571 . 500 Philadelphia Eagles 1971 5 7 0 . 417 0 1.000 Pittsburgh Steelers 1970 12 10 0 . 545 . 500 San Francisco 49ers 1970 7 6 0 . 538 0 0 -- Seattle Seahawks 1977 28 24 0 . 538 . 500 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1976 7 0 . 778 0 . 000 Tennessee Titans 1960 26 20 0 . 565 0 1.000 Washington Redskins 1970 7 6 0 . 538 0 1.000",
"Raiders vs. NFL",
"Opponent First meeting Regular season Playoffs",
"Wins Losses Ties Win % Wins Losses Win %",
"Arizona Cardinals 1973 5 0 . 556 0 0 --",
"Atlanta Falcons 1971 7 7 0 . 500 0 0 --",
"Baltimore Ravens 7 0 . 300 0 . 000",
"Buffalo Bills 1960 21 18 0 . 538 0 . 000",
"Carolina Panthers 1997 0 . 500 0 0 --",
"Chicago Bears 1972 7 7 0 . 500 0 0 --",
"Cincinnati Bengals 1968 18 10 0 . 643 0 1.000",
"Cleveland Browns 1970 12 10 0 . 545 0 1.000",
"Dallas Cowboys 6 6 0 . 500 0 0 --",
"Denver Broncos 1960 62 51 . 548 . 500",
"Detroit Lions 1970 6 6 0 . 500 0 0 --",
"Green Bay Packers 1968 5 7 0 . 417 0 . 000",
"Houston Texans 6 0 . 400 0 . 000",
"Indianapolis Colts 1971 8 6 0 . 571 . 500",
"Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 500 0 0 --",
"Kansas City Chiefs 1960 52 61 . 461 . 333",
"Los Angeles Chargers 1960 62 52 . 543 0 1.000",
"Los Angeles Rams 1972 8 5 0 . 615 0 0 --",
"Miami Dolphins 1966 17 16 . 515 . 750",
"Minnesota Vikings 1973 9 5 0 . 643 0 1.000",
"New England Patriots 1960 14 17 . 453 . 333",
"New Orleans Saints 1971 6 6 . 500 0 0 --",
"New York Giants 1973 8 5 0 . 615 0 0 --",
"New York Jets 1960 23 17 . 571 . 500",
"Philadelphia Eagles 1971 5 7 0 . 417 0 1.000",
"Pittsburgh Steelers 1970 12 10 0 . 545 . 500",
"San Francisco 49ers 1970 7 6 0 . 538 0 0 --",
"Seattle Seahawks 1977 28 24 0 . 538 . 500",
"Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1976 7 0 . 778 0 . 000",
"Tennessee Titans 1960 26 20 0 . 565 0 1.000",
"Washington Redskins 1970 7 6 0 . 538 0 1.000",
"Max Winter , a Minneapolis businessman was among the eight proposed franchise owners in the American Football League . In a move typical of the NFL owners who were frightened by the prospect of competition and continually obstructed the new league , they offered Winter an expansion franchise in the NFL . This was after the NFL had rejected Lamar Hunt 's feelers , saying they were not interested in expansion . One of many obfuscations put forward by the NFL in its attempt to derail the AFL .",
"After the AFL 's first draft , in which players were selected for the then nameless Minneapolis franchise , Winter reneged from his agreement with the AFL owners and defected to the NFL with a franchise that started play in 1961 and was named the Minnesota Vikings . The Vikings were never an AFL team , nor did they have any association with the AFL . Many of the players ( including Abner Haynes ) that had been assigned to the UNNAMED and defunct Minneapolis AFL franchise were signed by some of the seven loyal remaining members of the AFL 's ' Foolish Club ' .",
"The city of Oakland was awarded the eighth AFL franchise on January 30 , 1960 . Once the consortium of owners was found for the eighth franchise , the team was named the Raiders . Because many of the defunct Minneapolis franchise 's originally drafted players were signed by other AFL teams , the AFL held an ' allocation ' draft , in which each team earmarked players that could be chosen by the Raiders .",
"The Minneapolis group did not take with them any of the rights to players they drafted when they defected to the NFL , because their first draft in that league was in 1961 . The Raiders were not originally in Minnesota as some claim . They were a new , charter franchise in the American Football League . One reason they were so weak in the first few years of the AFL was that the other AFL teams did not make quality players available in the allocation draft .",
"At the time , Oakland seemed an unlikely venue for a professional football team . The city had not asked for a team , there was no ownership group and there was no stadium in Oakland suitable for pro football ( the closest stadiums were in Berkeley and San Francisco ) and there was already a successful NFL franchise in the Bay Area in the San Francisco 49ers . However , the AFL owners selected Oakland after Los Angeles Chargers owner Barron Hilton threatened to forfeit his franchise unless a second team was placed on the West Coast .",
"Upon receiving the franchise , Oakland civic leaders found a number of businesspeople willing to invest in the new team . A limited partnership was formed to own the team headed by managing general partner Y. Charles ( Chet ) Soda ( 1908 -- 89 ) , a local real estate developer , and included general partners Ed McGah ( 1899 -- 1983 ) , Robert Osborne ( 1898 -- 1968 ) , F. Wayne Valley ( 1914 -- 86 ) , restaurateur Harvey Binns ( 1914 -- 82 ) , Don Blessing ( 1904 -- 2000 ) , and contractor Charles Harney ( 1902 -- 62 ) as well as numerous limited partners .",
"The Raiders finished their first campaign with a 6 -- 8 record , and lost $500,000 . Desperately in need of money to continue running the team , Valley received a $400,000 loan from Buffalo Bills founder Ralph C. Wilson Jr .",
"After the conclusion of the first season Soda dropped out of the partnership , and on January 17 , 1961 , Valley , McGah and Osborne bought out the remaining four general partners . Soon after , Valley and McGah purchased Osborne 's interest , with Valley named as the managing general partner .",
"In 1962 , Valley hired Al Davis , a former assistant coach for the San Diego Chargers , as head coach and general manager . In April 1966 , Davis left the Raiders after being named AFL Commissioner . Two months later , the league announced its merger with the NFL . With the merger , the position of commissioner was no longer needed , and Davis entered into discussions with Valley about returning to the Raiders . On July 25 , 1966 , Davis returned as part owner of the team . He purchased a 10 % interest in the team for US $18,000 , and became the team 's third general partner -- the partner in charge of football operations .",
"In 1972 , with Wayne Valley out of the country for several weeks attending the Olympic Games in Munich , Davis 's attorneys drafted a revised partnership agreement that gave him total control over all of the Raiders ' operations . McGah , a supporter of Davis , signed the agreement . Under partnership law , by a 2 -- 1 vote of the general partners , the new agreement was thus ratified . Valley was furious when he discovered this , and immediately filed suit to have the new agreement overturned , but the court sided with Davis and McGah .",
"In 1976 , Valley sold his interest in the team , and Davis -- who now owned only 25 % of the Raiders -- was firmly in charge .",
"Legally , the club is a limited partnership with nine partners -- Davis ' heirs and the heirs of the original eight team partners . From 1972 onward , Davis had exercised near - complete control as president of the team 's general partner , A.D. Football , Inc . Although exact ownership stakes are not known , it has been reported that Davis owned 47 % of the team shares before his death in 2011 .",
"Ed McGah , the last of the original eight general partners of the Raiders , died in September 1983 . Upon his death , his interest was devised to a family trust , of which his son , E.J. McGah , was the trustee . The younger McGah was himself a part - owner of the team , as a limited partner , and died in 2002 . Several members of the McGah family filed suit against Davis in October 2003 , alleging mismanagement of the team by Davis . The lawsuit sought monetary damages and to remove Davis and A.D. Football , Inc. as the team 's managing general partner . Among their specific complaints , the McGahs alleged that Davis failed to provide them with detailed financial information previously provided to Ed and E.J. McGah . The Raiders countered that -- under the terms of the partnership agreement as amended in 1972 -- upon the death of the elder McGah in 1983 , his general partner interest converted to that of a limited partner . The team continued to provide the financial information to the younger McGah as a courtesy , though it was under no obligation to do so .",
"The majority of the lawsuit was dismissed in April 2004 , when an Alameda County Superior Court judge ruled that the case lacked merit since none of the other partners took part in the lawsuit . In October 2005 , the lawsuit was settled out of court . The terms of the settlement are confidential , but it was reported that under its terms Davis purchased the McGah family 's interest in the Raiders ( approximately 31 % ) , which gave him for the first time a majority interest , speculated to be approximately 67 % of the team . As a result of the settlement , confidential details concerning Al Davis and the ownership of the Raiders were not released to the public . His ownership share went down to 47 % when he sold 20 % of the team to Wall Street investors",
"In 2006 , it was reported that Davis had been attempting to sell the 31 % ownership stake in the team obtained from the McGah family . He was unsuccessful in this effort , reportedly because the sale would not give the purchaser any control of the Raiders , even in the event of Davis 's death .",
"Al Davis died on October 8 , 2011 , at 82 . According to a 1999 partnership agreement , Davis ' interest passed to his wife , Carol . After Davis ' death , Raiders chief executive Amy Trask said that the team `` will remain in the Davis family . '' Al and Carol 's son , Mark , inherited his father 's old post as managing general partner and serves as the public face of the ownership .",
"According to a 2017 report released by Forbes Magazine , the Raiders ' overall team value is US 2.38 billion ranked 19th out of 32 NFL teams . This valuation was made after the team 's announcement of relocation to Las Vegas by 2020 and into a new stadium which moved the team 's value up 19 percent .",
"Although the team has regularly sold out since 2013 , the team ranked in the bottom three in league attendance from 2003 to 2005 , and failed to sell out a majority of their home games . One of the reasons cited for the poor attendance figures was the decision to issue costly personal seat licenses ( PSLs ) upon the Raiders ' return to Oakland in 1995 . The PSLs , which ranged in cost from $250 to $4,000 , were meant to help repay the $200 million it cost the city of Oakland and Alameda County to expand the Oakland Coliseum . They were only valid for ten years , however , while other teams issue them permanently . As a result , fewer than 31,000 PSLs were sold for a stadium that holds twice that number . From 1995 until the lifting of the policy in 2014 television blackouts of Raiders home games were common .",
"In November 2005 , the team announced that it was taking over ticket sales from the privately run Oakland Football Marketing Association ( OFMA ) , and abolishing PSLs . In February 2006 , the team also announced that it would lower ticket prices for most areas of the Oakland Coliseum . Just prior to the start of the 2006 NFL season , the Raiders revealed that they had sold 37,000 season tickets , up from 29,000 the previous year . Despite the team 's 2 -- 14 record , they sold out six of their eight home games in 2006 .",
"The Raiders and Al Davis have been involved in several lawsuits throughout their history , including ones against the NFL . When the NFL declined to approve the Raiders ' move from Oakland to Los Angeles in 1980 , the team joined the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission in a lawsuit against the league alleging a violation of antitrust laws . The Coliseum Commission received a settlement from the NFL of $19.6 million in 1987 . In 1986 , Davis testified on behalf of the United States Football League in their unsuccessful antitrust lawsuit against the NFL . He was the only NFL owner to do so .",
"After relocating back to Oakland , the team sued the NFL for interfering with their negotiations to build a new stadium at Hollywood Park prior to the move . The Raiders ' lawsuit further contended that they had the rights to the Los Angeles market , and thus were entitled to compensation from the league for giving up those rights by moving to Oakland . A jury found in favor of the NFL in 2001 , but the verdict was overturned a year later due to alleged juror misconduct . In February 2005 , a California Court of Appeal unanimously upheld the original verdict .",
"When the Raiders moved back from Los Angeles in 1995 , the city of Oakland and the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Authority agreed to sell Personal Seat Licenses ( PSLs ) to help pay for the renovations to their stadium . But after games rarely sold out , the Raiders filed suit , claiming that they were misled by the city and the Coliseum Authority with the false promise that there would be sellouts . On November 2 , 2005 , a settlement was announced , part of which was the abolishment of PSLs as of the 2006 season .",
"In 1996 , the team sued the NFL in Santa Clara County , California , in a lawsuit that ultimately included 22 separate causes of action . Included in the team 's claims were claims that the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' pirate logo diluted the team 's California trademark in its own pirate logo and for trade dress dilution on the ground that the League had improperly permitted other teams ( including the Buccaneers and Carolina Panthers ) to adopt colors for their uniforms similar to those of the Raiders . Among other things , the lawsuit sought an injunction to prevent the Buccaneers and Panthers from wearing their uniforms while playing in California . In 2003 , these claims were dismissed on summary judgment because the relief sought would violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution .",
"In 2003 , a number of current and former Oakland players such as Bill Romanowski , Tyrone Wheatley , Barrett Robbins , Chris Cooper and Dana Stubblefield were named as clients of the Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative ( BALCO ) . BALCO was an American company led by founder and owner Victor Conte . In 2003 , journalists Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru - Wada investigated the company 's role in a drug sports scandal later referred to as the BALCO Affair . BALCO marketed tetrahydrogestrinone ( `` the Clear '' ) , a then - undetected , performance - enhancing steroid developed by chemist Patrick Arnold . Conte , BALCO vice president James Valente , weight trainer Greg Anderson and coach Remi Korchemny had supplied a number of high - profile sports stars from the United States and Europe with the Clear and human growth hormone for several years .",
"Headquartered in Burlingame , California , BALCO was founded in 1984 . Officially , BALCO was a service business for blood and urine analysis and food supplements . In 1988 , Victor Conte offered free blood and urine tests to a group of athletes known as the BALCO Olympians . He then was allowed to attend the Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea . From 1996 Conte worked with well - known American football star Bill Romanowski , who proved to be useful to establish new connections to athletes and coaches .",
"Oakland Raiders roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Derek Carr 18 Connor Cook -- Christian Hackenberg 3 EJ Manuel Running backs 24 Marshawn Lynch 28 Doug Martin 44 Henry Poggi FB 30 Jalen Richard 41 Keith Smith FB 34 Chris Warren III 33 DeAndré Washington Wide receivers 11 Marcell Ateman 80 Saeed Blacknall 12 Martavis Bryant 89 Amari Cooper 17 Dwayne Harris 14 Keon Hatcher 16 Johnny Holton 82 Jordy Nelson 10 Seth Roberts 15 Ryan Switzer 13 Griff Whalen 19 Isaac Whitney Tight ends 83 Marcus Baugh 81 Pharaoh Brown 84 Paul Butler 85 Derek Carrier 87 Jared Cook 86 Lee Smith Offensive linemen 74 Vadal Alexander T 76 Jon Feliciano C 68 Breno Giacomini T 61 Rodney Hudson C -- Cameron Hunt G 66 Gabe Jackson G 79 Denver Kirkland G 77 Kolton Miller T 70 Kelechi Osemele G 75 Brandon Parker T 72 Donald Penn T 71 David Sharpe T 67 Ian Silberman G 65 Jordan Simmons G 62 James Stone C 69 Jylan Ware T Defensive linemen 95 Fadol Brown DE 91 Shilique Calhoun DE 96 Tank Carradine DE 97 Mario Edwards Jr . DT 78 Justin Ellis NT 92 P.J. Hall DT 90 Treyvon Hester DT 73 Maurice Hurst Jr . DT 51 Bruce Irvin DE 99 Arden Key DE 52 Khalil Mack DE 64 Shakir Soto DE 94 Eddie Vanderdoes DT Linebackers 46 Jason Cabinda LB 47 James Cowser OLB 56 Derrick Johnson MLB 54 Emmanuel Lamur OLB 55 Marquel Lee MLB 50 Nicholas Morrow OLB 43 Brady Sheldon MLB 57 Azeem Victor MLB 59 Tahir Whitehead OLB 58 Kyle Wilber OLB Defensive backs 21 Gareon Conley CB 31 Marcus Gilchrist FS 29 Leon Hall CB 32 Antonio Hamilton CB 25 Erik Harris SS 42 Karl Joseph SS 45 Dallin Leavitt S 26 Shalom Luani SS 23 Dexter McDonald CB 22 Rashaan Melvin CB 37 Tevin Mitchel CB 20 Obi Melifonwu S 45 Nick Nelson CB 27 Reggie Nelson FS 39 Shaquille Richardson CB 36 Daryl Worley CB 35 Shareece Wright CB Special teams 48 Andrew DePaola LS 9 Eddy Pineiro K 49 Drew Scott LS 2 Giorgio Tavecchio K 5 Johnny Townsend P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated May 23 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 89 Active , 0 Inactive , 1 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA",
"Oakland Raiders roster view talk",
"view talk",
"Quarterbacks 4 Derek Carr 18 Connor Cook -- Christian Hackenberg 3 EJ Manuel Running backs 24 Marshawn Lynch 28 Doug Martin 44 Henry Poggi FB 30 Jalen Richard 41 Keith Smith FB 34 Chris Warren III 33 DeAndré Washington Wide receivers 11 Marcell Ateman 80 Saeed Blacknall 12 Martavis Bryant 89 Amari Cooper 17 Dwayne Harris 14 Keon Hatcher 16 Johnny Holton 82 Jordy Nelson 10 Seth Roberts 15 Ryan Switzer 13 Griff Whalen 19 Isaac Whitney Tight ends 83 Marcus Baugh 81 Pharaoh Brown 84 Paul Butler 85 Derek Carrier 87 Jared Cook 86 Lee Smith Offensive linemen 74 Vadal Alexander T 76 Jon Feliciano C 68 Breno Giacomini T 61 Rodney Hudson C -- Cameron Hunt G 66 Gabe Jackson G 79 Denver Kirkland G 77 Kolton Miller T 70 Kelechi Osemele G 75 Brandon Parker T 72 Donald Penn T 71 David Sharpe T 67 Ian Silberman G 65 Jordan Simmons G 62 James Stone C 69 Jylan Ware T Defensive linemen 95 Fadol Brown DE 91 Shilique Calhoun DE 96 Tank Carradine DE 97 Mario Edwards Jr . DT 78 Justin Ellis NT 92 P.J. Hall DT 90 Treyvon Hester DT 73 Maurice Hurst Jr . DT 51 Bruce Irvin DE 99 Arden Key DE 52 Khalil Mack DE 64 Shakir Soto DE 94 Eddie Vanderdoes DT Linebackers 46 Jason Cabinda LB 47 James Cowser OLB 56 Derrick Johnson MLB 54 Emmanuel Lamur OLB 55 Marquel Lee MLB 50 Nicholas Morrow OLB 43 Brady Sheldon MLB 57 Azeem Victor MLB 59 Tahir Whitehead OLB 58 Kyle Wilber OLB Defensive backs 21 Gareon Conley CB 31 Marcus Gilchrist FS 29 Leon Hall CB 32 Antonio Hamilton CB 25 Erik Harris SS 42 Karl Joseph SS 45 Dallin Leavitt S 26 Shalom Luani SS 23 Dexter McDonald CB 22 Rashaan Melvin CB 37 Tevin Mitchel CB 20 Obi Melifonwu S 45 Nick Nelson CB 27 Reggie Nelson FS 39 Shaquille Richardson CB 36 Daryl Worley CB 35 Shareece Wright CB Special teams 48 Andrew DePaola LS 9 Eddy Pineiro K 49 Drew Scott LS 2 Giorgio Tavecchio K 5 Johnny Townsend P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated May 23 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 89 Active , 0 Inactive , 1 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters",
"4 Derek Carr 18 Connor Cook -- Christian Hackenberg 3 EJ Manuel",
"4 Derek Carr",
"18 Connor Cook",
"-- Christian Hackenberg",
"3 EJ Manuel",
"24 Marshawn Lynch 28 Doug Martin 44 Henry Poggi FB 30 Jalen Richard 41 Keith Smith FB 34 Chris Warren III 33 DeAndré Washington",
"24 Marshawn Lynch",
"28 Doug Martin",
"44 Henry Poggi FB",
"30 Jalen Richard",
"41 Keith Smith FB",
"34 Chris Warren III",
"33 DeAndré Washington",
"11 Marcell Ateman 80 Saeed Blacknall 12 Martavis Bryant 89 Amari Cooper 17 Dwayne Harris 14 Keon Hatcher 16 Johnny Holton 82 Jordy Nelson 10 Seth Roberts 15 Ryan Switzer 13 Griff Whalen 19 Isaac Whitney",
"11 Marcell Ateman",
"80 Saeed Blacknall",
"12 Martavis Bryant",
"89 Amari Cooper",
"17 Dwayne Harris",
"14 Keon Hatcher",
"16 Johnny Holton",
"82 Jordy Nelson",
"10 Seth Roberts",
"15 Ryan Switzer",
"13 Griff Whalen",
"19 Isaac Whitney",
"83 Marcus Baugh 81 Pharaoh Brown 84 Paul Butler 85 Derek Carrier 87 Jared Cook 86 Lee Smith",
"83 Marcus Baugh",
"81 Pharaoh Brown",
"84 Paul Butler",
"85 Derek Carrier",
"87 Jared Cook",
"86 Lee Smith",
"74 Vadal Alexander T 76 Jon Feliciano C 68 Breno Giacomini T 61 Rodney Hudson C -- Cameron Hunt G 66 Gabe Jackson G 79 Denver Kirkland G 77 Kolton Miller T 70 Kelechi Osemele G 75 Brandon Parker T 72 Donald Penn T 71 David Sharpe T 67 Ian Silberman G 65 Jordan Simmons G 62 James Stone C 69 Jylan Ware T",
"74 Vadal Alexander T",
"76 Jon Feliciano C",
"68 Breno Giacomini T",
"61 Rodney Hudson C",
"-- Cameron Hunt G",
"66 Gabe Jackson G",
"79 Denver Kirkland G",
"77 Kolton Miller T",
"70 Kelechi Osemele G",
"75 Brandon Parker T",
"72 Donald Penn T",
"71 David Sharpe T",
"67 Ian Silberman G",
"65 Jordan Simmons G",
"62 James Stone C",
"69 Jylan Ware T",
"95 Fadol Brown DE 91 Shilique Calhoun DE 96 Tank Carradine DE 97 Mario Edwards Jr . DT 78 Justin Ellis NT 92 P.J. Hall DT 90 Treyvon Hester DT 73 Maurice Hurst Jr . DT 51 Bruce Irvin DE 99 Arden Key DE 52 Khalil Mack DE 64 Shakir Soto DE 94 Eddie Vanderdoes DT",
"95 Fadol Brown DE",
"91 Shilique Calhoun DE",
"96 Tank Carradine DE",
"97 Mario Edwards Jr . DT",
"78 Justin Ellis NT",
"92 P.J. Hall DT",
"90 Treyvon Hester DT",
"73 Maurice Hurst Jr . DT",
"51 Bruce Irvin DE",
"99 Arden Key DE",
"52 Khalil Mack DE",
"64 Shakir Soto DE",
"94 Eddie Vanderdoes DT",
"46 Jason Cabinda LB 47 James Cowser OLB 56 Derrick Johnson MLB 54 Emmanuel Lamur OLB 55 Marquel Lee MLB 50 Nicholas Morrow OLB 43 Brady Sheldon MLB 57 Azeem Victor MLB 59 Tahir Whitehead OLB 58 Kyle Wilber OLB",
"46 Jason Cabinda LB",
"47 James Cowser OLB",
"56 Derrick Johnson MLB",
"54 Emmanuel Lamur OLB",
"55 Marquel Lee MLB",
"50 Nicholas Morrow OLB",
"43 Brady Sheldon MLB",
"57 Azeem Victor MLB",
"59 Tahir Whitehead OLB",
"58 Kyle Wilber OLB",
"21 Gareon Conley CB 31 Marcus Gilchrist FS 29 Leon Hall CB 32 Antonio Hamilton CB 25 Erik Harris SS 42 Karl Joseph SS 45 Dallin Leavitt S 26 Shalom Luani SS 23 Dexter McDonald CB 22 Rashaan Melvin CB 37 Tevin Mitchel CB 20 Obi Melifonwu S 45 Nick Nelson CB 27 Reggie Nelson FS 39 Shaquille Richardson CB 36 Daryl Worley CB 35 Shareece Wright CB",
"21 Gareon Conley CB",
"31 Marcus Gilchrist FS",
"29 Leon Hall CB",
"32 Antonio Hamilton CB",
"25 Erik Harris SS",
"42 Karl Joseph SS",
"45 Dallin Leavitt S",
"26 Shalom Luani SS",
"23 Dexter McDonald CB",
"22 Rashaan Melvin CB",
"37 Tevin Mitchel CB",
"20 Obi Melifonwu S",
"45 Nick Nelson CB",
"27 Reggie Nelson FS",
"39 Shaquille Richardson CB",
"36 Daryl Worley CB",
"35 Shareece Wright CB",
"48 Andrew DePaola LS 9 Eddy Pineiro K 49 Drew Scott LS 2 Giorgio Tavecchio K 5 Johnny Townsend P",
"48 Andrew DePaola LS",
"9 Eddy Pineiro K",
"49 Drew Scott LS",
"2 Giorgio Tavecchio K",
"5 Johnny Townsend P",
"Currently vacant",
"Roster updated May 23 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 89 Active , 0 Inactive , 1 Unsigned",
"AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA",
"AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK",
"NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA",
"The Pro Football Hall of Fame has inducted 14 players who made their primary contribution to professional football while with the Raiders , in addition to coach - owner - commissioner Al Davis , head coach John Madden and executive Ron Wolf . The Raiders ' total is of 25 Hall of Famers .",
"Hall of Famers who made the major part of their primary contribution for the Raiders are listed in bold . Hall of Famers who spent only a minor portion of their career with the Raiders are listed in normal font .",
"Hall of Famers who made the major part of their primary contribution for the Raiders are listed in bold .",
"Hall of Famers who spent only a minor portion of their career with the Raiders are listed in normal font .",
"Raiders in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted 77 Ron Mix OT 1971 1979 00 Jim Otto 1960 -- 1974 1980 16 George Blanda QB -- K 1967 -- 1975 1981 24 Willie Brown CB 1967 -- 1978 1984 63 Gene Upshaw 1967 -- 1981 14 , 25 Fred Biletnikoff WR 1965 -- 1978 1988 78 Art Shell OT 1968 -- 1982 1989 83 Ted Hendricks LB 1975 -- 1983 1990 22 Mike Haynes CB 1983 -- 1989 1997 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1992 1999 75 Howie Long DE 1981 -- 1993 2000 42 Ronnie Lott 1991 -- 1992 2000 87 Dave Casper TE 1974 -- 1980 , 1984 2002 32 Marcus Allen RB 1982 -- 1992 2003 80 James Lofton WR 1987 -- 1988 2003 76 Bob Brown OT 1971 -- 1973 26 Rod Woodson 2002 -- 2003 2009 80 Jerry Rice WR 2001 -- 2004 99 Warren Sapp DT 2004 -- 2007 2013 8 Ray Guy 1973 -- 1986 2014 81 Tim Brown WR 1988 -- 2003 2015 12 Ken Stabler QB 1970 -- 1979 2016 18 Randy Moss WR 2005 -- 2006 2018 Coaches and Contributors Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Al Davis Coach - Owner - Commissioner 1963 -- 2011 1992 John Madden Head Coach 1969 -- 1978 2006 Ron Wolf Scout Player Personnel Director 1963 -- 1974 1979 -- 1989 2015",
"Raiders in the Pro Football Hall of Fame",
"Players",
"No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted",
"77 Ron Mix OT 1971 1979",
"00 Jim Otto 1960 -- 1974 1980",
"16 George Blanda QB -- K 1967 -- 1975 1981",
"24 Willie Brown CB 1967 -- 1978 1984",
"63 Gene Upshaw 1967 -- 1981",
"14 , 25 Fred Biletnikoff WR 1965 -- 1978 1988",
"78 Art Shell OT 1968 -- 1982 1989",
"83 Ted Hendricks LB 1975 -- 1983 1990",
"22 Mike Haynes CB 1983 -- 1989 1997",
"29 Eric Dickerson RB 1992 1999",
"75 Howie Long DE 1981 -- 1993 2000",
"42 Ronnie Lott 1991 -- 1992 2000",
"87 Dave Casper TE 1974 -- 1980 , 1984 2002",
"32 Marcus Allen RB 1982 -- 1992 2003",
"80 James Lofton WR 1987 -- 1988 2003",
"76 Bob Brown OT 1971 -- 1973",
"26 Rod Woodson 2002 -- 2003 2009",
"80 Jerry Rice WR 2001 -- 2004",
"99 Warren Sapp DT 2004 -- 2007 2013",
"8 Ray Guy 1973 -- 1986 2014",
"81 Tim Brown WR 1988 -- 2003 2015",
"12 Ken Stabler QB 1970 -- 1979 2016",
"18 Randy Moss WR 2005 -- 2006 2018",
"Coaches and Contributors",
"Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted",
"Al Davis Coach - Owner - Commissioner 1963 -- 2011 1992",
"John Madden Head Coach 1969 -- 1978 2006",
"Ron Wolf Scout Player Personnel Director 1963 -- 1974 1979 -- 1989 2015",
"The Raider organization does not retire the jersey numbers of former players on an official or unofficial basis . All 99 numbers are available for any player , regardless of stature or who previously wore the number .",
"NFL MVP Winners Season Player Position Ken Stabler QB 1985 Marcus Allen RB 2002 Rich Gannon QB Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position XI Fred Biletnikoff WR XV Jim Plunkett QB XVIII Marcus Allen RB Pro Bowl MVP Winners Pro Bowl Player Position 2001 Rich Gannon QB 2002",
"NFL MVP Winners Season Player Position Ken Stabler QB 1985 Marcus Allen RB 2002 Rich Gannon QB Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position XI Fred Biletnikoff WR XV Jim Plunkett QB XVIII Marcus Allen RB Pro Bowl MVP Winners Pro Bowl Player Position 2001 Rich Gannon QB 2002",
"NFL MVP Winners Season Player Position Ken Stabler QB 1985 Marcus Allen RB 2002 Rich Gannon QB",
"NFL MVP Winners",
"Season Player Position",
"Ken Stabler QB",
"1985 Marcus Allen RB",
"2002 Rich Gannon QB",
"Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position XI Fred Biletnikoff WR XV Jim Plunkett QB XVIII Marcus Allen RB",
"Super Bowl MVP Winners",
"Super Bowl Player Position",
"XI Fred Biletnikoff WR",
"XV Jim Plunkett QB",
"XVIII Marcus Allen RB",
"Pro Bowl MVP Winners Pro Bowl Player Position 2001 Rich Gannon QB 2002",
"Pro Bowl MVP Winners",
"Pro Bowl Player Position",
"2001 Rich Gannon QB",
"2002",
"NFL Offensive Player of the Year Season Player Position Ken Stabler QB 1985 Marcus Allen RB NFL Defensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1980 Lester Hayes CB 2016 Khalil Mack LB NFL Comeback Player of the Year Season Player Position 1980 Jim Plunkett QB 1982 Lyle Alzado DE",
"NFL Offensive Player of the Year Season Player Position Ken Stabler QB 1985 Marcus Allen RB NFL Defensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1980 Lester Hayes CB 2016 Khalil Mack LB NFL Comeback Player of the Year Season Player Position 1980 Jim Plunkett QB 1982 Lyle Alzado DE",
"NFL Offensive Player of the Year Season Player Position Ken Stabler QB 1985 Marcus Allen RB",
"NFL Offensive Player of the Year",
"Season Player Position",
"Ken Stabler QB",
"1985 Marcus Allen RB",
"NFL Defensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1980 Lester Hayes CB 2016 Khalil Mack LB",
"NFL Defensive Player of the Year",
"Season Player Position",
"1980 Lester Hayes CB",
"2016 Khalil Mack LB",
"NFL Comeback Player of the Year Season Player Position 1980 Jim Plunkett QB 1982 Lyle Alzado DE",
"NFL Comeback Player of the Year",
"Season Player Position",
"1980 Jim Plunkett QB",
"1982 Lyle Alzado DE",
"NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1982 Marcus Allen RB NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1998 Charles Woodson CB Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Season Player Position George Blanda QB / K",
"NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1982 Marcus Allen RB NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1998 Charles Woodson CB Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Season Player Position George Blanda QB / K",
"NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1982 Marcus Allen RB",
"NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year",
"Season Player Position",
"1982 Marcus Allen RB",
"NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1998 Charles Woodson CB",
"NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year",
"Season Player Position",
"1998 Charles Woodson CB",
"Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Season Player Position George Blanda QB / K",
"Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year",
"Season Player Position",
"George Blanda QB / K",
"Byron `` Whizzer '' White Man of the Year Season Player Position 1979 Gene Upshaw 2009 Nnamdi Asomugha CB",
"Byron `` Whizzer '' White Man of the Year Season Player Position 1979 Gene Upshaw 2009 Nnamdi Asomugha CB",
"Byron `` Whizzer '' White Man of the Year Season Player Position 1979 Gene Upshaw 2009 Nnamdi Asomugha CB",
"Byron `` Whizzer '' White Man of the Year",
"Season Player Position",
"1979 Gene Upshaw",
"2009 Nnamdi Asomugha CB",
"Passing Yards : 19,078 Ken Stabler ( 1970 -- 1979 ) Passing Touchdowns : 150 Ken Stabler ( 1970 -- 1979 ) Rushing Yards : 8,545 Marcus Allen ( 1982 -- 1992 ) Rushing Touchdowns : 79 Marcus Allen ( 1982 -- 1992 ) Receptions : 1,070 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 ) Receiving Yards : 14,734 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 ) Receiving Touchdowns : 99 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 ) Total Touchdowns : 104 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 ) Points : 1,799 Sebastian Janikowski ( 2000 -- present ) Field Goals Made : 414 Sebastian Janikowski ( 2000 -- present ) Total Punt Yardage : 48,215 Shane Lechler ( 2000 -- 2012 ) Punting Average : 47.5 Shane Lechler ( 2000 -- 2012 ) Kickoff Return Yards : 4,841 Chris Carr ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Punt Return Yards : 3,272 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 ) Pass Interceptions : 39 Willie Brown ( 1967 -- 1978 ) , Lester Hayes ( 1977 -- 1986 ) Sacks : 107.5 Greg Townsend ( 1983 -- 1997 ) Winningest Coach : 103 John Madden ( 1969 -- 1978 )",
"Passing Yards : 19,078 Ken Stabler ( 1970 -- 1979 )",
"Passing Touchdowns : 150 Ken Stabler ( 1970 -- 1979 )",
"Rushing Yards : 8,545 Marcus Allen ( 1982 -- 1992 )",
"Rushing Touchdowns : 79 Marcus Allen ( 1982 -- 1992 )",
"Receptions : 1,070 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 )",
"Receiving Yards : 14,734 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 )",
"Receiving Touchdowns : 99 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 )",
"Total Touchdowns : 104 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 )",
"Points : 1,799 Sebastian Janikowski ( 2000 -- present )",
"Field Goals Made : 414 Sebastian Janikowski ( 2000 -- present )",
"Total Punt Yardage : 48,215 Shane Lechler ( 2000 -- 2012 )",
"Punting Average : 47.5 Shane Lechler ( 2000 -- 2012 )",
"Kickoff Return Yards : 4,841 Chris Carr ( 2005 -- 2007 )",
"Punt Return Yards : 3,272 Tim Brown ( 1988 -- 2003 )",
"Pass Interceptions : 39 Willie Brown ( 1967 -- 1978 ) , Lester Hayes ( 1977 -- 1986 )",
"Sacks : 107.5 Greg Townsend ( 1983 -- 1997 )",
"Winningest Coach : 103 John Madden ( 1969 -- 1978 )",
"Passing Yards : 4,689 Rich Gannon ( 2002 ) Passing Touchdowns : 34 Daryle Lamonica ( 1969 ) Rushing Yards : 1,759 Marcus Allen ( 1985 ) Rushing Touchdowns : 16 Pete Banaszak ( 1975 ) Receptions : 104 Tim Brown ( 1997 ) Receiving Yards : 1,408 Tim Brown ( 1997 ) Receiving Touchdowns : 16 Art Powell ( 1963 ) Total Touchdowns : 18 Marcus Allen ( 1984 ) Points : 142 Sebastian Janikowski ( 2010 ) Field Goals Made : 35 Jeff Jaeger ( 1993 ) Total Punt Yardage : 4,930 Marquette King ( 2014 ) Punting Average : 51.1 Shane Lechler ( 2009 ) Kickoff Return Yards : 1,762 Chris Carr ( 2006 ) Punt Return Yards : 692 Fulton Walker ( 1985 ) Pass Interceptions : 13 Lester Hayes ( 1980 ) Sacks : 16.0 Derrick Burgess ( 2005 )",
"Passing Yards : 4,689 Rich Gannon ( 2002 )",
"Passing Touchdowns : 34 Daryle Lamonica ( 1969 )",
"Rushing Yards : 1,759 Marcus Allen ( 1985 )",
"Rushing Touchdowns : 16 Pete Banaszak ( 1975 )",
"Receptions : 104 Tim Brown ( 1997 )",
"Receiving Yards : 1,408 Tim Brown ( 1997 )",
"Receiving Touchdowns : 16 Art Powell ( 1963 )",
"Total Touchdowns : 18 Marcus Allen ( 1984 )",
"Points : 142 Sebastian Janikowski ( 2010 )",
"Field Goals Made : 35 Jeff Jaeger ( 1993 )",
"Total Punt Yardage : 4,930 Marquette King ( 2014 )",
"Punting Average : 51.1 Shane Lechler ( 2009 )",
"Kickoff Return Yards : 1,762 Chris Carr ( 2006 )",
"Punt Return Yards : 692 Fulton Walker ( 1985 )",
"Pass Interceptions : 13 Lester Hayes ( 1980 )",
"Sacks : 16.0 Derrick Burgess ( 2005 )",
"The following Raiders players have been named to the All - Pro team :",
"QB Daryle Lamonica , Rich Gannon ( 2 ) , Ken Stabler ( 1 ) RB Marcus Allen , Clem Daniels ( 2 ) FB Hewritt Dixon , Marcel Reece ( 1 ) WR Cliff Branch ( 3 ) , Tim Brown ( 2 ) , Fred Biletnikoff ( 2 ) , Art Powell ( 1 ) TE Dave Casper ( 4 ) , Todd Christensen ( 2 ) , Billy Cannon ( 1 ) T Art Shell ( 2 ) , Harry Schuh , Lincoln Kennedy ( 1 ) G Gene Upshaw ( 5 ) , Steve Wisniewski ( 2 ) , Kelechi Osemele ( 1 ) C Jim Otto ( 10 ) , Barret Robbins ( 1 ) DE Howie Long , Khalil Mack ( 2 ) , Ben Davidson ( 1 ) DT Tom Keating , Dan Birdwell , Bill Pickel , Chester McGlockton , Darrell Russell ( 1 ) LB Ted Hendricks ( 2 ) , Rod Martin , Archie Matsos , Khalil Mack ( 1 ) CB Willie Brown ( 4 ) , Dave Grayson ( 3 ) , Fred Williamson , Kent McCloughan , Mike Haynes , Nnamdi Asomugha ( 2 ) , Lester Hayes , Charles Woodson ( 1 ) S Tom Morrow , Ronnie Lott , Rod Woodson ( 1 ) K Jeff Jaeger ( 1 ) P Shane Lechler ( 6 ) , Ray Guy ( 3 ) , Jeff Gossett ( 1 )",
"QB Daryle Lamonica , Rich Gannon ( 2 ) , Ken Stabler ( 1 )",
"RB Marcus Allen , Clem Daniels ( 2 )",
"FB Hewritt Dixon , Marcel Reece ( 1 )",
"WR Cliff Branch ( 3 ) , Tim Brown ( 2 ) , Fred Biletnikoff ( 2 ) , Art Powell ( 1 )",
"TE Dave Casper ( 4 ) , Todd Christensen ( 2 ) , Billy Cannon ( 1 )",
"T Art Shell ( 2 ) , Harry Schuh , Lincoln Kennedy ( 1 )",
"G Gene Upshaw ( 5 ) , Steve Wisniewski ( 2 ) , Kelechi Osemele ( 1 )",
"C Jim Otto ( 10 ) , Barret Robbins ( 1 )",
"DE Howie Long , Khalil Mack ( 2 ) , Ben Davidson ( 1 )",
"DT Tom Keating , Dan Birdwell , Bill Pickel , Chester McGlockton , Darrell Russell ( 1 )",
"LB Ted Hendricks ( 2 ) , Rod Martin , Archie Matsos , Khalil Mack ( 1 )",
"CB Willie Brown ( 4 ) , Dave Grayson ( 3 ) , Fred Williamson , Kent McCloughan , Mike Haynes , Nnamdi Asomugha ( 2 ) , Lester Hayes , Charles Woodson ( 1 )",
"S Tom Morrow , Ronnie Lott , Rod Woodson ( 1 )",
"K Jeff Jaeger ( 1 )",
"P Shane Lechler ( 6 ) , Ray Guy ( 3 ) , Jeff Gossett ( 1 )",
"The following Raiders players have been named to the Pro Bowl :",
"QB Daryle Lamonica , Ken Stabler , Rich Gannon ( 4 ) , Derek Carr ( 3 ) , Cotton Davidson , Tom Flores , George Blanda , Jeff Hostetler ( 1 ) RB Marcus Allen ( 5 ) , Clem Daniels ( 4 ) , Marv Hubbard ( 3 ) , Kenny King , Greg Pruitt , Bo Jackson , Latavius Murray ( 1 ) FB Hewritt Dixon ( 4 ) , Marcel Reece ( 4 ) , Alan Miller ( 1 ) WR Tim Brown ( 9 ) , Fred Biletnikoff ( 6 ) , Art Powell , Cliff Branch ( 4 ) , Warren Wells , Amari Cooper ( 2 ) , Jerry Rice ( 1 ) TE Dave Casper , Todd Christensen ( 5 ) , Raymond Chester ( 4 ) , Billy Cannon , Ethan Horton , Zach Miller ( 1 ) T Art Shell ( 8 ) , Harry Schuh , Lincoln Kennedy ( 3 ) , Henry Lawrence , Donald Penn ( 2 ) , Bob Brown ( 1 ) G Steve Wisniewski ( 8 ) , Gene Upshaw ( 7 ) , Wayne Hawkins ( 5 ) , Kelechi Osemele ( 2 ) , Max Montoya , Kevin Gogan ( 1 ) C Jim Otto ( 12 ) , Don Mosebar ( 3 ) , Rodney Hudson ( 2 ) , Dave Dalby , Barret Robbins ( 1 ) DE Howie Long ( 8 ) , Ben Davidson , Khalil Mack ( 3 ) , Greg Townsend , Derrick Burgess ( 2 ) , Ike Lassiter ( 1 ) DT Chester McGlockton ( 4 ) , Tom Keating , Darrell Russell , Richard Seymour ( 2 ) , Dave Costa , Dan Birdwell , Otis Sistrunk ( 1 ) LB Phil Villapiano , Ted Hendricks ( 4 ) , Dan Conners ( 3 ) , Rod Martin ( 2 ) , Archie Matsos , Gus Otto , Matt Millen ( 1 ) CB Willie Brown ( 7 ) , Lester Hayes , Terry McDaniel ( 5 ) , Charles Woodson ( 4 ) , Fred Williamson , Dave Grayson , Mike Haynes , Nnamdi Asomugha ( 3 ) , Kent McCloughan ( 2 ) S Jack Tatum ( 3 ) , George Atkinson , Vann McElroy ( 2 ) Charles Woodson , Ronnie Lott , Rod Woodson , Reggie Nelson ( 1 ) K Jeff Jaeger , Sebastian Janikowski ( 1 ) P Ray Guy ( 7 ) , Shane Lechler ( 7 ) , Jeff Gossett ( 1 ) LS Jon Condo ( 2 )",
"QB Daryle Lamonica , Ken Stabler , Rich Gannon ( 4 ) , Derek Carr ( 3 ) , Cotton Davidson , Tom Flores , George Blanda , Jeff Hostetler ( 1 )",
"RB Marcus Allen ( 5 ) , Clem Daniels ( 4 ) , Marv Hubbard ( 3 ) , Kenny King , Greg Pruitt , Bo Jackson , Latavius Murray ( 1 )",
"FB Hewritt Dixon ( 4 ) , Marcel Reece ( 4 ) , Alan Miller ( 1 )",
"WR Tim Brown ( 9 ) , Fred Biletnikoff ( 6 ) , Art Powell , Cliff Branch ( 4 ) , Warren Wells , Amari Cooper ( 2 ) , Jerry Rice ( 1 )",
"TE Dave Casper , Todd Christensen ( 5 ) , Raymond Chester ( 4 ) , Billy Cannon , Ethan Horton , Zach Miller ( 1 )",
"T Art Shell ( 8 ) , Harry Schuh , Lincoln Kennedy ( 3 ) , Henry Lawrence , Donald Penn ( 2 ) , Bob Brown ( 1 )",
"G Steve Wisniewski ( 8 ) , Gene Upshaw ( 7 ) , Wayne Hawkins ( 5 ) , Kelechi Osemele ( 2 ) , Max Montoya , Kevin Gogan ( 1 )",
"C Jim Otto ( 12 ) , Don Mosebar ( 3 ) , Rodney Hudson ( 2 ) , Dave Dalby , Barret Robbins ( 1 )",
"DE Howie Long ( 8 ) , Ben Davidson , Khalil Mack ( 3 ) , Greg Townsend , Derrick Burgess ( 2 ) , Ike Lassiter ( 1 )",
"DT Chester McGlockton ( 4 ) , Tom Keating , Darrell Russell , Richard Seymour ( 2 ) , Dave Costa , Dan Birdwell , Otis Sistrunk ( 1 )",
"LB Phil Villapiano , Ted Hendricks ( 4 ) , Dan Conners ( 3 ) , Rod Martin ( 2 ) , Archie Matsos , Gus Otto , Matt Millen ( 1 )",
"CB Willie Brown ( 7 ) , Lester Hayes , Terry McDaniel ( 5 ) , Charles Woodson ( 4 ) , Fred Williamson , Dave Grayson , Mike Haynes , Nnamdi Asomugha ( 3 ) , Kent McCloughan ( 2 )",
"S Jack Tatum ( 3 ) , George Atkinson , Vann McElroy ( 2 ) Charles Woodson , Ronnie Lott , Rod Woodson , Reggie Nelson ( 1 )",
"K Jeff Jaeger , Sebastian Janikowski ( 1 )",
"P Ray Guy ( 7 ) , Shane Lechler ( 7 ) , Jeff Gossett ( 1 )",
"LS Jon Condo ( 2 )",
"The coaches and executives that have contributed to the history & success of the Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders franchise are as follows :",
"Al Davis : head coach ( 1963 -- 1965 ) , general manager / owner ( 1966 -- 2011 ) , AFL commissioner ( 1966 ) Ron Wolf : scout / executive , director of player personnel ( 1963 -- 1974 ; 1978 -- 1989 ) John Madden : head coach ( 1969 -- 1978 ) Tom Flores : assistant head coach , executive assistant coach ( 1972 -- 1978 ) , head coach ( 1979 -- 1987 ) , executive ( 1988 ) John Rauch : head coach ( 1965 -- 1968 ) John Herrera : business & public relations ( 1967 -- 1978 ) , director of public relations ( 1978 -- 1982 ) , senior executive ( 1985 -- 2012 ) Ken Herock : scout / executive assistant , scout / personnel director ( 1970 -- 1975 ) , player personnel ( 1984 -- 1986 ) , executive assistant ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Al LoCasale : executive assistant ( 1969 -- 2003 ) Amy Trask : chief executive officer ( 1987 -- 2013 ) Art Shell : assistant head coach ( 1983 -- 1989 ; 1989 -- 1994 ) Bruce Allen : senior executive ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Jon Gruden : head coach ( 1998 -- 2001 ; 2018 -- present ) Hue Jackson : assistant coach / head coach ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Reggie McKenzie : general manager ( 2012 -- present ) Jack Del Rio : head coach ( 2015 -- 2017 )",
"Al Davis : head coach ( 1963 -- 1965 ) , general manager / owner ( 1966 -- 2011 ) , AFL commissioner ( 1966 )",
"Ron Wolf : scout / executive , director of player personnel ( 1963 -- 1974 ; 1978 -- 1989 )",
"John Madden : head coach ( 1969 -- 1978 )",
"Tom Flores : assistant head coach , executive assistant coach ( 1972 -- 1978 ) , head coach ( 1979 -- 1987 ) , executive ( 1988 )",
"John Rauch : head coach ( 1965 -- 1968 )",
"John Herrera : business & public relations ( 1967 -- 1978 ) , director of public relations ( 1978 -- 1982 ) , senior executive ( 1985 -- 2012 )",
"Ken Herock : scout / executive assistant , scout / personnel director ( 1970 -- 1975 ) , player personnel ( 1984 -- 1986 ) , executive assistant ( 1997 -- 1998 )",
"Al LoCasale : executive assistant ( 1969 -- 2003 )",
"Amy Trask : chief executive officer ( 1987 -- 2013 )",
"Art Shell : assistant head coach ( 1983 -- 1989 ; 1989 -- 1994 )",
"Bruce Allen : senior executive ( 1995 -- 2003 )",
"Jon Gruden : head coach ( 1998 -- 2001 ; 2018 -- present )",
"Hue Jackson : assistant coach / head coach ( 2010 -- 2011 )",
"Reggie McKenzie : general manager ( 2012 -- present )",
"Jack Del Rio : head coach ( 2015 -- 2017 )",
"Oakland Raiders staff Front Office Owner -- Mark Davis President -- Marc Badain Executive Vice President / General Counsel -- Dan Ventrelle General Manager -- Reggie McKenzie Director of Football Administration -- Tom Delaney Director of Player Personnel -- Joey Clinkscales Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Trey Scott Director of Pro Personnel -- Dane Vandernat Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Von Hutchins Director of College Scouting -- Shaun Herock Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brad Kaplan Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jon Gruden Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams Coordinator -- Rich Bisaccia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Greg Olson Quarterbacks -- Brian Callahan Running Backs -- Jemal Singleton Wide Receivers -- Edgar Bennett Tight Ends -- Frank Smith Offensive Line -- Tom Cable Assistant Offensive Line -- Lemuel Jeanpierre Quality Control / Offense -- Nick Holz Quality Control / Offense -- Tim Berbenich Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Paul Guenther Senior Defensive Assistant -- Jim O'Neil Defensive Line -- Mike Trgovac Assistant Defensive Line -- Marco Coleman Linebackers -- David Lippincott Defensive Backs -- Derrick Ansley Quality Control / Defense -- Travis Smith Special Teams Coaches Assistant Special Teams -- Byron Storer Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Tom Shaw Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- D'Anthony Batiste Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Deuce Gruden Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Kelsey Martinez Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Rick Slate Coaching Support Staff Director of Football Research -- Dave Razzano → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA",
"Oakland Raiders staff",
"",
"Front Office Owner -- Mark Davis President -- Marc Badain Executive Vice President / General Counsel -- Dan Ventrelle General Manager -- Reggie McKenzie Director of Football Administration -- Tom Delaney Director of Player Personnel -- Joey Clinkscales Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Trey Scott Director of Pro Personnel -- Dane Vandernat Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Von Hutchins Director of College Scouting -- Shaun Herock Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brad Kaplan Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jon Gruden Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams Coordinator -- Rich Bisaccia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Greg Olson Quarterbacks -- Brian Callahan Running Backs -- Jemal Singleton Wide Receivers -- Edgar Bennett Tight Ends -- Frank Smith Offensive Line -- Tom Cable Assistant Offensive Line -- Lemuel Jeanpierre Quality Control / Offense -- Nick Holz Quality Control / Offense -- Tim Berbenich Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Paul Guenther Senior Defensive Assistant -- Jim O'Neil Defensive Line -- Mike Trgovac Assistant Defensive Line -- Marco Coleman Linebackers -- David Lippincott Defensive Backs -- Derrick Ansley Quality Control / Defense -- Travis Smith Special Teams Coaches Assistant Special Teams -- Byron Storer Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Tom Shaw Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- D'Anthony Batiste Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Deuce Gruden Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Kelsey Martinez Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Rick Slate Coaching Support Staff Director of Football Research -- Dave Razzano → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs",
"Front Office",
"Owner -- Mark Davis President -- Marc Badain Executive Vice President / General Counsel -- Dan Ventrelle General Manager -- Reggie McKenzie Director of Football Administration -- Tom Delaney Director of Player Personnel -- Joey Clinkscales Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Trey Scott Director of Pro Personnel -- Dane Vandernat Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Von Hutchins Director of College Scouting -- Shaun Herock Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brad Kaplan",
"Owner -- Mark Davis",
"President -- Marc Badain",
"Executive Vice President / General Counsel -- Dan Ventrelle",
"General Manager -- Reggie McKenzie",
"Director of Football Administration -- Tom Delaney",
"Director of Player Personnel -- Joey Clinkscales",
"Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Trey Scott",
"Director of Pro Personnel -- Dane Vandernat",
"Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Von Hutchins",
"Director of College Scouting -- Shaun Herock",
"Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brad Kaplan",
"Head Coaches",
"Head Coach -- Jon Gruden Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams Coordinator -- Rich Bisaccia",
"Head Coach -- Jon Gruden",
"Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams Coordinator -- Rich Bisaccia",
"Offensive Coaches",
"Offensive Coordinator -- Greg Olson Quarterbacks -- Brian Callahan Running Backs -- Jemal Singleton Wide Receivers -- Edgar Bennett Tight Ends -- Frank Smith Offensive Line -- Tom Cable Assistant Offensive Line -- Lemuel Jeanpierre Quality Control / Offense -- Nick Holz Quality Control / Offense -- Tim Berbenich",
"Offensive Coordinator -- Greg Olson",
"Quarterbacks -- Brian Callahan",
"Running Backs -- Jemal Singleton",
"Wide Receivers -- Edgar Bennett",
"Tight Ends -- Frank Smith",
"Offensive Line -- Tom Cable",
"Assistant Offensive Line -- Lemuel Jeanpierre",
"Quality Control / Offense -- Nick Holz",
"Quality Control / Offense -- Tim Berbenich",
"Defensive Coaches",
"Defensive Coordinator -- Paul Guenther Senior Defensive Assistant -- Jim O'Neil Defensive Line -- Mike Trgovac Assistant Defensive Line -- Marco Coleman Linebackers -- David Lippincott Defensive Backs -- Derrick Ansley Quality Control / Defense -- Travis Smith",
"Defensive Coordinator -- Paul Guenther",
"Senior Defensive Assistant -- Jim O'Neil",
"Defensive Line -- Mike Trgovac",
"Assistant Defensive Line -- Marco Coleman",
"Linebackers -- David Lippincott",
"Defensive Backs -- Derrick Ansley",
"Quality Control / Defense -- Travis Smith",
"Special Teams Coaches",
"Special Teams Coaches",
"Assistant Special Teams -- Byron Storer",
"Assistant Special Teams -- Byron Storer",
"Strength and Conditioning",
"Strength and Conditioning",
"Head Strength and Conditioning -- Tom Shaw Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- D'Anthony Batiste Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Deuce Gruden Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Kelsey Martinez Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Rick Slate",
"Head Strength and Conditioning -- Tom Shaw",
"Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- D'Anthony Batiste",
"Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Deuce Gruden",
"Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Kelsey Martinez",
"Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Rick Slate",
"Coaching Support Staff",
"Coaching Support Staff",
"Director of Football Research -- Dave Razzano",
"Director of Football Research -- Dave Razzano",
"→ Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs",
"AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA",
"AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK",
"NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA"
] | Oakland Raiders - wikipedia Oakland Raiders Jump to: navigation , search Oakland Raiders Current season Established January 30, 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960-01-30 ) First season : 1960 Play in Oakland-- Alameda County Coliseum Oakland, California Headquartered in Alameda, California Logo Wordmark League/conference affiliations American Football League (1960-- 1969) Western Division (1960-- 1969) National Football League ( 1970 -- present) American Football Conference (1970-- present) AFC West (1970-- present) Current uniform Team colors Silver, Black Fight song `` The Autumn Wind '' Personnel Owner(s) Mark Davis (majority owner) President Marc Badain General manager Reggie McKenzie Head coach Jon Gruden Team history Oakland Raiders (1960-- 1981, 1995-- present) Los Angeles Raiders (1982-- 1994) Team nicknames Silver and Black Men in Black Team of the Decades The World's Team Raider Nation Malosos (Mexican fan base) Championships League championships (3† ) AFL championships (pre-1970 AFL-- NFL merger ) (1) 1967 Super Bowl championships (3) 1976 ( XI ), 1980 ( XV ), 1983 ( XVIII ) Conference championships (4) AFC: 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 Division championships (15) AFL West: 1967 , 1968 , 1969 AFC West: 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL-- NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL-- NFL merger Playoff appearances (22) AFL: 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFL: 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2016 Home fields Kezar Stadium (1960) Candlestick Park (1961) Frank Youell Field (1962-- 1965) Oakland-- Alameda County Coliseum (1966-- 1981, 1995-- present) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (1982-- 1994) Las Vegas Stadium ( planned for 2020 ) The Oakland Raiders are a professional American football franchise based in Oakland, California . The Raiders compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division. Founded on January 30, 1960, they played their first regular season game on September 11, 1960, as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL) which merged with the NFL in 1970. The Raiders' off-field fortunes have varied considerably over the years. The team's first three years of operation ( 1960 -- 1962 ) were marred by poor on-field performance, financial difficulties, and spotty attendance. In 1963 , however, the Raiders' fortunes improved dramatically with the introduction of head coach (and eventual owner) Al Davis . In 1967 , after several years of improvement, the Raiders reached the postseason for the first time. The team would go on to win its first (and only) AFL Championship that year; in doing so, the Raiders advanced to Super Bowl II , where they were soundly defeated by the Green Bay Packers . Since 1963, the team has won 15 division titles (three AFL and 12 NFL), four AFC Championships ( 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , and 2002 ), one AFL Championship ( 1967 ), and three Super Bowl Championships ( XI , XV , and XVIII ). At the end of the NFL's 2017 season , the Raiders boasted a lifetime regular season record of 462 wins, 411 losses, and 11 ties; their lifetime playoff record currently stands at 25 wins and 19 losses. The team departed Oakland to play in Los Angeles, California from the 1982 season until the 1994 season before returning to Oakland at the start of the 1995 season . Al Davis owned the team from 1972 until his death in 2011. Control of the franchise was then given to Al's son Mark Davis . On March 27, 2017, NFL team owners voted nearly unanimously to approve the Raiders' application to relocate from Oakland to Las Vegas, Nevada , in a 31-to-1 vote at the annual league meetings in Phoenix, Arizona . The Raiders plan to remain in Oakland through 2018 -- and possibly 2019 -- and relocate to Las Vegas in either 2019 or 2020, depending on the completion of the team's planned new stadium . The Raiders are known for their extensive fan base and distinctive team culture. The Raiders have 14 former members who have been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The Raiders currently play their home games at the Oakland-- Alameda County Coliseum west of the Elmhurst district of East Oakland. They have previously played at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco, California , Candlestick Park in San Francisco, Frank Youell Field in Oakland, and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 The AFL and Al Davis 1.2.1 Al Davis 1.2.2 Davis's departure and return 1.2.3 AFL championship 1.2.4 John Madden 1.3 AFL-- NFL merger 1.4 Super Bowl XI 1.4.1 Tom Flores 1.5 Los Angeles era 1.5.1 Art Shell 1.6 Return to Oakland 1.6.1 Jon Gruden 1.6.2 Bill Callahan 1.7 Coaching carousel 1.7.1 Norv Turner 1.7.2 Art Shell returns 1.7.3 Lane Kiffin 1.7.4 Tom Cable 1.7.5 Hue Jackson & death of Al Davis 1.7.6 Dennis Allen 1.8 Resurgence and relocation 1.8.1 Jack Del Rio 1.8.2 Jon Gruden returns 2 Championships 2.1 AFL championships 2.2 Super Bowl championships 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Home fields 5 New stadium proposals and relocation 5.1 Las Vegas 5.2 Past new stadium and relocation possibilities 5.2.1 Santa Clara, California 5.2.2 Los Angeles 5.2.3 New stadium in Oakland 6 Culture 6.1 Slogans 6.2 Raider Nation 7 Cheerleaders 8 Radio and television 8.1 Oakland Raiders Radio Network 8.2 Television 9 Rivals 9.1 Divisional rivals 9.2 Battle of the Bay rivalry 9.3 Historical rivals 9.3.1 Historic battle for Los Angeles rivalry 9.4 Raiders vs. opponents 10 Ownership, administration and financial operations 10.1 Founding of the franchise 10.1.1 Current ownership structure 10.2 Financial operations 10.3 Legal battles 10.3.1 Trademark and trade dress dilution 10.3.2 BALCO scandal 11 Players of note 11.1 Current roster 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Fame members 11.3 Retired numbers 11.4 Individual awards 11.5 Career leaders 11.6 Single-season leaders 11.7 All-Pro selections 11.8 Pro Bowl selections 12 Front office and coaching staff 12.1 Coaches/Executives 12.2 Current staff 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Main articles: History of the Oakland Raiders and History of the Los Angeles Raiders Early years ( edit ) The Oakland Raiders were originally going to be called the `` Oakland Señors '' after a name-the-team contest had that name finish first, but after being the target of local jokes, the name was changed to the Raiders before the 1960 season began. Having enjoyed a successful collegiate coaching career at Navy during the 1950s, San Francisco native Eddie Erdelatz was hired as the Raiders first head coach. On February 9, 1960, after rejecting offers from the NFL's Washington Redskins and the AFL's Los Angeles Chargers , Erdelatz accepted the Oakland Raiders head coaching position. In January 1960, the Raiders were established in Oakland, and because of NFL interference with the original eighth franchise owner, were the last team of eight in the new American Football League to select players, thus relegated to the remaining talent available (see below). The 1960 Raiders 42-man roster included 28 rookies and only 14 veterans. Among the Raiders rookies were future Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee center Jim Otto , and a future Raiders head coach, quarterback Tom Flores . In their debut year under Erdelatz the Raiders finished with a 6-- 8 record. Ownership conflicts prevented the team from signing any top draft picks the next season . On September 18, 1961, Erdelatz was dismissed after the Raiders were outscored 77-- 46 in the first two games of the season. On September 24, 1961, after the dismissal of Erdelatz, management named Los Angeles native and offensive line coach Marty Feldman as the Raiders head coach. The team finished the 1961 season with a 2-- 12 record. Feldman began the 1962 season as Raiders head coach but was fired on October 16, 1962 after an 0-- 5 start. From October 16 through December, the Raiders were coached by Oklahoma native and former assistant coach Red Conkright . Under Conkright, the Raiders went 1-- 8, finishing the season with 1-- 13 record. Following the 1962 season the Raiders appointed Conkright to an interim mentor position as they looked for a new head coach. The AFL and Al Davis ( edit ) Al Davis ( edit ) After the 1962 season, Raiders managing general partner F. Wayne Valley hired Al Davis as Raiders head coach and general manager. At 33, he was the youngest person in professional football history to hold the positions. Davis immediately began to implement what he termed the `` vertical game'' , an aggressive offensive strategy inspired by the offense developed by Chargers head coach Sid Gillman . Under Davis the Raiders improved to 10-- 4 and he was named the AFL's Coach of the Year in 1963. Though the team slipped to 5-- 7-- 2 in 1964 , they rebounded to an 8-- 5-- 1 record in 1965 . The famous silver and black Raider uniform debuted at the regular season opening game on September 8, 1963. Prior to this, the team wore a combination of black and white with gold trim on the pants and oversized numerals. Davis's departure and return ( edit ) In April 1966, Davis left the Raiders after being named AFL Commissioner, promoting assistant coach John Rauch to head coach. Two months later, the league announced its merger with the NFL . The leagues would retain separate regular seasons until 1970 . With the merger, the position of commissioner was no longer needed, and Davis entered into discussions with Valley about returning to the Raiders. On July 25, 1966, Davis returned as part-owner of the team. He purchased a 10% interest in the team for $18,000, and became the team's third general partner -- the partner in charge of football operations. Under Rauch, the Raiders matched their 1965 season's 8-- 5-- 1 record in 1966 but missed the playoffs, finishing second in the AFL West Division. AFL Championship ( edit ) On the field, the team Davis had assembled steadily improved. Led by quarterback Daryle Lamonica , acquired in a trade with the Buffalo Bills , the Raiders finished the 1967 season with a 13-- 1 record and won the 1967 AFL Championship , defeating the Houston Oilers 40-- 7. The win earned the team a trip to the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida to participate in Super Bowl II . On January 14, 1968, the Raiders were defeated in the second-ever Super Bowl, losing 33-- 14 to Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers . The following year, the Raiders ended the 1968 season with a 12-- 2 record and again winning the AFL West Division title. However, this time, they lost 27-- 23 by the New York Jets in the AFL Championship Game . Citing management conflicts with day-to-day coaching decisions, Rauch resigned as Raiders head coach on January 16, 1969, accepting the head coaching job of the Buffalo Bills. John Madden ( edit ) During the early 1960s, John Madden was a defensive assistant coach at San Diego State University under SDSU head coach Don Coryell . Madden credited Coryell as being an influence on his coaching. In 1967, Madden was hired by Al Davis as the Raiders linebacker coach. On February 4, 1969, after the departure of John Rauch, Madden was named the Raiders sixth head coach. Under Madden, the 1969 Raiders won the AFL West Division title for the third consecutive year with a 12-- 1-- 1 record. On December 20, 1969, the Raiders defeated the Oilers 56-- 7 in the AFL Division playoff game. In the AFL Championship game on January 4, 1970, the Raiders were defeated by Hank Stram 's Kansas City Chiefs 17-- 7. AFL-- NFL merger ( edit ) In 1970, the AFL-- NFL merger officially took place and the Raiders joined the Western Division of the American Football Conference (actually the AFL West with the same teams as in 1969, except for the Cincinnati Bengals ) in the newly merged NFL. The first post-merger season saw the Raiders win the AFC West with an 8-- 4-- 2 record and advance to the conference championship , where they lost to the Baltimore Colts . Despite another 8-- 4-- 2 season in 1971 , the Raiders failed to win the division or playoff berth. When backup offensive lineman Ron Mix played, the 1971 Raiders had an eventual all-Pro Football Hall of Fame offensive line with tackle Art Shell , guard Gene Upshaw , center Jim Otto, and tackle Bob Brown . John Madden (right, shown with Senator Susan Collins ) was head coach of the Raiders for 10 seasons. Madden's overall winning percentage including playoff games ranks second in league history. He won a Super Bowl and never had a losing season as a head coach. The teams of the 1970s were thoroughly dominant teams, with eight Hall of Fame inductees on the roster and a Hall of Fame coach in John Madden. The 1970s Raiders created the team's identity and persona as a team that was hard-hitting. Dominant on defense, with the crushing hits of safeties Jack Tatum and George Atkinson and cornerback Skip Thomas , the Raiders regularly held first place in the AFC West, entering the playoffs nearly every season. From 1973 through 1977, the Raiders reached the conference championship every year. This was also the era of a bitter rivalry between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Raiders. In the 1970s, the Steelers and Raiders were frequently the two best teams in the AFC and, arguably, the NFL. The teams would meet on five different occasions in the playoffs, and the winner of the Steelers-Raiders game went on to win the Super Bowl in three of those instances, from 1974 to 1976. The rivalry garnered attention in the sports media, with controversial plays, late hits, accusations and public statements. The rivalry began with and was fueled by a controversial last-second play in their first playoff game in 1972 . That season the Raiders achieved a 10-- 3-- 1 record and an AFC West title. In the divisional round, the Raiders would lose to the Steelers 13-- 7 on the controversial play that become known as the `` Immaculate Reception '' . The Raiders and Steelers would meet again the following season as the Raiders won the AFC West again with a 9-- 4-- 1 record. Lamonica was replaced as starting quarterback early in the season by Ken Stabler . The Raiders defeated Pittsburgh 33-- 14 in the divisional round of the playoffs to reach the AFC Championship, but lost 27-- 10 to the Miami Dolphins . In 1974 , Oakland had a 12-- 2 regular season, which included a nine-game winning streak. They beat the Dolphins 28-- 26 in the divisional round of the playoffs in a see-saw battle remembered as the `` Sea of Hands '' game. They then lost the AFC Championship to the Steelers , who went on to win the Super Bowl. The Raiders were held to only 29 yards rushing by the Pittsburgh defense, and late mistakes turned a 10-- 3 lead at the start of the fourth quarter into a disappointing 24-- 13 loss. In the 1975 season opener, the Raiders beat Miami and ended their 31-game home winning streak. With an 11-- 3 record, they defeated Cincinnati 31-- 28 in the divisional playoff round. Again, the Raiders faced the Steelers in the conference championship, eager for revenge. According to Madden and Davis, the Raiders relied on quick movement by their wide receivers on the outside sidelines -- the deep threat, or ' long ball' -- more so than the Steelers of that year, whose offense was far more run-oriented than it would become later in the 1970s. Forced to adapt to the frozen field of Three Rivers Stadium, with receivers slipping and unable to make quick moves to beat coverage, the Raiders lost, 16-- 10. The rivalry had now grown to hatred, and became the stereotype of the ' grudge match.' Again, the Raiders came up short, as the Steelers won the AFC Championship and then went on to another Super Bowl title. Super Bowl XI ( edit ) In 1976 , the Raiders came from behind dramatically to beat Pittsburgh 31-- 28 in the season opener and continued to cement its reputation for dirty play by knocking WR Lynn Swann out for two weeks with a clothesline to the helmet. Al Davis later tried to sue Steelers coach Chuck Noll for libel after the latter called safety George Atkinson a criminal for the hit. The Raiders won 13 regular season games and a close controversial 21-- 17 victory over New England in the divisional playoffs. With the Patriots up by three points in final two minutes, referee Ben Dreith called roughing the passer on New England's Ray `` Sugar Bear'' Hamilton after he hit Oakland QB Ken Stabler. The Raiders went on to score a touchdown in the final minute to win. They then defeated the Steelers 24-- 7 in the AFC Championship to advance to their second Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XI , Oakland's opponent was the Minnesota Vikings , a team that had lost three previous Super Bowls. The Raiders jumped out to an early lead and led 16-- 0 at halftime. By the end, having forced Minnesota into multiple turnovers, the Raiders won 32-- 14 for their first post-merger championship. The following season saw the Raiders finish 11-- 3, but they lost the division title to the Denver Broncos . They settled for a wild card, beating the Colts in the second-longest overtime game in NFL history and which featured the Ghost to the Post . however, the Raiders then fell to the Broncos in the AFC Championship. During a 1978 preseason game, Patriots WR Darryl Stingley was injured by a hit from Raiders FS Jack Tatum and paralyzed for life. Although the 1978 Raiders achieved a winning record at 9-- 7, they missed the playoffs for the first time since 1971, losing critical games down the stretch to miss the playoffs. Tom Flores ( edit ) After 10 consecutive winning seasons and one Super Bowl championship, John Madden left coaching in 1979 to pursue a career as a television football commentator. His replacement was former Raiders quarterback Tom Flores , the first Hispanic head coach in NFL history. Flores led the Raiders to another 9-- 7 season , but not the playoffs. In the midst of the turmoil of Al Davis' attempts to move the team to Los Angeles in 1980 , Flores looked to lead the Raiders to their third Super bowl by finishing the season 11-- 5 and earning a wild card berth. Quarterback Jim Plunkett revitalized his career, taking over in game five when starter Dan Pastorini was lost for the season to a broken leg after owner Al Davis had picked up Pastorini when he swapped quarterbacks with the Houston Oilers , sending the beloved Ken Stabler to the Oilers. The Raiders defeated Stabler and the Oilers in the Wild Card game and advanced to the AFC Championship by defeating the Cleveland Browns 14-- 12. The Raiders slipped by the AFC West champion San Diego Chargers to advance to their third Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XV , the Raiders faced head coach Dick Vermeil's Philadelphia Eagles . The Raiders dominated the Eagles, taking an early 14-- 0 lead in the first quarter behind two touchdown passes by Plunkett, including a then-Super Bowl record 80-yard pass and catch to running bank Kenny King . A Cliff Branch third quarter touchdown reception put the Raiders up 21-- 3 in the third quarter. They would go on to win 27-- 10, winning their second Super Bowl and becoming the first team to ever win the Super Bowl after getting into the playoffs as the wild card team. Los Angeles era ( edit ) In 1980, Al Davis attempted unsuccessfully to have improvements made to the Oakland-- Alameda County Coliseum , specifically the addition of luxury boxes . That year, he signed a memorandum of agreement to move the Raiders from Oakland to Los Angeles. The move, which required three-fourths approval by league owners, was defeated 22-- 0 (with five owners abstaining). When Davis tried to move the team anyway, he was blocked by an injunction . In response, the Raiders not only became an active partner in an antitrust lawsuit filed by the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (who had recently lost the Los Angeles Rams ), but filed an antitrust lawsuit of their own. After the first case was declared a mistrial , in May 1982, a second jury found in favor of Davis and the Los Angeles Coliseum, clearing the way for the move. With the ruling, the Raiders would relocate to Los Angeles for the 1982 season to play their home games at the Los Angeles Coliseum. The 1981 Raiders fell to 7-- 9 record, failing to make the playoffs following their Super Bowl win The newly minted Los Angeles Raiders finished the strike-shortened 1982 season 8-- 1 to win the AFC West, but lost in the second round of the playoffs to the Jets . The following season , the Raiders finished 12-- 4 to win the AFC West. Convincing playoff wins over the Steelers and Seattle Seahawks in the AFC playoffs propelled the Raiders to their fourth Super Bowl. Against the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII , the Raiders built a lead after blocking a punt and recovering for a touchdown early in the game. A Branch touchdown reception from Plunkett put the Raiders up 14-- 0 with more than nine minutes remaining in the first quarter. With seven seconds remaining in the first half, linebacker Jack Squirek intercepted a Joe Theismann swing pass at the Washington five yard line and scored, sending the Raiders to a 21-- 3 halftime lead. Following a John Riggins one-yard touchdown run (extra point was blocked), Marcus Allen scored from five yards out to build the lead to 28-- 9. The Raiders sealed the game with Allen reversed his route on a Super Bowl record run that turned into a 74-yard touchdown. The Raiders went on to a 38-- 9 victory and their third NFL championship. Allen set a record for most rushing yards (191) and combined yards (209) in a Super Bowl as the Raiders won their third Super Bowl in eight years. Raiders' Hall of Famer Marcus Allen is considered one of the greatest goal line and short-yard runners in National Football League history. The team had another successful regular season in 1984 , finishing 11-- 5, but a three-game losing streak forced them to enter the playoffs as a wild-card, where they fell to the Seahawks in the Wild Card game. The 1985 Raiders campaign saw 12 wins and a division title as Marcus Allen was named MVP. However, a loss to the Patriots derailed any further postseason hopes. The Raiders' fortunes declined after that, and from 1986 to 1989 , they finished no better than 8-- 8 and posted consecutive losing seasons for the first time since 1961-- 62. Also in 1986, Al Davis got into a widely publicized argument with Marcus Allen, whom he accused of faking injuries. The feud continued into 1987 , and Davis retaliated by signing Bo Jackson to essentially replace Allen. However, Jackson was also a left fielder for Major League Baseball 's Kansas City Royals , and could not play full-time until baseball season ended in October. Even worse, another strike cost the NFL one game and prompted them to use substitute players. The Raiders achieved a 1-- 2 record before the regular players returned after the strike. After a weak 5-- 10 finish, Tom Flores moved to the front office and was replaced by Denver Broncos offensive assistant coach Mike Shanahan . Shanahan led the team to a 7-- 9 season in 1988 , and Allen and Jackson continued to trade places as the starting running back. Low game attendance and fan apathy were evident by this point, and in the summer of 1988, rumors of a Raiders return to Oakland intensified when a preseason game against the Houston Oilers was scheduled at Oakland-- Alameda County Coliseum. As early as 1986, Davis sought to abandon the Coliseum in favor of a more modern stadium. In addition to sharing the venue with the USC Trojans , the Raiders were less than ecstatic with the Coliseum as it was aging and still lacked the luxury suites and other amenities that Davis was promised when he moved the Raiders to Los Angeles. Finally, the Coliseum had 95,000 seats and the Raiders were rarely able to fill all of them even in their best years, and so most Raiders home games were blacked out in Southern California. Numerous sites in California were considered, including one near now-defunct Hollywood Park in Inglewood , where a NFL stadium for the Rams and Chargers is under construction, and another in Carson . In August 1987, it was announced that the city of Irwindale paid Davis US$10 million as a good-faith deposit for a prospective stadium site. When the bid failed, Davis kept the non-refundable deposit. During this time Davis also almost moved the team to Sacramento in a deal that would have included Davis becoming the managing partner of the Sacramento Kings . Art Shell ( edit ) Negotiations between Davis and Oakland commenced in January 1989, and on March 11, 1991, Davis announced his intention to bring the Raiders back to Oakland. By September 1991, however, numerous delays had prevented the completion of the deal between Davis and Oakland. On September 11, Davis announced a new deal to stay in Los Angeles, leading many fans in Oakland to burn Raiders paraphernalia in disgust. After starting the 1989 season with a 1-- 3 record, Shanahan was fired by Davis, which began a long-standing feud between the two. He was replaced by former Raider offensive lineman Art Shell , who had been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame earlier in the year. With the hiring, Shell became the first African American head coach in the modern NFL era, but the team still finished a middling 8-- 8. In 1990 , Shell led the Raiders to a 12-- 4 record. Behind Bo Jackson's spectacular play, they beat the Cincinnati Bengals in the divisional round of the playoffs. However, Jackson suffered a severe hip and leg injury after a tackle during the game. Without him, the Raiders were blown out 51-- 3 in the AFC Championship by the Buffalo Bills. Jackson was forced to quit football as a result of the injury, although surgery allowed him to continue playing baseball until he retired in 1994. Raiders' Hall of Famer Tim Brown spent 16 years with the Raiders, during which he established himself as one of the NFL's most prolific wide receivers. The Raiders finished with a 9-- 7 record in 1991 , but struggled looking for a reliable quarterback and lost to the Kansas City Chiefs in the Wild Card game. The struggle for a quarterback continued in 1992 as the Raiders started two different quarterbacks and stumbled to a 7-- 9 record, two other playoff appearances during the 1990s, and finished higher than third place only three times. The Raiders rebounded well in 1993 with Jeff Hostetler as the everyday quarterback, finishing in second place in the AFC West with a 10-- 6 record. A win over the Broncos in the wild card game mean a rematch against the Bills for the right to go to the AFC Championship game. The Raiders, led by two Napoleon McCallum rushing touchdowns took a halftime lead, but could only manage six points in the second half losing to the Bills again 29-- 23. However, following a 9-- 7 record in the 1994 season that resulted in no postseason, Art Shell was fired. Return to Oakland ( edit ) On June 23, 1995, Davis signed a letter of intent to move the Raiders back to Oakland. The move was approved by the Alameda County Board of Supervisors the next month. As the NFL had never recognized the Raiders' initial move to Los Angeles, they could not disapprove of the move or request a relocation fee, which had to be paid by the Los Angeles Rams for their move to St. Louis . In order to convince Davis to return, Oakland spent $220 million on stadium renovations. These included a new seating section -- commonly known as `` Mount Davis '' -- with 10,000 seats. It also built the team a training facility and paid all its moving costs. The Raiders pay $525,000 a year in rent -- a fraction of what the nearby San Francisco 49ers paid to play at the now-extinct Candlestick Park -- and do not pay maintenance or game-day operating costs. The move was greeted with much fanfare, and under new head coach Mike White the 1995 season began well for the Raiders . Oakland started 8-- 2, but injuries to starting quarterback Jeff Hostetler contributed to a six-game losing streak for an 8-- 8 finish and the Raiders failed to qualify for the playoffs for a second consecutive season. Jon Gruden ( edit ) After two more losing seasons (7-- 9 in 1996 and 4-- 12 in 1997 ) under White and his successor, Joe Bugel , Davis selected a new head coach from outside the Raiders organization for only the second time when he hired Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator Jon Gruden . Gruden previously worked for the 49ers and Green Bay Packers under head coach Mike Holmgren . Under Gruden, the Raiders posted consecutive 8-- 8 seasons in 1998 and 1999 . Oakland finished 12-- 4 in the 2000 season , the team's most successful in a decade. Led by veteran quarterback Rich Gannon (MVP), Oakland won their first division title since 1990, and advanced to the AFC Championship, where Gannon was hurt when sacked by Baltimore Ravens ' lineman Tony Siragusa . The Raider offense struggled without Gannon, and the Raiders fell 16-- 3 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Ravens. Charles Woodson was the first and is still the only primarily defensive player to win the Heisman Trophy . Woodson was selected by the Oakland Raiders with the fourth pick in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft . The Raiders acquired all-time leading receiver Jerry Rice prior to the 2001 season . They started 10-- 3 but lost their last three games and finished with a 10-- 6 record and a wild card playoff spot. They defeated the New York Jets 38-- 24 in the wild card round to advance to face the New England Patriots . In a game in which the Raiders led for most of the game, the game was played in a heavy snowstorm. In what would be known as the `` Tuck Rule Game '' , late in the fourth quarter with the Patriots trailing the Raiders by a field goal, Raiders star cornerback Charles Woodson blitzed Patriots quarterback Tom Brady , causing an apparent fumble which was recovered by Raiders linebacker Greg Biekert . The recovery would assuredly have led to a Raiders victory, as the Raiders would have a first down with 1:43 remaining and the Patriots had no more time outs); however, the play was reviewed and determined to be an incomplete pass (it was ruled that Brady had pump-faked and then had not yet `` tucked'' the ball into his body, which, by rule, cannot result in a fumble, was instead an incomplete pass-- though this explanation was not given on the field, but after the NFL season had ended). The Patriots retained possession and drove for a game-tying field goal. The game went into overtime and the Patriots won 16-- 13. Bill Callahan ( edit ) Shortly after the season, the Raiders made a move that involved releasing Gruden from his contract and allowing the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to sign him. In return, the Raiders received cash and future draft picks from the Buccaneers. The sudden move came after months of speculation in the media that Davis and Gruden had fallen out with each other both personally and professionally. Bill Callahan , who served as the team's offensive coordinator and offensive line coach during Gruden's tenure, was named head coach. Under Callahan, the Raiders finished the 2002 season 11-- 5, won their third-straight division title, and clinched the top seed in the playoffs. Rich Gannon was named MVP of the NFL after passing for a league-high 4,689 yards. After beating the Jets and Titans by large margins in the playoffs , the Raiders made their fifth Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXVII . Their opponent was the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , coached by Gruden. The Raiders, who had not made significant changes to Gruden's offensive schemes, were intercepted five times by the Buccaneers en route to a 48-- 21 blowout. Some Tampa Bay players claimed that Gruden had given them so much information on Oakland's offense, they knew exactly what plays were being called. Callahan's second season as head coach was considerably less successful. Oakland finished 4-- 12, which was their worst showing since 1997. After a late-season loss to the Denver Broncos , a visibly frustrated Callahan exclaimed, `` We've got to be the dumbest team in America in terms of playing the game.'' At the end of the 2003 regular season Callahan was fired and replaced by former Washington Redskins head coach Norv Turner . Coaching carousel ( edit ) Norv Turner ( edit ) The team's fortunes did not improve in Turner's first year. Oakland finished the 2004 season 5-- 11, with only one divisional win (a one-point victory over the Broncos in Denver). During a Week 3 victory against the Buccaneers , Rich Gannon suffered a neck injury that ended his season and eventually his career. He never returned to the team and retired before the 2005 season. Kerry Collins , who led the New York Giants to an appearance in Super Bowl XXXV and signed with Oakland after the 2003 season, became the team's starting quarterback. In an effort to bolster their offense, in early 2005 the Raiders acquired Pro Bowl wide receiver Randy Moss via trade with the Minnesota Vikings , and signed free agent running back Lamont Jordan of the New York Jets. After a 4-- 12 season and a second consecutive last place finish, Turner was fired as head coach. Art Shell Returns ( edit ) On February 11, 2006 the team announced the return of Art Shell as head coach. In announcing the move, Al Davis said that firing Shell in 1995 had been a mistake. Under Shell, the Raiders lost their first five games in 2006 en route to a 2-- 14 record, the team's worst since 1962. Despite having one of the best defenses, Oakland's offense struggled greatly, scoring just 168 points (fewest in franchise history) and allowing a league-high 72 sacks. Wide receiver Jerry Porter was benched by Shell for most of the season in what many viewed as a personal, rather than football-related, decision. Shell was fired again at the end of the season. The Raiders also earned the right to the first overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft for the first time since 1962, by virtue of having the league's worst record. Lane Kiffin ( edit ) The team announced on January 22, 2007, the hiring of 31-year-old USC offensive coordinator Lane Kiffin , the youngest coach in franchise history and the youngest coach in the NFL. In the 2007 NFL Draft, the Raiders selected LSU quarterback JaMarcus Russell with the #1 overall pick, despite a strong objection from Kiffin. Russell, arguably the biggest bust in NFL history, held out until September 12 and did not make his first career start until week 17. Kiffin coached the Raiders to a 4-- 12 record in the 2007 season . After a 1-- 3 start to 2008 and months of speculation and rumors, Davis fired Kiffin on September 30. Tom Cable ( edit ) Tom Cable was named as Kiffin's interim replacement, and officially signed as the 17th head coach of the Oakland Raiders on Tuesday, February 3, 2009. The team's finish to the 2008 season would turn out to match their best since they lost the Super Bowl in the 2002 season. However, they still finished 5-- 11 and ended up third in the AFC West, the first time they did not finish last since 2002. They would produce an identical record in 2009 ; however, the season was somewhat ameliorated by the fact that four of the Raiders' five wins were against opponents with above .500 records. In 2010 , the Raiders became the first team in NFL history to go undefeated against their division yet miss the playoffs (6-- 0 in the AFC West, 8-- 8 overall, 3 games behind the Jets for the second Wild Card entry). On January 4, 2011, owner Al Davis informed head coach Tom Cable that his contract would not be renewed, ending his tenure with the organization. Many Raider players, such as punter Shane Lechler, were upset with the decision. Hue Jackson & death of Al Davis ( edit ) On January 17, 2011, it was announced that offensive coordinator Hue Jackson was going to be the next Raiders head coach. A press conference was held on January 18, 2011, to formally introduce Jackson as the next Raiders head coach, the fifth in just seven years. Following Davis's death during the 2011 season , new owners Carol and Mark Davis decided to take the franchise in a drastically different direction by hiring a general manager. On New Year's Day of 2012, the Raiders played the San Diego Chargers , hoping to go to the playoffs for the first time since 2002, the game ended with a 38-- 26 loss. Their season ended with another disappointing 8-- 8 record. Dennis Allen ( edit ) The Raiders named Green Bay Packers director of football operations Reggie McKenzie as the team's first General Manager since Al Davis on January 6, 2012. Given full autonomy over personnel decisions by the Davis family, McKenzie, in his first day on the job, fired head coach Hue Jackson after only one season on January 10, seeking to hire his own head coach instead. In the process, the Raiders lost their sixth head coach in the past ten seasons, none of whom lasted more than two seasons. Two weeks later, McKenzie hired Broncos defensive coordinator Dennis Allen as head coach. Most of the coaching staff has been replaced by new position and strength and conditioning coaches. The Raiders began 2012 by running a nose tackle when they run a 4-3 defense . They lost their home opener on Monday Night Football against San Diego 22-- 14, and finished the season 4-- 12. In the 2013 offseason, the Raiders began making major roster moves. These included the signing of linebackers Kevin Burnett , Nick Roach , and Kaluka Maiava , defensive tackles Pat Sims and Vance Walker , cornerbacks Tracy Porter and Mike Jenkins , defensive end Jason Hunter , and safety Usama Young and the release of wide receiver Darrius Heyward-Bey , safety Michael Huff , linebacker Rolando McClain and defensive tackle Tommy Kelly . Starting quarterback Carson Palmer was traded to the Arizona Cardinals in exchange for a sixth-round draft pick and a conditional seventh-round draft pick. Shortly before, they had traded a fifth-round pick and an undisclosed conditional pick in exchange for Matt Flynn . In addition to signing Matt Flynn, the Raiders also welcomed back Charles Woodson , signing him to a 1-year deal in mid-May. The Oakland Raiders finished the 2013 season with a record of 4-- 12. In the 2014 NFL Draft , the Raiders selected linebacker Khalil Mack in the first round and quarterback Derek Carr in the second round hoping each would anchor their side of the ball. Carr was given control early as he was chosen as the starter for the opener of the 2014 season. After an 0-- 4 start to the 2014 season , and an 8-- 28 overall record as head coach, Allen was fired. Offensive line coach Tony Sparano was named interim head coach on September 30. The Oakland Raiders finished the 2014 season with a record of 3-- 13. Carr started all 16 games for the Raiders, the first Raider since 2002 to do so. First round pick Mack finished third in Defensive Rookie of the Year voting. Resurgence and relocation ( edit ) Jack Del Rio ( edit ) Khalil Mack the 1st player ever to be selected as an AP All-Pro at two positions in the same year. Derek Carr 's 53 TD passes in his first two seasons are the 2nd-- most in NFL history. Amari Cooper became the first rookie in Raiders franchise history to reach the 1,000-yard receiving mark. Jack Del Rio was hired to become the new head coach of the Oakland Raiders on January 14, 2015, replacing the fired Dennis Allen (who coincidentally had preceded him as the Broncos defensive coordinator) and interim head coach Tony Sparano . The Raiders showed great improvement in Del Rio's first season, improving upon their three-win 2014 season, going 7-- 9 in the 2015 season . Rookie wide receiver Amari Cooper fulfilled almost all expectations and Derek Carr continued his improvement at quarterback. Cooper, Mack, Murray, and Carr were selected to participate in the Pro Bowl. DE Khalil Mack was the first player ever to be selected as an AP 2015 All-Pro Team at two positions in the same year. The day following the conclusion of the 2015 regular season, the Raiders, St. Louis Rams , and San Diego Chargers all filed to relocate to Los Angeles. On January 12, 2016, the NFL owners voted 30-- 2 to allow the Rams to return to L.A. and approved a stadium project in Inglewood, California proposed by Rams owner Stan Kroenke over a competing project in Carson, California that the Chargers and Raiders had jointly proposed. The Chargers were given a one-year approval to relocate as well, conditioned on negotiating a lease agreement with the Rams or an agreement to partner with the Rams on the new stadium construction. The Raiders were given conditional permission to relocate if the Chargers were to decline their option first. As part of the Rams' relocation decision, the NFL offered to provide both the Chargers and Raiders $100 million each if they could work out new stadiums in their home markets. The Chargers eventually announced on January 12, 2017 that they would exercise their option to relocate to Los Angeles following the failure of a November 2016 ballot initiative to fund a new stadium in San Diego. In an official statement on the Rams decision, the Raiders offered they would `` now turn our attention to exploring all options to find a permanent stadium solution.'' Las Vegas and San Antonio were heavily rumored as possible relocation destinations. By mid-February 2016, the team had worked out a one-year lease agreement with the City of Oakland to play at O.co Coliseum with the option for a second one-year lease. In late January 2016, billionaire Sheldon Adelson , president and CEO of the Las Vegas Sands Corporation casino empire, proposed a new domed stadium in Las Vegas to potentially house the University of Nevada, Las Vegas football team and a possible NFL team. Adelson quickly reached out to the Raiders to discuss the team partnering on the new stadium. In April 2016, without promising the team would move, Raiders owner Mark Davis met with the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee and pledged $500 million toward Adelson's stadium if public officials agreed to contribute to the stadium. A group of investors led by former NFL stars Ronnie Lott and Rodney Peete proposed a new stadium to the city of Oakland in June 2016 as a way to keep the Raiders in the city. Nevada's legislature approved a $750 million public subsidy for the proposed domed Las Vegas stadium in October 2016. Davis informed his fellow NFL owners that he intended to file for relocation to Las Vegas following the end of the season. On November 28, 2016, the Raiders secured their first winning season since 2002 with a comeback win against the Carolina Panthers , and on December 18, the team clinched their first postseason berth since 2002 with a victory over the San Diego Chargers. On December 20, 2016, the NFL announced that the Raiders would have seven Pro Bowl selections: Khalil Mack , Derek Carr , Amari Cooper , Donald Penn , Kelechi Osemele , Rodney Hudson and Reggie Nelson . This was the most selections for the team since 1991, and the most for any team in the 2016 NFL season. As the fifth seed in the AFC in the 2016 NFL playoffs , the Raiders faced the Houston Texans in the opening Wild Card round. With significant injuries hampering the team, including the loss of starting quarterback Carr in the second to last regular season game, they lost to the Texans 27-- 14. The Raiders officially filed paperwork with the NFL on January 19, 2017, to relocate the club from Oakland to Las Vegas , Nevada by the 2020 season. The vote for the team's relocation took place on March 27, 2017, and the NFL officially approved the Raiders' relocation to Las Vegas by a 31-- 1 vote. Only the Miami Dolphins dissented the proposed move. Subsequently, the team announced that it will continue to be known as the Oakland Raiders for the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons and will play its games in Oakland for at least those two seasons. Prior to the 2017 season , the Raiders signed quarterback Derek Carr to a then-NFL record contract extension of five years, $125 million. Following their first trip to the playoffs in 14 years, the Raiders expected bigger things in 2017, with a return to the playoffs seeming likely. However, the Raider defense struggled mightily on the year and the Raider offense could not return to its previous year's form. After winning the first two games of the season, the Raiders lost four straight and six of their next eight leaving them two games below .500 with six games remaining. They would win their next two games, but lose their final four games, ending the season a disappointing 6-- 10. On December 31, 2017, following a loss to the Los Angeles Chargers in Week 17, head coach Del Rio was fired by Mark Davis after being granted a four-year contract extension prior to the season. Jon Gruden Returns ( edit ) On January 6, 2018, the team announced the return of Jon Gruden as head coach. Gruden returned to the Raiders and coaching after a nine-year stint with ESPN serving as analyst for Monday Night Football . Davis, who had reportedly been wanting to hire Gruden for six years, gave Gruden a 10-year contract worth an estimated $100 million. Championships ( edit ) AFL Championships ( edit ) The Raiders finished the 1967 season with a 13-- 1-- 0 record and won the 1967 AFL Championship. They subsequently lost to the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl II . American Football League Championships Season Coach Location Opponent Score Game 1967 John Rauch Oakland, California Houston Oilers 40-- 7 VIII Super Bowl Championships ( edit ) The Raiders have won a total of 3 Super Bowls. They won their first Super Bowl under John Madden , and their next two with Tom Flores . Super Bowl Championships Season Coach Location Opponent Score Super Bowl 1976 John Madden Pasadena, California Minnesota Vikings 32-- 14 XI 1980 Tom Flores New Orleans, Louisiana Philadelphia Eagles 27-- 10 XV Tom Flores Tampa, Florida Washington Redskins 38-- 9 XVIII Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Raiders wearing the white uniform. When the team was founded in 1960, the Oakland Tribune held a name-the-team contest. The winning name was the Oakland Señors . After a few days of being the butt of local jokes (and accusations that the contest was fixed, as Chet Soda was fairly well known within the Oakland business community for calling his acquaintances `` señor '' ), the fledgling team (and its owners) changed the team's name nine days later to the Oakland Raiders, which had finished third in the naming contest. Chet Soda hired a well known sportswriter, Gene Lawrence Perry as the first Director of Public Relations. Perry (who was hired in 1959 as the first front office hire) commissioned an unknown Berkeley artist and asked that a logo be created which included a helmeted man with an eyepatch, with the firm chin of a Randolph Scott , a well known Westerns actor. The new owner's had their newly minted Raiders logo, a pirate wearing a football helmet with an eye patch on a gold football background with two white swords in black trim with gold handles criss-crossed behind the football. The original Raiders uniforms were black and gold, while the helmets were black with a white stripe and no logo. The team wore this design from 1960 to 1962. When Al Davis became head coach and general manager in 1963, he changed the team's color scheme to silver and black, and added a logo to the helmet. This logo is a shield that consists of the word `` RAIDERS'' at the top, two crossed cutlasses with handles up and cutting edge down, and superimposed head of a Raider wearing a football helmet and a black eye patch covering his right eye. Over the years, it has undergone minor color modifications (such as changing the background from silver to black in 1964), but it has essentially remained the same. The Raiders' current silver and black uniform design has essentially remained the same since it debuted in 1963. It consists of silver helmets, silver pants, and either black or white jerseys. The black jerseys have silver lettering names and numbers, while the white jerseys have black lettering names and numbers with silver outlining the numbers only. Originally, the white jerseys had black letters for the names and silver numbers with a thick black outline, but they were changed to black with a silver outline for the 1964 season. In 1970, the team used silver numerals with black outline and black lettering names for the season. However, in 1971, the team again displayed black numerals and have stayed that way ever since (with the exception of the 1994 season as part of the NFL's 75th Anniversary where they donned the 1963 helmets with the 1970 silver away numbers and black lettering names). The Raiders wore their white jerseys at home for the first time in their history on September 28, 2008 against the San Diego Chargers. The decision was made by Lane Kiffin, who was coaching his final game for the Raiders, and was purportedly due to intense heat. The high temperature in Oakland that day was 78° . For the 2009 season, the Raiders took part in the AFL Legacy Program and wore 1960s throwback jerseys for games against other teams from the former AFL . In the 2012 and 2013 seasons, the team wore black cleats as a tribute to Al Davis. However, the team reverted to white cleats in 2014 . Home fields ( edit ) Oakland Alameda Coliseum is part of the Oakland-- Alameda County Coliseum complex, which consists of the stadium and neighboring Oracle Arena . After splitting the first home season between Kezar Stadium and Candlestick , the Raiders moved exclusively to Candlestick Park in 1961, where total attendance for the season was about 50,000, and finished 2-- 12. Valley threatened to move the Raiders out of the area unless a stadium was built in Oakland, so in 1962 the Raiders moved into 18,000-seat Frank Youell Field (later expanded to 22,000 seats), their first home in Oakland. It was a temporary home for the team while the 53,000 seat Oakland Alameda Coliseum was under construction; the Coliseum was completed in 1966. The Raiders have shared the Coliseum with the Oakland Athletics since the A's moved to Oakland from Kansas City in 1968, except for the years the Raiders called Los Angeles home (1982-- 94). The Raiders have defeated and lost to all 31 other NFL teams at the Coliseum at least once. The Raiders did play one regular season game at California Memorial Stadium in Berkeley, California . On September 23, 1973 they played the Miami Dolphins in Berkeley due to a scheduling conflict with the Athletics. The team defeated the Dolphins 12-- 7, ending Miami's winning streak. During the Los Angeles years, the Raiders played in the 93,000-seat Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . New stadium proposals and relocation ( edit ) From the assumption of the team by Mark Davis in 2011, the Raiders had been subject to rampant relocation speculation as the team attempted to find a new stadium in Oakland or elsewhere, due to the age of Oakland Alameda Coliseum , being secondary tenants to Major League Baseball 's Athletics , and the expiration of the team's lease at the end of 2016. After looking into a variety of options in the Bay Area, Los Angeles and elsewhere the team will ultimately relocate to Las Vegas, Nevada by 2020. Las Vegas ( edit ) Main articles: Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas , Las Vegas Stadium , and Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area § National Football League On March 27, 2017, NFL team owners voted 31-- 1 to approve moving the Raiders to Las Vegas, Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 NFL season , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium , although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s, following the Rams ' move from St. Louis, Missouri to Los Angeles, California on January 12, 2016, and the Chargers ' move from San Diego, California to Los Angeles on January 12, 2017. The Raiders' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland-- Alameda County Coliseum . Past new stadium and relocation possibilities ( edit ) Prior to settling on Las Vegas, the Raiders had been linked to a number of new stadium projects. Santa Clara, California ( edit ) Main article: Levi's Stadium There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi's Stadium with the San Francisco 49ers . However, the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19, 2012 and have since sold $670 million worth of seats including 70% of club and luxury suites, making it unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would now be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites. Raiders' owner Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he has no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland. When Levi's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17, 2014, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that it is up for the team to decide whether or not it wants to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland Coliseum. Had the Raiders moved to Santa Clara, this would have marked the third time the Raiders and 49ers use the same venue. Before the Coliseum was built, the Raiders shared Kezar Stadium and Candlestick Park with the 49ers in San Francisco in 1960 and 1961. Los Angeles ( edit ) Main articles: National Football League in Los Angeles , Carson Stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , and History of the Los Angeles Raiders § Attempted return to Los Angeles On February 19, 2015, the Raiders and the Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market. Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities. The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3-- 0. The council voted without having clarified several issues, including who would finance the stadium, how the required three-way land swap would be performed, and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant. On January 12, the NFL rejected the Raiders' relocation request. However, the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2019, playing in a new stadium under construction in Inglewood, California to house the Los Angeles Rams . The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium, but the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017. The Chargers exercised their option on January 12, 2017, effectively ending any possible Raiders' relocation to Los Angeles. New stadium in Oakland ( edit ) On March 7, 2012, then-mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city (the Raiders, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Athletics and the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Golden State Warriors ), as well as attract new businesses to the city. The project, dubbed Coliseum City, had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland Alameda Coliseum complex. The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location, a baseball-only stadium and a football-only stadium, while Oracle Arena , home of the Warriors, will be either rebuilt or undergo extensive renovations. A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project. However, no officials from either of Oakland's major league teams were present at the media conference. According to the San Francisco Business Times , Oakland's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC, an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC , Rashid Al Malik (chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings), and the city, had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project, which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland Alameda Coliseum Complex . The development team also included JRDV Urban International, HKS Architects , and Forest City Real Estate Services. In an ideal situation, construction would have started by the end of 2014. Meanwhile, as of 2014, the Warriors were going forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay , not far from AT&T Park , and move back across the Bay Area from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019. On May 23, 2016, It was reported by the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets that a group led by NFL Hall of Famer Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new stadium for the Raiders. The group had met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal. They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf . The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the `` price and terms of sale'' for the 120-acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena. On November 22, 2016, a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced. The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13, 2016 and approved by Oakland in a 7-- 0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3-- 1 vote. On March 1, 2017, Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the stadium plan to the NFL. On March 27, 2017, the Las Vegas plan was picked over the Lott plan by NFL owners with approval of the franchise's eventual relocation to Las Vegas. Culture ( edit ) The Raider Nation is the unofficial name for the fans of the NFL's Oakland Raiders. They are particularly associated with a section of the Oakland Alameda Coliseum known as the `` Black Hole'' . Slogans ( edit ) Al Davis coined slogans such as `` Pride and Poise'' , `` Commitment to Excellence'' , and `` Just Win, Baby'' -- all of which are registered trademarks of the team. `` Commitment to Excellence'' comes from a quote of Vince Lombardi, `` The quality of a person's life is in direct proportion to their commitment to excellence, regardless of their chosen field of endeavor.'' Raider Nation ( edit ) Main article: Raider Nation The nickname Raider Nation refers to the die hard fans of the team spread throughout the United States and the world. Members of the Raider Nation who attend home games are known for arriving to the stadium early, tailgating , and dressing up in face masks and black outfits. The Raider Nation is also known for the Black Hole, a specific area of the Coliseum (sections 104-- 107) frequented by the team's rowdiest and most fervent fans. Al Davis created the phrase Raider Nation in 1968. In September 2009, Ice Cube recorded a song for the Raiders named `` Raider Nation'' . In 2010, he took part in a documentary for ESPN 's 30 for 30 series titled Straight Outta L.A.. It mainly focuses on N.W.A and the effect of the Raiders' image on their persona. In 2012, Ice Cube wrote another song for the Raiders, as a part of Pepsi 's NFL Anthems campaign, `` Come and Get It'' . It was released on September 14, 2012. Cheerleaders ( edit ) Main article: Oakland Raiderettes The Oakland Raiderettes performing a routine. The Oakland Raiderettes are the cheerleading squad for the Oakland Raiders. They were established in 1961 as the Oakland Raiderettes. During the team's time in Los Angeles they were the Los Angeles Raiderettes. They have been billed as `` Football's Fabulous Females'' . Radio and television ( edit ) Oakland Raiders radio network ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates in the western US Main article: List of Oakland Raiders broadcasters Raider games are broadcast in English on 16 radio stations in California , including flagship station KGMZ-FM 95.7 (FM) `` The Game'' in San Francisco. Additionally, games are broadcast on 20 radio stations in Nevada , Oregon , Colorado , Hawaii , and Arkansas . Greg Papa is the play-by-play announcer, with former Raider coach and quarterback Tom Flores doing commentary. George Atkinson and Jim Plunkett offer pre- and post-game commentary. Compass Media Networks is responsible for producing and distributing Raiders radio broadcasts. Bill King was the voice of the Raiders from 1966 to 1992, during which time he called approximately 600 games. The Raiders awarded him rings for all three of their Super Bowl victories. It is King's radio audio heard on most of the NFL Films highlight footage of the Raiders. King's call of the Holy Roller has been labeled (by Chris Berman , among others) as one of the five best in NFL history. King died in October 2005 from complications after surgery. Former San Francisco 49ers tight end Monty Stickles and Scotty Stirling , an Oakland Tribune sportswriter, served as color commentators with King. The Raider games were called on radio from 1960 to 1962 by Bud (Wilson Keene) Foster and Mel Venter, and from 1963 to 1965 by Bob Blum and Dan Galvin. In June 2017, it was announced that Beasley Media Group has a two-year deal as the Las Vegas flagship radio partner of the Raiders. Beasley's stations KCYE-FM (102.7) `` The Coyote'' and KDWN-AM (720) will carry all 20 preseason and regular season games for the 2017 season. Television ( edit ) The Raiders' games are broadcast in the Bay Area on CBS affiliate KPIX and in Las Vegas on CBS affiliate KLAS-TV (when playing an AFC opponent) and on Fox Bay Area affiliate KTVU and Las Vegas affiliate KVVU-TV (when hosting an NFC opponent), unless the game is blacked out locally. Sunday night and a few Thursday night games are on NBC Bay Area affiliate KNTV and Las Vegas affiliate KSNV . The Raiders are a beneficiary of league scheduling policies . Both the Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers share the San Francisco Bay Area market, on the West Coast of the United States. This means that the Raiders cannot play any home games, road division games against the Denver Broncos or Los Angeles Chargers , or interconference road games against the NFC West (in seasons that the AFC West and NFC West meet in interconference play) in the early 10:00 a.m. Pacific time slot. In addition, they cannot play interconference home games at the same time or network as the 49ers. As a result, both teams generally have more limited scheduling options, and also benefit by receiving more prime time games than usual. In light of the pending relocation of the Raider franchise to Las Vegas, KVVU-TV, the local Fox affiliate in Las Vegas will carry all Oakland Raiders preseason games and special content alongside Bay Area preseason game and special content broadcaster KTVU. Rivals ( edit ) The Raiders have rivalries with the other three teams in the AFC West ( Denver Broncos , Kansas City Chiefs , and Los Angeles Chargers ) and a geographic rivalry with the San Francisco 49ers . They also have rivalries with other teams that arose from playoff battles in the past, most notably with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots . The Seattle Seahawks have an old rivalry with Oakland as well, but the rivalry became less relevant when the Seahawks moved to the NFC West as part of the NFL's 2002 realignment. Divisional rivals ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs Further information: Chiefs-- Raiders rivalry The Raiders playing the Chiefs in the 1969 AFL championship game The Chiefs are the Raiders biggest (and most hated) divisional foe, and the bitter rivalry between the two teams have had several memorable moments. Oakland lost the 1969 AFL Championship against Kansas City, who went on to beat the Minnesota Vikings and win the Super Bowl. From 1990 to 1999, the Raiders have lost 17 out of 20 regular season meetings between the Chiefs, including a 10-- game losing streak at Kansas City; the Raiders also lost to the Chiefs on December 28, 1991 Wild Card Playoffs; final score was 10-- 6. On September 8, 1996, the Chiefs also began to lead the overall series against the Raiders for the first time since November 23, 1969. On January 1, 2000, the last game of the 1999 NFL regular season, the Raiders defeated the Chiefs for the first time in Kansas City since 1988 in overtime on a 33-yard field goal kick made by Joe Nedney. The Chiefs lead the overall series 62-- 53-- 2 , and are the only team in the AFC West that the Raiders have a losing record against. Oakland currently has defeated Kansas City just twice since the 2012 NFL season. Until October 19, 2017 - when they defeated the Chiefs, 31-30 on a game-tying touchdown on the last play of the game, leading to a game winning PAT - the Raiders had lost 5 straight to the Chiefs, their previous win against them being in the 2014 season. Denver Broncos Further information: Broncos-- Raiders rivalry The Raiders playing against the Broncos in the 1977-78 AFC Championship Game . The Raiders' rivalry with the Broncos , while not as bitter as their rivalry with the Chiefs, is still very heated, as the two teams have faced each other twice a year since the AFL's inception. The Raiders had a 14-game winning streak against the Broncos from 1965 to 1971, which lasted until October 22, 1972 when the Broncos defeated the Raiders 30-- 23. While the Raiders still hold the advantage in the all-time series 60-- 49-- 2 , the Broncos amassed 21 wins in 28 games, from the 1995 season and the arrival of Broncos head coach Mike Shanahan , through the 2008 season. Shanahan coached the Raiders before being fired just four games into the 1989 season, which has only served to intensify this rivalry. On Sunday, October 24, 2010, the Raiders beat the Broncos (59-- 14), giving the Raiders the most points scored in a game in the team's history. On December 13, 2015, The Raiders pulled a huge upset on the Broncos (15-- 12) by a spectacular performance from their defense allowing 4 field goals. Linebacker Khalil Mack who recorded 5 sacks In that game against Denver which is tied the most sacks in franchise along with Howie Long. The Broncos' first ever Super Bowl appearance (in the 1977 season) was made possible by defeating Oakland in the AFC Championship. Final Score was 20-- 17. Los Angeles Chargers Further information: Chargers-- Raiders rivalry The Los Angeles Chargers ' rivalry with Oakland dates to the 1963 season, when the Raiders defeated the heavily favored Chargers twice, both come-from-behind fourth quarter victories. The Raiders held a streak without losing to the Chargers with a 16-- 0-- 2 record from 1968 to 1977. One of the most memorable games between these teams was the `` Holy Roller'' game in 1978, in which the Raiders fumbled for a touchdown in a very controversial play. In January 1981, the Chargers hosted their first AFC title against the Raiders. The Raiders were victorious over the Chargers of a score 34-- 27. The Raiders ended up moving on to play in Super Bowl 15 defeating the Eagles 27-- 10. On November 22, 1982, the Raiders hosted their first Monday Night football game in Los Angeles against the San Diego Chargers. The Chargers led the game in the 1st half 24-- 0 until the Raiders came into the 2nd half and made a huge comeback and defeated the San Diego Chargers 28-- 24. On October 10, 2010, The Raiders ended their 13-game losing streak to the San Diego Chargers with a score of 35-- 27. The Raiders hold the overall series advantage at 59-- 50-- 2 . Battle of the Bay rivalry ( edit ) Main article: 49ers-- Raiders rivalry The San Francisco 49ers , located on the other side of San Francisco Bay , are the Raiders' geographic rivals. The first exhibition game, played in 1967, ended with the 49ers defeating the AFL Raiders 13-- 10. After the 1970 merger, the 49ers won in Oakland 38-- 7. As a result, games between the two are referred to as the `` Battle of the Bay.'' Since the two teams play in different conferences, regular season matchups happen only once every four years. Fans and players of the winning team can claim `` bragging rights'' as the better team in the area. On August 20, 2011, in the third week of the preseason, the preseason game between the rivals was marked by fights in restrooms and stands at Candlestick Park , including a shooting outside the stadium in which several were injured. The NFL has decided to cancel all future preseason games between the Raiders and 49ers. The Raiders currently lead the all-time regular season series with 7 wins to the 49ers' 6. Oakland won the latest matchup at home 24-- 13, on December 7 in Week 14 of the 2014 regular season . Unless the NFL scheduling formula is reconfigured, the next matchup will be in 2018. Historical rivals ( edit ) The rivalry between the Raiders and New England Patriots dates to their time in the AFL, but was intensified during a 1978 preseason game, when Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley was permanently paralyzed after a vicious hit delivered by Raiders free safety Jack Tatum . Before that, New England also lost a playoff game in 1976 to the Raiders; the game is unofficially known as `` The Ben Dreith Game'' due to a controversial penalty by head referee Dreith. While based in Los Angeles, the team hosted New England in the divisional round of the playoffs in 1986. The game was won by New England and marred by a chaotic rumble between the teams in the end zone as players were leaving the field after the game. The brawl was especially notable for Matt Millen attacking Patriots GM Patrick Sullivan with his helmet. The two teams met in a divisional-round playoff game in 2002, which became known as the `` Tuck Rule Game '' . Late in the game, an incomplete pass, ruled a fumble, by Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was overturned, and New England went on to win in overtime and eventually won the Super Bowl against the heavily favored St. Louis Rams , the Raiders' former crosstown rivals in Los Angeles. Since that game, the Patriots have won five of the last six regular season contests between the two teams. The first contest being the following year during the 2002 season in Oakland, with the Raiders winning 27-- 20; they met in the 2005 season opener in New England with the Patriots ruining Randy Moss ' debut as a Raider 30-- 20; the Patriots defeated the Raiders 49-- 26 in December 2008 in Bill Belichick 's 100th regular season win as Patriots coach; a Patriots 31-- 19 win during the 2011 season ; a scrappy 16-- 9 Patriots win in the third week of the 2014 season , and the Patriots' 33-- 8 win in Mexico City in 2017 . The New York Jets began a strong rivalry with the Raiders in the AFL during the 1960s that continued through much of the 1970s, fueled in part by Raider Ike Lassiter breaking star quarterback Joe Namath 's jaw during a 1967 game (though Ben Davidson wrongly got blamed), the famous Heidi Game during the 1968 season, and the Raiders' bitter loss to the Jets in the AFL Championship later that season. The rivalry waned in later years, but saw a minor resurgence in the 2000-- 02 period. The Jets edged the Raiders in the final week of the 2001 season 24-- 22 on a last-second John Hall field goal; the Raiders hosted the Jets in the Wild Card round the following Saturday and won 38-- 24. In the 2002 season the Raiders defeated the Jets 26-- 20 in December, then defeated them again in the AFC Divisional Playoffs, 30-- 10. The Raiders lost the 37-- 27 on December 8, 2013, but won the most recent matchup 20-- 34 on November 1, 2015. Rivalries that have waned in recent years have been with the Miami Dolphins and Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans . The Raiders faced the Dolphins twice in the early 1970s; the Dolphins defeated the Raiders in the 1973 AFC Championship Game 27-- 10 on their way to Super Bowl VIII . The next year in the divisional playoffs the Raiders trailed Miami 26-- 21; in the final minute the Raiders drove to the Miami eight yard line; a desperation pass by Ken Stabler was caught in traffic by Clarence Davis in the play known as the `` Sea Of Hands.'' The Pittsburgh Steelers ' rivalry with the Raiders has historically been very tight; as of the 2015 season the Raiders lead the regular season series 12 wins to 10, and their playoff rivalry is tied 3-- 3. The rivalry was extremely intense during the 1970s. The Steelers knocked the Raiders out of the playoffs in three of four consecutive seasons in the early 1970s (the first loss was the `` Immaculate Reception '' game) until the Raiders finally beat the Steelers in the 1976 AFC Championship (and went on to win Super Bowl XI ). During the 1975 AFC Championship game, Raiders strong safety George Atkinson delivered a hit on Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann that gave him a concussion. When the two teams met in the 1976 season opener, Atkinson hit Swann again and gave him another concussion. After the second incident, Steelers head coach Chuck Noll referred to Atkinson as part of the `` criminal element'' in the NFL. Atkinson filed a $2 million defamation lawsuit against Noll and the Steelers, which he lost. The two clubs' three most recent contests harkened back to the rivalry's history of bitterness and close competition. On December 6, 2009 the 3-- 8 Raiders helped spoil the defending champions ' quest for the playoffs as the game lead changed five times in the fourth quarter and a Louis Murphy touchdown with 11 seconds to go won it 27-- 24 for the Raiders. Oakland was then beaten 35-- 3 by Pittsburgh on November 21, 2010; this game brought out the roughness of the rivalry's 1970s history when Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger was punched by Raiders defensive end Richard Seymour following a touchdown. Most recently, on November 8, 2015, the Steelers outplayed the Raiders for a 38-- 35 victory. During the game, the Raiders defense allowed wide receiver Antonio Brown to catch 17 passes for 284 yards. Both are Steelers team records and the 284 yards is the 7th most yards receiving in a game in NFL history. The Raiders faced the Houston Oilers throughout the AFL era and twice in AFL playoffs in the late 1960s, winning 40-- 7 in 1967 on their way to Super Bowl II and 56-- 7 in the 1969 divisional playoffs. Oakland defeated the Oilers in the 1980 Wild Card playoffs 27-- 7 and defeated the Titans in the 2002 AFC Championship Game 41-- 24; the combined scores of these four games is 164-- 45. Historic battle for Los Angeles rivalry ( edit ) As mentioned earlier, the Oakland Raiders and Los Angeles Rams had a rivalry during the 13 years both teams shared the Los Angeles market. The teams met six times in the regular season in this period; Raiders won the 1st meeting 37-- 31 when both teams met in this period on December 18, 1982, with the Raiders winning four times during the battle of Los Angeles. Raiders vs. opponents ( edit ) Notes: Regular season record (all-time): 462-- 411-- 11 (.529) through the end of the 2017 NFL season . Playoff record (all-time): 25-- 19 (.568) The Kansas City Chiefs were known as the Dallas Texans from 1960 through 1962. The New York Jets were known as the New York Titans from 1960 through 1962. The Tennessee Titans were known as the Houston Oilers from 1960 through 1996, they were known as the Tennessee Oilers for the 1997-- 98 season. Raiders vs. NFL Opponent First meeting Regular season Playoffs Wins Losses Ties Win % Wins Losses Win % Arizona Cardinals 1973 5 0 .556 0 0 -- Atlanta Falcons 1971 7 7 0 .500 0 0 -- Baltimore Ravens 7 0 .300 0 .000 Buffalo Bills 1960 21 18 0 .538 0 .000 Carolina Panthers 1997 0 .500 0 0 -- Chicago Bears 1972 7 7 0 .500 0 0 -- Cincinnati Bengals 1968 18 10 0 .643 0 1.000 Cleveland Browns 1970 12 10 0 .545 0 1.000 Dallas Cowboys 6 6 0 .500 0 0 -- Denver Broncos 1960 62 51 .548 .500 Detroit Lions 1970 6 6 0 .500 0 0 -- Green Bay Packers 1968 5 7 0 .417 0 .000 Houston Texans 6 0 .400 0 .000 Indianapolis Colts 1971 8 6 0 .571 .500 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 .500 0 0 -- Kansas City Chiefs 1960 52 61 .461 .333 Los Angeles Chargers 1960 62 52 .543 0 1.000 Los Angeles Rams 1972 8 5 0 .615 0 0 -- Miami Dolphins 1966 17 16 .515 .750 Minnesota Vikings 1973 9 5 0 .643 0 1.000 New England Patriots 1960 14 17 .453 .333 New Orleans Saints 1971 6 6 .500 0 0 -- New York Giants 1973 8 5 0 .615 0 0 -- New York Jets 1960 23 17 .571 .500 Philadelphia Eagles 1971 5 7 0 .417 0 1.000 Pittsburgh Steelers 1970 12 10 0 .545 .500 San Francisco 49ers 1970 7 6 0 .538 0 0 -- Seattle Seahawks 1977 28 24 0 .538 .500 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1976 7 0 .778 0 .000 Tennessee Titans 1960 26 20 0 .565 0 1.000 Washington Redskins 1970 7 6 0 .538 0 1.000 Ownership, administration and financial operations ( edit ) Founding of the franchise ( edit ) Max Winter, a Minneapolis businessman was among the eight proposed franchise owners in the American Football League. In a move typical of the NFL owners who were frightened by the prospect of competition and continually obstructed the new league, they offered Winter an expansion franchise in the NFL. This was after the NFL had rejected Lamar Hunt's feelers, saying they were not interested in expansion. One of many obfuscations put forward by the NFL in its attempt to derail the AFL. After the AFL's first draft, in which players were selected for the then nameless Minneapolis franchise, Winter reneged from his agreement with the AFL owners and defected to the NFL with a franchise that started play in 1961 and was named the Minnesota Vikings . The Vikings were never an AFL team, nor did they have any association with the AFL. Many of the players (including Abner Haynes) that had been assigned to the UNNAMED and defunct Minneapolis AFL franchise were signed by some of the seven loyal remaining members of the AFL's ' Foolish Club ' . The city of Oakland was awarded the eighth AFL franchise on January 30, 1960. Once the consortium of owners was found for the eighth franchise, the team was named the Raiders. Because many of the defunct Minneapolis franchise's originally drafted players were signed by other AFL teams, the AFL held an ' allocation' draft, in which each team earmarked players that could be chosen by the Raiders. The Minneapolis group did not take with them any of the rights to players they drafted when they defected to the NFL, because their first draft in that league was in 1961. The Raiders were not originally in Minnesota as some claim. They were a new, charter franchise in the American Football League . One reason they were so weak in the first few years of the AFL was that the other AFL teams did not make quality players available in the allocation draft. At the time, Oakland seemed an unlikely venue for a professional football team. The city had not asked for a team, there was no ownership group and there was no stadium in Oakland suitable for pro football (the closest stadiums were in Berkeley and San Francisco) and there was already a successful NFL franchise in the Bay Area in the San Francisco 49ers . However, the AFL owners selected Oakland after Los Angeles Chargers owner Barron Hilton threatened to forfeit his franchise unless a second team was placed on the West Coast. Upon receiving the franchise, Oakland civic leaders found a number of businesspeople willing to invest in the new team. A limited partnership was formed to own the team headed by managing general partner Y. Charles (Chet) Soda (1908-- 89), a local real estate developer, and included general partners Ed McGah (1899-- 1983), Robert Osborne (1898-- 1968), F. Wayne Valley (1914-- 86), restaurateur Harvey Binns (1914-- 82), Don Blessing (1904-- 2000), and contractor Charles Harney (1902-- 62) as well as numerous limited partners. The Raiders finished their first campaign with a 6-- 8 record, and lost $500,000. Desperately in need of money to continue running the team, Valley received a $400,000 loan from Buffalo Bills founder Ralph C. Wilson Jr. After the conclusion of the first season Soda dropped out of the partnership, and on January 17, 1961, Valley, McGah and Osborne bought out the remaining four general partners. Soon after, Valley and McGah purchased Osborne's interest, with Valley named as the managing general partner. In 1962, Valley hired Al Davis, a former assistant coach for the San Diego Chargers, as head coach and general manager. In April 1966, Davis left the Raiders after being named AFL Commissioner. Two months later, the league announced its merger with the NFL . With the merger, the position of commissioner was no longer needed, and Davis entered into discussions with Valley about returning to the Raiders. On July 25, 1966, Davis returned as part owner of the team. He purchased a 10% interest in the team for US $18,000, and became the team's third general partner -- the partner in charge of football operations. In 1972, with Wayne Valley out of the country for several weeks attending the Olympic Games in Munich , Davis's attorneys drafted a revised partnership agreement that gave him total control over all of the Raiders' operations. McGah, a supporter of Davis, signed the agreement. Under partnership law, by a 2-- 1 vote of the general partners, the new agreement was thus ratified. Valley was furious when he discovered this, and immediately filed suit to have the new agreement overturned, but the court sided with Davis and McGah. In 1976, Valley sold his interest in the team, and Davis -- who now owned only 25% of the Raiders -- was firmly in charge. Current ownership structure ( edit ) Legally, the club is a limited partnership with nine partners -- Davis' heirs and the heirs of the original eight team partners. From 1972 onward, Davis had exercised near-complete control as president of the team's general partner, A.D. Football, Inc. Although exact ownership stakes are not known, it has been reported that Davis owned 47% of the team shares before his death in 2011. Ed McGah, the last of the original eight general partners of the Raiders, died in September 1983. Upon his death, his interest was devised to a family trust , of which his son, E.J. McGah , was the trustee . The younger McGah was himself a part-owner of the team, as a limited partner, and died in 2002. Several members of the McGah family filed suit against Davis in October 2003, alleging mismanagement of the team by Davis. The lawsuit sought monetary damages and to remove Davis and A.D. Football, Inc. as the team's managing general partner. Among their specific complaints, the McGahs alleged that Davis failed to provide them with detailed financial information previously provided to Ed and E.J. McGah. The Raiders countered that-- under the terms of the partnership agreement as amended in 1972-- upon the death of the elder McGah in 1983, his general partner interest converted to that of a limited partner. The team continued to provide the financial information to the younger McGah as a courtesy, though it was under no obligation to do so. The majority of the lawsuit was dismissed in April 2004, when an Alameda County Superior Court judge ruled that the case lacked merit since none of the other partners took part in the lawsuit. In October 2005, the lawsuit was settled out of court. The terms of the settlement are confidential, but it was reported that under its terms Davis purchased the McGah family's interest in the Raiders (approximately 31%), which gave him for the first time a majority interest, speculated to be approximately 67% of the team. As a result of the settlement, confidential details concerning Al Davis and the ownership of the Raiders were not released to the public. His ownership share went down to 47% when he sold 20% of the team to Wall Street investors In 2006, it was reported that Davis had been attempting to sell the 31% ownership stake in the team obtained from the McGah family. He was unsuccessful in this effort, reportedly because the sale would not give the purchaser any control of the Raiders, even in the event of Davis's death. Al Davis died on October 8, 2011, at 82. According to a 1999 partnership agreement, Davis' interest passed to his wife, Carol. After Davis' death, Raiders chief executive Amy Trask said that the team `` will remain in the Davis family.'' Al and Carol's son, Mark , inherited his father's old post as managing general partner and serves as the public face of the ownership. Financial operations ( edit ) According to a 2017 report released by Forbes Magazine , the Raiders' overall team value is US 2.38 billion ranked 19th out of 32 NFL teams. This valuation was made after the team's announcement of relocation to Las Vegas by 2020 and into a new stadium which moved the team's value up 19 percent. Although the team has regularly sold out since 2013, the team ranked in the bottom three in league attendance from 2003 to 2005, and failed to sell out a majority of their home games. One of the reasons cited for the poor attendance figures was the decision to issue costly personal seat licenses (PSLs) upon the Raiders' return to Oakland in 1995. The PSLs, which ranged in cost from $250 to $4,000, were meant to help repay the $200 million it cost the city of Oakland and Alameda County to expand the Oakland Coliseum. They were only valid for ten years, however, while other teams issue them permanently. As a result, fewer than 31,000 PSLs were sold for a stadium that holds twice that number. From 1995 until the lifting of the policy in 2014 television blackouts of Raiders home games were common. In November 2005, the team announced that it was taking over ticket sales from the privately run Oakland Football Marketing Association (OFMA), and abolishing PSLs. In February 2006, the team also announced that it would lower ticket prices for most areas of the Oakland Coliseum. Just prior to the start of the 2006 NFL season , the Raiders revealed that they had sold 37,000 season tickets, up from 29,000 the previous year. Despite the team's 2-- 14 record, they sold out six of their eight home games in 2006. Legal battles ( edit ) The Raiders and Al Davis have been involved in several lawsuits throughout their history, including ones against the NFL. When the NFL declined to approve the Raiders' move from Oakland to Los Angeles in 1980, the team joined the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission in a lawsuit against the league alleging a violation of antitrust laws. The Coliseum Commission received a settlement from the NFL of $19.6 million in 1987. In 1986, Davis testified on behalf of the United States Football League in their unsuccessful antitrust lawsuit against the NFL. He was the only NFL owner to do so. After relocating back to Oakland, the team sued the NFL for interfering with their negotiations to build a new stadium at Hollywood Park prior to the move. The Raiders' lawsuit further contended that they had the rights to the Los Angeles market, and thus were entitled to compensation from the league for giving up those rights by moving to Oakland. A jury found in favor of the NFL in 2001, but the verdict was overturned a year later due to alleged juror misconduct. In February 2005, a California Court of Appeal unanimously upheld the original verdict. When the Raiders moved back from Los Angeles in 1995, the city of Oakland and the Oakland-- Alameda County Coliseum Authority agreed to sell Personal Seat Licenses (PSLs) to help pay for the renovations to their stadium. But after games rarely sold out, the Raiders filed suit, claiming that they were misled by the city and the Coliseum Authority with the false promise that there would be sellouts. On November 2, 2005, a settlement was announced, part of which was the abolishment of PSLs as of the 2006 season. Trademark and trade dress dilution ( edit ) In 1996, the team sued the NFL in Santa Clara County, California , in a lawsuit that ultimately included 22 separate causes of action. Included in the team's claims were claims that the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' pirate logo diluted the team's California trademark in its own pirate logo and for trade dress dilution on the ground that the League had improperly permitted other teams (including the Buccaneers and Carolina Panthers ) to adopt colors for their uniforms similar to those of the Raiders. Among other things, the lawsuit sought an injunction to prevent the Buccaneers and Panthers from wearing their uniforms while playing in California. In 2003, these claims were dismissed on summary judgment because the relief sought would violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution . BALCO scandal ( edit ) In 2003, a number of current and former Oakland players such as Bill Romanowski , Tyrone Wheatley , Barrett Robbins , Chris Cooper and Dana Stubblefield were named as clients of the Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative ( BALCO ). BALCO was an American company led by founder and owner Victor Conte . In 2003, journalists Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada investigated the company's role in a drug sports scandal later referred to as the BALCO Affair . BALCO marketed tetrahydrogestrinone (`` the Clear'' ), a then-undetected, performance-enhancing steroid developed by chemist Patrick Arnold . Conte, BALCO vice president James Valente, weight trainer Greg Anderson and coach Remi Korchemny had supplied a number of high-profile sports stars from the United States and Europe with the Clear and human growth hormone for several years. Headquartered in Burlingame, California , BALCO was founded in 1984. Officially, BALCO was a service business for blood and urine analysis and food supplements. In 1988, Victor Conte offered free blood and urine tests to a group of athletes known as the BALCO Olympians . He then was allowed to attend the Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea . From 1996 Conte worked with well-known American football star Bill Romanowski, who proved to be useful to establish new connections to athletes and coaches. Players of note ( edit ) Further information: Category:Oakland Raiders players Further information: List of Oakland Raiders starting quarterbacks Current roster ( edit ) Oakland Raiders roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Derek Carr 18 Connor Cook -- Christian Hackenberg 3 EJ Manuel Running backs 24 Marshawn Lynch 28 Doug Martin 44 Henry Poggi FB 30 Jalen Richard 41 Keith Smith FB 34 Chris Warren III 33 DeAndré Washington Wide receivers 11 Marcell Ateman 80 Saeed Blacknall 12 Martavis Bryant 89 Amari Cooper 17 Dwayne Harris 14 Keon Hatcher 16 Johnny Holton 82 Jordy Nelson 10 Seth Roberts 15 Ryan Switzer 13 Griff Whalen 19 Isaac Whitney Tight ends 83 Marcus Baugh 81 Pharaoh Brown 84 Paul Butler 85 Derek Carrier 87 Jared Cook 86 Lee Smith Offensive linemen 74 Vadal Alexander T 76 Jon Feliciano C 68 Breno Giacomini T 61 Rodney Hudson C -- Cameron Hunt G 66 Gabe Jackson G 79 Denver Kirkland G 77 Kolton Miller T 70 Kelechi Osemele G 75 Brandon Parker T 72 Donald Penn T 71 David Sharpe T 67 Ian Silberman G 65 Jordan Simmons G 62 James Stone C 69 Jylan Ware T Defensive linemen 95 Fadol Brown DE 91 Shilique Calhoun DE 96 Tank Carradine DE 97 Mario Edwards Jr. DT 78 Justin Ellis NT 92 P.J. Hall DT 90 Treyvon Hester DT 73 Maurice Hurst Jr. DT 51 Bruce Irvin DE 99 Arden Key DE 52 Khalil Mack DE 64 Shakir Soto DE 94 Eddie Vanderdoes DT Linebackers 46 Jason Cabinda LB 47 James Cowser OLB 56 Derrick Johnson MLB 54 Emmanuel Lamur OLB 55 Marquel Lee MLB 50 Nicholas Morrow OLB 43 Brady Sheldon MLB 57 Azeem Victor MLB 59 Tahir Whitehead OLB 58 Kyle Wilber OLB Defensive backs 21 Gareon Conley CB 31 Marcus Gilchrist FS 29 Leon Hall CB 32 Antonio Hamilton CB 25 Erik Harris SS 42 Karl Joseph SS 45 Dallin Leavitt S 26 Shalom Luani SS 23 Dexter McDonald CB 22 Rashaan Melvin CB 37 Tevin Mitchel CB 20 Obi Melifonwu S 45 Nick Nelson CB 27 Reggie Nelson FS 39 Shaquille Richardson CB 36 Daryl Worley CB 35 Shareece Wright CB Special teams 48 Andrew DePaola LS 9 Eddy Pineiro K 49 Drew Scott LS 2 Giorgio Tavecchio K 5 Johnny Townsend P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated May 23, 2018 Depth chart Transactions 89 Active, 0 Inactive, 1 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Fame members ( edit ) The Pro Football Hall of Fame has inducted 14 players who made their primary contribution to professional football while with the Raiders, in addition to coach-owner-commissioner Al Davis, head coach John Madden and executive Ron Wolf. The Raiders' total is of 25 Hall of Famers. Raiders Hall of Famer Art Shell Ted Hendricks was a member of four Super Bowl -winning teams (three with the Raiders and one with the Colts). Raiders Hall of Famer Howie Long Notes: Hall of Famers who made the major part of their primary contribution for the Raiders are listed in bold . Hall of Famers who spent only a minor portion of their career with the Raiders are listed in normal font. Raiders in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No. Name Position(s) Tenure Inducted 77 Ron Mix OT 1971 1979 00 Jim Otto 1960-- 1974 1980 16 George Blanda QB -- K 1967-- 1975 1981 24 Willie Brown CB 1967-- 1978 1984 63 Gene Upshaw 1967-- 1981 14, 25 Fred Biletnikoff WR 1965-- 1978 1988 78 Art Shell OT 1968-- 1982 1989 83 Ted Hendricks LB 1975-- 1983 1990 22 Mike Haynes CB 1983-- 1989 1997 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1992 1999 75 Howie Long DE 1981-- 1993 2000 42 Ronnie Lott 1991-- 1992 2000 87 Dave Casper TE 1974-- 1980, 1984 2002 32 Marcus Allen RB 1982-- 1992 2003 80 James Lofton WR 1987-- 1988 2003 76 Bob Brown OT 1971-- 1973 26 Rod Woodson 2002-- 2003 2009 80 Jerry Rice WR 2001-- 2004 99 Warren Sapp DT 2004-- 2007 2013 8 Ray Guy 1973-- 1986 2014 81 Tim Brown WR 1988-- 2003 2015 12 Ken Stabler QB 1970-- 1979 2016 18 Randy Moss WR 2005-- 2006 2018 Coaches and Contributors Name Position(s) Tenure Inducted Al Davis Coach-Owner-Commissioner 1963-- 2011 1992 John Madden Head Coach 1969-- 1978 2006 Ron Wolf Scout Player Personnel Director 1963-- 1974 1979-- 1989 2015 Retired numbers ( edit ) The Raider organization does not retire the jersey numbers of former players on an official or unofficial basis. All 99 numbers are available for any player, regardless of stature or who previously wore the number. Individual awards ( edit ) NFL MVP Winners Season Player Position Ken Stabler QB 1985 Marcus Allen RB 2002 Rich Gannon QB Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position XI Fred Biletnikoff WR XV Jim Plunkett QB XVIII Marcus Allen RB Pro Bowl MVP Winners Pro Bowl Player Position 2001 Rich Gannon QB 2002 NFL Offensive Player of the Year Season Player Position Ken Stabler QB 1985 Marcus Allen RB NFL Defensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1980 Lester Hayes CB 2016 Khalil Mack LB NFL Comeback Player of the Year Season Player Position 1980 Jim Plunkett QB 1982 Lyle Alzado DE NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1982 Marcus Allen RB NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1998 Charles Woodson CB Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Season Player Position George Blanda QB / K Byron `` Whizzer'' White Man of the Year Season Player Position 1979 Gene Upshaw 2009 Nnamdi Asomugha CB Career leaders ( edit ) Passing Yards : 19,078 Ken Stabler (1970-- 1979) Passing Touchdowns : 150 Ken Stabler (1970-- 1979) Rushing Yards : 8,545 Marcus Allen (1982-- 1992) Rushing Touchdowns : 79 Marcus Allen (1982-- 1992) Receptions : 1,070 Tim Brown (1988-- 2003) Receiving Yards : 14,734 Tim Brown (1988-- 2003) Receiving Touchdowns : 99 Tim Brown (1988-- 2003) Total Touchdowns : 104 Tim Brown (1988-- 2003) Points : 1,799 Sebastian Janikowski (2000-- present) Field Goals Made : 414 Sebastian Janikowski (2000-- present) Total Punt Yardage : 48,215 Shane Lechler (2000-- 2012) Punting Average : 47.5 Shane Lechler (2000-- 2012) Kickoff Return Yards : 4,841 Chris Carr (2005-- 2007) Punt Return Yards : 3,272 Tim Brown (1988-- 2003) Pass Interceptions : 39 Willie Brown (1967-- 1978), Lester Hayes (1977-- 1986) Sacks : 107.5 Greg Townsend (1983-- 1997) Winningest Coach : 103 John Madden (1969-- 1978) Single-season leaders ( edit ) Passing Yards : 4,689 Rich Gannon (2002) Passing Touchdowns : 34 Daryle Lamonica (1969) Rushing Yards : 1,759 Marcus Allen (1985) Rushing Touchdowns : 16 Pete Banaszak (1975) Receptions : 104 Tim Brown (1997) Receiving Yards : 1,408 Tim Brown (1997) Receiving Touchdowns : 16 Art Powell (1963) Total Touchdowns : 18 Marcus Allen (1984) Points : 142 Sebastian Janikowski (2010) Field Goals Made : 35 Jeff Jaeger (1993) Total Punt Yardage : 4,930 Marquette King (2014) Punting Average : 51.1 Shane Lechler (2009) Kickoff Return Yards : 1,762 Chris Carr (2006) Punt Return Yards : 692 Fulton Walker (1985) Pass Interceptions : 13 Lester Hayes (1980) Sacks : 16.0 Derrick Burgess (2005) All-Pro selections ( edit ) The following Raiders players have been named to the All-Pro team: QB Daryle Lamonica , Rich Gannon (2), Ken Stabler (1) RB Marcus Allen , Clem Daniels (2) FB Hewritt Dixon , Marcel Reece (1) WR Cliff Branch (3), Tim Brown (2), Fred Biletnikoff (2), Art Powell (1) TE Dave Casper (4), Todd Christensen (2), Billy Cannon (1) T Art Shell (2), Harry Schuh , Lincoln Kennedy (1) G Gene Upshaw (5), Steve Wisniewski (2), Kelechi Osemele (1) C Jim Otto (10), Barret Robbins (1) DE Howie Long , Khalil Mack (2), Ben Davidson (1) DT Tom Keating , Dan Birdwell , Bill Pickel , Chester McGlockton , Darrell Russell (1) LB Ted Hendricks (2), Rod Martin , Archie Matsos , Khalil Mack (1) CB Willie Brown (4), Dave Grayson (3), Fred Williamson , Kent McCloughan , Mike Haynes , Nnamdi Asomugha (2), Lester Hayes , Charles Woodson (1) S Tom Morrow , Ronnie Lott , Rod Woodson (1) K Jeff Jaeger (1) P Shane Lechler (6), Ray Guy (3), Jeff Gossett (1) Pro Bowl selections ( edit ) The following Raiders players have been named to the Pro Bowl : QB Daryle Lamonica , Ken Stabler , Rich Gannon (4), Derek Carr (3), Cotton Davidson , Tom Flores , George Blanda , Jeff Hostetler (1) RB Marcus Allen (5), Clem Daniels (4), Marv Hubbard (3), Kenny King , Greg Pruitt , Bo Jackson , Latavius Murray (1) FB Hewritt Dixon (4), Marcel Reece (4), Alan Miller (1) WR Tim Brown (9), Fred Biletnikoff (6), Art Powell , Cliff Branch (4), Warren Wells , Amari Cooper (2), Jerry Rice (1) TE Dave Casper , Todd Christensen (5), Raymond Chester (4), Billy Cannon , Ethan Horton , Zach Miller (1) T Art Shell (8), Harry Schuh , Lincoln Kennedy (3), Henry Lawrence , Donald Penn (2), Bob Brown (1) G Steve Wisniewski (8), Gene Upshaw (7), Wayne Hawkins (5), Kelechi Osemele (2), Max Montoya , Kevin Gogan (1) C Jim Otto (12), Don Mosebar (3), Rodney Hudson (2), Dave Dalby , Barret Robbins (1) DE Howie Long (8), Ben Davidson , Khalil Mack (3), Greg Townsend , Derrick Burgess (2), Ike Lassiter (1) DT Chester McGlockton (4), Tom Keating , Darrell Russell , Richard Seymour (2), Dave Costa , Dan Birdwell , Otis Sistrunk (1) LB Phil Villapiano , Ted Hendricks (4), Dan Conners (3), Rod Martin (2), Archie Matsos , Gus Otto , Matt Millen (1) CB Willie Brown (7), Lester Hayes , Terry McDaniel (5), Charles Woodson (4), Fred Williamson , Dave Grayson , Mike Haynes , Nnamdi Asomugha (3), Kent McCloughan (2) S Jack Tatum (3), George Atkinson , Vann McElroy (2) Charles Woodson , Ronnie Lott , Rod Woodson , Reggie Nelson (1) K Jeff Jaeger , Sebastian Janikowski (1) P Ray Guy (7), Shane Lechler (7), Jeff Gossett (1) LS Jon Condo (2) Front office and coaching staff ( edit ) Main article: List of Oakland Raiders head coaches Coaches/executives ( edit ) The coaches and executives that have contributed to the history & success of the Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders franchise are as follows: Al Davis : head coach (1963-- 1965), general manager/owner (1966-- 2011), AFL commissioner (1966) Ron Wolf : scout/executive, director of player personnel (1963-- 1974; 1978-- 1989) John Madden : head coach (1969-- 1978) Tom Flores : assistant head coach, executive assistant coach (1972-- 1978), head coach (1979-- 1987), executive (1988) John Rauch : head coach (1965-- 1968) John Herrera : business & public relations (1967-- 1978), director of public relations (1978-- 1982), senior executive (1985-- 2012) Ken Herock : scout/executive assistant, scout/personnel director (1970-- 1975), player personnel (1984-- 1986), executive assistant (1997-- 1998) Al LoCasale: executive assistant (1969-- 2003) Amy Trask : chief executive officer (1987-- 2013) Art Shell : assistant head coach (1983-- 1989; 1989-- 1994) Bruce Allen : senior executive (1995-- 2003) Jon Gruden : head coach (1998-- 2001; 2018-- present) Hue Jackson : assistant coach/head coach (2010-- 2011) Reggie McKenzie : general manager (2012-- present) Jack Del Rio : head coach (2015-- 2017) Current staff ( edit ) Oakland Raiders staff Front Office Owner -- Mark Davis President -- Marc Badain Executive Vice President/General Counsel -- Dan Ventrelle General Manager -- Reggie McKenzie Director of Football Administration -- Tom Delaney Director of Player Personnel -- Joey Clinkscales Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Trey Scott Director of Pro Personnel -- Dane Vandernat Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Von Hutchins Director of College Scouting -- Shaun Herock Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brad Kaplan Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jon Gruden Assistant Head Coach/Special Teams Coordinator -- Rich Bisaccia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Greg Olson Quarterbacks -- Brian Callahan Running Backs -- Jemal Singleton Wide Receivers -- Edgar Bennett Tight Ends -- Frank Smith Offensive Line -- Tom Cable Assistant Offensive Line -- Lemuel Jeanpierre Quality Control/Offense -- Nick Holz Quality Control/Offense -- Tim Berbenich Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Paul Guenther Senior Defensive Assistant -- Jim O'Neil Defensive Line -- Mike Trgovac Assistant Defensive Line -- Marco Coleman Linebackers -- David Lippincott Defensive Backs -- Derrick Ansley Quality Control/Defense -- Travis Smith Special Teams Coaches Assistant Special Teams -- Byron Storer Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Tom Shaw Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- D'Anthony Batiste Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Deuce Gruden Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Kelsey Martinez Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Rick Slate Coaching Support Staff Director of Football Research -- Dave Razzano → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Timeline - Raiders Historical Highlights'' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved August 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Oakland Raiders Organization'' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts'' (PDF) . 2017 Oakland Raiders Media Guide . Oakland Raiders. September 26, 2017 . Retrieved November 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Team Capsule'' (PDF) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League. August 22, 2017 . Retrieved September 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Davis family will keep ownership of Raiders, executive says'' . National Football League. October 8, 2011 . Retrieved September 18, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Tafur, Vic (October 9, 2011). `` Davis family will retain ownership of Raiders'' . The San Francisco Chronicle . p. B-9 . Retrieved September 18, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders hire Jon Gruden as head coach'' . NFL.com . National Football League. January 6, 2018 . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gruden Returns To Raiders'' . Oakland Raiders. January 6, 2018 . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/27/sports/sp-38996 Jump up ^ `` The Oakland Alameda Coliseum Naming Rights Available'' . Oracle Arena & Oakland Alameda Coliseum. April 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Mahbubani, Rhea (April 2, 2016). `` Overstock.com Opts out of Naming Rights with O.co Coliseum'' . KNTV . Retrieved April 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders Team Encyclopedia Pro-Football-Reference.com'' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017-07-11 . ^ Jump up to: Rosenthal, Gregg (March 27, 2017). `` NFL team owners approve Raiders' move to Las Vegas'' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Raiders Media Relations (March 27, 2017). `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation'' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grid Team Named-- They're Senors'' , Oakland Tribune , April 5, 1960, p37. Soda said, `` My own personal choice would have been Mavericks, but I believe we came up with a real fine name.'' The selection committee narrowed the choices down to Admirals, Lakers, Diablos, Seawolves, Gauchos, Nuggets, Señors Dons, Costers, Grandees, Sequoias, Missiles, Knights, Redwoods, Clippers, Jets and Dolphins. Jump up ^ `` Raiders Stun Chargers with 33-Point 4th Quarter Outburst'' . Raiders.com . Archived from the original on 2006-12-30 . Retrieved 2007-02-04 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Sid Gillman'' . Chargers.com . Archived from the original on 2007-09-29 . Retrieved 2007-02-01 . ^ Jump up to: Burke, Monte (2006-09-18). `` A New Test For an Old Raider'' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . ^ Jump up to: Dickey, Just Win, Baby , p. 41. Jump up ^ National Football League lore Jump up ^ Newhouse, Dave. `` 1980 Raiders were outcasts, champions'' . Archived from the original on 2007-01-23 . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby . p. 168. Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby . p. 172. Jump up ^ `` Al Davis biography'' . HickokSports.com . Archived from the original on 2002-02-23 . Retrieved 2007-01-30 . Jump up ^ Puma, Mike (2003-12-01). `` Good guys wear black'' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved 2007-01-30 . Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby . p. 234. Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby . p. 230. Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby . p. 232. Jump up ^ `` Al Davis may retire if Raiders win'' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Associated Press. 2003-01-23 . Retrieved 2007-01-29 . Jump up ^ Plaschke, Bill. `` Shades of Gray'' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04 . Retrieved 2007-01-29 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Raiders? ' It was a done deal ' '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2018-01-12 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby . pp. 234-- 239. Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby . pp. 240-- 244. Jump up ^ Anderson, Dave (1990-09-16). `` Just Give Me $10 Million, Baby'' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007-02-02 . Jump up ^ Czarnecki, John. `` Raiders, Broncos renew rivalry'' . Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30 . Retrieved 2007-01-29 . Jump up ^ Kunnath, Avinash (2011-10-10). `` Raiders History: Al Davis And Mike Shanahan, Best Friends Forever'' . SB Nation Los Angeles . Retrieved 2017-05-31 . Jump up ^ Bell, Jarrett (2007-01-17). `` Coaches chasing Super Bowl -- and history'' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007-01-29 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders' Move Is Approved'' . The New York Times . 1995-07-12 . Retrieved 2007-02-02 . Jump up ^ Poole, Monte (2005-06-22). `` Raiders headed home 10 years ago'' . Oakland Tribune . Retrieved 2007-02-02 . Jump up ^ Ratto, Ray (2002-01-20). `` Conspiracy theorists have a fresh cause'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007-02-02 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders promote Callahan to head coach'' . ESPN.com. Associated Press. 2002-03-12 . Retrieved 2009-03-11 . Jump up ^ Clayton, John. `` Gruden proves how much coaching matters'' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009-03-11 . Jump up ^ Kalb, Elliott (2007-02-01). `` The worst decisions in Super Bowl history'' . FOX Sports. Archived from the original on 2007-04-02 . Retrieved 2007-02-02 . Jump up ^ `` Portis runs Denver past error-prone Raiders'' . NFL.com. 2003-11-30. Archived from the original on 2006-09-08 . Retrieved 2007-02-02 . Jump up ^ Gay, Nancy (2005-08-07). `` Gannon makes it official -- he's done'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007-02-04 . Jump up ^ Clayton, John (2006-02-11). `` Shell to return to Raiders as head coach'' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2007-02-04 . Jump up ^ `` Shell out after one season as Raiders coach'' . NFL.com. 2007-01-04. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26 . Retrieved 2007-02-04 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders secure top draft pick for first time since 1962'' . OnlineAthens.com. Associated Press. 2007-01-01 . Retrieved 2007-02-04 . Jump up ^ White, David (2007-01-22). `` Raiders hire USC's Kiffin to be head coach'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007-01-23 . Jump up ^ `` With payday secured, Russell begins NFL journey'' . 13 September 2007. Jump up ^ `` Russell to make first career start in Raiders' finale'' . 24 December 2007. Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Transactions'' . Raiders.com . Retrieved 2013-08-18 . Jump up ^ Corman, Rebecca (2013-08-14). `` Raiders Obtain Quarterback Matt Flynn from Seattle'' . Raiders.com . Retrieved 2013-08-18 . Jump up ^ McIntyre, Brian (2013-05-21). `` Charles Woodson agrees to one-year deal with the Oakland Raiders Shutdown Corner -- Yahoo! Sports'' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013-08-18 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders fire Dennis Allen after two-plus seasons'' . National Football League . September 29, 2014 . Retrieved September 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bair, Scott (January 14, 2015). `` Raiders get their man, hire Jack Del Rio as new head coach'' . Comcast SportsNet Bay Area. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Bien, Louis (January 4, 2016). `` Rams, Raiders and Chargers file for relocation to Los Angeles'' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanzus, Dan (January 12, 2016). `` Rams to relocate to L.A.; Chargers first option to join'' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Dean Spanos'' . Chargers.com . Los Angeles Chargers. January 12, 2017 . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers to Relocate to Los Angeles'' . Chargers.com . Los Angeles Chargers. January 12, 2017 . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Crabtree, Curtis (January 13, 2016). `` Raiders statement on decision and plans doesn't mention `` Oakland '' `` . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . PFT (NBC Sports) . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press (February 11, 2016). `` Raiders owner Mark Davis calls lease deal ' win-win' for both sides'' . ESPN.com . ESPN/AP . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz, Howard (January 28, 2016). `` Las Vegas Sands proposes $1B domed stadium; Adelson to meet with Raiders owner'' . reviewjournal.com . Las Vegas Review-Journal . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez, Paul (April 28, 2016). `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas'' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (June 5, 2016). `` Ronnie Lott's pitch for Raiders stadium wins NFL boss' backing'' . sfchronicle.com . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez, Melody (October 11, 2016). `` Nevada Senate votes to help fund stadium for Raiders'' . sfgate.com . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson, Seth (October 14, 2016). `` Raiders stadium deal passes Legislature, Sandoval to sign on Monday'' . rgj.com . Reno Gazette-Journal/USA Today . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Trotter, Jim (October 19, 2016). `` Mark Davis tells owners he will file for Raiders' move to Vegas'' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved January 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskal, Eddie (December 20, 2016). `` Oakland Raiders Lead NFL With Seven Pro Bowl Selections'' . raiders.com . Retrieved March 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork'' . National Football League. January 19, 2017 . Retrieved January 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Owners may vote on Raiders proposed move next week'' . ESPN.com . March 22, 2017 . Retrieved March 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders reportedly sign Carr to $125M extension'' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018-04-30 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders: 5 Early bold predictions for 2017 season'' . FOX Sports . 2017-05-21 . Retrieved 2018-04-30 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders predictions: Final record, playoff odds from our computers, experts, Vegas'' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018-04-30 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders fire head coach Jack del Rio'' . NFL . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Extend Head Coach Jack Del Rio'' . FOX Sports . 2017-02-11 . Retrieved 2018-04-30 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders officially name Gruden new head coach'' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018-01-07 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner Mark Davis tried to hire Jon Gruden for 6 years'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2018-04-30 . Jump up ^ `` Grid Team Named-- They're Senors'' . Oakland Tribune . Oakland, California. April 5, 1960. p. 37. Soda said, `` My own personal choice would have been Mavericks, but I believe we came up with a real fine name.'' The selection committee narrowed the choices down to Admirals, Lakers, Diablos, Seawolves, Gauchos, Nuggets, Señors Dons, Costers, Grandees, Sequoias, Missiles, Knights, Redwoods, Clippers, Jets, and Dolphins. Jump up ^ `` Now It's Hi, Raiders! (Bye, Senors)'' . Oakland Tribune . Oakland, California. April 14, 1960. p. 1. Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby , p. 8. Jump up ^ Olderman, Murray (2012). Just Win, Baby - The Al Davis Story . United States: Triumph Books. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-60078-764-5 . Jump up ^ Otto, The Pain of Glory , p. 69. Jump up ^ Paskal, Eddie (May 21, 2015). `` Raiders Recognized For Iconic Uniforms'' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved January 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ White, David (2008-09-29). `` Hard-tackling safety produces one of his own'' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/29584/OAK_Gamebook.pdf Jump up ^ Paul Lukas. `` Uni Watch: Comprehensive NFL preview'' . ESPN. Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby , p. 10. Jump up ^ Hanzus, Dan (January 12, 2016). `` Rams to relocate to L.A.; Chargers first option to join'' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles'' . National Football League. January 12, 2017 . Retrieved January 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kukura, Joe. `` NFL May Bribe Raiders, 49ers Into Shotgun Wedding'' . Nbcbayarea.com . Retrieved 2013-08-18 . Jump up ^ Taylor Price (April 19, 2012). `` 49ers break ground on Santa Clara stadium'' . 49ers.com . Retrieved November 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio (September 10, 2012). `` Niners strike gold with new stadium'' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved November 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ NFL.com (October 16, 2012). `` Oakland Raiders have no plans to share stadium with 49ers'' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodell: Levi's might fit Raiders ESPN.com (07/18/2014) Jump up ^ Williams, Eric D. (February 20, 2015). `` Chargers, Raiders reveal L.A. plan'' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapoport, Ian (February 20, 2015). `` Chargers, Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles'' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ Jablon, Robert (April 22, 2015). `` City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles'' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 23, 2015 . Retrieved 2015-04-22 . Jump up ^ Logan, Tim; Nathan Fenno (April 21, 2015). `` Carson City Council may be set to approve NFL stadium, sight unseen'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015-04-22 . Jump up ^ `` Source: Chargers think L.A. proposal has doable components'' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland's Coliseum City project could cost $2 billion'' . Jump up ^ `` Oakland, Ronnie Lott Group Unveil Stadium Plan To Keep Raiders'' . Jump up ^ `` Oakland, Alameda County approve stadium deal to try to keep Raiders'' . Jump up ^ Press, Associated. `` Will the Raiders stay in Oakland? Negotiations on $1.3-billion stadium OK'd '' . Jump up ^ `` Just do it, baby -- ESPN Classic'' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013-06-11 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Lombardi Quotes'' . Retrieved 2014-11-19 . Jump up ^ Zamora, Jim Herron (2003-01-24). `` Raider Nation's citizens span globe-- Mystique, power of Silver and Black quicken the pulse of teaming hordes'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 28, 2005 . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . Jump up ^ Minkoff, Alysse. `` Sweetheart of the Hole'' . ESPN . Retrieved 2007-01-31 . Jump up ^ Mills, Roger (2003-01-25). `` Super Bowl XXXVII: Raider nation'' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2007-01-31 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 30 for 30'' . 30for30.espn.com. 1994-06-17 . Retrieved 2012-09-03 . Jump up ^ Lloyd, Robert (2010-05-11). `` Television review: ' Straight Outta L.A. ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Lilah, Rose. `` Ice Cube - Come And Get It (New Song)'' . Hot New Hip Hop . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders announce Las Vegas TV, radio partnerships'' . Las Vegas Review-Journal . 2017-06-01 . Retrieved 2017-06-26 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Announce Official Las Vegas Media Partnerships With KVVU FOX5 TV And Beasley Media Group'' . Jump up ^ Halley, Jim (2005-09-08). `` Patriots-Raiders: No love lost over time'' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007-01-31 . Jump up ^ LaMarre, Tom (2001-12-31). `` Jets-Raiders series boasts several classics'' . NFL.com. Archived from the original on 2007-05-05 . Retrieved 2007-01-31 . Jump up ^ McDonald, Jerry (2003-11-04). `` Raiders and Jets renew a peculiar rivalry'' . NFL.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2005 . Retrieved 2007-01-31 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Rivalries: Raiders vs. Jets'' . 2005-12-07. Archived from the original on 2006-10-26 . Retrieved 2007-01-31 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Jets -- Box Score -- December 8, 2013 -- ESPN'' . Jump up ^ Smizik, Bob (2006-10-29). `` Raiders of the lost rivalry'' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on 2006-11-08 . Retrieved 2007-01-31 . Jump up ^ ' https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/rai/head-to-head.htm Jump up ^ `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Oakland Raiders'' . Retrieved 2007-01-19 . Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby , p. 7. Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby , pp. 7-- 8. Jump up ^ Harney was the builder of San Francisco's Candlestick Park, built on a bleak parcel of land he owned; to date, the road leading to the stadium is known as Harney Way. With a push from Harney, the Raiders were allowed to play their final three 1960 home games at Candlestick. Jump up ^ Steve Sabol (Executive Producer) (2004). Raiders -- The Complete History (DVD). NFL Productions LLC. Jump up ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby , pp. 98-- 101. ^ Jump up to: Zeigler, Mark (2009-10-31). `` Silence of elders tells on Raiders'' . San Diego Union-Tribune . Retrieved 2009-10-31 . Jump up ^ Rosynsky, Paul T (2003-10-15). `` Raiders co-owner wants to boot Davis'' . Oakland Tribune . Archived from the original on 2007-10-13 . Retrieved 2007-01-29 . ^ Jump up to: Gay, Nancy (2006-11-25). `` No takers for 31% share of Raiders'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 13, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-01-29 . Jump up ^ Ozanian, Mike. `` Oakland Raiders - pg.20'' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018-03-28 . ^ Jump up to: Fitzgerald, Tom (2005-11-03). `` Raiders reach pact with Oakland/No more PSLs -- team will take over marketing duties'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 10, 2006 . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . Jump up ^ Young, Eric (2006-02-15). `` Raiders cut ticket prices at Coliseum'' . Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . Jump up ^ Young, Eric (2006-11-06). `` Raiders post solid numbers already'' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . Jump up ^ Soliday, Bill (2006-12-15). `` '' Gabriel's release, return mystery'' (sellout info in Notes)`` . Contra Costa Times . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History (1971-- 1980)'' . Archived from the original on 2007-04-02 . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . Jump up ^ `` N.F.L. Settles Coliseum Suit'' . The New York Times . 1987-11-05 . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . Jump up ^ Puma, Mike. `` Just do it, baby'' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved 2007-01-30 . Jump up ^ `` Appellate court rules for NFL in Raiders case'' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on January 14, 2006 . Retrieved 2007-02-02 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, Tom (2005-11-03). `` Raiders reach pact with Oakland-No more PSLs -- team will take over marketing duties'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 10, 2006 . Retrieved 2007-02-02 . Jump up ^ `` Winning the Big Game'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26. Jump up ^ Mark Fainaru-Wada, Lance Williams: Barry Bonds: Anatomy of a scandal. San Francisco Chronicle, 25. December 2003 Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Raiders in the Hall of Fame'' . Raiders.com . Retrieved 2012-09-03 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders'' . Raiders.com . Retrieved 2013-08-18 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders Single-Season Passing Leaders - Pro-Football-Reference.com'' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . External links ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Find more aboutOakland Raidersat Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Oakland Raiders at the National Football League official website Oakland Raiders at Pro-football-reference.com Oakland Raiders Former Players at oncearaider.com Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles (1982-- 94) Based in Oakland, California Headquartered in Alameda, California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First-round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland-- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner/CEO: Mark Davis President: Marc Badain General manager: Reggie McKenzie Head coach: Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. In the House Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Media Broadcasters Television: NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio: KGMZ-FM KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other: Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities: Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Wild card berths (6) 1977 1980 1984 1991 1993 2016 Division championships (15) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships (4) 1976 1980 2002 League championships (3 ) 1976 (XI) 1980 (XV) 1983 (XVIII) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League: National Football League (1970-- present) Conference: American Football Conference Division: West Division Former league affiliation League: American Football League (1960-- 1969) Seasons (59) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995-- 2016 American Football League (1960-- 1969) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship (1920-- 1969) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win-- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All-Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans/Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All-League Teams All-Star game AFL Draft All-Time Team AFL-- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Ten-year AFL patch Broadcasters ABC AFL All-Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans/Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard (President) Sports teams based in the San Francisco Bay Area Baseball MLB Oakland Athletics San Francisco Giants CL San Jose Giants PA Napa Silverados Pittsburg Diamonds San Rafael Pacifics Sonoma Stompers Vallejo Admirals Basketball NBA Golden State Warriors ABA Bay Area Matrix San Francisco Rumble American football NFL Oakland Raiders San Francisco 49ers Ice hockey NHL San Jose Sharks AHL San Jose Barracuda Soccer MLS San Jose Earthquakes NPSL CD Aguiluchos USA East Bay FC Stompers El Farolito SC Napa Valley 1839 FC Sonoma County Sol PDL San Francisco City FC SF Glens FC Roller derby WFTDA Bay Area Derby Silicon Valley Roller Girls Sonoma County Roller Derby Ultimate AUDL San Francisco FlameThrowers San Jose Spiders College athletics ( NCAA Div. I ) California Saint Mary's San Jose State Santa Clara Stanford San Francisco Sports teams based in California Australian rules football USAFL Golden Gate Roos Los Angeles Dragons Orange County Bombers Sacramento Suns San Diego Lions Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants PCL Fresno Grizzlies Sacramento River Cats CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Modesto Nuts Rancho Cucamonga Quakes San Jose Giants Stockton Ports Visalia Rawhide PA Napa Silverados Pittsburg Diamonds San Rafael Pacifics Sonoma Stompers Vallejo Admirals CWL Canada A's Palm Desert Coyotes Palm Springs Chill Palm Springs POWER PL Bakersfield Train Robbers California City Whiptails High Desert Yardbirds Monterey Amberjacks GWL Chico Heat Lincoln Potters San Francisco Seals Yuba-Sutter Gold Sox Basketball NBA Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Sacramento Kings WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers Santa Cruz Warriors South Bay Lakers Stockton Kings American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Oakland Raiders San Francisco 49ers WFA Central Cal War Angels Inland Empire Ravens Kern County Crusaders Los Angeles Warriors San Diego Surge Ventura County Wolfpack IWFL Carson Bobcats North County Stars Sacramento Sirens LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks AHL Bakersfield Condors Ontario Reign San Diego Gulls San Jose Barracuda Stockton Heat Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Bay Area Derby Central Coast Roller Derby Derby Revolution of Bakersfield Humboldt Roller Derby Sacred City Derby Girls Sac City Rollers Santa Cruz Derby Girls Silicon Valley Roller Girls Sonoma County Roller Derby RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Orange County Roller Girls San Diego Derby Dolls Rugby MLR San Diego Legion PRP Golden Gate RFC Old Mission Beach Athletic Club Santa Monica Rugby Club Belmont Shore RFC Olympic Club SCRFU Finlander Rugby Club Soccer MLS LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC San Jose Earthquakes USL Fresno FC LA Galaxy II Orange County SC Sacramento Republic FC San Diego 1904 FC ( in talks ) PDL Fresno FC U-23 FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 San Diego Zest FC San Francisco City FC SF Glens FC Santa Cruz Breakers Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL Academica SC ASC San Diego CD Aguiluchos USA FC Davis Deportivo Coras USA East Bay FC Stompers El Farolito SC FC Golden State Napa Valley 1839 FC Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC Sacramento Gold Sonoma County Sol Temecula FC UPSL Santa Ana Winds FC L.A. Wolves FC La Máquina FC FC Santa Clarita Del Rey City SC Real San Jose Stompers Juniors Aguiluchos U-23 Orange County FC 2 MASL Ontario Fury San Diego Sockers Turlock Express Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers San Diego Aviators Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators San Diego Growlers San Francisco FlameThrowers San Jose Spiders Lacrosse NLL San Diego Seals (2018) Sports in Los Angeles Sports in San Diego Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area College Sports in California Oakland, California Economy Port of Oakland List of companies Education Higher education California College of the Arts Holy Names University Laney College Lincoln University Merritt College Mills College Samuel Merritt University Patten University Primary and secondary education Oakland USD Castlemont High Coliseum College Prep Academy Fremont High McClymonds High MetWest High Oakland High Oakland Technical High Skyline High American Indian Model Schools High School The Crucible Bishop O'Dowd High School The College Preparatory School Head-Royce School Oakland School for the Arts St. Elizabeth High School Government Mayors City Hall City Council Fire Department Police Department History Oakland Railroad Company Oakland Army Base Key System Naval Supply Depot Black Panther Party 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Oakland firestorm of 1991 Oscar Grant shooting Oakland Police shootings Riders scandal Your Black Muslim Bakery Occupy Oakland Oakland Tribune 2016 warehouse fire Timeline Sports Golden State Warriors Oakland Athletics Oakland Raiders Transportation San Francisco-- Oakland Bay Bridge SR 24 Caldecott Tunnel Posey and Webster Street Tubes MacArthur Maze Interstate 580 Interstate 880 Cypress Street Viaduct Warren Freeway International Boulevard Oakland -- Jack London Square station Oakland International Airport AC Transit Eastmont Transit Center BART stations 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland (Uptown Transit Center) Coliseum Lake Merritt MacArthur OAK Rockridge West Oakland Other Neighborhoods Notable people Tallest buildings Children's Hospital Mountain View Cemetery Lake Merritt Temescal Creek Sausal Creek Crime Alameda County San Francisco Bay Area California United States Attractions in Oakland, California Landmarks Cathedral of Christ the Light Chapel of the Chimes Children's Fairyland Dunsmuir House First Unitarian Church Jack London Square Kaiser Building Lake Merritt Leimert Bridge City Hall Oakland Temple Pardee Home Preservation Park René C. Davidson Courthouse Rockridge Market Hall Ronald V. Dellums Federal Building USS Potomac Tribune Tower Oakland Technical High School Evergreen Cemetery Mountain View Cemetery Museums African American Museum Chabot Space and Science Center Oakland Aviation Museum Oakland Museum of California Zoos and parks Anthony Chabot Regional Park Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve Joaquin Miller Park Knowland Park Lake Temescal Leona Canyon Regional Open Space Preserve Morcom Rose Garden Mosswood Park Oakland Zoo Redwood Regional Park Robert Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve Temescal Regional Park Entertainment Kaiser Convention Center Grand Lake Theater Oakland East Bay Symphony Paramount Theater Fox Theater Yoshi's Art Murmur Sports Oakland Athletics Oakland Raiders Golden State Warriors Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Oracle Arena Shopping districts Oakland City Center Rockridge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Raiders&oldid=841942288 '' Categories : Oakland Raiders American Football League teams National Football League teams Sports teams in Oakland, California Sports clubs established in 1960 1960 establishments in California Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文25moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon19May2018,at03:34.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 4944370295233669238 |
discuss the hot weather season related with temperature pressure and wind | This picture on the left will teach you how to read a weather chart . This is the language people speak in when talking about weather . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather List Extreme Weather forecasting Weather portal",
"Part of the nature series",
"Weather",
"Calendar seasons",
"Winter Spring Summer Autumn",
"Winter Spring Summer Autumn",
"Tropical seasons",
"Dry season Wet season",
"Dry season Wet season",
"Storms",
"Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall",
"Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall",
"Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane )",
"Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall",
"Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall",
"Precipitation",
"Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush",
"Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush",
"Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle )",
"Ice pellets ( Diamond dust )",
"Rain ( Freezing rain )",
"Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush",
"Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush",
"Rain and snow mixed",
"Topics",
"Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather List Extreme Weather forecasting",
"Air pollution Atmosphere",
"Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather List Extreme",
"Chemistry Convection Physics River",
"Chemistry Convection Physics River",
"Cloud Physics",
"Physics",
"Severe weather List Extreme",
"List Extreme",
"Weather forecasting",
"Weather portal",
"",
"",
"Weather is the state of the atmosphere , describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold , wet or dry , calm or stormy , clear or cloudy . Most weather phenomena occur in the lowest level of the atmosphere , the troposphere , just below the stratosphere . Weather refers to day - to - day temperature and precipitation activity , whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time . When used without qualification , `` weather '' is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth .",
"Weather is driven by air pressure , temperature and moisture differences between one place and another . These differences can occur due to the sun 's angle at any particular spot , which varies with latitude . The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale atmospheric circulations : the Hadley Cell , the Ferrel Cell , the Polar Cell , and the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid-latitudes , such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow . Because the Earth 's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane , sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year . On Earth 's surface , temperatures usually range ± 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F to 100 ° F ) annually . Over thousands of years , changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth , thus influencing long - term climate and global climate change .",
"Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences . Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes , as most atmospheric heating is due to contact with the Earth 's surface while radiative losses to space are mostly constant . Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location . The Earth 's weather system is a chaotic system ; as a result , small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole . Human attempts to control the weather have occurred throughout history , and there is evidence that human activities such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns .",
"Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth . A famous landmark in the Solar System , Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years . However , weather is not limited to planetary bodies . A star 's corona is constantly being lost to space , creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System . The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind .",
"On Earth , the common weather phenomena include wind , cloud , rain , snow , fog and dust storms . Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes , hurricanes , typhoons and ice storms . Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere ( the lower part of the atmosphere ) . Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere , but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood .",
"Weather occurs primarily due to air pressure , temperature and moisture differences between one place to another . These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot , which varies by latitude from the tropics . In other words , the farther from the tropics one lies , the lower the sun angle is , which causes those locations to be cooler due the spread of the sunlight over a greater surface . The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid-latitudes , such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow ( see baroclinity ) . Weather systems in the tropics , such as monsoons or organized thunderstorm systems , are caused by different processes .",
"Because the Earth 's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane , sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year . In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun , so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December ( see Effect of sun angle on climate ) . This effect causes seasons . Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years , changes in Earth 's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long - term climate . ( See Milankovitch cycles ) .",
"The uneven solar heating ( the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients , or frontogenesis ) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation . Higher altitudes are typically cooler than lower altitudes , which the result of higher surface temperature and radiational heating , which produces the adiabatic lapse rate . In some situations , the temperature actually increases with height . This phenomenon is known as an inversion and can cause mountaintops to be warmer than the valleys below . Inversions can lead to the formation of fog and often act as a cap that suppresses thunderstorm development . On local scales , temperature differences can occur because different surfaces ( such as oceans , forests , ice sheets , or man - made objects ) have differing physical characteristics such as reflectivity , roughness , or moisture content .",
"Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences . A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure . The resulting horizontal pressure gradient moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions , creating a wind , and the Earth 's rotation then causes deflection of this air flow due to the Coriolis effect . The simple systems thus formed can then display emergent behaviour to produce more complex systems and thus other weather phenomena . Large scale examples include the Hadley cell while a smaller scale example would be coastal breezes .",
"The atmosphere is a chaotic system . As a result , small changes to one part of the system can accumulate and magnify to cause large effects on the system as a whole . This atmospheric instability makes weather forecasting less predictable than tides or eclipses . Although it is difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance , weather forecasters are continually working to extend this limit through meteorological research and refining current methodologies in weather prediction . However , it is theoretically impossible to make useful day - to - day predictions more than about two weeks ahead , imposing an upper limit to potential for improved prediction skill .",
"Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth . The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances . During rains precipitation , the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air . This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic , which aids the erosive properties of water . The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in chemical reactions that can affect the surface further ( such as acid rain ) , and sodium and chloride ions ( salt ) deposited in the seas / oceans . The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils . In this way , weather plays a major role in erosion of the surface .",
"Weather , seen from an anthropological perspective , is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses , at least while being outside . There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is , what makes it change , the effect it has on humans in different situations , etc . Therefore , weather is something people often communicate about .",
"Weather has played a large and sometimes direct part in human history . Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations ( for example the desertification of the Middle East , and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods ) , extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events . One such event is the saving of Japan from invasion by the Mongol fleet of Kublai Khan by the Kamikaze winds in 1281 . French claims to Florida came to an end in 1565 when a hurricane destroyed the French fleet , allowing Spain to conquer Fort Caroline . More recently , Hurricane Katrina redistributed over one million people from the central Gulf coast elsewhere across the United States , becoming the largest diaspora in the history of the United States .",
"The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe . The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since the Middle Ages . Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696 -- 1697 , during which about one - third of the Finnish population died .",
"Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location . Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia , and formally since at least the nineteenth century . Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve .",
"Once an all - human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure , current weather conditions , and sky condition , forecast models are now used to determine future conditions . On the other hand , human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon , which involve many disciplines such as pattern recognition skills , teleconnections , knowledge of model performance , and knowledge of model biases .",
"The chaotic nature of the atmosphere , the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere , error involved in measuring the initial conditions , and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as the difference in current time and the time for which the forecast is being made ( the range of the forecast ) increases . The use of ensembles and model consensus helps to narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome .",
"There are a variety of end users to weather forecasts . Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property . Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture , and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets . Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days .",
"In some areas , people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day . Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain , snow and the wind chill , forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events , and to plan ahead to survive through them .",
"The aspiration to control the weather is evident throughout human history : from ancient rituals intended to bring rain for crops to the U.S. Military Operation Popeye , an attempt to disrupt supply lines by lengthening the North Vietnamese monsoon . The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve cloud seeding ; they include the fog - and low stratus dispersion techniques employed by major airports , techniques used to increase winter precipitation over mountains , and techniques to suppress hail . A recent example of weather control was China 's preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . China shot 1,104 rain dispersal rockets from 21 sites in the city of Beijing in an effort to keep rain away from the opening ceremony of the games on 8 August 2008 . Guo Hu , head of the Beijing Municipal Meteorological Bureau ( BMB ) , confirmed the success of the operation with 100 millimeters falling in Baoding City of Hebei Province , to the southwest and Beijing 's Fangshan District recording a rainfall of 25 millimeters .",
"Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques ' efficacy , there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification :",
"Acid rain , caused by industrial emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere , adversely affects freshwater lakes , vegetation , and structures . Anthropogenic pollutants reduce air quality and visibility . Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought , extreme temperatures , flooding , high winds , and severe storms . Heat , generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather , even at distances as far as 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) .",
"Acid rain , caused by industrial emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere , adversely affects freshwater lakes , vegetation , and structures .",
"Anthropogenic pollutants reduce air quality and visibility .",
"Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought , extreme temperatures , flooding , high winds , and severe storms .",
"Heat , generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather , even at distances as far as 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) .",
"The effects of inadvertent weather modification may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization , including ecosystems , natural resources , food and fiber production , economic development , and human health .",
"Microscale meteorology is the study of short - lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale , about 1 km or less . These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as `` mesoscale and microscale meteorology '' ( MMM ) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale ; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map . These include small and generally fleeting cloud `` puffs '' and other small cloud features .",
"On Earth , temperatures usually range ± 40 ° C ( 100 ° F to − 40 ° F ) annually . The range of climates and latitudes across the planet can offer extremes of temperature outside this range . The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , at Vostok Station , Antarctica on 21 July 1983 . The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57.7 ° C ( 135.9 ° F ) at ' Aziziya , Libya , on 13 September 1922 , but that reading is queried . The highest recorded average annual temperature was 34.4 ° C ( 93.9 ° F ) at Dallol , Ethiopia . The coldest recorded average annual temperature was − 55.1 ° C ( − 67.2 ° F ) at Vostok Station , Antarctica .",
"The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at Eureka , Nunavut , in Canada , where the annual average temperature is − 19.7 ° C ( − 3.5 ° F ) .",
"Studying how the weather works on other planets has been seen as helpful in understanding how it works on Earth . Weather on other planets follows many of the same physical principles as weather on Earth , but occurs on different scales and in atmospheres having different chemical composition . The Cassini -- Huygens mission to Titan discovered clouds formed from methane or ethane which deposit rain composed of liquid methane and other organic compounds . Earth 's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones , three in each hemisphere . In contrast , Jupiter 's banded appearance shows many such zones , Titan has a single jet stream near the 50th parallel north latitude , and Venus has a single jet near the equator .",
"One of the most famous landmarks in the Solar System , Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years . On other gas giants , the lack of a surface allows the wind to reach enormous speeds : gusts of up to 600 metres per second ( about 2,100 km / h or 1,300 mph ) have been measured on the planet Neptune . This has created a puzzle for planetary scientists . The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about ⁄ of that received by Earth , yet the intensity of weather phenomena on Neptune is far greater than on Earth . The strongest planetary winds discovered so far are on the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b , which is thought to have easterly winds moving at more than 9,600 kilometres per hour ( 6,000 mph ) .",
"Weather is not limited to planetary bodies . Like all stars , the sun 's corona is constantly being lost to space , creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System . The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind . Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star , such as coronal mass ejections , form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems ( such as pressure and wind ) and is generally known as space weather . Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the solar system as Saturn . The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces . The interaction of the solar wind with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular aurorae , and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as electricity grids and radio signals .",
"This picture on the left will teach you how to read a weather chart . This is the language people speak in when talking about weather ."
] | Weather - wikipedia Weather Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the atmospheric process. For the geological process, see Weathering . For other uses, see Weather (disambiguation) and Weather systems (disambiguation) . Thunderstorm near Garajau, Madeira Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone (Hurricane) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather List Extreme Weather forecasting Weather portal Weather is the state of the atmosphere , describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the lowest level of the atmosphere, the troposphere , just below the stratosphere . Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, `` weather'' is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth . Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the sun's angle at any particular spot, which varies with latitude . The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale atmospheric circulations : the Hadley Cell, the Ferrel Cell, the Polar Cell, and the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid-latitudes , such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ± 40 ° C (− 40 ° F to 100 ° F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change . Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes, as most atmospheric heating is due to contact with the Earth's surface while radiative losses to space are mostly constant. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. The Earth's weather system is a chaotic system ; as a result, small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to control the weather have occurred throughout history, and there is evidence that human activities such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns. Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth. A famous landmark in the Solar System , Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. However, weather is not limited to planetary bodies. A star's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Shaping the planet Earth 3 Effect on humans 3.1 Effects on populations 4 Forecasting 5 Modification 6 Microscale meteorology 7 Extremes on Earth 8 Extraterrestrial within the Solar System 9 Space weather 10 How To Measure The Weather 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Causes Cumulus mediocris cloud surrounded by stratocumulus On Earth , the common weather phenomena include wind, cloud , rain, snow, fog and dust storms . Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes , hurricanes , typhoons and ice storms . Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere). Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood. Weather occurs primarily due to air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place to another. These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. In other words, the farther from the tropics one lies, the lower the sun angle is, which causes those locations to be cooler due the spread of the sunlight over a greater surface. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow (see baroclinity ). Weather systems in the tropics, such as monsoons or organized thunderstorm systems, are caused by different processes. 2015 -- Warmest Global Year on Record (since 1880) -- Colors indicate temperature anomalies ( NASA / NOAA ; 20 January 2016). Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun , so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December (see Effect of sun angle on climate ). This effect causes seasons. Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate. (See Milankovitch cycles ). The uneven solar heating (the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients, or frontogenesis ) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation. Higher altitudes are typically cooler than lower altitudes, which the result of higher surface temperature and radiational heating, which produces the adiabatic lapse rate . In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height. This phenomenon is known as an inversion and can cause mountaintops to be warmer than the valleys below. Inversions can lead to the formation of fog and often act as a cap that suppresses thunderstorm development. On local scales, temperature differences can occur because different surfaces (such as oceans, forests, ice sheets, or man-made objects) have differing physical characteristics such as reflectivity , roughness, or moisture content. Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure . The resulting horizontal pressure gradient moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions, creating a wind, and the Earth's rotation then causes deflection of this air flow due to the Coriolis effect . The simple systems thus formed can then display emergent behaviour to produce more complex systems and thus other weather phenomena. Large scale examples include the Hadley cell while a smaller scale example would be coastal breezes . The atmosphere is a chaotic system . As a result, small changes to one part of the system can accumulate and magnify to cause large effects on the system as a whole. This atmospheric instability makes weather forecasting less predictable than tides or eclipses. Although it is difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance, weather forecasters are continually working to extend this limit through meteorological research and refining current methodologies in weather prediction. However, it is theoretically impossible to make useful day-to-day predictions more than about two weeks ahead, imposing an upper limit to potential for improved prediction skill. Shaping the planet Earth Main article: Weathering Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth. The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances. During rains precipitation, the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic, which aids the erosive properties of water. The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in chemical reactions that can affect the surface further (such as acid rain ), and sodium and chloride ions (salt) deposited in the seas/oceans. The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils. In this way, weather plays a major role in erosion of the surface. Effect on humans Further information: Biometeorology Weather, seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses, at least while being outside. There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it change, the effect it has on humans in different situations, etc. Therefore, weather is something people often communicate about. Effects on populations New Orleans, Louisiana, after being struck by Hurricane Katrina. Katrina was a Category 3 hurricane when it struck although it had been a category 5 hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico . Weather has played a large and sometimes direct part in human history . Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events. One such event is the saving of Japan from invasion by the Mongol fleet of Kublai Khan by the Kamikaze winds in 1281. French claims to Florida came to an end in 1565 when a hurricane destroyed the French fleet, allowing Spain to conquer Fort Caroline . More recently, Hurricane Katrina redistributed over one million people from the central Gulf coast elsewhere across the United States, becoming the largest diaspora in the history of the United States. The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe. The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since the Middle Ages. Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696-- 1697, during which about one-third of the Finnish population died. Forecasting Main article: Weather forecasting Forecast of surface pressures five days into the future for the north Pacific, North America, and north Atlantic Ocean as on 9 June 2008 Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since at least the nineteenth century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve. Once an all-human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure , current weather conditions, and sky condition, forecast models are now used to determine future conditions. On the other hand, human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon, which involve many disciplines such as pattern recognition skills, teleconnections , knowledge of model performance, and knowledge of model biases. The chaotic nature of the atmosphere, the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere, error involved in measuring the initial conditions, and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as the difference in current time and the time for which the forecast is being made (the range of the forecast) increases. The use of ensembles and model consensus helps to narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome. There are a variety of end users to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture, and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets. Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days. In some areas, people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain , snow and the wind chill , forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events, and to plan ahead to survive through them. Modification The aspiration to control the weather is evident throughout human history: from ancient rituals intended to bring rain for crops to the U.S. Military Operation Popeye , an attempt to disrupt supply lines by lengthening the North Vietnamese monsoon . The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve cloud seeding ; they include the fog - and low stratus dispersion techniques employed by major airports, techniques used to increase winter precipitation over mountains, and techniques to suppress hail . A recent example of weather control was China's preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . China shot 1,104 rain dispersal rockets from 21 sites in the city of Beijing in an effort to keep rain away from the opening ceremony of the games on 8 August 2008. Guo Hu, head of the Beijing Municipal Meteorological Bureau (BMB), confirmed the success of the operation with 100 millimeters falling in Baoding City of Hebei Province , to the southwest and Beijing's Fangshan District recording a rainfall of 25 millimeters. Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques' efficacy, there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification: Acid rain , caused by industrial emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere , adversely affects freshwater lakes , vegetation , and structures . Anthropogenic pollutants reduce air quality and visibility . Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding , high winds, and severe storms . Heat , generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather, even at distances as far as 1,600 kilometres (990 mi). The effects of inadvertent weather modification may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization, including ecosystems , natural resources , food and fiber production, economic development , and human health. Microscale meteorology Microscale meteorology is the study of short-lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale , about 1 km or less. These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as `` mesoscale and microscale meteorology'' (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale ; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map . These include small and generally fleeting cloud `` puffs'' and other small cloud features. Extremes on Earth Early morning sunshine over Bratislava , Slovakia. February 2008. The same area, just three hours later, after light snowfall Main articles: Extremes on Earth and List of weather records On Earth, temperatures usually range ± 40 ° C (100 ° F to − 40 ° F) annually. The range of climates and latitudes across the planet can offer extremes of temperature outside this range. The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is − 89.2 ° C (− 128.6 ° F), at Vostok Station , Antarctica on 21 July 1983. The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57.7 ° C (135.9 ° F) at ' Aziziya , Libya, on 13 September 1922, but that reading is queried . The highest recorded average annual temperature was 34.4 ° C (93.9 ° F) at Dallol , Ethiopia. The coldest recorded average annual temperature was − 55.1 ° C (− 67.2 ° F) at Vostok Station , Antarctica . The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at Eureka, Nunavut , in Canada, where the annual average temperature is − 19.7 ° C (− 3.5 ° F). Extraterrestrial within the solar system Jupiter's Great Red Spot in February 1979, photographed by the unmanned Voyager 1 NASA space probe. Studying how the weather works on other planets has been seen as helpful in understanding how it works on Earth. Weather on other planets follows many of the same physical principles as weather on Earth, but occurs on different scales and in atmospheres having different chemical composition. The Cassini-- Huygens mission to Titan discovered clouds formed from methane or ethane which deposit rain composed of liquid methane and other organic compounds . Earth's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones, three in each hemisphere. In contrast, Jupiter's banded appearance shows many such zones, Titan has a single jet stream near the 50th parallel north latitude, and Venus has a single jet near the equator. One of the most famous landmarks in the Solar System , Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. On other gas giants , the lack of a surface allows the wind to reach enormous speeds: gusts of up to 600 metres per second (about 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph) have been measured on the planet Neptune . This has created a puzzle for planetary scientists . The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about ⁄ of that received by Earth, yet the intensity of weather phenomena on Neptune is far greater than on Earth. The strongest planetary winds discovered so far are on the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b , which is thought to have easterly winds moving at more than 9,600 kilometres per hour (6,000 mph). Space weather Aurora Borealis Main article: Space weather Weather is not limited to planetary bodies. Like all stars, the sun's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System . The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind . Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as coronal mass ejections , form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as space weather . Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the solar system as Saturn . The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces. The interaction of the solar wind with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular aurorae , and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as electricity grids and radio signals. How to measure the weather Symbols you will need to measure the weather This picture on the left will teach you how to read a weather chart. This is the language people speak in when talking about weather. A basic quiz to see how well you can read the weather. See also Weather station Outline of meteorology References Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Weather. Retrieved on 27 June 2008. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology. Hydrosphere. Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 27 June 2008. ^ Jump up to: Glossary of Meteorology. Troposphere. Archived 28 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 27 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Climate'' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ O'Carroll , Cynthia M. (18 October 2001). `` Weather Forecasters May Look Sky-high For Answers'' . Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA). Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Jump up ^ NASA . World Book at NASA: Weather. Archived copy at WebCite (10 March 2013). Retrieved on 27 June 2008. Jump up ^ John P. Stimac. (1) Air pressure and wind. Retrieved on 8 May 2008. Jump up ^ Carlyle H. Wash, Stacey H. Heikkinen, Chi-Sann Liou, and Wendell A. Nuss. A Rapid Cyclogenesis Event during GALE IOP 9. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Brown, Dwayne; Cabbage, Michael; McCarthy, Leslie; Norton, Karen (20 January 2016). `` NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015'' . NASA . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Windows to the Universe. Earth's Tilt Is the Reason for the Seasons! Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Milankovitch, Milutin. Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. Zavod za Udz̆benike i Nastavna Sredstva: Belgrade, 1941. ISBN 86-17-06619-9 . Jump up ^ Ron W. Przybylinski. The Concept of Frontogenesis and its Application to Winter Weather Forecasting. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Mark Zachary Jacobson (2005). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83970-X . OCLC 243560910 . Jump up ^ C. Donald Ahrens (2006). Meteorology Today (8th ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing. ISBN 0-495-01162-2 . OCLC 224863929 . Jump up ^ Michel Moncuquet. Relation between density and temperature. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Earth. Wind. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Spencer Weart. The Discovery of Global Warming. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Lorenz, Edward (July 1969). `` How Much Better Can Weather Prediction Become?'' (PDF) . web.mit.edu/ . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved July 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Global Warming: Chaos in the Atmosphere'' . history.aip.org . January 2017 . Retrieved July 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ NASA . NASA Mission Finds New Clues to Guide Search for Life on Mars. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ West Gulf River Forecast Center. Glossary of Hydrologic Terms: E Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Crate, Susan A; Nuttall, Mark, eds. (2009). Anthropology and Climate Change: From Encounters to Actions (PDF) . Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. pp. 70-- 86, i.e. the chapter ' Climate and weather discourse in anthropology: from determinism to uncertain futures' by Nicholas Peterson & Kenneth Broad. Jump up ^ James P. Delgado. Relics of the Kamikaze. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Mike Strong. Fort Caroline National Memorial. Archived 17 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Anthony E. Ladd, John Marszalek, and Duane A. Gill. The Other Diaspora: New Orleans Student Evacuation Impacts and Responses Surrounding Hurricane Katrina. Archived 24 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 29 March 2008. Jump up ^ `` Famine in Scotland: The ' Ill Years' of the 1690s '' . Karen J. Cullen (2010). Edinburgh University Press . p.21. ISBN 0-7486-3887-3 Jump up ^ Eric D. Craft. An Economic History of Weather Forecasting . Archived 3 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 15 April 2007. Jump up ^ NASA . Weather Forecasting Through the Ages. Retrieved on 25 May 2008. Jump up ^ Weather Doctor. Applying The Barometer To Weather Watching. Retrieved on 25 May 2008. Jump up ^ Mark Moore. Field Forecasting: A Short Summary. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 25 May 2008. Jump up ^ Klaus Weickmann, Jeff Whitaker, Andres Roubicek and Catherine Smith. The Use of Ensemble Forecasts to Produce Improved Medium Range (3-- 15 days) Weather Forecasts. Retrieved on 16 February 2007. Jump up ^ Todd Kimberlain. Tropical cyclone motion and intensity talk (June 2007). Retrieved on 21 July 2007. Jump up ^ Richard J. Pasch, Mike Fiorino, and Chris Landsea . TPC/NHC'S REVIEW OF THE NCEP PRODUCTION SUITE FOR 2006. Retrieved on 5 May 2008. Jump up ^ National Weather Service . National Weather Service Mission Statement. Archived 24 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 25 May 2008. Jump up ^ National Meteorological Service of Slovenia Jump up ^ Blair Fannin. Dry weather conditions continue for Texas. Archived 3 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 26 May 2008. Jump up ^ Dr. Terry Mader. Drought Corn Silage. Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 26 May 2008. Jump up ^ Kathryn C. Taylor. Peach Orchard Establishment and Young Tree Care. Archived 24 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 26 May 2008. Jump up ^ Associated Press . After Freeze, Counting Losses to Orange Crop. Retrieved on 26 May 2008. Jump up ^ The New York Times . FUTURES/OPTIONS; Cold Weather Brings Surge In Prices of Heating Fuels. Retrieved on 25 May 2008. Jump up ^ BBC . Heatwave causes electricity surge. Retrieved on 25 May 2008. Jump up ^ Toronto Catholic Schools. The Seven Key Messages of the Energy Drill Program. Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 25 May 2008. ^ Jump up to: American Meteorological Society Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Huanet, Xin (9 August 2008). `` Beijing disperses rain to dry Olympic night'' . Chinaview . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Jump up ^ Zhang, Guang (28 January 2012). `` Cities Affect Temperatures for Thousands of Miles'' . ScienceDaily. Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Jump up ^ Rogers, R. (1989). A Short Course in Cloud Physics . Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 61-- 62. ISBN 0-7506-3215-1 . Jump up ^ Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved on 21 June 2007. Jump up ^ Glenn Elert. Hottest Temperature on Earth. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Glenn Elert. Coldest Temperature On Earth. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Canadian Climate Normals 1971-- 2000 -- Eureka Jump up ^ Britt, Robert Roy (6 March 2001). `` The Worst Weather in the Solar System'' . Space.com . Archived from the original on 2 May 2001. Jump up ^ M. Fulchignoni; F. Ferri; F. Angrilli; A. Bar-Nun; M.A. Barucci; G. Bianchini; et al. (2002). `` The Characterisation of Titan's Atmospheric Physical Properties by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (Hasi)'' . Space Science Reviews . 104 : 395-- 431. Bibcode : 2002SSRv..104..395F . doi : 10.1023/A:1023688607077 . Jump up ^ Jet Propulsion Laboratory . OVERVIEW -- Climate: The Spherical Shape of the Earth: Climatic Zones. Archived 26 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Anne Minard. Jupiter's `` Jet Stream'' Heated by Surface, Not Sun. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ ESA: Cassini-- Huygens. The jet stream of Titan. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Georgia State University . The Environment of Venus. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Ellen Cohen. `` Jupiter's Great Red Spot'' . Hayden Planetarium. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Suomi, V.E. ; Limaye, S.S. ; Johnson, D.R. (1991). `` High Winds of Neptune: A possible mechanism'' . Science . AAAS (USA). 251 (4996): 929-- 932. Bibcode : 1991Sci...251..929S . doi : 10.1126/science.251.4996.929 . PMID 17847386 . Jump up ^ Sromovsky, Lawrence A. (14 October 1998). `` Hubble Provides a Moving Look at Neptune's Stormy Disposition'' . HubbleSite. Jump up ^ Knutson, Heather A.; David Charbonneau; Lori E. Allen; Jonathan J. Fortney; Eric Agol; Nicolas B. Cowan; et al. (10 May 2007). `` A map of the day-- night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b'' . Nature . 447 (7141): 183-- 186. arXiv : 0705.0993 . Bibcode : 2007Natur.447..183K . doi : 10.1038/nature05782 . PMID 17495920 . Jump up ^ Bill Christensen. Shock to the (Solar) System: Coronal Mass Ejection Tracked to Saturn . Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ AlaskaReport. What Causes the Aurora Borealis? Retrieved on 28 June 2008. Jump up ^ Rodney Viereck. Space Weather: What is it? How Will it Affect You? Retrieved on 28 June 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weather . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Weather ( hide ) Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere (Earth) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin (abiogenesis) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Category:Nature Portal:Science LCCN : sh85145843 GND : 4065852-1 NDL : 00566010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weather&oldid=834107193 '' Categories : Weather Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles prone to spam from October 2012 Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай -малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 113 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 23:55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 8203507841663072564 |
a person who drives a steamer is called | The United Kingdom ( UK ) - based transport historian Christian Wolmar stated in October 2013 that train operators employed by the Rio Tinto Group to transport iron ore across the Australian outback are most likely the highest - paid members of the occupation in the world at that time . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"An engineer ( American and Canadian ) , engine driver , train driver , loco pilot , motorman , train operator ( British and Commonwealth English ) , is a person who operates a train . The driver is in charge of , and responsible for driving the engine , as well as the mechanical operation of the train , train speed , and all train handling . The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer .",
"For many American railroads , the following career progression is typical : assistant conductor ( brakeman ) , conductor and finally driver . In the US , drivers are required to be certified and re-certified every two to three years . In American English a hostler moves engines around train yards , but does not take them out on the normal tracks .",
"In India , a driver starts as a diesel assistant or electrical assistant ( in case of electric locomotives ) . They then get promoted on a scale : goods , passenger , Mail / Express and Rajdhani / Shatabdi / Duronto .",
"In the United States and Canada , train drivers are historically known as `` locomotive engineers '' , or `` handelers '' . In the United Kingdom , South Africa , New Zealand , and Australia they are known as `` train drivers '' , `` engine drivers '' , `` locomotive drivers '' , or `` locomotive operators '' .",
"Ben Chifley , former Prime Minister of Australia Casey Jones , American engineer whose wreck on the Illinois Central Railroad on April 30 , 1900 was immortalized in verse and music .",
"Ben Chifley , former Prime Minister of Australia",
"Casey Jones , American engineer whose wreck on the Illinois Central Railroad on April 30 , 1900 was immortalized in verse and music .",
"The United Kingdom ( UK ) - based transport historian Christian Wolmar stated in October 2013 that train operators employed by the Rio Tinto Group to transport iron ore across the Australian outback are most likely the highest - paid members of the occupation in the world at that time ."
] | Railroad engineer - wikipedia Railroad engineer Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the operator of a train. For the professional engineer who designs railway systems, see Railway engineering . The cab of a New South Wales Xplorer diesel multiple unit A railroad engineer's workplace on a German ICE train An engineer ( American and Canadian ), engine driver , train driver , loco pilot , motorman , train operator ( British and Commonwealth English ), is a person who operates a train . The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer . For many American railroads, the following career progression is typical: assistant conductor ( brakeman ), conductor and finally driver. In the US, drivers are required to be certified and re-certified every two to three years. In American English a hostler moves engines around train yards, but does not take them out on the normal tracks. In India , a driver starts as a diesel assistant or electrical assistant (in case of electric locomotives). They then get promoted on a scale: goods, passenger, Mail/Express and Rajdhani/Shatabdi/Duronto. In the United States and Canada , train drivers are historically known as `` locomotive engineers'' , or `` handelers'' . In the United Kingdom , South Africa , New Zealand , and Australia they are known as `` train drivers'' , `` engine drivers'' , `` locomotive drivers'' , or `` locomotive operators'' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable railroad engineers 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Notable Railroad engineers ( edit ) Ben Chifley , former Prime Minister of Australia Casey Jones , American engineer whose wreck on the Illinois Central Railroad on April 30, 1900 was immortalized in verse and music. The United Kingdom (UK)-based transport historian Christian Wolmar stated in October 2013 that train operators employed by the Rio Tinto Group to transport iron ore across the Australian outback are most likely the highest-paid members of the occupation in the world at that time. See also ( edit ) Fireman (steam engine) Motorman Stormy Kromer cap References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2003 CFR Title 49, Volume 4; Part 240: Qualification and Certification of Locomotive Engineers'' . Code of Federal Regulations . United States National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2007-11-14 . Jump up ^ `` Train Crew'' . FAQ: Railway Operations . Indian Railways Fan Club. 2007 . Retrieved 2007-11-14 . Jump up ^ Waterson, D.B. `` Chifley, Joseph Benedict (Ben) (1885-- 1951)'' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 2015-09-06 . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Behrmann (3 October 2013). `` Rio Replacing Train Drivers Paid Like U.S. Surgeons'' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Huibregtse, Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal, 1919-1935 (University Press of Florida; 2010; 172 pages) Licht, Walter. Working for the Railroad: the organization of work in the nineteenth century (1983) Orr, John W. Set Up Running: The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman, 1904-1949 (2001) Tuck, Joseph Hugh. `` Canadian Railways and the International Brotherhoods: Labour Organizations in the Railway Running Trades in Canada, 1865-1914'' Dissertation Abstracts International , 1977, Vol. 37 Issue 10, p6681-6681 White, John H., Jr. `` Oh, To Be a Locomotive Engineer,'' Railroad History, Dec 2003, Issue 189, pp12-- 33, and Summer 2004, Issue 190, pp 56-- 76; Examines the role of the railroad engineer 1890 to 1919, discussing qualifications for becoming an engineer and typical experiences on the job. External links ( edit ) Media related to Locomotive drivers at Wikimedia Commons A detailed explanation of what train driving involves, and becoming a train driver in the UK Run-A-Locomotive. Link to a site that offers an engineer experience program at a museum in California. Train Conductor Job Information How to become a train driver guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railroad_engineer&oldid=800882299 '' Categories : Railroad engineers Railway occupations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 07:58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 4700859657143689508 |
frank sinatra conducts the music of alec wilder | Alec Wilder Octet includes : Jimmy Carroll , Eddie Powell , Mitch Miller , Harold Goltzer , Reggie Merrill , Walter Gross , Gerry Gillis , Frank Carroll & Toots Mondello | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder Studio album by Frank Sinatra Released 1946 Recorded March 31 , 1939 -- December 10 , 1945 , Los Angeles Genre Jazz , classical Length 44 : 14 Label CBS Records Frank Sinatra chronology Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder ( 1946 ) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color ( 1956 ) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color 1956",
"Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder",
"Studio album by Frank Sinatra",
"Released 1946",
"Recorded March 31 , 1939 -- December 10 , 1945 , Los Angeles",
"Genre Jazz , classical",
"Length 44 : 14",
"Label CBS Records",
"Frank Sinatra chronology",
"Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder ( 1946 ) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color ( 1956 ) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color 1956",
"Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder ( 1946 ) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color ( 1956 ) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color 1956",
"Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder ( 1946 ) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color ( 1956 ) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color 1956",
"Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic",
"Professional ratings",
"Review scores",
"Source Rating",
"Allmusic",
"Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder is an album of compositions by Alec Wilder , conducted by Frank Sinatra , released in 1946 .",
"The original COLUMBIA ( 78 , M - 637 ) 1946 album contained tracks 1 -- 6 .",
"Tracks 7 -- 13 are older recordings ( From 1939 to 1940 ) , added in 1950 on The COLUMBIA ( 10 `` , ML - 4271 ) .",
"`` Air for Oboe '' ( Soloist , Mitch Miller ) -- 3 : 35 `` Air for Bassoon '' ( Soloist , Harold Goltzer ) -- 4 : 34 `` Air for Flute '' ( Soloist , Julius Baker ) -- 4 : 33 `` Air for English Horn '' ( Soloist , Mitch Miller ) -- 3 : 57 `` Slow Dance '' -- 4 : 06 `` Theme and Variations '' -- 4 : 11 `` Such a Tender Night '' -- 3 : 05 `` She 'll Be Seven in May '' -- 2 : 59 `` It 's Silk , Feel It ! '' -- 2 : 31 `` Seldon the Sun '' -- 3 : 16 `` Her Old Man Was Suspicious '' -- 2 : 24 `` His First Long Pants '' -- 2 : 37 `` Pieces of Eight '' -- 2 : 26",
"`` Air for Oboe '' ( Soloist , Mitch Miller ) -- 3 : 35",
"`` Air for Bassoon '' ( Soloist , Harold Goltzer ) -- 4 : 34",
"`` Air for Flute '' ( Soloist , Julius Baker ) -- 4 : 33",
"`` Air for English Horn '' ( Soloist , Mitch Miller ) -- 3 : 57",
"`` Slow Dance '' -- 4 : 06",
"`` Theme and Variations '' -- 4 : 11",
"`` Such a Tender Night '' -- 3 : 05",
"`` She 'll Be Seven in May '' -- 2 : 59",
"`` It 's Silk , Feel It ! '' -- 2 : 31",
"`` Seldon the Sun '' -- 3 : 16",
"`` Her Old Man Was Suspicious '' -- 2 : 24",
"`` His First Long Pants '' -- 2 : 37",
"`` Pieces of Eight '' -- 2 : 26",
"All pieces composed by Alec Wilder .",
"Track 1 , 2 & 3 were recorded December 5 , 1945 . Track 4 , 5 & 6 were recorded December 10 , 1945 . Track 7 was recorded March 31 , 1939 . Track 8 & 9 were recorded June 13 , 1939 . Track 10 , 11 & 13 were recorded July 17 , 1940 . Track 12 was recorded August 7 , 1940 .",
"Track 1 , 2 & 3 were recorded December 5 , 1945 .",
"Track 4 , 5 & 6 were recorded December 10 , 1945 .",
"Track 7 was recorded March 31 , 1939 .",
"Track 8 & 9 were recorded June 13 , 1939 .",
"Track 10 , 11 & 13 were recorded July 17 , 1940 .",
"Track 12 was recorded August 7 , 1940 .",
"Frank Sinatra -- conductor ( tracks 1 -- 6 ) / With Woodwind Octet , The Columbia String Orchestra & Harpsichord The Alec Wilder Octet ( tracks 7 -- 13 ) Alec Wilder Octet includes : Jimmy Carroll , Eddie Powell , Mitch Miller , Harold Goltzer , Reggie Merrill , Walter Gross , Gerry Gillis , Frank Carroll & Toots Mondello",
"Frank Sinatra -- conductor ( tracks 1 -- 6 ) / With Woodwind Octet , The Columbia String Orchestra & Harpsichord",
"The Alec Wilder Octet ( tracks 7 -- 13 )",
"Alec Wilder Octet includes : Jimmy Carroll , Eddie Powell , Mitch Miller , Harold Goltzer , Reggie Merrill , Walter Gross , Gerry Gillis , Frank Carroll & Toots Mondello"
] | Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder - wikipedia Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder Jump to: navigation , search Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder Studio album by Frank Sinatra Released 1946 Recorded March 31, 1939 -- December 10, 1945, Los Angeles Genre Jazz , classical Length 44 : 14 Label CBS Records Frank Sinatra chronology Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder (1946) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color (1956) Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color 1956 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder is an album of compositions by Alec Wilder , conducted by Frank Sinatra , released in 1946. Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Recording Dates 3 Personnel 4 References Track listing ( edit ) The original COLUMBIA (78, M-637) 1946 album contained tracks 1-- 6. Tracks 7-- 13 are older recordings (From 1939 to 1940), added in 1950 on The COLUMBIA (10`` , ML-4271). `` Air for Oboe'' (Soloist, Mitch Miller ) -- 3:35 `` Air for Bassoon'' (Soloist, Harold Goltzer) -- 4:34 `` Air for Flute'' (Soloist, Julius Baker ) -- 4:33 `` Air for English Horn'' (Soloist, Mitch Miller) -- 3:57 `` Slow Dance'' -- 4:06 `` Theme and Variations'' -- 4:11 `` Such a Tender Night'' -- 3:05 `` She'll Be Seven in May'' -- 2:59 `` It's Silk, Feel It!'' -- 2:31 `` Seldon the Sun'' -- 3:16 `` Her Old Man Was Suspicious'' -- 2:24 `` His First Long Pants'' -- 2:37 `` Pieces of Eight'' -- 2:26 All pieces composed by Alec Wilder . Recording dates ( edit ) Track 1, 2 & 3 were recorded December 5, 1945. Track 4, 5 & 6 were recorded December 10, 1945. Track 7 was recorded March 31, 1939. Track 8 & 9 were recorded June 13, 1939. Track 10, 11 & 13 were recorded July 17, 1940. Track 12 was recorded August 7, 1940. Personnel ( edit ) Frank Sinatra -- conductor (tracks 1-- 6) / With Woodwind Octet, The Columbia String Orchestra & Harpsichord The Alec Wilder Octet (tracks 7-- 13) Alec Wilder Octet includes : Jimmy Carroll, Eddie Powell, Mitch Miller, Harold Goltzer, Reggie Merrill, Walter Gross, Gerry Gillis, Frank Carroll & Toots Mondello References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ `` Singer Saints blog'' . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Frank Sinatra Early life Political life Records Songs Filmography Awards Personal life Style Concerts Studio albums Columbia The Voice of Frank Sinatra Songs by Sinatra Christmas Songs by Sinatra Frankly Sentimental Dedicated to You Sing and Dance with Frank Sinatra Capitol Songs for Young Lovers Swing Easy! In the Wee Small Hours Songs for Swingin' Lovers! Close to You A Swingin' Affair! Where Are You? A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra Come Fly with Me Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely Come Dance with Me! No One Cares Nice ' n' Easy Sinatra's Swingin' Session!!! Come Swing with Me! Point of No Return Duets Duets II Reprise Ring-a-Ding-Ding! Sinatra Swings I Remember Tommy Sinatra and Strings Sinatra and Swingin' Brass All Alone Sinatra Sings Great Songs from Great Britain Sinatra-- Basie: An Historic Musical First The Concert Sinatra Sinatra's Sinatra Sinatra Sings Days of Wine and Roses, Moon River, and Other Academy Award Winners America, I Hear You Singing It Might as Well Be Swing 12 Songs of Christmas Softly, as I Leave You September of My Years My Kind of Broadway A Man and His Music Moonlight Sinatra Strangers in the Night That's Life Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim The World We Knew Francis A. & Edward K. The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas Cycles My Way A Man Alone Watertown Sinatra & Company Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back Some Nice Things I've Missed Trilogy: Past Present Future She Shot Me Down Qwest L.A. Is My Lady Live albums Sinatra at the Sands The Main Event -- Live Sinatra Saga Sinatra Saga, Vol. 2 Sinatra & Sextet: Live in Paris Sinatra 80th: Live in Concert With Red Norvo Quintet: Live in Australia, 1959 Sinatra ' 57 in Concert Live from Las Vegas Sinatra: Vegas Frank Sinatra: The Greatest Concerts Live at the Meadowlands Sinatra: New York Best of Vegas Sinatra: London Sinatra: World On a String Compilations This Is Sinatra! This Is Sinatra Vol. 2 Look to Your Heart All the Way Sinatra Sings of Love and Things Sinatra ' 65: The Singer Today Frank Sinatra's Greatest Hits Frank Sinatra's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 Portrait of Sinatra -- Forty Songs from the Life of a Man Sinatra-- Jobim Sessions All-Time Greatest Dorsey/Sinatra Hits, Vol. 1-4 Capitol Collector's Series Sinatra Reprise: The Very Good Years Sinatra Sings the Songs of Van Heusen & Cahn Sinatra: Soundtrack to the CBS Mini-Series The Best of the Capitol Years Christmas Songs by Sinatra Gold Collection Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Johnny Mercer Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Rodgers & Hart The Complete Recordings Nineteen Thirty-Nine Sinatra 80th: All the Best Everything Happens to Me Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Cole Porter Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Sammy Cahn Greatest Hits: Early Years The Very Best of Frank Sinatra Portrait of Sinatra: Columbia Classics Lucky Numbers Classic Sinatra: His Greatest Performances 1953-- 1960 Super Hits My Way: The Best of Frank Sinatra Love Songs Greatest Love Songs Christmas with the Rat Pack Frank Sinatra Christmas Collection Romance Duets/Duets II: 90th Birthday Limited Collector's Edition Romance: Songs from the Heart Sinatra at the Movies Nothing but the Best Seduction: Sinatra Sings of Love Classic Sinatra II Christmas with Sinatra & Friends 36 Greatest Hits! Come Fly Away Sinatra/Jobim: The Complete Reprise Recordings Sinatra/Basie: The Complete Reprise Studio Recordings Sinatra: Best of the Best Best of Duets Sinatra, with Love Soundtrack albums High Society Young at Heart Robin and the 7 Hoods Other albums Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color The Man I Love Sleep Warm Frank Sinatra Conducts Music from Pictures and Plays Syms by Sinatra Box sets Sinatra-- Jobim Sessions Screen Sinatra The Reprise Collection The Capitol Years Concepts The Complete Recordings The Song Is You The Complete Reprise Studio Recordings The Complete Capitol Singles Collection 1943-1952 1943-1952: The V-Discs Frank Sinatra & the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra The Capitol Years Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre Frank Sinatra in Hollywood The Real Complete Columbia Years V-Discs The Voice: Frank Sinatra, the Columbia Years (1943-- 1952) The Reprise Years Duets: 20th Anniversary Deluxe Edition Ultimate Sinatra Tribute albums A Jazz Portrait of Frank Sinatra Perfectly Frank Manilow Sings Sinatra Allow Us to Be Frank Bolton Swings Sinatra A Tribute to Frank Sinatra Tribute films The Rat Pack The Night We Called It a Day Videography A Man and His Music A Man and His Music -- Part II A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim Francis Albert Sinatra Does His Thing Sinatra Sinatra in Concert at the Royal Festival Hall Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back Sinatra -- The Main Event Sinatra and Friends The First 40 Years The Man and His Music Concert tours Together Again Tour (1988) The Diamond Jubilee World Tour (1990-1991) Related Frank Sinatra and Jewish activism `` Frank Sinatra Has a Cold '' Hoboken Four Frank Sinatra Park My Way killings Nelson Riddle None but the Brave Rat Pack Sinatra Doctrine Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sinatra_Conducts_the_Music_of_Alec_Wilder&oldid=761152053 '' Categories : Albums conducted by Frank Sinatra 1946 albums CBS Records albums Frank Sinatra albums Instrumental albums Classical albums by American artists Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 January 2017, at 06:44. About Wikipedia | -824441443348936984 |
when was the last time halley's comet passed earth | Halley 's Comet or Comet Halley , officially designated 1P / Halley , is a short - period comet visible from Earth every 74 -- 79 years . Halley is the only known short - period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth , and the only naked - eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime . Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061 . | [
[
"1986"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"1P / Halley ( Halley 's Comet ) Halley 's Comet on 8 March 1986 Discovery Discovered by Prehistoric observation ; Edmond Halley ( recognition of periodicity ) Orbital characteristics Epoch 2449400.5 ( 17 February 1994 ) Aphelion 35.08 AU Perihelion 0.586 AU last perihelion : 9 February 1986 next perihelion : 28 July 2061 Semi-major axis 17.83 AU Eccentricity 0.967 Orbital period 75.316 a Mean anomaly 38.38 ° Inclination 162.26 ° Longitude of ascending node 58.42 ° Argument of perihelion 111.33 ° Physical characteristics 15 × 8 km , 11 km ( mean diameter ) Mass 2.2 × 10 kg Mean density 0.6 ( estimates range from 0.2 to 1.5 g / cm ) Escape velocity ~ 0.002 km / s Sidereal rotation period 2.2 d ( 52.8 h ) ( ? ) Albedo 0.04 Apparent magnitude 28.2 ( in 2003 )",
"Halley 's Comet on 8 March 1986",
"Discovery",
"Discovered by Prehistoric observation ; Edmond Halley ( recognition of periodicity )",
"Orbital characteristics",
"Epoch 2449400.5 ( 17 February 1994 )",
"Aphelion 35.08 AU",
"Perihelion 0.586 AU last perihelion : 9 February 1986 next perihelion : 28 July 2061",
"Semi-major axis 17.83 AU",
"Eccentricity 0.967",
"Orbital period 75.316 a",
"Mean anomaly 38.38 °",
"Inclination 162.26 °",
"Longitude of ascending node 58.42 °",
"Argument of perihelion 111.33 °",
"Physical characteristics",
"15 × 8 km , 11 km ( mean diameter )",
"Mass 2.2 × 10 kg",
"Mean density 0.6 ( estimates range from 0.2 to 1.5 g / cm )",
"Escape velocity ~ 0.002 km / s",
"Sidereal rotation period 2.2 d ( 52.8 h ) ( ? )",
"Albedo 0.04",
"Apparent magnitude 28.2 ( in 2003 )",
"Halley 's Comet or Comet Halley , officially designated 1P / Halley , is a short - period comet visible from Earth every 74 -- 79 years . Halley is the only known short - period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth , and the only naked - eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime . Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061 .",
"Halley 's returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers since at least 240 BC . Clear records of the comet 's appearances were made by Chinese , Babylonian , and medieval European chroniclers , but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object at the time . The comet 's periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley , after whom it is now named .",
"During its 1986 apparition , Halley 's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by spacecraft , providing the first observational data on the structure of a comet nucleus and the mechanism of coma and tail formation . These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction , particularly Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball '' model , which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices -- such as water , carbon dioxide , and ammonia -- and dust . The missions also provided data that substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas ; for instance , it is now understood that the surface of Halley is largely composed of dusty , non-volatile materials , and that only a small portion of it is icy .",
"Comet Halley is commonly pronounced / ˈhæli / , rhyming with valley , or / ˈheɪli / , rhyming with daily . Spellings of Edmond Halley 's name during his lifetime included Hailey , Haley , Hayley , Halley , Hawley , and Hawly , so its contemporary pronunciation is uncertain .",
"Halley was the first comet to be recognized as periodic . Until the Renaissance , the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets , promoted by Aristotle , was that they were disturbances in Earth 's atmosphere . This idea was disproved in 1577 by Tycho Brahe , who used parallax measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the Moon . Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun , and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System .",
"In 1687 , Sir Isaac Newton published his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , in which he outlined his laws of gravity and motion . His work on comets was decidedly incomplete . Although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were the same comet before and after passing behind the Sun ( he was later found to be correct ; see Newton 's Comet ) , he was unable to completely reconcile comets into his model .",
"Ultimately , it was Newton 's friend , editor and publisher , Edmond Halley , who , in his 1705 Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets , used Newton 's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits . This calculation enabled him , after examining historical records , to determine that the orbital elements of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 ( observed by Petrus Apianus ) and 1607 ( observed by Johannes Kepler ) . Halley thus concluded that all three comets were , in fact , the same object returning about every 76 years , a period that has since been found to vary between 74 -- 79 years . After a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets , he predicted its return for 1758 . Halley died in 1742 before he could observe this himself .",
"Halley 's prediction of the comet 's return proved to be correct , although it was not seen until 25 December 1758 , by Johann Georg Palitzsch , a German farmer and amateur astronomer . It did not pass through its perihelion until 13 March 1759 , the attraction of Jupiter and Saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days . This effect was computed prior to its return ( with a one - month error to 13 April ) by a team of three French mathematicians , Alexis Clairaut , Joseph Lalande , and Nicole - Reine Lepaute . The confirmation of the comet 's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun . It was also one of the earliest successful tests of Newtonian physics , and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power . The comet was first named in Halley 's honour by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1759 .",
"Some scholars have proposed that first - century Mesopotamian astronomers already had recognized Halley 's Comet as periodic . This theory notes a passage in the Bavli Talmud that refers to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err . ''",
"Researchers in 1981 attempting to calculate the past orbits of Halley by numerical integration starting from accurate observations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not produce accurate results further back than 837 due to a close approach to Earth in that year . It was necessary to use ancient Chinese comet observations to constrain their calculations .",
"Halley 's orbital period has varied between 74 -- 79 years since 240 BC . Its orbit around the Sun is highly elliptical , with an orbital eccentricity of 0.967 ( with 0 being a circle and 1 being a parabolic trajectory ) . The perihelion , the point in the comet 's orbit when it is nearest the Sun , is just 0.6 AU . This is between the orbits of Mercury and Venus . Its aphelion , or farthest distance from the Sun , is 35 AU ( roughly the distance of Pluto ) . Unusual for an object in the Solar System , Halley 's orbit is retrograde ; it orbits the Sun in the opposite direction to the planets , or , clockwise from above the Sun 's north pole . The orbit is inclined by 18 ° to the ecliptic , with much of it lying south of the ecliptic . ( Because it is retrograde , the true inclination is 162 ° ) . Due to the retrograde orbit , it has one of the highest velocities relative to the Earth of any object in the Solar System . The 1910 passage was at a relative velocity of 70.56 km / s ( 157,838 mph or 254,016 km / h ) . Because its orbit comes close to Earth 's in two places , Halley is associated with two meteor showers : the Eta Aquariids in early May , and the Orionids in late October . Halley is the parent body to the Orionids . Observations conducted around the time of Halley 's appearance in 1986 suggested that the comet could additionally perturb the Eta Aquarid meteor shower , although it might not be the parent of that shower .",
"Halley is classified as a periodic or short - period comet ; one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less . This contrasts it with long - period comets , whose orbits last for thousands of years . Periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees , and an orbital period of just 6.5 years , so Halley 's orbit is atypical . Most short - period comets ( those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 20 -- 30 degrees or less ) are called Jupiter - family comets . Those resembling Halley , with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees , are called Halley - type comets . As of 2015 , only 75 Halley - type comets have been observed , compared with 511 identified Jupiter family comets .",
"The orbits of the Halley - type comets suggest that they were originally long - period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner Solar System . If Halley was once a long - period comet , it is likely to have originated in the Oort Cloud , a sphere of cometary bodies that has an inner edge of 20,000 -- 50,000 AU . Conversely the Jupiter - family comets are generally believed to originate in the Kuiper belt , a flat disc of icy debris between 30 AU ( Neptune 's orbit ) and 50 AU from the Sun ( in the scattered disc ) . Another point of origin for the Halley - type comets was proposed in 2008 , when a trans - Neptunian object with a retrograde orbit similar to Halley 's was discovered , 2008 KV 42 , whose orbit takes it from just outside that of Uranus to twice the distance of Pluto . It may be a member of a new population of small Solar System bodies that serves as the source of Halley - type comets .",
"Halley has probably been in its current orbit for 16,000 -- 200,000 years , although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions , and close approaches before 837 AD can only be verified from recorded observations . The non-gravitational effects can be crucial ; as Halley approaches the Sun , it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface , which knock it very slightly off its orbital path . These orbital changes cause delays in its perihelion of four days , average .",
"In 1989 , Boris Chirikov and Vitaly Vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of Halley 's Comet taken from historical records and computer simulations . These studies showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales . Halley 's projected lifetime could be as long as 10 million years . More recent work suggests that Halley will evaporate , or split in two , within the next few tens of thousands of years , or will be ejected from the Solar System within a few hundred thousand years . Observations by D.W. Hughes suggest that Halley 's nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80 -- 90 % over the last 2000 -- 3000 revolutions .",
"The Giotto and Vega missions gave planetary scientists their first view of Halley 's surface and structure . Like all comets , as Halley nears the Sun , its volatile compounds ( those with low boiling points , such as water , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide and other ices ) begin to sublime from the surface of its nucleus . This causes the comet to develop a coma , or atmosphere , up to 100,000 km across . Evaporation of this dirty ice releases dust particles , which travel with the gas away from the nucleus . Gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re-radiate it at different wavelengths , a phenomenon known as fluorescence , whereas dust particles scatter the solar light . Both processes are responsible for making the coma visible . As a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are ionized by the solar ultraviolet radiation , pressure from the solar wind , a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun , pulls the coma 's ions out into a long tail , which may extend more than 100 million kilometers into space . Changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause disconnection events , in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus .",
"Despite the vast size of its coma , Halley 's nucleus is relatively small : barely 15 kilometers long , 8 kilometers wide and perhaps 8 kilometers thick . Its shape vaguely resembles that of a peanut . Its mass is relatively low ( roughly 2.2 × 10 kg ) and its average density is about 0.6 g / cm , indicating that it is made of a large number of small pieces , held together very loosely , forming a structure known as a rubble pile . Ground - based observations of coma brightness suggested that Halley 's rotation period was about 7.4 days . Images taken by the various spacecraft , along with observations of the jets and shell , suggested a period of 52 hours . Given the irregular shape of the nucleus , Halley 's rotation is likely to be complex . Although only 25 % of Halley 's surface was imaged in detail during the flyby missions , the images revealed an extremely varied topography , with hills , mountains , ridges , depressions , and at least one crater .",
"Halley is the most active of all the periodic comets , with others , such as Comet Encke and Comet Holmes , being one or two orders of magnitude less active . Its day side ( the side facing the Sun ) is far more active than the night side . Spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80 % water vapor , 17 % carbon monoxide and 3 -- 4 % carbon dioxide , with traces of hydrocarbons although more - recent sources give a value of 10 % for carbon monoxide and also include traces of methane and ammonia . The dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon -- hydrogen -- oxygen -- nitrogen ( CHON ) compounds common in the outer Solar System , and silicates , such as are found in terrestrial rocks . The dust particles decreased in size down to the limits of detection ( ~ 0.001 μm ) . The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water released by Halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in Earth 's ocean water , suggesting that Halley - type comets may have delivered water to Earth in the distant past . Subsequent observations showed Halley 's deuterium ratio to be far higher than that found in Earth 's oceans , making such comets unlikely sources for Earth 's water .",
"Giotto provided the first evidence in support of Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball '' hypothesis for comet construction ; Whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the Sun as they approach the inner Solar System , causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate ( change directly from a solid to a gas ) , and jets of volatile material to burst outward , creating the coma . Giotto showed that this model was broadly correct , though with modifications . Halley 's albedo , for instance , is about 4 % , meaning that it reflects only 4 % of the sunlight hitting it ; about what one would expect for coal . Thus , despite appearing brilliant white to observers on Earth , Halley 's Comet is in fact pitch black . The surface temperature of evaporating `` dirty ice '' ranges from 170 K ( − 103 ° C ) at higher albedo to 220 K ( − 53 ° C ) at low albedo ; Vega 1 found Halley 's surface temperature to be in the range 300 -- 400 K ( 30 -- 130 ° C ) . This suggested that only 10 % of Halley 's surface was active , and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust that retained heat . Together , these observations suggested that Halley was in fact predominantly composed of non-volatile materials , and thus more closely resembled a `` snowy dirtball '' than a `` dirty snowball '' .",
"Halley may have been recorded as early as 467 BC , but this is uncertain . A comet was recorded in ancient Greece between 468 and 466 BC ; its timing , location , duration , and associated meteor shower all suggest it was Halley . According to Pliny the Elder , that same year a meteorite fell in the town of Aegospotami , in Thrace . He described it as brown in colour and the size of a wagon load . Chinese chroniclers also mention a comet in that year .",
"The first certain appearance of Halley 's Comet in the historical record is a description from 240 BC , in the Chinese chronicle Records of the Grand Historian or Shiji , which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north . The only surviving record of the 164 BC apparition is found on two fragmentary Babylonian tablets , now owned by the British Museum .",
"The apparition of 87 BC was recorded in Babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen `` day beyond day '' for a month . This appearance may be recalled in the representation of Tigranes the Great , an Armenian king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features , according to Vahe Gurzadyan and R. Vardanyan , `` a star with a curved tail ( that ) may represent the passage of Halley 's Comet in 87 BC . '' Gurzadyan and Vardanyan argue that `` Tigranes could have seen Halley 's Comet when it passed closest to the Sun on August 6 in 87 BC '' as the comet would have been a `` most recordable event '' ; for ancient Armenians it could have heralded the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings .",
"The apparition of 12 BC was recorded in the Book of Han by Chinese astronomers of the Han Dynasty who tracked it from August through October . It passed within 0.16 AU of Earth . Halley 's appearance in 12 BC , only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned date of the birth of Jesus Christ , has led some theologians and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the Star of Bethlehem . There are other explanations for the phenomenon , such as planetary conjunctions , and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of Jesus ' birth .",
"If , as has been suggested , the reference in the Talmud to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err '' ( see above ) refers to Halley 's Comet , it may be a reference to the 66 AD appearance , because this passage is attributed to the Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah . This apparition was the only one to occur during ben Hananiah 's lifetime .",
"The 141 AD apparition was recorded in Chinese chronicles . It was also recorded in the Tamil work Purananuru , in connection with the death of the south Indian Chera king Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai .",
"The 374 AD and 607 approaches each came within 0.09 AU of Earth . The 684 AD apparition was recorded in Europe in one of the sources used by the compiler of the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicles . Chinese records also report it as the `` broom star '' .",
"In 837 , Halley 's Comet may have passed as close as 0.03 AU ( 3.2 million miles ; 5.1 million kilometers ) from Earth , by far its closest approach . Its tail may have stretched 60 degrees across the sky . It was recorded by astronomers in China , Japan , Germany , the Byzantine Empire , and the Middle East . In 912 , Halley is recorded in the Annals of Ulster , which state `` A dark and rainy year . A comet appeared . ''",
"In 1066 , the comet was seen in England and thought to be an omen : later that year Harold II of England died at the Battle of Hastings ; it was a bad omen for Harold , but a good omen for the man who defeated him , William the Conqueror . The comet is represented on the Bayeux Tapestry as a fiery star , and the surviving accounts describe it as appearing to be four times the size of Venus and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the Moon . Halley came within 0.10 AU of Earth at that time .",
"This appearance of the comet is also noted in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Eilmer of Malmesbury may have seen Halley previously in 989 , as he wrote of it in 1066 : `` You 've come , have you ? ... You 've come , you source of tears to many mothers , you evil . I hate you ! It is long since I saw you ; but as I see you now you are much more terrible , for I see you brandishing the downfall of my country . I hate you ! ''",
"The Irish Annals of the Four Masters recorded the comet as `` A star ( that ) appeared on the seventh of the Calends of May , on Tuesday after Little Easter , than whose light the brilliance or light of The Moon was not greater ; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards . '' Chaco Native Americans in New Mexico may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs .",
"The 1145 apparition was recorded by the monk Eadwine . The 1986 apparition exhibited a fan tail similar to Eadwine 's drawing . Some claim that Genghis Khan was inspired to turn his conquests toward Europe by the 1222 apparition . The 1301 apparition may have been seen by the artist Giotto di Bondone , who represented the Star of Bethlehem as a fire - colored comet in the Nativity section of his Arena Chapel cycle , completed in 1305 . Its 1378 appearance is recorded in the Annales Mediolanenses as well as in East Asian sources .",
"In 1456 , the year of Halley 's next apparition , the Ottoman Empire invaded the Kingdom of Hungary , culminating in the Siege of Belgrade in July of that year . In a papal bull , Pope Calixtus III ordered special prayers be said for the city 's protection . In 1470 , the humanist scholar Bartolomeo Platina wrote in his Lives of the Popes that ,",
"A hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days , the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence , dearth and some great calamity . Calixtus , to avert the wrath of God , ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race He would turn all upon the Turks , the enemies of the Christian name . He likewise ordered , to move God by continual entreaty , that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the Turk .",
"Platina 's account is not mentioned in official records . In the 18th century , a Frenchman further embellished the story , in anger at the Church , by claiming that the Pope had `` excommunicated '' the comet , though this story was most likely his own invention .",
"Halley 's apparition of 1456 was also witnessed in Kashmir and depicted in great detail by Śrīvara , a Sanskrit poet and biographer to the Sultans of Kashmir . He read the apparition as a cometary portent of doom foreshadowing the imminent fall of Sultan Zayn al - Abidin ( AD 1418 / 1420 -- 1470 ) .",
"After witnessing a bright light in the sky which most historians have identified as Halley 's Comet , Zara Yaqob , Emperor of Ethiopia from 1434 to 1468 , founded the city of Debre Berhan ( tr . City of Light ) and made it his capital for the remainder of his reign .",
"Halley 's periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century . The three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by Edmond Halley , enabling him to predict its 1759 return . Streams of vapour observed during the comet 's 1835 apparition prompted astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel to propose that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet 's orbit .",
"1531 1682 1759 1835",
"1531 1682 1759 1835",
"",
"The 1910 approach , which came into naked - eye view around 10 April and came to perihelion on 20 April , was notable for several reasons : it was the first approach of which photographs exist , and the first for which spectroscopic data were obtained . Furthermore , the comet made a relatively close approach of 0.15 AU , making it a spectacular sight . Indeed , on 19 May , Earth actually passed through the tail of the comet . One of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas cyanogen , which led astronomer Camille Flammarion to claim that , when Earth passed through the tail , the gas `` would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet . '' His pronouncement led to panicked buying of gas masks and quack `` anti-comet pills '' and `` anti-comet umbrellas '' by the public . In reality , as other astronomers were quick to point out , the gas is so diffuse that the world suffered no ill effects from the passage through the tail .",
"The comet added to the unrest in China on the eve of Xinhai Revolution that would end the last dynasty in 1911 . As James Hutson , a missionary in Sichuan Province at the time , recorded ,",
"The people believe that it indicates calamity such as war , fire , pestilence , and a change of dynasty . In some places on certain days the doors were unopened for half a day , no water was carried and many did not even drink water as it was rumoured that pestilential vapour was being poured down upon the earth from the comet . ''",
"The 1910 visitation is also recorded as being the travelling companion of the first known English Muslim to make the Haj pilgrimage to Mecca . However , his explanation of its scientific predictability did not meet with favour in the Holy City .",
"The comet was also fertile ground for hoaxes . One that reached major newspapers claimed that the Sacred Followers , a supposed Oklahoma religious group , attempted to sacrifice a virgin to ward off the impending disaster , but were stopped by the police .",
"American satirist and writer Mark Twain was born on 30 November 1835 , exactly two weeks after the comet 's perihelion . In his autobiography , published in 1909 , he said ,",
"I came in with Halley 's comet in 1835 . It is coming again next year , and I expect to go out with it . It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I do n't go out with Halley 's comet . The Almighty has said , no doubt : ' Now here are these two unaccountable freaks ; they came in together , they must go out together . '",
"Twain died on 21 April 1910 , the day following the comet 's subsequent perihelion . The 1985 fantasy film The Adventures of Mark Twain was inspired by the quotation .",
"Halley 's 1910 apparition is distinct from the Great Daylight Comet of 1910 , which surpassed Halley in brilliance and was actually visible in broad daylight for a short period , approximately four months before Halley made its appearance .",
"Halley 's 1986 apparition was the least favorable on record . The comet and Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun in February 1986 , creating the worst viewing circumstances for Earth observers for the last 2,000 years . Halley 's closest approach was 0.42 AU . Additionally , with increased light pollution from urbanization , many people failed to even see the comet . It was possible to observe it in areas outside of cities with the help of binoculars . Further , the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April . Halley 's approach was first detected by astronomers David Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and a CCD camera . The first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer Stephen James O'Meara on 24 January 1985 . O'Meara used a home - built 24 - inch telescope on top of Mauna Kea to detect the magnitude 19.6 comet . On 8 November 1985 , Stephen Edberg ( then serving as the Coordinator for Amateur Observations at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ) and Charles Morris were the first to observe Halley 's Comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition .",
"The development of space travel gave scientists the opportunity to study the comet at close quarters , and several probes were launched to do so . The Soviet Vega 1 started returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986 , and the first ever of its nucleus , and made its flyby on 6 March , followed by Vega 2 making its flyby on 9 March . On 14 March , the Giotto space probe , launched by the European Space Agency , made the closest pass of the comet 's nucleus . There were also two Japanese probes , Suisei and Sakigake . The probes were unofficially known as the Halley Armada .",
"Based on data retrieved by Astron , the largest ultraviolet space telescope of the time , during its Halley 's Comet observations in December 1985 , a group of Soviet scientists developed a model of the comet 's coma . The comet was also observed from space by the International Cometary Explorer . Originally International Sun - Earth Explorer 3 , the probe was renamed and freed from its L Lagrangian point location in Earth 's orbit to intercept comets 21P / Giacobini - Zinner and Halley .",
"Two Space Shuttle missions -- the ill - fated STS - 51 - L ( ended by the Challenger disaster ) and STS - 61 - E -- were scheduled to observe Halley 's Comet from low Earth orbit . STS - 51 - L carried the Shuttle - Pointed Tool for Astronomy ( SPARTAN - 203 ) satellite , also called the Halley 's Comet Experiment Deployable ( HCED ) . STS - 61 - E was a Columbia mission scheduled for March 1986 , carrying the ASTRO - 1 platform to study the comet . Due to the suspension of America 's manned space program after the Challenger explosion , the mission was canceled , and ASTRO - 1 would not fly until late 1990 on STS - 35 .",
"On 12 February 1991 , at a distance of 14.4 AU ( 2.15 × 10 km ) from the Sun , Halley displayed an outburst that lasted for several months , releasing a cloud of dust 300,000 km across . The outburst likely started in December 1990 , and then the comet brightened from magnitude 24.3 to magnitude 18.9 . Halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the Very Large Telescopes at Paranal , Chile , when Halley 's magnitude was 28.2 . The telescopes observed Halley , at the faintest and farthest any comet has ever been imaged , in order to verify a method for finding very faint trans - Neptunian objects . Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit .",
"The next predicted perihelion of Halley 's Comet is 28 July 2061 , when it is expected to be better positioned for observation than during the 1985 -- 1986 apparition , as it will be on the same side of the Sun as Earth . It is expected to have an apparent magnitude of − 0.3 , compared with only + 2.1 for the 1986 apparition . It has been calculated that on 9 September 2060 , Halley will pass within 0.98 AU ( 147,000,000 km ) of Jupiter , and then on 20 August 2061 will pass within 0.0543 AU ( 8,120,000 km ) of Venus . In 2134 , Halley is expected to pass within 0.09 AU ( 13,000,000 km ) of Earth . Its apparent magnitude is expected to be − 2.0 .",
"Halley 's calculations enabled the comet 's earlier appearances to be found in the historical record . The following table sets out the astronomical designations for every apparition of Halley 's Comet from 240 BC , the earliest documented widespread sighting . For example , `` 1P / 1982 U1 , 1986 III , 1982i '' indicates that for the perihelion in 1986 , Halley was the first period comet known ( designated 1P ) and this apparition was the first seen in half - month U ( the second half of October ) in 1982 ( giving 1P / 1982 U1 ) ; it was the third comet past perihelion in 1986 ( 1986 III ) ; and it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 ( provisional designation 1982i ) . The perihelion dates of each apparition are shown . The perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate , mainly because of uncertainties in the modelling of non-gravitational effects . Perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the Julian calendar , while perihelion dates 1607 and after are in the Gregorian calendar .",
"Designation Year BC / AD Date of last perihelion Visible duration Distance at perihelion Description 1P / − 239 K1 , − 239 240 BC 15 May 25 May -- 15 May First confirmed sighting . 1P / − 163 U1 , − 163 163 BC 20 May 12 November , 164 BC -- 28 September 163 BC Seen by Babylonians . 1P / − 86 Q1 , − 86 87 BC 15 August 6 August -- 19 August Seen by the Babylonians and Chinese . 1P / − 11 Q1 , − 11 12 BC 8 October August -- 10 October 0.16 AU Watched by Chinese for two months . 1P / 66 B1 , 66 66 26 January 25 January -- 26 January ' A comet of the kind called Xiphias , because their tails appear to represent the blade of a sword ' 1P / 141 F1 , 141 141 25 March 22 March -- 25 March Described by the Chinese as bluish - white in colour 1P / 218 H1 , 218 218 6 April 6 April -- 17 May Described by the Roman historian Dion Cassius as ' a very fearful star ' . 1P / 295 J1 , 295 295 7 April 7 April -- 20 April Seen in China , but not spectacular . 1P / 374 E1 , 374 374 13 February 13 February -- 16 February 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth . 1P / 451 L1 , 451 451 3 July 28 June -- 3 July Appeared before the defeat of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons . 1P / 530 Q1 , 530 530 15 November 27 September -- 15 November Noted in China and Europe , but not spectacular . 1P / 607 H1 , 607 607 26 March 15 March -- 26 March 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth . 1P / 684 R1 , 684 684 26 November 2 October -- 26 November First known Japanese records of the comet . Seen in Europe and depicted 800 years later in the Nuremberg Chronicle . Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of God L to the event . 1P / 760 K1 , 760 760 10 June 20 May -- 10 June Seen in China , at the same time as another comet . 1P / 837 F1 , 837 837 25 February 25 February -- 28 February 0.03 AU Closest - ever approach to the Earth ( 5 million km ) . Tail stretched halfway across the sky . Appeared as bright as Venus . 1P / 912 J1 , 912 912 27 July 18 July -- 27 July Seen briefly in China and Japan . 1P / 989 N1 , 989 989 2 September 2 September -- 5 September Seen in China , Japan , and ( possibly ) Korea . 1P / 1066 G1 , 1066 1066 25 March January -- 25 March 0.10 AU Seen for over two months in China . Recorded in England and depicted on the later Bayeux tapestry which portrayed the events of that year . 1P / 1145 G1 , 1145 1145 19 April 15 April -- 19 April Depicted on the Eadwine Psalter , with the remark that such ' hairy stars ' appeared rarely , ' and then as a portent ' . 1P / 1222 R1 , 1222 1222 10 September 10 September -- 28 September Described by Japanese astronomers as being ' as large as the half Moon ... Its colour was white but its rays were red ' . 1P / 1301 R1 , 1301 1301 22 October 22 October -- 31 October Seen by Giotto di Bondone and included in his painting The Adoration of the Magi . Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first - magnitude star Procyon . 1P / 1378 S1 , 1378 1378 9 November 9 November -- 14 November Passed within 10 degrees of the north celestial pole , more northerly than at any time during the past 2000 years . This is the last appearance of the comet for which Oriental records are better than Western ones . 1P / 1456 K1 , 1456 1456 8 January 8 January -- 9 June Observed in Italy by Paolo Toscanelli , who said its head was ' as large as the eye of an ox ' , with a tail ' fan - shaped like that of a peacock ' . Arabs said the tail resembled a Turkish scimitar . Turkish forces attacked Belgrade . 1P / 1531 P1 , 1531 1531 26 August 26 August Seen by Peter Apian , who noted that its tail always pointed away from the Sun . This sighting was included in Halley 's table . 1P / 1607 S1 , 1607 1607 27 October 27 October Seen by Johannes Kepler . This sighting was included in Halley 's table . 1P / 1682 Q1 , 1682 1682 15 September 15 September Seen by Edmond Halley at Islington . 1P / 1758 Y1 , 1759 I 1758 13 March 13 March -- 25 December Return predicted by Halley . First seen by Johann Palitzsch on 1758 December 25 . 1P / 1835 P1 , 1835 III 1835 16 November August -- 16 November First seen at the Vatican Observatory in August . Studied by John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope . 1P / 1909 R1 , 1910 II , 1909c 1910 20 April 20 April -- 20 May Photographed for the first time . Earth passed through the comet 's tail on May 20 . 1P / 1982 U1 , 1986 III , 1982i 1986 9 February 9 February 0.586 AU Reached perihelion on February 9 , closest to Earth ( 63 million km ) on April 11 . Nucleus photographed by the European space probe Giotto and the Russian probes Vega 1 and 2 . 2061 28 July 28 July 2061 Next return of Halley 's comet .",
"Designation Year BC / AD Date of last perihelion Visible duration Distance at perihelion Description",
"1P / − 239 K1 , − 239 240 BC 15 May 25 May -- 15 May First confirmed sighting .",
"1P / − 163 U1 , − 163 163 BC 20 May 12 November , 164 BC -- 28 September 163 BC Seen by Babylonians .",
"1P / − 86 Q1 , − 86 87 BC 15 August 6 August -- 19 August Seen by the Babylonians and Chinese .",
"1P / − 11 Q1 , − 11 12 BC 8 October August -- 10 October 0.16 AU Watched by Chinese for two months .",
"1P / 66 B1 , 66 66 26 January 25 January -- 26 January ' A comet of the kind called Xiphias , because their tails appear to represent the blade of a sword '",
"1P / 141 F1 , 141 141 25 March 22 March -- 25 March Described by the Chinese as bluish - white in colour",
"1P / 218 H1 , 218 218 6 April 6 April -- 17 May Described by the Roman historian Dion Cassius as ' a very fearful star ' .",
"1P / 295 J1 , 295 295 7 April 7 April -- 20 April Seen in China , but not spectacular .",
"1P / 374 E1 , 374 374 13 February 13 February -- 16 February 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth .",
"1P / 451 L1 , 451 451 3 July 28 June -- 3 July Appeared before the defeat of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons .",
"1P / 530 Q1 , 530 530 15 November 27 September -- 15 November Noted in China and Europe , but not spectacular .",
"1P / 607 H1 , 607 607 26 March 15 March -- 26 March 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth .",
"1P / 684 R1 , 684 684 26 November 2 October -- 26 November First known Japanese records of the comet . Seen in Europe and depicted 800 years later in the Nuremberg Chronicle . Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of God L to the event .",
"1P / 760 K1 , 760 760 10 June 20 May -- 10 June Seen in China , at the same time as another comet .",
"1P / 837 F1 , 837 837 25 February 25 February -- 28 February 0.03 AU Closest - ever approach to the Earth ( 5 million km ) . Tail stretched halfway across the sky . Appeared as bright as Venus .",
"1P / 912 J1 , 912 912 27 July 18 July -- 27 July Seen briefly in China and Japan .",
"1P / 989 N1 , 989 989 2 September 2 September -- 5 September Seen in China , Japan , and ( possibly ) Korea .",
"1P / 1066 G1 , 1066 1066 25 March January -- 25 March 0.10 AU Seen for over two months in China . Recorded in England and depicted on the later Bayeux tapestry which portrayed the events of that year .",
"1P / 1145 G1 , 1145 1145 19 April 15 April -- 19 April Depicted on the Eadwine Psalter , with the remark that such ' hairy stars ' appeared rarely , ' and then as a portent ' .",
"1P / 1222 R1 , 1222 1222 10 September 10 September -- 28 September Described by Japanese astronomers as being ' as large as the half Moon ... Its colour was white but its rays were red ' .",
"1P / 1301 R1 , 1301 1301 22 October 22 October -- 31 October Seen by Giotto di Bondone and included in his painting The Adoration of the Magi . Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first - magnitude star Procyon .",
"1P / 1378 S1 , 1378 1378 9 November 9 November -- 14 November Passed within 10 degrees of the north celestial pole , more northerly than at any time during the past 2000 years . This is the last appearance of the comet for which Oriental records are better than Western ones .",
"1P / 1456 K1 , 1456 1456 8 January 8 January -- 9 June Observed in Italy by Paolo Toscanelli , who said its head was ' as large as the eye of an ox ' , with a tail ' fan - shaped like that of a peacock ' . Arabs said the tail resembled a Turkish scimitar . Turkish forces attacked Belgrade .",
"1P / 1531 P1 , 1531 1531 26 August 26 August Seen by Peter Apian , who noted that its tail always pointed away from the Sun . This sighting was included in Halley 's table .",
"1P / 1607 S1 , 1607 1607 27 October 27 October Seen by Johannes Kepler . This sighting was included in Halley 's table .",
"1P / 1682 Q1 , 1682 1682 15 September 15 September Seen by Edmond Halley at Islington .",
"1P / 1758 Y1 , 1759 I 1758 13 March 13 March -- 25 December Return predicted by Halley . First seen by Johann Palitzsch on 1758 December 25 .",
"1P / 1835 P1 , 1835 III 1835 16 November August -- 16 November First seen at the Vatican Observatory in August . Studied by John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope .",
"1P / 1909 R1 , 1910 II , 1909c 1910 20 April 20 April -- 20 May Photographed for the first time . Earth passed through the comet 's tail on May 20 .",
"1P / 1982 U1 , 1986 III , 1982i 1986 9 February 9 February 0.586 AU Reached perihelion on February 9 , closest to Earth ( 63 million km ) on April 11 . Nucleus photographed by the European space probe Giotto and the Russian probes Vega 1 and 2 .",
"2061 28 July 28 July 2061 Next return of Halley 's comet ."
] | Halley's comet - wikipedia Halley's comet Jump to: navigation , search For the video game, see Halley's Comet (video game) . 1P/Halley (Halley's Comet) Halley's Comet on 8 March 1986 Discovery Discovered by Prehistoric observation; Edmond Halley (recognition of periodicity ) Orbital characteristics Epoch 2449400.5 (17 February 1994) Aphelion 35.08 AU Perihelion 0.586 AU last perihelion: 9 February 1986 next perihelion: 28 July 2061 Semi-major axis 17.83 AU Eccentricity 0.967 Orbital period 75.316 a Mean anomaly 38.38° Inclination 162.26° Longitude of ascending node 58.42° Argument of perihelion 111.33° Physical characteristics 15× 8 km, 11 km ( mean diameter) Mass 2.2 × 10 kg Mean density 0.6 (estimates range from 0.2 to 1.5 g/cm ) Escape velocity ~0.002 km/s Sidereal rotation period 2.2 d (52.8 h) (?) Albedo 0.04 Apparent magnitude 28.2 (in 2003) Halley's Comet or Comet Halley , officially designated 1P/Halley , is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 74-- 79 years. Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and the only naked-eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime. Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061. Halley's returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers since at least 240 BC. Clear records of the comet's appearances were made by Chinese , Babylonian , and medieval European chroniclers , but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object at the time. The comet's periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley , after whom it is now named. During its 1986 apparition, Halley's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by spacecraft , providing the first observational data on the structure of a comet nucleus and the mechanism of coma and tail formation. These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction, particularly Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball'' model, which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices -- such as water , carbon dioxide , and ammonia -- and dust . The missions also provided data that substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas; for instance, it is now understood that the surface of Halley is largely composed of dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy. Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciation 2 Computation of orbit 3 Orbit and origin 4 Structure and composition 5 History 5.1 Prior to 1066 5.2 1066 5.3 1145-- 1378 5.4 1456 5.5 1531-- 1835 5.6 1910 5.7 1986 5.8 After 1986 5.9 Apparitions 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Pronunciation ( edit ) Comet Halley is commonly pronounced / ˈhæli / , rhyming with valley , or / ˈheɪli / , rhyming with daily . Spellings of Edmond Halley's name during his lifetime included Hailey, Haley, Hayley, Halley, Hawley , and Hawly , so its contemporary pronunciation is uncertain. Computation of orbit ( edit ) Halley was the first comet to be recognized as periodic. Until the Renaissance, the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets, promoted by Aristotle , was that they were disturbances in Earth's atmosphere. This idea was disproved in 1577 by Tycho Brahe , who used parallax measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the Moon . Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun, and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System. In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , in which he outlined his laws of gravity and motion. His work on comets was decidedly incomplete. Although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were the same comet before and after passing behind the Sun (he was later found to be correct; see Newton's Comet ), he was unable to completely reconcile comets into his model. Ultimately, it was Newton's friend, editor and publisher, Edmond Halley , who, in his 1705 Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets , used Newton's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits. This calculation enabled him, after examining historical records, to determine that the orbital elements of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 (observed by Petrus Apianus ) and 1607 (observed by Johannes Kepler ). Halley thus concluded that all three comets were, in fact, the same object returning about every 76 years, a period that has since been found to vary between 74-- 79 years. After a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets, he predicted its return for 1758. Halley died in 1742 before he could observe this himself. Halley's prediction of the comet's return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 December 1758, by Johann Georg Palitzsch , a German farmer and amateur astronomer. It did not pass through its perihelion until 13 March 1759, the attraction of Jupiter and Saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days. This effect was computed prior to its return (with a one-month error to 13 April) by a team of three French mathematicians, Alexis Clairaut , Joseph Lalande , and Nicole-Reine Lepaute . The confirmation of the comet's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun. It was also one of the earliest successful tests of Newtonian physics , and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power. The comet was first named in Halley's honour by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1759. Some scholars have proposed that first-century Mesopotamian astronomers already had recognized Halley's Comet as periodic. This theory notes a passage in the Bavli Talmud that refers to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err.'' Researchers in 1981 attempting to calculate the past orbits of Halley by numerical integration starting from accurate observations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not produce accurate results further back than 837 due to a close approach to Earth in that year. It was necessary to use ancient Chinese comet observations to constrain their calculations. Orbit and origin ( edit ) The orbital path of Halley, outlined in blue, against the orbits of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, outlined in red. Halley's orbital period has varied between 74-- 79 years since 240 BC. Its orbit around the Sun is highly elliptical , with an orbital eccentricity of 0.967 (with 0 being a circle and 1 being a parabolic trajectory ). The perihelion, the point in the comet's orbit when it is nearest the Sun, is just 0.6 AU . This is between the orbits of Mercury and Venus . Its aphelion , or farthest distance from the Sun, is 35 AU (roughly the distance of Pluto ). Unusual for an object in the Solar System, Halley's orbit is retrograde ; it orbits the Sun in the opposite direction to the planets, or, clockwise from above the Sun 's north pole. The orbit is inclined by 18° to the ecliptic , with much of it lying south of the ecliptic. (Because it is retrograde, the true inclination is 162° ). Due to the retrograde orbit, it has one of the highest velocities relative to the Earth of any object in the Solar System. The 1910 passage was at a relative velocity of 70.56 km/s (157,838 mph or 254,016 km/h). Because its orbit comes close to Earth's in two places, Halley is associated with two meteor showers : the Eta Aquariids in early May, and the Orionids in late October. Halley is the parent body to the Orionids. Observations conducted around the time of Halley's appearance in 1986 suggested that the comet could additionally perturb the Eta Aquarid meteor shower, although it might not be the parent of that shower. Orionid meteor originating from Halley's Comet striking the sky below the Milky Way and to the right of Venus . Halley is classified as a periodic or short-period comet ; one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less. This contrasts it with long-period comets , whose orbits last for thousands of years. Periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees, and an orbital period of just 6.5 years, so Halley's orbit is atypical. Most short-period comets (those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 20-- 30 degrees or less) are called Jupiter-family comets . Those resembling Halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called Halley-type comets. As of 2015 , only 75 Halley-type comets have been observed, compared with 511 identified Jupiter family comets. The orbits of the Halley-type comets suggest that they were originally long-period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner Solar System. If Halley was once a long-period comet, it is likely to have originated in the Oort Cloud , a sphere of cometary bodies that has an inner edge of 20,000-- 50,000 AU . Conversely the Jupiter-family comets are generally believed to originate in the Kuiper belt , a flat disc of icy debris between 30 AU (Neptune's orbit) and 50 AU from the Sun (in the scattered disc ). Another point of origin for the Halley-type comets was proposed in 2008, when a trans-Neptunian object with a retrograde orbit similar to Halley's was discovered, 2008 KV 42 , whose orbit takes it from just outside that of Uranus to twice the distance of Pluto. It may be a member of a new population of small Solar System bodies that serves as the source of Halley-type comets. Halley has probably been in its current orbit for 16,000-- 200,000 years, although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions, and close approaches before 837 AD can only be verified from recorded observations. The non-gravitational effects can be crucial; as Halley approaches the Sun, it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface, which knock it very slightly off its orbital path. These orbital changes cause delays in its perihelion of four days, average. In 1989, Boris Chirikov and Vitaly Vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of Halley's Comet taken from historical records and computer simulations. These studies showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales. Halley's projected lifetime could be as long as 10 million years. More recent work suggests that Halley will evaporate, or split in two, within the next few tens of thousands of years, or will be ejected from the Solar System within a few hundred thousand years. Observations by D.W. Hughes suggest that Halley's nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80-- 90% over the last 2000-- 3000 revolutions. Structure and composition ( edit ) The nucleus of Halley's Comet, imaged by the Giotto probe in 1986. The dark coloration of the nucleus can be observed, as well as the jets of dust and gas erupting from its surface. The Giotto and Vega missions gave planetary scientists their first view of Halley's surface and structure. Like all comets, as Halley nears the Sun, its volatile compounds (those with low boiling points, such as water , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide and other ices ) begin to sublime from the surface of its nucleus . This causes the comet to develop a coma , or atmosphere, up to 100,000 km across. Evaporation of this dirty ice releases dust particles, which travel with the gas away from the nucleus. Gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re-radiate it at different wavelengths, a phenomenon known as fluorescence , whereas dust particles scatter the solar light. Both processes are responsible for making the coma visible. As a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are ionized by the solar ultraviolet radiation , pressure from the solar wind , a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun, pulls the coma's ions out into a long tail , which may extend more than 100 million kilometers into space. Changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause disconnection events , in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus. Despite the vast size of its coma, Halley's nucleus is relatively small: barely 15 kilometers long, 8 kilometers wide and perhaps 8 kilometers thick. Its shape vaguely resembles that of a peanut . Its mass is relatively low (roughly 2.2 × 10 kg) and its average density is about 0.6 g/cm , indicating that it is made of a large number of small pieces, held together very loosely, forming a structure known as a rubble pile . Ground-based observations of coma brightness suggested that Halley's rotation period was about 7.4 days. Images taken by the various spacecraft, along with observations of the jets and shell, suggested a period of 52 hours. Given the irregular shape of the nucleus, Halley's rotation is likely to be complex. Although only 25% of Halley's surface was imaged in detail during the flyby missions, the images revealed an extremely varied topography, with hills, mountains, ridges, depressions, and at least one crater. Halley is the most active of all the periodic comets, with others, such as Comet Encke and Comet Holmes , being one or two orders of magnitude less active. Its day side (the side facing the Sun) is far more active than the night side. Spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80% water vapor, 17% carbon monoxide and 3-- 4% carbon dioxide, with traces of hydrocarbons although more-recent sources give a value of 10% for carbon monoxide and also include traces of methane and ammonia . The dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon-- hydrogen-- oxygen-- nitrogen (CHON) compounds common in the outer Solar System, and silicates, such as are found in terrestrial rocks. The dust particles decreased in size down to the limits of detection (~0.001 μm ). The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water released by Halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in Earth's ocean water, suggesting that Halley-type comets may have delivered water to Earth in the distant past. Subsequent observations showed Halley's deuterium ratio to be far higher than that found in Earth's oceans, making such comets unlikely sources for Earth's water. Giotto provided the first evidence in support of Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball '' hypothesis for comet construction; Whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the Sun as they approach the inner Solar System, causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate (change directly from a solid to a gas), and jets of volatile material to burst outward, creating the coma. Giotto showed that this model was broadly correct, though with modifications. Halley's albedo , for instance, is about 4%, meaning that it reflects only 4% of the sunlight hitting it; about what one would expect for coal. Thus, despite appearing brilliant white to observers on Earth, Halley's Comet is in fact pitch black. The surface temperature of evaporating `` dirty ice'' ranges from 170 K (− 103 ° C) at higher albedo to 220 K (− 53 ° C) at low albedo; Vega 1 found Halley's surface temperature to be in the range 300-- 400 K (30-- 130 ° C). This suggested that only 10% of Halley's surface was active, and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust that retained heat. Together, these observations suggested that Halley was in fact predominantly composed of non-volatile materials, and thus more closely resembled a `` snowy dirtball'' than a `` dirty snowball'' . History ( edit ) Prior to 1066 ( edit ) Observation of Halley's Comet, recorded in cuneiform on a clay tablet between 22 and 28 September 164 BC, Babylon , Iraq. British Museum ( BM 41462 ) Halley may have been recorded as early as 467 BC, but this is uncertain. A comet was recorded in ancient Greece between 468 and 466 BC; its timing, location, duration, and associated meteor shower all suggest it was Halley. According to Pliny the Elder , that same year a meteorite fell in the town of Aegospotami , in Thrace . He described it as brown in colour and the size of a wagon load. Chinese chroniclers also mention a comet in that year. Report of Halley's Comet by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC ( Shiji ) The first certain appearance of Halley's Comet in the historical record is a description from 240 BC, in the Chinese chronicle Records of the Grand Historian or Shiji , which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north. The only surviving record of the 164 BC apparition is found on two fragmentary Babylonian tablets, now owned by the British Museum . The apparition of 87 BC was recorded in Babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen `` day beyond day'' for a month. This appearance may be recalled in the representation of Tigranes the Great , an Armenian king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features, according to Vahe Gurzadyan and R. Vardanyan, `` a star with a curved tail (that) may represent the passage of Halley's Comet in 87 BC.'' Gurzadyan and Vardanyan argue that `` Tigranes could have seen Halley's Comet when it passed closest to the Sun on August 6 in 87 BC'' as the comet would have been a `` most recordable event'' ; for ancient Armenians it could have heralded the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings. The apparition of 12 BC was recorded in the Book of Han by Chinese astronomers of the Han Dynasty who tracked it from August through October. It passed within 0.16 AU of Earth. Halley's appearance in 12 BC, only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned date of the birth of Jesus Christ , has led some theologians and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the Star of Bethlehem . There are other explanations for the phenomenon, such as planetary conjunctions , and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of Jesus' birth. If, as has been suggested, the reference in the Talmud to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err'' (see above ) refers to Halley's Comet, it may be a reference to the 66 AD appearance, because this passage is attributed to the Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah . This apparition was the only one to occur during ben Hananiah's lifetime. The 141 AD apparition was recorded in Chinese chronicles. It was also recorded in the Tamil work Purananuru , in connection with the death of the south Indian Chera king Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai . The 374 AD and 607 approaches each came within 0.09 AU of Earth. The 684 AD apparition was recorded in Europe in one of the sources used by the compiler of the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicles . Chinese records also report it as the `` broom star'' . In 837, Halley's Comet may have passed as close as 0.03 AU (3.2 million miles; 5.1 million kilometers) from Earth , by far its closest approach. Its tail may have stretched 60 degrees across the sky. It was recorded by astronomers in China, Japan, Germany, the Byzantine Empire, and the Middle East. In 912, Halley is recorded in the Annals of Ulster , which state `` A dark and rainy year. A comet appeared.'' 1066 ( edit ) The comet's appearance in 1066 was recorded on the Bayeux Tapestry . In 1066, the comet was seen in England and thought to be an omen: later that year Harold II of England died at the Battle of Hastings ; it was a bad omen for Harold, but a good omen for the man who defeated him, William the Conqueror . The comet is represented on the Bayeux Tapestry as a fiery star, and the surviving accounts describe it as appearing to be four times the size of Venus and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the Moon . Halley came within 0.10 AU of Earth at that time. This appearance of the comet is also noted in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . Eilmer of Malmesbury may have seen Halley previously in 989, as he wrote of it in 1066: `` You've come, have you? ... You've come, you source of tears to many mothers, you evil. I hate you! It is long since I saw you; but as I see you now you are much more terrible, for I see you brandishing the downfall of my country. I hate you!'' The Irish Annals of the Four Masters recorded the comet as `` A star (that) appeared on the seventh of the Calends of May, on Tuesday after Little Easter, than whose light the brilliance or light of The Moon was not greater; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards.'' Chaco Native Americans in New Mexico may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs. 1145-- 1378 ( edit ) The Adoration of the Magi (circa 1305) by Giotto, who purportedly modeled the star of Bethlehem on Halley, which had been sighted 4 years prior to this painting. The 1145 apparition was recorded by the monk Eadwine. The 1986 apparition exhibited a fan tail similar to Eadwine's drawing. Some claim that Genghis Khan was inspired to turn his conquests toward Europe by the 1222 apparition. The 1301 apparition may have been seen by the artist Giotto di Bondone , who represented the Star of Bethlehem as a fire-colored comet in the Nativity section of his Arena Chapel cycle, completed in 1305. Its 1378 appearance is recorded in the Annales Mediolanenses as well as in East Asian sources. 1456 ( edit ) 1456 comet in Zodiac In 1456, the year of Halley's next apparition, the Ottoman Empire invaded the Kingdom of Hungary , culminating in the Siege of Belgrade in July of that year. In a papal bull , Pope Calixtus III ordered special prayers be said for the city's protection. In 1470, the humanist scholar Bartolomeo Platina wrote in his Lives of the Popes that, A hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days, the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence, dearth and some great calamity. Calixtus, to avert the wrath of God, ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race He would turn all upon the Turks, the enemies of the Christian name. He likewise ordered, to move God by continual entreaty, that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the Turk. Platina's account is not mentioned in official records. In the 18th century, a Frenchman further embellished the story, in anger at the Church, by claiming that the Pope had `` excommunicated'' the comet, though this story was most likely his own invention. Halley's apparition of 1456 was also witnessed in Kashmir and depicted in great detail by Śrīvara , a Sanskrit poet and biographer to the Sultans of Kashmir. He read the apparition as a cometary portent of doom foreshadowing the imminent fall of Sultan Zayn al-Abidin (AD 1418/1420-- 1470). After witnessing a bright light in the sky which most historians have identified as Halley's Comet, Zara Yaqob , Emperor of Ethiopia from 1434 to 1468, founded the city of Debre Berhan (tr. City of Light) and made it his capital for the remainder of his reign. 1531-- 1835 ( edit ) Halley's periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century. The three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by Edmond Halley, enabling him to predict its 1759 return. Streams of vapour observed during the comet's 1835 apparition prompted astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel to propose that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet's orbit. 1531 1682 1759 1835 1910 ( edit ) A photograph of Halley's Comet taken during its 1910 approach The 1910 approach, which came into naked-eye view around 10 April and came to perihelion on 20 April, was notable for several reasons: it was the first approach of which photographs exist, and the first for which spectroscopic data were obtained. Furthermore, the comet made a relatively close approach of 0.15 AU, making it a spectacular sight. Indeed, on 19 May, Earth actually passed through the tail of the comet. One of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas cyanogen , which led astronomer Camille Flammarion to claim that, when Earth passed through the tail, the gas `` would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet.'' His pronouncement led to panicked buying of gas masks and quack `` anti-comet pills'' and `` anti-comet umbrellas'' by the public. In reality, as other astronomers were quick to point out, the gas is so diffuse that the world suffered no ill effects from the passage through the tail. The comet added to the unrest in China on the eve of Xinhai Revolution that would end the last dynasty in 1911. As James Hutson, a missionary in Sichuan Province at the time, recorded, The people believe that it indicates calamity such as war, fire, pestilence, and a change of dynasty. In some places on certain days the doors were unopened for half a day, no water was carried and many did not even drink water as it was rumoured that pestilential vapour was being poured down upon the earth from the comet.'' The 1910 visitation is also recorded as being the travelling companion of the first known English Muslim to make the Haj pilgrimage to Mecca. However, his explanation of its scientific predictability did not meet with favour in the Holy City. The comet was also fertile ground for hoaxes. One that reached major newspapers claimed that the Sacred Followers, a supposed Oklahoma religious group, attempted to sacrifice a virgin to ward off the impending disaster, but were stopped by the police. American satirist and writer Mark Twain was born on 30 November 1835, exactly two weeks after the comet's perihelion . In his autobiography, published in 1909, he said, I came in with Halley's comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: ' Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.' Twain died on 21 April 1910, the day following the comet's subsequent perihelion. The 1985 fantasy film The Adventures of Mark Twain was inspired by the quotation. Halley's 1910 apparition is distinct from the Great Daylight Comet of 1910 , which surpassed Halley in brilliance and was actually visible in broad daylight for a short period, approximately four months before Halley made its appearance. 1986 ( edit ) Daily motion across sky during 1986 passage Halley's Comet in 1986 1986 USSR miniature sheet , featuring Edmond Halley, Comet Halley, Vega 1, Vega 2, Giotto, Suisei (Planet-A) Halley's 1986 apparition was the least favorable on record. The comet and Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun in February 1986, creating the worst viewing circumstances for Earth observers for the last 2,000 years. Halley's closest approach was 0.42 AU. Additionally, with increased light pollution from urbanization, many people failed to even see the comet. It was possible to observe it in areas outside of cities with the help of binoculars. Further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April. Halley's approach was first detected by astronomers David Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and a CCD camera . The first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer Stephen James O'Meara on 24 January 1985. O'Meara used a home-built 24-inch telescope on top of Mauna Kea to detect the magnitude 19.6 comet. On 8 November 1985, Stephen Edberg (then serving as the Coordinator for Amateur Observations at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ) and Charles Morris were the first to observe Halley's Comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition. The development of space travel gave scientists the opportunity to study the comet at close quarters, and several probes were launched to do so. The Soviet Vega 1 started returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986, and the first ever of its nucleus , and made its flyby on 6 March, followed by Vega 2 making its flyby on 9 March. On 14 March, the Giotto space probe , launched by the European Space Agency , made the closest pass of the comet's nucleus. There were also two Japanese probes, Suisei and Sakigake . The probes were unofficially known as the Halley Armada . Based on data retrieved by Astron , the largest ultraviolet space telescope of the time, during its Halley's Comet observations in December 1985, a group of Soviet scientists developed a model of the comet's coma . The comet was also observed from space by the International Cometary Explorer . Originally International Sun-Earth Explorer 3, the probe was renamed and freed from its L Lagrangian point location in Earth's orbit to intercept comets 21P/Giacobini-Zinner and Halley. Two Space Shuttle missions -- the ill-fated STS-51-L (ended by the Challenger disaster ) and STS-61-E -- were scheduled to observe Halley's Comet from low Earth orbit . STS-51-L carried the Shuttle-Pointed Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN-203) satellite, also called the Halley's Comet Experiment Deployable (HCED). STS-61-E was a Columbia mission scheduled for March 1986, carrying the ASTRO-1 platform to study the comet. Due to the suspension of America's manned space program after the Challenger explosion, the mission was canceled, and ASTRO-1 would not fly until late 1990 on STS-35 . After 1986 ( edit ) Halley's Comet observed in 2003 at 28 AU from the Sun On 12 February 1991, at a distance of 14.4 AU (2.15 × 10 km) from the Sun, Halley displayed an outburst that lasted for several months, releasing a cloud of dust 300,000 km across. The outburst likely started in December 1990, and then the comet brightened from magnitude 24.3 to magnitude 18.9. Halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the Very Large Telescopes at Paranal, Chile, when Halley's magnitude was 28.2. The telescopes observed Halley, at the faintest and farthest any comet has ever been imaged, in order to verify a method for finding very faint trans-Neptunian objects . Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit. The next predicted perihelion of Halley's Comet is 28 July 2061, when it is expected to be better positioned for observation than during the 1985-- 1986 apparition, as it will be on the same side of the Sun as Earth. It is expected to have an apparent magnitude of − 0.3, compared with only +2.1 for the 1986 apparition. It has been calculated that on 9 September 2060, Halley will pass within 0.98 AU (147,000,000 km) of Jupiter, and then on 20 August 2061 will pass within 0.0543 AU (8,120,000 km) of Venus. In 2134, Halley is expected to pass within 0.09 AU (13,000,000 km) of Earth. Its apparent magnitude is expected to be − 2.0. Apparitions ( edit ) Halley's calculations enabled the comet's earlier appearances to be found in the historical record. The following table sets out the astronomical designations for every apparition of Halley's Comet from 240 BC, the earliest documented widespread sighting. For example, `` 1P/1982 U1, 1986 III, 1982i'' indicates that for the perihelion in 1986, Halley was the first period comet known (designated 1P) and this apparition was the first seen in half-month U (the second half of October) in 1982 (giving 1P/1982 U1); it was the third comet past perihelion in 1986 (1986 III); and it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 ( provisional designation 1982i). The perihelion dates of each apparition are shown. The perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate, mainly because of uncertainties in the modelling of non-gravitational effects. Perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the Julian calendar , while perihelion dates 1607 and after are in the Gregorian calendar . Designation Year BC/AD Date of last perihelion Visible duration Distance at perihelion Description 1P/− 239 K1, − 239 240 BC 15 May 25 May -- 15 May First confirmed sighting. 1P/− 163 U1, − 163 163 BC 20 May 12 November, 164 BC -- 28 September 163 BC Seen by Babylonians. 1P/− 86 Q1, − 86 87 BC 15 August 6 August -- 19 August Seen by the Babylonians and Chinese. 1P/− 11 Q1, − 11 12 BC 8 October August -- 10 October 0.16 AU Watched by Chinese for two months. 1P/66 B1, 66 66 26 January 25 January -- 26 January ' A comet of the kind called Xiphias, because their tails appear to represent the blade of a sword' 1P/141 F1, 141 141 25 March 22 March -- 25 March Described by the Chinese as bluish-white in colour 1P/218 H1, 218 218 6 April 6 April -- 17 May Described by the Roman historian Dion Cassius as ' a very fearful star' . 1P/295 J1, 295 295 7 April 7 April -- 20 April Seen in China, but not spectacular. 1P/374 E1, 374 374 13 February 13 February -- 16 February 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth. 1P/451 L1, 451 451 3 July 28 June -- 3 July Appeared before the defeat of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons . 1P/530 Q1, 530 530 15 November 27 September -- 15 November Noted in China and Europe, but not spectacular. 1P/607 H1, 607 607 26 March 15 March -- 26 March 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth. 1P/684 R1, 684 684 26 November 2 October -- 26 November First known Japanese records of the comet. Seen in Europe and depicted 800 years later in the Nuremberg Chronicle . Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of God L to the event. 1P/760 K1, 760 760 10 June 20 May -- 10 June Seen in China, at the same time as another comet. 1P/837 F1, 837 837 25 February 25 February -- 28 February 0.03 AU Closest-ever approach to the Earth (5 million km). Tail stretched halfway across the sky. Appeared as bright as Venus. 1P/912 J1, 912 912 27 July 18 July -- 27 July Seen briefly in China and Japan. 1P/989 N1, 989 989 2 September 2 September -- 5 September Seen in China, Japan, and (possibly) Korea. 1P/1066 G1, 1066 1066 25 March January -- 25 March 0.10 AU Seen for over two months in China. Recorded in England and depicted on the later Bayeux tapestry which portrayed the events of that year. 1P/1145 G1, 1145 1145 19 April 15 April -- 19 April Depicted on the Eadwine Psalter , with the remark that such ' hairy stars' appeared rarely, ' and then as a portent' . 1P/1222 R1, 1222 1222 10 September 10 September -- 28 September Described by Japanese astronomers as being ' as large as the half Moon ... Its colour was white but its rays were red' . 1P/1301 R1, 1301 1301 22 October 22 October -- 31 October Seen by Giotto di Bondone and included in his painting The Adoration of the Magi . Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first-magnitude star Procyon . 1P/1378 S1, 1378 1378 9 November 9 November -- 14 November Passed within 10 degrees of the north celestial pole, more northerly than at any time during the past 2000 years. This is the last appearance of the comet for which Oriental records are better than Western ones. 1P/1456 K1, 1456 1456 8 January 8 January -- 9 June Observed in Italy by Paolo Toscanelli , who said its head was ' as large as the eye of an ox' , with a tail ' fan-shaped like that of a peacock' . Arabs said the tail resembled a Turkish scimitar. Turkish forces attacked Belgrade. 1P/1531 P1, 1531 1531 26 August 26 August Seen by Peter Apian , who noted that its tail always pointed away from the Sun. This sighting was included in Halley's table. 1P/1607 S1, 1607 1607 27 October 27 October Seen by Johannes Kepler . This sighting was included in Halley's table. 1P/1682 Q1, 1682 1682 15 September 15 September Seen by Edmond Halley at Islington. 1P/1758 Y1, 1759 I 1758 13 March 13 March -- 25 December Return predicted by Halley. First seen by Johann Palitzsch on 1758 December 25. 1P/1835 P1, 1835 III 1835 16 November August -- 16 November First seen at the Vatican Observatory in August. Studied by John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope. 1P/1909 R1, 1910 II, 1909c 1910 20 April 20 April -- 20 May Photographed for the first time. Earth passed through the comet's tail on May 20. 1P/1982 U1, 1986 III, 1982i 1986 9 February 9 February 0.586 AU Reached perihelion on February 9, closest to Earth (63 million km) on April 11. Nucleus photographed by the European space probe Giotto and the Russian probes Vega 1 and 2. 2061 28 July 28 July 2061 Next return of Halley's comet. See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal List of Halley-type comets References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Donald K. Yeomans. `` Horizon Online Ephemeris System'' . California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 8 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to: `` What Have We Learned About Halley's Comet?'' . Astronomical Society of the Pacific (No. 6 -- Fall 1986). 1986 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to: `` JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1P/Halley'' (11 January 1994 last obs). Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to: G. Cevolani; G. Bortolotti; A. Hajduk (1987). `` Halley, comet's mass loss and age'' . Il Nuovo Cimento C. Italian Physical Society. 10 (5): 587-- 591. Bibcode : 1987NCimC..10..587C . doi : 10.1007/BF02507255 . ^ Jump up to: R.Z. Sagdeev; P.E. Elyasberg; V.I. Moroz. (1988). `` Is the nucleus of Comet Halley a low density body?'' . Nature . 331 (6153): 240-- 242. Bibcode : 1988Natur.331..240S . doi : 10.1038/331240a0 . Jump up ^ S.J. Peale (1989). `` On the density of Halley's comet'' . Icarus . 82 (1): 36-- 49. Bibcode : 1989Icar...82...36P . doi : 10.1016/0019-1035(89)90021-3 . densities obtained by this procedure are in reasonable agreement with intuitive expectations of densities near 1 g/cm3, the uncertainties in several parameters and assumptions expand the error bars so far as to make the constraints on the density uniformative ... suggestion that cometary nuclei tend to by very fluffy, ... should not yet be adopted as a paradigm of cometary physics. Jump up ^ S.J. Peale; J.J. Lissauer (1989). `` Rotation of Halley's Comet'' . Icarus . 79 (2): 396-- 430. Bibcode : 1989Icar...79..396P . doi : 10.1016/0019-1035(89)90085-7 . Jump up ^ R.R. Britt (29 November 2001). `` Comet Borrelly Puzzle: Darkest Object in the Solar System'' . Space.com . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to: `` New Image of Comet Halley in the Cold'' . European Southern Observatory. 1 September 2003 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to: G.W. Kronk. `` 1P/Halley'' . cometography.com . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to: D.K. Yeomans; J. Rahe; R.S. Freitag (1986). `` The History of Comet Halley'' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 80 : 70. Bibcode : 1986JRASC..80...62Y . Jump up ^ Yeomans, D.K. ; Kiang, T. (1981-12-01). `` The long-term motion of comet Halley'' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 197 (3): 633-- 646. Bibcode : 1981MNRAS.197..633Y . ISSN 0035-8711 . doi : 10.1093/mnras/197.3.633 . ^ Jump up to: M. Delehanty. `` Comets, awesome celestial objects'' . AstronomyToday . Retrieved 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ O. Ajiki; R. Baalke. `` Orbit Diagram (Java) of 1P/Halley'' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to: D.A. Mendis (1988). `` A Postencounter view of comets'' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 26 (1): 11-- 49. Bibcode : 1988ARA&A ..26...11M . doi : 10.1146/annurev.aa.26.090188.000303 . ^ Jump up to: H.U. Keller; D. Britt; B.J. Buratti; N. Thomas (2005). `` In Situ Observations of Cometary Nuclei'' . In M. Festou; H.U. Keller; H.A. Weaver. Comets II (pdf) . University of Arizona Press. pp. 211-- 222. ISBN 978-0-8165-2450-1 . Jump up ^ `` Halley'' . Merriam-- Webster Online . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Saying Hallo to Halley'' . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Science Q&A '' . The New York Times . 14 May 1985 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Lancaster-Brown pp. 14, 25 Jump up ^ Lancaster-Brown p. 35 ^ Jump up to: Lancaster-Brown p. 76 Jump up ^ Lancaster-Brown p. 78 Jump up ^ Lancaster-Brown p. 80 Jump up ^ Lancaster-Brown p. 86 Jump up ^ Sagan and Druyan p. 74 Jump up ^ Lancaster-Brown pp. 84-- 85 ^ Jump up to: D.W. Hughes; et al. (1987). `` The History of Halley's Comet'' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 323 (1572): 349-- 367. Bibcode : 1987RSPTA.323..349H . JSTOR 37959 . doi : 10.1098/rsta.1987.0091 . Jump up ^ Brodetsky, S. `` Astronomy in the Babylonian Talmud'' . Jewish Review . 1911 : 60. Jump up ^ Tractate Horioth page 10a Jump up ^ J.D. Rayner (1998). A Jewish Understanding of the World . Berghahn Books. pp. 108-- 111. ISBN 1-57181-973-8 . Jump up ^ Stephenson, Richard; Yau, Kevin, `` Oriental tales of Halley's Comet'' , New Scientist , vol. 103, no. 1423, pp. 30-32, 27 September 1984 ISSN 0262-4079 Jump up ^ Astronomical unit : approximately the distance of Earth from the Sun Jump up ^ S. Nakano (2001). `` OAA computing sectioncircular'' . Oriental Astronomical Association . Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NEO Close-Approaches Between 1900 and 2200 (sorted by relative velocity)'' . NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Meteor Streams'' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Umasankar Mitra (1987). `` An Investigation Into the Association Between Eta-Aquarid Meteor Shower and Halley's Comet'' . Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India . 15 : 23. Bibcode : 1987BASI...15...23M . ^ Jump up to: A. Morbidelli (2005). `` Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs'' . arXiv : astro-ph/0512256 ( astro-ph ). ^ Jump up to: D.C. Jewitt (2002). `` From Kuiper Belt Object to Cometary Nucleus: The Missing Ultrared Matter'' . The Astronomical Journal . 123 (2): 1039-- 49. Bibcode : 2002AJ... 123.1039J . doi : 10.1086/338692 . Jump up ^ `` List of Jupiter-Family and Halley-Family Comets'' . University of Central Florida: Physics. 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ B. Gladman; et al. (2009). `` Discovery of the first retrograde transneptunian object'' . The Astrophysical Journal . 697 (2): L91-- L94. Bibcode : 2009ApJ...697L..91G . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/L91 . ^ Jump up to: D.I. Olsson-Steel (1987). `` The dynamical lifetime of comet P/Halley'' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 187 (1-- 2): 909-- 912. Bibcode : 1987A&A ...187..909O . Jump up ^ Donald K. Yeomans (1991). Comets: A Chronological History of Observation, Science, Myth, and Folklore . Wiley and Sons. pp. 260-- 261. ISBN 0-471-61011-9 . Jump up ^ B.V. Chirikov; V.V. Vecheslavov (1989). `` Chaotic dynamics of comet Halley'' (PDF) . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 221 : 146-- 154. Bibcode : 1989A&A ...221..146C . Jump up ^ Williams, Matt. `` WHAT IS HALLEY'S COMET?'' . Universe today . ^ Jump up to: J.C. Brandt. `` McGraw− Hill AccessScience: Halley's Comet'' (PDF) . McGraw-Hill . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ J. Crovisier; T. Encrenaz (2000). Comet Science (pdf) . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64591-1 . Jump up ^ T.N. Woods; P.D. Feldman; K.F. Dymond; D.J. Sahnow (1986). `` Rocket ultraviolet spectroscopy of comet Halley and abundance of carbon monoxide and carbon'' . Nature . 324 (6096): 436-- 438. Bibcode : 1986Natur.324..436W . doi : 10.1038/324436a0 . Jump up ^ C. Chyba; C. Sagan (1987). `` Infrared emission by organic grains in the coma of comet Halley'' . Nature . 330 (6146): 350-- 353. Bibcode : 1987Natur.330..350C . doi : 10.1038/330350a0 . Jump up ^ `` Giotto:Halley'' . esa. 2006 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ H.A. Weaver; et al. (1997). `` The Activity and Size of the Nucleus of Comet Hale-- Bopp (C/1995 O1)'' . Science . 275 (5308): 1900-- 1904. Bibcode : 1997Sci...275.1900W . PMID 9072959 . doi : 10.1126/science.275.5308.1900 . Jump up ^ `` Voyages to Comets'' . NASA. 2005 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Rincon (10 September 2010). `` Halley's comet ' was spotted by the ancient Greeks ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Donald K. Yeomans (1991). Comets: A Chronological History of Observation, Science, Myth, and Folklore . Wiley and Sons. p. 4. ISBN 0-471-61011-9 . Jump up ^ M.A. Vilyev, 1917, `` Investigations on the Theory of Motion of Halley's Comet'' ; cited by A.D. Dubyago, 1961, `` The Determination of Orbits'' , Ch. 1, The Macmillan Company, New York ^ Jump up to: G. Kronk (1999). Cometography, vol.1 . Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-58504-0 . Jump up ^ F.R. Stephenson; K.K.C. Yau; H. Hunger (1985). `` Records of Halley's Comet on Babylonian tablets'' . Nature . 314 (6012): 587-- 592. Bibcode : 1985Natur.314..587S . doi : 10.1038/314587a0 . Jump up ^ V.G. Gurzadyan; R. Vardanyan (4 August 2004). `` Halley's Comet of 87 BC on the coins of Armenian king Tigranes?'' . Astronomy & Geophysics. 45 (4): 4.06. Bibcode : 2004A&G ... 45d...6G . arXiv : physics/0405073 . doi : 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45406.x . ^ Jump up to: D.K. Yeomans (1998). `` Great Comets in History'' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ C. Humphreys (1995). `` The Star of Bethlehem'' . Science and Christian Belief. 5 : 83-- 101. Jump up ^ `` The Talmud: Harioth Chapter III'' . SacredTexts.com . Retrieved 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Y. Ne'eman (1983). `` Astronomy in Israel: From Og's Circle to the Wise Observatory'' . Tel-Aviv University . Retrieved 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ G. Ravene (1897). `` The appearance of Halley's Comet in AD 141'' . The Observatory . 20 : 203-- 205. Bibcode : 1897Obs... 20..203R . Jump up ^ Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai ^ Jump up to: R.J. Olson; J.M. Pasachoff (1986). `` New information on Comet Halley as depicted by Giotto DI Bondone and other Western artists'' . In ESA, Proceedings of the 20th ESLAB Symposium on the Exploration of Halley's Comet. 3 : 201-- 213. Bibcode : 1986ESASP.250c.201O . ^ Jump up to: `` The Annals of Ulster AD 431-- 1201'' . Corpus of Electronic Texts . University College Cork . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum Anglorum / The history of the English Kings , ed. and trans. R.A.B. Mynors, R.M. Thomson, and M. Winterbottom, 2 vols., Oxford Medieval Texts (1998-- 9) p. 121 Jump up ^ B. Brazil (18 September 2005). `` Chaco Canyon mystery tour'' . The LA Times . Retrieved 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ G. Johnson (28 March 1997). `` Comets Breed Fear, Fascination and Web Sites'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Rerum Italicarum Scriptores , ed. Ludovico Antonio Muratori (Milan, 1730) v. 16 col. 770. Jump up ^ Gary Kronk, Cometography: A Catalogue of Comets: Volume 1, Ancient-1799 (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1999), pp. 253-255. Jump up ^ E. Emerson (1910). Comet Lore . Schilling Press, New York. p. 83. Jump up ^ C.M. Botley (1971). `` The Legend of 1P/Halley 1456'' . The Observatory . 91 : 125-- 126. Bibcode : 1971Obs... 91..125B . Jump up ^ Walter Slaje, Inter alia, realia: An Apparition of Halley's Comet in Kashmir. Observed by Śrīvara in AD 1456. In: Roland Steiner (ed.), Highland Philology. Results of a Text-Related Kashmir Panel at the 31st DOT, Marburg 2010. (Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis. 4). Halle 2012: 33-- 48. Jump up ^ The founding of Debre Berhan is described in the Royal Chronicles (Pankhurst, pp. 36-- 38). Jump up ^ Grier, David Alan (2005). `` The First Anticipated Return: Halley's Comet 1758'' . When Computers Were Human . Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 11-- 25. ISBN 0-691-09157-9 . Jump up ^ Sagan and Druyan, p. 117 Jump up ^ Ian Ridpath (1985). `` Through the comet's tail'' . Revised extracts from A Comet Called Halley by Ian Ridpath, published by Cambridge University Press in 1985 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Nunnally (16 May 2011). `` This Week in Science History: Halley's Comet'' . pfizer: ThinkScience Now . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yerkes Observatory Finds Cyanogen in Spectrum of Halley's Comet.'' . The New York Times . 8 February 1910 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to: Mark Strauss (November 2009). `` Ten Notable Apocalypses That (Obviously) Didn't Happen'' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interesting Facts About Comets'' . Universe Today. 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ James Hutson. Chinese Life in the Tibetan Foothills (1921) (See section: Eclipses and Comets , p. 207) Jump up ^ ' From Drury Lane to Mecca. Being an account of the strange life and adventures of Hedley Churchward' (Sampson Low, London, 1931). Jump up ^ George Johnson (28 March 1997). `` Comets Breed Fear, Fascination and Web Sites'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 September 2009 . When Halley's comet made its appearance in 1910, an Oklahoma religious group, known as the Sacred Followers, tried to sacrifice a virgin to ward off catastrophe. (They were stopped by the police.) Jump up ^ Albert Bigelow Paine (1912). Mark Twain, a biography: the personal and literary life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Harper & Brothers. p. 1511. Jump up ^ `` Mark Twain's birthday'' . Smithsonian Libraries . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Chautauquan (1910). `` The Death of Mark Twain'' . The University of Virginia Library . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . Jump up ^ J. Bortle (13 January 2010). `` The Great Daylight Comet of 1910'' . Sky & Telescope Magazine . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ J. Bortle (W.R. Brooks Observatory) (1998). `` The Bright Comet Chronicles'' . International Comet Quarterly . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ R.P. Broughton (1979). `` The visibility of Halley's comet'' . Journal, Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 73 : 24-- 36. Bibcode : 1979JRASC..73...24B . Jump up ^ `` Comet Halley Summary'' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1985 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Astronomy: Comets'' (PDF) . Australian Astronomical Association. 2004 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Last Chance For Good Comet-Viewing'' . Ocala Star-Banner. 1 April 1986. p. 14 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comet Halley Recovered'' . European Space Agency. 2006 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ M.W. Browne (20 August 1985). `` Telescope Builders See Halley's Comet From Vermont Hilltop'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 January 2008 . (Horizons shows the nucleus @ APmag +20.5; the coma up to APmag +14.3) Jump up ^ `` First Naked-Eye Sighting of Halley's Comet Reported'' . Los Angeles Times. 12 November 1985 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . (subscription required) Jump up ^ `` First Naked-Eye Sighting of Halley's Comet Reported'' . New York Times. 12 November 1985 . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Suisei'' . Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ A.A. Boyarchuk; V.P. Grinin; A.M. Zvereva; P.P. Petrov; A.I. Sheikhet (1986). `` A model for the coma of Comet Halley, based on the Astron ultraviolet spectrophotometry'' . Soviet Astronomy Letters (in Russian). 12 : 291-- 296. Bibcode : 1986PAZh...12..696B . Jump up ^ P. Murdin (2000). `` International Cometary Explorer (ICE)'' . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics . Institute of Physics Publishing. Bibcode : 2000eaa..bookE4650... ISBN 0-333-75088-8 . doi : 10.1888/0333750888/4650 . Jump up ^ `` STS-51L'' . NASA Kennedy Space Center . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spartan 203 (Spartan Halley, HCED)'' . space.skyrocket.de . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ D.J. Shayler; C. Burgess (2007). `` Ending of Eras'' . NASA's Scientist-Astronauts . Praxis. pp. 431-- 476. ISBN 0-387-21897-1 . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` STS-35 (38)'' . NASA . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ D. Prialnik; A. Bar-Nun (1992). `` Crystallization of amorphous ice as the cause of Comet P/Halley's outburst at 14 AU'' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 258 (2): L9-- L12. Bibcode : 1992A&A ...258L...9P . ^ Jump up to: S. Odenwald. `` When will Halley's Comet return?'' . NASA . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` JPL Close-Approach Data: 1P/Halley'' (11 January 1994 last obs). Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comet names and designations'' . International Comet Quarterly . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard M. Schmude (2010). Comets and How to Observe Them . Springer. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4419-5790-0 . Jump up ^ B.G. Marsden; G.V. Williams (1996). `` Catalogue of Cometary Orbits 1996. 11th edition'' . Catalogue of Cometary Orbits . International Astronomical Union. Bibcode : 1996cco..book... M . Jump up ^ J.L. Brady (1982). `` Halley's Comet AD 1986 to 2647 BC'' . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California. 92 : 209. Bibcode : 1982JBAA...92..209B . Jump up ^ Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars Bibliography ( edit ) Gore, Rick (December 1986). `` Halley's Comet ' 86'' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no. 6. pp. 758-- 785. ISSN 0027-9358 . OCLC 643483454 . P. Lancaster-Brown (1985). Halley & His Comet . Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-1447-6 . C. Sagan; A. Druyan (1985). Comet . Random House . ISBN 0-394-54908-2 . Joseph Needham (1959). `` Comets, meteors, and meteorites'' . Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth . Cambridge University Press. pp. 430-- 433. ISBN 978-0-521-05801-8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comet Halley . Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets (1706 reprint of Halley's 1705 paper) Halley's nucleus by Giotto spacecraft (ESA link) Image of Halley in 1986 by Giotto spacecraft (NASA link) cometography.com 1P/Halley at CometBase database seds.org Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris Donald Yeomans, `` Great Comets in History'' A brief history of Halley's Comet ( Ian Ridpath ) Photographs of 1910 approach taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections Comets Features Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower Types Periodic Numbered Lost Halley-type Jupiter-family Encke-type Main-belt Non-periodic Hyperbolic Unknown-orbit Great Comet Sungrazing ( Kreutz ) Extinct Exocomet Interstellar Related Naming of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid Space missions Proposed Comet Hopper CONDOR CONTOUR CORSAIR CRAF Hayabusa Mk2 Marco Polo Vesta Past and current Deep Impact / EPOXI Rosetta Philae Timeline Deep Space 1 Giotto ICE Sakigake Stardust /NeXT Suisei Ulysses Vega program Vega 1 Vega 2 Latest C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE) C/2015 G2 (MASTER) C/2015 F5 (SWAN-XingMing) C/2015 F3 C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2013 US10 (Catalina) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2012 S4 (PANSTARRS) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) Culture and speculation Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Fictional comets Comet vintages Lists of comets ( more ) Periodic comets Until 1985 (all) 1P/Halley 2P/Encke 3D/Biela 4P/Faye 5D/Brorsen 6P/d'Arrest 7P/Pons-- Winnecke 8P/Tuttle 9P/Tempel 10P/Tempel 11P/Tempel-- Swift-- LINEAR 12P/Pons-- Brooks 13P/Olbers 14P/Wolf 15P/Finlay 16P/Brooks 17P/Holmes 18D/Perrine-- Mrkos 19P/Borrelly 20D/Westphal 21P/Giacobini-- Zinner 22P/Kopff 23P/Brorsen-- Metcalf 24P/Schaumasse 25D/Neujmin 26P/Grigg-- Skjellerup 27P/Crommelin 28P/Neujmin 29P/Schwassmann-- Wachmann 30P/Reinmuth 31P/Schwassmann-- Wachmann 32P/Comas Solà 33P/Daniel 34D/Gale 35P/Herschel-- Rigollet 36P/Whipple 37P/Forbes 38P/Stephan-- Oterma 39P/Oterma 40P/Väisälä 41P/Tuttle-- Giacobini-- Kresák 42P/Neujmin 43P/Wolf-- Harrington 44P/Reinmuth 45P/Honda-- Mrkos-- Pajdušáková 46P/Wirtanen 47P/Ashbrook-- Jackson 48P/Johnson 49P/Arend-- Rigaux 50P/Arend 51P/Harrington 52P/Harrington-- Abell 53P/Van Biesbroeck 54P/de Vico-- Swift-- NEAT 55P/Tempel-- Tuttle 56P/Slaughter-- Burnham 57P/du Toit-- Neujmin-- Delporte 58P/Jackson-- Neujmin 59P/Kearns-- Kwee 60P/Tsuchinshan 61P/Shajn-- Schaldach 62P/Tsuchinshan 63P/Wild 64P/Swift-- Gehrels 65P/Gunn 66P/du Toit 67P/Churyumov-- Gerasimenko 68P/Klemola 69P/Taylor 70P/Kojima 71P/Clark 72P/Denning-- Fujikawa 73P/Schwassmann-- Wachmann 74P/Smirnova-- Chernykh 75D/Kohoutek 76P/West-- Kohoutek-- Ikemura 77P/Longmore 78P/Gehrels 79P/du Toit-- Hartley 80P/Peters-- Hartley 81P/Wild 82P/Gehrels 83D/Russell 84P/Giclas 85P/Boethin 86P/Wild 87P/Bus 88P/Howell 89P/Russell 90P/Gehrels 91P/Russell 92P/Sanguin 93P/Lovas 94P/Russell 95P/Chiron 96P/Machholz 97P/Metcalf-- Brewington 98P/Takamizawa 99P/Kowal 100P/Hartley 101P/Chernykh 102P/Shoemaker After 1985 (notable) 103P/Hartley 105P/Singer Brewster 107P/Wilson-- Harrington 109P/Swift-- Tuttle 111P/Helin-- Roman-- Crockett 114P/Wiseman-- Skiff 128P/Shoemaker-- Holt 139P/Väisälä -- Oterma 144P/Kushida 147P/Kushida-- Muramatsu 153P/Ikeya-- Zhang 163P/NEAT 168P/Hergenrother 169P/NEAT 177P/Barnard 178P/Hug-- Bell 205P/Giacobini 209P/LINEAR 238P/Read 246P/NEAT 252P/LINEAR 255P/Levy 273P/Pons-- Gambart 276P/Vorobjov 289P/Blanpain 311P/PANSTARRS 322P/SOHO 332P/Ikeya-Murakami 354P/LINEAR P/1997 B1 (Kobayashi) P/2010 B2 (WISE) P/2011 NO1 (Elenin) Comet-like asteroids 596 Scheila 2060 Chiron (95P) 4015 Wilson-- Harrington (107P) 7968 Elst-- Pizarro (133P) 165P/LINEAR 166P/NEAT 167P/CINEOS 60558 Echeclus (174P) 118401 LINEAR (176P) 238P/Read 259P/Garradd 311P/PANSTARRS 324P/La Sagra P/2010 A2 (LINEAR) P/2012 F5 (Gibbs) P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS) P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS) (300163) 2006 VW139 Lost Recovered 11P/Tempel-- Swift-- LINEAR 15P/Finlay 17P/Holmes 27P/Crommelin 54P/de Vico-- Swift-- NEAT 55P/Tempel-- Tuttle 57P/du Toit-- Neujmin-- Delporte 69P/Taylor 72P/Denning-- Fujikawa 80P/Peters-- Hartley 97P/Metcalf-- Brewington 107P/Wilson-- Harrington 109P/Swift-- Tuttle 113P/Spitaler 122P/de Vico 157P/Tritton 177P/Barnard 205P/Giacobini 206P/Barnard-- Boattini 271P/van Houten-- Lemmon 273P/Pons-- Gambart 289P/Blanpain Destroyed 3D/Biela 73P/Schwassmann-- Wachmann D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker-- Levy 9) Not found D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 5D/Brorsen 18D/Perrine-- Mrkos 20D/Westphal 25D/Neujmin 34D/Gale 75D/Kohoutek 83D/Russell Visited by spacecraft 21P/Giacobini-- Zinner (1985) 1P/Halley (1986) 26P/Grigg-- Skjellerup (1992) 19P/Borrelly (2001) 81P/Wild (2004) 9P/Tempel (2005, 2011) C/2006 P1 (2007) 103P/Hartley (2010) 67P/Churyumov-- Gerasimenko (2014) Non-Periodic comets (notable) Until 1910 C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106) C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577) C/1652 Y1 C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet) ) C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat) C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux ) C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760) C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769) C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807) C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811) C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819) C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823) C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843) C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet) C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861) C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865) X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882) C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887) C/1890 V1 (Comet Zona) C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901) C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910) After 1910 C/1911 O1 (Brooks) C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup-- Maristany) C/1931 P1 (Ryves) C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) ( de ) C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) ( de ) C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) C/1956 R1 (Arend-- Roland) C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) ( de ) C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) ( de ) C/1961 R1 (Humason) C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) ( de ) C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) C/1970 K1 (White-- Ortiz-- Bolelli) C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) C/1975 V1 (West) C/1980 E1 (Bowell) C/1983 H1 (IRAS-- Araki-- Alcock) C/1989 X1 (Austin) C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko-- George) C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch-- Rabinowitz) C/1993 Y1 (McNaught-- Russell) C/1995 O1 (Hale-- Bopp) C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) C/1997 L1 (Zhu-- Balam) C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) C/1998 J1 (SOHO) C/1999 F1 (Catalina) C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) C/2000 U5 (LINEAR) C/2000 W1 (Utsunomiya-Jones) C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) ( de ) C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) C/2006 A1 (Pojmański ) C/2006 M4 (SWAN) C/2006 P1 (McNaught) C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) C/2007 K5 (Lovejoy) C/2007 N3 (Lulin) C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) C/2007 W1 (Boattini) C/2008 Q1 (Matičič ) C/2009 F6 (Yi-- SWAN) C/2009 R1 (McNaught) C/2010 X1 (Elenin) C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) C/2012 E2 (SWAN) C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) C/2012 S1 (ISON) C/2012 S4 (PANSTARRS) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) C/2013 US10 (Catalina) C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) After 1910 (by name) Arend-- Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Bowell Bradfield ( de ) Brooks Catalina C/1999 F1 C/2013 US10 de Kock-- Paraskevopoulos ( de ) Eclipse Elenin Hale-Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya-Seki IRAS-- Araki-- Alcock ISON Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon LINEAR C/1999 S4 C/2000 U5 C/2002 T7 LONEOS C/2001 OG108 C/2007 F1 Lovejoy C/2007 E2 C/2007 K5 C/2011 W3 C/2013 R1 C/2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz Matičič McNaught C/2006 P1 C/2009 R1 McNaught-- Russell Mrkos ( de ) NEAT Oukaimeden Pan-STARRS C/2011 L4 C/2012 K1 C/2012 S4 311P Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki-- Lines ( de ) Siding Spring C/2007 Q3 C/2013 A1 Skjellerup-- Maristany Skorichenko-- George SOHO Southern ( de ) Spacewatch-- Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C/2006 M4 C/2012 E2 Utsunomiya-- Jones West White-- Ortiz-- Bolelli Wilson-- Hubbard ( de ) Yi-- SWAN Zhu-- Balam Commons Wikinews Numbered comets Previous (periodic comet navigator) 1P/Halley Next 2P/Encke Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halley%27s_Comet&oldid=802119941 '' Categories : Halley's Comet Astronomical objects known since antiquity Comets Periodic comets Halley-type comets Meteor shower progenitors Comets visited by spacecraft Hidden categories: CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe УкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệtWinaray粵語中文EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon24September2017,at03:29.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 976947718479389160 |
who is the actress who plays belle in once upon a time | Emilie de Ravin ( / ˈɛməli də ˈrævɪn / ; born 27 December 1981 ) is an Australian actress . She has played Tess Harding on Roswell and Claire Littleton on the ABC drama Lost . In 2012 she guest - starred as Belle on the ABC drama Once Upon a Time and became a series regular beginning with season two . | [
[
"Emilie de Ravin"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Emilie de Ravin De Ravin in 2015 ( 1981 - 12 - 27 ) 27 December 1981 ( age 35 ) Mount Eliza , Victoria , Australia Occupation Actress Years active 1999 -- present Spouse ( s ) Josh Janowicz ( m . 2003 ; div. 2014 ) Partner ( s ) Eric Bilitch ( 2014 -- present ) Children",
"Emilie de Ravin",
"De Ravin in 2015",
"( 1981 - 12 - 27 ) 27 December 1981 ( age 35 ) Mount Eliza , Victoria , Australia",
"Occupation Actress",
"Years active 1999 -- present",
"Spouse ( s ) Josh Janowicz ( m . 2003 ; div. 2014 )",
"Partner ( s ) Eric Bilitch ( 2014 -- present )",
"Children",
"Emilie de Ravin ( / ˈɛməli də ˈrævɪn / ; born 27 December 1981 ) is an Australian actress . She has played Tess Harding on Roswell and Claire Littleton on the ABC drama Lost . In 2012 she guest - starred as Belle on the ABC drama Once Upon a Time and became a series regular beginning with season two .",
"De Ravin 's film credits include Santa 's Slay ( 2005 ) , The Hills Have Eyes ( 2006 ) and Ball Do n't Lie ( 2008 ) . She starred as Emily , the heroin - addicted ex-girlfriend of Brendan Frye , in the neo-noir film Brick ( 2005 ) . She had a cameo in Public Enemies ( 2009 ) and more recently starred in Remember Me ( 2010 ) . De Ravin has been included on Maxim 's Hot 100 list three times : in 2005 ( No. 47 ) , 2006 ( No. 65 ) , and 2008 ( No. 68 ) .",
"De Ravin was born in Mount Eliza , Victoria , Australia , an outer southeastern suburb of Melbourne . Having studied ballet since the age of nine at Christa Cameron School of Ballet in Melbourne , and being home schooled by her mother , she was accepted into the Australian Ballet School at fifteen , where she performed in productions with The Australian Ballet as well as Danceworld 301 .",
"She studied acting at Australia 's National Institute of Dramatic Art , and with the Prime Time Actors Studio in Los Angeles .",
"De Ravin 's first major role was a recurring part as Curupira in the TV series Beastmaster . She went on to appear as alien / human hybrid Tess Harding in the teen television series , Roswell . She landed this role one month after moving to Los Angeles at the age of 18 .",
"In 2004 , De Ravin was cast to portray Claire Littleton on the hit ABC drama Lost . Speaking about the success of Lost , she said : `` It 's sort of hard to say . You read something and have a good feeling about it , it sounds great , ties nicely together and then shooting something , editing it , the music , the actors involved , everything sort of plays a huge part . Everyone involved had a great feeling towards it , but you never really know . '' She was a series regular for the first four seasons and the sixth and final season . She was not a regular in season five but was under a holding contract with ABC Network .",
"In 2005 , De Ravin was cast to portray Emily Kostich , the heroin - addicted ex-girlfriend of Brendan Frye ( Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) , in the neo-noir film Brick . In an interview about the film , Ravin told that she was attracted by the script because it was original and the teens in the film are very deep and emotional for their age .",
"A year later , De Ravin had a lead role and was cast as Brenda Carter in the remake of The Hills Have Eyes . The film performed well at the box office . In 2007 , Variety reported that she would be starring in the film Ball Do n't Lie , which premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival , which arrived in cinemas early 2009 . De Ravin appeared in William Dear 's The Perfect Game , and appeared in the 2009 film Public Enemies as a bank teller named Barbara Patzke .",
"De Ravin was cast in the movie adaption of the video game Onimusha , but due to producer Samuel Hadida 's other project The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus , and star Heath Ledger 's death , Hadida was forced to push back the release date of the film . Onimusha is postponed for an unknown amount of time and there is not any confirmation if De Ravin will continue the project . De Ravin filmed Remember Me in the summer of 2009 . The film received its wide release on 12 March 2010 . She was a regular on the sixth and final season of Lost .",
"In 2012 she guest - starred as Belle on the ABC fantasy drama , Once Upon a Time . After sporadic appearances in the first season , she was promoted to a series regular in the second . In May 2017 , it was announced that De Ravin would be departing the series after the six seasons along with her co-stars Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared S. Gilmore and Rebecca Mader . Two months later , it was announced that De Ravin would be guest - starring in at least one episode of the series ' seventh season .",
"She was to star as Anthony LaPaglia 's character 's daughter in the new drama series Americana in 2012 , but ABC passed on the pilot .",
"After three years of dating , actor Josh Janowicz proposed to De Ravin on New Year 's Day 2003 in Melbourne , which she said `` was very impromptu and very sweet '' . She met Janowicz in Los Angeles , and said that `` our life together always comes before work . You ca n't buy love or family . '' While filming Lost , De Ravin flew to and from Hawaii `` once or twice a week '' to return to her home in Burbank , California , which she shared with Janowicz and their poodle .",
"The couple married 19 June 2003 ( not 2006 , when they had a public celebration ) in Melbourne , Australia . They separated six months after they married , and then reconciled . In June 2009 , it was reported that they were living separately and had filed for divorce . In October 2009 , she called off the divorce after a trip to Japan with her husband . On 8 July 2014 , de Ravin filed for divorce from Janowicz . According to court documents , the pair wed on 19 June 2003 , despite their wedding ceremony on 26 June 2006 ; the documents further confirm that the couple separated on 1 November 2013 .",
"On 3 October 2015 , de Ravin announced via Twitter that she was expecting her first child with her boyfriend Eric Bilitch . On March 12 , 2016 , she gave birth to a daughter , named Vera Audrey de Ravin - Bilitch . The couple announced their engagement on July 6 , 2016 .",
"Year Title Role Notes 1999 -- 2000 BeastMaster The Demon Curupira 8 episodes 2000 -- 2002 Roswell Tess Harding Recurring role : season 1 ; main role : season 2 ; guest star : season 3 ( 28 episodes ) 2002 Carrie Chris Hargensen Movie 2003 NCIS Nancy Episode : `` Seadog '' 2003 -- 2004 The Handler Gina 2 episodes 2004 -- 2008 , 2010 Lost Claire Littleton Main role : seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 ( 72 episodes ) CSI : Miami Venus Robinson Episode : `` Legal '' 2009 High Noon Lt. Phoebe McNamara Movie 2012 Americana Francesca Soulter Unsold pilot 2012 -- 2017 Once Upon a Time Belle main season 2 - 6 ; recurring season 1 ; guest season 7 ( 86 episodes ) 2013 Air Force One Is Down Francesca Romero Miniseries Year Title Role Notes 2005 Brick Emily Santa 's Slay Mary `` Mac '' Mackenzie 2006 The Hills Have Eyes Brenda Carter 2008 Ball Do n't Lie Baby 2009 The Perfect Game Frankie Stevens Public Enemies Barbara Patzke Remember Me Ally Craig The Chameleon Kathy Jansen Operation : Endgame Hierophant 2012 Love and Other Troubles Sara 2015 The Submarine Kid Alice",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"1999 -- 2000 BeastMaster The Demon Curupira 8 episodes",
"2000 -- 2002 Roswell Tess Harding Recurring role : season 1 ; main role : season 2 ; guest star : season 3 ( 28 episodes )",
"2002 Carrie Chris Hargensen Movie",
"2003 NCIS Nancy Episode : `` Seadog ''",
"2003 -- 2004 The Handler Gina 2 episodes",
"2004 -- 2008 , 2010 Lost Claire Littleton Main role : seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 ( 72 episodes )",
"CSI : Miami Venus Robinson Episode : `` Legal ''",
"2009 High Noon Lt. Phoebe McNamara Movie",
"2012 Americana Francesca Soulter Unsold pilot",
"2012 -- 2017 Once Upon a Time Belle main season 2 - 6 ; recurring season 1 ; guest season 7 ( 86 episodes )",
"2013 Air Force One Is Down Francesca Romero Miniseries",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"2005 Brick Emily",
"Santa 's Slay Mary `` Mac '' Mackenzie",
"2006 The Hills Have Eyes Brenda Carter",
"2008 Ball Do n't Lie Baby",
"2009 The Perfect Game Frankie Stevens",
"Public Enemies Barbara Patzke",
"Remember Me Ally Craig",
"The Chameleon Kathy Jansen",
"Operation : Endgame Hierophant",
"2012 Love and Other Troubles Sara",
"2015 The Submarine Kid Alice",
"Year Title Voice role Notes 2008 Lost : Via Domus Claire Littleton",
"Year Title Voice role Notes",
"2008 Lost : Via Domus Claire Littleton"
] | Emilie de Ravin - Wikipedia Emilie de Ravin Jump to: navigation , search Emilie de Ravin De Ravin in 2015 ( 1981-12-27 ) 27 December 1981 (age 35) Mount Eliza, Victoria , Australia Occupation Actress Years active 1999-- present Spouse(s) Josh Janowicz ( m. 2003; div. 2014) Partner(s) Eric Bilitch (2014-- present) Children Emilie de Ravin ( / ˈɛməli də ˈrævɪn / ; born 27 December 1981) is an Australian actress. She has played Tess Harding on Roswell and Claire Littleton on the ABC drama Lost . In 2012 she guest-starred as Belle on the ABC drama Once Upon a Time and became a series regular beginning with season two. De Ravin's film credits include Santa's Slay (2005), The Hills Have Eyes (2006) and Ball Don't Lie (2008). She starred as Emily, the heroin-addicted ex-girlfriend of Brendan Frye, in the neo-noir film Brick (2005). She had a cameo in Public Enemies (2009) and more recently starred in Remember Me (2010). De Ravin has been included on Maxim 's Hot 100 list three times: in 2005 (No. 47), 2006 (No. 65), and 2008 (No. 68). Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Video game 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) De Ravin was born in Mount Eliza, Victoria , Australia, an outer southeastern suburb of Melbourne. Having studied ballet since the age of nine at Christa Cameron School of Ballet in Melbourne, and being home schooled by her mother, she was accepted into the Australian Ballet School at fifteen, where she performed in productions with The Australian Ballet as well as Danceworld 301. She studied acting at Australia's National Institute of Dramatic Art , and with the Prime Time Actors Studio in Los Angeles. Career ( edit ) De Ravin's first major role was a recurring part as Curupira in the TV series Beastmaster . She went on to appear as alien/human hybrid Tess Harding in the teen television series, Roswell . She landed this role one month after moving to Los Angeles at the age of 18. In 2004, De Ravin was cast to portray Claire Littleton on the hit ABC drama Lost . Speaking about the success of Lost , she said: `` It's sort of hard to say. You read something and have a good feeling about it, it sounds great, ties nicely together and then shooting something, editing it, the music, the actors involved, everything sort of plays a huge part. Everyone involved had a great feeling towards it, but you never really know.'' She was a series regular for the first four seasons and the sixth and final season. She was not a regular in season five but was under a holding contract with ABC Network . In 2005, De Ravin was cast to portray Emily Kostich, the heroin -addicted ex-girlfriend of Brendan Frye ( Joseph Gordon-Levitt ), in the neo-noir film Brick . In an interview about the film, Ravin told that she was attracted by the script because it was original and the teens in the film are very deep and emotional for their age. A year later, De Ravin had a lead role and was cast as Brenda Carter in the remake of The Hills Have Eyes . The film performed well at the box office. In 2007, Variety reported that she would be starring in the film Ball Don't Lie , which premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival , which arrived in cinemas early 2009. De Ravin appeared in William Dear 's The Perfect Game , and appeared in the 2009 film Public Enemies as a bank teller named Barbara Patzke. De Ravin was cast in the movie adaption of the video game Onimusha , but due to producer Samuel Hadida's other project The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus , and star Heath Ledger 's death, Hadida was forced to push back the release date of the film. Onimusha is postponed for an unknown amount of time and there is not any confirmation if De Ravin will continue the project. De Ravin filmed Remember Me in the summer of 2009. The film received its wide release on 12 March 2010. She was a regular on the sixth and final season of Lost . In 2012 she guest-starred as Belle on the ABC fantasy drama, Once Upon a Time . After sporadic appearances in the first season, she was promoted to a series regular in the second. In May 2017, it was announced that De Ravin would be departing the series after the six seasons along with her co-stars Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared S. Gilmore and Rebecca Mader . Two months later, it was announced that De Ravin would be guest-starring in at least one episode of the series' seventh season. She was to star as Anthony LaPaglia 's character's daughter in the new drama series Americana in 2012, but ABC passed on the pilot. Personal life ( edit ) De Ravin attending the 2007 MuchMusic Video Awards After three years of dating, actor Josh Janowicz proposed to De Ravin on New Year's Day 2003 in Melbourne, which she said `` was very impromptu and very sweet'' . She met Janowicz in Los Angeles, and said that `` our life together always comes before work. You can't buy love or family.'' While filming Lost , De Ravin flew to and from Hawaii `` once or twice a week'' to return to her home in Burbank, California , which she shared with Janowicz and their poodle. The couple married 19 June 2003 (not 2006, when they had a public celebration) in Melbourne , Australia. They separated six months after they married, and then reconciled. In June 2009, it was reported that they were living separately and had filed for divorce. In October 2009, she called off the divorce after a trip to Japan with her husband. On 8 July 2014, de Ravin filed for divorce from Janowicz. According to court documents, the pair wed on 19 June 2003, despite their wedding ceremony on 26 June 2006; the documents further confirm that the couple separated on 1 November 2013. On 3 October 2015, de Ravin announced via Twitter that she was expecting her first child with her boyfriend Eric Bilitch. On March 12, 2016, she gave birth to a daughter, named Vera Audrey de Ravin-Bilitch. The couple announced their engagement on July 6, 2016. Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999-- 2000 BeastMaster The Demon Curupira 8 episodes 2000-- 2002 Roswell Tess Harding Recurring role: season 1; main role: season 2; guest star: season 3 (28 episodes) 2002 Carrie Chris Hargensen Movie 2003 NCIS Nancy Episode: `` Seadog'' 2003-- 2004 The Handler Gina 2 episodes 2004-- 2008, 2010 Lost Claire Littleton Main role: seasons 1-- 4, 6 (72 episodes) CSI: Miami Venus Robinson Episode: `` Legal'' 2009 High Noon Lt. Phoebe McNamara Movie 2012 Americana Francesca Soulter Unsold pilot 2012-- 2017 Once Upon a Time Belle main season 2-6; recurring season 1; guest season 7 (86 episodes) 2013 Air Force One Is Down Francesca Romero Miniseries Year Title Role Notes 2005 Brick Emily Santa's Slay Mary `` Mac'' Mackenzie 2006 The Hills Have Eyes Brenda Carter 2008 Ball Don't Lie Baby 2009 The Perfect Game Frankie Stevens Public Enemies Barbara Patzke Remember Me Ally Craig The Chameleon Kathy Jansen Operation: Endgame Hierophant 2012 Love and Other Troubles Sara 2015 The Submarine Kid Alice Video game ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Notes 2008 Lost: Via Domus Claire Littleton References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Lost Podcast/12 March 2007'' . Lostpedia . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to: `` Emilie de Ravin profile'' . Lost Cast . Channel 4 . Retrieved 23 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to: Hibberd, James (19 June 2012). `` ' Once Upon a Time' scoop: Emilie de Ravin promoted to series regular'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100'' . maxim.com . Maxim . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Hot 100'' . 68. Emilie de Ravin . Maxim . Archived from the original on 15 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Biography -- Emilie de Ravin'' . tvguide.com . Retrieved 23 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to: `` Meet The Cast: Who's who in the cast? Find out here.'' . Lost info . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 23 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` BeastMaster: Cast: Emilie de Ravin'' . BeastMaster official site . Tribune Entertainment . 2000. Archived from the original on 13 June 2004 . Retrieved 23 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to: Devlyn, Darren (16 May 2007). `` Lost property'' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 13 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Keck, William (5 April 2005). `` De Ravin: Lost in Transformation'' . USA Today . Retrieved 13 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Emilie de Ravin, Jason Behr and Katherine Heigl (31 January 2000). Roswell: The Complete First Season, Disc Six, Special Features: Actor Audition: Emilie de Ravin as `` Tess'' (DVD). 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Covel, Bonnie; Thomas, Rachel. `` An Interview with Emilie de Ravin (Claire Littleton, Lost)'' . About.com (Interview) . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Godwin, Jennifer (30 May 2008). `` Lost Redux: Promises to Keep, and Miles to Go Before We Sleep'' . E!. Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Scharf, Lindzi. `` Brick Video Interview with Emilie De Ravin'' . Hollywood.com (Interview) . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (23 April 2008). `` Emilie de Ravin: From Lost Princess to Indie Queen'' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (27 June 2007). `` Trio play ' Ball ' '' . Teen indie drama sets cast . Variety . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Lyford, Kathy (5 June 2007). `` Clifton Collins Jr. to star in ' Game ' '' . Actor has ' Perfect' pitch . Variety . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Perry, Byron (27 April 2008). `` Emilie De Ravin'' . Variety . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Calistri, Arnaud (27 March 2008). `` Onimusha delayed? What's Christophe Gans up to, then?'' . Ain't It Cool News . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (8 November 2011). `` Exclusive: Once Upon a Time Casts Lost's Emilie de Ravin As Belle'' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Holloway, Daniel (12 May 2017). `` ' Once Upon a Time' : Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared Gilmore, Emilie de Ravin Depart'' . Variety . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie, Abrams (22 July 2017). `` Once Upon a Time: Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marder, Brian (14 May 2012). `` Four ' Lost' Stars' Fall TV Pilots Fail to Get Picked Up'' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lost's Emilie de Ravin & Husband Divorcing'' . People.com . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to: Johnson, Zach (11 July 2014). `` Emilie de Ravin, Joshua Janowicz Are Divorcing'' . E! News . eonline.com . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time' Star Emilie De Ravin is Pregnant!'' . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the big wide world! Vera Audrey de Ravin-Bilitch born March 12th 2016. Couldn't be happier! So in love with our little girl!👶 🏼 💖 '' . Twitter . 14 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` So excited!!! I love you @ericbilitch 💍 '' . Twitter . 6 July 2016. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emilie de Ravin . Emilie de Ravin on IMDb Emilie de Ravin on Twitter ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2000-- 2009) 2000: The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001: The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002: Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003: Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005: Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye-Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006: Grey's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 The Sopranos , season 6, part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008: Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009: Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list (1994-- 1999) (2000-- 2009) (2010-- present) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilie_de_Ravin&oldid=806285035 '' Categories : 1981 births 20th-century Australian actresses 21st-century Australian actresses Actresses from Melbourne Australian Ballet School alumni Australian expatriate actresses in the United States Australian people of French descent Australian film actresses Australian television actresses Living people National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use Australian English from June 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017, at 23:46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 4096413293643652609 |
what order do you watch bring it on | Character Film Bring It On Bring It On Again Bring It On : All or Nothing Bring It On : In It to Win It Bring It On : Fight to the Finish Bring It On : Worldwide Cheersmack Torrance Shipman Kirsten Dunst Missy Pantone Eliza Dushku Cliff Pantone Jesse Bradford Isis Gabrielle Union Whittier Smith Anne Judson - Yager Tina Hammersmith Bree Turner Dean Sebastian Kevin Cooney Monica Faune A. Chambers Greg Bryce Johnson Derek Richard Lee Jackson Marni Potts Bethany Joy Lenz Britney Allen Hayden Panettiere Camille Solange Knowles Jesse Gus Carr Winnie Harper Marcy Rylan Amber Cindy Chiu Kirresha Giovonnie Samuels Leti Francia Almendarez Brianna Danielle Savre Sierra Jessica Fife Brad Warner Jake McDorman Carson Ashley Benson Brooke Cassandra Scerbo Penn Michael Copon Chelsea Jennifer Tisdale Aeysha Anniese Taylor Dendy Ruben Noel Areizaga Sarah Kierstin Koppel Catalina `` Lina '' Cruz Christina Milian Avery Whitbourne Rachele Brooke Smith Evan Whitbourne Cody Longo Gloria Vanessa Born Treyvonetta Gabrielle Dennis Sky Holland Roden Destiny Cristine Prosperi Hannah Sophie Vavasseur Blake Jordan Rodrigues Cheer Goddess Vivica A. Fox | [
[
"Bring It On",
"Bring It On Again",
"Bring It On: All or Nothing",
"Bring It On: In It to Win It",
"Bring It On: Fight to the Finish",
"Bring It On: Worldwide Cheersmack"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Bring It On Directed by Peyton Reed Damon Santostefano Steve Rash Bille Woodruff Robert Adetuyi Produced by Marc Abraham Thomas Bliss Wayne Morris Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 2000 -- 2017 Country United States Language English",
"Bring It On",
"Directed by Peyton Reed Damon Santostefano Steve Rash Bille Woodruff Robert Adetuyi",
"Peyton Reed Damon Santostefano Steve Rash Bille Woodruff Robert Adetuyi",
"Produced by Marc Abraham Thomas Bliss Wayne Morris",
"Marc Abraham Thomas Bliss Wayne Morris",
"Distributed by Universal Pictures",
"Release date 2000 -- 2017",
"Country United States",
"Language English",
"Bring It On is a series of cheerleading films that began with Bring It On ( 2000 ) and was followed by five direct - to - video sequels ; none of which contain any of the original film 's cast members . The film was made into a musical , which has received positive critical response and praise .",
"Bring It On ( 2000 ) Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) Bring It On : All or Nothing ( 2006 ) Bring It On : In It to Win It ( 2007 ) Bring It On : Fight to the Finish ( 2009 ) Bring It On : Worldwide Cheersmack ( 2017 )",
"Bring It On ( 2000 )",
"Bring It On Again ( 2004 )",
"Bring It On : All or Nothing ( 2006 )",
"Bring It On : In It to Win It ( 2007 )",
"Bring It On : Fight to the Finish ( 2009 )",
"Bring It On : Worldwide Cheersmack ( 2017 )",
"Character Film Bring It On Bring It On Again Bring It On : All or Nothing Bring It On : In It to Win It Bring It On : Fight to the Finish Bring It On : Worldwide Cheersmack Torrance Shipman Kirsten Dunst Missy Pantone Eliza Dushku Cliff Pantone Jesse Bradford Isis Gabrielle Union Whittier Smith Anne Judson - Yager Tina Hammersmith Bree Turner Dean Sebastian Kevin Cooney Monica Faune A. Chambers Greg Bryce Johnson Derek Richard Lee Jackson Marni Potts Bethany Joy Lenz Britney Allen Hayden Panettiere Camille Solange Knowles Jesse Gus Carr Winnie Harper Marcy Rylan Amber Cindy Chiu Kirresha Giovonnie Samuels Leti Francia Almendarez Brianna Danielle Savre Sierra Jessica Fife Brad Warner Jake McDorman Carson Ashley Benson Brooke Cassandra Scerbo Penn Michael Copon Chelsea Jennifer Tisdale Aeysha Anniese Taylor Dendy Ruben Noel Areizaga Sarah Kierstin Koppel Catalina `` Lina '' Cruz Christina Milian Avery Whitbourne Rachele Brooke Smith Evan Whitbourne Cody Longo Gloria Vanessa Born Treyvonetta Gabrielle Dennis Sky Holland Roden Destiny Cristine Prosperi Hannah Sophie Vavasseur Blake Jordan Rodrigues Cheer Goddess Vivica A. Fox",
"Character Film",
"Bring It On Bring It On Again Bring It On : All or Nothing Bring It On : In It to Win It Bring It On : Fight to the Finish Bring It On : Worldwide Cheersmack",
"Torrance Shipman Kirsten Dunst",
"Missy Pantone Eliza Dushku",
"Cliff Pantone Jesse Bradford",
"Isis Gabrielle Union",
"Whittier Smith Anne Judson - Yager",
"Tina Hammersmith Bree Turner",
"Dean Sebastian Kevin Cooney",
"Monica Faune A. Chambers",
"Greg Bryce Johnson",
"Derek Richard Lee Jackson",
"Marni Potts Bethany Joy Lenz",
"Britney Allen Hayden Panettiere",
"Camille Solange Knowles",
"Jesse Gus Carr",
"Winnie Harper Marcy Rylan",
"Amber Cindy Chiu",
"Kirresha Giovonnie Samuels",
"Leti Francia Almendarez",
"Brianna Danielle Savre",
"Sierra Jessica Fife",
"Brad Warner Jake McDorman",
"Carson Ashley Benson",
"Brooke Cassandra Scerbo",
"Penn Michael Copon",
"Chelsea Jennifer Tisdale",
"Aeysha Anniese Taylor Dendy",
"Ruben Noel Areizaga",
"Sarah Kierstin Koppel",
"Catalina `` Lina '' Cruz Christina Milian",
"Avery Whitbourne Rachele Brooke Smith",
"Evan Whitbourne Cody Longo",
"Gloria Vanessa Born",
"Treyvonetta Gabrielle Dennis",
"Sky Holland Roden",
"Destiny Cristine Prosperi",
"Hannah Sophie Vavasseur",
"Blake Jordan Rodrigues",
"Cheer Goddess Vivica A. Fox",
"The film series expanded its reach when it was made into Bring It On : The Musical , with music by Lin - Manuel Miranda and Tom Kitt , and lyrics by Miranda and Amanda Green . The play also has a book written by Jeff Whitty ."
] | Bring It On (film series) - Wikipedia Bring It On (film series) Jump to: navigation , search Bring It On Directed by Peyton Reed Damon Santostefano Steve Rash Bille Woodruff Robert Adetuyi Produced by Marc Abraham Thomas Bliss Wayne Morris Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 2000 -- 2017 Country United States Language English Bring It On is a series of cheerleading films that began with Bring It On (2000) and was followed by five direct-to-video sequels; none of which contain any of the original film's cast members. The film was made into a musical , which has received positive critical response and praise. Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 2 Cast and characters 3 Legacy 4 References 5 External links Films ( edit ) Bring It On (2000) Bring It On Again (2004) Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006) Bring It On: In It to Win It (2007) Bring It On: Fight to the Finish (2009) Bring It On: Worldwide Cheersmack (2017) Cast and characters ( edit ) Character Film Bring It On Bring It On Again Bring It On: All or Nothing Bring It On: In It to Win It Bring It On: Fight to the Finish Bring It On: Worldwide Cheersmack Torrance Shipman Kirsten Dunst Missy Pantone Eliza Dushku Cliff Pantone Jesse Bradford Isis Gabrielle Union Whittier Smith Anne Judson-Yager Tina Hammersmith Bree Turner Dean Sebastian Kevin Cooney Monica Faune A. Chambers Greg Bryce Johnson Derek Richard Lee Jackson Marni Potts Bethany Joy Lenz Britney Allen Hayden Panettiere Camille Solange Knowles Jesse Gus Carr Winnie Harper Marcy Rylan Amber Cindy Chiu Kirresha Giovonnie Samuels Leti Francia Almendarez Brianna Danielle Savre Sierra Jessica Fife Brad Warner Jake McDorman Carson Ashley Benson Brooke Cassandra Scerbo Penn Michael Copon Chelsea Jennifer Tisdale Aeysha Anniese Taylor Dendy Ruben Noel Areizaga Sarah Kierstin Koppel Catalina `` Lina'' Cruz Christina Milian Avery Whitbourne Rachele Brooke Smith Evan Whitbourne Cody Longo Gloria Vanessa Born Treyvonetta Gabrielle Dennis Sky Holland Roden Destiny Cristine Prosperi Hannah Sophie Vavasseur Blake Jordan Rodrigues Cheer Goddess Vivica A. Fox Legacy ( edit ) The film series expanded its reach when it was made into Bring It On: The Musical , with music by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Tom Kitt , and lyrics by Miranda and Amanda Green . The play also has a book written by Jeff Whitty . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The New York Times External links ( edit ) Bring It On on IMDb Bring It On Again on IMDb Bring It On: All or Nothing on IMDb Bring It On: In It to Win It on IMDb Bring It On: Fight to the Finish on IMDb ( hide ) Bring It On Films Bring It On (2000) Again (2004) All or Nothing (2006) In It to Win It (2007) Fight to the Finish (2009) Worldwide #Cheersmack (2017) Musical Bring It On: The Musical This film article about a 2000s comedy is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_On_(film_series)&oldid=826597615 '' Categories : English-language films Film series introduced in 2000 Bring It On (film series) American film series 2000s comedy film stubs Hidden categories: Film articles using image size parameter All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018, at 00:46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -3374405544286676007 |
who scored the most goals in football career | Rank Player Goals Matches Ratio Years / Josef Bican 805 530 1.52 1931 -- 1955 Romário 772 994 0.78 1985 -- 2007 Pelé 767 831 0.92 1957 -- 1977 Ferenc Puskás 746 754 0.99 1943 -- 1966 Gerd Müller 735 793 0.93 1962 -- 1981 6 Cristiano Ronaldo 683 963 0.71 2001 -- present 7 Lionel Messi 656 832 0.79 2003 -- present 8 Ferenc Deák 576 -- 1940 -- 1957 9 Uwe Seeler 575 -- 1953 -- 1978 Túlio Maravilha 575 -- 1988 -- 2012 11 Arthur Friedenreich 557 -- 1909 -- 1935 12 / Ernst Willimowski 554 -- 1934 -- 1955 13 Eusébio 552 -- 1957 -- 1979 14 Jimmy McGrory 550 -- 1922 -- 1937 15 Franz Binder 546 -- 1930 -- 1949 16 Fernando Peyroteo 544 -- 1937 -- 1949 17 Hugo Sánchez 541 -- 1976 -- 1997 18 Fritz Walter 539 -- 1937 -- 1959 19 József Takács 523 -- 1917 -- 1934 20 Gyula Zsengellér 522 -- 1935 -- 1953 Zico 522 -- 1971 -- 1994 22 / Alfredo Di Stéfano 514 -- 1945 -- 1966 Hans Krankl 514 -- 1970 -- 1989 24 Gunnar Nordahl 513 -- 1937 -- 1958 25 Roberto Dinamite 512 -- 1971 -- 1993 Zlatan Ibrahimović 512 883 0.58 1999 -- present 27 Jimmy Greaves 511 -- 1957 -- 1980 28 Ferenc Bene 508 -- 1961 -- 1978 | [
[
"Josef Bican"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"In top - level football , 28 players have scored 500 or more goals over the course of their career . According to research by the Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Only those who were active in the highest level football for all or most of their careers are considered . The ranking below takes into account goals scored in official matches played with national teams at all age levels and clubs in all divisions .",
"Key",
"Unverified data is excluded from players ' data ; goal and match totals may be higher . Players in bold are currently active ; data is accurate as of the 30 October 2018 .",
"Rank Player Goals Matches Ratio Years / Josef Bican 805 530 1.52 1931 -- 1955 Romário 772 994 0.78 1985 -- 2007 Pelé 767 831 0.92 1957 -- 1977 Ferenc Puskás 746 754 0.99 1943 -- 1966 Gerd Müller 735 793 0.93 1962 -- 1981 6 Cristiano Ronaldo 683 963 0.71 2001 -- present 7 Lionel Messi 656 832 0.79 2003 -- present 8 Ferenc Deák 576 -- 1940 -- 1957 9 Uwe Seeler 575 -- 1953 -- 1978 Túlio Maravilha 575 -- 1988 -- 2012 11 Arthur Friedenreich 557 -- 1909 -- 1935 12 / Ernst Willimowski 554 -- 1934 -- 1955 13 Eusébio 552 -- 1957 -- 1979 14 Jimmy McGrory 550 -- 1922 -- 1937 15 Franz Binder 546 -- 1930 -- 1949 16 Fernando Peyroteo 544 -- 1937 -- 1949 17 Hugo Sánchez 541 -- 1976 -- 1997 18 Fritz Walter 539 -- 1937 -- 1959 19 József Takács 523 -- 1917 -- 1934 20 Gyula Zsengellér 522 -- 1935 -- 1953 Zico 522 -- 1971 -- 1994 22 / Alfredo Di Stéfano 514 -- 1945 -- 1966 Hans Krankl 514 -- 1970 -- 1989 24 Gunnar Nordahl 513 -- 1937 -- 1958 25 Roberto Dinamite 512 -- 1971 -- 1993 Zlatan Ibrahimović 512 883 0.58 1999 -- present 27 Jimmy Greaves 511 -- 1957 -- 1980 28 Ferenc Bene 508 -- 1961 -- 1978",
"Rank Player Goals Matches Ratio Years",
"/ Josef Bican 805 530 1.52 1931 -- 1955",
"Romário 772 994 0.78 1985 -- 2007",
"Pelé 767 831 0.92 1957 -- 1977",
"Ferenc Puskás 746 754 0.99 1943 -- 1966",
"Gerd Müller 735 793 0.93 1962 -- 1981",
"6 Cristiano Ronaldo 683 963 0.71 2001 -- present",
"7 Lionel Messi 656 832 0.79 2003 -- present",
"8 Ferenc Deák 576 -- 1940 -- 1957",
"9 Uwe Seeler 575 -- 1953 -- 1978",
"Túlio Maravilha 575 -- 1988 -- 2012",
"11 Arthur Friedenreich 557 -- 1909 -- 1935",
"12 / Ernst Willimowski 554 -- 1934 -- 1955",
"13 Eusébio 552 -- 1957 -- 1979",
"14 Jimmy McGrory 550 -- 1922 -- 1937",
"15 Franz Binder 546 -- 1930 -- 1949",
"16 Fernando Peyroteo 544 -- 1937 -- 1949",
"17 Hugo Sánchez 541 -- 1976 -- 1997",
"18 Fritz Walter 539 -- 1937 -- 1959",
"19 József Takács 523 -- 1917 -- 1934",
"20 Gyula Zsengellér 522 -- 1935 -- 1953",
"Zico 522 -- 1971 -- 1994",
"22 / Alfredo Di Stéfano 514 -- 1945 -- 1966",
"Hans Krankl 514 -- 1970 -- 1989",
"24 Gunnar Nordahl 513 -- 1937 -- 1958",
"25 Roberto Dinamite 512 -- 1971 -- 1993",
"Zlatan Ibrahimović 512 883 0.58 1999 -- present",
"27 Jimmy Greaves 511 -- 1957 -- 1980",
"28 Ferenc Bene 508 -- 1961 -- 1978",
"Source : Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation"
] | List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals - wikipedia List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals In top-level football , 28 players have scored 500 or more goals over the course of their career. According to research by the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation . Only those who were active in the highest level football for all or most of their careers are considered. The ranking below takes into account goals scored in official matches played with national teams at all age levels and clubs in all divisions. Ranking ( edit ) Key Unverified data is excluded from players' data; goal and match totals may be higher. Players in bold are currently active; data is accurate as of the 30 October 2018. Rank Player Goals Matches Ratio Years / Josef Bican 805 530 1.52 1931-- 1955 Romário 772 994 0.78 1985-- 2007 Pelé 767 831 0.92 1957-- 1977 Ferenc Puskás 746 754 0.99 1943-- 1966 Gerd Müller 735 793 0.93 1962-- 1981 6 Cristiano Ronaldo 683 963 0.71 2001-- present 7 Lionel Messi 656 832 0.79 2003-- present 8 Ferenc Deák 576 -- 1940-- 1957 9 Uwe Seeler 575 -- 1953-- 1978 Túlio Maravilha 575 -- 1988-- 2012 11 Arthur Friedenreich 557 -- 1909-- 1935 12 / Ernst Willimowski 554 -- 1934-- 1955 13 Eusébio 552 -- 1957-- 1979 14 Jimmy McGrory 550 -- 1922-- 1937 15 Franz Binder 546 -- 1930-- 1949 16 Fernando Peyroteo 544 -- 1937-- 1949 17 Hugo Sánchez 541 -- 1976-- 1997 18 Fritz Walter 539 -- 1937-- 1959 19 József Takács 523 -- 1917-- 1934 20 Gyula Zsengellér 522 -- 1935-- 1953 Zico 522 -- 1971-- 1994 22 / Alfredo Di Stéfano 514 -- 1945-- 1966 Hans Krankl 514 -- 1970-- 1989 24 Gunnar Nordahl 513 -- 1937-- 1958 25 Roberto Dinamite 512 -- 1971-- 1993 Zlatan Ibrahimović 512 883 0.58 1999-- present 27 Jimmy Greaves 511 -- 1957-- 1980 28 Ferenc Bene 508 -- 1961-- 1978 Source: Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation See also ( edit ) List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with the most official appearances References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Kolos, Vladimir (21 January 2016). `` Prolific Scorers Data: Best Goalscorers All-Time (Official Matches)'' . Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo at Soccerway. Retrieved 23 September 2018. Jump up ^ Lionel Messi at Soccerway. Retrieved 23 September 2018. Jump up ^ Zlatan Ibrahimović at Soccerway. Retrieved 23 September 2018. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_men%27s_footballers_with_500_or_more_goals&oldid=866518448 '' Categories : Association football records and statistics Lists of association football players Hidden categories: Soccerway template with ID not in Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2018 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Ελληνικά Español Italiano Norsk Português Svenska Türkçe Türkmençe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 20:45 (UTC) . About Wikipedia | 8634376295626243940 |
difference between contents of online journalism and newspapers | The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region of South East Europe , within the project South East European Media Observatory , gathering organisations which are part of the South East European Network for Professionalization of Media ( SEENPM ) . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Journalism News Writing style Ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Politics Science Sports Technology Trade Traffic Weather World Genres Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics - based Community Data Database Gonzo Immersion Investigative Literary Muckraking Narrative `` New Journalism '' Non-profit Online Opinion Peace Photojournalism Scientific Sensor Underground Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Public relations Press service Propaganda model Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media Roles Journalists ( reporters ) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator Journalism portal Category : Journalism",
"Journalism",
"News Writing style Ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles",
"News Writing style Ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles",
"Index of journalism articles",
"Areas",
"Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Politics Science Sports Technology Trade Traffic Weather World",
"Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Politics Science Sports Technology Trade Traffic Weather World",
"Genres",
"Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics - based Community Data Database Gonzo Immersion Investigative Literary Muckraking Narrative `` New Journalism '' Non-profit Online Opinion Peace Photojournalism Scientific Sensor Underground Visual Watchdog",
"Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics - based Community Data Database Gonzo Immersion Investigative Literary Muckraking Narrative `` New Journalism '' Non-profit Online Opinion Peace Photojournalism Scientific Sensor Underground Visual Watchdog",
"Comics - based",
"`` New Journalism ''",
"Social impact",
"Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Public relations Press service Propaganda model Yellow journalism",
"Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Public relations Press service Propaganda model Yellow journalism",
"Freedom of the press",
"News media",
"Newspapers Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media",
"Newspapers Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media",
"TV and radio",
"Roles",
"Journalists ( reporters ) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator",
"Journalists ( reporters ) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator",
"Journalists ( reporters )",
"Pundit / commentator",
"Journalism portal Category : Journalism",
"Journalism portal Category : Journalism",
"Category : Journalism",
"",
"",
"The news media or news industry are forms of mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public . These include print media ( newspapers , newsmagazines ) , broadcast news ( radio and television ) , and more recently the Internet ( online newspapers , news blogs , etc . ) .",
"A `` medium '' ( plural `` media '' ) is a carrier of something . Common things carried by media include information , art , or physical objects . A medium may provide transmission or storage of information or both . The industries which produce news and entertainment content for the mass media are often called `` the media '' ( in much the same way the newspaper industry is called `` the press '' ) . In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular ( `` The media is ... '' ) rather than as the traditional plural .",
"`` Press '' is the collective designation of media vehicles that carry out journalism and other functions of informative communication , in contrast to purely propaganda or entertainment communication . The term press comes from the printing press of Johannes Gutenberg in the sixteenth century and which , from the eighteenth century , was used to print newspapers , then the only existing journalistic vehicles . From the middle of the 20th century onwards , newspapers also began to be broadcast and broadcast ( radio news and television news ) and , with the advent of the World Wide Web , also came the online newspapers , or cyberjornais , or webjornais . The term `` press '' , however , was maintained .",
"Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals ( programs ) to a number of recipients ( `` listeners '' or `` viewers '' ) that belong to a large group . This group may be the public in general , or a relatively large audience within the public . Thus , an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide , while a public address system in ( for example ) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbites to a small population within its range .",
"The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule .",
"Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable , often simultaneously . By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes , the latter also enables subscription - based channels and pay - per - view services .",
"A broadcasting organization may broadcast several programs at the same time , through several channels ( frequencies ) , for example BBC One and Two . On the other hand , two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day . Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming , with several channels compressed into one ensemble .",
"When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used .",
"Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media .",
"Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting .",
"In a broadcast system ( television ) , journalists or reporters are also involved with editing the video material that has been shot alongside their research , and in working on the visual narrative of the story . Broadcast journalists often make an appearance in the news story at the beginning or end of the video clip .",
"In television or broadcast journalism , news analysts ( also called news - casters or news anchors ) examine , interpret , and broadcast news received from various sources of information . Anchors present this as news , either videotaped or live , through transmissions from on - the - scene reporters ( news correspondents ) .",
"News films ( `` clips '' ) can vary in length ; there are some which may be as long as ten minutes , others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes . News channels these days have also begun to host special documentary films that stretch for much longer durations and are able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail .",
"The desk persons categorise news stories with various formats according to the merit of the story . Such formats include AVO , AVO Byte , Pkg , VO SOT , VOX POP , and Ancho Visual .",
"The AVO , or Anchor Voice Over , is the short form of news . The story is written in a gist . According to the script visual is edited . The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously . Generally , the duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds . The script is three to four lines . At first the anchor starts to read the news , and , after reading one or one - and - a-half lines , the visual is aired , overlapping the face of anchor . The AVO Byte has two parts : An AVO , and one or more bytes . This is the same as an AVO , except that as soon as the AVO ends , the Byte is aired . The Pkg has three parts : Anchor , Voice Over , and Sign Off . At first a Script is written . A voice over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part .",
"The AVO , or Anchor Voice Over , is the short form of news . The story is written in a gist . According to the script visual is edited . The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously . Generally , the duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds . The script is three to four lines . At first the anchor starts to read the news , and , after reading one or one - and - a-half lines , the visual is aired , overlapping the face of anchor .",
"The AVO Byte has two parts : An AVO , and one or more bytes . This is the same as an AVO , except that as soon as the AVO ends , the Byte is aired .",
"The Pkg has three parts : Anchor , Voice Over , and Sign Off . At first a Script is written . A voice over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part .",
"A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication ( more specifically , a periodical ) , usually printed on low - cost paper called newsprint . It may be general or special interest , and may be published daily , weekly , biweekly , monthly , bimonthly , or quarterly .",
"General - interest newspapers are usually journals of current news on a variety of topics . Those can include political events , crime , business , sports , and opinions ( either editorials , columns , or political cartoons ) . Many also include weather news and forecasts . Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories ; they also often include comic strips and other entertainment , such as crosswords .",
"A story is a single article , news item or feature , usually concerning a single event , issue , theme , or profile of a person . Correspondents report news occurring in the main , locally , from their own country , or from foreign cities where they are stationed .",
"Most reporters file information or write their stories electronically from remote locations . In many cases , breaking stories are written by staff members , through information collected and submitted by other reporters who are out on the field gathering information for an event that has just occurred and needs to be broadcast instantly . Radio and television reporters often compose stories and report `` live '' from the scene . Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to readers , viewers , or listeners . In this role , they are called commentators or columnists .",
"Reporters take notes and also take photographs or shoot videos , either on their own , by citzens or through a photographer or camera person . In the second phase , they organize the material , determine the focus or emphasis ( identify the peg ) , and finally write their stories . The story is then edited by news or copy - editors ( U.S. style ) or sub-editors in Europe , who function from the news desk . The headline of the story is decided by the news desk , and practically never by the reporter or the writer of the piece . Often , the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft prepared by the reporter / writer originally . Finally , a collection of stories that have been picked for the newspaper or magazine edition , are laid out on dummy ( trial ) pages , and after the chief editor has approved the content , style and language in the material , it is sent for publishing . The writer is given a byline for the piece that is published ; his or her name appears alongside the article . This process takes place according to the frequency of the publication . News can be published in a variety of formats ( broadsheet , tabloid , magazine and periodical publications ) as well as periods ( daily , weekly , semi-weekly , fortnightly or monthly ) .",
"A newsmagazine , sometimes called news magazine , is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events . News magazines generally go more in - depth into stories than newspapers , trying to give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events , rather than just the facts .",
"A newsreel was a documentary film common in the first half of the 20th century , that regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed news stories .",
"Created by Pathé Frères of France in 1908 , this form of film was a staple of the typical North American , British , and Commonwealth countries ( especially Canada , Australia and New Zealand ) , and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role .",
"Online journalism is reporting and other journalism produced or distributed via the Internet . The Internet has allowed the formal and informal publication of news stories through mainstream media outlets as well as blogs and other self - published news stories . Journalists working on the Internet have been referred to as J - Bloggers , a term coined by Australian Media Academic Dr Nicola Goc to describe journalists who ( blog ) and ( blog ) gers who produce journalism . `` J - Bloggers : Internet bloggers acting in the role of journalists disseminating newsworthy information , who subscribe to the journalistic ideals of an obligation to the truth and the public 's right to know '' .",
"An early leader was The News & Observer in Raleigh , North Carolina , USA .",
"Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online . How much they take advantage of the medium varies . Some news organizations , such as the Gongwer News Service , use the web only or primarily .",
"The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways . They may be losing classified ads to Web sites , which are often targeted by interest instead of geography . The advertising on news web sites is sometimes insufficient to support the investment .",
"Even before the Internet , technology and perhaps other factors were dividing people 's attention , leading to more but narrower media outlets .",
"Online journalism also leads to the spread of independent online media such as openDemocracy and the UK , Wikinews as well as allowing smaller news organizations to publish to a broad audience , such as mediastrike .",
"By covering news , politics , weather , sports , entertainment , and vital events , the daily media shape the dominant cultural , social and political picture of society . Beyond the media networks , independent news sources have evolved to report on events which escape attention or underlie the major stories . In recent years , the blogosphere has taken reporting a step further , mining down to the experiences and perceptions of individual citizens .",
"An exponentially growing phenomenon , the blogosphere can be abuzz with news that is overlooked by the press and TV networks . Apropos of this was Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 's 11,000 - word Rolling Stone article apropos of the 2004 United States presidential election , published June 1 , 2006 . By June 8 , there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy 's nephew . On June 9 , this sub-story was covered by a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article .",
"Media coverage during the 2008 Mumbai attacks highlighted the use of new media and Internet social networking tools , including Twitter and Flickr , in spreading information about the attacks , observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional media sources . In response , traditional media outlets included such coverage in their reports . However , several outlets were criticised as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of the information . Some public opinion research companies have found that a majority or plurality of people in various countries distrust the news media .",
"Media integrity refers to the ability of a news media outlet to serve the public interest and democratic process , making it resilient to institutional corruption within the media system , economy of influence , conflicting dependence and political clientelism . Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a media outlet :",
"independence from private or political interests transparency about own financial interests commitment to journalism ethics and standards responsiveness to citizens",
"independence from private or political interests",
"transparency about own financial interests",
"commitment to journalism ethics and standards",
"responsiveness to citizens",
"The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region of South East Europe , within the project South East European Media Observatory , gathering organisations which are part of the South East European Network for Professionalization of Media ( SEENPM ) ."
] | News media - wikipedia News media Jump to: navigation , search Electronic News Gathering trucks and photojournalists gathered outside the Prudential Financial headquarters in Newark , United States in August 2004 following the announcement of evidence of a terrorist threat to it and to buildings in New York City . Journalism News Writing style Ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Politics Science Sports Technology Trade Traffic Weather World Genres Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Data Database Gonzo Immersion Investigative Literary Muckraking Narrative `` New Journalism '' Non-profit Online Opinion Peace Photojournalism Scientific Sensor Underground Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Public relations Press service Propaganda model Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media Roles Journalists (reporters) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator Journalism portal Category: Journalism The news media or news industry are forms of mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public. These include print media ( newspapers , newsmagazines ), broadcast news ( radio and television ), and more recently the Internet ( online newspapers , news blogs , etc.). Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Broadcasting 2.1 Television 3 Newspapers 3.1 Print journalism 4 Newsmagazines 5 Newsreels 6 Online journalism 7 News coverage and new media 8 Media integrity 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) A `` medium'' (plural `` media'' ) is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include information , art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of information or both. The industries which produce news and entertainment content for the mass media are often called `` the media'' (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called `` the press '' ). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular (`` The media is...'' ) rather than as the traditional plural. `` Press'' is the collective designation of media vehicles that carry out journalism and other functions of informative communication, in contrast to purely propaganda or entertainment communication. The term press comes from the printing press of Johannes Gutenberg in the sixteenth century and which, from the eighteenth century, was used to print newspapers, then the only existing journalistic vehicles. From the middle of the 20th century onwards, newspapers also began to be broadcast and broadcast (radio news and television news) and, with the advent of the World Wide Web, also came the online newspapers, or cyberjornais, or webjornais. The term `` press'' , however, was maintained. Broadcasting ( edit ) Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals (programs) to a number of recipients (`` listeners'' or `` viewers'' ) that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide, while a public address system in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbites to a small population within its range. The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule . Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable , often simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription -based channels and pay-per-view services. A broadcasting organization may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels ( frequencies ), for example BBC One and Two . On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble . When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used. Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media . Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting . Television ( edit ) In a broadcast system (television), journalists or reporters are also involved with editing the video material that has been shot alongside their research, and in working on the visual narrative of the story. Broadcast journalists often make an appearance in the news story at the beginning or end of the video clip. In television or broadcast journalism , news analysts (also called news-casters or news anchors) examine, interpret, and broadcast news received from various sources of information. Anchors present this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters (news correspondents). News films (`` clips'' ) can vary in length; there are some which may be as long as ten minutes, others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels these days have also begun to host special documentary films that stretch for much longer durations and are able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail. The desk persons categorise news stories with various formats according to the merit of the story. Such formats include AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual. The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the short form of news. The story is written in a gist. According to the script visual is edited. The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds. The script is three to four lines. At first the anchor starts to read the news, and, after reading one or one-and-a-half lines, the visual is aired, overlapping the face of anchor. The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and one or more bytes. This is the same as an AVO, except that as soon as the AVO ends, the Byte is aired. The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written. A voice over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part. Newspapers ( edit ) Main article: Newspaper Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island , South Carolina . A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication (more specifically, a periodical ), usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint . It may be general or special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly. General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news on a variety of topics. Those can include political events , crime , business , sports , and opinions (either editorials , columns , or political cartoons ). Many also include weather news and forecasts . Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords . Print journalism ( edit ) Journalists at work in Montreal in the 1940s A story is a single article, news item or feature , usually concerning a single event , issue, theme , or profile of a person. Correspondents report news occurring in the main, locally, from their own country, or from foreign cities where they are stationed. Most reporters file information or write their stories electronically from remote locations. In many cases, breaking stories are written by staff members, through information collected and submitted by other reporters who are out on the field gathering information for an event that has just occurred and needs to be broadcast instantly. Radio and television reporters often compose stories and report `` live'' from the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to readers, viewers, or listeners. In this role, they are called commentators or columnists. Reporters take notes and also take photographs or shoot videos, either on their own,by citzens or through a photographer or camera person. In the second phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or emphasis (identify the peg), and finally write their stories. The story is then edited by news or copy-editors (U.S. style) or sub-editors in Europe, who function from the news desk . The headline of the story is decided by the news desk, and practically never by the reporter or the writer of the piece. Often, the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft prepared by the reporter / writer originally. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked for the newspaper or magazine edition , are laid out on dummy (trial) pages, and after the chief editor has approved the content, style and language in the material, it is sent for publishing . The writer is given a byline for the piece that is published; his or her name appears alongside the article. This process takes place according to the frequency of the publication. News can be published in a variety of formats ( broadsheet , tabloid , magazine and periodical publications) as well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or monthly). Newsmagazines ( edit ) Cover of 2512 , a monthly newsmagazine published in Réunion . Main article: Newsmagazine A newsmagazine , sometimes called news magazine , is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. News magazines generally go more in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than just the facts. Newsreels ( edit ) A newsreel was a documentary film common in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed news stories. Created by Pathé Frères of France in 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American, British , and Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand) , and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role. Online journalism ( edit ) Main articles: Online newspaper and Online magazine Newspaper `` gone to the Web'' in California Online journalism is reporting and other journalism produced or distributed via the Internet . The Internet has allowed the formal and informal publication of news stories through mainstream media outlets as well as blogs and other self-published news stories. Journalists working on the Internet have been referred to as J-Bloggers, a term coined by Australian Media Academic Dr Nicola Goc to describe journalists who (blog) and (blog)gers who produce journalism. `` J-Bloggers: Internet bloggers acting in the role of journalists disseminating newsworthy information, who subscribe to the journalistic ideals of an obligation to the truth and the public's right to know'' . An early leader was The News & Observer in Raleigh, North Carolina , USA. Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online. How much they take advantage of the medium varies. Some news organizations, such as the Gongwer News Service , use the web only or primarily. The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways. They may be losing classified ads to Web sites, which are often targeted by interest instead of geography. The advertising on news web sites is sometimes insufficient to support the investment. Even before the Internet, technology and perhaps other factors were dividing people's attention, leading to more but narrower media outlets. Online journalism also leads to the spread of independent online media such as openDemocracy and the UK, Wikinews as well as allowing smaller news organizations to publish to a broad audience, such as mediastrike . News coverage and New media ( edit ) By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Beyond the media networks, independent news sources have evolved to report on events which escape attention or underlie the major stories. In recent years, the blogosphere has taken reporting a step further, mining down to the experiences and perceptions of individual citizens. An exponentially growing phenomenon, the blogosphere can be abuzz with news that is overlooked by the press and TV networks. Apropos of this was Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 's 11,000-word Rolling Stone article apropos of the 2004 United States presidential election , published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article. Media coverage during the 2008 Mumbai attacks highlighted the use of new media and Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr , in spreading information about the attacks, observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional media sources. In response, traditional media outlets included such coverage in their reports. However, several outlets were criticised as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of the information. Some public opinion research companies have found that a majority or plurality of people in various countries distrust the news media. Media integrity ( edit ) Media integrity refers to the ability of a news media outlet to serve the public interest and democratic process , making it resilient to institutional corruption within the media system, economy of influence, conflicting dependence and political clientelism . Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a media outlet: independence from private or political interests transparency about own financial interests commitment to journalism ethics and standards responsiveness to citizens The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region of South East Europe , within the project South East European Media Observatory , gathering organisations which are part of the South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) . See also ( edit ) Court of public opinion Journalism Media regulation News media in the United States News presenter Yellow press References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Media and Journalism: Theory to Practice (2008) Melbourne: OUP, p45 Jump up ^ Public Interest in News Topics Beyond Control of Mainstream Media , June 9, 2006. Jump up ^ As it happened: Mumbai attacks 27 Nov , BBC News , November 27, 2008. Jump up ^ Twitter In Controversial Spotlight Amid Mumbai Attacks , Information Week , November 29, 2008. Jump up ^ Karen Dawisha, Bruce Parrott - 1997, Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe p 164 Jump up ^ Frank Newport - 2012, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2011 - Page 335 Jump up ^ Lessig, Lawrence. `` Institutional Corruption - LessigWiki'' . wiki.lessig.org . Retrieved 2016-03-11 . Jump up ^ Petković , Brankica, ed. (2014). Media Integrity Matters: Reclaiming Public Service Values in Media and Journalism: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia (PDF) . Ljubljana: Peace Institute. External links ( edit ) Chart -- Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero ( basis ) ( Mark Frauenfelder ) Chart -- Real and Fake News (2014) ( 2016 )/ Pew Research Center Media culture Media Mass media Mainstream media 24-hour news cycle Corporate media News broadcasting News media Film Internet Radio Television Ideology Mainstream Advanced capitalism American Dream Bipartisanship Consumerism Pensée unique Pop music Deception Forms Advertising Propaganda Public relations Spin Tabloid journalism Techniques Cult of personality Dumbing down Framing Media circus Media event Narcotizing dysfunction Recuperation Sensationalism Others Crowd manipulation Managing the news Media manipulation Philosophers Theodor W. Adorno Jean Baudrillard Edward Bernays Noam Chomsky Guy Debord Walter Lippmann Marshall McLuhan Counterculture Boycott Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstration Graffiti Occupation Political satire Protest Punk Strike action In academia Influence of mass media Media studies Semiotic democracy The Lonely Crowd Issues Anonymity Concentration of media ownership Freedom of speech Media bias Privacy Synonyms Advanced capitalism Culture industry Mass society Post-Fordism Society of the Spectacle Media manipulation Context Bias Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half-truths Machiavellianism Media Obfuscation Orwellian Persuasion Psychological manipulation Activism Alternative media Boycott Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstrations Guerrilla communication Hacktivism Internet Media Occupations Petitions Protests Youth Advertising Billboards False Infomercials Mobiles Modeling Radio Sex Slogans Testimonials TV Criticism of advertising Censorship Regulation Books Broadcast law Burying of scholars Corporate Cover-ups Euphemism Films Historical negationism Internet Political Religious Self Hoaxing Alternative facts April Fools' Fake news website Fakelore Fictitious entries Forgery Gaslighting List Literary Racial Urban legend Virus Marketing Branding Loyalty Product Product placement Publicity Research Word of mouth News media Agenda-setting Broadcasting Circus Cycle False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism Political campaigning Advertising Astroturfing Attack ad Canvassing Character assassination Charm offensive Dog-whistle politics Election promises Lawn signs Manifestos Name recognition Negative Push polling Smear campaign Wedge issue Propaganda Bandwagon Crowd manipulation Disinformation Fearmongering Framing Indoctrination Loaded language Lying press National mythology Techniques Psychological warfare Airborne leaflets False flag Fifth column Information (IT) Lawfare Political Public diplomacy Sedition Subversion Public relations Cult of personality Doublespeak Non-apology apology Reputation management Slogans Sound bites Spin Transfer Understatement Weasel words Sales Cold calling Door-to-door Pricing Product demonstrations Promotion Promotional merchandise Telemarketing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=News_media&oldid=801847448 '' Categories : News media Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Interlingue ქართული Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Polski Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017, at 07:44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -554168279869467008 |
who voiced count dooku in the clone wars | Corey Gregg Weinberg ( born August 3 , 1955 ) , better known as Corey Burton , is an American voice actor known as the current voice of Ludwig Von Drake , Captain Hook and many other characters for numerous Disney projects , Brainiac in the DC animated universe , several central characters ( Count Dooku , Cad Bane , and Ziro the Hutt ) for numerous Star Wars projects and Spike Witwicky and Shockwave in the Transformers universe . He has worked on numerous cartoon series for major networks such as Cartoon Network and has worked extensively with The Walt Disney Company and Disney theme parks . | [
[
"Corey Burton"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Corey Burton Corey Gregg Weinberg ( 1955 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Granada Hills , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Other names Cory Burton Corey Weinman Occupation Voice actor Years active 1972 -- present Known for Ludwig Von Drake ( voice ) , Brainiac ( voice ) , Captain Hook ( voice ) , Shockwave ( voice ) , Hugo Strange ( voice ) Awards Annie Award Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production 2003 for Disney 's House of Mouse Website coreyburton.com",
"Corey Burton",
"Corey Gregg Weinberg ( 1955 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Granada Hills , Los Angeles , California , U.S.",
"Other names Cory Burton Corey Weinman",
"Occupation Voice actor",
"Years active 1972 -- present",
"Known for Ludwig Von Drake ( voice ) , Brainiac ( voice ) , Captain Hook ( voice ) , Shockwave ( voice ) , Hugo Strange ( voice )",
"Awards Annie Award Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production 2003 for Disney 's House of Mouse",
"Website coreyburton.com",
"Corey Gregg Weinberg ( born August 3 , 1955 ) , better known as Corey Burton , is an American voice actor known as the current voice of Ludwig Von Drake , Captain Hook and many other characters for numerous Disney projects , Brainiac in the DC animated universe , several central characters ( Count Dooku , Cad Bane , and Ziro the Hutt ) for numerous Star Wars projects and Spike Witwicky and Shockwave in the Transformers universe . He has worked on numerous cartoon series for major networks such as Cartoon Network and has worked extensively with The Walt Disney Company and Disney theme parks .",
"Corey Burton began his career at age 17 under the name Corey Weinman , with an imitation performance of voice actor Hans Conried for Disney . He studied radio acting with Daws Butler ( Time for Beany , Merrie Melodies , Yogi Bear ) for four years and went on to work with nearly all of the original Hollywood radio actors in classic - style radio dramas .",
"Burton has done extensive voice work for Disney including feature animations and interactive sections of the company , as well as many attractions at the Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World Resort and Tokyo Disney Resort . He provides the `` Feature Presentation '' voice on numerous Disney home video releases and can be heard as the tram narration voice at Disneyland Park . He provided the voice of Captain Hook in Disney 's Return to Never Land and overdubbed the voice of Deems Taylor , the Master of Ceremonies in Fantasia , for the film 's 2000 and 2010 video and DVD releases , as some of Taylor 's original soundtracks had been lost .",
"Burton has voiced sound - alikes and original characters for over 50 Disney Storyteller records . His roles include :",
"Ludwig Von Drake in DuckTales , Raw Toonage , Bonkers , Quack Pack , Mickey Mouse Works , Disney 's House of Mouse , Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , Mickey Mouse and Mickey and the Roadster Racers . Dale in Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers . The Mad Hatter in Bonkers and Disney 's House of Mouse . Gruffi Gummi and Toadwart in Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears ( following the death of Bill Scott ) . Zeus in Disney 's Hercules : The Animated Series ( replacing Rip Torn ) . Quint and Speedy the Snail in The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa . Gaëtan `` Mole '' Molière in Atlantis : The Lost Empire and Atlantis : Milo 's Return . Captain Hook in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse , Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , Disney 's House of Mouse , Return to Never Land and Jake and the Never Land Pirates . Captain Hook , Dale and Yen Sid in the Kingdom Hearts series . The White Rabbit , The Doorknob and Flotsam and Jetsam in Kingdom Hearts . The MCP , Santa Claus , Sark , Shan Yu and The Peddler in Kingdom Hearts II . Ansem the Wise / DiZ in Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance and Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days ( HD 1.5 Remix ) . The Magic Mirror and Grumpy in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . Claude Frollo in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . The Narrator in Goofy appearances ( 1992 -- present ) . Professor Owl in the Disney Sing - Along Songs series . King Stefan in Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams . Mr. Smee in Disney 's Villains ' Revenge . The White Rabbit in Disney 's Villains ' Revenge and Disney 's House of Mouse . The Ringmaster from Dumbo in Disney 's Villains ' Revenge . Buzz Lightyear and other additional voices in the Disney on Ice adaptation of Toy Story 3 . Yen Sid and Captain Hook ( the latter through vocal effects ) in Epic Mickey . Doc Hudson in the Cars media and Radiator Springs Racers ( replacing Paul Newman ) . General Knowledge from the former Cranium Command attraction at Epcot . Dale , Bruno Biggs and Moe Whiplash from Walt Disney World Quest : Magical Racing Tour .",
"Ludwig Von Drake in DuckTales , Raw Toonage , Bonkers , Quack Pack , Mickey Mouse Works , Disney 's House of Mouse , Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , Mickey Mouse and Mickey and the Roadster Racers .",
"Dale in Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers .",
"The Mad Hatter in Bonkers and Disney 's House of Mouse .",
"Gruffi Gummi and Toadwart in Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears ( following the death of Bill Scott ) .",
"Zeus in Disney 's Hercules : The Animated Series ( replacing Rip Torn ) .",
"Quint and Speedy the Snail in The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa .",
"Gaëtan `` Mole '' Molière in Atlantis : The Lost Empire and Atlantis : Milo 's Return .",
"Captain Hook in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse , Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , Disney 's House of Mouse , Return to Never Land and Jake and the Never Land Pirates .",
"Captain Hook , Dale and Yen Sid in the Kingdom Hearts series . The White Rabbit , The Doorknob and Flotsam and Jetsam in Kingdom Hearts . The MCP , Santa Claus , Sark , Shan Yu and The Peddler in Kingdom Hearts II . Ansem the Wise / DiZ in Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance and Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days ( HD 1.5 Remix ) . The Magic Mirror and Grumpy in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . Claude Frollo in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance .",
"The White Rabbit , The Doorknob and Flotsam and Jetsam in Kingdom Hearts . The MCP , Santa Claus , Sark , Shan Yu and The Peddler in Kingdom Hearts II . Ansem the Wise / DiZ in Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance and Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days ( HD 1.5 Remix ) . The Magic Mirror and Grumpy in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . Claude Frollo in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance .",
"The White Rabbit , The Doorknob and Flotsam and Jetsam in Kingdom Hearts .",
"The MCP , Santa Claus , Sark , Shan Yu and The Peddler in Kingdom Hearts II .",
"Ansem the Wise / DiZ in Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance and Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days ( HD 1.5 Remix ) .",
"The Magic Mirror and Grumpy in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep .",
"Claude Frollo in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance .",
"The Narrator in Goofy appearances ( 1992 -- present ) .",
"Professor Owl in the Disney Sing - Along Songs series .",
"King Stefan in Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams .",
"Mr. Smee in Disney 's Villains ' Revenge .",
"The White Rabbit in Disney 's Villains ' Revenge and Disney 's House of Mouse .",
"The Ringmaster from Dumbo in Disney 's Villains ' Revenge .",
"Buzz Lightyear and other additional voices in the Disney on Ice adaptation of Toy Story 3 .",
"Yen Sid and Captain Hook ( the latter through vocal effects ) in Epic Mickey .",
"Doc Hudson in the Cars media and Radiator Springs Racers ( replacing Paul Newman ) .",
"General Knowledge from the former Cranium Command attraction at Epcot .",
"Dale , Bruno Biggs and Moe Whiplash from Walt Disney World Quest : Magical Racing Tour .",
"Burton is perhaps best known to Disney fans for his imitation of the late voice actor Paul Frees as the Ghost Host in Disneyland 's Haunted Mansion Holiday attraction . Burton also recited the classic line `` Welcome , foolish mortals '' in the opening of the film version of The Haunted Mansion .",
"Burton was also approached to record a new safety spiel for the beginning of the original Haunted Mansion ride . He declined and the spiel was instead recorded by voice actor Joe Leahy .",
"Burton provides many others Paul Frees - like voices for Disneyland Park , including several newer pirates in the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction ( like the `` Pooped Pirate '' and the pirate voice that guides you on and off the boat ) , Grumpy on the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train attraction , and almost every voice in Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride .",
"Burton performed another Frees imitation for comedian Stan Freberg 's album Stan Freberg Presents The United States of America , Volume Two .",
"Burton performed a Frees imitation as the voice of the announcer in the 1999 film Dudley Do - Right .",
"In the 60th Anniversary Edition and the 2010 special edition of Disney 's Fantasia , Corey Burton voiced all of Deems Taylor 's voice - over work . The original audio elements for Deems Taylor 's commentaries were getting so deteriorated that they could not be used anymore . Disney decided to have Corey Burton re-record all of Deems Taylor 's commentaries for consistency .",
"Burton appeared as Shockwave , Sunstreaker , Brawn and Spike Witwicky in the 1984 - 87 Transformers cartoon series by Sunbow Productions & Marvel Productions . He later appeared as Megatron , Ratchet , Ironhide , Brawn , Cyrus `` The Colossus '' Rhodes , Spike Witwicky and Longarm Prime / Shockwave in the Transformers Animated series by Cartoon Network .",
"Burton stated in an interview that Shockwave was by far his favorite character to perform in the original show . However , he turned down the offer to reprise the role in Transformers : Dark of the Moon , so the part was given to Frank Welker , the voice of Megatron / Galvatron .",
"For Star Wars , Burton voiced Count Dooku in Star Wars : Clone Wars , Star Wars : The Clone Wars and several Star Wars video games .",
"For the Kingdom Hearts series , Burton voiced Ansem the Wise / DiZ in Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep and Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . which the latter he did due to the late Christopher Lee 's failing health . Also for the cinematic version of Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days which was part of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix , Burton did the role of DiZ in one of the new cutscenes and also redubbed all of Lee 's lines from the original Nintendo DS version .",
"Burton has portrayed Brainiac in the DC animated universe . He appeared as Brainiac in eight episodes of Superman : The Animated Series , two episodes of Justice League , two episodes of Static Shock , and five episodes of Justice League Unlimited . Although not set within the DCAU , he also voiced Brainiac in three episodes of Legion of Super Heroes and reprised his role in the online game DC Universe Online .",
"Narrated the 1992 Discovery Channel documentary Great White ! , by Barry Clark Productions and directed by underwater photographer John McKenney . The Russian , Ronald Marshall and The Scarecrow in Batman : Gotham Knight . V.V. Argost and Leonidas Van Rook in The Secret Saturdays . James Bond Jr. in the animated series of the same name . The Pupununu in Tak and the Power of Juju . Invisibo in Freakazoid ! . Old Queeks in Mike , Lu & Og . Captain Marvel in Superman / Batman : Public Enemies . Red Tornado , Silver Cyclone , Doctor Mid-Nite , Doc Magnus , Mercury and Thomas Wayne in Batman : The Brave and the Bold . Ziro the Hutt in the 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars film and in the television series ( 2008 - 2014 ) , Count Dooku and Cad Bane . Tomax in G.I. Joe . Goon , Kanawk and Tauron in Robotix . Law in G.I. Joe : Renegades . Brain , Dudley H. Dudley , Hamilton Hill , James Gordon , and Wizard in Young Justice . Burglar in The Powerpuff Girls episode `` Burglar Alarmed '' . Dash Whippet and additional voices for Pound Puppies , starting in season 2 . Brainstorm , Malware and Mr. Baumann in Ben 10 : Omniverse . Dracula in Avengers Assemble and Ultimate Spider - Man . Ranger Smith in the Spümcø animated specials , Boo Boo Runs Wild and A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith . Various male characters on Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi .",
"Narrated the 1992 Discovery Channel documentary Great White ! , by Barry Clark Productions and directed by underwater photographer John McKenney .",
"The Russian , Ronald Marshall and The Scarecrow in Batman : Gotham Knight .",
"V.V. Argost and Leonidas Van Rook in The Secret Saturdays .",
"James Bond Jr. in the animated series of the same name .",
"The Pupununu in Tak and the Power of Juju .",
"Invisibo in Freakazoid ! .",
"Old Queeks in Mike , Lu & Og .",
"Captain Marvel in Superman / Batman : Public Enemies .",
"Red Tornado , Silver Cyclone , Doctor Mid-Nite , Doc Magnus , Mercury and Thomas Wayne in Batman : The Brave and the Bold .",
"Ziro the Hutt in the 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars film and in the television series ( 2008 - 2014 ) , Count Dooku and Cad Bane .",
"Tomax in G.I. Joe .",
"Goon , Kanawk and Tauron in Robotix .",
"Law in G.I. Joe : Renegades .",
"Brain , Dudley H. Dudley , Hamilton Hill , James Gordon , and Wizard in Young Justice .",
"Burglar in The Powerpuff Girls episode `` Burglar Alarmed '' .",
"Dash Whippet and additional voices for Pound Puppies , starting in season 2 .",
"Brainstorm , Malware and Mr. Baumann in Ben 10 : Omniverse .",
"Dracula in Avengers Assemble and Ultimate Spider - Man .",
"Ranger Smith in the Spümcø animated specials , Boo Boo Runs Wild and A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith .",
"Various male characters on Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi .",
"Burton played Starlab Controller Jerry Lyden in the syndicated radio drama series Alien Worlds . Burton has done work for the Universal Studios - Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando , Florida in addition to the Universal Studios Japan theme park . Burton does voice - overs for many commercials and promos ; for instance , Burton 's voice is featured in some Old Navy commercials , a role he inherited after the death of Bill Wendell . He recently provided his voice for the Final Fantasy XII TV promo . In the WWE , Burton provided voice - overs for the WrestleMania XXV recap segments . Almost all character roles in the 1980 cult classic Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind . In the Critters film series , he provided the voices for the Krites , but he was only credited for the first one , and he also developed their language ( as revealed on his website ) . The narrator for the video game Brütal Legend . Tromell Guado and Maester Kelk Ronso in the PlayStation 2 video game Final Fantasy X . Volteer the Electric Guardian Dragon , Exhumor , and Mason in The Legend of Spyro trilogy . Zeus in the video game God of War II for the PlayStation 2 , and God of War III for the PlayStation 3 . Footman , Bricabrac , Goggles , Fluffy Show Announcer and WACME Quiz Master in the 1996 adventure game Toonstruck . Numerous supporting roles on Focus on the Family 's radio drama Adventures in Odyssey , voicing over 90 characters , most notably Jesus Christ , Walter Shakespeare , Cryin ' Bryan Dern , and The Great Wishy Woz . Doctor N. Gin and Doctor Nefarious Tropy in the GameCube and PlayStation video game Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex . Jack the animated pumpkin that narrates the haunted attraction The House at Haunted Hill . Narrator of The A-Team . Hugo Strange in the video game Batman : Arkham City . John Grey ( Jean Grey 's father ) for two episodes of Wolverine and the X-Men . Provided voice samples for some songs , most famously in DJ Hazard 's drum and bass track entitled ' Machete ' , he is also working with Australian producer ShockOne to provide voice samples for his new album named ' Universus ' . Game Narrator for Disney Coaster . Announcer for the El Rey Network launched by Robert Rodriguez . Yoda in 1997 and 2015 Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back Read - Along Storybook and CD and Star Wars : Return of the Jedi Read - Along Storybook and CD .",
"Burton played Starlab Controller Jerry Lyden in the syndicated radio drama series Alien Worlds .",
"Burton has done work for the Universal Studios - Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando , Florida in addition to the Universal Studios Japan theme park .",
"Burton does voice - overs for many commercials and promos ; for instance , Burton 's voice is featured in some Old Navy commercials , a role he inherited after the death of Bill Wendell . He recently provided his voice for the Final Fantasy XII TV promo .",
"In the WWE , Burton provided voice - overs for the WrestleMania XXV recap segments .",
"Almost all character roles in the 1980 cult classic Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind .",
"In the Critters film series , he provided the voices for the Krites , but he was only credited for the first one , and he also developed their language ( as revealed on his website ) .",
"The narrator for the video game Brütal Legend .",
"Tromell Guado and Maester Kelk Ronso in the PlayStation 2 video game Final Fantasy X .",
"Volteer the Electric Guardian Dragon , Exhumor , and Mason in The Legend of Spyro trilogy .",
"Zeus in the video game God of War II for the PlayStation 2 , and God of War III for the PlayStation 3 .",
"Footman , Bricabrac , Goggles , Fluffy Show Announcer and WACME Quiz Master in the 1996 adventure game Toonstruck .",
"Numerous supporting roles on Focus on the Family 's radio drama Adventures in Odyssey , voicing over 90 characters , most notably Jesus Christ , Walter Shakespeare , Cryin ' Bryan Dern , and The Great Wishy Woz .",
"Doctor N. Gin and Doctor Nefarious Tropy in the GameCube and PlayStation video game Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex .",
"Jack the animated pumpkin that narrates the haunted attraction The House at Haunted Hill .",
"Narrator of The A-Team .",
"Hugo Strange in the video game Batman : Arkham City .",
"John Grey ( Jean Grey 's father ) for two episodes of Wolverine and the X-Men .",
"Provided voice samples for some songs , most famously in DJ Hazard 's drum and bass track entitled ' Machete ' , he is also working with Australian producer ShockOne to provide voice samples for his new album named ' Universus ' .",
"Game Narrator for Disney Coaster .",
"Announcer for the El Rey Network launched by Robert Rodriguez .",
"Yoda in 1997 and 2015 Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back Read - Along Storybook and CD and Star Wars : Return of the Jedi Read - Along Storybook and CD .",
"Year Title Role Note ( s ) 1980 Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind Narrator 1981 Wolfen ESS Voice 1982 The Sword and the Sorcerer Additional Voices Water Engine Mag - Lev Man , Farmer The Adventures of Curious George The Man in the Yellow Hat , Additional voices Good - bye , Cruel World Additional Voices Horizons Futureport ' Brava Centauri ' Announcer 1986 Critters Critters The Transformers : The Movie Brawn , Shockwave , Spike Witwicky Poltergeist II : The Other Side Reverend Henry Kane Uncredited Flight of the Navigator R.A.L.F. Uncredited Disney Sing - Along Songs : Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain I Am Joe 's Ear Joe 's Ear Castle in the Sky Additional Voices 2003 English dub Disney Sing - Along Songs : Heigh - Ho Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain G.I. Joe : The Movie Tomax Spaceballs Dink Uncredited Amazon Women on the Moon Anchorman ( Segment : `` Murray in Videoland '' ) , TV Announcer ( Segment : `` Amazon Women on the Moon '' ) , Announcer ( Segment : `` Silly Pate '' ) Disney Sing - Along Songs : The Bare Necessities Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain , Jiminy Cricket Invasion Earth : The Aliens Are Here Alien Voice Disney Sing - Along Songs : You Can Fly ! Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain Poltergeist III Reverend Henry Kane Uncredited Kiki 's Delivery Service Radio Announcer 1998 English dub Disney Sing - Along Songs : Fun with Music Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain Goofy About Health Narrator Cranium Command General Knowledge , Chicken Stanley and the Dinosaurs Stanley 1990 Roller Coaster Rabbit Droopy Disney Sing - Along Songs : Under the Sea Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain Disney Sing - Along Songs : Disneyland Fun Professor Owl , White Rabbit , Dale , Bertie Birdbrain Uncredited Disney Sing - Along Songs : Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain 1992 Disney Sing - Along Songs : Be Our Guest Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain Aladdin Prince Achmed , Necklace Merchant Trail Mix - Up Droopy Disney Sing - Along Songs : Friend Like Me Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain Mickey 's Fun Songs : Campout at Walt Disney World Dale Disney Sing - Along Songs : Circle of Life Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain 1995 A Goofy Movie Additional Voices Mickey 's Fun Songs : Beach Party at Walt Disney World Dale , Captain Hook , Mr. Smee Disney Sing - Along Songs : Colors of the Wind Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain The Best of Roger Rabbit Droopy Dog ( Segments : `` Roller Coaster Rabbit '' and `` Trail Mix - Up ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame Brutish Guard , Additional Voices Black Mask Commissioner Disney 's Greatest Video , Volume 1 Dale the Chipmunk , Ludwig Von Drake Aladdin and the King of Thieves Additional Voices 1997 Hercules Titans , Burnt Man , End - of - the - World Man , Tour Bus Guide Disney Sing - Along Songs : Zero to Hero Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain 1998 Mulan Ancestor The Spirit of Mickey Ludwig Von Drake Disney Sing - Along Songs : Honor to Us All Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain Hercules : Zero to Hero Zeus Skating the Half Pipe Narrator Paracycling Narrator 1999 Dudley Do - Right The Announcer Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas Dale Toy Story 2 Woody 's Roundup Announcer The Trumpet of the Swan Senator Atlantis : The Lost Empire Gaëtan `` Mole '' Molière Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse Ludwig Von Drake , Gus , Grumpy , Captain Hook , Mad Hatter 2002 Return to Never Land Captain Hook The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald : Have Time , Will Travel Bug , Mob Man # 1 Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Gus , Stable Hand , Mert Mickey 's House of Villains Captain Hook , Chernabog , ' How to ' Narrator , Chief O'Hara Treasure Planet Onus 2003 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure The Thunderbolt Adventure Hour Narrator Atlantis : Milo 's Return Mole Stitch ! The Movie Additional voices The Lion King 11⁄2 Grumpy Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas Elf # 4 2005 Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars Martian Scientist , Court Attendant , Eyes at Gate 2006 Asterix and the Vikings Doublehelix English dub 2007 Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Gus Mickey 's Great Clubhouse Hunt Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale Planet Terror Additional Narrator Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams King Stefan How to Hook Up Your Home Theater Narrator 2008 Justice League : The New Frontier Abin Sur , Ray Palmer Batman : Gotham Knight The Russian , Ronald Marshall , The Scarecrow Starship Troopers 3 : Marauder Official Voice Star Wars : The Clone Wars Whorm Loathsom , Ziro the Hutt , Kronos - 327 2009 Mickey 's Adventures in Wonderland Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Captain Marvel , Solomon Grundy The Princess and the Frog Mr. Harvey Fenner Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Choo - Choo Express Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale The A-Team Narrator Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Road Rally Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale 2011 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Space Adventure Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale 2012 Hotel Transylvania Additional Voices Goodnight Mr. Foot Bigfoot 2013 Zambezia Neville the Lilian 's lovebird Machete Kills Trailer Voice Guy 2014 JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Captain Cold , Time Trapper Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery Bayard , Announcer Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy Baron Basil , Ghost of the Baron Rocky and Bullwinkle Snidely Whiplash , Mayor",
"Year Title Role Note ( s )",
"1980 Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind Narrator",
"1981 Wolfen ESS Voice",
"1982 The Sword and the Sorcerer Additional Voices",
"Water Engine Mag - Lev Man , Farmer",
"The Adventures of Curious George The Man in the Yellow Hat , Additional voices",
"Good - bye , Cruel World Additional Voices",
"Horizons Futureport ' Brava Centauri ' Announcer",
"1986 Critters Critters",
"The Transformers : The Movie Brawn , Shockwave , Spike Witwicky",
"Poltergeist II : The Other Side Reverend Henry Kane Uncredited",
"Flight of the Navigator R.A.L.F. Uncredited",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain",
"I Am Joe 's Ear Joe 's Ear",
"Castle in the Sky Additional Voices 2003 English dub",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Heigh - Ho Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain",
"G.I. Joe : The Movie Tomax",
"Spaceballs Dink Uncredited",
"Amazon Women on the Moon Anchorman ( Segment : `` Murray in Videoland '' ) , TV Announcer ( Segment : `` Amazon Women on the Moon '' ) , Announcer ( Segment : `` Silly Pate '' )",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : The Bare Necessities Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain , Jiminy Cricket",
"Invasion Earth : The Aliens Are Here Alien Voice",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : You Can Fly ! Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain",
"Poltergeist III Reverend Henry Kane Uncredited",
"Kiki 's Delivery Service Radio Announcer 1998 English dub",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Fun with Music Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain",
"Goofy About Health Narrator",
"Cranium Command General Knowledge , Chicken",
"Stanley and the Dinosaurs Stanley",
"1990 Roller Coaster Rabbit Droopy",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Under the Sea Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Disneyland Fun Professor Owl , White Rabbit , Dale , Bertie Birdbrain Uncredited",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain",
"1992 Disney Sing - Along Songs : Be Our Guest Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain",
"Aladdin Prince Achmed , Necklace Merchant",
"Trail Mix - Up Droopy",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Friend Like Me Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain",
"Mickey 's Fun Songs : Campout at Walt Disney World Dale",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Circle of Life Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain",
"1995 A Goofy Movie Additional Voices",
"Mickey 's Fun Songs : Beach Party at Walt Disney World Dale , Captain Hook , Mr. Smee",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Colors of the Wind Professor Owl , Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain",
"The Best of Roger Rabbit Droopy Dog ( Segments : `` Roller Coaster Rabbit '' and `` Trail Mix - Up )",
"The Hunchback of Notre Dame Brutish Guard , Additional Voices",
"Black Mask Commissioner",
"Disney 's Greatest Video , Volume 1 Dale the Chipmunk , Ludwig Von Drake",
"Aladdin and the King of Thieves Additional Voices",
"1997 Hercules Titans , Burnt Man , End - of - the - World Man , Tour Bus Guide",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Zero to Hero Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain",
"1998 Mulan Ancestor",
"The Spirit of Mickey Ludwig Von Drake",
"Disney Sing - Along Songs : Honor to Us All Professor Owl , Bertie Birdbrain",
"Hercules : Zero to Hero Zeus",
"Skating the Half Pipe Narrator",
"Paracycling Narrator",
"1999 Dudley Do - Right The Announcer",
"Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas Dale",
"Toy Story 2 Woody 's Roundup Announcer",
"The Trumpet of the Swan Senator",
"Atlantis : The Lost Empire Gaëtan `` Mole '' Molière",
"Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse Ludwig Von Drake , Gus , Grumpy , Captain Hook , Mad Hatter",
"2002 Return to Never Land Captain Hook",
"The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald : Have Time , Will Travel Bug , Mob Man # 1",
"Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Gus , Stable Hand , Mert",
"Mickey 's House of Villains Captain Hook , Chernabog , ' How to ' Narrator , Chief O'Hara",
"Treasure Planet Onus",
"2003 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure The Thunderbolt Adventure Hour Narrator",
"Atlantis : Milo 's Return Mole",
"Stitch ! The Movie Additional voices",
"The Lion King 11⁄2 Grumpy",
"Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas Elf # 4",
"2005 Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars Martian Scientist , Court Attendant , Eyes at Gate",
"2006 Asterix and the Vikings Doublehelix English dub",
"2007 Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Gus",
"Mickey 's Great Clubhouse Hunt Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale",
"Planet Terror Additional Narrator",
"Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams King Stefan",
"How to Hook Up Your Home Theater Narrator",
"2008 Justice League : The New Frontier Abin Sur , Ray Palmer",
"Batman : Gotham Knight The Russian , Ronald Marshall , The Scarecrow",
"Starship Troopers 3 : Marauder Official Voice",
"Star Wars : The Clone Wars Whorm Loathsom , Ziro the Hutt , Kronos - 327",
"2009 Mickey 's Adventures in Wonderland Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale",
"Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Captain Marvel , Solomon Grundy",
"The Princess and the Frog Mr. Harvey Fenner",
"Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Choo - Choo Express Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale",
"The A-Team Narrator",
"Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Road Rally Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale",
"2011 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Space Adventure Ludwig Von Drake , Chip ' n ' Dale",
"2012 Hotel Transylvania Additional Voices",
"Goodnight Mr. Foot Bigfoot",
"2013 Zambezia Neville the Lilian 's lovebird",
"Machete Kills Trailer Voice Guy",
"2014 JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Captain Cold , Time Trapper",
"Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery Bayard , Announcer",
"Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy Baron Basil , Ghost of the Baron",
"Rocky and Bullwinkle Snidely Whiplash , Mayor",
"Year Title Role Notes 1981 Spider - Man The Lizard 1984 -- 87 The Transformers Brawn , Shockwave , Sunstreaker , Spike Witwicky , Alpha Trion , Quintesson Scientist Mara Al Utha , Wideload , Dion , Additional Voices 1985 Robotix Tauron , Goon , Kanawk 1985 -- 86 G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero Tomax , Lt. Clay Moore , Owen Van Mark , Gerky Potemkin 1986 DTV Valentine Gruffi Gummi 1986 -- 91 Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Gruffi Gummi , Toadwart , Additional Voices Replaced Bill Scott in Season 2 1987 -- 89 DuckTales Ludwig Von Drake , Phil Barker , Additional Voices Ep . `` The Golden Fleecing '' Episode : `` Dime Enough for Luck '' Ep . `` Yuppy Ducks '' 1989 -- 90 Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers Dale , Zipper , Mole , Snout , Additional Voices 1990 The Magical World of Disney Ludwig Von Drake Ep . `` A DuckTales Valentine '' 1991 James Bond Jr . James Bond Jr . 1992 Goof Troop ' How to ' Narrator , Circus Ringmaster Raw Toonage Ludwig Von Drake , Captain Hook Ep . `` Spatula Party / Doggie Schnauzer / Marsupilami Meets Dr. Normanstein '' Ep . `` Sheerluck Bonkers / All Potato Network / The Puck Stops Here '' Darkwing Duck Rubber Chicken Ep . `` Mutantcy on the Bouncy '' 1993 -- 94 Bonkers Ludwig Von Drake , Mad Hatter , Additional Voices 1993 -- 94 Mighty Max Felix , Osiris 1995 -- 99 The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa Quint , Speedy the Snail , Fronk , Creepy Fortune Teller 1995 -- 96 Phantom 2040 Kit Walker , 23rd Phantom , Biot , Security Biot , 20th Phantom , Thin Man Quack Pack Ludwig Von Drake 1996 -- 2003 Dexter 's Laboratory The Narrator ( Super-Monkey from Dial M for Monkey ) Ep . `` The Lab of Tomorrow '' 1996 -- 98 Superman : The Animated Series Brainiac , Binko , Stand Owner , Tribunal , Additional Voices 1997 Freakazoid ! Invisibo Ep . `` Normadeus '' 1998 -- 99 Disney 's Hercules : The Animated Series Zeus 1999 -- 2001 Batman Beyond Istivan Hegedesh , Vilmos Egans , Barge Captain , Captain , Kobra Op # 1 1999 -- 2001 Mickey Mouse Works Ludwig Von Drake , J. Audubon Woodlore , Chief O'Hara , Narrator 1999 Boo Boo Runs Wild Ranger Smith , Moose A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith Ranger Smith 2000 Poochini 's Yard Additional Voices 2001 -- 02 Disney 's House of Mouse Ludwig Von Drake , J. Audubon Woodlore , Grumpy , Timothy Q. Mouse , Cards , Tweedledee and Tweedledum , White Rabbit , Mad Hatter , Captain Hook , Maurice , Zeus , Chernabog , Female Von Drake , Doorknob , Santa Claus , Caterpillar , `` Honest '' John Worthington Foulfellow 2001 -- 03 Justice League Brainiac , Forager , Metallo , Toyman , Weather Wizard 2002 -- 17 Samurai Jack Monk # 1 , Goatman , The Murder of Crows Ep . `` Jack and the Monks '' Ep . `` XCV '' 2003 Static Shock Brainiac Ep . `` A League of Their Own : Part 1 '' Ep . `` A League of Their Own : Part 2 '' 2003 -- 05 Star Wars : Clone Wars Count Dooku , San Hill , Warrior # 2 ChalkZone King Mumbo Jumbo , Stick Figure Baker Ep . `` The Big Blow Up '' 2005 Duck Dodgers Martian Commander Z - 9 Ep . `` Of Course You Know , This Means War and Peace : Part 1 '' Ep . `` Of Course You Know , This Means War and Peace : Part 2 '' 2005 -- 06 Justice League Unlimited Brainiac , Key , Sonar ( Bito Wladon ) , Toyman ( Winslow Percival Schott ) , Weather Wizard ( Mark Mardon ) 2006 -- 16 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Ludwig Von Drake , Dale 2007 -- 09 Transformers : Animated Ratchet , Megatron , Shockwave , Ironhide , Spike Witwicky , Cyrus `` The Colossus '' Rhodes , Cyclonus , Brawn 2007 -- 08 Legion of Super Heroes Brainiac 2008 -- 14 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus , Cad Bane , Ziro the Hutt , Chairman Papanoida , Additional Voices 2008 -- 10 The Secret Saturdays V.V. Argost , Leonidas Van Rook 2008 -- 11 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Red Tornado , Silver Cyclone , Thomas Wayne ( Ep . `` Invasion of the Secret Santas ! '' ) , False - Face , Doctor Mid-Nite , Dr. William Milton Magnus , Mercury , Chancellor Gor - Zonn , General Zahl , Killer Moth , Batman ( Bat - Manga version ) , Joker ( Scooby - Doo version ) , Green Lantern ( Alan Scott ) 2009 Disney 's Haunted Holidays : Tales of Two Cities Hatbox Ghost Freaknik : The Musical Newscaster , Dukes of Hazzard Announcer 2010 - 11 Sym - Bionic Titan Galalunian Commander , Combat Instructor , Academy Administrator Ep . `` Phantom Ninja '' Ep . `` Shadows of Youth '' Ep . Escape from Galalunia 2011 G.I. Joe : Renegades Law , Granger , Crippled Convict Ep . `` Busted '' Ep . `` Fire Fight '' 2011 -- 15 Jake and the Never Land Pirates Captain Hook 2011 -- 12 ThunderCats Jaga , Tygus 2011 -- 2012 Young Justice Brain , Dudley H Dudley , Hamilton Hill , Wizard , Commissioner James Gordon Ep . `` Alpha Male '' Ep . `` Misplaced '' 2012 Black Dynamite Dennis Flynn Ep . `` Just Beat It or Jackson Five Across Yo ' Eyes '' Green Lantern : The Animated Series Cleric Loran , Leph Ep . `` Reckoning '' Ep . `` Fear Itself '' 2012 -- 14 Ben 10 : Omniverse Malware , Mr. Baumann , Brainstorm , Seebik , Fiskerton , V.V. Argost , Albedo Brainstorm , Kane North / Kangaroo Kommando 2012 -- 15 Gravity Falls Additional Voices 2014 -- 15 Wander Over Yonder Captain , Additional Voices 2014 - present Mickey Mouse Ludwig Von Drake 2015 Clarence Hank Ep . `` Dust Buddies '' Star vs. the Forces of Evil Joust Joust Revolution Announcer , Monster Arm Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Additional Voices 2015 -- 16 Star Wars Rebels Quarrie , Eesh Fahm , Imperial Officer Ep . `` Wings of the Master '' 2016 Uncle Grandpa Additional Voices Ep . `` Chill Out '' 2016 -- present Future - Worm ! Narrator 2016 -- present The Loud House Additional Voices 2017 -- present Mickey and the Roadster Racers Ludwig Von Drake , Dale 2017 DuckTales ( 2017 ) Ludwig Von Drake",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"1981 Spider - Man The Lizard",
"1984 -- 87 The Transformers Brawn , Shockwave , Sunstreaker , Spike Witwicky , Alpha Trion , Quintesson Scientist Mara Al Utha , Wideload , Dion , Additional Voices",
"1985 Robotix Tauron , Goon , Kanawk",
"1985 -- 86 G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero Tomax , Lt. Clay Moore , Owen Van Mark , Gerky Potemkin",
"1986 DTV Valentine Gruffi Gummi",
"1986 -- 91 Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Gruffi Gummi , Toadwart , Additional Voices Replaced Bill Scott in Season 2",
"1987 -- 89 DuckTales Ludwig Von Drake , Phil Barker , Additional Voices Ep . `` The Golden Fleecing '' Episode : `` Dime Enough for Luck '' Ep . `` Yuppy Ducks ''",
"1989 -- 90 Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers Dale , Zipper , Mole , Snout , Additional Voices",
"1990 The Magical World of Disney Ludwig Von Drake Ep . `` A DuckTales Valentine ''",
"1991 James Bond Jr . James Bond Jr .",
"1992 Goof Troop ' How to ' Narrator , Circus Ringmaster",
"Raw Toonage Ludwig Von Drake , Captain Hook Ep . `` Spatula Party / Doggie Schnauzer / Marsupilami Meets Dr. Normanstein '' Ep . `` Sheerluck Bonkers / All Potato Network / The Puck Stops Here ''",
"Darkwing Duck Rubber Chicken Ep . `` Mutantcy on the Bouncy ''",
"1993 -- 94 Bonkers Ludwig Von Drake , Mad Hatter , Additional Voices",
"1993 -- 94 Mighty Max Felix , Osiris",
"1995 -- 99 The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa Quint , Speedy the Snail , Fronk , Creepy Fortune Teller",
"1995 -- 96 Phantom 2040 Kit Walker , 23rd Phantom , Biot , Security Biot , 20th Phantom , Thin Man",
"Quack Pack Ludwig Von Drake",
"1996 -- 2003 Dexter 's Laboratory The Narrator ( Super-Monkey from Dial M for Monkey ) Ep . `` The Lab of Tomorrow ''",
"1996 -- 98 Superman : The Animated Series Brainiac , Binko , Stand Owner , Tribunal , Additional Voices",
"1997 Freakazoid ! Invisibo Ep . `` Normadeus ''",
"1998 -- 99 Disney 's Hercules : The Animated Series Zeus",
"1999 -- 2001 Batman Beyond Istivan Hegedesh , Vilmos Egans , Barge Captain , Captain , Kobra Op # 1",
"1999 -- 2001 Mickey Mouse Works Ludwig Von Drake , J. Audubon Woodlore , Chief O'Hara , Narrator",
"1999 Boo Boo Runs Wild Ranger Smith , Moose",
"A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith Ranger Smith",
"2000 Poochini 's Yard Additional Voices",
"2001 -- 02 Disney 's House of Mouse Ludwig Von Drake , J. Audubon Woodlore , Grumpy , Timothy Q. Mouse , Cards , Tweedledee and Tweedledum , White Rabbit , Mad Hatter , Captain Hook , Maurice , Zeus , Chernabog , Female Von Drake , Doorknob , Santa Claus , Caterpillar , `` Honest '' John Worthington Foulfellow",
"2001 -- 03 Justice League Brainiac , Forager , Metallo , Toyman , Weather Wizard",
"2002 -- 17 Samurai Jack Monk # 1 , Goatman , The Murder of Crows Ep . `` Jack and the Monks '' Ep . `` XCV ''",
"2003 Static Shock Brainiac Ep . `` A League of Their Own : Part 1 '' Ep . `` A League of Their Own : Part 2 ''",
"2003 -- 05 Star Wars : Clone Wars Count Dooku , San Hill , Warrior # 2",
"ChalkZone King Mumbo Jumbo , Stick Figure Baker Ep . `` The Big Blow Up ''",
"2005 Duck Dodgers Martian Commander Z - 9 Ep . `` Of Course You Know , This Means War and Peace : Part 1 '' Ep . `` Of Course You Know , This Means War and Peace : Part 2 ''",
"2005 -- 06 Justice League Unlimited Brainiac , Key , Sonar ( Bito Wladon ) , Toyman ( Winslow Percival Schott ) , Weather Wizard ( Mark Mardon )",
"2006 -- 16 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Ludwig Von Drake , Dale",
"2007 -- 09 Transformers : Animated Ratchet , Megatron , Shockwave , Ironhide , Spike Witwicky , Cyrus `` The Colossus '' Rhodes , Cyclonus , Brawn",
"2007 -- 08 Legion of Super Heroes Brainiac",
"2008 -- 14 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus , Cad Bane , Ziro the Hutt , Chairman Papanoida , Additional Voices",
"2008 -- 10 The Secret Saturdays V.V. Argost , Leonidas Van Rook",
"2008 -- 11 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Red Tornado , Silver Cyclone , Thomas Wayne ( Ep . `` Invasion of the Secret Santas ! '' ) , False - Face , Doctor Mid-Nite , Dr. William Milton Magnus , Mercury , Chancellor Gor - Zonn , General Zahl , Killer Moth , Batman ( Bat - Manga version ) , Joker ( Scooby - Doo version ) , Green Lantern ( Alan Scott )",
"2009 Disney 's Haunted Holidays : Tales of Two Cities Hatbox Ghost",
"Freaknik : The Musical Newscaster , Dukes of Hazzard Announcer",
"2010 - 11 Sym - Bionic Titan Galalunian Commander , Combat Instructor , Academy Administrator Ep . `` Phantom Ninja '' Ep . `` Shadows of Youth '' Ep . Escape from Galalunia",
"2011 G.I. Joe : Renegades Law , Granger , Crippled Convict Ep . `` Busted '' Ep . `` Fire Fight ''",
"2011 -- 15 Jake and the Never Land Pirates Captain Hook",
"2011 -- 12 ThunderCats Jaga , Tygus",
"2011 -- 2012 Young Justice Brain , Dudley H Dudley , Hamilton Hill , Wizard , Commissioner James Gordon Ep . `` Alpha Male '' Ep . `` Misplaced ''",
"2012 Black Dynamite Dennis Flynn Ep . `` Just Beat It or Jackson Five Across Yo ' Eyes ''",
"Green Lantern : The Animated Series Cleric Loran , Leph Ep . `` Reckoning '' Ep . `` Fear Itself ''",
"2012 -- 14 Ben 10 : Omniverse Malware , Mr. Baumann , Brainstorm , Seebik , Fiskerton , V.V. Argost , Albedo Brainstorm , Kane North / Kangaroo Kommando",
"2012 -- 15 Gravity Falls Additional Voices",
"2014 -- 15 Wander Over Yonder Captain , Additional Voices",
"2014 - present Mickey Mouse Ludwig Von Drake",
"2015 Clarence Hank Ep . `` Dust Buddies ''",
"Star vs. the Forces of Evil Joust Joust Revolution Announcer , Monster Arm",
"Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Additional Voices",
"2015 -- 16 Star Wars Rebels Quarrie , Eesh Fahm , Imperial Officer Ep . `` Wings of the Master ''",
"2016 Uncle Grandpa Additional Voices Ep . `` Chill Out ''",
"2016 -- present Future - Worm ! Narrator",
"2016 -- present The Loud House Additional Voices",
"2017 -- present Mickey and the Roadster Racers Ludwig Von Drake , Dale",
"2017 DuckTales ( 2017 ) Ludwig Von Drake",
"Disney 's Cartoon Arcade - Ludwig Von Drake Rocky & Bullwinkle 's Know - It - All Quiz Game - Narrator , Snidely Whiplash Superman : The New Adventures - Brainiac Disney 's Villains ' Revenge - Captain Hook , Smee , White Rabbit , Ringmaster Walt Disney World Quest : Magical Racing Tour - Dale , Moe Whiplash , Bruno Biggs Mickey 's Speedway USA - Professor Ludwig Von Drake Donald Duck : Goin ' Qu@ckers - Merlock , Gladstone Gander , Gyro Gearloose Atlantis : The Lost Empire - Molière Disney Learning : Phonics Quest - Yen Sid Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex - N. Gin , N. Tropy Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds - Count Dooku , Jedi Starfighter Pilot , Gen. Tal Ashen Kingdom Hearts - Captain Hook , The White Rabbit , The Doorknob , Floatsam , Jetsam Disney Golf - Ludwig Von Drake Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Battle Droid Scout , Count Dooku Star Wars : Bounty Hunter - Count Dooku , Darth Tyranus , Prison Guard # 1 The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge - Santa Claus EverQuest II - Wizard , Merchant Ihean , Ambassador T'Kirr , Vladiminn Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories - Captain Hook ( archive sound ) Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith - Count Dooku , Darth Tyranus , Flying Battle Droids , Jedi Sniper , Rune Haako , Jedi Brute , Jedi Pilot Star Wars : Battlefront II - Count Dooku , Imperial Officer # 2 , Ki Adi Mundi Kingdom Hearts II - Dale , MCP , Santa Claus , Sark , Shan - Yu , The Peddler , Yen Sid The Legend of Spyro : A New Beginning - Volteer , Exhumor The Legend of Spyro : The Eternal Night - Volteer , Exhumor Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ - Yen Sid , Dale , Sark , MCP , Santa Claus , Shan - Yu , The Peddler Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories - DiZ , Captain Hook Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey - Gus , Grumpy Cars Mater - National Championship - Doc Hudson The Legend of Spyro : Dawn of the Dragon - Volteer , Mason Grand Chase - Dungeon of Monsters Transformers Animated : The Game - Megatron , Ratchet , Shockwave Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Republic Heroes - Count Dooku , Darth Tyranus , Cad Bane Cars Race - O-Rama - Doc Hudson Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep - Ansem the Wise , Captain Hook , The Magic Mirror , Yen Sid , Dale , Grumpy Batman : The Brave and the Bold -- The Videogame - Red Tornado , Museum Guide , Weather Wizard Kingdom Hearts Re : coded - Dale , Yen Sid Epic Mickey - Yen Sid , Captain Hook DC Universe Online - Brainiac Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars - Count Dooku Batman : Arkham City - Hugo Strange Kinect : Disneyland Adventures - Dale , Mad Hatter , Captain Hook , Ghost Host Batman : Arkham City Lockdown - Hugo Strange Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance - Ansem the Wise , Yen Sid , Claude Frollo Kinect Star Wars - Count Dooku , Darth Ror , Red 7 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two - Yen Sid Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion - Captain Hook Ben 10 : Omniverse - Malware Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix - Captain Hook , The White Rabbit , The Doorknob , Floatsam , Jetsam , DiZ ( archived and new footage ) Disney Magic Castle : My Happy Life - Dale , Grumpy , Yen Sid , The Doorknob , Mad Hatter , Captain Hook Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix - Ansem the Wise , Dale , Yen Sid , MCP , Santa Claus , Sark , Shan - Yu , The Peddler , Captain Hook , The Magic Mirror ( archived and new footage ) Fantasia : Music Evolved - Yen Sid Disney Infinity 3.0 - Cad Bane Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue - Ansem the Wise , Yen Sid , Claude Frollo ( archived and new footage ) God of War - Zeus Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy - Doctor N. Gin , Doctor N. Tropy , Baby Cortex",
"Disney 's Cartoon Arcade - Ludwig Von Drake",
"Rocky & Bullwinkle 's Know - It - All Quiz Game - Narrator , Snidely Whiplash",
"Superman : The New Adventures - Brainiac",
"Disney 's Villains ' Revenge - Captain Hook , Smee , White Rabbit , Ringmaster",
"Walt Disney World Quest : Magical Racing Tour - Dale , Moe Whiplash , Bruno Biggs",
"Mickey 's Speedway USA - Professor Ludwig Von Drake",
"Donald Duck : Goin ' Qu@ckers - Merlock , Gladstone Gander , Gyro Gearloose",
"Atlantis : The Lost Empire - Molière",
"Disney Learning : Phonics Quest - Yen Sid",
"Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex - N. Gin , N. Tropy",
"Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds - Count Dooku , Jedi Starfighter Pilot , Gen. Tal Ashen",
"Kingdom Hearts - Captain Hook , The White Rabbit , The Doorknob , Floatsam , Jetsam",
"Disney Golf - Ludwig Von Drake",
"Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Battle Droid Scout , Count Dooku",
"Star Wars : Bounty Hunter - Count Dooku , Darth Tyranus , Prison Guard # 1",
"The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge - Santa Claus",
"EverQuest II - Wizard , Merchant Ihean , Ambassador T'Kirr , Vladiminn",
"Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories - Captain Hook ( archive sound )",
"Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith - Count Dooku , Darth Tyranus , Flying Battle Droids , Jedi Sniper , Rune Haako , Jedi Brute , Jedi Pilot",
"Star Wars : Battlefront II - Count Dooku , Imperial Officer # 2 , Ki Adi Mundi",
"Kingdom Hearts II - Dale , MCP , Santa Claus , Sark , Shan - Yu , The Peddler , Yen Sid",
"The Legend of Spyro : A New Beginning - Volteer , Exhumor",
"The Legend of Spyro : The Eternal Night - Volteer , Exhumor",
"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ - Yen Sid , Dale , Sark , MCP , Santa Claus , Shan - Yu , The Peddler",
"Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories - DiZ , Captain Hook",
"Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey - Gus , Grumpy",
"Cars Mater - National Championship - Doc Hudson",
"The Legend of Spyro : Dawn of the Dragon - Volteer , Mason",
"Grand Chase - Dungeon of Monsters",
"Transformers Animated : The Game - Megatron , Ratchet , Shockwave",
"Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Republic Heroes - Count Dooku , Darth Tyranus , Cad Bane",
"Cars Race - O-Rama - Doc Hudson",
"Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep - Ansem the Wise , Captain Hook , The Magic Mirror , Yen Sid , Dale , Grumpy",
"Batman : The Brave and the Bold -- The Videogame - Red Tornado , Museum Guide , Weather Wizard",
"Kingdom Hearts Re : coded - Dale , Yen Sid",
"Epic Mickey - Yen Sid , Captain Hook",
"DC Universe Online - Brainiac",
"Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars - Count Dooku",
"Batman : Arkham City - Hugo Strange",
"Kinect : Disneyland Adventures - Dale , Mad Hatter , Captain Hook , Ghost Host",
"Batman : Arkham City Lockdown - Hugo Strange",
"Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance - Ansem the Wise , Yen Sid , Claude Frollo",
"Kinect Star Wars - Count Dooku , Darth Ror , Red 7",
"Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two - Yen Sid",
"Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion - Captain Hook",
"Ben 10 : Omniverse - Malware",
"Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix - Captain Hook , The White Rabbit , The Doorknob , Floatsam , Jetsam , DiZ ( archived and new footage )",
"Disney Magic Castle : My Happy Life - Dale , Grumpy , Yen Sid , The Doorknob , Mad Hatter , Captain Hook",
"Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix - Ansem the Wise , Dale , Yen Sid , MCP , Santa Claus , Sark , Shan - Yu , The Peddler , Captain Hook , The Magic Mirror ( archived and new footage )",
"Fantasia : Music Evolved - Yen Sid",
"Disney Infinity 3.0 - Cad Bane",
"Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue - Ansem the Wise , Yen Sid , Claude Frollo ( archived and new footage )",
"God of War - Zeus",
"Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy - Doctor N. Gin , Doctor N. Tropy , Baby Cortex",
"Seven Dwarfs Mine Train -- Grumpy Radiator Springs Racers -- Doc Hudson Haunted Mansion Holiday -- Ghost Host Journey into YOUR Imagination -- Figment Dudley Do - Right 's Ripsaw Falls -- Snidley Whiplash , Narrator Fantasmic ! -- Chernabog , Captain Hook , Pirates Cranium Command -- General Knowledge , Chicken Goofy About Health -- Narrator Horizons -- Futureport ' Brava Centauri ' Announcer Pirates of the Caribbean -- Stuffed Pirate Alice in Wonderland -- The White Rabbit / Cards Peter Pan 's Flight -- Captain Hook , Mr. Smee Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride -- Judge , Cop , Farmer The Cat in the Hat -- Fish",
"Seven Dwarfs Mine Train -- Grumpy",
"Radiator Springs Racers -- Doc Hudson",
"Haunted Mansion Holiday -- Ghost Host",
"Journey into YOUR Imagination -- Figment",
"Dudley Do - Right 's Ripsaw Falls -- Snidley Whiplash , Narrator",
"Fantasmic ! -- Chernabog , Captain Hook , Pirates",
"Cranium Command -- General Knowledge , Chicken",
"Goofy About Health -- Narrator",
"Horizons -- Futureport ' Brava Centauri ' Announcer",
"Pirates of the Caribbean -- Stuffed Pirate",
"Alice in Wonderland -- The White Rabbit / Cards",
"Peter Pan 's Flight -- Captain Hook , Mr. Smee",
"Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride -- Judge , Cop , Farmer",
"The Cat in the Hat -- Fish"
] | Corey Burton - wikipedia Corey Burton Jump to: navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Corey Burton Corey Gregg Weinberg ( 1955-08-03 ) August 3, 1955 (age 62) Granada Hills, Los Angeles , California , U.S. Other names Cory Burton Corey Weinman Occupation Voice actor Years active 1972-- present Known for Ludwig Von Drake (voice), Brainiac (voice), Captain Hook (voice), Shockwave (voice), Hugo Strange (voice) Awards Annie Award Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production 2003 for Disney's House of Mouse Website coreyburton.com Corey Gregg Weinberg (born August 3, 1955), better known as Corey Burton , is an American voice actor known as the current voice of Ludwig Von Drake , Captain Hook and many other characters for numerous Disney projects, Brainiac in the DC animated universe , several central characters ( Count Dooku , Cad Bane , and Ziro the Hutt ) for numerous Star Wars projects and Spike Witwicky and Shockwave in the Transformers universe. He has worked on numerous cartoon series for major networks such as Cartoon Network and has worked extensively with The Walt Disney Company and Disney theme parks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early career 2 Disney 2.1 Paul Frees 2.2 Fantasia 3 Animation 3.1 Transformers 3.2 Star Wars 3.3 Kingdom Hearts 3.4 Brainiac 3.5 Other television highlights 4 Other work 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 5.4 Theme parks 6 References 7 External links Early career ( edit ) Corey Burton began his career at age 17 under the name Corey Weinman, with an imitation performance of voice actor Hans Conried for Disney. He studied radio acting with Daws Butler ( Time for Beany , Merrie Melodies , Yogi Bear ) for four years and went on to work with nearly all of the original Hollywood radio actors in classic-style radio dramas . Disney ( edit ) Burton has done extensive voice work for Disney including feature animations and interactive sections of the company, as well as many attractions at the Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World Resort and Tokyo Disney Resort . He provides the `` Feature Presentation'' voice on numerous Disney home video releases and can be heard as the tram narration voice at Disneyland Park . He provided the voice of Captain Hook in Disney 's Return to Never Land and overdubbed the voice of Deems Taylor , the Master of Ceremonies in Fantasia , for the film's 2000 and 2010 video and DVD releases, as some of Taylor's original soundtracks had been lost. Burton has voiced sound-alikes and original characters for over 50 Disney Storyteller records. His roles include: Ludwig Von Drake in DuckTales , Raw Toonage , Bonkers , Quack Pack , Mickey Mouse Works , Disney's House of Mouse , Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , Mickey Mouse and Mickey and the Roadster Racers . Dale in Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers . The Mad Hatter in Bonkers and Disney's House of Mouse . Gruffi Gummi and Toadwart in Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears (following the death of Bill Scott ). Zeus in Disney's Hercules: The Animated Series (replacing Rip Torn ). Quint and Speedy the Snail in The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa . Gaëtan `` Mole'' Molière in Atlantis: The Lost Empire and Atlantis: Milo's Return . Captain Hook in Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse , Disney's Villains' Revenge , Disney's House of Mouse , Return to Never Land and Jake and the Never Land Pirates . Captain Hook , Dale and Yen Sid in the Kingdom Hearts series. The White Rabbit , The Doorknob and Flotsam and Jetsam in Kingdom Hearts . The MCP , Santa Claus , Sark , Shan Yu and The Peddler in Kingdom Hearts II . Ansem the Wise / DiZ in Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance and Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days (HD 1.5 Remix). The Magic Mirror and Grumpy in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . Claude Frollo in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance . The Narrator in Goofy appearances (1992-- present). Professor Owl in the Disney Sing-Along Songs series. King Stefan in Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams . Mr. Smee in Disney's Villains' Revenge . The White Rabbit in Disney's Villains' Revenge and Disney's House of Mouse . The Ringmaster from Dumbo in Disney's Villains' Revenge . Buzz Lightyear and other additional voices in the Disney on Ice adaptation of Toy Story 3 . Yen Sid and Captain Hook (the latter through vocal effects) in Epic Mickey . Doc Hudson in the Cars media and Radiator Springs Racers (replacing Paul Newman ). General Knowledge from the former Cranium Command attraction at Epcot . Dale, Bruno Biggs and Moe Whiplash from Walt Disney World Quest: Magical Racing Tour . Paul Frees ( edit ) Burton is perhaps best known to Disney fans for his imitation of the late voice actor Paul Frees as the Ghost Host in Disneyland 's Haunted Mansion Holiday attraction. Burton also recited the classic line `` Welcome, foolish mortals'' in the opening of the film version of The Haunted Mansion . Burton was also approached to record a new safety spiel for the beginning of the original Haunted Mansion ride. He declined and the spiel was instead recorded by voice actor Joe Leahy . Burton provides many others Paul Frees-like voices for Disneyland Park , including several newer pirates in the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction (like the `` Pooped Pirate'' and the pirate voice that guides you on and off the boat), Grumpy on the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train attraction, and almost every voice in Mr. Toad's Wild Ride . Burton performed another Frees imitation for comedian Stan Freberg 's album Stan Freberg Presents The United States of America, Volume Two . Burton performed a Frees imitation as the voice of the announcer in the 1999 film Dudley Do-Right . Fantasia ( edit ) In the 60th Anniversary Edition and the 2010 special edition of Disney's Fantasia , Corey Burton voiced all of Deems Taylor 's voice-over work. The original audio elements for Deems Taylor's commentaries were getting so deteriorated that they could not be used anymore. Disney decided to have Corey Burton re-record all of Deems Taylor's commentaries for consistency. Animation ( edit ) Transformers ( edit ) Burton appeared as Shockwave , Sunstreaker , Brawn and Spike Witwicky in the 1984-87 Transformers cartoon series by Sunbow Productions & Marvel Productions . He later appeared as Megatron , Ratchet , Ironhide , Brawn , Cyrus `` The Colossus'' Rhodes, Spike Witwicky and Longarm Prime / Shockwave in the Transformers Animated series by Cartoon Network . Burton stated in an interview that Shockwave was by far his favorite character to perform in the original show . However, he turned down the offer to reprise the role in Transformers: Dark of the Moon , so the part was given to Frank Welker , the voice of Megatron/Galvatron. Star Wars ( edit ) For Star Wars , Burton voiced Count Dooku in Star Wars: Clone Wars , Star Wars: The Clone Wars and several Star Wars video games. Kingdom Hearts ( edit ) For the Kingdom Hearts series, Burton voiced Ansem the Wise / DiZ in Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep and Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance . which the latter he did due to the late Christopher Lee 's failing health. Also for the cinematic version of Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days which was part of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix , Burton did the role of DiZ in one of the new cutscenes and also redubbed all of Lee's lines from the original Nintendo DS version. Brainiac ( edit ) Burton has portrayed Brainiac in the DC animated universe . He appeared as Brainiac in eight episodes of Superman: The Animated Series , two episodes of Justice League , two episodes of Static Shock , and five episodes of Justice League Unlimited . Although not set within the DCAU, he also voiced Brainiac in three episodes of Legion of Super Heroes and reprised his role in the online game DC Universe Online . Other television highlights ( edit ) Narrated the 1992 Discovery Channel documentary Great White! , by Barry Clark Productions and directed by underwater photographer John McKenney. The Russian, Ronald Marshall and The Scarecrow in Batman: Gotham Knight . V.V. Argost and Leonidas Van Rook in The Secret Saturdays . James Bond Jr. in the animated series of the same name. The Pupununu in Tak and the Power of Juju . Invisibo in Freakazoid! . Old Queeks in Mike, Lu & Og . Captain Marvel in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies . Red Tornado , Silver Cyclone, Doctor Mid-Nite , Doc Magnus , Mercury and Thomas Wayne in Batman: The Brave and the Bold . Ziro the Hutt in the 2008 Star Wars: The Clone Wars film and in the television series (2008-2014), Count Dooku and Cad Bane . Tomax in G.I. Joe . Goon, Kanawk and Tauron in Robotix . Law in G.I. Joe: Renegades . Brain , Dudley H. Dudley , Hamilton Hill , James Gordon , and Wizard in Young Justice . Burglar in The Powerpuff Girls episode `` Burglar Alarmed'' . Dash Whippet and additional voices for Pound Puppies , starting in season 2. Brainstorm, Malware and Mr. Baumann in Ben 10: Omniverse . Dracula in Avengers Assemble and Ultimate Spider-Man . Ranger Smith in the Spümcø animated specials, Boo Boo Runs Wild and A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith . Various male characters on Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi . Other work ( edit ) Burton played Starlab Controller Jerry Lyden in the syndicated radio drama series Alien Worlds . Burton has done work for the Universal Studios - Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando, Florida in addition to the Universal Studios Japan theme park. Burton does voice-overs for many commercials and promos; for instance, Burton's voice is featured in some Old Navy commercials, a role he inherited after the death of Bill Wendell . He recently provided his voice for the Final Fantasy XII TV promo. In the WWE , Burton provided voice-overs for the WrestleMania XXV recap segments. Almost all character roles in the 1980 cult classic Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind . In the Critters film series , he provided the voices for the Krites, but he was only credited for the first one, and he also developed their language (as revealed on his website). The narrator for the video game Brütal Legend . Tromell Guado and Maester Kelk Ronso in the PlayStation 2 video game Final Fantasy X . Volteer the Electric Guardian Dragon, Exhumor, and Mason in The Legend of Spyro trilogy . Zeus in the video game God of War II for the PlayStation 2 , and God of War III for the PlayStation 3 . Footman, Bricabrac, Goggles, Fluffy Show Announcer and WACME Quiz Master in the 1996 adventure game Toonstruck . Numerous supporting roles on Focus on the Family 's radio drama Adventures in Odyssey , voicing over 90 characters, most notably Jesus Christ, Walter Shakespeare, Cryin' Bryan Dern, and The Great Wishy Woz. Doctor N. Gin and Doctor Nefarious Tropy in the GameCube and PlayStation video game Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex . Jack the animated pumpkin that narrates the haunted attraction The House at Haunted Hill . Narrator of The A-Team . Hugo Strange in the video game Batman: Arkham City . John Grey ( Jean Grey 's father) for two episodes of Wolverine and the X-Men . Provided voice samples for some songs, most famously in DJ Hazard 's drum and bass track entitled ' Machete' , he is also working with Australian producer ShockOne to provide voice samples for his new album named ' Universus' . Game Narrator for Disney Coaster . Announcer for the El Rey Network launched by Robert Rodriguez . Yoda in 1997 and 2015 Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back Read-Along Storybook and CD and Star Wars: Return of the Jedi Read-Along Storybook and CD. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Note(s) 1980 Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind Narrator 1981 Wolfen ESS Voice 1982 The Sword and the Sorcerer Additional Voices Water Engine Mag-Lev Man, Farmer The Adventures of Curious George The Man in the Yellow Hat, Additional voices Good-bye, Cruel World Additional Voices Horizons Futureport ' Brava Centauri' Announcer 1986 Critters Critters The Transformers: The Movie Brawn , Shockwave , Spike Witwicky Poltergeist II: The Other Side Reverend Henry Kane Uncredited Flight of the Navigator R.A.L.F. Uncredited Disney Sing-Along Songs: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah Professor Owl, Bertie Birdbrain I Am Joe's Ear Joe's Ear Castle in the Sky Additional Voices 2003 English dub Disney Sing-Along Songs: Heigh-Ho Professor Owl, Bertie Birdbrain G.I. Joe: The Movie Tomax Spaceballs Dink Uncredited Amazon Women on the Moon Anchorman (Segment: `` Murray in Videoland'' ), TV Announcer (Segment: `` Amazon Women on the Moon'' ), Announcer (Segment: `` Silly Pate'' ) Disney Sing-Along Songs: The Bare Necessities Professor Owl, Bertie Birdbrain, Jiminy Cricket Invasion Earth: The Aliens Are Here Alien Voice Disney Sing-Along Songs: You Can Fly! Professor Owl, Ludwig Von Drake , Bertie Birdbrain Poltergeist III Reverend Henry Kane Uncredited Kiki's Delivery Service Radio Announcer 1998 English dub Disney Sing-Along Songs: Fun with Music Professor Owl, Ludwig Von Drake, Bertie Birdbrain Goofy About Health Narrator Cranium Command General Knowledge, Chicken Stanley and the Dinosaurs Stanley 1990 Roller Coaster Rabbit Droopy Disney Sing-Along Songs: Under the Sea Professor Owl, Ludwig Von Drake, Bertie Birdbrain Disney Sing-Along Songs: Disneyland Fun Professor Owl, White Rabbit , Dale , Bertie Birdbrain Uncredited Disney Sing-Along Songs: Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious Professor Owl, Ludwig Von Drake, Bertie Birdbrain 1992 Disney Sing-Along Songs: Be Our Guest Professor Owl, Bertie Birdbrain Aladdin Prince Achmed, Necklace Merchant Trail Mix-Up Droopy Disney Sing-Along Songs: Friend Like Me Professor Owl, Bertie Birdbrain Mickey's Fun Songs: Campout at Walt Disney World Dale Disney Sing-Along Songs: Circle of Life Professor Owl, Bertie Birdbrain 1995 A Goofy Movie Additional Voices Mickey's Fun Songs: Beach Party at Walt Disney World Dale, Captain Hook, Mr. Smee Disney Sing-Along Songs: Colors of the Wind Professor Owl, Ludwig Von Drake, Bertie Birdbrain The Best of Roger Rabbit Droopy Dog (Segments: `` Roller Coaster Rabbit'' and `` Trail Mix-Up) The Hunchback of Notre Dame Brutish Guard, Additional Voices Black Mask Commissioner Disney's Greatest Video, Volume 1 Dale the Chipmunk, Ludwig Von Drake Aladdin and the King of Thieves Additional Voices 1997 Hercules Titans, Burnt Man, End-of-the-World Man, Tour Bus Guide Disney Sing-Along Songs: Zero to Hero Professor Owl, Bertie Birdbrain 1998 Mulan Ancestor The Spirit of Mickey Ludwig Von Drake Disney Sing-Along Songs: Honor to Us All Professor Owl, Bertie Birdbrain Hercules: Zero to Hero Zeus Skating the Half Pipe Narrator Paracycling Narrator 1999 Dudley Do-Right The Announcer Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas Dale Toy Story 2 Woody's Roundup Announcer The Trumpet of the Swan Senator Atlantis: The Lost Empire Gaëtan `` Mole'' Molière Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse Ludwig Von Drake, Gus , Grumpy , Captain Hook , Mad Hatter 2002 Return to Never Land Captain Hook The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald: Have Time, Will Travel Bug, Mob Man #1 Cinderella II: Dreams Come True Gus, Stable Hand, Mert Mickey's House of Villains Captain Hook , Chernabog, ' How to' Narrator, Chief O'Hara Treasure Planet Onus 2003 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure The Thunderbolt Adventure Hour Narrator Atlantis: Milo's Return Mole Stitch! The Movie Additional voices The Lion King 11⁄2 Grumpy Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas Elf #4 2005 Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars Martian Scientist, Court Attendant, Eyes at Gate 2006 Asterix and the Vikings Doublehelix English dub 2007 Cinderella III: A Twist in Time Gus Mickey's Great Clubhouse Hunt Ludwig Von Drake, Chip ' n' Dale Planet Terror Additional Narrator Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams King Stefan How to Hook Up Your Home Theater Narrator 2008 Justice League: The New Frontier Abin Sur , Ray Palmer Batman: Gotham Knight The Russian, Ronald Marshall, The Scarecrow Starship Troopers 3: Marauder Official Voice Star Wars: The Clone Wars Whorm Loathsom, Ziro the Hutt , Kronos-327 2009 Mickey's Adventures in Wonderland Ludwig Von Drake, Chip ' n' Dale Superman/Batman: Public Enemies Captain Marvel , Solomon Grundy The Princess and the Frog Mr. Harvey Fenner Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Choo-Choo Express Ludwig Von Drake, Chip ' n' Dale The A-Team Narrator Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Road Rally Ludwig Von Drake, Chip ' n' Dale 2011 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Space Adventure Ludwig Von Drake, Chip ' n' Dale 2012 Hotel Transylvania Additional Voices Goodnight Mr. Foot Bigfoot 2013 Zambezia Neville the Lilian's lovebird Machete Kills Trailer Voice Guy 2014 JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Captain Cold , Time Trapper Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Bayard, Announcer Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy Baron Basil, Ghost of the Baron Rocky and Bullwinkle Snidely Whiplash, Mayor Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Spider-Man The Lizard 1984-- 87 The Transformers Brawn , Shockwave , Sunstreaker , Spike Witwicky , Alpha Trion , Quintesson Scientist Mara Al Utha , Wideload , Dion , Additional Voices 1985 Robotix Tauron, Goon, Kanawk 1985-- 86 G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero Tomax , Lt. Clay Moore, Owen Van Mark, Gerky Potemkin 1986 DTV Valentine Gruffi Gummi 1986-- 91 Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Gruffi Gummi, Toadwart, Additional Voices Replaced Bill Scott in Season 2 1987-- 89 DuckTales Ludwig Von Drake , Phil Barker, Additional Voices Ep. `` The Golden Fleecing'' Episode: `` Dime Enough for Luck'' Ep. `` Yuppy Ducks'' 1989-- 90 Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers Dale , Zipper, Mole, Snout, Additional Voices 1990 The Magical World of Disney Ludwig Von Drake Ep. `` A DuckTales Valentine'' 1991 James Bond Jr. James Bond Jr. 1992 Goof Troop ' How to' Narrator, Circus Ringmaster Raw Toonage Ludwig Von Drake , Captain Hook Ep. `` Spatula Party/Doggie Schnauzer/Marsupilami Meets Dr. Normanstein'' Ep. `` Sheerluck Bonkers/All Potato Network/The Puck Stops Here'' Darkwing Duck Rubber Chicken Ep. `` Mutantcy on the Bouncy'' 1993-- 94 Bonkers Ludwig Von Drake , Mad Hatter , Additional Voices 1993-- 94 Mighty Max Felix, Osiris 1995-- 99 The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa Quint, Speedy the Snail, Fronk, Creepy Fortune Teller 1995-- 96 Phantom 2040 Kit Walker, 23rd Phantom, Biot, Security Biot, 20th Phantom, Thin Man Quack Pack Ludwig Von Drake 1996-- 2003 Dexter's Laboratory The Narrator (Super-Monkey from Dial M for Monkey ) Ep. `` The Lab of Tomorrow'' 1996-- 98 Superman: The Animated Series Brainiac , Binko, Stand Owner, Tribunal, Additional Voices 1997 Freakazoid! Invisibo Ep. `` Normadeus'' 1998-- 99 Disney's Hercules: The Animated Series Zeus 1999-- 2001 Batman Beyond Istivan Hegedesh, Vilmos Egans, Barge Captain, Captain, Kobra Op #1 1999-- 2001 Mickey Mouse Works Ludwig Von Drake , J. Audubon Woodlore , Chief O'Hara , Narrator 1999 Boo Boo Runs Wild Ranger Smith , Moose A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith Ranger Smith 2000 Poochini's Yard Additional Voices 2001-- 02 Disney's House of Mouse Ludwig Von Drake , J. Audubon Woodlore , Grumpy , Timothy Q. Mouse, Cards , Tweedledee and Tweedledum , White Rabbit , Mad Hatter , Captain Hook , Maurice, Zeus, Chernabog , Female Von Drake, Doorknob , Santa Claus, Caterpillar, `` Honest'' John Worthington Foulfellow 2001-- 03 Justice League Brainiac , Forager , Metallo , Toyman , Weather Wizard 2002-- 17 Samurai Jack Monk #1, Goatman, The Murder of Crows Ep. `` Jack and the Monks'' Ep. `` XCV'' 2003 Static Shock Brainiac Ep. `` A League of Their Own: Part 1'' Ep. `` A League of Their Own: Part 2'' 2003-- 05 Star Wars: Clone Wars Count Dooku , San Hill, Warrior #2 ChalkZone King Mumbo Jumbo, Stick Figure Baker Ep. `` The Big Blow Up'' 2005 Duck Dodgers Martian Commander Z-9 Ep. `` Of Course You Know, This Means War and Peace: Part 1'' Ep. `` Of Course You Know, This Means War and Peace: Part 2'' 2005-- 06 Justice League Unlimited Brainiac , Key , Sonar (Bito Wladon) , Toyman (Winslow Percival Schott) , Weather Wizard (Mark Mardon) 2006-- 16 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Ludwig Von Drake , Dale 2007-- 09 Transformers: Animated Ratchet, Megatron, Shockwave, Ironhide, Spike Witwicky, Cyrus `` The Colossus'' Rhodes, Cyclonus, Brawn 2007-- 08 Legion of Super Heroes Brainiac 2008-- 14 Star Wars: The Clone Wars Count Dooku/Darth Tyranus , Cad Bane , Ziro the Hutt, Chairman Papanoida, Additional Voices 2008-- 10 The Secret Saturdays V.V. Argost, Leonidas Van Rook 2008-- 11 Batman: The Brave and the Bold Red Tornado , Silver Cyclone, Thomas Wayne (Ep. `` Invasion of the Secret Santas!'' ), False-Face , Doctor Mid-Nite , Dr. William Milton Magnus , Mercury , Chancellor Gor-Zonn , General Zahl , Killer Moth , Batman (Bat-Manga version), Joker (Scooby-Doo version), Green Lantern (Alan Scott) 2009 Disney's Haunted Holidays: Tales of Two Cities Hatbox Ghost Freaknik: The Musical Newscaster, Dukes of Hazzard Announcer 2010-11 Sym-Bionic Titan Galalunian Commander, Combat Instructor, Academy Administrator Ep. `` Phantom Ninja'' Ep. `` Shadows of Youth'' Ep. Escape from Galalunia 2011 G.I. Joe: Renegades Law , Granger, Crippled Convict Ep. `` Busted'' Ep. `` Fire Fight'' 2011-- 15 Jake and the Never Land Pirates Captain Hook 2011-- 12 ThunderCats Jaga, Tygus 2011-- 2012 Young Justice Brain , Dudley H Dudley , Hamilton Hill , Wizard, Commissioner James Gordon Ep. `` Alpha Male'' Ep. `` Misplaced'' 2012 Black Dynamite Dennis Flynn Ep. `` Just Beat It or Jackson Five Across Yo' Eyes'' Green Lantern: The Animated Series Cleric Loran, Leph Ep. `` Reckoning'' Ep. `` Fear Itself'' 2012-- 14 Ben 10: Omniverse Malware, Mr. Baumann, Brainstorm, Seebik, Fiskerton, V.V. Argost, Albedo Brainstorm, Kane North/Kangaroo Kommando 2012-- 15 Gravity Falls Additional Voices 2014-- 15 Wander Over Yonder Captain, Additional Voices 2014-present Mickey Mouse Ludwig Von Drake 2015 Clarence Hank Ep. `` Dust Buddies'' Star vs. the Forces of Evil Joust Joust Revolution Announcer, Monster Arm Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero Additional Voices 2015-- 16 Star Wars Rebels Quarrie , Eesh Fahm, Imperial Officer Ep. `` Wings of the Master'' 2016 Uncle Grandpa Additional Voices Ep. `` Chill Out'' 2016-- present Future-Worm! Narrator 2016-- present The Loud House Additional Voices 2017-- present Mickey and the Roadster Racers Ludwig Von Drake , Dale 2017 DuckTales (2017) Ludwig Von Drake Video games ( edit ) Disney's Cartoon Arcade - Ludwig Von Drake Rocky & Bullwinkle's Know-It-All Quiz Game - Narrator, Snidely Whiplash Superman: The New Adventures - Brainiac Disney's Villains' Revenge - Captain Hook , Smee , White Rabbit , Ringmaster Walt Disney World Quest: Magical Racing Tour - Dale, Moe Whiplash, Bruno Biggs Mickey's Speedway USA - Professor Ludwig Von Drake Donald Duck: Goin' Qu@ckers - Merlock , Gladstone Gander , Gyro Gearloose Atlantis: The Lost Empire - Molière Disney Learning: Phonics Quest - Yen Sid Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex - N.Gin, N. Tropy Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds - Count Dooku , Jedi Starfighter Pilot, Gen. Tal Ashen Kingdom Hearts - Captain Hook , The White Rabbit , The Doorknob , Floatsam , Jetsam Disney Golf - Ludwig Von Drake Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Battle Droid Scout, Count Dooku Star Wars: Bounty Hunter - Count Dooku, Darth Tyranus, Prison Guard #1 The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge - Santa Claus EverQuest II - Wizard, Merchant Ihean, Ambassador T'Kirr , Vladiminn Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories - Captain Hook (archive sound) Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith - Count Dooku, Darth Tyranus, Flying Battle Droids, Jedi Sniper, Rune Haako, Jedi Brute, Jedi Pilot Star Wars: Battlefront II - Count Dooku, Imperial Officer #2, Ki Adi Mundi Kingdom Hearts II - Dale, MCP, Santa Claus, Sark, Shan-Yu , The Peddler, Yen Sid The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning - Volteer, Exhumor The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night - Volteer, Exhumor Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ - Yen Sid, Dale, Sark, MCP, Santa Claus, Shan-Yu, The Peddler Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories - DiZ, Captain Hook Disney Princess: Enchanted Journey - Gus , Grumpy Cars Mater-National Championship - Doc Hudson The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon - Volteer, Mason Grand Chase - Dungeon of Monsters Transformers Animated: The Game - Megatron , Ratchet , Shockwave Star Wars: The Clone Wars -- Republic Heroes - Count Dooku, Darth Tyranus, Cad Bane Cars Race-O-Rama - Doc Hudson Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep - Ansem the Wise, Captain Hook, The Magic Mirror , Yen Sid, Dale, Grumpy Batman: The Brave and the Bold -- The Videogame - Red Tornado , Museum Guide, Weather Wizard Kingdom Hearts Re:coded - Dale, Yen Sid Epic Mickey - Yen Sid, Captain Hook DC Universe Online - Brainiac Lego Star Wars III: The Clone Wars - Count Dooku Batman: Arkham City - Hugo Strange Kinect: Disneyland Adventures - Dale , Mad Hatter , Captain Hook , Ghost Host Batman: Arkham City Lockdown - Hugo Strange Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance - Ansem the Wise, Yen Sid, Claude Frollo Kinect Star Wars - Count Dooku, Darth Ror, Red 7 Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two - Yen Sid Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion - Captain Hook Ben 10: Omniverse - Malware Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix - Captain Hook , The White Rabbit , The Doorknob , Floatsam , Jetsam , DiZ (archived and new footage) Disney Magic Castle: My Happy Life - Dale, Grumpy, Yen Sid, The Doorknob, Mad Hatter, Captain Hook Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix - Ansem the Wise, Dale, Yen Sid, MCP, Santa Claus, Sark, Shan-Yu, The Peddler, Captain Hook, The Magic Mirror (archived and new footage) Fantasia: Music Evolved - Yen Sid Disney Infinity 3.0 - Cad Bane Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue - Ansem the Wise, Yen Sid, Claude Frollo (archived and new footage) God of War - Zeus Crash Bandicoot N.Sane Trilogy - Doctor N. Gin, Doctor N. Tropy, Baby Cortex Theme parks ( edit ) Seven Dwarfs Mine Train -- Grumpy Radiator Springs Racers -- Doc Hudson Haunted Mansion Holiday -- Ghost Host Journey into YOUR Imagination -- Figment Dudley Do-Right's Ripsaw Falls -- Snidley Whiplash, Narrator Fantasmic! -- Chernabog , Captain Hook , Pirates Cranium Command -- General Knowledge, Chicken Goofy About Health -- Narrator Horizons -- Futureport ' Brava Centauri' Announcer Pirates of the Caribbean -- Stuffed Pirate Alice in Wonderland -- The White Rabbit / Cards Peter Pan's Flight -- Captain Hook , Mr. Smee Mr. Toad's Wild Ride -- Judge, Cop, Farmer The Cat in the Hat -- Fish References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Evanier, Mark (2015-04-10). `` Freberg Stories #2'' . News from Me . Retrieved 2016-03-18 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Burton Uninterested In Reprising Shockwave For Transformers 3, David Warner Is Rumored - Transformers News - TFW2005'' . tfw2005.com. 19 December 2010 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Krome Studios (October 6, 2009). Star Wars: The Clone Wars -- Republic Heroes . LucasArts . Scene: Closing credits, 2:30 in, Voice Talent. Jump up ^ Great White! (Liner notes). Barry Clark. Santa Monica, California: Artisan Home Entertainment . 2001. Jump up ^ MacDonald, Brady (July 28, 2015). `` Disney voice-over actors bring theme park rides to life'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 23, 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Corey Burton on IMDb Corey Burton at AllMovie Corey Burton @ BehindTheVoiceActors Seibertron.com Interview with Cory Burton VIAF : 277185997 ISNI : 0000 0000 6308 6922 BNF : cb14160431h (data) MusicBrainz : a3df50ea-80d0-4064-9bcd-1ed79c3ebf31 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corey_Burton&oldid=821630343 '' Categories : 1955 births Living people American people of Jewish descent Male actors from California American male radio actors American male video game actors American male voice actors 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors Annie Award winners People from Granada Hills, Los Angeles Walt Disney Animation Studios people Hidden categories: BLP articles lacking sources from March 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Cymraeg Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Occitan Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018, at 17:46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -7102158971310265237 |
how many countries are taking part in eurovision 2018 | The EBU announced on 7 November 2017 that forty - two countries would participate in the contest . Russia confirmed their return after withdrawing from the previous edition , while Macedonia 's participation was provisionally blocked by the EBU due to unpaid debts by its national broadcaster . However , ten days later , the EBU announced that Macedonia would be allowed to enter the contest , raising the number of participating countries to forty - three , equaling the highest number of participants with the 2008 and 2011 editions . | [
[
"forty-two"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Eurovision Song Contest 2018 All Aboard ! Dates Semi-final 1 8 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) Semi-final 2 10 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) Final 12 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 12 ) Host Venue Altice Arena , Lisbon , Portugal Presenter ( s ) Sílvia Alberto Daniela Ruah Catarina Furtado Filomena Cautela ( green room ) Executive supervisor Jon Ola Sand Executive producer João Nuno Nogueira Host broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal ( RTP ) Opening act Final : Fado performances by Ana Moura ( `` Fado Loucura '' ) and Mariza ( `` Barco Negro '' ) , Flag parade introducing the 26 finalist countries with live music by scratching duo Beatbombers Interval act Final : `` Mano a mano '' and `` Amar pelos dois '' ( together with Caetano Veloso ) performed by Salvador Sobral Electronic music performances by Branko featuring Sara Tavares ( `` Ter Peito e Espaço '' ) , Dino D'Santiago ( `` Nova Lisboa '' ) and Mayra Andrade ( `` Reserva Pra Dois '' ) Participants Number of entries 43 Debuting countries None Returning countries Russia Withdrawing countries None Participation map ( hide ) Participating countries Did not qualify from the semi final Countries that participated in the past but not in 2018 Vote Voting system Each country awards two sets of 12 , 10 , 8 -- 1 points to their 10 favourite songs : one from their professional jury and the other from televoting . Nul points None Winning song Israel `` Toy '' ← 2017 Eurovision Song Contest 2019 →",
"Eurovision Song Contest 2018",
"All Aboard !",
"Dates",
"Semi-final 1 8 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 )",
"Semi-final 2 10 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 )",
"Final 12 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 12 )",
"Host",
"Venue Altice Arena , Lisbon , Portugal",
"Presenter ( s ) Sílvia Alberto Daniela Ruah Catarina Furtado Filomena Cautela ( green room )",
"Sílvia Alberto Daniela Ruah Catarina Furtado Filomena Cautela ( green room )",
"Filomena Cautela ( green room )",
"Executive supervisor Jon Ola Sand",
"Executive producer João Nuno Nogueira",
"Host broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal ( RTP )",
"Opening act Final : Fado performances by Ana Moura ( `` Fado Loucura '' ) and Mariza ( `` Barco Negro '' ) , Flag parade introducing the 26 finalist countries with live music by scratching duo Beatbombers",
"Interval act Final : `` Mano a mano '' and `` Amar pelos dois '' ( together with Caetano Veloso ) performed by Salvador Sobral Electronic music performances by Branko featuring Sara Tavares ( `` Ter Peito e Espaço '' ) , Dino D'Santiago ( `` Nova Lisboa '' ) and Mayra Andrade ( `` Reserva Pra Dois '' )",
"Participants",
"Number of entries 43",
"Debuting countries None",
"Returning countries Russia",
"Withdrawing countries None",
"Participation map ( hide ) Participating countries Did not qualify from the semi final Countries that participated in the past but not in 2018",
"Participating countries Did not qualify from the semi final Countries that participated in the past but not in 2018",
"Participating countries Did not qualify from the semi final Countries that participated in the past but not in 2018",
"Vote",
"Voting system Each country awards two sets of 12 , 10 , 8 -- 1 points to their 10 favourite songs : one from their professional jury and the other from televoting .",
"Nul points None",
"Winning song Israel `` Toy ''",
"← 2017 Eurovision Song Contest 2019 →",
"← 2017 Eurovision Song Contest 2019 →",
"Eurovision Song Contest",
"The Eurovision Song Contest 2018 was the 63rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place for the first time in Portugal following the country 's first victory at the 2017 contest in Kiev , Ukraine with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' , performed by Salvador Sobral . The contest was held at the Altice Arena in Lisbon , and consisted of two semi-finals on 8 and 10 May , and the final on 12 May 2018 . The three live shows were hosted by Filomena Cautela , Sílvia Alberto , Daniela Ruah and Catarina Furtado .",
"Forty - three countries participated in the contest , equalling the record of the 2008 and 2011 editions . Russia returned after their absence from the previous edition , and for the first time since 2011 , no country withdrew from the contest .",
"The winner was Israel with the song `` Toy '' , performed by Netta . This was Israel 's fourth victory in the contest , following their wins in 1978 , 1979 , and 1998 , and their first top five placing in more than a decade . This edition also saw Cyprus and the Czech Republic achieve the best placing in their Eurovision history , coming in second and sixth place , respectively . Portugal finished in the last place , making this the third time that the host country ranked in the bottom five since 2015 . For the first time since the introduction of the semi-finals in 2004 , Azerbaijan , Romania , and Russia failed to qualify for the final . No countries in the Caucasus region participated in the final for the first time since 2005 . The EBU reported that the contest had a worldwide audience of around 186 million viewers , surpassing the 2017 edition by over 4 million .",
"The contest took place for the first time in Portugal , following the country 's victory in the 2017 edition with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' , performed by Salvador Sobral .",
"The Altice Arena in Lisbon is a multi-purpose indoor arena built for the Expo ' 98 and has a capacity of 20,000 attendees , making it the largest indoor venue in Portugal and among the largest in Europe . It is located in the Parque das Nações ( Park of Nations ) riverside district in the northeast of Lisbon , which was completely renovated to host the 1998 world 's fair . It is connected by metro to the nearby international airport and by train ( Oriente Station ) to the rest of the country and Europe .",
"On the day of the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 final , it was reported that Portuguese broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal ( RTP ) would accept the challenge of organising the 2018 contest in case of a victory . Following Sobral 's triumph , the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) 's Executive Supervisor for the Eurovision Song Contest , Jon Ola Sand , issued the hosting invitation to RTP during the winner 's press conference . The following day , the director - general of RTP , Nuno Artur Silva , confirmed that the broadcaster would organise the contest in 2018 and mentioned MEO Arena ( later renamed Altice Arena ) in Lisbon as a likely venue to host the contest . On 15 May 2017 , RTP appeared to have confirmed Lisbon as the host city , but clarified the following day that no final decision had been taken regarding both the host city and venue .",
"The basic requirements to select a host city were set out in a document presented by the EBU to RTP following their win in Kiev :",
"A suitable venue that can accommodate around 10,000 spectators . An international press centre for 1,500 journalists with adequate facilities for all the delegates . A good distribution of hotel rooms , at different price categories , able to accommodate at least 2,000 delegates , accredited journalists and spectators . An efficient transport infrastructure , including a nearby international airport with readily available connections with the city , venue , and hotels .",
"A suitable venue that can accommodate around 10,000 spectators .",
"An international press centre for 1,500 journalists with adequate facilities for all the delegates .",
"A good distribution of hotel rooms , at different price categories , able to accommodate at least 2,000 delegates , accredited journalists and spectators .",
"An efficient transport infrastructure , including a nearby international airport with readily available connections with the city , venue , and hotels .",
"Besides Lisbon , other cities signalled their interest in bidding to host the 2018 contest : Braga , Espinho , Faro , Gondomar , Guimarães , and Santa Maria da Feira . The mayor of Porto , Rui Moreira , declared he would not be interested in `` spending millions of euros '' to host the contest , but he would support a bid from the Metropolitan Area of Porto ( Espinho , Gondomar , and Santa Maria da Feira ) .",
"On 13 June 2017 , RTP representatives met with the Eurovision Song Contest Reference Group at the EBU headquarters in Geneva . During the meeting , RTP officials attended a workshop covering several topics related with hosting the Eurovision Song Contest and learned from the experience of the Ukrainian broadcaster UA : PBC . They also had the opportunity to present their first plans for the 2018 contest , including multiple proposals for the host city and venue .",
"On 25 July 2017 , the EBU and RTP announced that Lisbon had been selected as the host city , overcoming confirmed bids from Braga , Gondomar , Guimarães , and Santa Maria da Feira . In addition , RTP indicated the Parque das Nações , where Altice Arena is located , as the site for the shows .",
"Key : Host venue",
"City Venue Capacity Notes Braga Braga Exhibition Park 15,000 ( after renovation ) Agro-industrial park inaugurated in 1981 and further expanded in 1987 with a 6,500 m ( 70,000 sq ft ) exhibition hall able to hold 3,000 people , and in 1990 with a congress centre and auditorium for 1,200 people . Renovation works starting in 2017 and ending in the first trimester of 2018 would increase the exhibition hall capacity to 15,000 . Gondomar Multiusos de Gondomar Coração de Ouro 8,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2007 , with a total capacity for 8,000 people ( 4,400 seats ) . Hosted the 2007 UEFA Futsal Championship final tournament . Guimarães Multiusos de Guimarães 10,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2001 , with a total capacity for 10,000 people ( 3,000 seats ) . Selected by RTP to host the final of the national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 , the Festival da Canção , on 4 March 2018 . Lisbon Altice Arena 20,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 1998 , it is the country 's largest indoor venue with a total capacity for 20,000 people . Hosted the Expo ' 98 , the 1999 FIBA Under - 19 World Championship , the 2000 ATP Finals , the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships , the 2003 World Men 's Handball Championship , the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards , the UEFA Futsal Cup Final Four ( 2001 -- 02 , 2009 -- 10 and 2014 -- 15 ) , and since 2016 ( for a three - year period , renewable ) the Web Summit . Santa Maria da Feira Europarque 11,000 Largest convention centre in the Porto Metropolitan Area , inaugurated in 1995 . Hosted the European Council of June 2000 , the Festival da Canção final in 2001 , and the UEFA Euro 2004 final tournament draw . It was the option supported by the Metropolitan Council of Porto .",
"City Venue Capacity Notes",
"Braga Braga Exhibition Park 15,000 ( after renovation ) Agro-industrial park inaugurated in 1981 and further expanded in 1987 with a 6,500 m ( 70,000 sq ft ) exhibition hall able to hold 3,000 people , and in 1990 with a congress centre and auditorium for 1,200 people . Renovation works starting in 2017 and ending in the first trimester of 2018 would increase the exhibition hall capacity to 15,000 .",
"Gondomar Multiusos de Gondomar Coração de Ouro 8,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2007 , with a total capacity for 8,000 people ( 4,400 seats ) . Hosted the 2007 UEFA Futsal Championship final tournament .",
"Guimarães Multiusos de Guimarães 10,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2001 , with a total capacity for 10,000 people ( 3,000 seats ) . Selected by RTP to host the final of the national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 , the Festival da Canção , on 4 March 2018 .",
"Lisbon Altice Arena 20,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 1998 , it is the country 's largest indoor venue with a total capacity for 20,000 people . Hosted the Expo ' 98 , the 1999 FIBA Under - 19 World Championship , the 2000 ATP Finals , the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships , the 2003 World Men 's Handball Championship , the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards , the UEFA Futsal Cup Final Four ( 2001 -- 02 , 2009 -- 10 and 2014 -- 15 ) , and since 2016 ( for a three - year period , renewable ) the Web Summit .",
"Santa Maria da Feira Europarque 11,000 Largest convention centre in the Porto Metropolitan Area , inaugurated in 1995 . Hosted the European Council of June 2000 , the Festival da Canção final in 2001 , and the UEFA Euro 2004 final tournament draw . It was the option supported by the Metropolitan Council of Porto .",
"The Eurovision Village was the official Eurovision Song Contest fan and sponsors area during the event weeks , where it was possible to watch performances by contest participants and local artists , as well as the live shows broadcast from the main venue . It was located in Lisbon 's downtown Praça do Comércio ( also called Terreiro do Paço ) , a large central square open to the Tagus river .",
"The EuroClub was the venue for the official after - parties and private performances by contest participants . Unlike the Eurovision Village , access to the EuroClub was restricted to accredited fans , delegations , and press . It was located at the `` Ministerium '' club , next to the Eurovision Village .",
"The `` Blue Carpet '' event , where all the contestants and their delegations are presented before the accredited press and fans , took place on 6 May 2018 at the Museum of Art , Architecture and Technology ( MAAT ) in Lisbon 's Belém district . This preceded the official Opening Ceremony of the 2018 contest , which took place at the nearby Electricity Museum .",
"The theme for the contest , All Aboard ! , was unveiled on 7 November 2017 in a press conference held at the Lisbon Oceanarium . Its visual design features oceanic motifs that allude to Lisbon and Portugal 's location on the Atlantic coast and to the country 's seafaring history . Alongside the main emblem , which depicts a stylised seashell , twelve supplemental emblems were designed to symbolise different aspects of a marine ecosystem . The contest 's Executive Supervisor Jon Ola Sand remarked that the theme and logos `` resonate with Lisbon 's history and underscore Eurovision 's core values , including diversity , very well . The Ocean connects all of us and its variety can provide good inspiration for each of the participating broadcasters that we look forward to seeing in Lisbon next May . ''",
"On 8 January 2018 , RTP and EBU announced that the contest would be hosted for the first time by four female presenters , consisting of RTP hosts Sílvia Alberto , Filomena Cautela , and Catarina Furtado , together with actress Daniela Ruah . It will be the first time since 2015 that the contest does not feature a male presenter , and the second consecutive year that the presenters are all the same gender . It was confirmed on 4 May 2018 that Cautela would host the green room .",
"The Blue Carpet opening ceremony was hosted by actress Cláudia Semedo , radio host Inês Lopes Gonçalves , actor / TV host Pedro Granger , and actor / director Pedro Penim . Granger and Penim moderated the press conferences , as well .",
"The draw to determine the allocation of the participating countries into their respective semi-finals took place on 29 January 2018 at 13 : 00 CET , at Lisbon 's City Hall . The thirty - seven semi-finalists had been allocated into six pots , based on historical voting patterns as calculated by the contest 's official televoting partner Digame . Drawing from different pots helps to reduce the chance of so - called `` bloc voting '' and increase suspense in the semi-finals . The draw also determined which semi-final would be broadcast and voted by each of the six automatic finalist countries ( hosts Portugal and Big Five countries France , Germany , Italy , Spain , and the United Kingdom ) . The ceremony was hosted by contest presenters Sílvia Alberto and Filomena Cautela , and included the passing of a Eurovision insignia from Vitali Klitschko , the Mayor of Kiev ( host city of the previous contest ) , to Fernando Medina , the Mayor of Lisbon .",
"Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Pot 5 Pot 6 Albania Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Switzerland Denmark Finland Iceland Ireland Norway Sweden Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Russia Ukraine Bulgaria Cyprus Greece Hungary Moldova Romania Australia Austria Czech Republic Israel Malta San Marino Belgium Estonia Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland",
"Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Pot 5 Pot 6",
"Albania Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Switzerland Denmark Finland Iceland Ireland Norway Sweden Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Russia Ukraine Bulgaria Cyprus Greece Hungary Moldova Romania Australia Austria Czech Republic Israel Malta San Marino Belgium Estonia Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland",
"Albania Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Switzerland",
"Denmark Finland Iceland Ireland Norway Sweden",
"Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Russia Ukraine",
"Bulgaria Cyprus Greece Hungary Moldova Romania",
"Australia Austria Czech Republic Israel Malta San Marino",
"Belgium Estonia Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland",
"RTP released the first details regarding the opening and interval acts for the final on 12 March 2018 . The opening act featured Portuguese fado singers Ana Moura and Mariza performing `` Fado Loucura '' and `` Barco Negro '' , respectively , which was followed by a parade of flags introducing the 26 finalist participants , with live music by Portuguese scratching duo Beatbombers . The interval acts included Salvador Sobral , who performed his new single `` Mano a mano '' and his Eurovision - winning song `` Amar pelos dois '' ( the latter in a duet with Brazilian singer Caetano Veloso ) , and electronic music performances by Branko featuring Sara Tavares ( Portuguese representative in 1994 ) , Mayra Andrade and Dino D'Santiago .",
"The EBU announced on 7 November 2017 that forty - two countries would participate in the contest . Russia confirmed their return after withdrawing from the previous edition , while Macedonia 's participation was provisionally blocked by the EBU due to unpaid debts by its national broadcaster . However , ten days later , the EBU announced that Macedonia would be allowed to enter the contest , raising the number of participating countries to forty - three , equaling the highest number of participants with the 2008 and 2011 editions .",
"The contest featured two representatives who also previously performed as lead vocalists for the same countries . Alexander Rybak won for Norway in 2009 performing `` Fairytale '' and Waylon placed second for the Netherlands in 2014 as part of The Common Linnets performing `` Calm After the Storm '' .",
"The contest also featured Jessica Mauboy , representing Australia , after taking part in 2014 as the interval act for the second semi-final , performing `` Sea of Flags '' . In addition , the contest featured four lead singers previously participating as backing vocalists , two of them for the same countries . Lea Sirk backed for Slovenia in 2014 and off - stage in 2016 , and Equinox member Vlado Mihailov backed for Bulgaria in 2017 . Cesár Sampson , representing Austria , backed for Bulgaria in 2016 ( also as a dancer ) and off - stage in 2017 . SuRie , representing the United Kingdom , backed for Belgium in 2015 ( also as a dancer ) and was the musical director again for Belgium in 2017 .",
"The first semi-final took place on 8 May 2018 at 20 : 00 WEST ( 21 : 00 CEST ) . Nineteen countries participated in the first semi-final . Those countries , plus Portugal , Spain , and the United Kingdom voted in this semi-final . The highlighted countries qualified for the final .",
"Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points 01 Azerbaijan Aisel `` X My Heart '' English 11 94 02 Iceland Ari Ólafsson `` Our Choice '' English 19 15 03 Albania Eugent Bushpepa `` Mall '' Albanian 8 162 04 Belgium Sennek `` A Matter of Time '' English 12 91 05 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' English 232 06 Lithuania Ieva Zasimauskaitė `` When We 're Old '' English 9 119 07 Israel Netta `` Toy '' English 283 08 Belarus Alekseev `` Forever '' English 16 65 09 Estonia Elina Nechayeva `` La forza '' Italian 5 201 10 Bulgaria Equinox `` Bones '' English 7 177 11 Macedonia Eye Cue `` Lost and Found '' English 18 24 12 Croatia Franka `` Crazy '' English 17 63 13 Austria Cesár Sampson `` Nobody but You '' English 231 14 Greece Yianna Terzi `` Oniro mou '' ( Όνειρό μου ) Greek 14 81 15 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' English 10 108 16 Armenia Sevak Khanagyan `` Qami '' ( Քամի ) Armenian 15 79 17 Switzerland ZiBBZ `` Stones '' English 13 86 18 Ireland Ryan O'Shaughnessy `` Together '' English 6 179 19 Cyprus Eleni Foureira `` Fuego '' English 262",
"Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points",
"01 Azerbaijan Aisel `` X My Heart '' English 11 94",
"02 Iceland Ari Ólafsson `` Our Choice '' English 19 15",
"03 Albania Eugent Bushpepa `` Mall '' Albanian 8 162",
"04 Belgium Sennek `` A Matter of Time '' English 12 91",
"05 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' English 232",
"06 Lithuania Ieva Zasimauskaitė `` When We 're Old '' English 9 119",
"07 Israel Netta `` Toy '' English 283",
"08 Belarus Alekseev `` Forever '' English 16 65",
"09 Estonia Elina Nechayeva `` La forza '' Italian 5 201",
"10 Bulgaria Equinox `` Bones '' English 7 177",
"11 Macedonia Eye Cue `` Lost and Found '' English 18 24",
"12 Croatia Franka `` Crazy '' English 17 63",
"13 Austria Cesár Sampson `` Nobody but You '' English 231",
"14 Greece Yianna Terzi `` Oniro mou '' ( Όνειρό μου ) Greek 14 81",
"15 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' English 10 108",
"16 Armenia Sevak Khanagyan `` Qami '' ( Քամի ) Armenian 15 79",
"17 Switzerland ZiBBZ `` Stones '' English 13 86",
"18 Ireland Ryan O'Shaughnessy `` Together '' English 6 179",
"19 Cyprus Eleni Foureira `` Fuego '' English 262",
"The second semi-final took place on 10 May 2018 at 20 : 00 WEST ( 21 : 00 CEST ) . Eighteen countries participated in the second semi-final . Those countries , plus France , Germany and Italy voted in this semi-final .",
"With the approval from the Reference Group , Italy broadcast and voted in the second semi-final following a request from the broadcaster RAI , as the date of the first semi-final coincided with the scheduled final of the fifth season of The Voice of Italy .",
"The highlighted countries qualified for the final .",
"Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points 01 Norway Alexander Rybak `` That 's How You Write a Song '' English 266 02 Romania The Humans `` Goodbye '' English 11 107 03 Serbia Sanja Ilić & Balkanika `` Nova deca '' ( Нова деца ) Serbian 9 117 04 San Marino Jessika feat . Jenifer Brening `` Who We Are '' English 17 28 05 Denmark Rasmussen `` Higher Ground '' English 5 204 06 Russia Julia Samoylova `` I Wo n't Break '' English 15 65 07 Moldova DoReDoS `` My Lucky Day '' English 235 08 Netherlands Waylon `` Outlaw in ' Em '' English 7 174 09 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' English 212 10 Georgia Ethno - Jazz Band Iriao `` For You '' Georgian 18 24 11 Poland Gromee feat . Lukas Meijer `` Light Me Up '' English 14 81 12 Malta Christabelle `` Taboo '' English 13 101 13 Hungary AWS `` Viszlát nyár '' Hungarian 10 111 14 Latvia Laura Rizzotto `` Funny Girl '' English 12 106 15 Sweden Benjamin Ingrosso `` Dance You Off '' English 254 16 Montenegro Vanja Radovanović `` Inje '' Montenegrin 16 40 17 Slovenia Lea Sirk `` Hvala , ne ! '' Slovene 8 132 18 Ukraine Mélovin `` Under the Ladder '' English 6 179",
"Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points",
"01 Norway Alexander Rybak `` That 's How You Write a Song '' English 266",
"02 Romania The Humans `` Goodbye '' English 11 107",
"03 Serbia Sanja Ilić & Balkanika `` Nova deca '' ( Нова деца ) Serbian 9 117",
"04 San Marino Jessika feat . Jenifer Brening `` Who We Are '' English 17 28",
"05 Denmark Rasmussen `` Higher Ground '' English 5 204",
"06 Russia Julia Samoylova `` I Wo n't Break '' English 15 65",
"07 Moldova DoReDoS `` My Lucky Day '' English 235",
"08 Netherlands Waylon `` Outlaw in ' Em '' English 7 174",
"09 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' English 212",
"10 Georgia Ethno - Jazz Band Iriao `` For You '' Georgian 18 24",
"11 Poland Gromee feat . Lukas Meijer `` Light Me Up '' English 14 81",
"12 Malta Christabelle `` Taboo '' English 13 101",
"13 Hungary AWS `` Viszlát nyár '' Hungarian 10 111",
"14 Latvia Laura Rizzotto `` Funny Girl '' English 12 106",
"15 Sweden Benjamin Ingrosso `` Dance You Off '' English 254",
"16 Montenegro Vanja Radovanović `` Inje '' Montenegrin 16 40",
"17 Slovenia Lea Sirk `` Hvala , ne ! '' Slovene 8 132",
"18 Ukraine Mélovin `` Under the Ladder '' English 6 179",
"The final took place on 12 May 2018 at 20 : 00 WEST ( 21 : 00 CEST ) . Twenty - six countries participated in the final , with all 43 participating countries eligible to vote . The running order for the final was revealed after the press conference of the second semi-final qualifiers on 10 May .",
"Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points 01 Ukraine Mélovin `` Under the Ladder '' English 17 7002130000000000000 ♠ 130 02 Spain Amaia & Alfred `` Tu canción '' Spanish 23 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 03 Slovenia Lea Sirk `` Hvala , ne ! '' Slovene 22 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 04 Lithuania Ieva Zasimauskaitė `` When We 're Old '' English 12 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181 05 Austria Cesár Sampson `` Nobody but You '' English 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 06 Estonia Elina Nechayeva `` La forza '' Italian 8 7002245000000000000 ♠ 245 07 Norway Alexander Rybak `` That 's How You Write a Song '' English 15 7002144000000000000 ♠ 144 08 Portugal Cláudia Pascoal `` O jardim '' Portuguese 26 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 09 United Kingdom SuRie `` Storm '' English 24 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 10 Serbia Sanja Ilić & Balkanika `` Nova deca '' ( Нова деца ) Serbian 19 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 11 Germany Michael Schulte `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' English 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 12 Albania Eugent Bushpepa `` Mall '' Albanian 11 7002184000000000000 ♠ 184 13 France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' French 13 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173 14 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' English 6 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 15 Denmark Rasmussen `` Higher Ground '' English 9 7002226000000000000 ♠ 226 16 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' English 20 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99 17 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' English 25 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 18 Bulgaria Equinox `` Bones '' English 14 7002166000000000000 ♠ 166 19 Moldova DoReDoS `` My Lucky Day '' English 10 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 20 Sweden Benjamin Ingrosso `` Dance You Off '' English 7 7002274000000000000 ♠ 274 21 Hungary AWS `` Viszlát nyár '' Hungarian 21 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 22 Israel Netta `` Toy '' English 7002529000000000000 ♠ 529 23 Netherlands Waylon `` Outlaw in ' Em '' English 18 7002121000000000000 ♠ 121 24 Ireland Ryan O'Shaughnessy `` Together '' English 16 7002136000000000000 ♠ 136 25 Cyprus Eleni Foureira `` Fuego '' English 7002436000000000000 ♠ 436 26 Italy Ermal Meta & Fabrizio Moro `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' Italian 5 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308",
"Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points",
"01 Ukraine Mélovin `` Under the Ladder '' English 17 7002130000000000000 ♠ 130",
"02 Spain Amaia & Alfred `` Tu canción '' Spanish 23 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61",
"03 Slovenia Lea Sirk `` Hvala , ne ! '' Slovene 22 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64",
"04 Lithuania Ieva Zasimauskaitė `` When We 're Old '' English 12 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181",
"05 Austria Cesár Sampson `` Nobody but You '' English 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342",
"06 Estonia Elina Nechayeva `` La forza '' Italian 8 7002245000000000000 ♠ 245",
"07 Norway Alexander Rybak `` That 's How You Write a Song '' English 15 7002144000000000000 ♠ 144",
"08 Portugal Cláudia Pascoal `` O jardim '' Portuguese 26 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39",
"09 United Kingdom SuRie `` Storm '' English 24 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48",
"10 Serbia Sanja Ilić & Balkanika `` Nova deca '' ( Нова деца ) Serbian 19 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113",
"11 Germany Michael Schulte `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' English 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340",
"12 Albania Eugent Bushpepa `` Mall '' Albanian 11 7002184000000000000 ♠ 184",
"13 France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' French 13 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173",
"14 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' English 6 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281",
"15 Denmark Rasmussen `` Higher Ground '' English 9 7002226000000000000 ♠ 226",
"16 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' English 20 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99",
"17 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' English 25 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46",
"18 Bulgaria Equinox `` Bones '' English 14 7002166000000000000 ♠ 166",
"19 Moldova DoReDoS `` My Lucky Day '' English 10 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209",
"20 Sweden Benjamin Ingrosso `` Dance You Off '' English 7 7002274000000000000 ♠ 274",
"21 Hungary AWS `` Viszlát nyár '' Hungarian 21 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93",
"22 Israel Netta `` Toy '' English 7002529000000000000 ♠ 529",
"23 Netherlands Waylon `` Outlaw in ' Em '' English 18 7002121000000000000 ♠ 121",
"24 Ireland Ryan O'Shaughnessy `` Together '' English 16 7002136000000000000 ♠ 136",
"25 Cyprus Eleni Foureira `` Fuego '' English 7002436000000000000 ♠ 436",
"26 Italy Ermal Meta & Fabrizio Moro `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' Italian 5 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308",
"show Semi-final 1 Place Televoting Points Jury Points Cyprus 173 Israel 167 Czech Republic 134 Austria 115 Estonia 120 Albania 114 Israel 116 Bulgaria 107 5 Austria 116 Czech Republic 98 6 Ireland 108 Cyprus 89 7 Finland 73 Estonia 81 8 Bulgaria 70 Ireland 71 9 Lithuania 62 Belgium 71 10 Greece 53 Switzerland 59 11 Albania 48 Lithuania 57 12 Azerbaijan 47 Azerbaijan 47 13 Belarus 45 Croatia 46 14 Armenia 41 Armenia 38 15 Switzerland 27 Finland 35 16 Belgium 20 Greece 28 17 Croatia 17 Belarus 20 18 Macedonia 6 Macedonia 18 19 Iceland 0 Iceland 15",
"show Semi-final 1",
"Place Televoting Points Jury Points",
"Cyprus 173 Israel 167",
"Czech Republic 134 Austria 115",
"Estonia 120 Albania 114",
"Israel 116 Bulgaria 107",
"5 Austria 116 Czech Republic 98",
"6 Ireland 108 Cyprus 89",
"7 Finland 73 Estonia 81",
"8 Bulgaria 70 Ireland 71",
"9 Lithuania 62 Belgium 71",
"10 Greece 53 Switzerland 59",
"11 Albania 48 Lithuania 57",
"12 Azerbaijan 47 Azerbaijan 47",
"13 Belarus 45 Croatia 46",
"14 Armenia 41 Armenia 38",
"15 Switzerland 27 Finland 35",
"16 Belgium 20 Greece 28",
"17 Croatia 17 Belarus 20",
"18 Macedonia 6 Macedonia 18",
"19 Iceland 0 Iceland 15",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Jury vote ) Televoting Score Azerbaijan Iceland Albania Belgium Czech Republic Lithuania Israel Belarus Estonia Bulgaria Macedonia Croatia Austria Greece Finland Armenia Switzerland Ireland Cyprus Portugal Spain United Kingdom Azerbaijan 94 47 5 10 7 12 10 Iceland 15 0 7 Albania 162 48 7 12 5 12 6 10 6 8 6 5 7 5 7 Belgium 91 20 10 8 12 7 5 6 10 Czech Republic 232 134 5 10 5 10 7 8 10 8 7 8 7 Lithuania 119 62 10 10 8 7 12 Israel 283 116 10 10 7 12 7 6 5 5 12 12 12 12 5 10 12 12 8 Belarus 65 45 12 7 Estonia 201 120 6 10 8 12 8 5 8 6 6 Bulgaria 177 70 6 7 5 7 12 6 6 10 6 6 7 12 Macedonia 24 6 6 8 Croatia 63 17 5 6 8 6 5 5 Austria 231 116 7 12 10 12 12 8 8 6 7 6 8 10 Greece 81 53 10 8 Finland 108 73 7 5 5 Armenia 79 41 6 5 10 Switzerland 86 27 8 6 6 8 5 5 Ireland 179 108 8 5 8 12 6 7 5 10 Cyprus 262 173 8 12 8 7 7 10 12 10",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Jury vote )",
"Televoting Score Azerbaijan Iceland Albania Belgium Czech Republic Lithuania Israel Belarus Estonia Bulgaria Macedonia Croatia Austria Greece Finland Armenia Switzerland Ireland Cyprus Portugal Spain United Kingdom",
"",
"Azerbaijan 94 47 5 10 7 12 10",
"Iceland 15 0 7",
"Albania 162 48 7 12 5 12 6 10 6 8 6 5 7 5 7",
"Belgium 91 20 10 8 12 7 5 6 10",
"Czech Republic 232 134 5 10 5 10 7 8 10 8 7 8 7",
"Lithuania 119 62 10 10 8 7 12",
"Israel 283 116 10 10 7 12 7 6 5 5 12 12 12 12 5 10 12 12 8",
"Belarus 65 45 12 7",
"Estonia 201 120 6 10 8 12 8 5 8 6 6",
"Bulgaria 177 70 6 7 5 7 12 6 6 10 6 6 7 12",
"Macedonia 24 6 6 8",
"Croatia 63 17 5 6 8 6 5 5",
"Austria 231 116 7 12 10 12 12 8 8 6 7 6 8 10",
"Greece 81 53 10 8",
"Finland 108 73 7 5 5",
"Armenia 79 41 6 5 10",
"Switzerland 86 27 8 6 6 8 5 5",
"Ireland 179 108 8 5 8 12 6 7 5 10",
"Cyprus 262 173 8 12 8 7 7 10 12 10",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Televoting vote ) Jury Score Azerbaijan Iceland Albania Belgium Czech Republic Lithuania Israel Belarus Estonia Bulgaria Macedonia Croatia Austria Greece Finland Armenia Switzerland Ireland Cyprus Portugal Spain United Kingdom Azerbaijan 94 47 7 10 5 5 5 7 Iceland 15 15 Albania 162 114 12 10 10 5 Belgium 91 71 8 Czech Republic 232 98 8 12 8 7 12 8 7 6 10 10 6 7 7 7 Lithuania 119 57 6 10 12 6 12 Israel 283 167 10 8 12 10 7 6 10 8 5 8 7 5 Belarus 65 20 12 6 6 10 5 Estonia 201 81 6 6 5 5 12 7 6 8 12 5 10 6 12 Bulgaria 177 107 5 5 8 5 7 10 8 6 Macedonia 24 18 5 Croatia 63 46 10 Austria 231 115 5 7 10 6 10 8 8 8 7 8 6 12 8 5 Greece 81 28 10 10 8 12 Finland 108 35 10 8 6 12 5 6 6 7 Armenia 79 38 6 8 12 6 5 Switzerland 86 59 8 Ireland 179 71 6 12 5 8 12 6 6 8 12 10 Cyprus 262 89 7 5 12 7 7 5 10 7 12 7 12 7 12 5 12 7 7 10 10 8",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Televoting vote )",
"Jury Score Azerbaijan Iceland Albania Belgium Czech Republic Lithuania Israel Belarus Estonia Bulgaria Macedonia Croatia Austria Greece Finland Armenia Switzerland Ireland Cyprus Portugal Spain United Kingdom",
"",
"Azerbaijan 94 47 7 10 5 5 5 7",
"Iceland 15 15",
"Albania 162 114 12 10 10 5",
"Belgium 91 71 8",
"Czech Republic 232 98 8 12 8 7 12 8 7 6 10 10 6 7 7 7",
"Lithuania 119 57 6 10 12 6 12",
"Israel 283 167 10 8 12 10 7 6 10 8 5 8 7 5",
"Belarus 65 20 12 6 6 10 5",
"Estonia 201 81 6 6 5 5 12 7 6 8 12 5 10 6 12",
"Bulgaria 177 107 5 5 8 5 7 10 8 6",
"Macedonia 24 18 5",
"Croatia 63 46 10",
"Austria 231 115 5 7 10 6 10 8 8 8 7 8 6 12 8 5",
"Greece 81 28 10 10 8 12",
"Finland 108 35 10 8 6 12 5 6 6 7",
"Armenia 79 38 6 8 12 6 5",
"Switzerland 86 59 8",
"Ireland 179 71 6 12 5 8 12 6 6 8 12 10",
"Cyprus 262 89 7 5 12 7 7 5 10 7 12 7 12 7 12 5 12 7 7 10 10 8",
"Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points ( 12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting ) to the specified entrant .",
"Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country 's professional jury in the first semi-final :",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 7 Israel Armenia , Austria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Finland , Spain Austria Belgium , Estonia , Israel Albania Belarus , Iceland Bulgaria Macedonia , United Kingdom Cyprus Albania , Ireland Azerbaijan Greece Belarus Azerbaijan Belgium Bulgaria Estonia Switzerland Ireland Lithuania Lithuania Portugal",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points",
"7 Israel Armenia , Austria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Finland , Spain",
"Austria Belgium , Estonia , Israel",
"Albania Belarus , Iceland",
"Bulgaria Macedonia , United Kingdom",
"Cyprus Albania , Ireland",
"Azerbaijan Greece",
"Belarus Azerbaijan",
"Belgium Bulgaria",
"Estonia Switzerland",
"Ireland Lithuania",
"Lithuania Portugal",
"Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country 's televote in the first semi-final :",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 5 Cyprus Albania , Armenia , Bulgaria , Croatia , Greece Estonia Finland , Lithuania , Portugal Ireland Austria , Belgium , Spain Czech Republic Iceland , Israel Lithuania Ireland , United Kingdom Albania Macedonia Armenia Belarus Austria Switzerland Belarus Azerbaijan Finland Estonia Greece Cyprus Israel Czech Republic",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points",
"5 Cyprus Albania , Armenia , Bulgaria , Croatia , Greece",
"Estonia Finland , Lithuania , Portugal",
"Ireland Austria , Belgium , Spain",
"Czech Republic Iceland , Israel",
"Lithuania Ireland , United Kingdom",
"Albania Macedonia",
"Armenia Belarus",
"Austria Switzerland",
"Belarus Azerbaijan",
"Finland Estonia",
"Greece Cyprus",
"Israel Czech Republic",
"show Semi-final 2 Place Televoting Points Jury Points Denmark 164 Sweden 171 Moldova 153 Norway 133 Norway 133 Australia 130 Ukraine 114 Netherlands 127 5 Hungary 88 Malta 93 6 Sweden 83 Latvia 92 7 Australia 82 Moldova 82 8 Serbia 72 Romania 67 9 Slovenia 65 Slovenia 67 10 Poland 60 Ukraine 65 11 Russia 51 Serbia 45 12 Netherlands 47 Denmark 40 13 Romania 40 Hungary 23 14 Montenegro 17 Montenegro 23 15 Latvia 14 Poland 21 16 San Marino 14 San Marino 14 17 Georgia 13 Russia 14 18 Malta 8 Georgia 11",
"show Semi-final 2",
"Place Televoting Points Jury Points",
"Denmark 164 Sweden 171",
"Moldova 153 Norway 133",
"Norway 133 Australia 130",
"Ukraine 114 Netherlands 127",
"5 Hungary 88 Malta 93",
"6 Sweden 83 Latvia 92",
"7 Australia 82 Moldova 82",
"8 Serbia 72 Romania 67",
"9 Slovenia 65 Slovenia 67",
"10 Poland 60 Ukraine 65",
"11 Russia 51 Serbia 45",
"12 Netherlands 47 Denmark 40",
"13 Romania 40 Hungary 23",
"14 Montenegro 17 Montenegro 23",
"15 Latvia 14 Poland 21",
"16 San Marino 14 San Marino 14",
"17 Georgia 13 Russia 14",
"18 Malta 8 Georgia 11",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Jury vote ) Televoting Score Norway Romania Serbia San Marino Denmark Russia Moldova Netherlands Australia Georgia Poland Malta Hungary Latvia Sweden Montenegro Slovenia Ukraine France Germany Italy Norway 266 133 8 7 6 10 10 8 5 12 7 5 12 6 7 5 12 Romania 107 40 12 6 12 8 6 Serbia 117 72 6 6 7 6 12 San Marino 28 14 5 5 Denmark 204 164 5 6 8 5 10 Russia 65 51 7 Moldova 235 153 12 10 12 10 6 5 5 Netherlands 174 47 8 8 10 5 5 10 10 8 8 6 10 12 8 7 Australia 212 82 10 6 12 10 8 7 10 12 10 6 12 8 7 Georgia 24 13 8 Poland 81 60 5 Malta 101 8 6 10 8 8 7 7 8 6 6 8 Hungary 111 88 5 6 Latvia 106 14 7 5 7 7 5 8 7 7 10 10 10 Sweden 254 83 12 12 12 10 8 12 12 12 12 10 10 12 7 7 12 6 Montenegro 40 17 7 7 5 Slovenia 132 65 5 6 8 5 8 5 5 Ukraine 179 114 6 8 6 7 7 6 5 10",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Jury vote )",
"Televoting Score Norway Romania Serbia San Marino Denmark Russia Moldova Netherlands Australia Georgia Poland Malta Hungary Latvia Sweden Montenegro Slovenia Ukraine France Germany Italy",
"",
"Norway 266 133 8 7 6 10 10 8 5 12 7 5 12 6 7 5 12",
"Romania 107 40 12 6 12 8 6",
"Serbia 117 72 6 6 7 6 12",
"San Marino 28 14 5 5",
"Denmark 204 164 5 6 8 5 10",
"Russia 65 51 7",
"Moldova 235 153 12 10 12 10 6 5 5",
"Netherlands 174 47 8 8 10 5 5 10 10 8 8 6 10 12 8 7",
"Australia 212 82 10 6 12 10 8 7 10 12 10 6 12 8 7",
"Georgia 24 13 8",
"Poland 81 60 5",
"Malta 101 8 6 10 8 8 7 7 8 6 6 8",
"Hungary 111 88 5 6",
"Latvia 106 14 7 5 7 7 5 8 7 7 10 10 10",
"Sweden 254 83 12 12 12 10 8 12 12 12 12 10 10 12 7 7 12 6",
"Montenegro 40 17 7 7 5",
"Slovenia 132 65 5 6 8 5 8 5 5",
"Ukraine 179 114 6 8 6 7 7 6 5 10",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Televoting vote ) Jury Score Norway Romania Serbia San Marino Denmark Russia Moldova Netherlands Australia Georgia Poland Malta Hungary Latvia Sweden Montenegro Slovenia Ukraine France Germany Italy Norway 266 133 6 6 7 12 8 6 10 6 5 7 6 8 10 5 10 8 Romania 107 67 12 8 8 12 Serbia 117 45 6 10 12 12 10 6 San Marino 28 14 12 Denmark 204 40 12 8 12 7 12 12 8 8 12 7 12 8 10 5 10 7 Russia 65 14 7 8 6 12 8 Moldova 235 82 5 12 5 6 6 12 7 10 12 10 8 5 6 12 12 5 10 Netherlands 174 127 7 7 5 6 Australia 212 130 8 7 8 5 10 7 6 7 Georgia 24 11 5 5 Poland 81 21 6 5 7 8 7 7 12 Malta 101 93 7 Hungary 111 23 10 12 8 8 10 5 8 6 Latvia 106 92 7 Sweden 254 171 10 5 10 5 6 8 5 7 6 6 Montenegro 40 23 10 7 Slovenia 132 67 8 6 5 10 6 5 Ukraine 179 65 5 10 5 10 7 5 10 12 6 10 7 8",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Televoting vote )",
"Jury Score Norway Romania Serbia San Marino Denmark Russia Moldova Netherlands Australia Georgia Poland Malta Hungary Latvia Sweden Montenegro Slovenia Ukraine France Germany Italy",
"",
"Norway 266 133 6 6 7 12 8 6 10 6 5 7 6 8 10 5 10 8",
"Romania 107 67 12 8 8 12",
"Serbia 117 45 6 10 12 12 10 6",
"San Marino 28 14 12",
"Denmark 204 40 12 8 12 7 12 12 8 8 12 7 12 8 10 5 10 7",
"Russia 65 14 7 8 6 12 8",
"Moldova 235 82 5 12 5 6 6 12 7 10 12 10 8 5 6 12 12 5 10",
"Netherlands 174 127 7 7 5 6",
"Australia 212 130 8 7 8 5 10 7 6 7",
"Georgia 24 11 5 5",
"Poland 81 21 6 5 7 8 7 7 12",
"Malta 101 93 7",
"Hungary 111 23 10 12 8 8 10 5 8 6",
"Latvia 106 92 7",
"Sweden 254 171 10 5 10 5 6 8 5 7 6 6",
"Montenegro 40 23 10 7",
"Slovenia 132 67 8 6 5 10 6 5",
"Ukraine 179 65 5 10 5 10 7 5 10 12 6 10 7 8",
"Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points ( 12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting ) to the specified entrant .",
"Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country 's professional jury in the second semi-final :",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 9 Sweden Australia , Georgia , Germany , Netherlands , Norway , Poland , San Marino , Serbia , Slovenia Australia Denmark , France , Latvia Norway Italy , Malta , Sweden Moldova Romania , Russia Romania Hungary , Moldova Netherlands Ukraine Serbia Montenegro",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points",
"9 Sweden Australia , Georgia , Germany , Netherlands , Norway , Poland , San Marino , Serbia , Slovenia",
"Australia Denmark , France , Latvia",
"Norway Italy , Malta , Sweden",
"Moldova Romania , Russia",
"Romania Hungary , Moldova",
"Netherlands Ukraine",
"Serbia Montenegro",
"Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country 's televote in the second semi-final :",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 6 Denmark Australia , Hungary , Netherlands , Norway , San Marino , Sweden 5 Moldova France , Georgia , Romania , Russia , Ukraine Romania Italy , Moldova Serbia Montenegro , Slovenia Hungary Serbia Norway Denmark Poland Germany Russia Latvia San Marino Malta Ukraine Poland",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points",
"6 Denmark Australia , Hungary , Netherlands , Norway , San Marino , Sweden",
"5 Moldova France , Georgia , Romania , Russia , Ukraine",
"Romania Italy , Moldova",
"Serbia Montenegro , Slovenia",
"Hungary Serbia",
"Norway Denmark",
"Poland Germany",
"Russia Latvia",
"San Marino Malta",
"Ukraine Poland",
"show Final Place Televoting Points Jury Points Israel 317 Austria 271 Cyprus 253 Sweden 253 Italy 249 Israel 212 Czech Republic 215 Germany 204 5 Denmark 188 Cyprus 183 6 Germany 136 Estonia 143 7 Ukraine 119 Albania 126 8 Moldova 115 France 114 9 Estonia 102 Bulgaria 100 10 Lithuania 91 Moldova 94 11 Norway 84 Lithuania 90 12 Serbia 75 Australia 90 13 Austria 71 Netherlands 89 14 Bulgaria 66 Ireland 74 15 Hungary 65 Czech Republic 66 16 Ireland 62 Norway 60 17 France 59 Italy 59 18 Albania 58 Spain 43 19 Netherlands 32 Slovenia 41 20 United Kingdom 25 Denmark 38 21 Finland 23 Serbia 38 22 Slovenia 23 Hungary 28 23 Sweden 21 United Kingdom 23 24 Spain 18 Finland 23 25 Portugal 18 Portugal 21 26 Australia 9 Ukraine 11",
"show Final",
"Place Televoting Points Jury Points",
"Israel 317 Austria 271",
"Cyprus 253 Sweden 253",
"Italy 249 Israel 212",
"Czech Republic 215 Germany 204",
"5 Denmark 188 Cyprus 183",
"6 Germany 136 Estonia 143",
"7 Ukraine 119 Albania 126",
"8 Moldova 115 France 114",
"9 Estonia 102 Bulgaria 100",
"10 Lithuania 91 Moldova 94",
"11 Norway 84 Lithuania 90",
"12 Serbia 75 Australia 90",
"13 Austria 71 Netherlands 89",
"14 Bulgaria 66 Ireland 74",
"15 Hungary 65 Czech Republic 66",
"16 Ireland 62 Norway 60",
"17 France 59 Italy 59",
"18 Albania 58 Spain 43",
"19 Netherlands 32 Slovenia 41",
"20 United Kingdom 25 Denmark 38",
"21 Finland 23 Serbia 38",
"22 Slovenia 23 Hungary 28",
"23 Sweden 21 United Kingdom 23",
"24 Spain 18 Finland 23",
"25 Portugal 18 Portugal 21",
"26 Australia 9 Ukraine 11",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Jury vote ) Televoting Score Ukraine 130 119 6 5 Spain 61 18 6 10 7 7 6 Slovenia 64 23 5 6 5 7 Lithuania 181 91 5 7 12 6 10 10 5 8 6 Austria 342 71 7 10 10 8 8 8 12 10 7 5 12 5 12 12 8 7 7 5 12 12 8 10 7 12 12 12 10 8 Estonia 245 102 5 12 10 7 6 8 7 12 8 5 6 10 5 12 Norway 144 84 8 5 5 12 6 7 Portugal 39 18 6 7 United Kingdom 48 25 6 8 Serbia 113 75 10 8 12 Germany 340 136 10 12 7 7 10 12 6 8 6 5 12 8 10 10 6 10 5 6 12 5 10 5 Albania 184 58 12 7 6 7 7 6 10 6 7 7 10 10 7 10 France 173 59 12 8 6 5 10 7 6 7 5 5 5 10 5 Czech Republic 281 215 6 5 7 5 6 8 Denmark 226 188 8 12 6 Australia 99 9 10 8 6 7 6 10 7 7 5 7 Finland 46 23 5 6 Bulgaria 166 66 5 6 6 8 6 8 7 10 8 7 10 7 Moldova 209 115 7 7 8 7 5 10 10 10 8 12 6 Sweden 274 21 6 8 8 7 7 12 8 12 8 5 8 10 5 12 5 12 12 12 8 12 8 10 5 10 6 8 12 Hungary 93 65 8 6 Israel 529 317 10 12 5 6 10 12 10 7 5 10 7 12 8 10 6 12 6 8 6 12 8 6 Netherlands 121 32 8 5 5 8 10 6 7 5 8 7 Ireland 136 62 5 10 5 8 6 5 Cyprus 436 253 12 6 10 12 12 5 12 10 12 5 6 5 8 7 12 6 7 7 8 Italy 308 249 10 12 8 8",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Jury vote )",
"Televoting Score",
"",
"Ukraine 130 119 6 5",
"Spain 61 18 6 10 7 7 6",
"Slovenia 64 23 5 6 5 7",
"Lithuania 181 91 5 7 12 6 10 10 5 8 6",
"Austria 342 71 7 10 10 8 8 8 12 10 7 5 12 5 12 12 8 7 7 5 12 12 8 10 7 12 12 12 10 8",
"Estonia 245 102 5 12 10 7 6 8 7 12 8 5 6 10 5 12",
"Norway 144 84 8 5 5 12 6 7",
"Portugal 39 18 6 7",
"United Kingdom 48 25 6 8",
"Serbia 113 75 10 8 12",
"Germany 340 136 10 12 7 7 10 12 6 8 6 5 12 8 10 10 6 10 5 6 12 5 10 5",
"Albania 184 58 12 7 6 7 7 6 10 6 7 7 10 10 7 10",
"France 173 59 12 8 6 5 10 7 6 7 5 5 5 10 5",
"Czech Republic 281 215 6 5 7 5 6 8",
"Denmark 226 188 8 12 6",
"Australia 99 9 10 8 6 7 6 10 7 7 5 7",
"Finland 46 23 5 6",
"Bulgaria 166 66 5 6 6 8 6 8 7 10 8 7 10 7",
"Moldova 209 115 7 7 8 7 5 10 10 10 8 12 6",
"Sweden 274 21 6 8 8 7 7 12 8 12 8 5 8 10 5 12 5 12 12 12 8 12 8 10 5 10 6 8 12",
"Hungary 93 65 8 6",
"Israel 529 317 10 12 5 6 10 12 10 7 5 10 7 12 8 10 6 12 6 8 6 12 8 6",
"Netherlands 121 32 8 5 5 8 10 6 7 5 8 7",
"Ireland 136 62 5 10 5 8 6 5",
"Cyprus 436 253 12 6 10 12 12 5 12 10 12 5 6 5 8 7 12 6 7 7 8",
"Italy 308 249 10 12 8 8",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Televoting vote ) Jury Score Ukraine 130 11 8 12 5 8 12 10 8 7 8 7 12 Spain 61 43 5 12 Slovenia 64 41 7 8 6 Lithuania 181 90 5 7 12 7 12 12 12 12 6 Austria 342 271 10 5 8 6 6 5 Estonia 245 143 6 10 5 7 6 12 8 12 7 Norway 144 60 7 10 8 8 5 5 7 5 5 5 Portugal 39 21 8 10 United Kingdom 48 23 10 6 Serbia 113 38 10 8 12 7 12 12 12 Germany 340 204 12 6 6 12 5 8 8 8 6 6 8 Albania 184 126 12 12 10 10 7 France 173 114 7 5 6 8 5 6 5 Czech Republic 281 66 10 6 5 10 6 5 10 12 6 5 5 7 10 6 5 5 8 8 7 8 8 5 12 8 8 Denmark 226 38 8 7 6 8 5 12 5 7 12 5 10 10 8 12 10 7 6 10 7 Australia 99 90 6 Finland 46 23 6 10 Bulgaria 166 100 7 7 5 6 6 5 12 5 Moldova 209 94 6 6 7 12 6 6 10 5 8 12 10 6 Sweden 274 253 7 Hungary 93 28 10 12 5 8 7 Israel 529 212 12 12 8 12 10 8 12 12 7 7 10 8 6 6 8 10 7 12 10 7 12 7 12 7 10 10 10 6 10 10 7 10 5 10 Netherlands 121 89 5 12 5 Ireland 136 74 10 7 8 7 Cyprus 436 183 10 7 5 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 5 7 8 7 7 5 7 10 12 12 12 7 5 6 8 6 6 5 Italy 308 59 5 5 8 7 6 12 5 7 10 6 12 10 6 8 6 10 7 6 7 6 8 6 8 12 6 6 8 5 5 7 10 10",
"Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote Voting results ( Televoting vote )",
"Jury Score",
"",
"Ukraine 130 11 8 12 5 8 12 10 8 7 8 7 12",
"Spain 61 43 5 12",
"Slovenia 64 41 7 8 6",
"Lithuania 181 90 5 7 12 7 12 12 12 12 6",
"Austria 342 271 10 5 8 6 6 5",
"Estonia 245 143 6 10 5 7 6 12 8 12 7",
"Norway 144 60 7 10 8 8 5 5 7 5 5 5",
"Portugal 39 21 8 10",
"United Kingdom 48 23 10 6",
"Serbia 113 38 10 8 12 7 12 12 12",
"Germany 340 204 12 6 6 12 5 8 8 8 6 6 8",
"Albania 184 126 12 12 10 10 7",
"France 173 114 7 5 6 8 5 6 5",
"Czech Republic 281 66 10 6 5 10 6 5 10 12 6 5 5 7 10 6 5 5 8 8 7 8 8 5 12 8 8",
"Denmark 226 38 8 7 6 8 5 12 5 7 12 5 10 10 8 12 10 7 6 10 7",
"Australia 99 90 6",
"Finland 46 23 6 10",
"Bulgaria 166 100 7 7 5 6 6 5 12 5",
"Moldova 209 94 6 6 7 12 6 6 10 5 8 12 10 6",
"Sweden 274 253 7",
"Hungary 93 28 10 12 5 8 7",
"Israel 529 212 12 12 8 12 10 8 12 12 7 7 10 8 6 6 8 10 7 12 10 7 12 7 12 7 10 10 10 6 10 10 7 10 5 10",
"Netherlands 121 89 5 12 5",
"Ireland 136 74 10 7 8 7",
"Cyprus 436 183 10 7 5 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 5 7 8 7 7 5 7 10 12 12 12 7 5 6 8 6 6 5",
"Italy 308 59 5 5 8 7 6 12 5 7 10 6 12 10 6 8 6 10 7 6 7 6 8 6 8 12 6 6 8 5 5 7 10 10",
"Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points ( 12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting ) to the specified entrant .",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 9 Austria Belgium , Bulgaria , Estonia , Iceland , Israel , Lithuania , Romania , Poland , United Kingdom 8 Sweden Armenia , Australia , Cyprus , Georgia , Germany , Latvia , Serbia , Slovenia 6 Cyprus Belarus , Greece , Ireland , Malta , Spain , Sweden 5 Israel Austria , Czech Republic , France , Finland , San Marino Germany Denmark , Netherlands , Norway , Switzerland Estonia Macedonia , Moldova , Portugal Albania Azerbaijan Denmark Hungary France Ukraine Italy Albania Lithuania Croatia Moldova Russia Norway Italy Serbia Montenegro",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points",
"9 Austria Belgium , Bulgaria , Estonia , Iceland , Israel , Lithuania , Romania , Poland , United Kingdom",
"8 Sweden Armenia , Australia , Cyprus , Georgia , Germany , Latvia , Serbia , Slovenia",
"6 Cyprus Belarus , Greece , Ireland , Malta , Spain , Sweden",
"5 Israel Austria , Czech Republic , France , Finland , San Marino",
"Germany Denmark , Netherlands , Norway , Switzerland",
"Estonia Macedonia , Moldova , Portugal",
"Albania Azerbaijan",
"Denmark Hungary",
"France Ukraine",
"Italy Albania",
"Lithuania Croatia",
"Moldova Russia",
"Norway Italy",
"Serbia Montenegro",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 8 Israel Australia , Azerbaijan , France , Georgia , Moldova , San Marino , Spain , Ukraine 5 Lithuania Estonia , Ireland , Latvia , Norway , United Kingdom Serbia Croatia , Montenegro , Slovenia , Switzerland Cyprus Armenia , Bulgaria , Greece Denmark Hungary , Iceland , Sweden Italy Albania , Germany , Malta Ukraine Belarus , Czech Republic , Poland Albania Italy , Macedonia Czech Republic Austria , Israel Estonia Finland , Lithuania Germany Denmark , Netherlands Moldova Romania , Russia Bulgaria Cyprus Hungary Serbia Netherlands Belgium Spain Portugal",
"N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points",
"8 Israel Australia , Azerbaijan , France , Georgia , Moldova , San Marino , Spain , Ukraine",
"5 Lithuania Estonia , Ireland , Latvia , Norway , United Kingdom",
"Serbia Croatia , Montenegro , Slovenia , Switzerland",
"Cyprus Armenia , Bulgaria , Greece",
"Denmark Hungary , Iceland , Sweden",
"Italy Albania , Germany , Malta",
"Ukraine Belarus , Czech Republic , Poland",
"Albania Italy , Macedonia",
"Czech Republic Austria , Israel",
"Estonia Finland , Lithuania",
"Germany Denmark , Netherlands",
"Moldova Romania , Russia",
"Bulgaria Cyprus",
"Hungary Serbia",
"Netherlands Belgium",
"Spain Portugal",
"Eligibility for participation in the Eurovision Song Contest requires a national broadcaster with active EBU membership , or a special invitation from the EBU as in the case of Australia .",
"Andorra -- The Director General of Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra ( RTVA ) announced on 14 May 2017 that Andorra would not participate in the contest , due to financial difficulties and the restructuring of the company . Bosnia and Herzegovina -- On 18 September 2017 , BHRT confirmed that Bosnia and Herzegovina would not return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2018 . Luxembourg -- Steve Schmit , the Director of Programming at the Luxembourgish broadcaster ( RTL ) , explained last year the reasons against participating in the Eurovision Song Contest . He also underlined that Luxembourg 's chance for success in the contest is limited : `` I believe that ( with ) the enlargement of Eurovision , the days ( of victory ) are gone . With the new voting system , it is very unlikely that Luxembourg is successful . Small countries are somewhat more troubled now '' . Luxembourg last participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1993 . Monaco -- On 31 August 2017 , Monegasque broadcaster TMC confirmed that Monaco would not participate in the 2018 contest . Slovakia -- Eríka Rusnáková , press spokesperson of the Slovak broadcaster Radio and Television of Slovakia ( RTVS ) , confirmed on 11 September 2017 to Czech Eurovision website Eurocontest.cz that the country would not participate in the 2018 contest . Turkey -- On 12 July 2017 , Sertab Erener , who won for Turkey in 2003 , announced on an Instagram live chat that Turkey would return and wished luck to the next representative . maNga , the 2010 Turkish representatives , and Hadise , the 2009 Turkish representative , also expressed their interests for Turkey returning to the contest . Despite these statements , on 7 August 2017 , the Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey , Bekir Bozdağ , issued a statement saying that there were no plans for a return . The same day , TRT confirmed their non-participation in the 2018 contest .",
"Andorra -- The Director General of Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra ( RTVA ) announced on 14 May 2017 that Andorra would not participate in the contest , due to financial difficulties and the restructuring of the company .",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina -- On 18 September 2017 , BHRT confirmed that Bosnia and Herzegovina would not return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2018 .",
"Luxembourg -- Steve Schmit , the Director of Programming at the Luxembourgish broadcaster ( RTL ) , explained last year the reasons against participating in the Eurovision Song Contest . He also underlined that Luxembourg 's chance for success in the contest is limited : `` I believe that ( with ) the enlargement of Eurovision , the days ( of victory ) are gone . With the new voting system , it is very unlikely that Luxembourg is successful . Small countries are somewhat more troubled now '' . Luxembourg last participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1993 .",
"Monaco -- On 31 August 2017 , Monegasque broadcaster TMC confirmed that Monaco would not participate in the 2018 contest .",
"Slovakia -- Eríka Rusnáková , press spokesperson of the Slovak broadcaster Radio and Television of Slovakia ( RTVS ) , confirmed on 11 September 2017 to Czech Eurovision website Eurocontest.cz that the country would not participate in the 2018 contest .",
"Turkey -- On 12 July 2017 , Sertab Erener , who won for Turkey in 2003 , announced on an Instagram live chat that Turkey would return and wished luck to the next representative . maNga , the 2010 Turkish representatives , and Hadise , the 2009 Turkish representative , also expressed their interests for Turkey returning to the contest . Despite these statements , on 7 August 2017 , the Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey , Bekir Bozdağ , issued a statement saying that there were no plans for a return . The same day , TRT confirmed their non-participation in the 2018 contest .",
"Kazakhstan -- Khabar Agency became an associate member of the EBU on 1 January 2016 , opening up the possibility of future participation . They broadcast all the shows in 2017 . Furthermore , the winner of the Turkvision Song Contest 2014 , Zhanar Dugalova , said she would be interested in representing Kazakhstan in the contest . However , on 25 September , Khabar Agency told Esctoday that : `` We have no information about Kazakshtan 's participation in Eurovison 2018 yet '' , maintaining the possibility of the country being invited by the EBU , as it is entirely at the EBU 's discretion to extend an invitation like in the case of Australia . The EBU however , chose not to invite Kazakhstan , as seen in the list of participants . On 22 December 2017 , it was claimed that Channel 31 had finalised negotiations with the EBU , allowing Kazakhstan to debut in 2019 , however , on 23 December 2017 , the EBU told Esctoday that : `` Channel 31 Kazakhstan has indeed expressed interest in becoming a Member of the EBU and hence participate in the Eurovision Song Contest . However , since Channel 31 is outside the European Broadcasting Area and is also not a member of the Council of Europe , it is not eligible to become an active Member of the EBU '' .",
"Kazakhstan -- Khabar Agency became an associate member of the EBU on 1 January 2016 , opening up the possibility of future participation . They broadcast all the shows in 2017 . Furthermore , the winner of the Turkvision Song Contest 2014 , Zhanar Dugalova , said she would be interested in representing Kazakhstan in the contest . However , on 25 September , Khabar Agency told Esctoday that : `` We have no information about Kazakshtan 's participation in Eurovison 2018 yet '' , maintaining the possibility of the country being invited by the EBU , as it is entirely at the EBU 's discretion to extend an invitation like in the case of Australia . The EBU however , chose not to invite Kazakhstan , as seen in the list of participants . On 22 December 2017 , it was claimed that Channel 31 had finalised negotiations with the EBU , allowing Kazakhstan to debut in 2019 , however , on 23 December 2017 , the EBU told Esctoday that : `` Channel 31 Kazakhstan has indeed expressed interest in becoming a Member of the EBU and hence participate in the Eurovision Song Contest . However , since Channel 31 is outside the European Broadcasting Area and is also not a member of the Council of Europe , it is not eligible to become an active Member of the EBU '' .",
"Kosovo -- Kosovar media reported that RTK was hopeful that they would debut in the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest in Portugal . In an article published by RTK the Director of Television at the Kosovar broadcaster stated that he had received the support of national broadcasters across the Balkans to participate in the competition . However , both Bosnia - Herzegovina and Serbia had opposed such participation . The EBU then sent a letter to RTK explaining that Kosovo can not participate in the ESC , because it is not a UN member and it is not a fully recognised state . Liechtenstein -- On 1 September 2017 , 1 FL TV , the national broadcaster of the Principality of Liechtenstein confirmed that the country would not debut in 2018 . However , on 4 November 2017 , 1 FL TV announced that they are planning a debut in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2019 .",
"Kosovo -- Kosovar media reported that RTK was hopeful that they would debut in the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest in Portugal . In an article published by RTK the Director of Television at the Kosovar broadcaster stated that he had received the support of national broadcasters across the Balkans to participate in the competition . However , both Bosnia - Herzegovina and Serbia had opposed such participation . The EBU then sent a letter to RTK explaining that Kosovo can not participate in the ESC , because it is not a UN member and it is not a fully recognised state .",
"Liechtenstein -- On 1 September 2017 , 1 FL TV , the national broadcaster of the Principality of Liechtenstein confirmed that the country would not debut in 2018 . However , on 4 November 2017 , 1 FL TV announced that they are planning a debut in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2019 .",
"The spokespersons announced the 12 - point score from their respective country 's national jury in the following order :",
"Ukraine -- Natalia Zhyzhchenko Azerbaijan -- Tural Asadov Belarus -- Naviband ( Belarusian representative in 2017 ) San Marino -- John Kennedy O'Connor Netherlands -- O'G3NE ( Dutch representatives in 2017 ) Macedonia -- Jana Burčeska ( Macedonian representative in 2017 ) Malta -- Lara Azzopardi Georgia -- Tamara Gachechiladze ( Georgian representative in 2017 ) Spain -- Nieves Álvarez Austria -- Kati Bellowitsch Denmark -- Ulla Essendrop United Kingdom -- Mel Giedroyc Sweden -- Felix Sandman Latvia -- Dagmāra Legante Albania -- Andri Xhahu Croatia -- Uršula Tolj Ireland -- Nicky Byrne ( Irish representative in 2016 ) Romania -- Sonia Argint - Ionescu Czech Republic -- Radka Rosická Iceland -- Edda Sif Pálsdóttir Moldova -- Djulieta Ardovan Belgium -- Danira Boukhriss Terkessidis Norway -- Aleksander Walmann and JOWST ( Norwegian representatives in 2017 ) France -- Élodie Gossuin Italy -- Giulia Valentina Palermo Australia -- Ricardo Gonçalves Estonia -- Ott Evestus Serbia -- Dragana Kosjerina Cyprus -- Hovig ( Cypriot representative in 2017 ) Armenia -- Arsen Grigoryan Bulgaria -- Joanna Dragneva ( Bulgarian representative in 2008 ) Greece -- Olina Xenopoulou Hungary -- Bence Forró Montenegro -- Nataša Šotra Germany -- Barbara Schöneberger Finland -- Anna Abreu Russia -- Alsou ( Russian representative in 2000 and host of the final in 2009 ) Switzerland -- Letícia Carvalho Israel -- Lucy Ayoub Poland -- Mateusz Szymkowiak Lithuania -- Eglė Daugėlaitė Slovenia -- Maja Keuc ( Slovenian representative in 2011 ) Portugal -- Pedro Fernandes",
"Ukraine -- Natalia Zhyzhchenko",
"Azerbaijan -- Tural Asadov",
"Belarus -- Naviband ( Belarusian representative in 2017 )",
"San Marino -- John Kennedy O'Connor",
"Netherlands -- O'G3NE ( Dutch representatives in 2017 )",
"Macedonia -- Jana Burčeska ( Macedonian representative in 2017 )",
"Malta -- Lara Azzopardi",
"Georgia -- Tamara Gachechiladze ( Georgian representative in 2017 )",
"Spain -- Nieves Álvarez",
"Austria -- Kati Bellowitsch",
"Denmark -- Ulla Essendrop",
"United Kingdom -- Mel Giedroyc",
"Sweden -- Felix Sandman",
"Latvia -- Dagmāra Legante",
"Albania -- Andri Xhahu",
"Croatia -- Uršula Tolj",
"Ireland -- Nicky Byrne ( Irish representative in 2016 )",
"Romania -- Sonia Argint - Ionescu",
"Czech Republic -- Radka Rosická",
"Iceland -- Edda Sif Pálsdóttir",
"Moldova -- Djulieta Ardovan",
"Belgium -- Danira Boukhriss Terkessidis",
"Norway -- Aleksander Walmann and JOWST ( Norwegian representatives in 2017 )",
"France -- Élodie Gossuin",
"Italy -- Giulia Valentina Palermo",
"Australia -- Ricardo Gonçalves",
"Estonia -- Ott Evestus",
"Serbia -- Dragana Kosjerina",
"Cyprus -- Hovig ( Cypriot representative in 2017 )",
"Armenia -- Arsen Grigoryan",
"Bulgaria -- Joanna Dragneva ( Bulgarian representative in 2008 )",
"Greece -- Olina Xenopoulou",
"Hungary -- Bence Forró",
"Montenegro -- Nataša Šotra",
"Germany -- Barbara Schöneberger",
"Finland -- Anna Abreu",
"Russia -- Alsou ( Russian representative in 2000 and host of the final in 2009 )",
"Switzerland -- Letícia Carvalho",
"Israel -- Lucy Ayoub",
"Poland -- Mateusz Szymkowiak",
"Lithuania -- Eglė Daugėlaitė",
"Slovenia -- Maja Keuc ( Slovenian representative in 2011 )",
"Portugal -- Pedro Fernandes",
"Most countries sent commentators to Lisbon or commented from their own country , in order to add insight to the participants and , if necessary , the provision of voting information .",
"Albania -- Andri Xhahu ( RTSH , RTSH Muzikë , Radio Tirana , all shows ) Armenia -- Avet Barseghyan and Felix Khachatryan ( Armenia 1 and Public Radio of Armenia , all shows ) Australia -- Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey ( SBS , all shows ) Austria -- Andi Knoll ( ORF eins , all shows ) Azerbaijan -- Azer Suleymanli ( İTV , all shows ) Belarus -- Evgeny Perlin ( Belarus - 1 and Belarus 24 , all shows ) Belgium -- Dutch : Peter Van de Veire ( één , all shows ) ; French : Maureen Louys and Jean - Louis Lahaye ( La Une , all shows ; second semi-final 90 - minute - delayed , first semi-final and final live ) Bulgaria -- Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev ( BNT 1 , all shows ) Croatia -- Duško Ćurlić ( HRT 1 and HR 2 , all shows ) Cyprus -- Costas Constantinou and Vaso Komninou ( CyBC , all shows ) Czech Republic -- Libor Bouček ( ČT2 , semi-finals and ČT1 , final ) Denmark -- Ole Tøpholm ( DR 1 , all shows ) Estonia -- Estonian : Marko Reikop ( ETV , all shows ) ; Mart Juur and Andrus Kivirähk ( Raadio 2 , first semi-final and final ) ; Russian : Aleksandr Hobotov , Julia Kalenda ( ETV+ , all shows ) Finland -- Finnish : Mikko Silvennoinen ( with Saara Aalto in the second semi-final ) ; Swedish : Johan Lindroos and Eva Frantz ( Yle TV2 , Yle X3M , all shows ) ; Anna Keränen ( Yle Radio Suomi , semi-finals ) ; Anna Keränen , Aija Puurtinen , Sami Sykkö ( Yle Radio Suomi , final ) France -- Christophe Willem and André Manoukian ( France 4 , semi-finals ) ; Stéphane Bern , Christophe Willem and Alma ( France 2 , final ) Georgia -- Demetre Ergemlidze ( GPB First Channel , all shows ) Germany -- Peter Urban ( One , semi-finals and Das Erste , final ) Greece -- Alexandros Lizardos and Daphne Skalioni ( ERT1 , ERT HD , ERA 2 , Voice of Greece , all shows ) Hungary -- Krisztina Rátonyi and Freddie ( Duna , all shows ) Iceland -- Gísli Marteinn Baldursson ( RÚV , all shows ) Ireland -- Marty Whelan ( RTÉ 2 , semi-finals and RTÉ One , final ) ; Neil Doherty and Zbyszek Zalinski ( RTÉ Radio 1 , first semi-final and final ) Israel -- Asaf Liberman and Shir Reuven ( Kan 11 , first semi-final ) ; Itai Herman and Goel Pinto ( Kan 11 , second semi-final ) ; Erez Tal and Idit Hershkowitz ( Kan 11 , final ) Italy -- Carolina Di Domenico and Saverio Raimondo ( Rai 4 , semi-finals ) ; Serena Rossi and Federico Russo ( Rai 1 , final ) ; Carolina Di Domenico and Ema Stokholma ( Rai Radio 2 , final ) Latvia -- Toms Grēviņš ( LTV , all shows ) Magnuss Eriņš ( final ) Lithuania -- Darius Užkuraitis and Gerūta Griniūtė ( LRT televizija , LRT Radijas , all shows ) Macedonia -- Karolina Petkovska ( MRT 1 , MRT 2 , Macedonian radio , all shows ) Malta -- No commentary Moldova -- Djulieta Ardovan ( Moldova 1 , Radio Moldova , Radio Moldova Muzical , Radio Moldova Tineret , semi-finals ) ; Doina Stimpovschii ( Moldova 1 , Radio Moldova , Radio Moldova Muzical , Radio Moldova Tineret , final ) Montenegro -- Dražen Bauković and Tijana Mišković ( TVCG 1 and TVCG SAT , all shows ) Netherlands -- Cornald Maas and Jan Smit ( NPO 1 , all shows ) Norway -- Olav Viksmo - Slettan ( NRK1 , all shows ) ; Ronny Brede Aase , Silje Nordnes and Markus Neby ( NRK3 , final ) ; Ole Christian Øen ( NRK P1 , final ) Poland -- Artur Orzech ( TVP1 , TVP Polonia , all shows ) Portugal -- Nuno Galopim and Hélder Reis ( RTP1 , RTP África , RTP Internacional , all shows ) Romania -- Liliana Ștefan and Radu Andrei Tudor ( TVR1 , TVR HD , TVRi , all shows ) Russia -- Yuriy Aksuta and Yana Churikova ( Channel One , all shows ; first semi-final 110 - minute - delayed , second semi-final and final live ) San Marino -- Lia Fiorio and Gigi Restivo ( San Marino RTV and Radio San Marino , all shows ) Serbia -- Silvana Grujić and Tamara Petković ( RTS1 , RTS HD , RTS Svet , RTS Planeta , first semi-final ) ; Duška Vučinić ( RTS1 , RTS HD , RTS Svet , RTS Planeta , second semi-final and final ) Slovenia -- Andrej Hofer ( TV Slovenija 2 , semi-finals and TV Slovenija 1 , final ) Spain -- Tony Aguilar and Julia Varela ( La 2 , semi-finals ; La 1 , final ) Sweden -- Sanna Nielsen and Edward af Sillén ( SVT1 , all shows ) Switzerland -- German : Sven Epiney ( SRF zwei , semi-finals and SRF 1 , final ) ; Italian : Clarissa Tami ( RSI La 2 , semi-finals and RSI La 1 , final ) ; French : Jean - Marc Richard and Nicolas Tanner ( RTS Deux , semi-finals and RTS Un , final ) Ukraine -- Serhiy Prytula ( STB , all shows ) ; Timur Miroshnychenko ( UA : First , all shows ) ; Mariya Yaremchuk ( UA : First , first semi-final ) ; Alyosha ( UA : First , second semi-final ) ; Jamala ( UA : First , final ) United Kingdom -- Scott Mills and Rylan Clark - Neal ( BBC Four , semi-finals ) ; Graham Norton ( BBC One , final ) ; Ken Bruce ( BBC Radio 2 , final )",
"Albania -- Andri Xhahu ( RTSH , RTSH Muzikë , Radio Tirana , all shows )",
"Armenia -- Avet Barseghyan and Felix Khachatryan ( Armenia 1 and Public Radio of Armenia , all shows )",
"Australia -- Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey ( SBS , all shows )",
"Austria -- Andi Knoll ( ORF eins , all shows )",
"Azerbaijan -- Azer Suleymanli ( İTV , all shows )",
"Belarus -- Evgeny Perlin ( Belarus - 1 and Belarus 24 , all shows )",
"Belgium -- Dutch : Peter Van de Veire ( één , all shows ) ; French : Maureen Louys and Jean - Louis Lahaye ( La Une , all shows ; second semi-final 90 - minute - delayed , first semi-final and final live )",
"Bulgaria -- Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev ( BNT 1 , all shows )",
"Croatia -- Duško Ćurlić ( HRT 1 and HR 2 , all shows )",
"Cyprus -- Costas Constantinou and Vaso Komninou ( CyBC , all shows )",
"Czech Republic -- Libor Bouček ( ČT2 , semi-finals and ČT1 , final )",
"Denmark -- Ole Tøpholm ( DR 1 , all shows )",
"Estonia -- Estonian : Marko Reikop ( ETV , all shows ) ; Mart Juur and Andrus Kivirähk ( Raadio 2 , first semi-final and final ) ; Russian : Aleksandr Hobotov , Julia Kalenda ( ETV+ , all shows )",
"Finland -- Finnish : Mikko Silvennoinen ( with Saara Aalto in the second semi-final ) ; Swedish : Johan Lindroos and Eva Frantz ( Yle TV2 , Yle X3M , all shows ) ; Anna Keränen ( Yle Radio Suomi , semi-finals ) ; Anna Keränen , Aija Puurtinen , Sami Sykkö ( Yle Radio Suomi , final )",
"France -- Christophe Willem and André Manoukian ( France 4 , semi-finals ) ; Stéphane Bern , Christophe Willem and Alma ( France 2 , final )",
"Georgia -- Demetre Ergemlidze ( GPB First Channel , all shows )",
"Germany -- Peter Urban ( One , semi-finals and Das Erste , final )",
"Greece -- Alexandros Lizardos and Daphne Skalioni ( ERT1 , ERT HD , ERA 2 , Voice of Greece , all shows )",
"Hungary -- Krisztina Rátonyi and Freddie ( Duna , all shows )",
"Iceland -- Gísli Marteinn Baldursson ( RÚV , all shows )",
"Ireland -- Marty Whelan ( RTÉ 2 , semi-finals and RTÉ One , final ) ; Neil Doherty and Zbyszek Zalinski ( RTÉ Radio 1 , first semi-final and final )",
"Israel -- Asaf Liberman and Shir Reuven ( Kan 11 , first semi-final ) ; Itai Herman and Goel Pinto ( Kan 11 , second semi-final ) ; Erez Tal and Idit Hershkowitz ( Kan 11 , final )",
"Italy -- Carolina Di Domenico and Saverio Raimondo ( Rai 4 , semi-finals ) ; Serena Rossi and Federico Russo ( Rai 1 , final ) ; Carolina Di Domenico and Ema Stokholma ( Rai Radio 2 , final )",
"Latvia -- Toms Grēviņš ( LTV , all shows ) Magnuss Eriņš ( final )",
"Lithuania -- Darius Užkuraitis and Gerūta Griniūtė ( LRT televizija , LRT Radijas , all shows )",
"Macedonia -- Karolina Petkovska ( MRT 1 , MRT 2 , Macedonian radio , all shows )",
"Malta -- No commentary",
"Moldova -- Djulieta Ardovan ( Moldova 1 , Radio Moldova , Radio Moldova Muzical , Radio Moldova Tineret , semi-finals ) ; Doina Stimpovschii ( Moldova 1 , Radio Moldova , Radio Moldova Muzical , Radio Moldova Tineret , final )",
"Montenegro -- Dražen Bauković and Tijana Mišković ( TVCG 1 and TVCG SAT , all shows )",
"Netherlands -- Cornald Maas and Jan Smit ( NPO 1 , all shows )",
"Norway -- Olav Viksmo - Slettan ( NRK1 , all shows ) ; Ronny Brede Aase , Silje Nordnes and Markus Neby ( NRK3 , final ) ; Ole Christian Øen ( NRK P1 , final )",
"Poland -- Artur Orzech ( TVP1 , TVP Polonia , all shows )",
"Portugal -- Nuno Galopim and Hélder Reis ( RTP1 , RTP África , RTP Internacional , all shows )",
"Romania -- Liliana Ștefan and Radu Andrei Tudor ( TVR1 , TVR HD , TVRi , all shows )",
"Russia -- Yuriy Aksuta and Yana Churikova ( Channel One , all shows ; first semi-final 110 - minute - delayed , second semi-final and final live )",
"San Marino -- Lia Fiorio and Gigi Restivo ( San Marino RTV and Radio San Marino , all shows )",
"Serbia -- Silvana Grujić and Tamara Petković ( RTS1 , RTS HD , RTS Svet , RTS Planeta , first semi-final ) ; Duška Vučinić ( RTS1 , RTS HD , RTS Svet , RTS Planeta , second semi-final and final )",
"Slovenia -- Andrej Hofer ( TV Slovenija 2 , semi-finals and TV Slovenija 1 , final )",
"Spain -- Tony Aguilar and Julia Varela ( La 2 , semi-finals ; La 1 , final )",
"Sweden -- Sanna Nielsen and Edward af Sillén ( SVT1 , all shows )",
"Switzerland -- German : Sven Epiney ( SRF zwei , semi-finals and SRF 1 , final ) ; Italian : Clarissa Tami ( RSI La 2 , semi-finals and RSI La 1 , final ) ; French : Jean - Marc Richard and Nicolas Tanner ( RTS Deux , semi-finals and RTS Un , final )",
"Ukraine -- Serhiy Prytula ( STB , all shows ) ; Timur Miroshnychenko ( UA : First , all shows ) ; Mariya Yaremchuk ( UA : First , first semi-final ) ; Alyosha ( UA : First , second semi-final ) ; Jamala ( UA : First , final )",
"United Kingdom -- Scott Mills and Rylan Clark - Neal ( BBC Four , semi-finals ) ; Graham Norton ( BBC One , final ) ; Ken Bruce ( BBC Radio 2 , final )",
"China -- Duan Yixuan and Hei Nan ( Mango TV , semi-final 1 9 - hour - delay ) Kazakhstan -- Kaldybek Zhaysanbay and Diana Snegina ( Khabar TV , all shows ) Kosovo -- Alma Bektashi and Agron Krasniqi ( RTK , all shows ) Slovakia -- Daniel Baláž , Pavol Hubinák , Juraj Malíček , Ela Tolstová and Celeste Buckingham ( Radio FM , final ) United States -- English : Ross Mathews and Shangela ( Logo TV , final ) ; Ewan Spence and Lisa - Jayne Lewis ( WJFD - FM radio , final ) ; Portuguese : Ana Filipa Rosa ( WJFD - FM radio , final )",
"China -- Duan Yixuan and Hei Nan ( Mango TV , semi-final 1 9 - hour - delay )",
"Kazakhstan -- Kaldybek Zhaysanbay and Diana Snegina ( Khabar TV , all shows )",
"Kosovo -- Alma Bektashi and Agron Krasniqi ( RTK , all shows )",
"Slovakia -- Daniel Baláž , Pavol Hubinák , Juraj Malíček , Ela Tolstová and Celeste Buckingham ( Radio FM , final )",
"United States -- English : Ross Mathews and Shangela ( Logo TV , final ) ; Ewan Spence and Lisa - Jayne Lewis ( WJFD - FM radio , final ) ; Portuguese : Ana Filipa Rosa ( WJFD - FM radio , final )",
"Following Israel 's Netta Barzilai 's performance of her song `` Toy '' , critics of the song accused Netta of culturally appropriating Japanese culture , with several users taking to social media such as Twitter to call the performance `` offensive '' . The accusations were made after she wore a kimono and buns , as well as Maneki - nekos being shown during the performance .",
"The topic was debated on British morning show Good Morning Britain on 14 May 2018 in response , with television presenters Trisha Goddard and Piers Morgan defending Netta by stating that she was simply implementing elements of Japanese culture due to her own appreciation of it . English journalist Rebecca Reid disagreed , arguing `` It 's not a beautiful , loving representation of real Japanese culture . It 's a costume '' .",
"On 10 January 2018 , it had emerged on Russian networking site VK that Ukrainian singer Alekseev had performed a Russian - language version of his EuroFest entry `` Forever '' ( as Navsegda ) in May 2017 in Stavropol -- before 1 September 2017 , the submission deadline set by the EBU , potentially violating the rules of the contest . Six artists threatened to withdraw from the selection if it were allowed to compete , with Sofi Lapina actually doing so . Alekseev was ultimately allowed to compete by BTRC following a melodic revamp of the song , and went on to win the selection , thus representing Belarus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . However , on 23 February 2018 , it was reported that the EBU had given Alekseev permission to perform his original English - language version of the song at the contest , and he would opt to sing that version of the song in May . A few weeks after that announcement , on 28 March 2018 Alekseev premiered a new official version of his Eurovision entry with a lighter intro and additional choir at the end of the track . He also confirmed that this version would be the one performed in Lisbon .",
"On 29 April 2018 , during the first rehearsal of the Czech Republic 's performance , singer Mikolas Josef reportedly sustained injuries to his back while rehearsing and was subsequently rushed to hospital . The singer updated his fans on Instagram , stating `` I can confirm that I got injured during the rehearsal and the situation got worse after several hours . I ca n't even walk now . Got back from the first hospital and I am now heading to another one '' . He stated that he would , however , `` perform no matter what '' . Josef performed in the first semi-final on 8 May with a slightly altered performance , owing to his injuries , and ultimately finished 6th in the Grand Final on 12 May , achieving Czech Republic 's best result to date . He was also the second Czech contestant to qualify for the Grand Final , the other being Gabriela Gunčíková in 2016 .",
"During the Chinese broadcast of the first semi-final on Mango TV , both Albania and Ireland were edited out of the show , along with their snippets in the recap of all 19 entries . Albania was skipped due to a ban on television performers displaying tattoos that took effect in January 2018 , while Ireland was censored due to its representation of a homosexual couple on - stage . In addition , the LGBT flag and tattoos on other performers were also blurred out from the broadcast . As a result , the EBU has terminated its partnership with Mango TV , citing that censorship `` is not in line with the EBU 's values of universality and inclusivity and its proud tradition of celebrating diversity through music , '' which led to a ban on televising the second semi-final and the grand final in the country . A spokesperson for the broadcaster 's parent company Hunan TV said they `` were n't aware '' of the edits made to the programme . Ireland 's representative , Ryan O'Shaughnessy told the BBC in an interview , `` they have n't taken this lightly and I think it 's a move in the right direction , so I 'm happy about it . ''",
"The performance of SuRie , representing the United Kingdom , in the final was disrupted by a man who rushed onto the stage and grabbed her microphone , reportedly shouting `` Modern Nazis of the UK media , we demand freedom ! War is not peace . '' The man , later identified as ' Dr ACactivism ' , a political activist from London , climbed into a camera run to get access to the stage . SuRie was able to complete her performance , and after the song the broadcast cut to an unscheduled interview in the green room . The EBU offered SuRie and her team the opportunity to perform again , but she declined . SuRie later revealed that she had suffered several bruises on her right hand . For official release on YouTube , Eurovision edited out the interrupted performance and substituted SuRie 's Jury Night performance from the previous evening . The official video retains the unscheduled green room interview with the Ukrainian delegation that followed the stage invasion . The official DVD release also replaces the grand final performance with the previous evening 's jury show performance .",
"In addition to the main winner 's trophy , the Marcel Bezençon Awards and the Barbara Dex Award will be contested during the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . Additionally , the OGAE voting poll took place before the final .",
"The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn , Estonia , honouring the best competing songs in the final . Founded by Christer Björkman ( Sweden 's representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 and the current Head of Delegation for Sweden ) and Richard Herrey ( a member of the Herreys and the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden ) , the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition , Marcel Bezençon . The awards are divided into three categories : Press Award , Artistic Award , and Composer Award . The winners are revealed shortly before the Eurovision final .",
"Category Country Song Performer ( s ) Composer ( s ) Artistic Award Cyprus `` Fuego '' Eleni Foureira Alex Papaconstantinou , Geraldo Sandell , Viktor Svensson , Anderz Wrethov Didrick Composer Award Bulgaria `` Bones '' Equinox Borislav Milanov , Trey Campbell , Joacim Persson , Dag Lundberg Press Award France `` Mercy '' Madame Monsieur Émilie Satt , Jean - Karl Lucas",
"Category Country Song Performer ( s ) Composer ( s )",
"Artistic Award Cyprus `` Fuego '' Eleni Foureira Alex Papaconstantinou , Geraldo Sandell , Viktor Svensson , Anderz Wrethov Didrick",
"Composer Award Bulgaria `` Bones '' Equinox Borislav Milanov , Trey Campbell , Joacim Persson , Dag Lundberg",
"Press Award France `` Mercy '' Madame Monsieur Émilie Satt , Jean - Karl Lucas",
"Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision ( more commonly known as OGAE ) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna , Finland by Jari - Pekka Koikkalainen . The organisation consists of a network of over 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond , and is a non-governmental , non-political , and non-profit company . In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs , a voting poll took place before the main Eurovision Song Contest allowing members from over 40 clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the contest .",
"Country Performer ( s ) Song OGAE result Israel Netta `` Toy '' 456 France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' 352 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' 226 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' 202 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' 181",
"Country Performer ( s ) Song OGAE result",
"Israel Netta `` Toy '' 456",
"France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' 352",
"Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' 226",
"Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' 202",
"Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' 181",
"* Table reflects the 2018 voting results from all 44 OGAE clubs .",
"The Barbara Dex Award is a fan award originally awarded by House of Eurovision from 1997 to 2016 , and since 2017 by songfestival.be . This is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest , and was named after the Belgian artist , Barbara Dex , who came last in the 1993 , in which she wore her own self - designed dress .",
"Place Country Performer ( s ) Macedonia Eye Cue Australia Jessica Mauboy Belgium Sennek Montenegro Vanja Radovanović 5 Israel Netta",
"Place Country Performer ( s )",
"Macedonia Eye Cue",
"Australia Jessica Mauboy",
"Belgium Sennek",
"Montenegro Vanja Radovanović",
"5 Israel Netta",
"Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 Compilation album by Eurovision Song Contest Released 20 April 2018 Genre Pop Length 66 : 03 ( CD 1 ) 62 : 39 ( CD 2 ) Label Universal Eurovision Song Contest chronology Eurovision Song Contest : Kyiv 2017 ( 2017 ) ' ' Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 ' ' ( 2018 )",
"Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018",
"Compilation album by Eurovision Song Contest",
"Released 20 April 2018",
"Genre Pop",
"Length 66 : 03 ( CD 1 ) 62 : 39 ( CD 2 )",
"66 : 03 ( CD 1 ) 62 : 39 ( CD 2 )",
"66 : 03 ( CD 1 )",
"62 : 39 ( CD 2 )",
"Label Universal",
"Eurovision Song Contest chronology",
"Eurovision Song Contest : Kyiv 2017 ( 2017 ) ' ' Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 ' ' ( 2018 )",
"Eurovision Song Contest : Kyiv 2017 ( 2017 ) ' ' Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 ' ' ( 2018 )",
"Eurovision Song Contest : Kyiv 2017 ( 2017 ) ' ' Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 ' ' ( 2018 )",
"Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 is the official compilation album of the contest , put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by Universal Music Group digitally on 6 April 2018 and physically on 20 April 2018 . The album features all 43 participating entries , including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify for the grand final .",
"CD 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Mall '' ( Albania ) Eugent Bushpepa 3ː07 2 . `` Qami '' ( Armenia ) Sevak Khanagyan 2ː57 3 . `` We Got Love '' ( Australia ) Jessica Mauboy 3ː04 4 . `` Nobody but You '' ( Austria ) Cesár Sampson 3ː03 5 . `` X My Heart '' ( Azerbaijan ) Aisel 3ː01 6 . `` A Matter of Time '' ( Belgium ) Sennek 3ː00 7 . `` Bones '' ( Bulgaria ) Equinox 2ː59 8 . `` Forever '' ( Belarus ) Alekseev 3ː00 9 . `` Stones '' ( Switzerland ) Zibbz 2ː57 10 . `` Fuego '' ( Cyprus ) Eleni Foureira 3ː03 11 . `` Lie to Me '' ( Czech Republic ) Mikolas Josef 2ː50 12 . `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' ( Germany ) Michael Schulte 2ː57 13 . `` Higher Ground '' ( Denmark ) Rasmussen 3ː03 14 . `` Tu canción '' ( Spain ) Amaia and Alfred 2ː59 15 . `` La forza '' ( Estonia ) Elina Nechayeva 3ː04 16 . `` Monsters '' ( Finland ) Saara Aalto 3ː00 17 . `` Mercy '' ( France ) Madame Monsieur 3ː02 18 . `` Storm '' ( United Kingdom ) SuRie 2ː57 19 . `` For You '' ( Georgia ) Iriao 2ː59 20 . `` Oniro mou '' ( Greece ) Gianna Terzi 3ː04 21 . `` Crazy '' ( Croatia ) Franka 3ː00 22 . `` Viszlát nyár '' ( Hungary ) AWS 2ː57 Total length : 66ː03",
"CD 1",
"No . Title Artist Length",
"1 . `` Mall '' ( Albania ) Eugent Bushpepa 3ː07",
"2 . `` Qami '' ( Armenia ) Sevak Khanagyan 2ː57",
"3 . `` We Got Love '' ( Australia ) Jessica Mauboy 3ː04",
"4 . `` Nobody but You '' ( Austria ) Cesár Sampson 3ː03",
"5 . `` X My Heart '' ( Azerbaijan ) Aisel 3ː01",
"6 . `` A Matter of Time '' ( Belgium ) Sennek 3ː00",
"7 . `` Bones '' ( Bulgaria ) Equinox 2ː59",
"8 . `` Forever '' ( Belarus ) Alekseev 3ː00",
"9 . `` Stones '' ( Switzerland ) Zibbz 2ː57",
"10 . `` Fuego '' ( Cyprus ) Eleni Foureira 3ː03",
"11 . `` Lie to Me '' ( Czech Republic ) Mikolas Josef 2ː50",
"12 . `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' ( Germany ) Michael Schulte 2ː57",
"13 . `` Higher Ground '' ( Denmark ) Rasmussen 3ː03",
"14 . `` Tu canción '' ( Spain ) Amaia and Alfred 2ː59",
"15 . `` La forza '' ( Estonia ) Elina Nechayeva 3ː04",
"16 . `` Monsters '' ( Finland ) Saara Aalto 3ː00",
"17 . `` Mercy '' ( France ) Madame Monsieur 3ː02",
"18 . `` Storm '' ( United Kingdom ) SuRie 2ː57",
"19 . `` For You '' ( Georgia ) Iriao 2ː59",
"20 . `` Oniro mou '' ( Greece ) Gianna Terzi 3ː04",
"21 . `` Crazy '' ( Croatia ) Franka 3ː00",
"22 . `` Viszlát nyár '' ( Hungary ) AWS 2ː57",
"Total length : 66ː03",
"CD 2 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Together '' ( Ireland ) Ryan O'Shaughnessy 2ː54 2 . `` Our Choice '' ( Iceland ) Ari Ólafsson 2ː59 3 . `` Toy '' ( Israel ) Netta 3ː00 4 . `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' ( Italy ) Ermal Meta and Fabrizio Moro 3ː02 5 . `` When We 're Old '' ( Lithuania ) Ieva Zasimauskaitė 3ː00 6 . `` Funny Girl '' ( Latvia ) Laura Rizzotto 3ː03 7 . `` My Lucky Day '' ( Moldova ) DoReDoS 3ː02 8 . `` Lost and Found '' ( Macedonia ) Eye Cue 3ː03 9 . `` Taboo '' ( Malta ) Christabelle 3ː01 10 . `` Inje '' ( Montenegro ) Vanja Radovanović 3ː00 11 . `` Outlaw in ' Em '' ( Netherlands ) Waylon 2ː54 12 . `` That 's How You Write a Song '' ( Norway ) Alexander Rybak 3ː00 13 . `` Light Me Up '' ( Poland ) Gromee and Lukas Meijer 3ː00 14 . `` O jardim '' ( Portugal ) Cláudia Pascoal 2ː38 15 . `` Goodbye '' ( Romania ) The Humans 2ː58 16 . `` I Wo n't Break '' ( Russia ) Julia Samoylova 2ː59 17 . `` Who We Are '' ( San Marino ) Jessika and Jenifer Brening 3ː00 18 . `` Nova deca '' ( Serbia ) Sanja Ilić and Balkanika 3ː07 19 . `` Hvala , ne ! '' ( Slovenia ) Lea Sirk 3ː00 20 . `` Dance You Off '' ( Sweden ) Benjamin Ingrosso 3ː00 21 . `` Under the Ladder '' ( Ukraine ) Mélovin 2ː59 Total length : 62ː39",
"CD 2",
"No . Title Artist Length",
"1 . `` Together '' ( Ireland ) Ryan O'Shaughnessy 2ː54",
"2 . `` Our Choice '' ( Iceland ) Ari Ólafsson 2ː59",
"3 . `` Toy '' ( Israel ) Netta 3ː00",
"4 . `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' ( Italy ) Ermal Meta and Fabrizio Moro 3ː02",
"5 . `` When We 're Old '' ( Lithuania ) Ieva Zasimauskaitė 3ː00",
"6 . `` Funny Girl '' ( Latvia ) Laura Rizzotto 3ː03",
"7 . `` My Lucky Day '' ( Moldova ) DoReDoS 3ː02",
"8 . `` Lost and Found '' ( Macedonia ) Eye Cue 3ː03",
"9 . `` Taboo '' ( Malta ) Christabelle 3ː01",
"10 . `` Inje '' ( Montenegro ) Vanja Radovanović 3ː00",
"11 . `` Outlaw in ' Em '' ( Netherlands ) Waylon 2ː54",
"12 . `` That 's How You Write a Song '' ( Norway ) Alexander Rybak 3ː00",
"13 . `` Light Me Up '' ( Poland ) Gromee and Lukas Meijer 3ː00",
"14 . `` O jardim '' ( Portugal ) Cláudia Pascoal 2ː38",
"15 . `` Goodbye '' ( Romania ) The Humans 2ː58",
"16 . `` I Wo n't Break '' ( Russia ) Julia Samoylova 2ː59",
"17 . `` Who We Are '' ( San Marino ) Jessika and Jenifer Brening 3ː00",
"18 . `` Nova deca '' ( Serbia ) Sanja Ilić and Balkanika 3ː07",
"19 . `` Hvala , ne ! '' ( Slovenia ) Lea Sirk 3ː00",
"20 . `` Dance You Off '' ( Sweden ) Benjamin Ingrosso 3ː00",
"21 . `` Under the Ladder '' ( Ukraine ) Mélovin 2ː59",
"Total length : 62ː39",
"Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 14 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 22 German Compilation Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Greek Albums ( IFPI ) 9",
"Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position",
"Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 14",
"Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 22",
"German Compilation Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 )",
"Greek Albums ( IFPI ) 9"
] | Eurovision Song Contest 2018 - wikipedia Eurovision Song Contest 2018 `` Eurovision 2018'' redirects here. For the Junior Contest, see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . Eurovision Song Contest 2018 All Aboard! Dates Semi-final 1 8 May 2018 ( 2018-05-08 ) Semi-final 2 10 May 2018 ( 2018-05-10 ) Final 12 May 2018 ( 2018-05-12 ) Host Venue Altice Arena , Lisbon, Portugal Presenter(s) Sílvia Alberto Daniela Ruah Catarina Furtado Filomena Cautela (green room) Executive supervisor Jon Ola Sand Executive producer João Nuno Nogueira Host broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) Opening act Final: Fado performances by Ana Moura (`` Fado Loucura'' ) and Mariza (`` Barco Negro'' ), Flag parade introducing the 26 finalist countries with live music by scratching duo Beatbombers Interval act Final: `` Mano a mano'' and `` Amar pelos dois '' (together with Caetano Veloso ) performed by Salvador Sobral Electronic music performances by Branko featuring Sara Tavares (`` Ter Peito e Espaço '' ), Dino D'Santiago (`` Nova Lisboa'' ) and Mayra Andrade (`` Reserva Pra Dois'' ) Participants Number of entries 43 Debuting countries None Returning countries Russia Withdrawing countries None Participation map (hide) Participating countries Did not qualify from the semi final Countries that participated in the past but not in 2018 Vote Voting system Each country awards two sets of 12, 10, 8-- 1 points to their 10 favourite songs: one from their professional jury and the other from televoting. Nul points None Winning song Israel `` Toy '' ← 2017 Eurovision Song Contest 2019 → The Eurovision Song Contest 2018 was the 63rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place for the first time in Portugal following the country's first victory at the 2017 contest in Kiev , Ukraine with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' , performed by Salvador Sobral . The contest was held at the Altice Arena in Lisbon , and consisted of two semi-finals on 8 and 10 May, and the final on 12 May 2018. The three live shows were hosted by Filomena Cautela , Sílvia Alberto , Daniela Ruah and Catarina Furtado . Forty-three countries participated in the contest, equalling the record of the 2008 and 2011 editions. Russia returned after their absence from the previous edition, and for the first time since 2011, no country withdrew from the contest. The winner was Israel with the song `` Toy '' , performed by Netta . This was Israel's fourth victory in the contest, following their wins in 1978 , 1979 , and 1998 , and their first top five placing in more than a decade . This edition also saw Cyprus and the Czech Republic achieve the best placing in their Eurovision history, coming in second and sixth place, respectively. Portugal finished in the last place, making this the third time that the host country ranked in the bottom five since 2015 . For the first time since the introduction of the semi-finals in 2004 , Azerbaijan , Romania , and Russia failed to qualify for the final. No countries in the Caucasus region participated in the final for the first time since 2005 . The EBU reported that the contest had a worldwide audience of around 186 million viewers, surpassing the 2017 edition by over 4 million. Contents 1 Location 1.1 Venue 1.2 Bidding phase and host city selection 1.3 Other sites 2 Format 2.1 Visual design 2.2 Presenters 2.3 Semi-final allocation draw 2.4 Opening and interval acts 3 Participating countries 3.1 Returning artists 3.2 Semi-final 1 3.3 Semi-final 2 3.4 Final 4 Scoreboard 4.1 Semi-final 1 4.1.1 12 points 4.1.1.1 Jury 4.1.1.2 Televoting 4.2 Semi-final 2 4.2.1 12 points 4.2.1.1 Jury 4.2.1.2 Televoting 4.3 Final 4.3.1 12 points 4.3.1.1 Jury 4.3.1.2 Televoting 5 Other countries 5.1 Active EBU members 5.2 Associate EBU members 5.3 Non-EBU members 6 Commentators and spokespersons 6.1 Spokespersons 6.2 Commentators 6.2.1 Non-participating countries 7 Incidents 7.1 Accusations of cultural appropriation 7.2 Belarusian song submission 7.3 Czech rehearsal injuries 7.4 Mango TV censorship 7.5 United Kingdom stage invasion 8 Other awards 8.1 Marcel Bezençon Awards 8.2 OGAE 8.3 Barbara Dex Award 9 Official album 9.1 Charts 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Location The contest took place for the first time in Portugal , following the country's victory in the 2017 edition with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' , performed by Salvador Sobral . Venue The venue of the contest, Altice Arena in Lisbon, Portugal The Altice Arena in Lisbon is a multi-purpose indoor arena built for the Expo ' 98 and has a capacity of 20,000 attendees, making it the largest indoor venue in Portugal and among the largest in Europe . It is located in the Parque das Nações (Park of Nations) riverside district in the northeast of Lisbon, which was completely renovated to host the 1998 world's fair . It is connected by metro to the nearby international airport and by train ( Oriente Station ) to the rest of the country and Europe. Bidding phase and host city selection Lisbon Guimarães Gondomar Santa Maria da Feira Braga Location of the host city (blue) and other candidate cities (red) On the day of the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 final, it was reported that Portuguese broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) would accept the challenge of organising the 2018 contest in case of a victory. Following Sobral's triumph, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU)'s Executive Supervisor for the Eurovision Song Contest, Jon Ola Sand , issued the hosting invitation to RTP during the winner's press conference. The following day, the director-general of RTP, Nuno Artur Silva, confirmed that the broadcaster would organise the contest in 2018 and mentioned MEO Arena (later renamed Altice Arena ) in Lisbon as a likely venue to host the contest. On 15 May 2017, RTP appeared to have confirmed Lisbon as the host city, but clarified the following day that no final decision had been taken regarding both the host city and venue. The basic requirements to select a host city were set out in a document presented by the EBU to RTP following their win in Kiev: A suitable venue that can accommodate around 10,000 spectators. An international press centre for 1,500 journalists with adequate facilities for all the delegates. A good distribution of hotel rooms, at different price categories, able to accommodate at least 2,000 delegates, accredited journalists and spectators. An efficient transport infrastructure, including a nearby international airport with readily available connections with the city, venue, and hotels. Besides Lisbon, other cities signalled their interest in bidding to host the 2018 contest: Braga , Espinho , Faro , Gondomar , Guimarães , and Santa Maria da Feira . The mayor of Porto , Rui Moreira , declared he would not be interested in `` spending millions of euros'' to host the contest, but he would support a bid from the Metropolitan Area of Porto (Espinho, Gondomar, and Santa Maria da Feira). On 13 June 2017, RTP representatives met with the Eurovision Song Contest Reference Group at the EBU headquarters in Geneva . During the meeting, RTP officials attended a workshop covering several topics related with hosting the Eurovision Song Contest and learned from the experience of the Ukrainian broadcaster UA:PBC . They also had the opportunity to present their first plans for the 2018 contest, including multiple proposals for the host city and venue. On 25 July 2017, the EBU and RTP announced that Lisbon had been selected as the host city, overcoming confirmed bids from Braga, Gondomar, Guimarães , and Santa Maria da Feira. In addition, RTP indicated the Parque das Nações , where Altice Arena is located, as the site for the shows. Key : Host venue City Venue Capacity Notes Braga Braga Exhibition Park 15,000 (after renovation) Agro-industrial park inaugurated in 1981 and further expanded in 1987 with a 6,500 m (70,000 sq ft) exhibition hall able to hold 3,000 people, and in 1990 with a congress centre and auditorium for 1,200 people. Renovation works starting in 2017 and ending in the first trimester of 2018 would increase the exhibition hall capacity to 15,000. Gondomar Multiusos de Gondomar Coração de Ouro 8,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2007, with a total capacity for 8,000 people (4,400 seats). Hosted the 2007 UEFA Futsal Championship final tournament. Guimarães Multiusos de Guimarães 10,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2001, with a total capacity for 10,000 people (3,000 seats). Selected by RTP to host the final of the national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018, the Festival da Canção , on 4 March 2018. Lisbon Altice Arena 20,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 1998, it is the country's largest indoor venue with a total capacity for 20,000 people. Hosted the Expo ' 98 , the 1999 FIBA Under-19 World Championship , the 2000 ATP Finals , the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships , the 2003 World Men's Handball Championship , the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards , the UEFA Futsal Cup Final Four ( 2001-- 02 , 2009-- 10 and 2014-- 15 ), and since 2016 (for a three-year period, renewable) the Web Summit . Santa Maria da Feira Europarque 11,000 Largest convention centre in the Porto Metropolitan Area, inaugurated in 1995. Hosted the European Council of June 2000, the Festival da Canção final in 2001, and the UEFA Euro 2004 final tournament draw. It was the option supported by the Metropolitan Council of Porto. Other sites Altice Arena Eurovision Village and EuroClub Airport Opening Ceremony Location of host venue (red) and other contest-related sites and events (blue) The Eurovision Village was the official Eurovision Song Contest fan and sponsors area during the event weeks, where it was possible to watch performances by contest participants and local artists, as well as the live shows broadcast from the main venue. It was located in Lisbon's downtown Praça do Comércio (also called Terreiro do Paço ), a large central square open to the Tagus river . The EuroClub was the venue for the official after-parties and private performances by contest participants. Unlike the Eurovision Village, access to the EuroClub was restricted to accredited fans, delegations, and press. It was located at the `` Ministerium'' club, next to the Eurovision Village. The `` Blue Carpet'' event, where all the contestants and their delegations are presented before the accredited press and fans, took place on 6 May 2018 at the Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology (MAAT) in Lisbon's Belém district. This preceded the official Opening Ceremony of the 2018 contest, which took place at the nearby Electricity Museum . Format Visual design The twelve supplemental emblems for the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest. The theme for the contest, All Aboard! , was unveiled on 7 November 2017 in a press conference held at the Lisbon Oceanarium . Its visual design features oceanic motifs that allude to Lisbon and Portugal's location on the Atlantic coast and to the country's seafaring history. Alongside the main emblem, which depicts a stylised seashell , twelve supplemental emblems were designed to symbolise different aspects of a marine ecosystem. The contest's Executive Supervisor Jon Ola Sand remarked that the theme and logos `` resonate with Lisbon's history and underscore Eurovision's core values, including diversity, very well. The Ocean connects all of us and its variety can provide good inspiration for each of the participating broadcasters that we look forward to seeing in Lisbon next May.'' Presenters Presenters Daniela Ruah , Sílvia Alberto , Catarina Furtado , and Filomena Cautela On 8 January 2018, RTP and EBU announced that the contest would be hosted for the first time by four female presenters, consisting of RTP hosts Sílvia Alberto , Filomena Cautela , and Catarina Furtado , together with actress Daniela Ruah . It will be the first time since 2015 that the contest does not feature a male presenter, and the second consecutive year that the presenters are all the same gender. It was confirmed on 4 May 2018 that Cautela would host the green room . The Blue Carpet opening ceremony was hosted by actress Cláudia Semedo , radio host Inês Lopes Gonçalves , actor/TV host Pedro Granger , and actor/director Pedro Penim . Granger and Penim moderated the press conferences, as well. Semi-final allocation draw The draw to determine the allocation of the participating countries into their respective semi-finals took place on 29 January 2018 at 13:00 CET , at Lisbon's City Hall . The thirty-seven semi-finalists had been allocated into six pots, based on historical voting patterns as calculated by the contest's official televoting partner Digame. Drawing from different pots helps to reduce the chance of so-called `` bloc voting'' and increase suspense in the semi-finals. The draw also determined which semi-final would be broadcast and voted by each of the six automatic finalist countries (hosts Portugal and Big Five countries France , Germany , Italy , Spain , and the United Kingdom ). The ceremony was hosted by contest presenters Sílvia Alberto and Filomena Cautela, and included the passing of a Eurovision insignia from Vitali Klitschko , the Mayor of Kiev (host city of the previous contest), to Fernando Medina , the Mayor of Lisbon . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Pot 5 Pot 6 Albania Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Switzerland Denmark Finland Iceland Ireland Norway Sweden Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Russia Ukraine Bulgaria Cyprus Greece Hungary Moldova Romania Australia Austria Czech Republic Israel Malta San Marino Belgium Estonia Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Opening and interval acts RTP released the first details regarding the opening and interval acts for the final on 12 March 2018. The opening act featured Portuguese fado singers Ana Moura and Mariza performing `` Fado Loucura'' and `` Barco Negro'' , respectively, which was followed by a parade of flags introducing the 26 finalist participants, with live music by Portuguese scratching duo Beatbombers. The interval acts included Salvador Sobral , who performed his new single `` Mano a mano'' and his Eurovision-winning song `` Amar pelos dois '' (the latter in a duet with Brazilian singer Caetano Veloso ), and electronic music performances by Branko featuring Sara Tavares (Portuguese representative in 1994 ), Mayra Andrade and Dino D'Santiago . Participating countries Participating countries in the first semi-final Pre-qualified for the final but also voting in the first semi-final Participating countries in the second semi-final Pre-qualified for the final but also voting in the second semi-final The EBU announced on 7 November 2017 that forty-two countries would participate in the contest. Russia confirmed their return after withdrawing from the previous edition , while Macedonia 's participation was provisionally blocked by the EBU due to unpaid debts by its national broadcaster . However, ten days later, the EBU announced that Macedonia would be allowed to enter the contest, raising the number of participating countries to forty-three, equaling the highest number of participants with the 2008 and 2011 editions. Returning artists The contest featured two representatives who also previously performed as lead vocalists for the same countries. Alexander Rybak won for Norway in 2009 performing `` Fairytale '' and Waylon placed second for the Netherlands in 2014 as part of The Common Linnets performing `` Calm After the Storm '' . The contest also featured Jessica Mauboy , representing Australia , after taking part in 2014 as the interval act for the second semi-final, performing `` Sea of Flags '' . In addition, the contest featured four lead singers previously participating as backing vocalists, two of them for the same countries. Lea Sirk backed for Slovenia in 2014 and off-stage in 2016 , and Equinox member Vlado Mihailov backed for Bulgaria in 2017. Cesár Sampson , representing Austria , backed for Bulgaria in 2016 (also as a dancer) and off-stage in 2017 . SuRie , representing the United Kingdom , backed for Belgium in 2015 (also as a dancer) and was the musical director again for Belgium in 2017. Semi-final 1 The first semi-final took place on 8 May 2018 at 20:00 WEST (21:00 CEST ). Nineteen countries participated in the first semi-final. Those countries, plus Portugal , Spain , and the United Kingdom voted in this semi-final. The highlighted countries qualified for the final. Draw Country Artist Song Language(s) Place Points 01 Azerbaijan Aisel `` X My Heart '' English 11 94 02 Iceland Ari Ólafsson `` Our Choice '' English 19 15 03 Albania Eugent Bushpepa `` Mall '' Albanian 8 162 04 Belgium Sennek `` A Matter of Time '' English 12 91 05 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' English 232 06 Lithuania Ieva Zasimauskaitė `` When We're Old '' English 9 119 07 Israel Netta `` Toy '' English 283 08 Belarus Alekseev `` Forever '' English 16 65 09 Estonia Elina Nechayeva `` La forza '' Italian 5 201 10 Bulgaria Equinox `` Bones '' English 7 177 11 Macedonia Eye Cue `` Lost and Found '' English 18 24 12 Croatia Franka `` Crazy '' English 17 63 13 Austria Cesár Sampson `` Nobody but You '' English 231 14 Greece Yianna Terzi `` Oniro mou '' (Όνειρό μου ) Greek 14 81 15 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' English 10 108 16 Armenia Sevak Khanagyan `` Qami '' (Քամի ) Armenian 15 79 17 Switzerland ZiBBZ `` Stones '' English 13 86 18 Ireland Ryan O'Shaughnessy `` Together '' English 6 179 19 Cyprus Eleni Foureira `` Fuego '' English 262 Semi-final 2 The second semi-final took place on 10 May 2018 at 20:00 WEST (21:00 CEST ). Eighteen countries participated in the second semi-final. Those countries, plus France , Germany and Italy voted in this semi-final. With the approval from the Reference Group, Italy broadcast and voted in the second semi-final following a request from the broadcaster RAI , as the date of the first semi-final coincided with the scheduled final of the fifth season of The Voice of Italy . The highlighted countries qualified for the final. Draw Country Artist Song Language(s) Place Points 01 Norway Alexander Rybak `` That's How You Write a Song '' English 266 02 Romania The Humans `` Goodbye '' English 11 107 03 Serbia Sanja Ilić & Balkanika `` Nova deca '' (Нова деца ) Serbian 9 117 04 San Marino Jessika feat. Jenifer Brening `` Who We Are '' English 17 28 05 Denmark Rasmussen `` Higher Ground '' English 5 204 06 Russia Julia Samoylova `` I Won't Break '' English 15 65 07 Moldova DoReDoS `` My Lucky Day '' English 235 08 Netherlands Waylon `` Outlaw in ' Em '' English 7 174 09 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' English 212 10 Georgia Ethno-Jazz Band Iriao `` For You '' Georgian 18 24 11 Poland Gromee feat. Lukas Meijer `` Light Me Up '' English 14 81 12 Malta Christabelle `` Taboo '' English 13 101 13 Hungary AWS `` Viszlát nyár '' Hungarian 10 111 14 Latvia Laura Rizzotto `` Funny Girl '' English 12 106 15 Sweden Benjamin Ingrosso `` Dance You Off '' English 254 16 Montenegro Vanja Radovanović `` Inje '' Montenegrin 16 40 17 Slovenia Lea Sirk `` Hvala, ne! '' Slovene 8 132 18 Ukraine Mélovin `` Under the Ladder '' English 6 179 Final The final took place on 12 May 2018 at 20:00 WEST (21:00 CEST ). Twenty-six countries participated in the final, with all 43 participating countries eligible to vote. The running order for the final was revealed after the press conference of the second semi-final qualifiers on 10 May. Draw Country Artist Song Language(s) Place Points 01 Ukraine Mélovin `` Under the Ladder '' English 17 7002130000000000000♠ 130 02 Spain Amaia & Alfred `` Tu canción '' Spanish 23 7001610000000000000♠ 61 03 Slovenia Lea Sirk `` Hvala, ne! '' Slovene 22 7001640000000000000♠ 64 04 Lithuania Ieva Zasimauskaitė `` When We're Old '' English 12 7002181000000000000♠ 181 05 Austria Cesár Sampson `` Nobody but You '' English 7002342000000000000♠ 342 06 Estonia Elina Nechayeva `` La forza '' Italian 8 7002245000000000000♠ 245 07 Norway Alexander Rybak `` That's How You Write a Song '' English 15 7002144000000000000♠ 144 08 Portugal Cláudia Pascoal `` O jardim '' Portuguese 26 7001390000000000000♠ 39 09 United Kingdom SuRie `` Storm '' English 24 7001480000000000000♠ 48 10 Serbia Sanja Ilić & Balkanika `` Nova deca '' (Нова деца ) Serbian 19 7002113000000000000♠ 113 11 Germany Michael Schulte `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' English 7002340000000000000♠ 340 12 Albania Eugent Bushpepa `` Mall '' Albanian 11 7002184000000000000♠ 184 13 France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' French 13 7002173000000000000♠ 173 14 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' English 6 7002281000000000000♠ 281 15 Denmark Rasmussen `` Higher Ground '' English 9 7002226000000000000♠ 226 16 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' English 20 7001990000000000000♠ 99 17 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' English 25 7001460000000000000♠ 46 18 Bulgaria Equinox `` Bones '' English 14 7002166000000000000♠ 166 19 Moldova DoReDoS `` My Lucky Day '' English 10 7002209000000000000♠ 209 20 Sweden Benjamin Ingrosso `` Dance You Off '' English 7 7002274000000000000♠ 274 21 Hungary AWS `` Viszlát nyár '' Hungarian 21 7001930000000000000♠ 93 22 Israel Netta `` Toy '' English 7002529000000000000♠ 529 23 Netherlands Waylon `` Outlaw in ' Em '' English 18 7002121000000000000♠ 121 24 Ireland Ryan O'Shaughnessy `` Together '' English 16 7002136000000000000♠ 136 25 Cyprus Eleni Foureira `` Fuego '' English 7002436000000000000♠ 436 26 Italy Ermal Meta & Fabrizio Moro `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' Italian 5 7002308000000000000♠ 308 Scoreboard Semi-final 1 show Semi-final 1 Place Televoting Points Jury Points Cyprus 173 Israel 167 Czech Republic 134 Austria 115 Estonia 120 Albania 114 Israel 116 Bulgaria 107 5 Austria 116 Czech Republic 98 6 Ireland 108 Cyprus 89 7 Finland 73 Estonia 81 8 Bulgaria 70 Ireland 71 9 Lithuania 62 Belgium 71 10 Greece 53 Switzerland 59 11 Albania 48 Lithuania 57 12 Azerbaijan 47 Azerbaijan 47 13 Belarus 45 Croatia 46 14 Armenia 41 Armenia 38 15 Switzerland 27 Finland 35 16 Belgium 20 Greece 28 17 Croatia 17 Belarus 20 18 Macedonia 6 Macedonia 18 19 Iceland 0 Iceland 15 Voting procedure used: 100% Televoting 100% Jury vote Voting results (Jury vote) Televoting Score Azerbaijan Iceland Albania Belgium Czech Republic Lithuania Israel Belarus Estonia Bulgaria Macedonia Croatia Austria Greece Finland Armenia Switzerland Ireland Cyprus Portugal Spain United Kingdom Azerbaijan 94 47 5 10 7 12 10 Iceland 15 0 7 Albania 162 48 7 12 5 12 6 10 6 8 6 5 7 5 7 Belgium 91 20 10 8 12 7 5 6 10 Czech Republic 232 134 5 10 5 10 7 8 10 8 7 8 7 Lithuania 119 62 10 10 8 7 12 Israel 283 116 10 10 7 12 7 6 5 5 12 12 12 12 5 10 12 12 8 Belarus 65 45 12 7 Estonia 201 120 6 10 8 12 8 5 8 6 6 Bulgaria 177 70 6 7 5 7 12 6 6 10 6 6 7 12 Macedonia 24 6 6 8 Croatia 63 17 5 6 8 6 5 5 Austria 231 116 7 12 10 12 12 8 8 6 7 6 8 10 Greece 81 53 10 8 Finland 108 73 7 5 5 Armenia 79 41 6 5 10 Switzerland 86 27 8 6 6 8 5 5 Ireland 179 108 8 5 8 12 6 7 5 10 Cyprus 262 173 8 12 8 7 7 10 12 10 Voting procedure used: 100% Televoting 100% Jury vote Voting results (Televoting vote) Jury Score Azerbaijan Iceland Albania Belgium Czech Republic Lithuania Israel Belarus Estonia Bulgaria Macedonia Croatia Austria Greece Finland Armenia Switzerland Ireland Cyprus Portugal Spain United Kingdom Azerbaijan 94 47 7 10 5 5 5 7 Iceland 15 15 Albania 162 114 12 10 10 5 Belgium 91 71 8 Czech Republic 232 98 8 12 8 7 12 8 7 6 10 10 6 7 7 7 Lithuania 119 57 6 10 12 6 12 Israel 283 167 10 8 12 10 7 6 10 8 5 8 7 5 Belarus 65 20 12 6 6 10 5 Estonia 201 81 6 6 5 5 12 7 6 8 12 5 10 6 12 Bulgaria 177 107 5 5 8 5 7 10 8 6 Macedonia 24 18 5 Croatia 63 46 10 Austria 231 115 5 7 10 6 10 8 8 8 7 8 6 12 8 5 Greece 81 28 10 10 8 12 Finland 108 35 10 8 6 12 5 6 6 7 Armenia 79 38 6 8 12 6 5 Switzerland 86 59 8 Ireland 179 71 6 12 5 8 12 6 6 8 12 10 Cyprus 262 89 7 5 12 7 7 5 10 7 12 7 12 7 12 5 12 7 7 10 10 8 12 points Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points (12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting) to the specified entrant. Jury Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country's professional jury in the first semi-final: N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points 7 Israel Armenia, Austria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic , Finland, Spain Austria Belgium, Estonia, Israel Albania Belarus, Iceland Bulgaria Macedonia, United Kingdom Cyprus Albania , Ireland Azerbaijan Greece Belarus Azerbaijan Belgium Bulgaria Estonia Switzerland Ireland Lithuania Lithuania Portugal Televoting Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country's televote in the first semi-final: N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points 5 Cyprus Albania , Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece Estonia Finland, Lithuania, Portugal Ireland Austria, Belgium, Spain Czech Republic Iceland, Israel Lithuania Ireland, United Kingdom Albania Macedonia Armenia Belarus Austria Switzerland Belarus Azerbaijan Finland Estonia Greece Cyprus Israel Czech Republic Semi-final 2 show Semi-final 2 Place Televoting Points Jury Points Denmark 164 Sweden 171 Moldova 153 Norway 133 Norway 133 Australia 130 Ukraine 114 Netherlands 127 5 Hungary 88 Malta 93 6 Sweden 83 Latvia 92 7 Australia 82 Moldova 82 8 Serbia 72 Romania 67 9 Slovenia 65 Slovenia 67 10 Poland 60 Ukraine 65 11 Russia 51 Serbia 45 12 Netherlands 47 Denmark 40 13 Romania 40 Hungary 23 14 Montenegro 17 Montenegro 23 15 Latvia 14 Poland 21 16 San Marino 14 San Marino 14 17 Georgia 13 Russia 14 18 Malta 8 Georgia 11 Voting procedure used: 100% Televoting 100% Jury vote Voting results (Jury vote) Televoting Score Norway Romania Serbia San Marino Denmark Russia Moldova Netherlands Australia Georgia Poland Malta Hungary Latvia Sweden Montenegro Slovenia Ukraine France Germany Italy Norway 266 133 8 7 6 10 10 8 5 12 7 5 12 6 7 5 12 Romania 107 40 12 6 12 8 6 Serbia 117 72 6 6 7 6 12 San Marino 28 14 5 5 Denmark 204 164 5 6 8 5 10 Russia 65 51 7 Moldova 235 153 12 10 12 10 6 5 5 Netherlands 174 47 8 8 10 5 5 10 10 8 8 6 10 12 8 7 Australia 212 82 10 6 12 10 8 7 10 12 10 6 12 8 7 Georgia 24 13 8 Poland 81 60 5 Malta 101 8 6 10 8 8 7 7 8 6 6 8 Hungary 111 88 5 6 Latvia 106 14 7 5 7 7 5 8 7 7 10 10 10 Sweden 254 83 12 12 12 10 8 12 12 12 12 10 10 12 7 7 12 6 Montenegro 40 17 7 7 5 Slovenia 132 65 5 6 8 5 8 5 5 Ukraine 179 114 6 8 6 7 7 6 5 10 Voting procedure used: 100% Televoting 100% Jury vote Voting results (Televoting vote) Jury Score Norway Romania Serbia San Marino Denmark Russia Moldova Netherlands Australia Georgia Poland Malta Hungary Latvia Sweden Montenegro Slovenia Ukraine France Germany Italy Norway 266 133 6 6 7 12 8 6 10 6 5 7 6 8 10 5 10 8 Romania 107 67 12 8 8 12 Serbia 117 45 6 10 12 12 10 6 San Marino 28 14 12 Denmark 204 40 12 8 12 7 12 12 8 8 12 7 12 8 10 5 10 7 Russia 65 14 7 8 6 12 8 Moldova 235 82 5 12 5 6 6 12 7 10 12 10 8 5 6 12 12 5 10 Netherlands 174 127 7 7 5 6 Australia 212 130 8 7 8 5 10 7 6 7 Georgia 24 11 5 5 Poland 81 21 6 5 7 8 7 7 12 Malta 101 93 7 Hungary 111 23 10 12 8 8 10 5 8 6 Latvia 106 92 7 Sweden 254 171 10 5 10 5 6 8 5 7 6 6 Montenegro 40 23 10 7 Slovenia 132 67 8 6 5 10 6 5 Ukraine 179 65 5 10 5 10 7 5 10 12 6 10 7 8 12 points Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points (12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting) to the specified entrant. Jury Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country's professional jury in the second semi-final: N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points 9 Sweden Australia, Georgia, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia Australia Denmark, France, Latvia Norway Italy, Malta, Sweden Moldova Romania , Russia Romania Hungary, Moldova Netherlands Ukraine Serbia Montenegro Televoting Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country's televote in the second semi-final: N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points 6 Denmark Australia, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, San Marino, Sweden 5 Moldova France, Georgia, Romania , Russia , Ukraine Romania Italy, Moldova Serbia Montenegro , Slovenia Hungary Serbia Norway Denmark Poland Germany Russia Latvia San Marino Malta Ukraine Poland Final show Final Place Televoting Points Jury Points Israel 317 Austria 271 Cyprus 253 Sweden 253 Italy 249 Israel 212 Czech Republic 215 Germany 204 5 Denmark 188 Cyprus 183 6 Germany 136 Estonia 143 7 Ukraine 119 Albania 126 8 Moldova 115 France 114 9 Estonia 102 Bulgaria 100 10 Lithuania 91 Moldova 94 11 Norway 84 Lithuania 90 12 Serbia 75 Australia 90 13 Austria 71 Netherlands 89 14 Bulgaria 66 Ireland 74 15 Hungary 65 Czech Republic 66 16 Ireland 62 Norway 60 17 France 59 Italy 59 18 Albania 58 Spain 43 19 Netherlands 32 Slovenia 41 20 United Kingdom 25 Denmark 38 21 Finland 23 Serbia 38 22 Slovenia 23 Hungary 28 23 Sweden 21 United Kingdom 23 24 Spain 18 Finland 23 25 Portugal 18 Portugal 21 26 Australia 9 Ukraine 11 Voting procedure used: 100% Televoting 100% Jury vote Voting results (Jury vote) Televoting Score Ukraine 130 119 6 5 Spain 61 18 6 10 7 7 6 Slovenia 64 23 5 6 5 7 Lithuania 181 91 5 7 12 6 10 10 5 8 6 Austria 342 71 7 10 10 8 8 8 12 10 7 5 12 5 12 12 8 7 7 5 12 12 8 10 7 12 12 12 10 8 Estonia 245 102 5 12 10 7 6 8 7 12 8 5 6 10 5 12 Norway 144 84 8 5 5 12 6 7 Portugal 39 18 6 7 United Kingdom 48 25 6 8 Serbia 113 75 10 8 12 Germany 340 136 10 12 7 7 10 12 6 8 6 5 12 8 10 10 6 10 5 6 12 5 10 5 Albania 184 58 12 7 6 7 7 6 10 6 7 7 10 10 7 10 France 173 59 12 8 6 5 10 7 6 7 5 5 5 10 5 Czech Republic 281 215 6 5 7 5 6 8 Denmark 226 188 8 12 6 Australia 99 9 10 8 6 7 6 10 7 7 5 7 Finland 46 23 5 6 Bulgaria 166 66 5 6 6 8 6 8 7 10 8 7 10 7 Moldova 209 115 7 7 8 7 5 10 10 10 8 12 6 Sweden 274 21 6 8 8 7 7 12 8 12 8 5 8 10 5 12 5 12 12 12 8 12 8 10 5 10 6 8 12 Hungary 93 65 8 6 Israel 529 317 10 12 5 6 10 12 10 7 5 10 7 12 8 10 6 12 6 8 6 12 8 6 Netherlands 121 32 8 5 5 8 10 6 7 5 8 7 Ireland 136 62 5 10 5 8 6 5 Cyprus 436 253 12 6 10 12 12 5 12 10 12 5 6 5 8 7 12 6 7 7 8 Italy 308 249 10 12 8 8 Voting procedure used: 100% Televoting 100% Jury vote Voting results (Televoting vote) Jury Score Ukraine 130 11 8 12 5 8 12 10 8 7 8 7 12 Spain 61 43 5 12 Slovenia 64 41 7 8 6 Lithuania 181 90 5 7 12 7 12 12 12 12 6 Austria 342 271 10 5 8 6 6 5 Estonia 245 143 6 10 5 7 6 12 8 12 7 Norway 144 60 7 10 8 8 5 5 7 5 5 5 Portugal 39 21 8 10 United Kingdom 48 23 10 6 Serbia 113 38 10 8 12 7 12 12 12 Germany 340 204 12 6 6 12 5 8 8 8 6 6 8 Albania 184 126 12 12 10 10 7 France 173 114 7 5 6 8 5 6 5 Czech Republic 281 66 10 6 5 10 6 5 10 12 6 5 5 7 10 6 5 5 8 8 7 8 8 5 12 8 8 Denmark 226 38 8 7 6 8 5 12 5 7 12 5 10 10 8 12 10 7 6 10 7 Australia 99 90 6 Finland 46 23 6 10 Bulgaria 166 100 7 7 5 6 6 5 12 5 Moldova 209 94 6 6 7 12 6 6 10 5 8 12 10 6 Sweden 274 253 7 Hungary 93 28 10 12 5 8 7 Israel 529 212 12 12 8 12 10 8 12 12 7 7 10 8 6 6 8 10 7 12 10 7 12 7 12 7 10 10 10 6 10 10 7 10 5 10 Netherlands 121 89 5 12 5 Ireland 136 74 10 7 8 7 Cyprus 436 183 10 7 5 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 5 7 8 7 7 5 7 10 12 12 12 7 5 6 8 6 6 5 Italy 308 59 5 5 8 7 6 12 5 7 10 6 12 10 6 8 6 10 7 6 7 6 8 6 8 12 6 6 8 5 5 7 10 10 12 points Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points (12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting) to the specified entrant. Jury N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points 9 Austria Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Iceland, Israel, Lithuania, Romania, Poland, United Kingdom 8 Sweden Armenia, Australia, Cyprus, Georgia, Germany, Latvia, Serbia, Slovenia 6 Cyprus Belarus, Greece , Ireland, Malta, Spain, Sweden 5 Israel Austria, Czech Republic, France , Finland, San Marino Germany Denmark , Netherlands , Norway, Switzerland Estonia Macedonia, Moldova, Portugal Albania Azerbaijan Denmark Hungary France Ukraine Italy Albania Lithuania Croatia Moldova Russia Norway Italy Serbia Montenegro Televoting N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points 8 Israel Australia, Azerbaijan, France , Georgia, Moldova, San Marino , Spain, Ukraine 5 Lithuania Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Norway, United Kingdom Serbia Croatia, Montenegro , Slovenia, Switzerland Cyprus Armenia, Bulgaria, Greece Denmark Hungary , Iceland, Sweden Italy Albania , Germany, Malta Ukraine Belarus, Czech Republic, Poland Albania Italy, Macedonia Czech Republic Austria, Israel Estonia Finland, Lithuania Germany Denmark , Netherlands Moldova Romania, Russia Bulgaria Cyprus Hungary Serbia Netherlands Belgium Spain Portugal Other countries Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Eligibility for participation in the Eurovision Song Contest requires a national broadcaster with active EBU membership , or a special invitation from the EBU as in the case of Australia. Active EBU members Andorra -- The Director General of Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra (RTVA) announced on 14 May 2017 that Andorra would not participate in the contest, due to financial difficulties and the restructuring of the company. Bosnia and Herzegovina -- On 18 September 2017, BHRT confirmed that Bosnia and Herzegovina would not return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2018. Luxembourg -- Steve Schmit, the Director of Programming at the Luxembourgish broadcaster ( RTL ), explained last year the reasons against participating in the Eurovision Song Contest. He also underlined that Luxembourg's chance for success in the contest is limited: `` I believe that (with) the enlargement of Eurovision, the days (of victory) are gone. With the new voting system, it is very unlikely that Luxembourg is successful. Small countries are somewhat more troubled now'' . Luxembourg last participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1993 . Monaco -- On 31 August 2017, Monegasque broadcaster TMC confirmed that Monaco would not participate in the 2018 contest. Slovakia -- Eríka Rusnáková , press spokesperson of the Slovak broadcaster Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), confirmed on 11 September 2017 to Czech Eurovision website Eurocontest.cz that the country would not participate in the 2018 contest. Turkey -- On 12 July 2017, Sertab Erener , who won for Turkey in 2003 , announced on an Instagram live chat that Turkey would return and wished luck to the next representative. maNga , the 2010 Turkish representatives, and Hadise , the 2009 Turkish representative, also expressed their interests for Turkey returning to the contest. Despite these statements, on 7 August 2017, the Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey, Bekir Bozdağ , issued a statement saying that there were no plans for a return. The same day, TRT confirmed their non-participation in the 2018 contest. Associate EBU members Kazakhstan -- Khabar Agency became an associate member of the EBU on 1 January 2016, opening up the possibility of future participation. They broadcast all the shows in 2017. Furthermore, the winner of the Turkvision Song Contest 2014 , Zhanar Dugalova , said she would be interested in representing Kazakhstan in the contest. However, on 25 September, Khabar Agency told Esctoday that: `` We have no information about Kazakshtan's participation in Eurovison 2018 yet'' , maintaining the possibility of the country being invited by the EBU, as it is entirely at the EBU's discretion to extend an invitation like in the case of Australia. The EBU however, chose not to invite Kazakhstan, as seen in the list of participants. On 22 December 2017, it was claimed that Channel 31 had finalised negotiations with the EBU, allowing Kazakhstan to debut in 2019, however, on 23 December 2017, the EBU told Esctoday that: `` Channel 31 Kazakhstan has indeed expressed interest in becoming a Member of the EBU and hence participate in the Eurovision Song Contest. However, since Channel 31 is outside the European Broadcasting Area and is also not a member of the Council of Europe, it is not eligible to become an active Member of the EBU'' . Non-ebu members Kosovo -- Kosovar media reported that RTK was hopeful that they would debut in the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest in Portugal. In an article published by RTK the Director of Television at the Kosovar broadcaster stated that he had received the support of national broadcasters across the Balkans to participate in the competition. However, both Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia had opposed such participation. The EBU then sent a letter to RTK explaining that Kosovo cannot participate in the ESC, because it is not a UN member and it is not a fully recognised state. Liechtenstein -- On 1 September 2017, 1 FL TV , the national broadcaster of the Principality of Liechtenstein confirmed that the country would not debut in 2018. However, on 4 November 2017, 1 FL TV announced that they are planning a debut in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2019. Commentators and spokespersons Spokespersons The spokespersons announced the 12-point score from their respective country's national jury in the following order: Ukraine -- Natalia Zhyzhchenko Azerbaijan -- Tural Asadov Belarus -- Naviband (Belarusian representative in 2017 ) San Marino -- John Kennedy O'Connor Netherlands -- O'G3NE (Dutch representatives in 2017 ) Macedonia -- Jana Burčeska (Macedonian representative in 2017 ) Malta -- Lara Azzopardi Georgia -- Tamara Gachechiladze (Georgian representative in 2017 ) Spain -- Nieves Álvarez Austria -- Kati Bellowitsch Denmark -- Ulla Essendrop United Kingdom -- Mel Giedroyc Sweden -- Felix Sandman Latvia -- Dagmāra Legante Albania -- Andri Xhahu Croatia -- Uršula Tolj Ireland -- Nicky Byrne (Irish representative in 2016 ) Romania -- Sonia Argint-Ionescu Czech Republic -- Radka Rosická Iceland -- Edda Sif Pálsdóttir Moldova -- Djulieta Ardovan Belgium -- Danira Boukhriss Terkessidis Norway -- Aleksander Walmann and JOWST (Norwegian representatives in 2017 ) France -- Élodie Gossuin Italy -- Giulia Valentina Palermo Australia -- Ricardo Gonçalves Estonia -- Ott Evestus Serbia -- Dragana Kosjerina Cyprus -- Hovig (Cypriot representative in 2017 ) Armenia -- Arsen Grigoryan Bulgaria -- Joanna Dragneva (Bulgarian representative in 2008 ) Greece -- Olina Xenopoulou Hungary -- Bence Forró Montenegro -- Nataša Šotra Germany -- Barbara Schöneberger Finland -- Anna Abreu Russia -- Alsou (Russian representative in 2000 and host of the final in 2009 ) Switzerland -- Letícia Carvalho Israel -- Lucy Ayoub Poland -- Mateusz Szymkowiak Lithuania -- Eglė Daugėlaitė Slovenia -- Maja Keuc (Slovenian representative in 2011 ) Portugal -- Pedro Fernandes Commentators Most countries sent commentators to Lisbon or commented from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting information. Albania -- Andri Xhahu ( RTSH , RTSH Muzikë , Radio Tirana, all shows) Armenia -- Avet Barseghyan and Felix Khachatryan ( Armenia 1 and Public Radio of Armenia , all shows) Australia -- Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey ( SBS , all shows) Austria -- Andi Knoll ( ORF eins , all shows) Azerbaijan -- Azer Suleymanli ( İTV , all shows) Belarus -- Evgeny Perlin ( Belarus-1 and Belarus 24 , all shows) Belgium -- Dutch : Peter Van de Veire ( één , all shows); French : Maureen Louys and Jean-Louis Lahaye ( La Une , all shows; second semi-final 90-minute-delayed, first semi-final and final live) Bulgaria -- Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev ( BNT 1 , all shows) Croatia -- Duško Ćurlić ( HRT 1 and HR 2 , all shows) Cyprus -- Costas Constantinou and Vaso Komninou ( CyBC , all shows) Czech Republic -- Libor Bouček ( ČT2 , semi-finals and ČT1 , final) Denmark -- Ole Tøpholm ( DR 1 , all shows) Estonia -- Estonian : Marko Reikop ( ETV , all shows); Mart Juur and Andrus Kivirähk (Raadio 2, first semi-final and final); Russian : Aleksandr Hobotov, Julia Kalenda ( ETV+ , all shows) Finland -- Finnish : Mikko Silvennoinen (with Saara Aalto in the second semi-final); Swedish : Johan Lindroos and Eva Frantz ( Yle TV2 , Yle X3M , all shows); Anna Keränen ( Yle Radio Suomi , semi-finals); Anna Keränen , Aija Puurtinen, Sami Sykkö ( Yle Radio Suomi , final) France -- Christophe Willem and André Manoukian ( France 4 , semi-finals); Stéphane Bern , Christophe Willem and Alma ( France 2 , final) Georgia -- Demetre Ergemlidze ( GPB First Channel , all shows) Germany -- Peter Urban ( One , semi-finals and Das Erste , final) Greece -- Alexandros Lizardos and Daphne Skalioni ( ERT1 , ERT HD , ERA 2 , Voice of Greece , all shows) Hungary -- Krisztina Rátonyi and Freddie ( Duna , all shows) Iceland -- Gísli Marteinn Baldursson ( RÚV , all shows) Ireland -- Marty Whelan ( RTÉ 2 , semi-finals and RTÉ One , final); Neil Doherty and Zbyszek Zalinski ( RTÉ Radio 1 , first semi-final and final) Israel -- Asaf Liberman and Shir Reuven ( Kan 11 , first semi-final); Itai Herman and Goel Pinto ( Kan 11 , second semi-final); Erez Tal and Idit Hershkowitz ( Kan 11 , final) Italy -- Carolina Di Domenico and Saverio Raimondo ( Rai 4 , semi-finals); Serena Rossi and Federico Russo ( Rai 1 , final); Carolina Di Domenico and Ema Stokholma ( Rai Radio 2 , final) Latvia -- Toms Grēviņš ( LTV , all shows) Magnuss Eriņš (final) Lithuania -- Darius Užkuraitis and Gerūta Griniūtė ( LRT televizija , LRT Radijas , all shows) Macedonia -- Karolina Petkovska ( MRT 1 , MRT 2 , Macedonian radio, all shows) Malta -- No commentary Moldova -- Djulieta Ardovan ( Moldova 1 , Radio Moldova , Radio Moldova Muzical, Radio Moldova Tineret , semi-finals); Doina Stimpovschii ( Moldova 1 , Radio Moldova , Radio Moldova Muzical, Radio Moldova Tineret , final) Montenegro -- Dražen Bauković and Tijana Mišković ( TVCG 1 and TVCG SAT, all shows) Netherlands -- Cornald Maas and Jan Smit ( NPO 1 , all shows) Norway -- Olav Viksmo-Slettan ( NRK1 , all shows); Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Nordnes and Markus Neby ( NRK3 , final); Ole Christian Øen ( NRK P1 , final) Poland -- Artur Orzech ( TVP1 , TVP Polonia , all shows) Portugal -- Nuno Galopim and Hélder Reis ( RTP1 , RTP África , RTP Internacional , all shows) Romania -- Liliana Ștefan and Radu Andrei Tudor ( TVR1 , TVR HD , TVRi , all shows) Russia -- Yuriy Aksuta and Yana Churikova ( Channel One , all shows; first semi-final 110-minute-delayed, second semi-final and final live) San Marino -- Lia Fiorio and Gigi Restivo ( San Marino RTV and Radio San Marino, all shows) Serbia -- Silvana Grujić and Tamara Petković ( RTS1 , RTS HD , RTS Svet , RTS Planeta , first semi-final); Duška Vučinić ( RTS1 , RTS HD , RTS Svet , RTS Planeta , second semi-final and final) Slovenia -- Andrej Hofer (TV Slovenija 2, semi-finals and TV Slovenija 1, final) Spain -- Tony Aguilar and Julia Varela ( La 2 , semi-finals; La 1 , final) Sweden -- Sanna Nielsen and Edward af Sillén ( SVT1 , all shows) Switzerland -- German : Sven Epiney ( SRF zwei , semi-finals and SRF 1 , final); Italian : Clarissa Tami ( RSI La 2 , semi-finals and RSI La 1 , final); French : Jean-Marc Richard and Nicolas Tanner ( RTS Deux , semi-finals and RTS Un , final) Ukraine -- Serhiy Prytula ( STB , all shows); Timur Miroshnychenko ( UA:First , all shows); Mariya Yaremchuk (UA:First, first semi-final); Alyosha (UA:First, second semi-final); Jamala (UA:First, final) United Kingdom -- Scott Mills and Rylan Clark-Neal ( BBC Four , semi-finals); Graham Norton ( BBC One , final); Ken Bruce ( BBC Radio 2 , final) Non-participating countries China -- Duan Yixuan and Hei Nan ( Mango TV , semi-final 1 9-hour-delay) Kazakhstan -- Kaldybek Zhaysanbay and Diana Snegina ( Khabar TV , all shows) Kosovo -- Alma Bektashi and Agron Krasniqi ( RTK , all shows) Slovakia -- Daniel Baláž , Pavol Hubinák , Juraj Malíček , Ela Tolstová and Celeste Buckingham ( Radio FM , final) United States -- English : Ross Mathews and Shangela ( Logo TV , final); Ewan Spence and Lisa-Jayne Lewis ( WJFD-FM radio, final); Portuguese : Ana Filipa Rosa (WJFD-FM radio, final) Incidents Accusations of cultural appropriation Following Israel 's Netta Barzilai 's performance of her song `` Toy '' , critics of the song accused Netta of culturally appropriating Japanese culture , with several users taking to social media such as Twitter to call the performance `` offensive'' . The accusations were made after she wore a kimono and buns , as well as Maneki-nekos being shown during the performance. The topic was debated on British morning show Good Morning Britain on 14 May 2018 in response, with television presenters Trisha Goddard and Piers Morgan defending Netta by stating that she was simply implementing elements of Japanese culture due to her own appreciation of it. English journalist Rebecca Reid disagreed, arguing `` It's not a beautiful, loving representation of real Japanese culture. It's a costume'' . Belarusian Song submission On 10 January 2018, it had emerged on Russian networking site VK that Ukrainian singer Alekseev had performed a Russian-language version of his EuroFest entry `` Forever '' (as Navsegda ) in May 2017 in Stavropol -- before 1 September 2017, the submission deadline set by the EBU, potentially violating the rules of the contest. Six artists threatened to withdraw from the selection if it were allowed to compete, with Sofi Lapina actually doing so. Alekseev was ultimately allowed to compete by BTRC following a melodic revamp of the song, and went on to win the selection, thus representing Belarus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018. However, on 23 February 2018, it was reported that the EBU had given Alekseev permission to perform his original English-language version of the song at the contest, and he would opt to sing that version of the song in May. A few weeks after that announcement, on 28 March 2018 Alekseev premiered a new official version of his Eurovision entry with a lighter intro and additional choir at the end of the track. He also confirmed that this version would be the one performed in Lisbon. Czech rehearsal injuries On 29 April 2018, during the first rehearsal of the Czech Republic 's performance, singer Mikolas Josef reportedly sustained injuries to his back while rehearsing and was subsequently rushed to hospital. The singer updated his fans on Instagram , stating `` I can confirm that I got injured during the rehearsal and the situation got worse after several hours. I can't even walk now. Got back from the first hospital and I am now heading to another one'' . He stated that he would, however, `` perform no matter what'' . Josef performed in the first semi-final on 8 May with a slightly altered performance, owing to his injuries, and ultimately finished 6th in the Grand Final on 12 May, achieving Czech Republic's best result to date. He was also the second Czech contestant to qualify for the Grand Final, the other being Gabriela Gunčíková in 2016. Mango TV censorship During the Chinese broadcast of the first semi-final on Mango TV , both Albania and Ireland were edited out of the show, along with their snippets in the recap of all 19 entries. Albania was skipped due to a ban on television performers displaying tattoos that took effect in January 2018, while Ireland was censored due to its representation of a homosexual couple on-stage. In addition, the LGBT flag and tattoos on other performers were also blurred out from the broadcast. As a result, the EBU has terminated its partnership with Mango TV, citing that censorship `` is not in line with the EBU's values of universality and inclusivity and its proud tradition of celebrating diversity through music,'' which led to a ban on televising the second semi-final and the grand final in the country. A spokesperson for the broadcaster's parent company Hunan TV said they `` weren't aware'' of the edits made to the programme. Ireland's representative, Ryan O'Shaughnessy told the BBC in an interview, `` they haven't taken this lightly and I think it's a move in the right direction, so I'm happy about it.'' United Kingdom stage invasion The performance of SuRie , representing the United Kingdom, in the final was disrupted by a man who rushed onto the stage and grabbed her microphone , reportedly shouting `` Modern Nazis of the UK media, we demand freedom! War is not peace.'' The man, later identified as ' Dr ACactivism' , a political activist from London, climbed into a camera run to get access to the stage. SuRie was able to complete her performance, and after the song the broadcast cut to an unscheduled interview in the green room. The EBU offered SuRie and her team the opportunity to perform again, but she declined. SuRie later revealed that she had suffered several bruises on her right hand. For official release on YouTube, Eurovision edited out the interrupted performance and substituted SuRie's Jury Night performance from the previous evening. The official video retains the unscheduled green room interview with the Ukrainian delegation that followed the stage invasion. The official DVD release also replaces the grand final performance with the previous evening's jury show performance. Other Awards In addition to the main winner's trophy, the Marcel Bezençon Awards and the Barbara Dex Award will be contested during the Eurovision Song Contest 2018. Additionally, the OGAE voting poll took place before the final. Marcel Bezençon Awards Further information: Marcel Bezençon Awards The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn , Estonia, honouring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman ( Sweden 's representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 and the current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (a member of the Herreys and the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon . The awards are divided into three categories: Press Award, Artistic Award, and Composer Award. The winners are revealed shortly before the Eurovision final. Category Country Song Performer(s) Composer(s) Artistic Award Cyprus `` Fuego'' Eleni Foureira Alex Papaconstantinou, Geraldo Sandell, Viktor Svensson, Anderz Wrethov Didrick Composer Award Bulgaria `` Bones'' Equinox Borislav Milanov, Trey Campbell, Joacim Persson, Dag Lundberg Press Award France `` Mercy'' Madame Monsieur Émilie Satt, Jean-Karl Lucas OGAE Further information: OGAE Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna , Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen. The organisation consists of a network of over 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a non-governmental , non-political , and non-profit company. In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll took place before the main Eurovision Song Contest allowing members from over 40 clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the contest. Country Performer(s) Song OGAE result Israel Netta `` Toy '' 456 France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' 352 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' 226 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' 202 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' 181 *Table reflects the 2018 voting results from all 44 OGAE clubs. Barbara Dex Award Further information: Barbara Dex Award The Barbara Dex Award is a fan award originally awarded by House of Eurovision from 1997 to 2016, and since 2017 by songfestival.be. This is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest, and was named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex , who came last in the 1993 , in which she wore her own self-designed dress. Place Country Performer(s) Macedonia Eye Cue Australia Jessica Mauboy Belgium Sennek Montenegro Vanja Radovanović 5 Israel Netta Official album Eurovision Song Contest: Lisbon 2018 Compilation album by Eurovision Song Contest Released 20 April 2018 Genre Pop Length 66 : 03 (CD 1) 62 : 39 (CD 2) Label Universal Eurovision Song Contest chronology Eurovision Song Contest: Kyiv 2017 (2017) ' ' Eurovision Song Contest: Lisbon 2018' ' (2018) Eurovision Song Contest: Lisbon 2018 is the official compilation album of the contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by Universal Music Group digitally on 6 April 2018 and physically on 20 April 2018. The album features all 43 participating entries, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify for the grand final. CD 1 No. Title Artist Length 1. `` Mall '' ( Albania ) Eugent Bushpepa 3ː07 2. `` Qami '' ( Armenia ) Sevak Khanagyan 2ː57 3. `` We Got Love '' ( Australia ) Jessica Mauboy 3ː04 4. `` Nobody but You '' ( Austria ) Cesár Sampson 3ː03 5. `` X My Heart '' ( Azerbaijan ) Aisel 3ː01 6. `` A Matter of Time '' ( Belgium ) Sennek 3ː00 7. `` Bones '' ( Bulgaria ) Equinox 2ː59 8. `` Forever '' ( Belarus ) Alekseev 3ː00 9. `` Stones '' ( Switzerland ) Zibbz 2ː57 10. `` Fuego '' ( Cyprus ) Eleni Foureira 3ː03 11. `` Lie to Me '' ( Czech Republic ) Mikolas Josef 2ː50 12. `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' ( Germany ) Michael Schulte 2ː57 13. `` Higher Ground '' ( Denmark ) Rasmussen 3ː03 14. `` Tu canción '' ( Spain ) Amaia and Alfred 2ː59 15. `` La forza '' ( Estonia ) Elina Nechayeva 3ː04 16. `` Monsters '' ( Finland ) Saara Aalto 3ː00 17. `` Mercy '' ( France ) Madame Monsieur 3ː02 18. `` Storm '' ( United Kingdom ) SuRie 2ː57 19. `` For You '' ( Georgia ) Iriao 2ː59 20. `` Oniro mou '' ( Greece ) Gianna Terzi 3ː04 21. `` Crazy '' ( Croatia ) Franka 3ː00 22. `` Viszlát nyár '' ( Hungary ) AWS 2ː57 Total length: 66ː03 CD 2 No. Title Artist Length 1. `` Together '' ( Ireland ) Ryan O'Shaughnessy 2ː54 2. `` Our Choice '' ( Iceland ) Ari Ólafsson 2ː59 3. `` Toy '' ( Israel ) Netta 3ː00 4. `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' ( Italy ) Ermal Meta and Fabrizio Moro 3ː02 5. `` When We're Old '' ( Lithuania ) Ieva Zasimauskaitė 3ː00 6. `` Funny Girl '' ( Latvia ) Laura Rizzotto 3ː03 7. `` My Lucky Day '' ( Moldova ) DoReDoS 3ː02 8. `` Lost and Found '' ( Macedonia ) Eye Cue 3ː03 9. `` Taboo '' ( Malta ) Christabelle 3ː01 10. `` Inje '' ( Montenegro ) Vanja Radovanović 3ː00 11. `` Outlaw in ' Em '' ( Netherlands ) Waylon 2ː54 12. `` That's How You Write a Song '' ( Norway ) Alexander Rybak 3ː00 13. `` Light Me Up '' ( Poland ) Gromee and Lukas Meijer 3ː00 14. `` O jardim '' ( Portugal ) Cláudia Pascoal 2ː38 15. `` Goodbye '' ( Romania ) The Humans 2ː58 16. `` I Won't Break '' ( Russia ) Julia Samoylova 2ː59 17. `` Who We Are '' ( San Marino ) Jessika and Jenifer Brening 3ː00 18. `` Nova deca '' ( Serbia ) Sanja Ilić and Balkanika 3ː07 19. `` Hvala, ne! '' ( Slovenia ) Lea Sirk 3ː00 20. `` Dance You Off '' ( Sweden ) Benjamin Ingrosso 3ː00 21. `` Under the Ladder '' ( Ukraine ) Mélovin 2ː59 Total length: 62ː39 Charts Chart (2018) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 14 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 22 German Compilation Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Greek Albums ( IFPI ) 9 See also Eurovision Asia Song Contest 2018 Eurovision Young Musicians 2018 Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Turkvision Song Contest 2018 Notes ^ Jump up to: Contains two lines in Lithuanian . ^ Jump up to: Contains several words in Hebrew and Japanese (citation needed). ^ Jump up to: Although the lyrics are in English, the Spanish title ' Fuego' is repeated throughout the song. ^ Jump up to: Contains some phrases in the Torlakian dialect . ^ Jump up to: Contains a phrase repeated twice in Icelandic . Jump up ^ Although the title is in English, the song itself is entirely in Georgian . ^ Jump up to: Contains some phrases in Portuguese . Jump up ^ `` O jardim'' features uncredited vocals from Portuguese singer Isaura . Jump up ^ Mango TV was banned from transmitting the second semi-final and grand final due to its censorship of the first semi-final. References Jump up ^ Mikheev, Andy. `` ESCKAZ -- Eurovision 2018 -- Event page/ Организация конкурса '' . esckaz.com . ESCKAZ. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lisbon revealed as Host City of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest!'' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Groot, Evert (23 May 2018). `` 186 million viewers for the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest'' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union (EBU) . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Escudero, Victor M; Jordan, Paul; Kryvinchuk, Yulia (14 May 2017). `` Winner's Press Conference with Portugal's Salvador Sobral'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MEO Arena -- History'' . MEO Arena. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MEO Arena -- Location'' . MEO Arena. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Costa, Nelson (13 May 2017). `` ESC2017: Organização da Eurovisão falou com a RTP na hipótese de vitória '' . escportugal.pt . ESC Portugal. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Granger, Anthony (14 May 2017). `` ESC'18 organisers suggest MEO Arena as venue'' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RTP vai organizar o próximo Festival da Eurovisão '' (RTP will organise the next Eurovision Song Contest) (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 15 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (15 May 2017). `` Lisbon confirmed as host city of Eurovision 2018'' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Andrade, Sérgio (16 May 2017). `` RTP ainda não escolheu palco para o Festival Eurovisão 2018'' (RTP has not yet chosen the venue for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018). Público (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan, Paul; Zwart, Josianne (30 July 2017). `` What does it take to become a Eurovision host city?'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afinal onde se vai realizar o festival da Eurovisão 2018?'' (Where is the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 be held?). SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 16 May 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Espinho entra na corrida para receber Festival Eurovisão em 2018'' (Espinho joins the race to host Eurovision Song Contest in 2018). SAPO Notícias (in Portuguese). 31 May 2017. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESC2018: Braga quer conhecer caderno de encargos da Eurovisão '' (ESC 2018: Braga wants to know the terms and conditions to host Eurovision). escportugal.pt.vu (in Portuguese). 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan, Paul (14 June 2017). `` A new chapter: Portuguese delegation meets the Reference Group'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lisbon revealed as Host City of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest!'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2018 vai decorrer no Parque das Nações '' (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEP -- Braga Exhibition Park'' . InvestBraga. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gualtieri, Fernando (5 June 2017). `` Câmara de Braga em conversações com RTP para acolher Festival da Eurovisão '' (in Portuguese). Press Minho. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Multiusos de Gondomar Coração de Ouro'' (in Portuguese). Câmara Municipal de Gondomar (Gondomar City Hall). Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Multiusos Gondomar Coração de Ouro'' . UEFA. 6 June 2007. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Multiusos de Guimarães '' . tempolivre.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal: Guimarães to host Festival da Canção 2018'' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoixdate=25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nash, Elizabeth (30 January 1998). `` Expo 98: Lisbon dreams of turning wasteland into lasting beauty'' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 6 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ FIBA Archives (25 July 1999). `` 1999 World Championship for Junior Men'' . FIBA . Archived from the original on 20 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro, Hugo (5 November 2010). `` Masters Lisboa 2000 deixou imagem forte'' . dn.pt . Diário de Notícias . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos, Norberto (23 February 2000). `` Atletismo à porta do Pavilhão Atlântico '' . Record . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro, Hugo (2 February 2003). `` Andebol: Croácia Campeã do Mundo'' . cmjornal.pt . Correio da Manhã . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ NME (8 December 2004). `` MTV Europe Music Awards announce 2005 venue'' . NME . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Benfica organiza final da Taça UEFA de futsal'' . sicnoticias.sapo.pt . SIC Notícias . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting organiza final four da UEFA Futsal Cup'' . Record.pt . Record. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Temperton, James (23 September 2015). `` Web Summit ditches Dublin for Lisbon'' . Wired UK . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Village -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EuroClub -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (12 January 2018). `` Eurovision 2018: RTP reveals Opening Ceremony and Welcome Reception venue'' . esctoday.com . ESCToday . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ESC 2018: RTP anuncia amanhã novidades sobre a Eurovisão '' (ESC 2018: RTP announces tomorrow more details about Eurovision). escportugal.pt (in Portuguese). ESC Portugal. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` All Aboard! Lisbon welcomes 42 countries to Eurovision 2018'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Here come the girls! Presenters of Eurovision 2018 revealed!'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Farren, Neil (8 January 2018). `` Eurovision 2018: Four Women to Host'' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (4 May 2018). `` Eurovision'18 : Filomena Cautela Revealed as Green Room Host'' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision 2018: They will host the Blue Carpet! -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018'' . Eurovision Song Contest. 23 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan, Paul (12 January 2018). `` All Aboard for the Semi-final Allocation Draw'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ortiz, Laura (12 March 2018). `` Eurovisión 2018: Salvador Sobral, Ana Moura, Mariza, Branko y Beatbombers actuarán en la Gran Final'' . formulatv-com (in Spanish). Fórmula TV . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Sobral, Ana Moura e Mariza na final da Eurovisão '' . mag.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). Sapomag. 12 March 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Carrilho, Nuno (12 March 2018). `` ESC2018: Conheça os artistas confirmados na Grande Final do Festival Eurovisão 2018'' . escportugal.pt (in Portuguese). ESC Portugal . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Sobral to perform with Caetano Veloso in the Grand Final'' . Eurovision Song Contest. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Branko, Sara Tavares, Mayra Andrade e Dino D`Santiago juntos para uma viagem pelo novo som da cidade'' . rtp.pt . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mano a Mano`` : Salvador Sobral estreia nova música '' (in Portuguese). Observador. 12 May 2018. Jump up ^ Herbert, Emily (30 October 2017). `` FYR Macedonia: MRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2018 As Things Stand -- Eurovoix'' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Countries will participate'' . Eurovision Song Contest. 17 November 2017. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Video: Waylon will represent The Netherlands at the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest!'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Storvik-Green, Simon (25 March 2014). `` Australian superstar to sing at Eurovision'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McCaig, Ewan (3 March 2018). `` Slovenia: Lea Sirk to Include English or Portuguese in Hvala, ne! for Eurovision'' . eurovix.com . Eurovoix . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan, Paul (12 March 2018). `` EQUINOX release ' Bones' for Bulgaria -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Earl, Samantha (7 February 2018). `` SHE'S BACK. Who is SuRie? Eurovision: You Decide hopeful performing her song Storm and Blanche's backing singer in 2017'' . The Sun . United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Eurovision Song Contest 2018: Lisbon'' . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Jordan, Paul (29 January 2018). `` Which Countries Will Perform in Which Semi-final at Eurovision 2018?'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Lisbon 2018 -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Voice of Italy 2018, finale l'8 maggio: sarà scontro con Eurovision'' (in Italian). eurofestivalnews.com. 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Lisbon 2018 -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Everything you need to know about Eurovision-- and its decades of glorious camp'' . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Eurovision Song Contest. Jump up ^ `` Eurovision 2018: This is the running order of the Grand Final!'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Lisbon 2018 - Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018'' . eurovision.tv . Retrieved 2018-07-13 . ^ Jump up to: `` 2018 First Semi-final Scoreboard'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` 2018 Second Semi-final Scoreboard'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` 2018 Grand Final Scoreboard'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Which countries? GFAQs'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (14 May 2017). `` Andorra: No Return To The Eurovision Song Contest in 2018'' . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Herbert, Emily (18 September 2017). `` Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2018'' . eurovoix.com . Archived from the original on 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (22 May 2017). `` Luxembourg: Will not participate in Eurovision 2018'' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Jump up ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (Sergio) (31 August 2017). `` Monaco: TMC confirms non participation in Eurovision 2018'' . esctoday.com . Esctoday. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Jump up ^ Farren, Neil (11 September 2017). `` Slovakia: No Return to Eurovision in 2018'' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Turkey will return to Eurovision in 2018 announces former winner Sertab'' . Ryan Cobb. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Jump up ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (Sergio) (2 August 2017). `` Turkey: Is Turkey returning to Eurovision with maNga?'' . esctoday.com . ESCToday. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Belgeli, Burak (7 August 2017). `` '' IS TURKEY COMING BACK?'' -- TURKISH VICE PRIME MINISTER ANSWERS`` . escrazzi.com . ESCrazzi. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (Sergio) (7 August 2017). `` Turkey: TRT confirms non participation in Eurovision 2018'' . esctoday.com . ESCToday. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ten Veen, Renske (30 January 2016). `` Should Dimash Kudaibergen sing for Kazakhstan at Eurovision 2017?'' . Wiwibloggs . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan: Turkvision Winner Zhanar Dugalova Would Compete at Eurovision -- Eurovoix World'' , Eurovoix World , 28 April 2017 , https://eurovoix-world.com/kazakhstan-turkvision-winner-zhanar-dugalova-compete-eurovision/ . Retrieved 16 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan: Will Khabar Agency debut in Eurovision 2018?'' . 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Jump up ^ Jordan, Paul (7 November 2017). `` All Aboard! Lisbon welcomes 42 countries to Eurovision 2018'' . Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan's Channel 31 claims: `` We will participate in Eurovision 2019! '' `` . ESCXTRA. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The EBU's statement regarding Channel 31 and Kazakhstan's participation in Eurovision'' . ESCToday. 23 December 2017. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ago, Anthony Granger 1 hour (30 May 2017). `` Kosovo: RTK Hopeful Of Eurovision Debut in 2018'' . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (27 September 2017). `` Kosovo: RTK's statement about Kosovo's debut in Eurovision 2018'' . esctoday.com . Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Jump up ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (1 September 2017). `` Liechtenstein: 1 FL TV will not debut in Eurovision 2018'' . esctoday.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (4 November 2017). `` Liechtenstein: 1 FLTV Plans Eurovision Debut in 2019'' . eurovoix.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` May we have your votes please?'' . Eurovision Song Contest. 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Սեւակ Խանաղյանը չանցավ `` Եվրատեսիլ 2018'' -ի եզրափակիչ փուլ `` . Armenpress. 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia confirmed for 2018! Who will fly the flag in Lisbon?'' . EBU. 24 August 2017. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Peter Van de Veire: `` Als ik een voetballer was, zou ik iedereen onderuit schoppen '' `` . nieuwsblad.be . Jump up ^ Croatia, HRT, Hrvatska Radio televizija. `` Pjesma Eurovizije 2018. -- Prijenos 1. polufinalne večeri '' (in Croatian) . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Croatia, HRT, Hrvatska Radio televizija. `` Pjesma Eurovizije 2018. -- Prijenos 2. polufinalne večeri '' (in Croatian) . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Croatia, HRT, Hrvatska Radio televizija. `` Pjesma Eurovizije 2018. -- Prijenos finalne večeri '' (in Croatian) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus: CyBC Reveals Commentary Team For Eurovision 2018 -- Eurovoix'' . 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danske experten tror på svensksuccé i Eurovision'' . 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovisiooni lauluvõistlus 2018: 1. poolfinaal'' . 30 April 2018 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovisiooni poolfinaal'' . r2.err.ee (in Estonian). Raadio2. 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovisiooni lauluvõistlus 2018: Финал '' . 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Euroviisut Ylen kanavilla -- kannusta Saaraa supertiistaina 8.5'' . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Herbert, Emily (25 February 2018). `` France: Christophe Willem and Alma Join Stéphane Bern as Eurovision 2018 Commentators'' . Eurovoix . Jump up ^ DRS2G (20 March 2018). `` FRANCE 2018 : Christophe Willem et André Manoukian, commentateurs des demi-finales sur France 4'' . Eurovision-fr.net . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (30 March 2018). `` Georgia: Demetre Ergemlidze Revealed As Commentator'' . Eurovoix . Jump up ^ `` Alle Teilnehmer und Länder in Lissabon'' . eurovision.de . Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` ESC-Kommentator: Wer ist eigentlich dieser Peter Urban?'' . tz.de. 22 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ο Αλέξανδρος Λιζάρδος και η Δάφνη Σκαλιώνη σχολιαστές της Ελλάδας στην Eurovision'' . infegreece.gr . Jump up ^ `` Hungary: A Dal 2018 Participants Announced'' . eurovoix.com. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Jump up ^ DELFI (19 April 2018). `` Zināms , kas komentēs ' Eirovīzijas ' tiešraides '' . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (8 April 2018). `` FYR Macedonia: Karolina Petkovska Returns To Commentary Booth for Tenth Eurovision Song Contest'' . Eurovoix . Jump up ^ `` Since 2012 she has been the Macedonian commentator for #ESC... And this year won't be an exception! Karolina Petkoska will be the Macedonian commentator for #Eurovision 2018! #Macedonia'' . Twitter. 8 April 2018. Jump up ^ Eurovision Song Contest 2018. Semi-finala I, partea II-a ( Eurovision Song Contest 2018. First semi-final, part II ) (in Romanian). TeleRadio-Moldova. 8 May 2018. Event occurs at 1:05:35. Jump up ^ `` Urmărește ÎN DIRECT de la Lisabona prima semi-finală Eurovision 2018'' (Watch the first Eurovision 2018 semi-final LIVE from Lisbon) (in Romanian). TeleRadio-Moldova. 8 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Cine va prezenta punctele oferite de Moldova la Eurovision 2018'' (in Romanian). TeleRadio-Moldova. 12 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Lisabon -- Evrovizija 2018'' . rtcg.me (in Montenegrin). RTCG. 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 9 BN'ers die bewijzen dat Duits helemaal niet moeilijk is'' . rtlboulevard.nl. 17 April 2018. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` NRK TV -- Eurovision Song Contest: Semifinale 1'' . NRK. Jump up ^ `` NRK TV -- P3morgens store Eurovisions-fest'' . NRK. Jump up ^ `` NRK Radio -- Eurovision Song Contest: Helaften'' . NRK. Jump up ^ `` Energetyczni Gromee i Lukas Meijer wystąpią w drugim półfinale 63. Konkursu Eurowizji'' (in Polish). Telewizja Polska. 27 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Humans, în această seară pe scena Eurovision'' (The Humans, tonight on the Eurovision stage) (in Romanian). TVR. 10 May 2018. Jump up ^ Lombardini, Emanuele (28 April 2018). `` Eurovision 2018, San Marino: commento a Lia Fiorio-Gigi Restivo, per i voti John Kennedy O'Connor '' . Eurofestival News (in Italian) . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Serbia, RTS, Radio-televizija Srbije, Radio Television of. `` Песма Евровизије 2018, полуфинале 1, пренос '' (in Serbian) . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Serbia, RTS, Radio-televizija Srbije, Radio Television of. `` Песма Евровизије 2018, полуфинале 2, пренос '' (in Serbian) . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Serbia, RTS, Radio-televizija Srbije, Radio Television of. `` Песма Евровизије 2018, финале , пренос '' (in Serbian) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Aguilar comentará junto a Julia Varela Eurovisión 2018'' (in Spanish). RTVE. 14 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Amaia y Alfred, preparados para enamorar a Europa con ' Tu canción ' en Eurovisión 2018'' . rtve.es (in Spanish). 27 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Sanna Nielsen kommenterar Eurovision'' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest'' . srf.ch . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2018'' . rsi.ch . Jump up ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (31 March 2018). `` Ukraine: STB to broadcast Eurovision 2018; Serhiy Prytula to commentate'' . esctoday.com . Jump up ^ `` Meet our commentators, that will join Timur Miroshnychenko in the live broadcast on UA:PBC'' . uapbc. 3 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` You Decide is back with a new co-host and a new venue!'' . Eurovision Song Contest. 16 November 2017. Archived from the original on 21 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2018 presenter line-up revealed'' . BBC. 29 March 2018 . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (7 April 2018). `` China: Hunan TV to Broadcast Eurovision 2018 Live Online'' . Eurovoix . ^ Jump up to: Royston, Benny (10 May 2018). `` EBU bans Chinese Broadcaster'' . Metro . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (4 May 2018). `` Kazakhstan: Khabar To Broadcast Eurovision 2018'' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger, Anthony (7 May 2018). `` Kosovo: RTK To Broadcast Eurovision 2018'' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovízia v Rádiu_FM '' . RTVS. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Logo to air Eurovision 2018 Grand Final live in the United States -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018'' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: McCaig, Ewan (6 May 2018). `` United States: Eurovision 2018 To Be Broadcast On Radio'' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Israel's Eurovision winner Netta Barzilai accused of cultural appropriation'' . SBS News . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision 2018 winner Netta has been accused of cultural appropriation'' . The Independent . 13 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision favourite Netta: ' I don't sing beautifully ' '' . The Independent . 7 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/gmb/status/995906589784707072?lang=en-gb Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONx-QvKAc1Q Jump up ^ Adams, William Lee (10 January 2018). `` Forever (and Before): Should Belarus disqualify Alekseev over earlier performances of song submission?'' . wiwibloggs . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists threaten to withdraw if Alekseev is allowed in national final'' . wiwibloggs. 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sofi Lapina withdraws from Belarus' national selection over Alekseev'' . wiwibloggs. 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus: Alekseev wins Eurofest 2018 with `` Forever'' wiwibloggs`` . wiwibloggs. 16 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus: EBU Allows Alekseev to Perform `` Forever'' At Eurovision 2018 -- Eurovoix`` . Eurovoix. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Forever -- Single артиста ALEKSEEV (in Russian), 28 March 2018 , retrieved 9 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` Mikolas Josef (Czech Republic): `` I will perform no matter what'' -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018`` . Eurovision Song Contest. Jump up ^ Park, Andrea (10 May 2018). `` China censors Ireland's gay-themed Eurovision performance'' . CBS News . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Avelino, Gerry (9 May 2018). `` China: Ireland and Albania removed from semi-final 1 broadcast'' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` China channel barred from airing Eurovision'' . BBC News . 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statement 10 May: EBU terminates this year's partnership with Mango TV'' . Eurovision Song Contest. 10 May 2018 . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Washington, Jessica (11 May 2018). `` China banned from broadcasting Eurovision after censoring same-sex dance'' . SBS News . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Stage stormed during UK's Eurovision song'' . BBC News . 12 May 2018 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision final 2018: Israel's Netta Barzilai wins, after stage-invader interrupts UK song'' . MSN . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkes, Joseph (12 May 2018). `` Identity of Eurovision stage invader who snatched mic revealed'' . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44102158 Jump up ^ Westbrook, Caroline (13 May 2018). `` SuRie's Eurovision performance interrupted by stage invader'' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens, Heidi (12 May 2018). `` Eurovision song contest 2018 -- live!'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44111436 Jump up ^ `` Marcel Bezençon Award -- an introduction'' . Poplight.se. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ OGAE (15 June 2012). `` Eurovision Fanclub Network'' . ogae.net . OGAE . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klubi-info: Mikä ihmeen OGAE?'' (The club info: What on Earth is OGAE?) (in Finnish). OGAE Finland. 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` OGAE POLL 2018 -- Results'' . OGAE International . 28 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 , Amazon . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums'' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 21 May 2018 . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eri Esittäjiä : Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Lisbon'' (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 29 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2018'' . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2018'' . ifpi.gr . IFPI Greece . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . External links Official website Media related to Eurovision Song Contest 2018 at Wikimedia Commons Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Countries Finalists (by final results) Israel (winner) Cyprus Austria Germany Italy Czech Republic Sweden Estonia Denmark Moldova Albania Lithuania France Bulgaria Norway Ireland Ukraine Netherlands Serbia Australia Hungary Slovenia Spain United Kingdom Finland Portugal Semi-final 1 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Croatia Greece Iceland Macedonia Switzerland Semi-final 2 Georgia Latvia Malta Montenegro Poland Romania Russia San Marino Artists Finalists (by final results) Netta Barzilai Eleni Foureira Cesár Sampson Michael Schulte Ermal Meta & Fabrizio Moro Mikolas Josef Benjamin Ingrosso Elina Nechayeva Rasmussen DoReDoS Eugent Bushpepa Ieva Zasimauskaitė Madame Monsieur Equinox Alexander Rybak Ryan O'Shaughnessy Mélovin Waylon Sanja Ilić & Balkanika Jessica Mauboy AWS Lea Sirk Amaia & Alfred SuRie Saara Aalto Cláudia Pascoal Semi-final 1 Aisel Alekseev Ari Ólafsson Eye Cue Franka Gianna Terzi Sennek Sevak Khanagyan Zibbz Semi-final 2 Christabelle Gromee feat. Lukas Meijer Iriao Jessika feat. Jenifer Brening Julia Samoylova Laura Rizzotto The Humans Vanja Radovanović Songs Finalists (by final results) `` Toy '' `` Fuego '' `` Nobody but You '' `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' `` Lie to Me '' `` Dance You Off '' `` La forza '' `` Higher Ground '' `` My Lucky Day '' `` Mall '' `` When We're Old '' `` Mercy '' `` Bones '' `` That's How You Write a Song '' `` Together '' `` Under the Ladder '' `` Outlaw in ' Em '' `` Nova deca '' `` We Got Love '' `` Viszlát nyár '' `` Hvala, ne! '' `` Tu canción '' `` Storm '' `` Monsters '' `` O jardim '' Semi-final 1 `` A Matter of Time '' `` Crazy '' `` Forever '' `` Lost and Found '' `` Oneiro Mou '' `` Our Choice '' `` Qami '' `` Stones '' `` X My Heart '' Semi-final 2 `` For You '' `` Funny Girl '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Won't Break '' `` Inje '' `` Light Me Up '' `` Taboo '' `` Who We Are '' Eurovision Song Contest Entries History Host cities Languages Presenters Rules Voting Winners Winners discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 1994 1995 2017 2018 2019 Countries Active Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Slovakia Turkey Former Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Relations Armenia-- Azerbaijan Russia-- Ukraine National selections Current Albania Armenia Belarus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Moldova Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Former Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Finland Greece Ellinikós Telikós Eurosong - A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Barbara Dex Award Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018&oldid=852449317 '' Categories : 2018 in Portugal 2018 song contests Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Eurovision Song Contest by year May 2018 events in Europe Events in Lisbon Music in Lisbon Censorship of broadcasting Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories: CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr) CS1 Estonian-language sources (et) All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2018 CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro) CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with input errors Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Mirandés Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски SuomiSvenskaТатарча/tatarçaไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаVepsänkel'TiếngViệt中文46moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon29July2018,at02:20(UTC).TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 5585848850091079304 |
who sang love me with all of your heart | The Bachelors ( # 38 US Pop , 1966 ) Vikki Carr ( 1964 ) Ray Charles Singers Don Cherry ( 1969 ) Petula Clark ( 1965 ) The Johnny Mann Singers ( 1964 ) Bing Crosby for his 1975 album Bingo Viejo Xavier Cugat Martin Denny Karl Denver ( 1964 ) Agnetha Fältskog Sergio Franchi released this song with Italian and English lyrics on the B side of his 1964 RCA Victor Single ( 47 - 8315 ) , `` Chicago . '' Connie Francis Engelbert Humperdinck ( 1970 ) Steve Lawrence The Lettermen Luis Miguel ( # 50 US Latin Tracks , 1987 ) Stephanie Lai ( 1992 ) Pablo Montero ( 2003 ) Jim Nabors ( 1966 ) Don Patterson & Booker Ervin Johnny Rodriguez ( # 7 US country hit in 1978 ) Nancy Sinatra Javier Solís Jerry Vale Roman Tam ( 1988 ) Lola Novaković ( `` Zalazak Sunca '' ) The 50 Guitars of Tommy Garrett in the album `` Bordertown Bandido '' Ken Dodd | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` Love Me with All Your Heart '' is a popular song , based on the Spanish language song `` Cuando calienta el sol '' . The music was written by Rafael Gaston Perez , a Nicaraguan songwriter and bandleader . SADAIC ( the Argentine Society of Music Authors and Composers ) also credits the Argentine composer , Carlos Albert Martinoli .",
"The song was made famous first with Spanish lyrics written by the Los Hermanos Rigual ( Carlos Rigual and Mario Rigual ) . The English lyrics are sometimes credited to Michael Vaughn ( or Maurice Vaughn ) and sometimes to Sunny Skylar . The song was published in 1961 . Although both the Spanish and the English versions are love songs , the lyrics are not translations of each other . The Spanish title translates as `` When the sun heats ( or warms ) up '' . A version recorded by The Ray Charles Singers went to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent four weeks at number one on the Pop - Standard singles chart in June 1964 . Karl Denvers version also charted in the UK in 1964 .",
"`` Love Me with All Your Heart '' Single by The Ray Charles Singers from the album Something Special for Young Lovers B - side `` Sweet Little Mountain Bird '' Released 1964 ( 1964 ) Genre Doo - wop Length 2 : 20 Label Command Songwriter ( s ) Rafael Gaston Perez , Carlos Albert Martinoli ( see text ) Producer ( s ) Enoch Light",
"`` Love Me with All Your Heart ''",
"Single by The Ray Charles Singers",
"from the album Something Special for Young Lovers",
"B - side `` Sweet Little Mountain Bird ''",
"Released 1964 ( 1964 )",
"Genre Doo - wop",
"Length 2 : 20",
"Label Command",
"Songwriter ( s ) Rafael Gaston Perez , Carlos Albert Martinoli ( see text )",
"Producer ( s ) Enoch Light",
"`` Cuando calienta el sol ( Love Me with All Your Heart ) '' Single by Sergio Franchi A-side `` Chicago '' Released 1964 ( 1964 ) Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Rafael Gaston Perez , Carlos Albert Martinoli ( see text )",
"`` Cuando calienta el sol ( Love Me with All Your Heart ) ''",
"Single by Sergio Franchi",
"A-side `` Chicago ''",
"Released 1964 ( 1964 )",
"Label RCA Victor",
"Songwriter ( s ) Rafael Gaston Perez , Carlos Albert Martinoli ( see text )",
"The Bachelors ( # 38 US Pop , 1966 ) Vikki Carr ( 1964 ) Ray Charles Singers Don Cherry ( 1969 ) Petula Clark ( 1965 ) The Johnny Mann Singers ( 1964 ) Bing Crosby for his 1975 album Bingo Viejo Xavier Cugat Martin Denny Karl Denver ( 1964 ) Agnetha Fältskog Sergio Franchi released this song with Italian and English lyrics on the B side of his 1964 RCA Victor Single ( 47 - 8315 ) , `` Chicago . '' Connie Francis Engelbert Humperdinck ( 1970 ) Steve Lawrence The Lettermen Luis Miguel ( # 50 US Latin Tracks , 1987 ) Stephanie Lai ( 1992 ) Pablo Montero ( 2003 ) Jim Nabors ( 1966 ) Don Patterson & Booker Ervin Johnny Rodriguez ( # 7 US country hit in 1978 ) Nancy Sinatra Javier Solís Jerry Vale Roman Tam ( 1988 ) Lola Novaković ( `` Zalazak Sunca '' ) The 50 Guitars of Tommy Garrett in the album `` Bordertown Bandido '' Ken Dodd",
"The Bachelors ( # 38 US Pop , 1966 )",
"Vikki Carr ( 1964 )",
"Ray Charles Singers",
"Don Cherry ( 1969 )",
"Petula Clark ( 1965 )",
"The Johnny Mann Singers ( 1964 )",
"Bing Crosby for his 1975 album Bingo Viejo",
"Karl Denver ( 1964 )",
"Sergio Franchi released this song with Italian and English lyrics on the B side of his 1964 RCA Victor Single ( 47 - 8315 ) , `` Chicago . ''",
"Engelbert Humperdinck ( 1970 )",
"Luis Miguel ( # 50 US Latin Tracks , 1987 )",
"Stephanie Lai ( 1992 )",
"Pablo Montero ( 2003 )",
"Jim Nabors ( 1966 )",
"Don Patterson & Booker Ervin",
"Johnny Rodriguez ( # 7 US country hit in 1978 )",
"Roman Tam ( 1988 )",
"Lola Novaković ( `` Zalazak Sunca '' )",
"The 50 Guitars of Tommy Garrett in the album `` Bordertown Bandido ''"
] | Love Me with All Your Heart - wikipedia Love Me with All Your Heart Jump to: navigation , search `` Love Me with All Your Heart '' is a popular song, based on the Spanish language song `` Cuando calienta el sol'' . The music was written by Rafael Gaston Perez, a Nicaraguan songwriter and bandleader. SADAIC (the Argentine Society of Music Authors and Composers) also credits the Argentine composer, Carlos Albert Martinoli. The song was made famous first with Spanish lyrics written by the Los Hermanos Rigual (Carlos Rigual and Mario Rigual). The English lyrics are sometimes credited to Michael Vaughn (or Maurice Vaughn ) and sometimes to Sunny Skylar . The song was published in 1961 . Although both the Spanish and the English versions are love songs, the lyrics are not translations of each other. The Spanish title translates as `` When the sun heats (or warms) up'' . A version recorded by The Ray Charles Singers went to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent four weeks at number one on the Pop-Standard singles chart in June 1964. Karl Denvers version also charted in the UK in 1964. Contents ( hide ) 1 Recorded versions 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Recorded versions ( edit ) `` Love Me with All Your Heart'' Single by The Ray Charles Singers from the album Something Special for Young Lovers B-side `` Sweet Little Mountain Bird'' Released 1964 ( 1964 ) Genre Doo-wop Length 2 : 20 Label Command Songwriter(s) Rafael Gaston Perez, Carlos Albert Martinoli (see text) Producer(s) Enoch Light `` Cuando calienta el sol (Love Me with All Your Heart)'' Single by Sergio Franchi A-side `` Chicago'' Released 1964 ( 1964 ) Label RCA Victor Songwriter(s) Rafael Gaston Perez, Carlos Albert Martinoli (see text) The Bachelors (#38 US Pop, 1966 ) Vikki Carr ( 1964 ) Ray Charles Singers Don Cherry ( 1969 ) Petula Clark ( 1965 ) The Johnny Mann Singers (1964) Bing Crosby for his 1975 album Bingo Viejo Xavier Cugat Martin Denny Karl Denver ( 1964 ) Agnetha Fältskog Sergio Franchi released this song with Italian and English lyrics on the B side of his 1964 RCA Victor Single (47-8315), `` Chicago.'' Connie Francis Engelbert Humperdinck ( 1970 ) Steve Lawrence The Lettermen Luis Miguel (#50 US Latin Tracks, 1987) Stephanie Lai (1992) Pablo Montero ( 2003 ) Jim Nabors ( 1966 ) Don Patterson & Booker Ervin Johnny Rodriguez (#7 US country hit in 1978) Nancy Sinatra Javier Solís Jerry Vale Roman Tam (1988) Lola Novaković (`` Zalazak Sunca'' ) The 50 Guitars of Tommy Garrett in the album `` Bordertown Bandido'' Ken Dodd See also ( edit ) List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1964 (U.S.) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BMI repertoire search for Cuando calienta el sol'' . Repertoire.bmi.com . Retrieved 2014-05-23 . Jump up ^ `` Los Hermanos Rigual `` Cuando calienta el sol'' , su no 1 en España inició la moda de las canciones del verano Valencia Magazine`` . Nicolasramospintado.wordpress.com. 2007-01-30 . Retrieved 2014-05-23 . Jump up ^ `` LOVE ME WITH ALL YOUR HEART (CUANDO CALIENTA EL SOL) - Lyrics - International Lyrics Playground'' . Lyricsplayground.com. 2007-10-10 . Retrieved 2014-05-23 . Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001 . Record Research. p. 53. Jump up ^ `` Sergio Franchi Discography at Discogs'' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014-05-23 . External links ( edit ) Song lyric (including original Spanish lyric and a French version) ( hide ) Luis Miguel singles Soy Como Quiero Ser `` Ahora Te Puedes Marchar '' `` Cuando Calienta El Sol '' `` Yo Que No Vivo Sin Ti '' Busca Una Mujer `` La Incondicional '' `` Fría Como el Viento '' 20 Años `` Tengo Todo Excepto a Ti '' `` Entrégate '' `` Será Que No Me Amas '' Romance `` Inolvidable '' `` No Sé Tú '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' América & En Vivo `` América , América '' Aries `` Hasta Que Me Olvides '' `` Suave '' Segundo Romance `` El Día Que Me Quieras '' `` La Media Vuelta '' Nada Es Igual... `` Dame '' `` Cómo Es Posible Que a Mi Lado '' Romances `` Por Debajo de la Mesa '' `` Sabor a Mí '' `` Bésame Mucho '' Amarte Es un Placer `` Sol, Arena y Mar '' `` O Tú o Ninguna '' `` Dormir Contigo '' `` Amarte Es un Placer '' Mis Romances `` Amor, Amor, Amor '' Navidades `` Santa Claus Llegó a La Ciudad '' `` Mi Humilde Oración '' Cómplices `` Si Tú Te Atreves '' `` Te Desean '' Luis Miguel `` Labios de Miel '' As featured artist `` Me Gustas Tal Como Eres '' Other songs `` Sueña '' Dèja Vu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Me_with_All_Your_Heart&oldid=837597864 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1964 singles Luis Miguel songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles Nicaraguan songs Songs written by Sunny Skylar Warner Music Latina singles 1988 singles Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018, at 20:51. About Wikipedia | -782787091647740699 |
importance of foreign capital in indian stock exchange | NSE was set up by a group of leading Indian financial institutions at the behest of the government of India to bring transparency to the Indian capital market . Based on the recommendations laid out by the government committee , NSE has been established with a diversified shareholding comprising domestic and global investors . The key domestic investors include Life Insurance Corporation of India , State Bank of India , IFCI Limited IDFC Limited and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited . And the key global investors are Gagil FDI Limited , GS Strategic Investments Limited , SAIF II SE Investments Mauritius Limited , Aranda Investments ( Mauritius ) Pte Limited and PI Opportunities Fund I . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"National Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Location of National Stock Exchange in India Type Stock exchange Location Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Coordinates 19 ° 3 ′ 37 '' N 72 ° 51 ′ 35 '' E / 19.06028 ° N 72.85972 ° E / 19.06028 ; 72.85972 Founded Owner National Stock Exchange of India Limited Key people Mr. Ashok Chawla ( Chairman ) Vikram Limaye ( MD & CEO ) Currency Indian rupee ( ₹ ) No. of listings 1,696 Market cap US $ 1.41 trillion ( March 2016 ) Volume US $ 442 billion ( June 2014 ) Indices NIFTY 50 NIFTY NEXT 50 NIFTY 500 Website www.nseindia.com",
"National Stock Exchange Location of National Stock Exchange in India",
"Type Stock exchange",
"Location Mumbai , Maharashtra , India",
"Coordinates 19 ° 3 ′ 37 '' N 72 ° 51 ′ 35 '' E / 19.06028 ° N 72.85972 ° E / 19.06028 ; 72.85972",
"Founded",
"Owner National Stock Exchange of India Limited",
"Key people Mr. Ashok Chawla ( Chairman ) Vikram Limaye ( MD & CEO )",
"Mr. Ashok Chawla ( Chairman )",
"Currency Indian rupee ( ₹ )",
"No. of listings 1,696",
"Market cap US $ 1.41 trillion ( March 2016 )",
"Volume US $ 442 billion ( June 2014 )",
"Indices NIFTY 50 NIFTY NEXT 50 NIFTY 500",
"Website www.nseindia.com",
"The National Stock Exchange of India Limited ( NSE ) is the leading stock exchange of India , located in Mumbai . The NSE was established in 1992 as the first demutualized electronic exchange in the country . NSE was the first exchange in the country to provide a modern , fully automated screen - based electronic trading system which offered easy trading facility to the investors spread across the length and breadth of the country . Vikram Limaye is Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer ( MD & CEO ) of NSE .",
"National Stock Exchange has a total market capitalization of more than US $ 1.41 trillion , making it the world 's 12th - largest stock exchange as of March 2016 . NSE 's flagship index , the NIFTY 50 , the 50 stock index is used extensively by investors in India and around the world as a barometer of the Indian capital markets . However , only about 4 % of the Indian economy / GDP is actually derived from the stock exchanges in India .",
"NSE was set up by a group of leading Indian financial institutions at the behest of the government of India to bring transparency to the Indian capital market . Based on the recommendations laid out by the government committee , NSE has been established with a diversified shareholding comprising domestic and global investors . The key domestic investors include Life Insurance Corporation of India , State Bank of India , IFCI Limited IDFC Limited and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited . And the key global investors are Gagil FDI Limited , GS Strategic Investments Limited , SAIF II SE Investments Mauritius Limited , Aranda Investments ( Mauritius ) Pte Limited and PI Opportunities Fund I .",
"NSE offers trading , clearing and settlement services in equity , equity derivatives , debt and currency derivatives segments . It is the first exchange in India to introduce electronic trading facility thus connecting together the investor base of the entire country . NSE has 2500 VSATs and 3000 leased lines spread over more than 2000 cities across India .",
"The exchange was incorporated in 1992 as a tax - paying company and was recognized as a stock exchange in 1993 under the Securities Contracts ( Regulation ) Act , 1956 , when P.V. Narasimha Rao was the Prime Minister of India and Manmohan Singh was the Finance Minister . NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market ( WDM ) segment in June 1994 . The capital market ( equities ) segment of the NSE commenced operations in November 1994 , while operations in the derivatives segment commenced in June 2000 .",
"Unlike countries like the United States where nearly 70 % of the GDP is derived from larger companies and the corporate sector , the corporate sector in India accounts for only 12 - 14 % of the national GDP ( as of October 2016 ) . Of these only 7,800 companies are listed of which only 4000 trade on the stock exchanges at BSE and NSE . Hence the stocks trading at the BSE and NSE account for only around 4 % of the Indian economy , which derives most of its income related activity from the so - called unorganized sector and households .",
"NSE was mainly set up to bring in transparency in the markets . Instead of trading membership being confined to a group of brokers , NSE ensured that anyone who was qualified , experienced and met minimum financial requirements was allowed to trade . In this context , NSE was ahead of its times when it separated ownership and management in the exchange under SEBI 's supervision . The price information which could earlier be accessed only by a handful of people could now be seen by a client in a remote location with the same ease . The paper - based settlement was replaced by electronic depository - based accounts and settlement of trades was always done on time . One of the most critical changes was that a robust risk management system was set in place , so that settlement guarantees could protect investors against broker defaults .",
"NSE was also instrumental in creating the National Securities Depository Limited ( NSDL ) which allows investors to securely hold and transfer their shares and bonds electronically . It also allows investors to hold and trade in as few as one share or bond . This not only made holding financial instruments convenient but more importantly , eliminated the need for paper certificates and greatly reduced the incidents of forged or fake certificates and fraudulent transactions that had plagued the Indian stock market . The NSDL 's security , combined with the transparency , lower transaction prices and efficiency that NSE offered , greatly increased the attractiveness of the Indian stock market to domestic and international investors .",
"NSE offers trading and investment in the following segments",
"Equities",
"Equities Indices Mutual Funds Exchange Traded Funds Initial Public Offerings Security Lending and Borrowing Scheme etc .",
"Exchange Traded Funds",
"Initial Public Offerings",
"Security Lending and Borrowing Scheme etc .",
"Derivatives",
"Equity Derivatives ( including Global Indices like CNX 500 , Dow Jones and FTSE ) Currency Derivatives Interest Rate Futures",
"Equity Derivatives ( including Global Indices like CNX 500 , Dow Jones and FTSE )",
"Interest Rate Futures",
"Debt",
"Corporate Bonds",
"Equity Derivatives",
"The National Stock Exchange of India Limited ( NSE ) commenced trading in derivatives with the launch of index futures on 12 June 2000 . The futures and options segment of NSE has made a global mark . In the Futures and Options segment , trading in NIFTY 50 Index , NIFTY IT index , NIFTY Bank Index , NIFTY Next 50 index and single stock futures are available . Trading in Mini Nifty Futures & Options and Long term Options on NIFTY 50 are also available . The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange during the financial year April 2013 to March 2014 stood at ₹ 1.52236 trillion ( US $24 billion ) .",
"On 29 August 2011 , National Stock Exchange launched derivative contracts on the world 's most followed equity indices , the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial Average . NSE is the first Indian exchange to launch global indices . This is also the first time in the world that futures contracts on the S&P 500 index were introduced and listed on an exchange outside of their home country , USA . The new contracts include futures on both the DJIA and the S&P 500 , and options on the S&P 500 .",
"On 3 May 2012 , the National Stock exchange launched derivative contracts ( futures and options ) on FTSE 100 , the widely tracked index of the UK equity stock market . This was the first of its kind of an index of the UK equity stock market launched in India . FTSE 100 includes 100 largest UK listed blue chip companies and has given returns of 17.8 per cent on investment over three years . The index constitutes 85.6 per cent of UK 's equity market cap .",
"On 10 January 2013 , the National Stock Exchange signed a letter of intent with the Japan Exchange Group , Inc . ( JPX ) on preNparing for the launch of NIFTY 50 Index futures , a representative stock price index of India , on the Osaka Securities Exchange Co. , Ltd . ( OSE ) , a subsidiary of JPX .",
"Moving forward , both parties will make preparations for the listing of yen - denominated NIFTY 50 Index futures by March 2014 , the integration date of the derivatives markets of OSE and Tokyo Stock Exchange , Inc . ( TSE ) , a subsidiary of JPX . This is the first time that retail and institutional investors in Japan will be able to take a view on the Indian markets , in addition to current ETFs , in their own currency and in their own time zone . Investors will therefore not face any currency risk , because they will not have to invest in dollar denominated or rupee denominated contracts .",
"In August 2008 , currency derivatives were introduced in India with the launch of Currency Futures in USD -- INR by NSE . It also added currency futures in Euros , Pounds and Yen . The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange on 20 June 2013 stood at ₹ 419.2616 billion ( US $6.5 billion ) in futures and ₹ 273.977 billion ( US $4.3 billion ) in options , respectively .",
"Interest Rate Futures",
"Interest Rate Futures",
"In December 2013 , exchanges in India received approval from market regulator SEBI for launching interest rate futures ( IRFs ) on a single GOI bond or a basket of bonds that will be cash settled . Market participants have been in favour of the product being cash settled and being available on a single bond . NSE will launch the NSE Bond Futures on 21 January on highly liquid 7.16 percent and 8.83 percent 10 - year GOI bonds . Interest Rate Futures were introduced for the first time in India by NSE on 31 August 2009 , exactly one year after the launch of Currency Futures . NSE became the first stock exchange to get an approval for interest - rate futures , as recommended by the SEBI - RBI committee .",
"Debt Market",
"On 13 May 2013 , NSE launched India 's first dedicated debt platform to provide a liquid and transparent trading platform for debt related products .",
"The Debt segment provides an opportunity to retail investors to invest in corporate bonds on a liquid and transparent exchange platform . It also helps institutions who are holders of corporate bonds . It is an ideal platform to buy and sell at optimum prices and help Corporates to get adequate demand , when they are issuing the bonds .",
"Trading on the equities segment takes place on all days of the week ( except Saturdays and Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance ) . The market timings of the equities segment are :",
"( 1 ) Pre-open session Order entry & modification Open : 09 : 00 hrs Order entry & modification Close : 09 : 08 hrs",
"( 1 ) Pre-open session Order entry & modification Open : 09 : 00 hrs Order entry & modification Close : 09 : 08 hrs",
"Order entry & modification Open : 09 : 00 hrs Order entry & modification Close : 09 : 08 hrs",
"Order entry & modification Open : 09 : 00 hrs",
"Order entry & modification Close : 09 : 08 hrs",
"with random closure in last one minute . Pre-open order matching starts immediately after close of pre-open order entry .",
"( 2 ) Regular trading session Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Open : 09 : 15 hrs Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Close : 15 : 30 hrs .",
"( 2 ) Regular trading session Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Open : 09 : 15 hrs Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Close : 15 : 30 hrs .",
"Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Open : 09 : 15 hrs Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Close : 15 : 30 hrs .",
"Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Open : 09 : 15 hrs",
"Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Close : 15 : 30 hrs .",
"The following products are trading on NIFTY 50 Index in the Indian and international Market :",
"7 Asset Management Companies have launched exchange - traded funds on NIFTY 50 Index which are listed on NSE 15 index funds have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index Unit linked products have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index by several insurance companies in India World Indices",
"7 Asset Management Companies have launched exchange - traded funds on NIFTY 50 Index which are listed on NSE",
"15 index funds have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index",
"Unit linked products have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index by several insurance companies in India",
"Derivatives Trading on NIFTY 50 Index :",
"Futures and Options trading on NIFTY 50 Index Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Singapore Stock Exchange ( SGX ) Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME )",
"Futures and Options trading on NIFTY 50 Index",
"Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Singapore Stock Exchange ( SGX )",
"Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME )",
"NSE 's trading systems , is a state of - the - art application . It has an up time record of 99.99 % and processes more than 450 million messages every day with sub millisecond response time .",
"NSE has taken huge strides in technology in these 20 years . In 1994 , when trading started , NSE technology was handling 2 orders a second . This increased to 60 orders a second in 2001 . Today NSE can handle 1 , 60,000 orders / messages per second , with infinite ability to scale up at short notice on demand , NSE has continuously worked towards ensuring that the settlement cycle comes down . Settlements have always been handled smoothly . The settlement cycle has been reduced from T + 3 to T + 2 / T + 1 .",
"NSE has collaborated with several universities like Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics ( GIPE ) , Pune , Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University ( BVDU ) , Pune , Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University , Delhi , Ravenshaw University of Cuttack and Punjabi University , Patiala , among others to offer MBA and BBA courses . NSE has also provided mock market simulation software called NSE Learn to trade ( NLT ) to develop investment , trading and portfolio management skills among the students . The simulation software is very similar to the software currently being used by the market professionals and helps students to learn how to trade in the markets .",
"NSE also conducts online examination and awards certification , under its Certification in Financial Markets ( NCFM ) programmes . At present , certifications are available in 46 modules , covering different sectors of financial and capital markets , both at the beginner and advanced levels . The list of various modules can be found at the official site of NSE India . In addition , since August 2009 , it offered a short - term course called NSE Certified Capital Market Professional ( NCCMP ) . The NCCMP or NSE Certified Capital Market Professional is a 100 - hour program for over 3 -- 4 months , conducted at the colleges , and covers theoretical and practical training in subjects related to the capital markets . NCCMP covers subjects like equity markets , debt markets , derivatives , macroeconomics , technical analysis and fundamental analysis . Successful candidates are awarded joint certification from NSE and the concerned .",
"On 8 July 2015 , Sucheta Dalal wrote an article on Moneylife alleging that some NSE employees were leaking sensitive data related to high - frequency trading or co-location servers to a select set of market participants so that they could trade faster than their competitors . NSE alleged defamation in the article by Moneylife . On 22 July 2015 , NSE filed a ₹ 1 billion ( US $16 million ) suit against Moneylife . However , on 9 September 2015 , the Bombay High Court dismissed the case and fined NSE ₹ 5 million ( US $78,000 ) in this defamation case against Moneylife ( www.moneylife.in ) . The High Court asked NSE to pay ₹ 150,000 ( US $2,300 ) to each journalist Debashis Basu and Sucheta Dalal and the remaining ₹ 4.7 million ( US $73,000 ) to two hospitals .",
"The Bombay High Court has stayed the order on costs for a period of two weeks , pending the hearing of the appeal filed by NSE ."
] | National stock Exchange of India - Wikipedia National stock Exchange of India Jump to: navigation , search National Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Location of National Stock Exchange in India Type Stock exchange Location Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Coordinates 19° 3′ 37'' N 72° 51′ 35'' E / 19.06028° N 72.85972° E / 19.06028; 72.85972 Founded Owner National Stock Exchange of India Limited Key people Mr. Ashok Chawla (Chairman) Vikram Limaye (MD & CEO) Currency Indian rupee ( ₹ ) No. of listings 1,696 Market cap US$ 1.41 trillion (March 2016) Volume US$ 442 billion (June 2014) Indices NIFTY 50 NIFTY NEXT 50 NIFTY 500 Website www.nseindia.com NSE building at BKC, Mumbai The National Stock Exchange of India Limited ( NSE ) is the leading stock exchange of India, located in Mumbai . The NSE was established in 1992 as the first demutualized electronic exchange in the country. NSE was the first exchange in the country to provide a modern, fully automated screen-based electronic trading system which offered easy trading facility to the investors spread across the length and breadth of the country. Vikram Limaye is Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer (MD & CEO) of NSE. National Stock Exchange has a total market capitalization of more than US$ 1.41 trillion, making it the world's 12th-largest stock exchange as of March 2016. NSE's flagship index, the NIFTY 50 , the 50 stock index is used extensively by investors in India and around the world as a barometer of the Indian capital markets. However, only about 4% of the Indian economy / GDP is actually derived from the stock exchanges in India. NSE was set up by a group of leading Indian financial institutions at the behest of the government of India to bring transparency to the Indian capital market. Based on the recommendations laid out by the government committee, NSE has been established with a diversified shareholding comprising domestic and global investors. The key domestic investors include Life Insurance Corporation of India , State Bank of India , IFCI Limited IDFC Limited and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited . And the key global investors are Gagil FDI Limited, GS Strategic Investments Limited, SAIF II SE Investments Mauritius Limited, Aranda Investments (Mauritius) Pte Limited and PI Opportunities Fund I. NSE offers trading, clearing and settlement services in equity, equity derivatives, debt and currency derivatives segments. It is the first exchange in India to introduce electronic trading facility thus connecting together the investor base of the entire country. NSE has 2500 VSATs and 3000 leased lines spread over more than 2000 cities across India. The exchange was incorporated in 1992 as a tax-paying company and was recognized as a stock exchange in 1993 under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, when P.V. Narasimha Rao was the Prime Minister of India and Manmohan Singh was the Finance Minister. NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The capital market (equities) segment of the NSE commenced operations in November 1994, while operations in the derivatives segment commenced in June 2000. Unlike countries like the United States where nearly 70% of the GDP is derived from larger companies and the corporate sector, the corporate sector in India accounts for only 12-14% of the national GDP (as of October 2016). Of these only 7,800 companies are listed of which only 4000 trade on the stock exchanges at BSE and NSE . Hence the stocks trading at the BSE and NSE account for only around 4% of the Indian economy , which derives most of its income related activity from the so-called unorganized sector and households. Contents ( hide ) 1 How NSE brought about a paradigm shift in Financial market 2 Markets 3 Trading schedule 4 Exchange Traded Funds and Derivatives on National Stock Exchange 5 Technology 6 Financial Literacy 7 NSE Vs Moneylife 8 See also 9 References 10 External links How NSE brought about a paradigm shift in financial market ( edit ) NSE was mainly set up to bring in transparency in the markets. Instead of trading membership being confined to a group of brokers, NSE ensured that anyone who was qualified, experienced and met minimum financial requirements was allowed to trade . In this context, NSE was ahead of its times when it separated ownership and management in the exchange under SEBI 's supervision. The price information which could earlier be accessed only by a handful of people could now be seen by a client in a remote location with the same ease. The paper-based settlement was replaced by electronic depository-based accounts and settlement of trades was always done on time. One of the most critical changes was that a robust risk management system was set in place, so that settlement guarantees could protect investors against broker defaults. NSE was also instrumental in creating the National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) which allows investors to securely hold and transfer their shares and bonds electronically. It also allows investors to hold and trade in as few as one share or bond. This not only made holding financial instruments convenient but more importantly, eliminated the need for paper certificates and greatly reduced the incidents of forged or fake certificates and fraudulent transactions that had plagued the Indian stock market. The NSDL's security, combined with the transparency, lower transaction prices and efficiency that NSE offered, greatly increased the attractiveness of the Indian stock market to domestic and international investors. Markets ( edit ) NSE offers trading and investment in the following segments Equities Equities Indices Mutual Funds Exchange Traded Funds Initial Public Offerings Security Lending and Borrowing Scheme etc. Derivatives Equity Derivatives (including Global Indices like CNX 500, Dow Jones and FTSE ) Currency Derivatives Interest Rate Futures Debt Corporate Bonds Equity Derivatives The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) commenced trading in derivatives with the launch of index futures on 12 June 2000. The futures and options segment of NSE has made a global mark. In the Futures and Options segment, trading in NIFTY 50 Index, NIFTY IT index, NIFTY Bank Index, NIFTY Next 50 index and single stock futures are available. Trading in Mini Nifty Futures & Options and Long term Options on NIFTY 50 are also available. The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange during the financial year April 2013 to March 2014 stood at ₹ 1.52236 trillion (US$24 billion). On 29 August 2011, National Stock Exchange launched derivative contracts on the world's most followed equity indices, the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial Average. NSE is the first Indian exchange to launch global indices. This is also the first time in the world that futures contracts on the S&P 500 index were introduced and listed on an exchange outside of their home country, USA. The new contracts include futures on both the DJIA and the S&P 500, and options on the S&P 500. On 3 May 2012, the National Stock exchange launched derivative contracts (futures and options) on FTSE 100, the widely tracked index of the UK equity stock market. This was the first of its kind of an index of the UK equity stock market launched in India. FTSE 100 includes 100 largest UK listed blue chip companies and has given returns of 17.8 per cent on investment over three years. The index constitutes 85.6 per cent of UK's equity market cap. On 10 January 2013, the National Stock Exchange signed a letter of intent with the Japan Exchange Group, Inc. (JPX) on preNparing for the launch of NIFTY 50 Index futures, a representative stock price index of India, on the Osaka Securities Exchange Co., Ltd. (OSE), a subsidiary of JPX. Moving forward, both parties will make preparations for the listing of yen-denominated NIFTY 50 Index futures by March 2014, the integration date of the derivatives markets of OSE and Tokyo Stock Exchange, Inc. (TSE), a subsidiary of JPX. This is the first time that retail and institutional investors in Japan will be able to take a view on the Indian markets, in addition to current ETFs, in their own currency and in their own time zone. Investors will therefore not face any currency risk, because they will not have to invest in dollar denominated or rupee denominated contracts. In August 2008, currency derivatives were introduced in India with the launch of Currency Futures in USD-- INR by NSE. It also added currency futures in Euros, Pounds and Yen. The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange on 20 June 2013 stood at ₹ 419.2616 billion (US$6.5 billion) in futures and ₹ 273.977 billion (US$4.3 billion) in options, respectively. Interest Rate Futures In December 2013, exchanges in India received approval from market regulator SEBI for launching interest rate futures (IRFs) on a single GOI bond or a basket of bonds that will be cash settled. Market participants have been in favour of the product being cash settled and being available on a single bond. NSE will launch the NSE Bond Futures on 21 January on highly liquid 7.16 percent and 8.83 percent 10-year GOI bonds. Interest Rate Futures were introduced for the first time in India by NSE on 31 August 2009, exactly one year after the launch of Currency Futures. NSE became the first stock exchange to get an approval for interest-rate futures, as recommended by the SEBI-RBI committee. Debt Market On 13 May 2013, NSE launched India's first dedicated debt platform to provide a liquid and transparent trading platform for debt related products. The Debt segment provides an opportunity to retail investors to invest in corporate bonds on a liquid and transparent exchange platform. It also helps institutions who are holders of corporate bonds. It is an ideal platform to buy and sell at optimum prices and help Corporates to get adequate demand, when they are issuing the bonds. Trading schedule ( edit ) Trading on the equities segment takes place on all days of the week (except Saturdays and Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance). The market timings of the equities segment are: (1) Pre-open session Order entry & modification Open: 09:00 hrs Order entry & modification Close: 09:08 hrs with random closure in last one minute. Pre-open order matching starts immediately after close of pre-open order entry. (2) Regular trading session Normal/Retail Debt/Limited Physical Market Open: 09:15 hrs Normal/Retail Debt/Limited Physical Market Close: 15:30 hrs. Exchange traded funds and derivatives on National stock Exchange ( edit ) The following products are trading on NIFTY 50 Index in the Indian and international Market: 7 Asset Management Companies have launched exchange-traded funds on NIFTY 50 Index which are listed on NSE 15 index funds have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index Unit linked products have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index by several insurance companies in India World Indices Derivatives Trading on NIFTY 50 Index: Futures and Options trading on NIFTY 50 Index Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Singapore Stock Exchange(SGX) Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Chicago Mercantile Exchange(CME) Technology ( edit ) NSE's trading systems, is a state of-the-art application. It has an up time record of 99.99% and processes more than 450 million messages every day with sub millisecond response time. NSE has taken huge strides in technology in these 20 years. In 1994, when trading started, NSE technology was handling 2 orders a second. This increased to 60 orders a second in 2001. Today NSE can handle 1, 60,000 orders/messages per second, with infinite ability to scale up at short notice on demand, NSE has continuously worked towards ensuring that the settlement cycle comes down. Settlements have always been handled smoothly. The settlement cycle has been reduced from T+3 to T+2/T+1. Financial literacy ( edit ) NSE has collaborated with several universities like Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics (GIPE), Pune, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Pune, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, Ravenshaw University of Cuttack and Punjabi University, Patiala, among others to offer MBA and BBA courses. NSE has also provided mock market simulation software called NSE Learn to trade (NLT) to develop investment, trading and portfolio management skills among the students. The simulation software is very similar to the software currently being used by the market professionals and helps students to learn how to trade in the markets. NSE also conducts online examination and awards certification, under its Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM) programmes. At present, certifications are available in 46 modules, covering different sectors of financial and capital markets, both at the beginner and advanced levels. The list of various modules can be found at the official site of NSE India. In addition, since August 2009, it offered a short-term course called NSE Certified Capital Market Professional (NCCMP). The NCCMP or NSE Certified Capital Market Professional is a 100-hour program for over 3-- 4 months, conducted at the colleges, and covers theoretical and practical training in subjects related to the capital markets. NCCMP covers subjects like equity markets, debt markets, derivatives, macroeconomics, technical analysis and fundamental analysis. Successful candidates are awarded joint certification from NSE and the concerned. NSE vs Moneylife ( edit ) On 8 July 2015, Sucheta Dalal wrote an article on Moneylife alleging that some NSE employees were leaking sensitive data related to high-frequency trading or co-location servers to a select set of market participants so that they could trade faster than their competitors. NSE alleged defamation in the article by Moneylife. On 22 July 2015, NSE filed a ₹ 1 billion (US$16 million) suit against Moneylife. However, on 9 September 2015, the Bombay High Court dismissed the case and fined NSE ₹ 5 million (US$78,000) in this defamation case against Moneylife (www.moneylife.in). The High Court asked NSE to pay ₹ 150,000 (US$2,300) to each journalist Debashis Basu and Sucheta Dalal and the remaining ₹ 4.7 million (US$73,000) to two hospitals. The Bombay High Court has stayed the order on costs for a period of two weeks, pending the hearing of the appeal filed by NSE. See also ( edit ) Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations List of South Asian stock exchanges Mahurat trading Clause 49 Bombay Stock Exchange References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: National Stock Exchange of India Holidays ^ Jump up to: `` National economic debate - Stock markets or rigged casinos - talk by Professor Dr. R. Vaidyanathan (IIM Bangalore) - 21 Jan 2011, Mumbai'' . www.youtube.com . National Economic Debates. Missing or empty url= ( help ); access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NSE Shareholding Pattern (For the quarter ended on September 30, 2014)'' (PDF) . /www.nseindia.com . Narional Stock Exchange of India Limited . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ CORRESPONDENT, SPECIAL. `` National Stock Exchange to file IPO document by 2017'' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017-02-26 . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ UPDATE 1-India's NSE, Japan's JPX plan Nifty futures for Osaka . Reuters. Retrieved on 2013-12-06. Jump up ^ https://www.nseindia.com/products/content/equities/indices/broad_indices.htm Jump up ^ NSE launches debt trading platform Business Line . Thehindubusinessline.com (2013-05-13). Retrieved on 2013-12-06. Jump up ^ CXO-Dialogue . Moneycontrol.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-06. Jump up ^ Patnaik, Santosh. `` NSE to spread financial literacy'' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017-02-26 . Jump up ^ NSE ties with deemed University to offer pg diploma in financial markets . Edu-Leaders (2012-11-29). Retrieved on 2013-12-06. Jump up ^ NCFM(Bhandarkar Road, Pune) - Pune - Maharashtra - India . Puneeducation.in. Retrieved on 2013-12-06. Jump up ^ `` NSE files Rs 100-cr suit against Moneylife'' . The Indian Express . 2015-07-22 . Retrieved 2015-10-19 . Jump up ^ `` Court fines NSE Rs50 lakh in defamation case against Moneylife'' . http://www.livemint.com/ . Retrieved 2015-10-19 . External link in website= ( help ) Jump up ^ https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/bombay-high-court-stays-order-imposing-rs-50-lakh-cost-on-nse/articleshow/49043716.cms External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Stock Exchange of India . Official website Coordinates : 19° 3′ 37'' N 72° 51′ 35'' E / 19.06028° N 72.85972° E / 19.06028; 72.85972 ( National Stock Exchange ) Stock exchanges in India Functional Bombay Stock Exchange Calcutta Stock Exchange India International Exchange Inter-connected Stock Exchange of India Metropolitan Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange of India United Stock Exchange of India Madras Stock Exchange Bangalore Stock Exchange De-recognized Cochin Stock Exchange Coimbatore Stock Exchange Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange Magadh Stock Exchange Mangalore Stock Exchange Saurashtra Kutch Stock Exchange Ahmedabad Stock Exchange Bhubaneswar Stock Exchange Delhi Stock Exchange Gauhati Stock Exchange Jaipur Stock Exchange Ludhiana Stock Exchange OTC Exchange of India Pune Stock Exchange UP Stock Exchange Vadodara Stock Exchange Meerut Stock Exchange Capital Stock Exchange of Kerala Largest stock exchanges by market capitalization New York Stock Exchange NASDAQ London Stock Exchange Borsa Italiana Japan Exchange Group -- Tokyo Shanghai Hong Kong Euronext Shenzhen Toronto Stock Exchange Deutsche Börse Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange of India SIX Swiss Exchange Australian Securities Exchange South Korea NASDAQ OMX Nordic Exchange JSE Limited BME Spanish Exchanges Taiwan BM&F Bovespa Economy of India Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government-owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money Stock exchanges History Economic development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Commons Wikiquotes World Federation of Exchanges Members Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange Amman Stock Exchange Athens Stock Exchange Australian Securities Exchange Bahrain Bourse BATS Global Markets Bermuda Stock Exchange BM&F Bovespa BME Spanish Exchanges Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago Bolsa de Valores de Colombia Bolsa de Valores de Lima Bolsa Mexicana de Valores Borsa Istanbul Bourse de Casablanca BSE India Limited Bursa Malaysia CBOE Holdings China Financial Futures Exchange CME Group Colombo Stock Exchange Cyprus Stock Exchange Dalian Commodity Exchange Deutsche Börse Dubai Financial Market Egyptian Exchange Euronext Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Indonesia Stock Exchange Intercontinental Exchange International Securities Exchange Irish Stock Exchange Japan Exchange Group JSE Limited Kazakhstan Stock Exchange Korea Exchange Luxembourg Stock Exchange Malta Stock Exchange Moscow Exchange Muscat Securities Market NASDAQ OMX National Stock Exchange of India Nigerian Stock Exchange NZX Limited Oslo Børs Philippine Stock Exchange Qatar Exchange Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul) Shanghai Futures Exchange Shanghai Stock Exchange Shenzhen Stock Exchange Singapore Exchange SIX Swiss Exchange Stock Exchange of Mauritius Stock Exchange of Thailand Taipei Exchange Taiwan Futures Exchange Taiwan Stock Exchange Tel Aviv Stock Exchange TMX Group Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange Associates Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation Options Clearing Corporation Affiliates Beirut Stock Exchange Bourse de Tunis BRVM Bucharest Stock Exchange Cayman Islands Stock Exchange Chittagong Stock Exchange Dhaka Stock Exchange Dubai Gold & Commodities Exchange Hanoi Stock Exchange Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Nairobi Securities Exchange Namibian Stock Exchange Nepal Stock Exchange Palestine Exchange Port Moresby Stock Exchange The International Stock Exchange Ukrainian Exchange Correspondents Barbados Stock Exchange Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario Bolsa de Valores de Panama Bolsa Nacional de Valores Canadian Securities Exchange Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange Ghana Stock Exchange Jamaica Stock Exchange Kuwait Stock Exchange Miami International Securities Exchange PFTS Stock Exchange Sydney Stock Exchange Seychelles Securities Exchange (Trop-X) Financial markets Types of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker-dealer Day trader Floor broker Floor trader Investor Market maker Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Regulator Stock trader Exchanges Electronic communication network List of stock exchanges Opening times Multilateral trading facility Over-the-counter Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory Beta Bid-- ask spread Book value Capital asset pricing model Capital market line Dividend discount model Dividend yield Earnings per share Earnings yield Net asset value Security characteristic line Security market line T-model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Day trading Dollar cost averaging Efficient-market hypothesis Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory Random walk hypothesis Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value investing Related terms Block trade Cross listing Dark liquidity Dividend Dual-listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Flight-to-quality Haircut Initial public offering Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Public float Public offering Rally Returns-based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Stock dilution Stock market index Stock split Trade Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Stock_Exchange_of_India&oldid=815408173 '' Categories : Stock exchanges in India Financial services companies based in Mumbai Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India Companies established in 1992 Hidden categories: Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors: external links Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 17:27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 8198768213656307118 |
what structures are found entering and leaving the kidney at the hilus | The superior , middle , and inferior vessels enter or leave the hilum of kidney : renal artery , renal vein and renal pelvis , respectively . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Hilum of kidney Kidney anatomy , with hilum labeled at upper left . 1 . Renal pyramid 2 . Interlobular artery 3 . Renal artery 4 . Renal vein 5 . Renal hilum 6 . Renal pelvis 7 . Ureter 8 . Minor calyx 9 . Renal capsule 10 . Inferior renal capsule 11 . Superior renal capsule 12 . Interlobar vein 13 . Nephron 14 . Renal sinus 15 . Major calyx 16 . Renal papilla 17 . Renal column Details Identifiers Latin hilum renale Dorlands / Elsevier h_11 / 12422634 TA A08. 1.01. 004 FMA 15610 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"Hilum of kidney",
"Kidney anatomy , with hilum labeled at upper left .",
"1 . Renal pyramid 2 . Interlobular artery 3 . Renal artery 4 . Renal vein 5 . Renal hilum 6 . Renal pelvis 7 . Ureter 8 . Minor calyx 9 . Renal capsule 10 . Inferior renal capsule 11 . Superior renal capsule 12 . Interlobar vein 13 . Nephron 14 . Renal sinus 15 . Major calyx 16 . Renal papilla 17 . Renal column",
"1 . Renal pyramid 2 . Interlobular artery 3 . Renal artery 4 . Renal vein 5 . Renal hilum 6 . Renal pelvis 7 . Ureter 8 . Minor calyx 9 . Renal capsule 10 . Inferior renal capsule 11 . Superior renal capsule 12 . Interlobar vein 13 . Nephron 14 . Renal sinus 15 . Major calyx 16 . Renal papilla 17 . Renal column",
"1 . Renal pyramid",
"2 . Interlobular artery",
"3 . Renal artery",
"4 . Renal vein",
"5 . Renal hilum",
"6 . Renal pelvis",
"7 . Ureter",
"8 . Minor calyx",
"9 . Renal capsule",
"10 . Inferior renal capsule",
"11 . Superior renal capsule",
"12 . Interlobar vein",
"13 . Nephron",
"14 . Renal sinus",
"15 . Major calyx",
"16 . Renal papilla",
"17 . Renal column",
"Details",
"Identifiers",
"Latin hilum renale",
"Dorlands / Elsevier h_11 / 12422634",
"TA A08. 1.01. 004",
"FMA 15610",
"Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"The renal hilum ( Latin : hilum renale ) or renal pedicle is the hilum of the kidney , that is , its recessed central fissure where its vessels , nerves and ureter pass . The medial border of the kidney is concave in the center and convex toward either extremity ; it is directed forward and a little downward . Its central part presents a deep longitudinal fissure , bounded by prominent overhanging anterior and posterior lips . This fissure is a hilum that transmits the vessels , nerves , and ureter . From anterior to posterior , the renal vein exits , the renal artery enters , and the renal pelvis exits the kidney .",
"The superior , middle , and inferior vessels enter or leave the hilum of kidney : renal artery , renal vein and renal pelvis , respectively ."
] | Renal hilum - Wikipedia Renal hilum Jump to: navigation , search Hilum of kidney Kidney anatomy, with hilum labeled at upper left. 1. Renal pyramid 2. Interlobular artery 3. Renal artery 4. Renal vein 5. Renal hilum 6. Renal pelvis 7. Ureter 8. Minor calyx 9. Renal capsule 10. Inferior renal capsule 11. Superior renal capsule 12. Interlobar vein 13. Nephron 14. Renal sinus 15. Major calyx 16. Renal papilla 17. Renal column Details Identifiers Latin hilum renale Dorlands /Elsevier h_11/12422634 TA A08.1.01.004 FMA 15610 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The renal hilum ( Latin : hilum renale ) or renal pedicle is the hilum of the kidney , that is, its recessed central fissure where its vessels, nerves and ureter pass. The medial border of the kidney is concave in the center and convex toward either extremity; it is directed forward and a little downward. Its central part presents a deep longitudinal fissure, bounded by prominent overhanging anterior and posterior lips. This fissure is a hilum that transmits the vessels, nerves, and ureter . From anterior to posterior, the renal vein exits, the renal artery enters, and the renal pelvis exits the kidney. Contents ( hide ) 1 Hilum's Order 2 See also 3 Additional images 4 References 5 External links Hilum's order ( edit ) The superior, middle, and inferior vessels enter or leave the hilum of kidney: renal artery , renal vein and renal pelvis , respectively. See also ( edit ) Renal artery Renal vein Renal pyramids Renal medulla Additional images ( edit ) Hilum of kidney References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) External links ( edit ) Histology image: 15901loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University ( hide ) Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Orifice of ureter Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter This article related to the genitourinary system is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renal_hilum&oldid=781390852 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) Kidney anatomy Genitourinary system stubs Hidden categories: Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Eesti Español Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2017, at 23:29. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -4875866461396894901 |
who plays olivias mother on love at sea | Summer Nights ( concert tour ) ( 2014 -- 2016 ) | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Olivia Newton - John AO , OBE Newton - John in Sydney , 2012 ( 1948 - 09 - 26 ) 26 September 1948 ( age 70 ) Cambridge , England Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Singer , songwriter , actress , entrepreneur , activist Years active 1963 -- present Spouse ( s ) Matt Lattanzi ( m . 1984 ; div. 1995 ) John Easterling ( m . 2008 ) Children Chloe Rose Lattanzi Relatives Max Born ( grandfather ) Brett Goldsmith ( nephew ) Tottie Goldsmith ( niece ) Gustav Victor Rudolf Born ( uncle ) Musical career Genres Pop country soft rock new - age adult contemporary Instruments Vocals Labels Uni MCA EMI Pye Festival Website olivianewton-john.com",
"Olivia Newton - John AO , OBE",
"Newton - John in Sydney , 2012",
"( 1948 - 09 - 26 ) 26 September 1948 ( age 70 ) Cambridge , England",
"Residence Los Angeles , California",
"Occupation Singer , songwriter , actress , entrepreneur , activist",
"Years active 1963 -- present",
"Spouse ( s ) Matt Lattanzi ( m . 1984 ; div. 1995 ) John Easterling ( m . 2008 )",
"Matt Lattanzi ( m . 1984 ; div. 1995 ) John Easterling ( m . 2008 )",
"Matt Lattanzi ( m . 1984 ; div. 1995 )",
"John Easterling ( m . 2008 )",
"Children Chloe Rose Lattanzi",
"Relatives Max Born ( grandfather ) Brett Goldsmith ( nephew ) Tottie Goldsmith ( niece ) Gustav Victor Rudolf Born ( uncle )",
"Musical career",
"Genres Pop country soft rock new - age adult contemporary",
"Pop country soft rock new - age adult contemporary",
"new - age",
"Instruments Vocals",
"Labels Uni MCA EMI Pye Festival",
"Uni MCA EMI Pye Festival",
"Website olivianewton-john.com",
"Olivia Newton - John , AO , OBE ( born 26 September 1948 ) is an English - Australian singer , songwriter , actress , entrepreneur , and activist . She is a four - time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number - one and ten other top ten Billboard Hot 100 singles , and two number - one Billboard 200 solo albums . Eleven of her singles ( including two platinum ) and 14 of her albums ( including two platinum and four double platinum ) have been certified gold by the RIAA . She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide , making her one of the world 's best - selling artists of all time . She starred in the musical film Grease , and its soundtrack is one of the most successful in history , with the single `` You 're the One That I Want '' , with John Travolta , one of the best selling singles .",
"Newton - John has been a long - time activist for environmental and animal rights issues . In remission from breast cancer from 1992 , until its 2013 metastasis in her shoulder and 2017 metastasis at the base of her spine , she has been an advocate for health awareness , becoming involved with various charities , health products , and fundraising efforts . Her business interests have included launching several product lines for Koala Blue and co-owning the Gaia Retreat & Spa in Australia .",
"Newton - John has been married twice . She is the mother of one daughter , Chloe Rose Lattanzi , with her first husband , actor Matt Lattanzi . She married John Easterling in 2008 .",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Newton - John was born in Cambridge , England , to Welshman Brinley `` Bryn '' Newton - John ( 1914 -- 1992 ) and Irene Helene ( née Born ) ( 1914 -- 2003 ) . Her Jewish maternal grandfather , Nobel Prize - winning physicist Max Born , fled with his family to England from Germany before World War II to escape the Nazi regime . Newton - John 's maternal grandmother was of paternal Jewish ancestry as well . She is a third cousin of comedian Ben Elton . Her maternal great - grandfather was jurist Victor Ehrenberg and her matrilineal great - grandmother 's father was jurist Rudolf von Jhering .",
"Newton - John 's father was an MI5 officer on the Enigma project at Bletchley Park who took Rudolf Hess into custody during World War II . After the war he became Headmaster at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys and was in that role when Olivia was born .",
"Newton - John is the youngest of three children , following brother Hugh , a doctor , and sister Rona ( 1943 -- 2013 ) ( an actress who was married to Grease co-star Jeff Conaway from 1980 until their divorce in 1985 ) . In 1954 , when Olivia was six , the Newton - Johns emigrated to Melbourne , Australia , where her father worked as a professor of German and as Master of Ormond College at the University of Melbourne .",
"She attended Christ Church Grammar School , and then University High School , near to Ormond College . At 14 , Newton - John formed a short - lived all - girl group , Sol Four , with three classmates often performing in a coffee shop owned by her brother - in - law . She became a regular on local Australian radio and television shows including HSV - 7 's The Happy Show where she performed as `` Lovely Livvy '' .",
"She also appeared on The Go ! ! Show where she met future duet partner , singer Pat Carroll , and future music producer , John Farrar ( Carroll and Farrar would later marry ) . She entered and won a talent contest on the television program Sing , Sing , Sing , hosted by 1960s Australian icon Johnny O'Keefe , performing the songs `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' and `` Everything 's Coming Up Roses '' . She was initially reluctant to use the prize she had won , a trip to Great Britain , but traveled there nearly a year later after her mother encouraged her to broaden her horizons .",
"Newton - John recorded her first single , `` Till You Say You 'll Be Mine '' , in Britain for Decca Records in 1966 . While in Britain , Newton - John missed her then - boyfriend , Ian Turpie , with whom she had co-starred in the Australian telefilm , Funny Things Happen Down Under . She repeatedly booked trips back to Australia which her mother would subsequently cancel .",
"Newton - John 's outlook changed when Pat Carroll moved to the UK . The two formed a duo called `` Pat and Olivia '' and toured nightclubs in Europe . ( In one incident , they were booked at Paul Raymond 's Revue in Soho , London . Dressed primly in frilly , high - collared dresses , they were unaware that this was a strip club until they began to perform onstage . ) After Carroll 's visa expired forcing her to return to Australia , Newton - John remained in Britain to pursue solo work until 1975 .",
"Newton - John was recruited for the group Toomorrow formed by American producer Don Kirshner , who was also the music consultant for the earliest recordings of The Monkees . In 1970 , the group starred in a `` science fiction musical '' film and recorded an accompanying soundtrack album , on RCA records , both named after the group . That same year the group made two single recordings , `` You 're My Baby Now / Goin ' Back '' and `` I Could Never Live Without Your Love / Roll Like A River '' . Neither track became a chart success and the project failed with the group disbanding .",
"Newton - John released her first solo album , If Not For You ( US No. 158 Pop ) , in 1971 . The title track , written by Bob Dylan and previously recorded by former Beatle George Harrison for his 1970 album All Things Must Pass , was her first international hit ( US No. 25 Pop , No. 1 Adult Contemporary ( `` AC '' ) . Her follow - up single , `` Banks of the Ohio '' , was a top 10 hit in the UK and Australia . She was voted Best British Female Vocalist two years in a row by the magazine Record Mirror . She made frequent appearances on Cliff Richard 's weekly show , It 's Cliff Richard , and starred with him in the telefilm The Case .",
"In the United States , Newton - John 's career floundered after If Not For You . Subsequent singles including `` Banks of the Ohio '' ( No. 94 Pop , No. 34 AC ) and remakes of George Harrison 's `` What Is Life '' ( No. 34 AC ) and John Denver 's `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' ( No. 119 Pop ) made minimal chart impact until the release of `` Let Me Be There '' in 1973 . The song reached the American Top 10 on the Pop ( No. 6 ) , Country ( No. 7 ) , and AC ( No. 3 ) charts and earned her a Grammy for Best Country Female and an Academy of Country Music award for Most Promising Female Vocalist .",
"In 1974 , Newton - John represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song `` Long Live Love '' . The song was chosen for Newton - John by the British public out of six possible entries . ( Newton - John later admitted that she disliked the song . ) Newton - John finished fourth at the contest held in Brighton behind ABBA 's winning Swedish entry , `` Waterloo '' . All six Eurovision contest song candidates were recorded by Newton - John and included on her Long Live Love album , her first for the EMI Records label .",
"The Long Live Love album was released in the US as If You Love Me , Let Me Know with the six Eurovision songs dropped for four different , more country - oriented tracks intended to capitalise on the success of `` Let Me Be There '' . The title track was the first single reaching No. 5 Pop , No. 2 Country ( her best country position to date ) and No. 2 AC . The next single , `` I Honestly Love You '' , became Newton - John 's signature song . Written and composed by Jeff Barry and Peter Allen , the ballad became her first number - one Pop ( two weeks ) , second number - one AC ( three weeks ) and third Top 10 Country ( No. 6 ) hit and earned Newton - John two more Grammys for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance - Female . The success of both singles helped the album reach No. 1 on both the Pop ( one week ) and Country ( eight weeks ) Albums charts .",
"Newton - John 's country success sparked a debate among purists , who took issue with a foreigner singing country - flavoured pop music being equated with native Nashville artists . In addition to her Grammy for `` Let Me Be There '' , Newton - John was also named the Country Music Association Female Vocalist of the Year in 1974 , defeating more established Nashville - based nominees Loretta Lynn , Dolly Parton and Tanya Tucker , as well as Canadian artist Anne Murray .",
"This protest , in part , led to the formation of the short - lived Association of Country Entertainers ( ACE ) . Newton - John was eventually supported by the country music community . Stella Parton , Dolly 's sister , recorded `` Ode to Olivia '' and Newton - John recorded her 1976 album , Do n't Stop Believin ' , in Nashville .",
"Encouraged by expatriate Australian singer Helen Reddy , Newton - John left the UK and moved to the US . Newton - John topped the Pop ( one week ) and Country ( six weeks ) Albums charts with her next album , Have You Never Been Mellow . The album generated two singles -- the John Farrar - penned title track ( No. 1 Pop , No. 3 Country , No. 1 AC ) and `` Please Mr. Please '' ( No. 3 Pop , No. 5 Country , No. 1 AC ) . However , her pop career cooled with the release of her next album , Clearly Love . Her streak of five consecutive gold Top 10 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 ended when the album 's first single , `` Something Better to Do '' , stopped at No. 13 ( also No. 19 Country and No. 1 AC ) . Although her albums still achieved gold status , she did not return to the Top 10 on the Hot 100 or Billboard 200 charts again until 1978 .",
"Newton - John 's singles continued to easily top the AC chart , where she ultimately amassed ten No. 1 singles including a record seven consecutively :",
"`` I Honestly Love You '' ( 1974 ) -- 3 weeks `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' ( 1975 ) -- 1 week `` Please Mr. Please '' ( 1975 ) -- 3 weeks `` Something Better to Do '' ( 1975 ) -- 3 weeks `` Let It Shine '' / `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( 1976 ) -- 2 weeks `` Come on Over '' ( 1976 ) -- 1 week `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( 1976 ) -- 1 week",
"`` I Honestly Love You '' ( 1974 ) -- 3 weeks",
"`` Have You Never Been Mellow '' ( 1975 ) -- 1 week",
"`` Please Mr. Please '' ( 1975 ) -- 3 weeks",
"`` Something Better to Do '' ( 1975 ) -- 3 weeks",
"`` Let It Shine '' / `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( 1976 ) -- 2 weeks",
"`` Come on Over '' ( 1976 ) -- 1 week",
"`` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( 1976 ) -- 1 week",
"She provided a prominent , but uncredited , vocal on John Denver 's `` Fly Away '' single which was succeeded by her own single , `` Let It Shine '' / `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' , at No. 1 on the AC chart . ( `` Fly Away '' returned to No. 1 after the two - week reign of `` Let It Shine '' . ) Newton - John also continued to reach the Country Top 10 where she tallied seven Top 10 singles through 1976 's `` Come on Over '' ( No. 23 Pop , No. 5 Country , No. 1 AC ) and six consecutive ( of a career nine total ) Top 10 albums through 1976 's Do n't Stop Believin ' ( No. 30 Pop , No. 7 Country ) . She headlined her first US television special , A Special Olivia Newton - John , in November 1976 .",
"By mid-1977 , Newton - John 's AC and country success also began to wane . Her Making a Good Thing Better album ( No. 34 Pop , No. 13 Country ) failed to be certified gold , and its only single , the title track ( No. 87 Pop , No. 20 AC ) , did not reach even the AC Top 10 or the Country chart . Later that year , Olivia Newton - John 's Greatest Hits ( No. 13 Pop , No. 7 Country ) became her first platinum album .",
"In 1979 , Newton - John received the Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) medal from Queen Elizabeth at Buckingham Palace in London .",
"Newton - John 's career soared after she starred in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Grease in 1978 . She was offered the lead role of Sandy after meeting producer Allan Carr at a dinner party at Helen Reddy 's home . Burned by her Toomorrow experience and concerned that she was too old to play a high school senior ( she turned 29 during Grease 's 1977 filming ) , Newton - John insisted on a screen test with the film 's co-star , John Travolta . The film accommodated Newton - John 's Australian accent by recasting her character from the play 's original American Sandy Dumbrowski to Sandy Olsson , an Australian who holidays and then moves with her family to the U.S. Newton - John previewed some of the film 's soundtrack during her second American network television special , Olivia , featuring guests ABBA and Andy Gibb .",
"Grease became the biggest box - office hit of 1978 . The soundtrack album spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 and yielded three Top 5 singles for Newton - John : the platinum `` You 're The One That I Want '' ( No. 1 Pop , No. 23 AC ) with John Travolta , the gold `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' ( No. 3 Pop , No. 20 Country , No. 7 AC ) and the gold `` Summer Nights '' ( No. 5 Pop , No. 21 AC ) with John Travolta and the film 's cast . The former two songs were written and composed by her long - time music producer , John Farrar , specifically for the film . ( `` Summer Nights '' was from the original play written by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey . )",
"Newton - John became the second woman ( after Linda Ronstadt in 1977 ) to have two singles -- `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' and `` Summer Nights '' -- in the Billboard Top 5 simultaneously . Newton - John 's performance earned her a People 's Choice Award for Favorite Film Actress . She was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Musical and performed the Oscar - nominated `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' at the 1979 Academy Awards .",
"The film 's popularity has endured through the years . It was re-released for its 20th anniversary in 1998 and ranked as the second highest - grossing film behind Titanic in its opening weekend . It was most recently re-released in July 2010 as a sing - along version in select American theaters . The soundtrack is one of the top ten best - selling soundtracks of all time .",
"In June 2006 , Newton - John 's company ON - J Productions Ltd filed a lawsuit against Universal Music Group ( UMG ) for $1 million in unpaid royalties from the Grease soundtrack . In 2007 , it was announced that she and UMG had reached a `` conditional settlement '' .",
"Newton - John 's transformation in Grease from goody - goody `` Sandy 1 '' to spandex - clad `` Sandy 2 '' emboldened Newton - John to do the same with her music career . In November 1978 , she released her next studio album , Totally Hot , which became her first solo Top 10 ( No. 7 ) album since Have You Never Been Mellow . Dressed on the cover all in leather , the album 's singles `` A Little More Love '' ( No. 3 Pop , No. 94 Country , No. 4 AC ) , `` Deeper Than the Night '' ( No. 11 Pop , No. 87 Country , No. 4 AC ) , and the title track ( No. 52 Pop ) all demonstrated a more aggressive and uptempo sound for Newton - John . Although the album de-emphasised country , it still reached No. 4 on the Country Albums chart . Newton - John released the B - side , `` Dancin ' ' Round and ' Round '' , of the `` Totally Hot '' single to Country radio peaking at No. 29 ( as well as No. 82 Pop and No. 25 AC ) , becoming her last charted solo Country airplay single to date .",
"Newton - John began 1980 by releasing `` I Ca n't Help It '' ( No. 12 Pop , No. 8 AC ) , a duet with Andy Gibb from his After Dark album , and by starring in her third television special , Hollywood Nights . Later that year , she appeared in her first film since Grease starring in the musical Xanadu with Gene Kelly and Michael Beck . Although the film was a critical failure , its soundtrack ( No. 4 Pop ) was certified double platinum boasting five Top 20 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 . Newton - John charted with `` Magic '' ( No. 1 Pop , No. 1 AC ) , `` Suddenly '' with Cliff Richard ( No. 20 Pop , No. 4 AC ) and the title song with the Electric Light Orchestra ( No. 8 Pop , No. 2 AC ) . ( ELO also charted with `` I 'm Alive '' ( No. 16 Pop , No. 48 AC ) and `` All Over the World '' ( No. 13 Pop , No. 46 AC ) . )",
"`` Magic '' was Newton - John 's biggest Pop hit to that point ( four weeks at No. 1 ) and still ranks as the biggest AC hit of her career ( five weeks at No. 1 ) . The film has since become a cult classic and the basis for a Broadway show that ran for more than 500 performances beginning in 2007 and was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Musical . ( A successful international tour of the show followed . )",
"In 1981 , Newton - John released her most successful studio album , the double platinum Physical . The title track , written by Steve Kipner and Terry Shaddick , spent ten weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 , matching the record at that time for most weeks spent at No. 1 in the rock era held by Debby Boone 's `` You Light Up My Life '' . The single was certified platinum and it ultimately ranked as the biggest song of the decade . ( In 2008 , Billboard ranked the song No. 6 among all songs that charted in the 50 - year history of the Hot 100 . )",
"`` Physical '' earned Newton - John her only placement ever on the R&B Singles ( No. 28 ) and Albums ( No. 32 ) chart . The Physical album spawned two more singles , `` Make a Move on Me '' ( No. 5 Pop , No. 6 AC ) and `` Landslide '' ( No. 52 Pop ) .",
"The provocative lyrics of the `` Physical '' title track prompted two Utah radio stations to ban the single from their playlists . ( In 2010 , Billboard magazine ranked this as the most popular single ever about sex . ) To counter its overtly suggestive tone , Newton - John filmed an exercise - themed video that turned the song into an aerobics anthem and made headbands a fashion accessory outside the gym .",
"She pioneered the nascent music video industry by recording a video album for Physical featuring videos of all the album 's tracks and three of her older hits . The video album earned her a fourth Grammy and was aired as an ABC prime - time special , Let 's Get Physical , becoming a Top 10 Nielsen hit . The success of Physical led to an international tour and the release of her second hits collection , the double platinum Olivia 's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( No. 16 Pop ) , which yielded two more Top 40 singles : `` Heart Attack '' ( No. 3 Pop ) and `` Tied Up '' ( No. 38 Pop ) . The tour was filmed for her Olivia in Concert television special which premiered on HBO in January 1983 . The special was subsequently released to video earning Newton - John another Grammy nomination .",
"Newton - John re-teamed with Travolta in 1983 for the critically and commercially unsuccessful Two of a Kind , redeemed by its platinum soundtrack ( No. 26 Pop ) featuring `` Twist of Fate '' ( No. 5 Pop ) , `` Livin ' in Desperate Times '' ( No. 31 Pop ) , and a new duet with Travolta , `` Take a Chance '' ( No. 3 AC ) . Newton - John released another video package , the Grammy - nominated Twist of Fate , featuring videos of her four songs on the Two of a Kind soundtrack and the two new singles from Olivia 's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 .",
"That same year Newton - John and Pat Carroll founded Koala Blue . The store , originally for Australian imports , evolved into a chain of women 's clothing boutiques . The chain was initially successful , but it eventually declared bankruptcy and closed in 1992 . Newton - John and Farrar would later license the brand name for a line of Australian produced wines , confections , and bed / bath products .",
"Newton - John married her long - time boyfriend , actor Matt Lattanzi , in December 1984 ; they divorced in 1995 . The couple had met four years earlier while filming Xanadu . Their daughter , Chloe Rose , was born in January 1986 .",
"Newton - John , a Carlton Football Club fan , performed the Australian national anthem at the 1986 VFL Grand Final between Carlton and Hawthorn",
"Newton - John 's music career cooled again with the release of her next studio album , the gold Soul Kiss ( No. 29 Pop ) , in 1985 . The album 's only charted single was the title track ( No. 20 Pop , No. 20 AC ) . Due to her pregnancy , Newton - John limited her publicity for the album . The video album for Soul Kiss featured only five of the album 's ten tracks ( concept videos for the album 's singles `` Soul Kiss '' and `` Toughen Up '' as well as performance videos of the tracks `` Culture Shock '' , `` Emotional Tangle '' and `` The Right Moment '' ) .",
"After a nearly three - year hiatus following the birth of Chloe , Newton - John resumed her recording career with the 1988 album , The Rumour . The album was promoted by an HBO special , Olivia Down Under , and its first single , the title track , was written and produced by Elton John . Both the single ( No. 62 Pop , No. 33 AC ) and the album ( No. 67 Pop ) fizzled as the nearly 40 - year - old Newton - John seemed `` old '' when compared with the teen queens Debbie Gibson and Tiffany ruling the Pop charts at that time . ( Ironically , this album was praised by critics as more mature with Newton - John addressing topics such as AIDS , the environment and single - parent households ) .",
"The second single , `` Ca n't We Talk It Over in Bed '' , did not chart , but was released in 1989 by Grayson Hugh , the song 's arranger , as `` Talk It Over '' becoming a Top 20 Pop hit . A year later , Newton - John recorded her self - described `` self - indulgent '' album , Warm and Tender . Inspired by her daughter , who appeared on the album cover , the album featured lullabies and love songs for parents and their children . This album , the last one produced by John Farrar , also failed to revive her recording career struggling to No. 124 Pop .",
"Newton - John was primed for another comeback in 1992 when she compiled her third hits collection , Back to Basics -- The Essential Collection 1971 -- 1992 , and planned her first tour since her Physical trek ten years earlier . Shortly after the album 's release , Newton - John was diagnosed with breast cancer forcing her to cancel all publicity for the album including the tour . ( Newton - John received her diagnosis the same weekend her father died . ) Newton - John recovered and has since become an advocate for breast cancer research and other health issues . She is a product spokesperson for the Liv - Kit , a breast self - examination product . She is also partial owner of the Gaia Retreat and Spa in Byron Bay , New South Wales .",
"Newton - John 's advocacy for health issues was presaged by her prior involvement with many humanitarian causes . Newton - John cancelled a 1978 concert tour of Japan to protest the slaughter of dolphins caught in tuna fishing nets . She subsequently rescheduled the tour when the Japanese government assured her the matter was being addressed .",
"She was a performer on the 1979 Music for UNICEF Concert for the UN ' International Year of the Child televised worldwide . During the concert , artists performed songs for which they donated their royalties , some in perpetuity , to benefit the cause . She was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador to the United Nations Environment Programme .",
"In 1991 , she became the National Spokesperson for the Colette Chuda Environmental Fund / CHEC ( Children 's Health Environmental Coalition ) following the death of four - year - old Colette Chuda , a family friend , from cancer . ( Chuda was featured along with Newton - John and daughter Chloe on the cover of Newton - John 's Warm and Tender album . )",
"Newton - John 's cancer diagnosis also affected the type of music she recorded . In 1994 , she released Gaia : One Woman 's Journey which chronicled her ordeal . This was the first album on which Newton - John wrote all of the songs encouraging her to become more active as a songwriter thereafter . In 2005 , she released Stronger Than Before , sold exclusively in the U.S. by Hallmark . This was her second exclusive album for Hallmark Cards after her successful first Christmas album ' Tis the Season with Vince Gill five years earlier . Proceeds from the album 's sales benefited breast cancer research . The album featured the song `` Phenomenal Woman '' based on the poem by Maya Angelou that featured guest vocals from Diahann Carroll , Beth Nielsen Chapman , Delta Goodrem , Amy Holland , Patti LaBelle and Mindy Smith -- all survivors of or affected by cancer .",
"The following year , Newton - John released a healing CD , Grace and Gratitude . The album was sold exclusively by Walgreens also to benefit various charities including Y - ME National Breast Cancer Organization . The CD was the `` heart '' of their Body -- Heart -- Spirit Wellness Collection which also featured a re-branded Liv - Kit and breast - health dietary supplements . She re-recorded some tracks from Grace and Gratitude in 2010 and re-released the album as Grace and Gratitude Renewed on the Green Hill music label . The Renewed CD includes a new track , `` Help Me to Heal '' , not featured on the original album . The Renewed CD yielded Newton - John 's first appearances on the Billboard Christian Albums ( No. 36 ) , Christian & Gospel Albums ( No. 54 ) and New Age Albums ( No. 2 ) charts .",
"In 2008 , she raised funds to help build the Olivia Newton - John Cancer and Wellness Centre in Melbourne , Australia . She led a three - week , 228 km . walk along the Great Wall of China during April joined by various celebrities and cancer survivors throughout her trek . The walk symbolised the steps cancer patients must take on their road to recovery .",
"She released a companion CD , A Celebration in Song , the following month in Australia and later worldwide featuring new and previously recorded duets by `` Olivia Newton - John & Friends '' , including Jann Arden , Jimmy Barnes , John Farrar , Barry Gibb , Delta Goodrem , Sun Ho , Richard Marx , Cliff Richard , Melinda Schneider , Amy Sky , and Keith Urban .",
"Newton - John was featured in UniGlobe Entertainment 's breast cancer docu - drama , 1 a Minute , released in October 2010 . The documentary was made by actress Namrata Singh Gujral and featured other celebrities who had survived breast cancer or who were affected by the disease . During the same month , Bluewater Productions released a comic book featuring Newton - John to coincide with Breast Cancer Awareness Month .",
"Newton - John was listed as president of the Isle of Man Basking Shark Society between 1998 and 2005 .",
"Newton - John continued to record and perform pop - oriented music as well . In 1998 , she returned to Nashville to record Back with a Heart ( No. 59 Pop ) . The album returned her to the Top 10 ( No. 9 ) on the Country Albums chart . Its first single was a re-recording of `` I Honestly Love You '' produced by David Foster and featuring Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds on background vocals that charted Pop ( No. 67 ) and AC ( No. 18 ) . Country radio dismissed the song , though it did peak at No. 16 on the Country Sales chart . The album track , `` Love Is a Gift , '' won Newton - John a 1999 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song after being featured on the daytime serial , As the World Turns .",
"Newton - John 's subsequent secular albums were released primarily in Australia . Newton - John , John Farnham and Anthony Warlow toured Australia as The Main Event . The live album won an ARIA Award for Highest Selling Australian CD and was also nominated for Best Adult Contemporary Album . She and Farnham performed `` Dare to Dream '' at the Opening Ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Olympics .",
"In 2002 , Newton - John released ( 2 ) , a duets album featuring mostly Australian artists ( Tina Arena , Darren Hayes , Jimmy Little , Johnny O'Keefe , Billy Thorpe , Keith Urban ) as well as a heartfelt `` duet '' with the deceased Peter Allen . The same year , Newton - John was inducted into Australia 's ARIA Hall of Fame . Indigo : Women of Song , a tribute album covering songs by artists such as Joan Baez , the Carpenters , Doris Day , Nina Simone , Minnie Riperton and others , was released in 2004 . She dedicated the album to her mother , who had died the previous year .",
"Newton - John also released several Christmas albums . In 2000 , she teamed with Vince Gill and the London Symphony Orchestra for ' Tis the Season sold exclusively through Hallmark . The following year , she released The Christmas Collection which compiled seasonal music previously recorded for her Hallmark Christmas album , her appearance on Kenny Loggins ' 1999 TNN Christmas special and her contributions to the Mother and Child and Spirit of Christmas multi-artist collections . ( Green Hill Records re-released this album with different artwork in 2010 . ) In 2007 , she re-teamed with her Grace and Gratitude producer , Amy Sky , for Christmas Wish ( No. 187 Pop ) which was sold exclusively by Target in its first year of release .",
"Newton - John acted occasionally since Two of a Kind . She appeared in a supporting role in the 1996 AIDS drama , It 's My Party . In 2000 , she appeared in a dramatically different role as Bitsy Mae Harling , a lesbian ex-con country singer , in Del Shores ' Sordid Lives . Newton - John reprised her role for Sordid Lives : The Series which aired one season on the LOGO television network . The series featured five original songs written and composed by Newton - John specifically for the show . In 2010 , Newton - John starred in the film Score : A Hockey Musical , released in Canada . Newton - John portrayed Hope Gordon , the mother of a home - schooled hockey prodigy . The film opened the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival .",
"During October -- December 1998 , Newton - John , John Farnham and Anthony Warlow performed in The Main Event Tour . The album Highlights from The Main Event peaked at No. 1 in December , sold 4 × platinum , and won ' Highest Selling Album ' at the 1999 ARIA Awards . The Main Event concert was broadcast on national TV and released on video .",
"For the 2000 Summer Olympics , Newton - John and John Farnham performed `` Dare to Dream '' during the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony . Broadcast of the ceremony was viewed by an estimated 3.5 billion people around the world .",
"Newton - John 's television work included starring in two Christmas films , A mother for Christmas ( 1990 ) and A Christmas Romance ( 1994 ) -- both Top 10 Nielsen hits . Her daughter , Chloe , starred as one of her children in both A Christmas Romance and in the 2001 Showtime film The Wilde Girls > She guest - starred as herself in the sitcoms Ned and Stacey , Murphy Brown , and Bette , and made two appearances as herself on Glee .",
"For her first Glee appearance , Newton - John re-created her `` Physical '' video with series regular Jane Lynch . The performance was released as a digital single , returning Newton - John to the Billboard Hot 100 ( No. 89 ) for the first time since her 1998 re-release of `` I Honestly Love You '' . In Australia , Newton - John hosted the animal and nature series Wild Life and guest starred as Joanna on two episodes of the Australian series The Man From Snowy River .",
"Newton - John met gaffer / cameraman Patrick McDermott a year after her 1995 divorce from Matt Lattanzi . The couple dated on and off for nine years . McDermott disappeared following a 2005 fishing trip off the Californian coast . Various theories abounded regarding his disappearance ranging from his death by accident or foul play to McDermott staging his disappearance to avoid child support payments to his ex-wife , actress Yvette Nipar . Newton - John , who was in Australia at her Gaia Retreat & Spa at the time of his disappearance , was never a suspect in McDermott 's disappearance .",
"A US Coast Guard investigation , based on then - available evidence and released in 2008 , `` suggest ( ed ) McDermott was lost at sea '' , although some have claimed contact with McDermott since his disappearance . In April 2010 , private detectives searching for McDermott claimed he was found living in Mexico under his birth name , Pat Kim .",
"Newton - John returned to the tabloid headlines again in 2007 when it was revealed that her daughter , Chloe , was recovering from anorexia .",
"Newton - John released another concert DVD , Olivia Newton - John and the Sydney Symphony : Live at the Sydney Opera House , and a companion CD , Olivia 's Live Hits , in January 2008 . An edited version of the DVD premiered on PBS station , WLIW ( Garden City , New York ) in October 2007 and subsequently aired nationally during the network 's fund - raising pledge drives . This was Newton - John 's third live album after the 1981 Japanese release , Love Performance , and her 2000 Australian release , One Woman 's Live Journey .",
"In 2008 , Newton - John took part in the BBC Wales program Coming Home about her Welsh family history . In June 2008 , she secretly wed John Easterling , founder and president of natural remedy firm Amazon Herb Company . The couple had first met 15 years earlier , but they only became romantically involved in 2007 . ( Like Newton - John , this was Easterling 's second marriage . ) The couple married alone in a private Incan spiritual ceremony in Cuzco , Peru on 21 June followed nine days later by a legal ceremony on the Jupiter Island beachfront in Florida . There were no guests at either service since the couple preferred to marry simply and privately . Only Newton - John 's daughter , Chloe , was aware of the nuptials . The couple did not announce their marriage until a 4 July barbecue at Newton - John 's Malibu , California home , where guests were surprised with the news . The wedding was confirmed thereafter by HELLO ! Magazine which published exclusive pictures of both weddings . In June 2009 , the Easterlings purchased a new $4.1 million home in Jupiter Inlet , Florida , and Newton - John sold her Malibu home .",
"In 2009 , Newton - John appeared on Andrea Bocelli 's holiday album My Christmas and PBS TV holiday special My Christmas Special , with David Foster , Kenny Loggins and Richard Marx .",
"In January 2011 , Newton - John began filming the comedy A Few Best Men in Australia with director Stephan Elliott , in the role of mother of the bride . The groom is played by Xavier Samuel .",
"Newton - John still actively tours . An Australian tour of Perth , Melbourne and Sydney , as well a tour of the United States , treated fans to songs that she had never performed in concert before . In November 2012 , Newton - John teamed with John Travolta to make the charity album This Christmas , in support of The Olivia Newton - John Cancer & Wellness Centre and the Jett Travolta Foundation . Artists featured on the album include : Barbra Streisand , James Taylor , Chick Corea , Kenny G , Tony Bennett , Cliff Richard and the Count Basie Orchestra . In March 2013 she toured the UK performing in Bournemouth , London , Brighton , Birmingham and Manchester .",
"A 2013 residency at the Flamingo Las Vegas was postponed due to the May 2013 death of her elder sister , Rona ( aged 70 ) , from a brain tumor . Newton - John resumed with 45 shows beginning in April 2014 . In conjunction with the upcoming Vegas shows , Newton - John released a new EP in April 2014 entitled Hotel Sessions , which consisted of seven tracks of unreleased demos that were recorded between 2002 and 2011 with her nephew Brett Goldsmith . The CD contains a cover of `` Broken Wings '' as well as the popular - with - fans original `` Best of My Love '' , which had leaked on the internet many years prior .",
"In 2015 , Newton - John was a guest judge on an episode of RuPaul 's Drag Race . That same year , she scored her first number - one single on Billboard 's Dance Club Songs chart with `` You Have To Believe '' with daughter Chloe and producer Dave Aude . The song was a re-imaging of her 1980 single `` Magic '' , which she notes was to celebrate both the 35th anniversary of Xanadu and as a dedication to her daughter , stating `` I met Chloe 's dad on the set of Xanadu , so , without that film , Chloe would n't be here . She was the real ' magic ' that came out of that film ! '' The song became the first mother - daughter single to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Dance Club Play chart .",
"In May 2017 , it was announced that Newton - John 's breast cancer had returned and metastasised to her lower back .",
"If Not for You ( 1971 ) Olivia ( 1972 ) Let Me Be There ( 1973 ) Long Live Love ( 1974 ) If You Love Me , Let Me Know ( 1974 ) First Impressions ( 1974 ) Have You Never Been Mellow ( 1975 ) Clearly Love ( 1975 ) Come on Over ( 1976 ) Do n't Stop Believin ' ( 1976 ) Making a Good Thing Better ( 1977 ) Totally Hot ( 1978 ) Physical ( 1981 ) Soul Kiss ( 1985 ) The Rumour ( 1988 ) Warm and Tender ( 1989 ) Gaia : One Woman 's Journey ( 1994 ) Back with a Heart ( 1998 ) ' Tis the Season ( 2000 ) with Vince Gill for Hallmark ( 2 ) ( 2002 ) Indigo : Women of Song ( 2004 ) Stronger Than Before ( 2005 ) for Hallmark Grace and Gratitude ( 2006 ) Christmas Wish ( 2007 ) A Celebration in Song ( 2008 ) This Christmas ( 2012 ) Two Strong Hearts Live ( 2015 ) Liv On ( 2016 ) Friends for Christmas ( 2016 ) Hopelessly Devoted : The Hits ( 2018 )",
"If Not for You ( 1971 )",
"Olivia ( 1972 )",
"Let Me Be There ( 1973 )",
"Long Live Love ( 1974 )",
"If You Love Me , Let Me Know ( 1974 )",
"First Impressions ( 1974 )",
"Have You Never Been Mellow ( 1975 )",
"Clearly Love ( 1975 )",
"Come on Over ( 1976 )",
"Do n't Stop Believin ' ( 1976 )",
"Making a Good Thing Better ( 1977 )",
"Totally Hot ( 1978 )",
"Physical ( 1981 )",
"Soul Kiss ( 1985 )",
"The Rumour ( 1988 )",
"Warm and Tender ( 1989 )",
"Gaia : One Woman 's Journey ( 1994 )",
"Back with a Heart ( 1998 )",
"' Tis the Season ( 2000 ) with Vince Gill for Hallmark",
"( 2 ) ( 2002 )",
"Indigo : Women of Song ( 2004 )",
"Stronger Than Before ( 2005 ) for Hallmark",
"Grace and Gratitude ( 2006 )",
"Christmas Wish ( 2007 )",
"A Celebration in Song ( 2008 )",
"This Christmas ( 2012 )",
"Two Strong Hearts Live ( 2015 )",
"Liv On ( 2016 )",
"Friends for Christmas ( 2016 )",
"Hopelessly Devoted : The Hits ( 2018 )",
"Year Title Role Notes 1965 Funny Things Happen Down Under Olivia Supporting role 1970 Toomorrow Olivia Lead role 1978 Grease Sandy Olsson Lead role 1980 Xanadu Kira Lead role Two of a Kind Debbie Wylder Lead role 1990 A Mom for Christmas Amy Miller Lead role A Christmas Romance Julia Stonecypher Lead role It 's My Party Lina Bingham Supporting role 2000 Sordid Lives Bitsy Mae Harling Supporting role 2001 The Wilde Girls Jasmine Wilde Lead role 1 a Minute Herself Documentary Score : A Hockey Musical Hope Gordon Supporting role 2011 A Few Best Men Barbara Ramme Supporting role 2017 Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming Orion Supporting role",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"1965 Funny Things Happen Down Under Olivia Supporting role",
"1970 Toomorrow Olivia Lead role",
"1978 Grease Sandy Olsson Lead role",
"1980 Xanadu Kira Lead role",
"Two of a Kind Debbie Wylder Lead role",
"1990 A Mom for Christmas Amy Miller Lead role",
"A Christmas Romance Julia Stonecypher Lead role",
"It 's My Party Lina Bingham Supporting role",
"2000 Sordid Lives Bitsy Mae Harling Supporting role",
"2001 The Wilde Girls Jasmine Wilde Lead role",
"1 a Minute Herself Documentary",
"Score : A Hockey Musical Hope Gordon Supporting role",
"2011 A Few Best Men Barbara Ramme Supporting role",
"2017 Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming Orion Supporting role",
"Year Title Role Notes 1972 The Case Herself BBC special with Cliff Richard & Tim Brooke - Taylor Eurovision Song Contest Herself United Kingdom Entry : 4th Place 1976 A Special Olivia Newton - John Herself ABC special 1977 Only Olivia Herself BBC special 1978 Olivia Herself ABC special 1980 Hollywood Nights Herself ABC special 1982 Let 's Get Physical Herself ABC special Saturday Night Live Herself - Host Also musical guest Olivia in Concert Herself HBO special Olivia Down Under Herself HBO special 1990 Timeless Tales from Hallmark Herself - Host 6 episodes 1995 The Man from Snowy River Joanna Walker Recurring role ( 3 episodes ) Tracey Takes On ... Herself Episode : `` Childhood '' Murphy Brown Herself Episode : `` I Hear a Symphony '' 2001 Bette Herself Episode : `` The Invisible Mom '' 2002 A Night with Olivia Herself Channel 7 special 2003 Live in Japan 2003 Herself BS - Hi special 2003 / 07 American Idol Herself - Guest Judge 3 episodes 2008 Sordid Lives : The Series Bitsy Mae Harling Supporting role ( 12 episodes ) 2009 Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List Herself Episode : `` Fly the Super Gay Skies '' Glee Herself Episodes : `` Bad Reputation '' , `` Journey to Regionals '' 2015 RuPaul 's Drag Race Herself - Guest Judge Episode : `` Glamazonian Airways '' Dancing with the Stars Herself - Guest Judge Episode : `` Famous Dances Night ''",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"1972 The Case Herself BBC special with Cliff Richard & Tim Brooke - Taylor",
"Eurovision Song Contest Herself United Kingdom Entry : 4th Place",
"1976 A Special Olivia Newton - John Herself ABC special",
"1977 Only Olivia Herself BBC special",
"1978 Olivia Herself ABC special",
"1980 Hollywood Nights Herself ABC special",
"1982 Let 's Get Physical Herself ABC special",
"Saturday Night Live Herself - Host Also musical guest",
"Olivia in Concert Herself HBO special",
"Olivia Down Under Herself HBO special",
"1990 Timeless Tales from Hallmark Herself - Host 6 episodes",
"1995 The Man from Snowy River Joanna Walker Recurring role ( 3 episodes )",
"Tracey Takes On ... Herself Episode : `` Childhood ''",
"Murphy Brown Herself Episode : `` I Hear a Symphony ''",
"2001 Bette Herself Episode : `` The Invisible Mom ''",
"2002 A Night with Olivia Herself Channel 7 special",
"2003 Live in Japan 2003 Herself BS - Hi special",
"2003 / 07 American Idol Herself - Guest Judge 3 episodes",
"2008 Sordid Lives : The Series Bitsy Mae Harling Supporting role ( 12 episodes )",
"2009 Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List Herself Episode : `` Fly the Super Gay Skies ''",
"Glee Herself Episodes : `` Bad Reputation '' , `` Journey to Regionals ''",
"2015 RuPaul 's Drag Race Herself - Guest Judge Episode : `` Glamazonian Airways ''",
"Dancing with the Stars Herself - Guest Judge Episode : `` Famous Dances Night ''",
"If Not for You Tour ( 1972 ) Clearly Love Tour ( 1975 ) Love Performance Tour ( 1976 ) Totally Hot World Tour ( 1978 ) Physical Tour ( 1982 -- 83 ) Greatest Hits Tour ( 1999 ) One Woman 's Live Journey Tour ( 1999 ) Millennium Tour ( 2000 ) 30 Musical Years Tour ( 2001 ) Heartstrings World Tour ( 2002 -- 05 ) 2006 World Tour ( 2006 ) Grace and Gratitude Tour ( 2006 ) Body Heart & Spirit Tour ( 2007 ) An Evening with Olivia Newton - John ( 2007 -- 09 ) 2010 World Tour ( 2010 ) 2011 United States Tour ( 2011 ) A Summer Night with Olivia Newton - John ( 2012 -- 13 )",
"If Not for You Tour ( 1972 )",
"Clearly Love Tour ( 1975 )",
"Love Performance Tour ( 1976 )",
"Totally Hot World Tour ( 1978 )",
"Physical Tour ( 1982 -- 83 )",
"Greatest Hits Tour ( 1999 )",
"One Woman 's Live Journey Tour ( 1999 )",
"Millennium Tour ( 2000 )",
"30 Musical Years Tour ( 2001 )",
"Heartstrings World Tour ( 2002 -- 05 )",
"2006 World Tour ( 2006 )",
"Grace and Gratitude Tour ( 2006 )",
"Body Heart & Spirit Tour ( 2007 )",
"An Evening with Olivia Newton - John ( 2007 -- 09 )",
"2010 World Tour ( 2010 )",
"2011 United States Tour ( 2011 )",
"A Summer Night with Olivia Newton - John ( 2012 -- 13 )",
"The Main Event Tour ( with John Farnham and Anthony Warlow ) ( 1998 ) Two Strong Hearts Tour ( with John Farnham ( 2015 ) LIV ON In Concert ( with Beth Nielsen Chapman and Amy Sky ) ( 2017 )",
"The Main Event Tour ( with John Farnham and Anthony Warlow ) ( 1998 )",
"Two Strong Hearts Tour ( with John Farnham ( 2015 )",
"LIV ON In Concert ( with Beth Nielsen Chapman and Amy Sky ) ( 2017 )",
"Summer Nights ( concert tour ) ( 2014 -- 2016 )",
"Summer Nights ( concert tour ) ( 2014 -- 2016 )"
] | Olivia Newton-John - wikipedia Olivia Newton-John Olivia Newton-John AO , OBE Newton-John in Sydney , 2012 ( 1948-09-26 ) 26 September 1948 (age 70) Cambridge , England Residence Los Angeles, California Occupation Singer, songwriter, actress, entrepreneur, activist Years active 1963-- present Spouse(s) Matt Lattanzi ( m. 1984; div. 1995) John Easterling ( m. 2008) Children Chloe Rose Lattanzi Relatives Max Born (grandfather) Brett Goldsmith (nephew) Tottie Goldsmith (niece) Gustav Victor Rudolf Born (uncle) Musical career Genres Pop country soft rock new-age adult contemporary Instruments Vocals Labels Uni MCA EMI Pye Festival Website olivianewton-john.com Olivia Newton-John , AO , OBE (born 26 September 1948) is an English-Australian singer, songwriter, actress, entrepreneur, and activist. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other top ten Billboard Hot 100 singles, and two number-one Billboard 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA . She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time . She starred in the musical film Grease , and its soundtrack is one of the most successful in history, with the single `` You're the One That I Want '' , with John Travolta , one of the best selling singles . Newton-John has been a long-time activist for environmental and animal rights issues. In remission from breast cancer from 1992, until its 2013 metastasis in her shoulder and 2017 metastasis at the base of her spine, she has been an advocate for health awareness, becoming involved with various charities, health products, and fundraising efforts. Her business interests have included launching several product lines for Koala Blue and co-owning the Gaia Retreat & Spa in Australia. Newton-John has been married twice. She is the mother of one daughter, Chloe Rose Lattanzi , with her first husband, actor Matt Lattanzi . She married John Easterling in 2008. Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Early life and career beginnings 1.2 Early success 1.3 Grease 1.3.1 Lawsuit against UMG 1.4 New image 1.5 Motherhood and advocacy 1.6 Later career 1.6.1 2012-- present 2 Discography 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Tours 5 See also 6 Awards and honours 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Life and career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early Life and career beginnings ( edit ) Newton-John was born in Cambridge , England, to Welshman Brinley `` Bryn'' Newton-John (1914-- 1992) and Irene Helene (née Born) (1914-- 2003). Her Jewish maternal grandfather, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Max Born , fled with his family to England from Germany before World War II to escape the Nazi regime. Newton-John's maternal grandmother was of paternal Jewish ancestry as well. She is a third cousin of comedian Ben Elton . Her maternal great-grandfather was jurist Victor Ehrenberg and her matrilineal great-grandmother's father was jurist Rudolf von Jhering . Newton-John's father was an MI5 officer on the Enigma project at Bletchley Park who took Rudolf Hess into custody during World War II. After the war he became Headmaster at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys and was in that role when Olivia was born. Newton-John is the youngest of three children, following brother Hugh, a doctor, and sister Rona (1943-- 2013) (an actress who was married to Grease co-star Jeff Conaway from 1980 until their divorce in 1985). In 1954, when Olivia was six, the Newton-Johns emigrated to Melbourne , Australia, where her father worked as a professor of German and as Master of Ormond College at the University of Melbourne . She attended Christ Church Grammar School, and then University High School , near to Ormond College . At 14, Newton-John formed a short-lived all-girl group, Sol Four, with three classmates often performing in a coffee shop owned by her brother-in-law. She became a regular on local Australian radio and television shows including HSV-7 's The Happy Show where she performed as `` Lovely Livvy'' . She also appeared on The Go!! Show where she met future duet partner, singer Pat Carroll , and future music producer, John Farrar (Carroll and Farrar would later marry). She entered and won a talent contest on the television program Sing, Sing, Sing, hosted by 1960s Australian icon Johnny O'Keefe , performing the songs `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' and `` Everything's Coming Up Roses '' . She was initially reluctant to use the prize she had won, a trip to Great Britain, but traveled there nearly a year later after her mother encouraged her to broaden her horizons. Newton-John recorded her first single, `` Till You Say You'll Be Mine'' , in Britain for Decca Records in 1966. While in Britain, Newton-John missed her then-boyfriend, Ian Turpie , with whom she had co-starred in the Australian telefilm, Funny Things Happen Down Under . She repeatedly booked trips back to Australia which her mother would subsequently cancel. Newton-John's outlook changed when Pat Carroll moved to the UK. The two formed a duo called `` Pat and Olivia'' and toured nightclubs in Europe. (In one incident, they were booked at Paul Raymond's Revue in Soho , London. Dressed primly in frilly, high-collared dresses, they were unaware that this was a strip club until they began to perform onstage.) After Carroll's visa expired forcing her to return to Australia, Newton-John remained in Britain to pursue solo work until 1975. Newton-John was recruited for the group Toomorrow formed by American producer Don Kirshner , who was also the music consultant for the earliest recordings of The Monkees . In 1970, the group starred in a `` science fiction musical'' film and recorded an accompanying soundtrack album, on RCA records, both named after the group. That same year the group made two single recordings, `` You're My Baby Now/Goin' Back'' and `` I Could Never Live Without Your Love/Roll Like A River'' . Neither track became a chart success and the project failed with the group disbanding. Early success ( edit ) Newton-John released her first solo album, If Not For You (US No. 158 Pop), in 1971. The title track , written by Bob Dylan and previously recorded by former Beatle George Harrison for his 1970 album All Things Must Pass , was her first international hit (US No. 25 Pop, No. 1 Adult Contemporary (`` AC'' ). Her follow-up single, `` Banks of the Ohio '' , was a top 10 hit in the UK and Australia. She was voted Best British Female Vocalist two years in a row by the magazine Record Mirror . She made frequent appearances on Cliff Richard 's weekly show, It's Cliff Richard , and starred with him in the telefilm The Case . In the United States, Newton-John's career floundered after If Not For You . Subsequent singles including `` Banks of the Ohio '' (No. 94 Pop, No. 34 AC) and remakes of George Harrison's `` What Is Life '' (No. 34 AC) and John Denver 's `` Take Me Home, Country Roads '' (No. 119 Pop) made minimal chart impact until the release of `` Let Me Be There '' in 1973. The song reached the American Top 10 on the Pop (No. 6), Country (No. 7), and AC (No. 3) charts and earned her a Grammy for Best Country Female and an Academy of Country Music award for Most Promising Female Vocalist. In 1974, Newton-John represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song `` Long Live Love '' . The song was chosen for Newton-John by the British public out of six possible entries. (Newton-John later admitted that she disliked the song.) Newton-John finished fourth at the contest held in Brighton behind ABBA 's winning Swedish entry, `` Waterloo '' . All six Eurovision contest song candidates were recorded by Newton-John and included on her Long Live Love album, her first for the EMI Records label. The Long Live Love album was released in the US as If You Love Me, Let Me Know with the six Eurovision songs dropped for four different, more country-oriented tracks intended to capitalise on the success of `` Let Me Be There'' . The title track was the first single reaching No. 5 Pop, No. 2 Country (her best country position to date) and No. 2 AC. The next single, `` I Honestly Love You '' , became Newton-John's signature song. Written and composed by Jeff Barry and Peter Allen , the ballad became her first number-one Pop (two weeks), second number-one AC (three weeks) and third Top 10 Country (No. 6) hit and earned Newton-John two more Grammys for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance-Female. The success of both singles helped the album reach No. 1 on both the Pop (one week) and Country (eight weeks) Albums charts. Newton-John's country success sparked a debate among purists, who took issue with a foreigner singing country-flavoured pop music being equated with native Nashville artists. In addition to her Grammy for `` Let Me Be There'' , Newton-John was also named the Country Music Association Female Vocalist of the Year in 1974, defeating more established Nashville-based nominees Loretta Lynn , Dolly Parton and Tanya Tucker , as well as Canadian artist Anne Murray . This protest, in part, led to the formation of the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers (ACE). Newton-John was eventually supported by the country music community. Stella Parton , Dolly's sister, recorded `` Ode to Olivia'' and Newton-John recorded her 1976 album, Don't Stop Believin' , in Nashville . Newton-John in 1978 Encouraged by expatriate Australian singer Helen Reddy , Newton-John left the UK and moved to the US. Newton-John topped the Pop (one week) and Country (six weeks) Albums charts with her next album, Have You Never Been Mellow . The album generated two singles -- the John Farrar -penned title track (No. 1 Pop, No. 3 Country, No. 1 AC) and `` Please Mr. Please '' (No. 3 Pop, No. 5 Country, No. 1 AC). However, her pop career cooled with the release of her next album, Clearly Love . Her streak of five consecutive gold Top 10 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 ended when the album's first single, `` Something Better to Do '' , stopped at No. 13 (also No. 19 Country and No. 1 AC). Although her albums still achieved gold status, she did not return to the Top 10 on the Hot 100 or Billboard 200 charts again until 1978. Newton-John's singles continued to easily top the AC chart, where she ultimately amassed ten No. 1 singles including a record seven consecutively: `` I Honestly Love You '' (1974) -- 3 weeks `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' (1975) -- 1 week `` Please Mr. Please '' (1975) -- 3 weeks `` Something Better to Do '' (1975) -- 3 weeks `` Let It Shine '' /`` He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother '' (1976) -- 2 weeks `` Come on Over '' (1976) -- 1 week `` Don't Stop Believin' '' (1976) -- 1 week She provided a prominent, but uncredited, vocal on John Denver 's `` Fly Away '' single which was succeeded by her own single, `` Let It Shine '' /`` He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother '' , at No. 1 on the AC chart. (`` Fly Away '' returned to No. 1 after the two-week reign of `` Let It Shine '' .) Newton-John also continued to reach the Country Top 10 where she tallied seven Top 10 singles through 1976's `` Come on Over '' (No. 23 Pop, No. 5 Country, No. 1 AC) and six consecutive (of a career nine total) Top 10 albums through 1976's Don't Stop Believin' (No. 30 Pop, No. 7 Country). She headlined her first US television special, A Special Olivia Newton-John, in November 1976. By mid-1977, Newton-John's AC and country success also began to wane. Her Making a Good Thing Better album (No. 34 Pop, No. 13 Country) failed to be certified gold, and its only single, the title track (No. 87 Pop, No. 20 AC), did not reach even the AC Top 10 or the Country chart. Later that year, Olivia Newton-John's Greatest Hits (No. 13 Pop, No. 7 Country) became her first platinum album. In 1979, Newton-John received the Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) medal from Queen Elizabeth at Buckingham Palace in London. Grease ( edit ) Newton-John appearing with John Travolta in 1982 Newton-John's career soared after she starred in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Grease in 1978. She was offered the lead role of Sandy after meeting producer Allan Carr at a dinner party at Helen Reddy 's home. Burned by her Toomorrow experience and concerned that she was too old to play a high school senior (she turned 29 during Grease 's 1977 filming), Newton-John insisted on a screen test with the film's co-star, John Travolta . The film accommodated Newton-John's Australian accent by recasting her character from the play's original American Sandy Dumbrowski to Sandy Olsson, an Australian who holidays and then moves with her family to the U.S. Newton-John previewed some of the film's soundtrack during her second American network television special, Olivia , featuring guests ABBA and Andy Gibb . Grease became the biggest box-office hit of 1978. The soundtrack album spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 and yielded three Top 5 singles for Newton-John: the platinum `` You're The One That I Want '' (No. 1 Pop, No. 23 AC) with John Travolta, the gold `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' (No. 3 Pop, No. 20 Country, No. 7 AC) and the gold `` Summer Nights '' (No. 5 Pop, No. 21 AC) with John Travolta and the film's cast. The former two songs were written and composed by her long-time music producer, John Farrar , specifically for the film. (`` Summer Nights '' was from the original play written by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey .) Newton-John became the second woman (after Linda Ronstadt in 1977) to have two singles -- `` Hopelessly Devoted to You'' and `` Summer Nights'' -- in the Billboard Top 5 simultaneously. Newton-John's performance earned her a People's Choice Award for Favorite Film Actress. She was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Musical and performed the Oscar-nominated `` Hopelessly Devoted to You'' at the 1979 Academy Awards . The film's popularity has endured through the years. It was re-released for its 20th anniversary in 1998 and ranked as the second highest-grossing film behind Titanic in its opening weekend. It was most recently re-released in July 2010 as a sing-along version in select American theaters. The soundtrack is one of the top ten best-selling soundtracks of all time. Lawsuit against UMG ( edit ) In June 2006, Newton-John's company ON-J Productions Ltd filed a lawsuit against Universal Music Group (UMG) for $1 million in unpaid royalties from the Grease soundtrack. In 2007, it was announced that she and UMG had reached a `` conditional settlement'' . New image ( edit ) Newton-John's transformation in Grease from goody-goody `` Sandy 1'' to spandex-clad `` Sandy 2'' emboldened Newton-John to do the same with her music career. In November 1978, she released her next studio album, Totally Hot , which became her first solo Top 10 (No. 7) album since Have You Never Been Mellow . Dressed on the cover all in leather, the album's singles `` A Little More Love '' (No. 3 Pop, No. 94 Country, No. 4 AC), `` Deeper Than the Night '' (No. 11 Pop, No. 87 Country, No. 4 AC), and the title track (No. 52 Pop) all demonstrated a more aggressive and uptempo sound for Newton-John. Although the album de-emphasised country, it still reached No. 4 on the Country Albums chart. Newton-John released the B-side, `` Dancin' ' Round and ' Round'' , of the `` Totally Hot'' single to Country radio peaking at No. 29 (as well as No. 82 Pop and No. 25 AC), becoming her last charted solo Country airplay single to date. Newton-John began 1980 by releasing `` I Can't Help It '' (No. 12 Pop, No. 8 AC), a duet with Andy Gibb from his After Dark album, and by starring in her third television special, Hollywood Nights. Later that year, she appeared in her first film since Grease starring in the musical Xanadu with Gene Kelly and Michael Beck . Although the film was a critical failure, its soundtrack (No. 4 Pop) was certified double platinum boasting five Top 20 singles on the Billboard Hot 100. Newton-John charted with `` Magic '' (No. 1 Pop, No. 1 AC), `` Suddenly '' with Cliff Richard (No. 20 Pop, No. 4 AC) and the title song with the Electric Light Orchestra (No. 8 Pop, No. 2 AC). (ELO also charted with `` I'm Alive'' (No. 16 Pop, No. 48 AC) and `` All Over the World'' (No. 13 Pop, No. 46 AC).) `` Magic'' was Newton-John's biggest Pop hit to that point (four weeks at No. 1) and still ranks as the biggest AC hit of her career (five weeks at No. 1). The film has since become a cult classic and the basis for a Broadway show that ran for more than 500 performances beginning in 2007 and was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Musical. (A successful international tour of the show followed.) In 1981, Newton-John released her most successful studio album, the double platinum Physical . The title track , written by Steve Kipner and Terry Shaddick, spent ten weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100, matching the record at that time for most weeks spent at No. 1 in the rock era held by Debby Boone 's `` You Light Up My Life '' . The single was certified platinum and it ultimately ranked as the biggest song of the decade. (In 2008, Billboard ranked the song No. 6 among all songs that charted in the 50-year history of the Hot 100.) `` Physical'' earned Newton-John her only placement ever on the R&B Singles (No. 28) and Albums (No. 32) chart. The Physical album spawned two more singles, `` Make a Move on Me '' (No. 5 Pop, No. 6 AC) and `` Landslide'' (No. 52 Pop). Newton-John at the opening of a Koala Blue store in 1988 The provocative lyrics of the `` Physical'' title track prompted two Utah radio stations to ban the single from their playlists. (In 2010, Billboard magazine ranked this as the most popular single ever about sex.) To counter its overtly suggestive tone, Newton-John filmed an exercise-themed video that turned the song into an aerobics anthem and made headbands a fashion accessory outside the gym. She pioneered the nascent music video industry by recording a video album for Physical featuring videos of all the album's tracks and three of her older hits. The video album earned her a fourth Grammy and was aired as an ABC prime-time special, Let's Get Physical, becoming a Top 10 Nielsen hit. The success of Physical led to an international tour and the release of her second hits collection, the double platinum Olivia's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (No. 16 Pop), which yielded two more Top 40 singles: `` Heart Attack '' (No. 3 Pop) and `` Tied Up'' (No. 38 Pop). The tour was filmed for her Olivia in Concert television special which premiered on HBO in January 1983. The special was subsequently released to video earning Newton-John another Grammy nomination. Newton-John re-teamed with Travolta in 1983 for the critically and commercially unsuccessful Two of a Kind , redeemed by its platinum soundtrack (No. 26 Pop) featuring `` Twist of Fate '' (No. 5 Pop), `` Livin' in Desperate Times'' (No. 31 Pop), and a new duet with Travolta, `` Take a Chance'' (No. 3 AC). Newton-John released another video package, the Grammy-nominated Twist of Fate, featuring videos of her four songs on the Two of a Kind soundtrack and the two new singles from Olivia's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 . That same year Newton-John and Pat Carroll founded Koala Blue. The store, originally for Australian imports, evolved into a chain of women's clothing boutiques. The chain was initially successful, but it eventually declared bankruptcy and closed in 1992. Newton-John and Farrar would later license the brand name for a line of Australian produced wines, confections, and bed/bath products. Newton-John at the 1989 Academy Awards Newton-John married her long-time boyfriend, actor Matt Lattanzi , in December 1984; they divorced in 1995. The couple had met four years earlier while filming Xanadu . Their daughter, Chloe Rose , was born in January 1986. Newton-John, a Carlton Football Club fan, performed the Australian national anthem at the 1986 VFL Grand Final between Carlton and Hawthorn Newton-John's music career cooled again with the release of her next studio album, the gold Soul Kiss (No. 29 Pop), in 1985. The album's only charted single was the title track (No. 20 Pop, No. 20 AC). Due to her pregnancy, Newton-John limited her publicity for the album. The video album for Soul Kiss featured only five of the album's ten tracks (concept videos for the album's singles `` Soul Kiss'' and `` Toughen Up'' as well as performance videos of the tracks `` Culture Shock'' , `` Emotional Tangle'' and `` The Right Moment'' ). Motherhood and advocacy ( edit ) After a nearly three-year hiatus following the birth of Chloe, Newton-John resumed her recording career with the 1988 album, The Rumour. The album was promoted by an HBO special, Olivia Down Under , and its first single, the title track, was written and produced by Elton John . Both the single (No. 62 Pop, No. 33 AC) and the album (No. 67 Pop) fizzled as the nearly 40-year-old Newton-John seemed `` old'' when compared with the teen queens Debbie Gibson and Tiffany ruling the Pop charts at that time. (Ironically, this album was praised by critics as more mature with Newton-John addressing topics such as AIDS, the environment and single-parent households). The second single, `` Can't We Talk It Over in Bed'' , did not chart, but was released in 1989 by Grayson Hugh , the song's arranger, as `` Talk It Over'' becoming a Top 20 Pop hit. A year later, Newton-John recorded her self-described `` self-indulgent'' album, Warm and Tender . Inspired by her daughter, who appeared on the album cover, the album featured lullabies and love songs for parents and their children. This album, the last one produced by John Farrar, also failed to revive her recording career struggling to No. 124 Pop. Newton-John was primed for another comeback in 1992 when she compiled her third hits collection, Back to Basics -- The Essential Collection 1971-- 1992 , and planned her first tour since her Physical trek ten years earlier. Shortly after the album's release, Newton-John was diagnosed with breast cancer forcing her to cancel all publicity for the album including the tour. (Newton-John received her diagnosis the same weekend her father died.) Newton-John recovered and has since become an advocate for breast cancer research and other health issues. She is a product spokesperson for the Liv-Kit, a breast self-examination product. She is also partial owner of the Gaia Retreat and Spa in Byron Bay, New South Wales . Newton-John's advocacy for health issues was presaged by her prior involvement with many humanitarian causes. Newton-John cancelled a 1978 concert tour of Japan to protest the slaughter of dolphins caught in tuna fishing nets. She subsequently rescheduled the tour when the Japanese government assured her the matter was being addressed. She was a performer on the 1979 Music for UNICEF Concert for the UN' International Year of the Child televised worldwide. During the concert, artists performed songs for which they donated their royalties, some in perpetuity, to benefit the cause. She was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador to the United Nations Environment Programme . In 1991, she became the National Spokesperson for the Colette Chuda Environmental Fund/CHEC (Children's Health Environmental Coalition) following the death of four-year-old Colette Chuda, a family friend, from cancer. (Chuda was featured along with Newton-John and daughter Chloe on the cover of Newton-John's Warm and Tender album.) Newton-John's cancer diagnosis also affected the type of music she recorded. In 1994, she released Gaia: One Woman's Journey which chronicled her ordeal. This was the first album on which Newton-John wrote all of the songs encouraging her to become more active as a songwriter thereafter. In 2005, she released Stronger Than Before , sold exclusively in the U.S. by Hallmark. This was her second exclusive album for Hallmark Cards after her successful first Christmas album ' Tis the Season with Vince Gill five years earlier. Proceeds from the album's sales benefited breast cancer research. The album featured the song `` Phenomenal Woman'' based on the poem by Maya Angelou that featured guest vocals from Diahann Carroll , Beth Nielsen Chapman , Delta Goodrem , Amy Holland , Patti LaBelle and Mindy Smith -- all survivors of or affected by cancer. The following year, Newton-John released a healing CD, Grace and Gratitude . The album was sold exclusively by Walgreens also to benefit various charities including Y-ME National Breast Cancer Organization . The CD was the `` heart'' of their Body -- Heart -- Spirit Wellness Collection which also featured a re-branded Liv-Kit and breast-health dietary supplements. She re-recorded some tracks from Grace and Gratitude in 2010 and re-released the album as Grace and Gratitude Renewed on the Green Hill music label. The Renewed CD includes a new track, `` Help Me to Heal'' , not featured on the original album. The Renewed CD yielded Newton-John's first appearances on the Billboard Christian Albums (No. 36), Christian & Gospel Albums (No. 54) and New Age Albums (No. 2) charts. In 2008, she raised funds to help build the Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre in Melbourne, Australia. She led a three-week, 228 km. walk along the Great Wall of China during April joined by various celebrities and cancer survivors throughout her trek. The walk symbolised the steps cancer patients must take on their road to recovery. She released a companion CD, A Celebration in Song, the following month in Australia and later worldwide featuring new and previously recorded duets by `` Olivia Newton-John & Friends'' , including Jann Arden , Jimmy Barnes , John Farrar , Barry Gibb , Delta Goodrem , Sun Ho , Richard Marx , Cliff Richard , Melinda Schneider , Amy Sky , and Keith Urban . Newton-John was featured in UniGlobe Entertainment's breast cancer docu-drama, 1 a Minute , released in October 2010. The documentary was made by actress Namrata Singh Gujral and featured other celebrities who had survived breast cancer or who were affected by the disease. During the same month, Bluewater Productions released a comic book featuring Newton-John to coincide with Breast Cancer Awareness Month . Newton-John was listed as president of the Isle of Man Basking Shark Society between 1998 and 2005. Later career ( edit ) Newton-John continued to record and perform pop-oriented music as well. In 1998, she returned to Nashville to record Back with a Heart (No. 59 Pop). The album returned her to the Top 10 (No. 9) on the Country Albums chart. Its first single was a re-recording of `` I Honestly Love You '' produced by David Foster and featuring Kenneth `` Babyface'' Edmonds on background vocals that charted Pop (No. 67) and AC (No. 18). Country radio dismissed the song, though it did peak at No. 16 on the Country Sales chart. The album track, `` Love Is a Gift,'' won Newton-John a 1999 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song after being featured on the daytime serial, As the World Turns . Newton-John and Stephan Elliott in January 2012 at the premiere of A Few Best Men in Sydney Newton-John's subsequent secular albums were released primarily in Australia. Newton-John, John Farnham and Anthony Warlow toured Australia as The Main Event . The live album won an ARIA Award for Highest Selling Australian CD and was also nominated for Best Adult Contemporary Album. She and Farnham performed `` Dare to Dream'' at the Opening Ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Olympics . In 2002, Newton-John released (2), a duets album featuring mostly Australian artists ( Tina Arena , Darren Hayes , Jimmy Little, Johnny O'Keefe , Billy Thorpe, Keith Urban ) as well as a heartfelt `` duet'' with the deceased Peter Allen . The same year, Newton-John was inducted into Australia's ARIA Hall of Fame . Indigo: Women of Song , a tribute album covering songs by artists such as Joan Baez , the Carpenters , Doris Day , Nina Simone , Minnie Riperton and others, was released in 2004. She dedicated the album to her mother, who had died the previous year. Newton-John also released several Christmas albums. In 2000, she teamed with Vince Gill and the London Symphony Orchestra for ' Tis the Season sold exclusively through Hallmark. The following year, she released The Christmas Collection which compiled seasonal music previously recorded for her Hallmark Christmas album, her appearance on Kenny Loggins ' 1999 TNN Christmas special and her contributions to the Mother and Child and Spirit of Christmas multi-artist collections. (Green Hill Records re-released this album with different artwork in 2010.) In 2007, she re-teamed with her Grace and Gratitude producer, Amy Sky , for Christmas Wish (No. 187 Pop) which was sold exclusively by Target in its first year of release. Newton-John acted occasionally since Two of a Kind . She appeared in a supporting role in the 1996 AIDS drama, It's My Party . In 2000, she appeared in a dramatically different role as Bitsy Mae Harling, a lesbian ex-con country singer, in Del Shores ' Sordid Lives . Newton-John reprised her role for Sordid Lives: The Series which aired one season on the LOGO television network. The series featured five original songs written and composed by Newton-John specifically for the show. In 2010, Newton-John starred in the film Score: A Hockey Musical , released in Canada. Newton-John portrayed Hope Gordon, the mother of a home-schooled hockey prodigy. The film opened the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival . During October-- December 1998, Newton-John, John Farnham and Anthony Warlow performed in The Main Event Tour . The album Highlights from The Main Event peaked at No. 1 in December, sold 4× platinum, and won ' Highest Selling Album' at the 1999 ARIA Awards. The Main Event concert was broadcast on national TV and released on video. For the 2000 Summer Olympics , Newton-John and John Farnham performed `` Dare to Dream'' during the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony. Broadcast of the ceremony was viewed by an estimated 3.5 billion people around the world. Newton-John's television work included starring in two Christmas films, A mother for Christmas (1990) and A Christmas Romance (1994) -- both Top 10 Nielsen hits. Her daughter, Chloe , starred as one of her children in both A Christmas Romance and in the 2001 Showtime film The Wilde Girls > She guest-starred as herself in the sitcoms Ned and Stacey , Murphy Brown , and Bette , and made two appearances as herself on Glee . For her first Glee appearance, Newton-John re-created her `` Physical'' video with series regular Jane Lynch . The performance was released as a digital single, returning Newton-John to the Billboard Hot 100 (No. 89) for the first time since her 1998 re-release of `` I Honestly Love You '' . In Australia, Newton-John hosted the animal and nature series Wild Life and guest starred as Joanna on two episodes of the Australian series The Man From Snowy River . Newton-John met gaffer / cameraman Patrick McDermott a year after her 1995 divorce from Matt Lattanzi . The couple dated on and off for nine years. McDermott disappeared following a 2005 fishing trip off the Californian coast. Various theories abounded regarding his disappearance ranging from his death by accident or foul play to McDermott staging his disappearance to avoid child support payments to his ex-wife, actress Yvette Nipar. Newton-John, who was in Australia at her Gaia Retreat & Spa at the time of his disappearance, was never a suspect in McDermott's disappearance. A US Coast Guard investigation, based on then-available evidence and released in 2008, `` suggest(ed) McDermott was lost at sea'' , although some have claimed contact with McDermott since his disappearance. In April 2010, private detectives searching for McDermott claimed he was found living in Mexico under his birth name, Pat Kim. Newton-John returned to the tabloid headlines again in 2007 when it was revealed that her daughter, Chloe , was recovering from anorexia. Newton-John released another concert DVD, Olivia Newton-John and the Sydney Symphony: Live at the Sydney Opera House , and a companion CD, Olivia's Live Hits , in January 2008. An edited version of the DVD premiered on PBS station, WLIW ( Garden City, New York ) in October 2007 and subsequently aired nationally during the network's fund-raising pledge drives. This was Newton-John's third live album after the 1981 Japanese release, Love Performance, and her 2000 Australian release, One Woman's Live Journey . Newton-John, performing at the Sydney State Theatre in September 2008 In 2008, Newton-John took part in the BBC Wales program Coming Home about her Welsh family history. In June 2008, she secretly wed John Easterling, founder and president of natural remedy firm Amazon Herb Company. The couple had first met 15 years earlier, but they only became romantically involved in 2007. (Like Newton-John, this was Easterling's second marriage.) The couple married alone in a private Incan spiritual ceremony in Cuzco , Peru on 21 June followed nine days later by a legal ceremony on the Jupiter Island beachfront in Florida. There were no guests at either service since the couple preferred to marry simply and privately. Only Newton-John's daughter, Chloe, was aware of the nuptials. The couple did not announce their marriage until a 4 July barbecue at Newton-John's Malibu, California home, where guests were surprised with the news. The wedding was confirmed thereafter by HELLO! Magazine which published exclusive pictures of both weddings. In June 2009, the Easterlings purchased a new $4.1 million home in Jupiter Inlet, Florida , and Newton-John sold her Malibu home. In 2009, Newton-John appeared on Andrea Bocelli 's holiday album My Christmas and PBS TV holiday special My Christmas Special , with David Foster , Kenny Loggins and Richard Marx . Newton-John at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival In January 2011, Newton-John began filming the comedy A Few Best Men in Australia with director Stephan Elliott , in the role of mother of the bride. The groom is played by Xavier Samuel . 2012-- present ( edit ) Newton-John still actively tours. An Australian tour of Perth , Melbourne and Sydney, as well a tour of the United States, treated fans to songs that she had never performed in concert before. In November 2012, Newton-John teamed with John Travolta to make the charity album This Christmas , in support of The Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre and the Jett Travolta Foundation. Artists featured on the album include: Barbra Streisand , James Taylor , Chick Corea , Kenny G , Tony Bennett , Cliff Richard and the Count Basie Orchestra . In March 2013 she toured the UK performing in Bournemouth, London, Brighton, Birmingham and Manchester. A 2013 residency at the Flamingo Las Vegas was postponed due to the May 2013 death of her elder sister, Rona (aged 70), from a brain tumor. Newton-John resumed with 45 shows beginning in April 2014. In conjunction with the upcoming Vegas shows, Newton-John released a new EP in April 2014 entitled Hotel Sessions , which consisted of seven tracks of unreleased demos that were recorded between 2002 and 2011 with her nephew Brett Goldsmith . The CD contains a cover of `` Broken Wings'' as well as the popular-with-fans original `` Best of My Love'' , which had leaked on the internet many years prior. In 2015, Newton-John was a guest judge on an episode of RuPaul's Drag Race . That same year, she scored her first number-one single on Billboard 's Dance Club Songs chart with `` You Have To Believe '' with daughter Chloe and producer Dave Aude . The song was a re-imaging of her 1980 single `` Magic'' , which she notes was to celebrate both the 35th anniversary of Xanadu and as a dedication to her daughter, stating `` I met Chloe's dad on the set of Xanadu , so, without that film, Chloe wouldn't be here. She was the real ' magic' that came out of that film!'' The song became the first mother-daughter single to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Dance Club Play chart. In May 2017, it was announced that Newton-John's breast cancer had returned and metastasised to her lower back . Discography ( edit ) Main articles: Olivia Newton-John albums discography , Olivia Newton-John singles discography , and Olivia Newton-John videography If Not for You (1971) Olivia (1972) Let Me Be There (1973) Long Live Love (1974) If You Love Me, Let Me Know (1974) First Impressions (1974) Have You Never Been Mellow (1975) Clearly Love (1975) Come on Over (1976) Don't Stop Believin' (1976) Making a Good Thing Better (1977) Totally Hot (1978) Physical (1981) Soul Kiss (1985) The Rumour (1988) Warm and Tender (1989) Gaia: One Woman's Journey (1994) Back with a Heart (1998) ' Tis the Season (2000) with Vince Gill for Hallmark (2) (2002) Indigo: Women of Song (2004) Stronger Than Before (2005) for Hallmark Grace and Gratitude (2006) Christmas Wish (2007) A Celebration in Song (2008) This Christmas (2012) Two Strong Hearts Live (2015) Liv On (2016) Friends for Christmas (2016) Hopelessly Devoted: The Hits (2018) Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1965 Funny Things Happen Down Under Olivia Supporting role 1970 Toomorrow Olivia Lead role 1978 Grease Sandy Olsson Lead role 1980 Xanadu Kira Lead role Two of a Kind Debbie Wylder Lead role 1990 A Mom for Christmas Amy Miller Lead role A Christmas Romance Julia Stonecypher Lead role It's My Party Lina Bingham Supporting role 2000 Sordid Lives Bitsy Mae Harling Supporting role 2001 The Wilde Girls Jasmine Wilde Lead role 1 a Minute Herself Documentary Score: A Hockey Musical Hope Gordon Supporting role 2011 A Few Best Men Barbara Ramme Supporting role 2017 Sharknado 5: Global Swarming Orion Supporting role Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1972 The Case Herself BBC special with Cliff Richard & Tim Brooke-Taylor Eurovision Song Contest Herself United Kingdom Entry: 4th Place 1976 A Special Olivia Newton-John Herself ABC special 1977 Only Olivia Herself BBC special 1978 Olivia Herself ABC special 1980 Hollywood Nights Herself ABC special 1982 Let's Get Physical Herself ABC special Saturday Night Live Herself - Host Also musical guest Olivia in Concert Herself HBO special Olivia Down Under Herself HBO special 1990 Timeless Tales from Hallmark Herself - Host 6 episodes 1995 The Man from Snowy River Joanna Walker Recurring role (3 episodes) Tracey Takes On... Herself Episode: `` Childhood '' Murphy Brown Herself Episode: `` I Hear a Symphony '' 2001 Bette Herself Episode: `` The Invisible Mom'' 2002 A Night with Olivia Herself Channel 7 special 2003 Live in Japan 2003 Herself BS-Hi special 2003/07 American Idol Herself - Guest Judge 3 episodes 2008 Sordid Lives: The Series Bitsy Mae Harling Supporting role (12 episodes) 2009 Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List Herself Episode: `` Fly the Super Gay Skies '' Glee Herself Episodes: `` Bad Reputation '' , `` Journey to Regionals '' 2015 RuPaul's Drag Race Herself - Guest Judge Episode: `` Glamazonian Airways '' Dancing with the Stars Herself - Guest Judge Episode: `` Famous Dances Night '' Tours ( edit ) Main article: List of Olivia Newton-John concert tours Headlining If Not for You Tour (1972) Clearly Love Tour (1975) Love Performance Tour (1976) Totally Hot World Tour (1978) Physical Tour (1982-- 83) Greatest Hits Tour (1999) One Woman's Live Journey Tour (1999) Millennium Tour (2000) 30 Musical Years Tour (2001) Heartstrings World Tour (2002-- 05) 2006 World Tour (2006) Grace and Gratitude Tour (2006) Body Heart & Spirit Tour (2007) An Evening with Olivia Newton-John (2007-- 09) 2010 World Tour (2010) 2011 United States Tour (2011) A Summer Night with Olivia Newton-John (2012-- 13) Co-headlining The Main Event Tour (with John Farnham and Anthony Warlow ) (1998) Two Strong Hearts Tour (with John Farnham (2015) LIV ON In Concert (with Beth Nielsen Chapman and Amy Sky )(2017) Residency show Summer Nights (concert tour) (2014-- 2016) See also ( edit ) Book: Olivia Newton-John List of best-selling music artists List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by Australian artists List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart Olivia Newton-John: Hopelessly Devoted to You Awards and honours ( edit ) Main article: List of awards and honours received by Olivia Newton-John References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Erlewine, Michael (1997). All Music Guide to Country . San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-87930-475-1 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bennett, Sally (27 February 2012). `` Choir buddies Olivia Newton-John and Daryl Braithwaite tune up again'' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Creswell, Toby; Trenoweth, Samantha (2006-01-01). 1001 Australians You Should Know . ISBN 9781864033618 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to: G.V.R. Born (2002). `` The wide-ranging family history of Max Born'' (PDF) . royalsocietypublishing.org . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Genealogy of Tiemo Hollmann -- Born, Irene Helene'' . Tiemohollmann.de. 9 January 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Wolf, Emil (1995). `` Recollections of Max Born'' . Astrophysics and Space Science . 227 (1): 277-- 97. Bibcode : 1995Ap&SS. 227..277W . doi : 10.1007/bf00678085 . Jump up ^ Born, G.V.R. (2002). `` The Wide-Ranging Family History of Max Born'' . Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 56 (2): 219-- 62. doi : 10.1098/rsnr.2002.0180 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John Biography'' . The Biography Channel (UK) . AETN-UK. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fame & Fortune: Olivia Newton-John'' . The Telegraph. 21 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John on The Biography Channel'' . Merrymedia.co.uk. 3 February 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Windeler, Robert (31 July 1978). `` Ohh Sandy! -- Olivia Newton-John'' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to: `` Olivia Newton-John -- Hip-O Records'' . Ilovethatsong.com. 26 October 1987 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Pore-Lee-Dunn Productions (26 September 1948). `` Olivia Newton-John'' . Classicbands.com . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . `` ^ Jump up to: Windeler, Robert (24 February 1975). `` Pop's Hottest Pipes -- Olivia Newton-John'' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to: `` Olivia Newton-John Biography'' . Olivianewton-john.com . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard book of number 1 hits . ISBN 9780823076772 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to: The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country... . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest -- The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3 Jump up ^ Ehrlich, Ken (2007). At the Grammys!: Behind the Scenes... . ISBN 9781423430735 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Warner, Jay (2008). Notable Moments of Women in Music . ISBN 9781423429517 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard book of number 1 hits . ISBN 9780823076772 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams, Bill (23 November 1973). `` 50 Country Dissidents Organize New Assn., See Threat to CMA'' . Billboard : 3, 48 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Erlewine, Michael (1997). All music guide to country: the ... . ISBN 9780879304751 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE'' (PDF) . Thegazette.co.uk. 30 December 1978 . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Top Box Office'' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard book of number 1 hits . ISBN 9780823076772 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John as Sandy Olsson - The Cast of ' Grease,' Then and Now'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018-08-28 . ^ Jump up to: Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 30 May 1998 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Box Office Weekend, 27-- 29 March 1998 , BoxOfficeMojo.com; accessed 6 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Grease Sing-A-Long (2010), Trailer & Official Movie Site'' . Greasemovie.com . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 15 best-selling movie soundtracks of all time'' . Business Insider . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newton-John sues over ' Grease' album'' . USA Today . (5 December 2006). Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John Reaches Conditional Settlement Over ' Grease' Royalties'' . The San Diego Union-Tribune . 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Erlewine, Michael (1997). All music guide to country: the ... . ISBN 9780879304751 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country ... . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to: The Billboard book of number 1 hits . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Xanadu Moves Up Broadway Closing Date to 9/28'' . Broadway.com. 23 September 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Arrington, Carl (15 February 1982). `` Olivia Gets Physical -- Personal Success, Matt Lattanzi, Olivia Newton-John'' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chat 50th Anniversary -- All-Time Top Songs'' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to: The Billboard book of number 1 hits . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cannon, Bob (19 November 1993). `` Olivia Gets ' Physical ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John's `` Physical'' sexiest song ever`` . Reuters. 13 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary -- Songs of the Year 1980 to 1989'' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Carl Arrington (19 October 1983). `` Animal Magnetism -- Two of a Kind, John Travolta, Olivia Newton-John'' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Maier, Anne (19 August 1991). `` Losing Their Shirts with Olivia'' . People . Vol. 36 no. 6. TIME Inc . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-john: Hopelessly Devoted'' . Sun-Sentinel. 13 April 1987 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To Have and to Hold'' . People . 7 January 1985 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Smolowe, Jill (25 September 2000). `` Showing Her Mettle -- Olivia Newton-John Cover'' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Beveridge, Riley. `` Your AFL club's most famous supporters, from Barack Obama to Cam Newton'' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ His Song: The Musical Journey of... . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toughing It Out'' . People . 3 August 1992 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Schindehette, Susan; Schneider, Karen; O'Neill , Anne-Marie (26 October 1998). `` Victors Valiant -- Cancer, Coping and Overcoming Illness'' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About US'' . Gaiaretreat.com.au. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Billboard, 1978 , books.google.com, 1 July 1978. Jump up ^ Biodata , Olivianewton-john.com, 22 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Newton-John Records Angelou Poem For Breast Cancer'' . Contactmusic.com. 21 August 2005 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Marquez, Sandra (28 September 2006). `` Olivia Newton-John Moves On -- Personal Tragedy, Olivia Newton-John'' . People . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard. 28 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Green Hill Music-Grace And Gratitude Renewed'' . Greenhillmusic.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . CS1 maint: Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard'' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia and friends release album to better cancer research'' . Great Walk to Beijing.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mcg -- Indian Star Rallies Celebrity Support For Cancer Movie News'' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Comic Book to Track His Rise to ' Fame ' '' . Billboard. 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gay channel Logo steps into Sordid realm'' . Reuters. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Score a Hockey Musical'' . Score a Hockey Musical. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McKechnie, Brian (14 July 2010). `` TIFF 2010 Scores An Opening Night Film'' . CityNews . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ McFarlane (1999). Encyclopedia entry for `` John Farnham'' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2004 . Retrieved 4 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Farnham discography'' . Australian Charts Portal . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Albums'' . Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Winners by Artist: John Farnham'' . Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Eliezer, Christie (30 September 2000). `` Olympics sparks sales in Australia'' . AllBusiness.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Park, Jeannie (24 December 1990). `` Starring as a Mom for Christmas, Olivia Newton-John Returns to Acting in a Role She Plays All Year Round'' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Newton-John ' frantic ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Australian Associated Press . 22 August 2005 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tip line for clues on Newton John's ex'' . Australia: news.com.au. AAP. 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Newton-John's boyfriend probably drowned: report'' . Australia: ABC News . Australian Associated Press. 22 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard statement on Patrick McDermott case'' (Press release). United States Coast Guard . 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Leonard, Tom (1 April 2010). `` Olivia Newton-John's former boyfriend ' found ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Herndon, Jessica; Michelle Tan (21 April 2008). `` I Feel Grateful for Where I Am Now'' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` seattletimes.nwsource, Newton-John marries'' . Seattletimes.nwsource.com. 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Michelle Tan (10 July 2008). `` Olivia Newton-John Marries John Easterling -- Twice!'' . People . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John shares wedding joy'' . Mycelebritynews.o.uk. 15 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John and hubby buy home in Jupiter Inlet Colony'' . TCPalm.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John's back, with a few good men'' . Herald Sun . Melbourne, Australia: The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd. 14 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Tour dates at her website Jump up ^ `` Olivia's Tour dates'' . Olivianewton-john.com . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Leach, Robin (11 April 2013). `` Heart attack! Olivia Newton-John heads to the Flamingo this spring'' . Las Vegas Sun . The Greenspun Corporation . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilder, Jessica (29 May 2013). `` Olivia Newton-John's Sister Dies'' . ABC News . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff (4 February 2014). `` Olivia Newton-John to begin Las Vegas residency'' . CBS News . CBS Broadcasting, Inc. Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith, Jay (4 February 2014). `` Olivia Newton-John Announces ' Summer Nights' Vegas Residency'' . Pollstar . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John Is Still The One We Want'' . Queerty.com . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John Logs First No. 1 on Dance Club Songs Chart'' from Billboard (12 November 2015) Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton-John'' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolasco, Stephanie (30 May 2017). `` Olivia Newton-John postpones concert dates to fight cancer'' . foxnews.com . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Olivia (The Biography of Olivia Newton-John) , Tim Ewbank. (2008). Piatkus books. ISBN 978-0-7499-0983-3 . Wood, Gerry. (1998). `` Olivia Newton-John'' , in The Encyclopedia of Country Music . Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 380-- 1. The Story of the Shadows by Mike Read. 1983. Elm Tree books. ISBN 0-241-10861-6 . Rock ' n' Roll, I Gave You The Best Years Of My Life -- A Life In The Shadows by Bruce Welch ISBN 0-670-82705-3 (Penguin Books). External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olivia Newton-John . Official website Olivia Newton-John at AllMusic Olivia Newton-John on IMDb Awards and achievements Preceded by Cliff Richard with `` Power to All Our Friends '' UK in the Eurovision Song Contest Succeeded by The Shadows with `` Let Me Be the One '' Olivia Newton-John Albums Singles Videography Tours Awards and honours Studio albums If Not for You Olivia Let Me Be There Long Live Love If You Love Me, Let Me Know Have You Never Been Mellow Clearly Love Come On Over Don't Stop Believin' Making a Good Thing Better Totally Hot Physical Soul Kiss The Rumour Warm and Tender Gaia: One Woman's Journey Back with a Heart Indigo: Women of Song Stronger Than Before Grace and Gratitude Christmas Wish A Celebration in Song This Christmas Liv On Friends for Christmas Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Back to Basics: The Essential Collection 1971-- 1992 The Definitive Collection Magic Gold 40/40 Live albums Love Performance Highlights from The Main Event One Woman's Live Journey Olivia's Live Hits Two Strong Hearts Live Soundtracks Grease Xanadu Two of a Kind A Few Best Men EPs Hotel Sessions Video releases Olivia Physical Olivia in Concert Twist of Fate Soul Kiss Olivia Down Under The Main Event Video Gold Live at the Sydney Opera House Singles `` Till You Say You'll Be Mine '' `` If Not for You '' `` Banks of the Ohio '' `` What Is Life '' `` Just a Little Too Much '' `` Take Me Home, Country Roads '' `` Let Me Be There '' `` Long Live Love '' `` I Honestly Love You '' `` If You Love Me, Let Me Know '' `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' `` Please Mr. Please '' `` Something Better to Do '' `` Let It Shine '' `` Come on Over '' `` Jolene '' `` Don't Stop Believin' '' `` Every Face Tells a Story '' `` Sam '' `` You're the One That I Want '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` A Little More Love '' `` Deeper Than the Night '' `` Rest Your Love on Me '' `` Magic '' `` Xanadu '' `` Suddenly '' `` Physical '' `` Make a Move on Me '' `` Landslide '' `` Heart Attack '' `` Tied Up '' `` Twist of Fate '' `` Soul Kiss '' `` When You Wish upon a Star '' `` The Grease Megamix '' `` Mickey (Chew Fu Fix) '' Featured singles `` I Can't Help It '' `` You Have to Believe '' Other songs `` Lift Me Up '' Concert tours Totally Hot World Tour Physical Tour The Main Event Tour Greatest Hits Tour One Woman's Journey Tour 30 Musical Years Tour Heartstrings World Tour 2006 World Tour Grace and Gratitude Tour Body Heart & Spirit Tour An Evening with ONJ 2010 World Tour 2011 United States Tour A Summer Night with ONJ Summer Nights Two Strong Hearts Live Related articles Toomorrow (soundtrack) Olivia Newton-John: Hopelessly Devoted to You Max Born Pat Carrol John Farrar Tottie Goldsmith Chloe Rose Lattanzi (daughter) Matt Lattanzi (first husband) Emerson Newton-John (nephew) Book Awards for Olivia Newton-John CMA Female Vocalist of the Year Loretta Lynn (1967) Tammy Wynette (1968) Tammy Wynette (1969) Tammy Wynette (1970) Lynn Anderson (1971) Loretta Lynn (1972) Loretta Lynn (1973) Olivia Newton-John (1974) Dolly Parton (1975) Dolly Parton (1976) Crystal Gayle (1977) Crystal Gayle (1978) Barbara Mandrell (1979) Emmylou Harris (1980) Barbara Mandrell (1981) Janie Fricke (1982) Janie Fricke (1983) Reba McEntire (1984) Reba McEntire (1985) Reba McEntire (1986) Reba McEntire (1987) K.T. Oslin (1988) Kathy Mattea (1989) Kathy Mattea (1990) Tanya Tucker (1991) Mary Chapin Carpenter (1992) Mary Chapin Carpenter (1993) Pam Tillis (1994) Alison Krauss (1995) Patty Loveless (1996) Trisha Yearwood (1997) Trisha Yearwood (1998) Martina McBride (1999) Faith Hill (2000) Lee Ann Womack (2001) Martina McBride (2002) Martina McBride (2003) Martina McBride (2004) Gretchen Wilson (2005) Carrie Underwood (2006) Carrie Underwood (2007) Carrie Underwood (2008) Taylor Swift (2009) Miranda Lambert (2010) Miranda Lambert (2011) Miranda Lambert (2012) Miranda Lambert (2013) Miranda Lambert (2014) Miranda Lambert (2015) Carrie Underwood (2016) Miranda Lambert (2017) Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959− 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare) '' by Domenico Modugno (1959) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin (1960) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith (1961) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini (1962) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett (1963) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini (1964) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz (1965) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass (1966) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra (1967) `` Up, Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson ) (1968) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) (1969) `` Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson ) (1970) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) (1971) `` It's Too Late '' by Carole King (1972) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack (1973) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack (1974) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton-John (1975) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) (1976) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson (1977) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) (1978) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel (1979) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) (1980) 1981− 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross (1981) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes (1982) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) (1983) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson (1984) `` What's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner (1985) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa (1986) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood (1987) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon (1988) `` Don't Worry, Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin (1989) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler (1990) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins (1991) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole (1992) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton (1993) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston (1994) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow (1995) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal (1996) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton (1997) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin (1998) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion (1999) `` Smooth '' by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas (2000) 2001− present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr. ) (2001) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr. ) (2002) `` Don't Know Why '' by Norah Jones (2003) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) (2004) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones (2005) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) (2006) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) (2007) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse (2008) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant (2009) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon (Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill) (2010) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood) (2011) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele (2012) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2013) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers (2014) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version) by Sam Smith (2015) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2016) `` Hello '' by Adele (2017) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars (2018) People's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actress Barbra Streisand (1975) Katharine Hepburn (1976) Barbra Streisand (1977) Barbra Streisand (1978) Olivia Newton-John (1979) Jane Fonda (1980) Jane Fonda / Goldie Hawn (1981) Jane Fonda / Sally Field (1982) Jane Fonda / Katharine Hepburn (1983) Meryl Streep (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Meryl Streep (1986) Meryl Streep (1987) Glenn Close (1988) Meryl Streep (1990) Julia Roberts (1991) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Sandra Bullock (1996) Sandra Bullock (1997) Julia Roberts (1998) Sandra Bullock (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Julia Roberts (2001) Julia Roberts (2002) Julia Roberts (2003) Julia Roberts (2004) Julia Roberts (2005) Reese Witherspoon (2006) Jennifer Aniston (2007) Reese Witherspoon (2008) Reese Witherspoon (2009) Sandra Bullock (2010) Kristen Stewart (2011) Emma Stone (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Sandra Bullock (2014) Jennifer Lawrence (2015) Sandra Bullock (2016) Jennifer Lawrence (2017) Billboard Year-End number one singles (1980-- 1999) 1980: `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981: `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982: `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton-John 1983: `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984: `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985: `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham! featuring George Michael 1986: `` That's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987: `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988: `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989: `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990: `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991: `` (Everything I Do) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992: `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993: `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994: `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995: `` Gangsta's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996: `` Macarena (Bayside Boys Mix) '' -- Los del Río 1997: `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' /`` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998: `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999: `` Believe '' -- Cher Complete list ( 1946-- 1959 ) ( 1960-- 1979 ) ( 1980-- 1999 ) ( 2000-- 2019 ) WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 2135464 BNE : XX846059 BNF : cb138979391 (data) GND : 119500248 ISNI : 0000 0001 1450 5120 LCCN : n50006037 MusicBrainz : 10ccb5d8-f9d5-4954-9441-3419b522a214 NKC : xx0023623 NLA : 35484396 SNAC : w6p6344p SUDOC : 074331531 VIAF : 85449059 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivia_Newton-John&oldid=865768822 '' Categories : Olivia Newton-John 1948 births 20th-century Australian singers 20th-century British actresses 21st-century British actresses Actresses from Cambridgeshire Actresses from Melbourne ARIA Award winners ARIA Hall of Fame inductees Australian female pop singers Australian country singers Australian dance musicians Australian expatriate actresses in the United States Australian film actresses Australian Living Treasures Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire Australian people of English descent Australian people of German descent Australian people of German-Jewish descent Australian people of Welsh descent Australian television actresses British country singers British dance musicians British Eurovision Song Contest entrants British expatriates in the United States British soft rock musicians Daytime Emmy Award winners EMI Records artists English emigrants to Australia English female singers English film actresses English people of German-Jewish descent English people of Welsh descent English pop singers English television actresses Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1974 Grammy Award winners Living people MCA Records artists Naturalised citizens of Australia Officers of the Order of Australia People educated at University High School, Melbourne People from Cambridge People with cancer Pye Records artists Singers from Cambridgeshire Singers from Melbourne Uni Records artists 20th-century women singers 21st-century women singers Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Archived copy as title CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 EngvarB from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân -lâm -gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 吴语 粵語 中文42moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon26October2018,at01:10(UTC).TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 5481944065308840180 |
when do dr bailey and ben get married | They become engaged nonetheless , and new interns at SGMW refer to her as BCB ( `` Booty Call Bailey '' ) : whenever Ben is in town she is giddy and has sex with him as much as possible . On the way to her wedding , Bailey is pulled in to perform surgery on Richard 's wife , Adele . After saving Adele , she returns to the venue and marries Ben . She launches a genome mapping program , and Meredith is the first one to test it . An investigation of Bailey takes place after three of her patients contracted an infection and died . It concludes that Bailey transmitted the infection via permeable gloves , a new brand that the hospital started using . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Miranda Bailey Grey 's Anatomy character The season nine promotional photograph of Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Chandra Wilson Information Nickname ( s ) The Nazi Dr. B Mandy BCB ( Booty Call Bailey ) Occupation Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Attending General Surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family William Bailey ( father ) Elena Bailey ( mother ) Danielle Bailey ( sister , deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Tucker Jones ( divorced ) Ben Warren Significant other ( s ) Eli Lloyd Children William George `` Tucker '' Bailey Jones Religion Christianity",
"Miranda Bailey",
"Grey 's Anatomy character",
"The season nine promotional photograph of Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey",
"First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005",
"Created by Shonda Rhimes",
"Portrayed by Chandra Wilson",
"Information",
"Nickname ( s ) The Nazi Dr. B Mandy BCB ( Booty Call Bailey )",
"Occupation Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Attending General Surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital",
"Title Chief of Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S.",
"Family William Bailey ( father ) Elena Bailey ( mother ) Danielle Bailey ( sister , deceased )",
"Spouse ( s ) Tucker Jones ( divorced ) Ben Warren",
"Significant other ( s ) Eli Lloyd",
"Children William George `` Tucker '' Bailey Jones",
"Religion Christianity",
"Miranda Bailey , is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy . The character was created by series creator and producer Shonda Rhimes , and has been portrayed by actress Chandra Wilson since the show 's inception in 2005 . Wilson has reprised her role in the spin - off series Private Practice and Station 19 .",
"Introduced as a resident in general surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital , Bailey works her way up to the attending physician level , and is eventually named Chief of Surgery . Her relationship with the five surgical interns she is in charge of - Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) - is a focal point at the beginning of the series .",
"Miranda Bailey married Tucker Jones in 1995 and is a Wellesley College graduate .",
"She is introduced to the interns as `` The Nazi '' in the first season premiere because of her tough personality and blunt attitude . When she was still a resident , Webber once pointed out that she disliked nearly every attending she worked under ; the attendings take her seriously due to her formidable reputation as an excellent surgeon . Off the bat she tells her interns to `` not bother sucking up cause I already hate you and that 's not going to change '' ; however , Miranda 's more motherly and protective side is exhibited , as she is shown to care about not only her patients , but also her colleagues . She is protective of her interns , as shown when she warns Derek to stay away from Meredith . Miranda stays beside Cristina 's side as she recovers from surgery . It is later revealed that she has been married to her husband Tucker Jones ( Cress Williams ) for ten years and that she is pregnant . Her son is born during a bomb scare at Seattle Grace while her husband is being treated in surgery for injuries from a car crash . George O'Malley helped her through labor , and she thanked him by naming her son William George Bailey Jones ( though he is nicknamed `` Tuck '' ) .",
"Bailey adjusts to becoming a parent and reconciling this with her desire to continue her career as a surgeon . Her professional confidence was shaken and questioned by other surgeons when Izzie Stevens cut Denny Duquette 's LVAD wire and Denny subsequently died . Christina kept Burke 's secret about his disabled hand , and Bailey felt that she was n't in control of her interns , and that she was ultimately responsible for these incidents . Dr. Richard Webber , Chief of Surgery , comforts her saying `` You raised them like babies , and some of them turn out just like you '' . Disillusioned by how little she can help patients as a surgeon , Bailey pushes to open a free clinic at Seattle Grace . Izzie helps pay for it from a multi-million dollar bequest from Denny Duquette , whom she had loved . Bailey loses the post of Chief Resident to Callie Torres .",
"Bailey decides to back up Torres , which the Chief observes . He says that he made a mistake in not choosing Bailey in the first place . Miranda helped save the life of a white supremacist paramedic despite his racist treatment of her . When closing his stomach after the surgery , she comments to George that the incision will need to be aligned better , thus ruining the patient 's large swastika tattoo on his stomach . Following severe injuries to her son and several arguments over the state of their marriage , Dr. Bailey and her husband separated . Realizing that she can not perform surgery and direct the clinic , Bailey chooses Izzie Stevens for the position . She has shown both commitment and talent for it .",
"After watching the residents fight after the chance to do a solo surgery , Bailey realizes that she has become somewhat bored with General Surgery and may need a change of specialty . She became drawn to Pediatric surgery after working on a number of pediatric case and working closely with , ( and having many arguments with ) , Arizona Robbins , a pediatric surgeon . Chief Webber is unhappy with Bailey 's decision to leave General Surgery , and discouraged her at every opportunity , giving her an uninspiring letter of recommendation and purchasing a surgical robot to lure her back to General Surgery . Ultimately , Bailey decided to continue to pursue her career in General Surgery because she had a fight with her husband who said that if she accepted a position as a Peds fellow , he would divorce her . She decides to go through with the divorce and states there will be no time to start a new specialty as a single - mom . Additionally , Bailey supports Stevens through her rounds of chemo and cancer treatments .",
"After declining a fellowship in Pediatrics , Bailey starts as an Attending in General Surgery . Bailey is so deeply saddened by the news of George 's death and Izzie 's near - death that she realizes that she is caring about them like her own children . She begins a relationship with the anesthesiologist from Mercy West , Ben Warren . A gunman enters the hospital , believing that the staff had failed his wife . He shoots several people , including resident Charles Percy , whom Bailey is unable to save because the elevators are shut down during the crisis and she ca n't get him to an OR . She grows close with a patient , Mary Portman , when she fights to save Charles ' life . Charles dies in Miranda 's lap . As Miranda comforts him , Charles says , `` You ( Bailey ) were always my favorite , I thought you should know '' .",
"Distraught by these experiences , Bailey takes time off to visit her parents with her son . On her return , she breaks up with Ben . Mary Portman returns for her surgery , which appears to go well , but she does not wake up . They can not discover what caused her death . Miranda starts on a quest to cure fistulas and encounters a nurse , Eli , whom she starts dating .",
"Bailey is offended when Meredith violates the rules of the Alzheimer 's clinical trial in order to help the Chief 's wife . She berates Meredith ; the Chief resigns as head of surgery because of Meredith 's action . Bailey resumes control of Ellis Grey 's Diabetes trial , and Webber pushes her to forgive Meredith and choose her as staff for the trial . Bailey forgives Meredith . She breaks off her relationship with Eli , not wanting to pursue it further , and renews her relationships with Ben the anesthesiologist . She eventually moves in with him , but he gains a surgical internship in California .",
"They become engaged nonetheless , and new interns at SGMW refer to her as BCB ( `` Booty Call Bailey '' ) : whenever Ben is in town she is giddy and has sex with him as much as possible . On the way to her wedding , Bailey is pulled in to perform surgery on Richard 's wife , Adele . After saving Adele , she returns to the venue and marries Ben . She launches a genome mapping program , and Meredith is the first one to test it . An investigation of Bailey takes place after three of her patients contracted an infection and died . It concludes that Bailey transmitted the infection via permeable gloves , a new brand that the hospital started using .",
"Following that incident , Bailey shuts everyone out for some time , because she feels that she is dirty and contaminated . She blamed Dr. Webber the most for abandoning her and avoids him altogether . Eventually , her husband , Ben , flies to Seattle to get her out of the genome lab . In the first part of the season finale , Bailey returns to work but does not go into the surgical OR . Eventually , with Dr. Webber 's stern push , she decides to be on the OR rotation for the upcoming storm along with her intern , Shane Ross .",
"Webber suffers electrical injuries and Bailey takes him as a patient . Bailey 's husband Ben returns for Halloween and says that he has dropped out of residency to spend more time with her and Tuck. Bailey is not impressed by this decision , and starts exhibiting some odd behaviors . Ben suggests that Bailey might have developed OCD after what happened with the CDC investigation .",
"Dr Bailey gets very upset when Ben shows interest as a Fire Fighter , after the Fire Incident when Dr Edwards sets fire in Grey Sloane Memorial to defend her from the Rapist ( Rings of Fire ) . He claims to give him `` The Rush '' .",
"Later that season , Miranda Bailey gets hospitalized due to a heart attack .",
"Shonda Rhimes intended the character of Bailey to be a tiny blonde with curls as `` it would be unexpected to have this sweet - looking person open her mouth and say tough things . '' However , Wilson 's audition went so well that she was offered the part , and the character was rewritten . Sandra Oh was initially looking to audition for the part of Dr. Bailey . Of her role , Wilson said : `` I thought it was endearing ; endearing as the word ' Nazi ' can be . '' Wilson explained how she plays Bailey :",
"`` It 's a teacher 's mentality . The pilot described me as the Nazi , so I had to think about that and try to relate . It 's about my demeanor , how I carry myself , demanding respect from my students . Once I have that , I just teach . ''",
"`` It 's a teacher 's mentality . The pilot described me as the Nazi , so I had to think about that and try to relate . It 's about my demeanor , how I carry myself , demanding respect from my students . Once I have that , I just teach . ''",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2013 )",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2013 )",
"Bailey has been characterized as `` straightforward '' , `` tough '' , and `` quick - witted '' by Grey 's Anatomy executives . Reflecting on her character , Chandra Wilson said : `` I think a strength and a weakness for her is her ego . The strength part is great because it really does make her a really good physician . She 's really good at her job and she continues to evolve and she continues to look at ways to be ' value added ' at the hospital and is incredibly independent . That independence has certainly gotten in the way of her personal relationships . It 's gotten in the way of her being a team player on many occasions . ''",
"USA Today TV critic wrote in 2006 that Emmy voters could consider Chandra Wilson because she adds `` warmth and humor to Bailey without making her go all squishy . '' Reviewing the show 's fourth season , Patrick Luce of Monsters and Critics found Bailey `` one of the most interesting characters to watch '' as `` she had to deal with losing a promotion to Sara Ramírez 's Dr. Torres ; her own marriage trouble ; and the continued stress of balancing being a mom and being a doctor . '' He also appreciated the fact that people got to see `` a softer side '' of her while she kept `` all the biting satire and sarcasm that made the character great . '' Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times deemed Bailey and Sam her favorite pairing of the Grey 's Anatomy and Private Practice crossover , praising : `` The grief he gave her about becoming a pediatric surgeon ... the grief she gave him for letting ex-wife Naomi go and wind up in the arms of Archer ... the fist bump . I say again , the fist bump ! Together , Chandra Wilson and Taye Diggs are hilarious and touching and all sorts of fabulous . Here 's hoping this is n't the last we ever see of this unexpectedly dynamic duo . '' Fellow Los Angeles Times critic , Carina MacKenzie , welcomed Bailey 's `` flirtation '' with Ben ( Jason George ) because it was `` nice to see her fun , flirty side '' presented with a bit of humor after the deterioration of her relationship with Tucker . Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres ' friendship in the first half of the ninth season , calling it `` the one bright spot '' : `` They joke , they tease each other , they offer sage love advice to one another , now that they 're both on their second marriages . '' Entertainment Weekly included Bailey in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . AOL TV named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters .",
"Chandra Wilson has received multiple nominations for her portrayal of Dr. Miranda Bailey . She won a 2007 Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the show 's third season . She has been nominated each year from 2006 to 2009 at the Emmy Awards for `` Supporting Actress in a Drama Series '' , losing in 2007 to co-star Katherine Heigl in the role of Izzie Stevens for the performance in the episode `` Oh , the Guilt '' . She has also been praised for her performance in Grey 's Anatomy at the Screen Actors Guild Awards , receiving three nominations along with the other cast members for `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' each year from 2006 to 2008 , with the 2007 Awards marking a victory ."
] | Miranda Bailey - Wikipedia Miranda Bailey Jump to: navigation , search This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Miranda Bailey Grey's Anatomy character The season nine promotional photograph of Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey First appearance `` A Hard Day's Night '' (1.01) March 27, 2005 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Chandra Wilson Information Nickname(s) The Nazi Dr. B Mandy BCB (Booty Call Bailey) Occupation Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Attending General Surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family William Bailey (father) Elena Bailey (mother) Danielle Bailey (sister, deceased) Spouse(s) Tucker Jones (divorced) Ben Warren Significant other(s) Eli Lloyd Children William George `` Tucker'' Bailey Jones Religion Christianity Miranda Bailey , is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy . The character was created by series creator and producer Shonda Rhimes , and has been portrayed by actress Chandra Wilson since the show's inception in 2005. Wilson has reprised her role in the spin-off series Private Practice and Station 19 . Introduced as a resident in general surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital, Bailey works her way up to the attending physician level, and is eventually named Chief of Surgery. Her relationship with the five surgical interns she is in charge of - Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ), Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ), Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ), George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) - is a focal point at the beginning of the series. Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Miranda Bailey married Tucker Jones in 1995 and is a Wellesley College graduate. She is introduced to the interns as `` The Nazi'' in the first season premiere because of her tough personality and blunt attitude. When she was still a resident, Webber once pointed out that she disliked nearly every attending she worked under; the attendings take her seriously due to her formidable reputation as an excellent surgeon. Off the bat she tells her interns to `` not bother sucking up cause I already hate you and that's not going to change'' ; however, Miranda's more motherly and protective side is exhibited, as she is shown to care about not only her patients, but also her colleagues. She is protective of her interns, as shown when she warns Derek to stay away from Meredith. Miranda stays beside Cristina's side as she recovers from surgery. It is later revealed that she has been married to her husband Tucker Jones ( Cress Williams ) for ten years and that she is pregnant. Her son is born during a bomb scare at Seattle Grace while her husband is being treated in surgery for injuries from a car crash. George O'Malley helped her through labor, and she thanked him by naming her son William George Bailey Jones (though he is nicknamed `` Tuck'' ). Bailey adjusts to becoming a parent and reconciling this with her desire to continue her career as a surgeon. Her professional confidence was shaken and questioned by other surgeons when Izzie Stevens cut Denny Duquette's LVAD wire and Denny subsequently died. Christina kept Burke's secret about his disabled hand, and Bailey felt that she wasn't in control of her interns, and that she was ultimately responsible for these incidents. Dr. Richard Webber , Chief of Surgery, comforts her saying `` You raised them like babies, and some of them turn out just like you'' . Disillusioned by how little she can help patients as a surgeon, Bailey pushes to open a free clinic at Seattle Grace. Izzie helps pay for it from a multi-million dollar bequest from Denny Duquette , whom she had loved. Bailey loses the post of Chief Resident to Callie Torres . Bailey decides to back up Torres, which the Chief observes. He says that he made a mistake in not choosing Bailey in the first place. Miranda helped save the life of a white supremacist paramedic despite his racist treatment of her. When closing his stomach after the surgery, she comments to George that the incision will need to be aligned better, thus ruining the patient's large swastika tattoo on his stomach. Following severe injuries to her son and several arguments over the state of their marriage, Dr. Bailey and her husband separated . Realizing that she cannot perform surgery and direct the clinic, Bailey chooses Izzie Stevens for the position. She has shown both commitment and talent for it. After watching the residents fight after the chance to do a solo surgery, Bailey realizes that she has become somewhat bored with General Surgery and may need a change of specialty. She became drawn to Pediatric surgery after working on a number of pediatric case and working closely with, (and having many arguments with), Arizona Robbins , a pediatric surgeon. Chief Webber is unhappy with Bailey's decision to leave General Surgery, and discouraged her at every opportunity, giving her an uninspiring letter of recommendation and purchasing a surgical robot to lure her back to General Surgery. Ultimately, Bailey decided to continue to pursue her career in General Surgery because she had a fight with her husband who said that if she accepted a position as a Peds fellow, he would divorce her. She decides to go through with the divorce and states there will be no time to start a new specialty as a single-mom. Additionally, Bailey supports Stevens through her rounds of chemo and cancer treatments. After declining a fellowship in Pediatrics, Bailey starts as an Attending in General Surgery. Bailey is so deeply saddened by the news of George's death and Izzie's near-death that she realizes that she is caring about them like her own children. She begins a relationship with the anesthesiologist from Mercy West, Ben Warren. A gunman enters the hospital, believing that the staff had failed his wife. He shoots several people, including resident Charles Percy, whom Bailey is unable to save because the elevators are shut down during the crisis and she can't get him to an OR. She grows close with a patient, Mary Portman, when she fights to save Charles' life. Charles dies in Miranda's lap. As Miranda comforts him, Charles says, `` You (Bailey) were always my favorite, I thought you should know'' . Distraught by these experiences, Bailey takes time off to visit her parents with her son. On her return, she breaks up with Ben. Mary Portman returns for her surgery, which appears to go well, but she does not wake up. They cannot discover what caused her death. Miranda starts on a quest to cure fistulas and encounters a nurse, Eli, whom she starts dating. Bailey is offended when Meredith violates the rules of the Alzheimer's clinical trial in order to help the Chief's wife. She berates Meredith; the Chief resigns as head of surgery because of Meredith's action. Bailey resumes control of Ellis Grey's Diabetes trial, and Webber pushes her to forgive Meredith and choose her as staff for the trial. Bailey forgives Meredith. She breaks off her relationship with Eli, not wanting to pursue it further, and renews her relationships with Ben the anesthesiologist. She eventually moves in with him, but he gains a surgical internship in California. They become engaged nonetheless, and new interns at SGMW refer to her as BCB (`` Booty Call Bailey'' ): whenever Ben is in town she is giddy and has sex with him as much as possible. On the way to her wedding, Bailey is pulled in to perform surgery on Richard's wife, Adele. After saving Adele, she returns to the venue and marries Ben. She launches a genome mapping program , and Meredith is the first one to test it. An investigation of Bailey takes place after three of her patients contracted an infection and died. It concludes that Bailey transmitted the infection via permeable gloves, a new brand that the hospital started using. Following that incident, Bailey shuts everyone out for some time, because she feels that she is dirty and contaminated. She blamed Dr. Webber the most for abandoning her and avoids him altogether. Eventually, her husband, Ben, flies to Seattle to get her out of the genome lab. In the first part of the season finale, Bailey returns to work but does not go into the surgical OR. Eventually, with Dr. Webber's stern push, she decides to be on the OR rotation for the upcoming storm along with her intern, Shane Ross. Webber suffers electrical injuries and Bailey takes him as a patient. Bailey's husband Ben returns for Halloween and says that he has dropped out of residency to spend more time with her and Tuck. Bailey is not impressed by this decision, and starts exhibiting some odd behaviors. Ben suggests that Bailey might have developed OCD after what happened with the CDC investigation. Dr Bailey gets very upset when Ben shows interest as a Fire Fighter, after the Fire Incident when Dr Edwards sets fire in Grey Sloane Memorial to defend her from the Rapist (Rings of Fire). He claims to give him `` The Rush'' . Later that season, Miranda Bailey gets hospitalized due to a heart attack. Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Shonda Rhimes intended the character of Bailey to be a tiny blonde with curls as `` it would be unexpected to have this sweet-looking person open her mouth and say tough things.'' However, Wilson's audition went so well that she was offered the part, and the character was rewritten. Sandra Oh was initially looking to audition for the part of Dr. Bailey. Of her role, Wilson said: `` I thought it was endearing; endearing as the word ' Nazi' can be.'' Wilson explained how she plays Bailey: `` It's a teacher's mentality. The pilot described me as the Nazi, so I had to think about that and try to relate. It's about my demeanor, how I carry myself, demanding respect from my students. Once I have that, I just teach. '' Characterization ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (April 2013) Bailey has been characterized as `` straightforward'' , `` tough'' , and `` quick-witted'' by Grey's Anatomy executives. Reflecting on her character, Chandra Wilson said: `` I think a strength and a weakness for her is her ego. The strength part is great because it really does make her a really good physician. She's really good at her job and she continues to evolve and she continues to look at ways to be ' value added' at the hospital and is incredibly independent. That independence has certainly gotten in the way of her personal relationships. It's gotten in the way of her being a team player on many occasions.'' Reception ( edit ) USA Today TV critic wrote in 2006 that Emmy voters could consider Chandra Wilson because she adds `` warmth and humor to Bailey without making her go all squishy.'' Reviewing the show's fourth season, Patrick Luce of Monsters and Critics found Bailey `` one of the most interesting characters to watch'' as `` she had to deal with losing a promotion to Sara Ramírez 's Dr. Torres; her own marriage trouble; and the continued stress of balancing being a mom and being a doctor.'' He also appreciated the fact that people got to see `` a softer side'' of her while she kept `` all the biting satire and sarcasm that made the character great.'' Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times deemed Bailey and Sam her favorite pairing of the Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice crossover, praising: `` The grief he gave her about becoming a pediatric surgeon ... the grief she gave him for letting ex-wife Naomi go and wind up in the arms of Archer ... the fist bump. I say again, the fist bump! Together, Chandra Wilson and Taye Diggs are hilarious and touching and all sorts of fabulous. Here's hoping this isn't the last we ever see of this unexpectedly dynamic duo.'' Fellow Los Angeles Times critic, Carina MacKenzie, welcomed Bailey's `` flirtation'' with Ben ( Jason George ) because it was `` nice to see her fun, flirty side'' presented with a bit of humor after the deterioration of her relationship with Tucker. Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres' friendship in the first half of the ninth season, calling it `` the one bright spot'' : `` They joke, they tease each other, they offer sage love advice to one another, now that they're both on their second marriages.'' Entertainment Weekly included Bailey in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses'' . AOL TV named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters. Chandra Wilson has received multiple nominations for her portrayal of Dr. Miranda Bailey. She won a 2007 Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the show's third season . She has been nominated each year from 2006 to 2009 at the Emmy Awards for `` Supporting Actress in a Drama Series'' , losing in 2007 to co-star Katherine Heigl in the role of Izzie Stevens for the performance in the episode `` Oh, the Guilt '' . She has also been praised for her performance in Grey's Anatomy at the Screen Actors Guild Awards , receiving three nominations along with the other cast members for `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series'' each year from 2006 to 2008, with the 2007 Awards marking a victory. References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Season 2, Episode 17 -- `` As We Know It '' Jump up ^ Winfrey, Oprah (December 2006). `` Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes'' . O, The Oprah Magazine . Harpo Productions, Inc. p. 5 . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandra Oh (2007). Grey's Anatomy -- Sandra Oh Audition . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0:05-- 0:15 . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ Fogel, Matthew (May 8, 2005). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' Goes Colorblind'' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ McDaniel, Mike (August 10, 2006). `` Grey's Anatomy role nets actress an Emmy bid'' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved September 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) Bio'' . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 9, 2013 . Retrieved June 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ Samson, Janalen (April 25, 2013). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' Exclusive Interview: Chandra Wilson Says Bailey ' Didn't Do Anything Wrong ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 26, 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (May 14, 2006). `` The cure for bromidic TV: ' Grey's Anatomy,' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved February 8, 2013 . Jump up ^ Luce, Patrick (September 14, 2008). `` Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Fourth Season (Expanded) -- DVD Review'' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved June 20, 2012 . Jump up ^ Malcom, Shawna (February 13, 2009). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' : Crossing over at Seattle Grace'' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009-07-22 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Carina (March 12, 2010). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' : Love is in the air for Bailey'' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 14, 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (January 23, 2013). `` Now That Private Practice Is Over, Addison Should Go Back to Grey's Anatomy'' . New York . Retrieved February 1, 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Amy (June 15, 2009). `` Paging Dr. Feelgood: 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses'' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ Potts, Kim (March 2, 2011). `` 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters'' . AOL TV . Retrieved July 16, 2012 . General `` Grey's Anatomy: Episode Recap Guide'' . ABC . Retrieved June 19, 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Grey's Anatomy at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin-offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto (Mexican telenovela) A Corazón Abierto (Colombian telenovela) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_Bailey&oldid=835306072 '' Categories : Grey's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional African-American people Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional female doctors Crossover characters in television Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2011 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from April 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018, at 21:37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -9044803827526745891 |
the following html code should only exist within which one of the following tags | The BlueGriffon HTML editor , in versions 1.7. x makes comments that are not embedded in the syntax structure < style > ... ( comment tags ) ... < / style > show up on screen . Other HTML editors may have this same defect . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"HTML HTML Dynamic HTML HTML5 audio canvas video XHTML Basic Mobile Profile C - HTML HTML element span and div HTML attribute HTML frame HTML editor Character encodings Unicode Language code Document Object Model Browser Object Model Style sheets CSS Font family Web colors HTML scripting JavaScript WebGL WebCL W3C Validator WHATWG Quirks mode Web storage Web browser ( layout ) engine Comparisons Document markup languages Web browsers HTML Non-standard HTML HTML5 canvas media XHTML 1.1",
"HTML",
"HTML Dynamic HTML HTML5 audio canvas video XHTML Basic Mobile Profile C - HTML HTML element span and div HTML attribute HTML frame HTML editor Character encodings Unicode Language code Document Object Model Browser Object Model Style sheets CSS Font family Web colors HTML scripting JavaScript WebGL WebCL W3C Validator WHATWG Quirks mode Web storage Web browser ( layout ) engine",
"HTML Dynamic HTML HTML5 audio canvas video XHTML Basic Mobile Profile C - HTML HTML element span and div HTML attribute HTML frame HTML editor Character encodings Unicode Language code Document Object Model Browser Object Model Style sheets CSS Font family Web colors HTML scripting JavaScript WebGL WebCL W3C Validator WHATWG Quirks mode Web storage Web browser ( layout ) engine",
"HTML5 audio canvas video",
"audio canvas video",
"XHTML Basic Mobile Profile C - HTML",
"Basic Mobile Profile C - HTML",
"C - HTML",
"HTML element span and div",
"span and div",
"span and div",
"Character encodings Unicode",
"Unicode",
"Document Object Model",
"Browser Object Model",
"Style sheets CSS",
"CSS",
"JavaScript WebGL WebCL",
"WebGL WebCL",
"W3C Validator",
"Validator",
"Web browser ( layout ) engine",
"Comparisons",
"Document markup languages Web browsers HTML Non-standard HTML HTML5 canvas media XHTML 1.1",
"Document markup languages Web browsers HTML Non-standard HTML HTML5 canvas media XHTML 1.1",
"Document markup languages",
"HTML5 canvas media",
"canvas media",
"XHTML 1.1",
"1.1",
"",
"",
"An HTML element is an individual component of an HTML document or web page , once this has been parsed into the Document Object Model . HTML is composed of a tree of HTML nodes , such as text nodes . Each node can have HTML attributes specified . Nodes can also have content , including other nodes and text . Many HTML nodes represent semantics , or meaning . For example , the title node represents the title of the document .",
"HTML documents are delivered as `` documents '' . These are then parsed , which turns them into the Document Object Model ( DOM ) internal representation , within the web browser .",
"Presentation by the web browser , such as screen rendering or access by JavaScript , is then performed on this internal model , not the original document .",
"Early HTML documents , and to a lesser extent today , were largely invalid HTML and riddled with syntax errors . The parsing process was also required to `` fix - up '' these errors , as best it could . The resultant model was often not correct ( i.e. it did not represent what a careless coder had originally intended ) , but it would at least be valid , according to the HTML standard . A valid model was produced , no matter how bad the `` tag soup '' supplied had been . Only in the rarest cases would the parser abandon parsing altogether .",
"`` Elements '' and `` tags '' are terms that are widely confused . HTML documents contain tags , but do not contain the elements . The elements are only generated after the parsing step , from these tags .",
"As is generally understood , the position of an element is indicated as spanning from a start tag , possibly including some child content , and is terminated by an end tag . This is the case for many , but not all , elements within an HTML document .",
"As HTML is based on SGML , its parsing also depends on the use of a DTD , specifically an HTML DTD such as that for HTML 4.01 . The DTD specifies which element types are possible ( i.e. it defines the set of element types that go to make up HTML ) and it also specifies the valid combinations in which they may appear in a document . It is part of general SGML behavior that where only one valid structure is possible ( per the DTD ) , it is not generally a requirement that the document explicitly states that structure . As a simple example , the < p > start tag indicating the start of a paragraph element should be closed by a < / p > end tag , indicating the end of the element . Also the DTD states that paragraph elements can not be nested . The HTML document fragment :",
"< p > Para 1 < p > Para 2 < p > Para 3",
"< p > Para 1 < p > Para 2 < p > Para 3",
"can thus be inferred to be equivalent to :",
"< p > Para 1 < / p > < p > Para 2 < / p > < p > Para 3",
"< p > Para 1 < / p > < p > Para 2 < / p > < p > Para 3",
"( If one paragraph element can not contain another , any currently open paragraph must be closed before starting another . )",
"Because of this implied behavior , based on the combination of the DTD and the individual document , it is not possible to infer elements from the document tags alone , but only by also using an SGML or HTML aware parser , with knowledge of the DTD .",
"SGML is complex , which has limited its widespread adoption and understanding . XML was developed as a simpler alternative . XML is similar to SGML , that can also use the DTD mechanism to specify the supported elements and their permitted combinations as document structure . XML parsing is simpler . The relation from tags to elements is always that of parsing the actual tags included in the document , without the implied closures that are part of SGML .",
"In Macros HTML can be formed as XML , either through XHTML or through HTML5 , the parsing of document tags as DOM elements is simplified . Once the DOM of elements is obtained , behaviour beyond that point ( i.e. screen rendering ) is identical .",
"Part of this CSS presentation behavior is the notion of the `` box model '' . This is applied to those elements that CSS considers to be `` block '' elements , set through the CSS display : block ; declaration .",
"HTML also has a similar concept , although different , and the two are very frequently confused . % block ; and % inline ; are groups within the HTML DTD that group elements as being either `` block - level '' or `` inline '' . This is used to define their nesting behavior : block - level elements can not be placed into an inline context . This behavior can not be changed , it is fixed in the DTD . Block and inline elements have the appropriate and different CSS behaviors attached to them by default , including the relevance of the box model for particular element types .",
"Note though that this CSS behavior can , and frequently is , changed from the default . Lists with < ul > < li > ... are % block ; elements and are presented as block elements by default . However , it is quite common to set these with CSS to display as an inline list .",
"In the HTML syntax , most elements are written with a start tag and an end tag , with the content in between . An HTML tag is composed of the name of the element , surrounded by angle brackets . An end tag also has a slash after the opening angle bracket , to distinguish it from the start tag . For example , a paragraph , which is represented by the p element , would be written as",
"However , not all of these elements require the end tag , or even the start tag , to be present . Some elements , the so - called void elements or empty elements , do not have an end tag . A typical example is the br element , which represents a significant line break , such as in a poem or an address . A void element 's behavior is predefined , and it can not contain any content or other elements . For example , an address would be written as",
"When using an XHTML DTD , it is required to open and close the element with a single tag . To specify that it is a void element , a `` / '' is included at the end of the tag ( not to be confused with the `` / '' at the beginning of a closing tag ) .",
"HTML attributes are specified inside the start tag . For example , the abbr element , which represents an abbreviation , expects a title attribute within its opening tag . This would be written as",
"There are multiple kinds of HTML elements : void elements , raw text elements , and normal elements .",
"Void elements only have a start tag , which contains any HTML attributes . They may not contain any children , such as text or other elements . Often they are place holders for elements which reference external files , such as the image ( < img / > ) element . The attributes included in the element will then point to the external file in question . Another example of a void element is the < link / > element , for which the syntax is",
"This < link / > element points the browser at a style sheet to use when presenting the HTML document to the user . Note that in the HTML syntax , attributes do n't have to be quoted if they are composed only of certain characters : letters , digits , the hyphen - minus and the full stop . When using the XML syntax ( XHTML ) , on the other hand , all attributes must be quoted , and a trailing slash is required before the last angle bracket :",
"Raw text elements are constructed with :",
"a start tag ( < tag > ) marking the beginning of an element , which may incorporate any number of HTML attributes ; some amount of text content , but no elements ( all tags , apart from the applicable end tag , will be interpreted as content ) ; an end tag , in which the element name is prefixed with a slash : < / tag > . In some versions of HTML , the end tag is optional for some elements . The end tag is required in XHTML .",
"a start tag ( < tag > ) marking the beginning of an element , which may incorporate any number of HTML attributes ;",
"some amount of text content , but no elements ( all tags , apart from the applicable end tag , will be interpreted as content ) ;",
"an end tag , in which the element name is prefixed with a slash : < / tag > . In some versions of HTML , the end tag is optional for some elements . The end tag is required in XHTML .",
"Normal elements usually have both a start tag and an end tag , although for some elements the end tag , or both tags , can be omitted . It is constructed in a similar way :",
"a start tag ( < tag > ) marking the beginning of an element , which may incorporate any number of HTML attributes ; some amount of content , including text and other elements ; an end tag , in which the element name is prefixed with a slash : < / tag > .",
"a start tag ( < tag > ) marking the beginning of an element , which may incorporate any number of HTML attributes ;",
"some amount of content , including text and other elements ;",
"an end tag , in which the element name is prefixed with a slash : < / tag > .",
"HTML attributes define desired behavior or indicate additional element properties . Most attributes require a value . In HTML , the value can be left unquoted if it does n't include spaces ( name = value ) , or it can be quoted with single or double quotes ( name = ' value ' or name = `` value '' ) . In XML , those quotes are required . Boolean attributes , on the other hand , do n't require a value to be specified . An example is the checked for checkboxes :",
"In the XML syntax , though , the name should be repeated as the value :",
"Informally , HTML elements are sometimes referred to as `` tags '' ( an example of synecdoche ) , though many prefer the term tag strictly in reference to the markup delimiting the start and end of an element .",
"Element ( and attribute ) names may be written in any combination of upper or lower case in HTML , but must be in lower case in XHTML . The canonical form was upper - case until HTML 4 , and was used in HTML specifications , but in recent years , lower - case has become more common .",
"HTML elements are defined in a series of freely available open standards issued since 1995 , initially by the IETF and subsequently by the W3C .",
"During the browser wars of the 1990s , developers of user agents ( e.g. web browsers ) often developed their own elements , some of which have been adopted in later standards . Other user agents may not recognize non-standard elements , and they will be ignored , possibly causing the page to be displayed improperly .",
"In 1998 , XML ( a simplified form of SGML ) introduced mechanisms to allow anyone to develop their own elements and incorporate them in XHTML documents , for use with XML - aware user agents .",
"Subsequently , HTML 4.01 was rewritten in an XML - compatible form , XHTML 1.0 ( eXtensible HTML ) . The elements in each are identical , and in most cases valid XHTML 1.0 documents will be valid or nearly valid HTML 4.01 documents . This article mainly focuses on real HTML , unless noted otherwise ; however , it remains applicable to XHTML . ( See HTML for a discussion of the minor differences between the two ) .",
"Since the first version of HTML , several elements have become outmoded , and are deprecated in later standards , or do not appear at all , in which case they are invalid ( and will be found invalid , and perhaps not displayed , by validating user agents ) .",
"At present , the status of elements is complicated by the existence of three types of HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 DTD :",
"Transitional , which contain deprecated elements , but which were intended to provide a transitional period during which authors could update their practices ; Frameset , which are versions of the Transitional DTDs which also allow authors to write frameset documents ; Strict , which is the up - to - date ( as at 1999 ) form of HTML .",
"Transitional , which contain deprecated elements , but which were intended to provide a transitional period during which authors could update their practices ;",
"Frameset , which are versions of the Transitional DTDs which also allow authors to write frameset documents ;",
"Strict , which is the up - to - date ( as at 1999 ) form of HTML .",
"The first Standard ( HTML 2.0 ) contained four deprecated elements , one of which was invalid in HTML 3.2 . All four are invalid in HTML 4.01 Transitional , which also deprecated a further ten elements . All of these , plus two others , are invalid in HTML 4.01 Strict . While the frame elements are still current in the sense of being present in the Transitional and Frameset DTDs , there are no plans to preserve them in future standards , as their function has been largely replaced , and they are highly problematic for user accessibility .",
"( Strictly speaking , the most recent XHTML standard , XHTML 1.1 ( 2001 ) , does not include frames at all ; it is approximately equivalent to XHTML 1.0 Strict , but also includes the Ruby markup module . )",
"A common source of confusion is the loose use of deprecated to refer to both deprecated and invalid status , and to elements which are expected to be formally deprecated in future .",
"Since HTML 4 , HTML has increasingly focused on the separation of content ( the visible text and images ) from presentation ( like color , font size , and layout ) . This is often referred to as a separation of concerns . HTML is used to represent the structure or content of a document , its presentation remains the sole responsibility of CSS style sheets . A default style sheet is suggested as part of the CSS standard , giving a default rendering for HTML .",
"Behavior ( interactivity ) is also kept separate from content , and is handled by scripts . Images are contained in separate graphics files , separate from text , though they can also be considered part of the content of a page .",
"Separation of concerns allows the document to be presented by different user agents according to their purposes and abilities . For example , a user agent can select an appropriate style sheet to present a document by displaying on a monitor , printing on paper , or to determine speech characteristics in an audio - only user agent . The structural and semantic functions of the markup remain identical in each case .",
"Historically , user agents did not always support these features . In the 1990s , as a stop - gap , presentational elements ( like < b > and < i > ) were added to HTML , at the cost of creating problems for interoperability and user accessibility . This is now regarded as outmoded and has been superseded by style sheet - based design ; most presentational elements are now deprecated .",
"External image files are incorporated with the img or object elements . ( With XHTML , the SVG language can also be used to write graphics within the document , though linking to external SVG files is generally simpler . ) Where an image is not purely decorative , HTML allows replacement content with similar semantic value to be provided for non-visual user agents .",
"An HTML document can also be extended through the use of scripts to provide additional behaviors beyond the abilities of HTML hyperlinks and forms .",
"The elements style and script , with related HTML attributes , provide reference points in HTML markup for links to style sheets and scripts . They can also contain instructions directly .",
"In the document head , script and style may either link to shared external documents , or contain embedded instructions . ( The link element can also be used to link style sheets . ) The style attribute is valid in most document body elements for inclusion of inline style instructions . Event - handling attributes , which provide links to scripts , are optional in most elements . script can occur at any point in the document body . For user agents which do not operate scripts , the noscript element provides alternative content where appropriate ; however , it can only be used as a block - level element .",
"In the document head , script and style may either link to shared external documents , or contain embedded instructions . ( The link element can also be used to link style sheets . )",
"The style attribute is valid in most document body elements for inclusion of inline style instructions .",
"Event - handling attributes , which provide links to scripts , are optional in most elements .",
"script can occur at any point in the document body .",
"For user agents which do not operate scripts , the noscript element provides alternative content where appropriate ; however , it can only be used as a block - level element .",
"< html > ... < / html >",
"The root element of an HTML document ; all other elements are contained in this . The HTML element delimits the beginning and the end of an HTML document . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"The root element of an HTML document ; all other elements are contained in this .",
"The HTML element delimits the beginning and the end of an HTML document .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< head > ... < / head >",
"Container for processing information and metadata for an HTML document . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current . ( See document head elements for child elements . )",
"Container for processing information and metadata for an HTML document .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"( See document head elements for child elements . )",
"< body > ... < / body >",
"Container for the displayable content of an HTML document . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current . ( See document body elements for child elements . )",
"Container for the displayable content of an HTML document .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"( See document body elements for child elements . )",
"< base / >",
"Specifies a base URL for all relative href and other links in the document . Must appear before any element that refers to an external resource . HTML permits only one base element for each document . The base element has HTML attributes , but no contents . A development version of BASE is mentioned in HTML Tags ; standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Specifies a base URL for all relative href and other links in the document . Must appear before any element that refers to an external resource . HTML permits only one base element for each document . The base element has HTML attributes , but no contents .",
"A development version of BASE is mentioned in HTML Tags ; standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< basefont / > ( deprecated )",
"Specifies a base font size , typeface , and color for the document . Used together with font elements . Deprecated in favour of style sheets . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict .",
"Specifies a base font size , typeface , and color for the document . Used together with font elements . Deprecated in favour of style sheets .",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict .",
"< isindex / > ( deprecated )",
"isindex could either appear in the document head or in the body , but only once in a document . See Forms .",
"isindex could either appear in the document head or in the body , but only once in a document . See Forms .",
"< link / >",
"Specifies links to other documents , such as previous and next links , or alternate versions . A common use is to link to external style sheets , using the form : < link rel = `` stylesheet '' type = `` text / css '' href = `` url '' title = `` description_of_style '' > A less - common , but important , usage is to supply navigation hints consistently through use of microformats . Several common relationships are defined , that may be exposed to users through the browser interface rather than directly in the web page . < link rel = `` next '' href = `` url '' > A document 's head element may contain any number of link elements . The link element has HTML attributes , but no contents . LINK existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Specifies links to other documents , such as previous and next links , or alternate versions . A common use is to link to external style sheets , using the form : < link rel = `` stylesheet '' type = `` text / css '' href = `` url '' title = `` description_of_style '' >",
"< link rel = `` stylesheet '' type = `` text / css '' href = `` url '' title = `` description_of_style '' >",
"< link rel = `` stylesheet '' type = `` text / css '' href = `` url '' title = `` description_of_style '' >",
"A less - common , but important , usage is to supply navigation hints consistently through use of microformats . Several common relationships are defined , that may be exposed to users through the browser interface rather than directly in the web page . < link rel = `` next '' href = `` url '' >",
"< link rel = `` next '' href = `` url '' >",
"< link rel = `` next '' href = `` url '' >",
"A document 's head element may contain any number of link elements . The link element has HTML attributes , but no contents .",
"LINK existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< meta / >",
"Can be used to specify additional metadata about a document , such as its author , publication date , expiration date , page description , keywords , or other information not provided through the other header elements and HTML attributes . Because of their generic nature , meta elements specify associative key - value pairs . In general , a meta element conveys hidden information about the document . Several meta tags can be used , all of which should be nested in the head element . The specific purpose of each meta element is defined by its attributes . In one form , meta elements can specify HTTP headers which should be sent by a web server before the actual content , for example : < meta http - equiv = `` foo '' content = `` bar '' > -- this specifies that the page should be served with an HTTP header called foo that has a value bar . In the general form , a meta element specifies name and associated content HTML attributes describing aspects of the HTML page . To prevent possible ambiguity , an optional third attribute , scheme , may be supplied to specify a semantic framework that defines the meaning of the key and its value : for example : < meta name = `` foo '' content = `` bar '' scheme = `` DC '' > In this example , the meta element identifies itself as containing the foo element , with a value of bar , from the DC or Dublin Core resource description framework . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Can be used to specify additional metadata about a document , such as its author , publication date , expiration date , page description , keywords , or other information not provided through the other header elements and HTML attributes . Because of their generic nature , meta elements specify associative key - value pairs . In general , a meta element conveys hidden information about the document . Several meta tags can be used , all of which should be nested in the head element . The specific purpose of each meta element is defined by its attributes .",
"In one form , meta elements can specify HTTP headers which should be sent by a web server before the actual content , for example : < meta http - equiv = `` foo '' content = `` bar '' >",
"< meta http - equiv = `` foo '' content = `` bar '' >",
"< meta http - equiv = `` foo '' content = `` bar '' >",
"-- this specifies that the page should be served with an HTTP header called foo that has a value bar .",
"In the general form , a meta element specifies name and associated content HTML attributes describing aspects of the HTML page . To prevent possible ambiguity , an optional third attribute , scheme , may be supplied to specify a semantic framework that defines the meaning of the key and its value : for example : < meta name = `` foo '' content = `` bar '' scheme = `` DC '' >",
"< meta name = `` foo '' content = `` bar '' scheme = `` DC '' >",
"< meta name = `` foo '' content = `` bar '' scheme = `` DC '' >",
"In this example , the meta element identifies itself as containing the foo element , with a value of bar , from the DC or Dublin Core resource description framework .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< object > ... < / object >",
"Used for including generic objects within the document header . Though rarely used within a head element , it could potentially be used to extract foreign data and associate it with the current document . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Used for including generic objects within the document header . Though rarely used within a head element , it could potentially be used to extract foreign data and associate it with the current document .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< script > ... < / script >",
"Can act as a container for script instructions or link to an external script with the optional src attribute . Also usable in the document body to dynamically generate either both block or inline content . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"Can act as a container for script instructions or link to an external script with the optional src attribute . Also usable in the document body to dynamically generate either both block or inline content .",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< style > ... < / style >",
"Specifies a style for the document , usually in the form : < style type = `` text / css '' > ... < / style > Can either act as a container for style instructions or link to external style sheets -- for example , in CSS , with @ import directives of the form : < style > @ import url ; < / style > Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"Specifies a style for the document , usually in the form : < style type = `` text / css '' > ... < / style >",
"< style type = `` text / css '' > ... < / style >",
"< style type = `` text / css '' > ... < / style >",
"Can either act as a container for style instructions or link to external style sheets -- for example , in CSS , with @ import directives of the form : < style > @ import url ; < / style >",
"< style > @ import url ; < / style >",
"< style > @ import url ; < / style >",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< title > ... < / title >",
"Define a document title . Required in every HTML and XHTML document . User agents may use the title in different ways . For example : Web browsers usually display it in a window 's title bar when the window is open , and ( where applicable ) in the task bar when the window is minimized . It may become the default file - name when saving the page . Web search engines ' web crawlers may pay particular attention to the words used in the title . The title element must not contain other elements , only text . Only one title element is permitted in a document . TITLE existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Define a document title . Required in every HTML and XHTML document . User agents may use the title in different ways . For example : Web browsers usually display it in a window 's title bar when the window is open , and ( where applicable ) in the task bar when the window is minimized . It may become the default file - name when saving the page . Web search engines ' web crawlers may pay particular attention to the words used in the title .",
"Web browsers usually display it in a window 's title bar when the window is open , and ( where applicable ) in the task bar when the window is minimized . It may become the default file - name when saving the page . Web search engines ' web crawlers may pay particular attention to the words used in the title .",
"Web browsers usually display it in a window 's title bar when the window is open , and ( where applicable ) in the task bar when the window is minimized .",
"It may become the default file - name when saving the page .",
"Web search engines ' web crawlers may pay particular attention to the words used in the title .",
"The title element must not contain other elements , only text . Only one title element is permitted in a document .",
"TITLE existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"In visual browsers , displayable elements can be rendered as either block or inline . While all elements are part of the document sequence , block elements appear within their parent elements :",
"as rectangular objects which do not break across lines ; with block margins , width and height properties which can be set independently of the surrounding elements .",
"as rectangular objects which do not break across lines ;",
"with block margins , width and height properties which can be set independently of the surrounding elements .",
"Conversely , inline elements are treated as part of the flow of document text ; they can not have margins , width or height set , and do break across lines .",
"Block elements , or block - level elements , have a rectangular structure . By default , these elements will span the entire width of its parent element , and will thus not allow any other element to occupy the same horizontal space as it is placed on .",
"The rectangular structure of a block element is often referred to as the box model , and is made up of several parts . Each element contains the following :",
"The content of an element is the actual text ( or other media ) placed between the opening and closing tags of an element . The padding of an element is the space around that content , which still form part of said element . Padding is physically part of an element , and should not be used to create white space between two elements . Any background style assigned to the element , such as a background image or color , will be visible within the padding . Increasing the size of an element 's padding increases the amount of space this element will take up . The border of an element is the absolute end of an element , and spans the perimeter of that element . The thickness of a border increases the size of an element . The margin of an element is the white - space that surrounds an element . The content , padding and border of any other element will not be allowed to enter this area , unless forced to do so by some advanced CSS placement . Using most standard DTDs , margins on the left and right of different elements will push each other away . Margins on the top or bottom of an element , on the other hand , will not stack , or will intermingle . This means that the white - space between these elements will be as big as the larger margin between them .",
"The content of an element is the actual text ( or other media ) placed between the opening and closing tags of an element .",
"The padding of an element is the space around that content , which still form part of said element . Padding is physically part of an element , and should not be used to create white space between two elements . Any background style assigned to the element , such as a background image or color , will be visible within the padding . Increasing the size of an element 's padding increases the amount of space this element will take up .",
"The border of an element is the absolute end of an element , and spans the perimeter of that element . The thickness of a border increases the size of an element .",
"The margin of an element is the white - space that surrounds an element . The content , padding and border of any other element will not be allowed to enter this area , unless forced to do so by some advanced CSS placement . Using most standard DTDs , margins on the left and right of different elements will push each other away . Margins on the top or bottom of an element , on the other hand , will not stack , or will intermingle . This means that the white - space between these elements will be as big as the larger margin between them .",
"The above section refers only to the detailed implementation of CSS rendering and has no relevance to HTML elements themselves .",
"< p > ... < / p >",
"Creates a paragraph , perhaps the most common block level element . P existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Creates a paragraph , perhaps the most common block level element .",
"P existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< h1 > ... < / h1 > < h2 > ... < / h2 > < h3 > ... < / h3 > < h4 > ... < / h4 > < h5 > ... < / h5 > < h6 > ... < / h6 >",
"Section headings at different levels . < h1 > delimits the highest - level heading , < h2 > the next level down ( sub-section ) , < h3 > for a level below that , and so on to < h6 > . They are sometimes referred to collectively as < hn > tags , n meaning any of the available heading levels . Most visual browsers show headings as large bold text by default , though this can be overridden with CSS . Heading elements are not intended merely for creating large or bold text -- in fact , they should not be used for explicitly styling text . Rather , they describe the document 's structure and organization . Some programs use them to generate outlines and tables of contents . Headings existed in HTML Tags , and were standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Section headings at different levels . < h1 > delimits the highest - level heading , < h2 > the next level down ( sub-section ) , < h3 > for a level below that , and so on to < h6 > . They are sometimes referred to collectively as < hn > tags , n meaning any of the available heading levels .",
"Most visual browsers show headings as large bold text by default , though this can be overridden with CSS . Heading elements are not intended merely for creating large or bold text -- in fact , they should not be used for explicitly styling text . Rather , they describe the document 's structure and organization . Some programs use them to generate outlines and tables of contents .",
"Headings existed in HTML Tags , and were standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< dl > ... < / dl >",
"A description list ( a.k.a. association list ) , which consists of name -- value groups , and was known as a definition list prior to HTML5 . Description lists are intended for groups of `` terms and definitions , metadata topics and values , questions and answers , or any other groups of name -- value data '' . DL existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"A description list ( a.k.a. association list ) , which consists of name -- value groups , and was known as a definition list prior to HTML5 . Description lists are intended for groups of `` terms and definitions , metadata topics and values , questions and answers , or any other groups of name -- value data '' .",
"DL existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< dt > ... < / dt >",
"A name in a description list ( previously definition term in a definition list ) . DT existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"A name in a description list ( previously definition term in a definition list ) .",
"DT existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< dd > ... < / dd >",
"A value in a description list ( previously definition data in a definition list ) . DD existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"A value in a description list ( previously definition data in a definition list ) .",
"DD existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< ol > ... < / ol >",
"An ordered ( enumerated ) list . The type attribute can be used to specify the kind of marker to use in the list , but style sheets give more control . The default is Arabic numbering . CSS : list - style - type : foo . HTML attribute : < ol type = '' foo `` > , in either case , replacing foo with one of the following : A for A , B , C ... a for a , b , c ... I for I , II , III ... i for i , ii , iii ... 1 for 1 , 2 , 3 ... OL existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"An ordered ( enumerated ) list . The type attribute can be used to specify the kind of marker to use in the list , but style sheets give more control . The default is Arabic numbering . CSS : list - style - type : foo . HTML attribute : < ol type = '' foo `` > , in either case , replacing foo with one of the following : A for A , B , C ... a for a , b , c ... I for I , II , III ... i for i , ii , iii ... 1 for 1 , 2 , 3 ...",
"A for A , B , C ... a for a , b , c ... I for I , II , III ... i for i , ii , iii ... 1 for 1 , 2 , 3 ...",
"A for A , B , C ...",
"a for a , b , c ...",
"I for I , II , III ...",
"i for i , ii , iii ...",
"1 for 1 , 2 , 3 ...",
"OL existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< ul > ... < / ul >",
"An unordered ( bulleted ) list . Style sheets can be used to specify the list marker : list - style - type : foo . The default marker type is disc , other values are square , circle and none . UL existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"An unordered ( bulleted ) list . Style sheets can be used to specify the list marker : list - style - type : foo . The default marker type is disc , other values are square , circle and none .",
"UL existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< li > ... < / li >",
"A list item in ordered ( ol ) or unordered ( ul ) lists . LI existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"A list item in ordered ( ol ) or unordered ( ul ) lists .",
"LI existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< dir > ... < / dir > ( deprecated )",
"A directory listing . The original purpose of this element was never widely supported ; deprecated in favor of < ul > . DIR existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict .",
"A directory listing . The original purpose of this element was never widely supported ; deprecated in favor of < ul > .",
"DIR existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict .",
"< address > ... < / address >",
"Contact information for the document author . ADDRESS existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Contact information for the document author .",
"ADDRESS existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< article > ... < / article >",
"Used for articles and other similar content . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Used for articles and other similar content .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< aside > ... < / aside >",
"Used for content in a document which is separate from the main page content , for example , sidebars or advertising . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Used for content in a document which is separate from the main page content , for example , sidebars or advertising .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< blockquote > ... < / blockquote >",
"A block level quotation , for when the quotation includes block level elements , e.g. paragraphs . The cite attribute may give the source , and must be a fully qualified Uniform Resource Identifier . The default presentation of block quotations in visual browsers is usually to indent them from both margins . This has led to the element being unnecessarily used just to indent paragraphs , regardless of semantics . For quotations not containing block level elements see the quote ( q ) element . BLOCKQUOTE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current . See blockquote element for more information .",
"A block level quotation , for when the quotation includes block level elements , e.g. paragraphs . The cite attribute may give the source , and must be a fully qualified Uniform Resource Identifier .",
"The default presentation of block quotations in visual browsers is usually to indent them from both margins . This has led to the element being unnecessarily used just to indent paragraphs , regardless of semantics . For quotations not containing block level elements see the quote ( q ) element .",
"BLOCKQUOTE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current . See blockquote element for more information .",
"< center > ... < / center > ( deprecated )",
"Creates a block - level center - aligned division . Deprecated in favor of < div > or another element with centering defined using style sheets . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 ; not supported in HTML5 .",
"Creates a block - level center - aligned division . Deprecated in favor of < div > or another element with centering defined using style sheets .",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 ; not supported in HTML5 .",
"< del > ... < / del >",
"Marks a deleted section of content . This element can also be used as inline . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Marks a deleted section of content . This element can also be used as inline .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< div > ... < / div >",
"A block - level logical division . A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section , usually for purposes such as presentation or behaviour controlled by style sheets or DOM calls . Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"A block - level logical division . A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section , usually for purposes such as presentation or behaviour controlled by style sheets or DOM calls .",
"Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< figure > ... < / figure >",
"Used to group images and captions , along with figcaption . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Used to group images and captions , along with figcaption .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< figcaption > ... < / figcaption >",
"A caption for an image . Always placed inside the figure < / figure > element . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"A caption for an image . Always placed inside the figure < / figure > element .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< footer > ... < / footer >",
"Used for document footers . These may contain author or copyright information , or links to other pages . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Used for document footers . These may contain author or copyright information , or links to other pages .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< header > ... < / header >",
"Used for document headers . These typically contain content introducing the page . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Used for document headers . These typically contain content introducing the page .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< hr / >",
"A horizontal rule . Presentational rules can also be drawn with style sheets . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"A horizontal rule . Presentational rules can also be drawn with style sheets .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< ins > ... < / ins >",
"Marks a section of inserted content . This element can also be used as inline . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Marks a section of inserted content . This element can also be used as inline .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< main > ... < / main >",
"Contains the main content of a document . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Contains the main content of a document .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< menu > ... < / menu >",
"HTML 2.0 : A menu listing . Should be more compact than a < ul > list . MENU existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict ; but then redefined in HTML5 .",
"HTML 2.0 : A menu listing . Should be more compact than a < ul > list .",
"MENU existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict ; but then redefined in HTML5 .",
"< nav > ... < / nav >",
"Used in navigational sections of articles ( areas of webpages which contain links to other webpages ) . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Used in navigational sections of articles ( areas of webpages which contain links to other webpages ) .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< noscript > ... < / noscript >",
"Replacement content for scripts . Unlike script this can only be used as a block - level element . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Replacement content for scripts . Unlike script this can only be used as a block - level element .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< pre > ... < / pre >",
"Pre-formatted text . Text within this element is typically displayed in a non-proportional font exactly as it is laid out in the file ( see ASCII art ) . Whereas browsers ignore white - space for other HTML elements , in pre , white - space should be rendered as authored . ( With the CSS properties : ( white - space : pre ; font - family : monospace ; ) , other elements can be presented in the same way . ) This element can contain any inline element except : image ( IMG ) , object ( OBJECT ) , big font size ( BIG ) , small font size ( SMALL ) , superscript ( SUP ) , and subscript ( SUB ) . PRE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Pre-formatted text . Text within this element is typically displayed in a non-proportional font exactly as it is laid out in the file ( see ASCII art ) . Whereas browsers ignore white - space for other HTML elements , in pre , white - space should be rendered as authored . ( With the CSS properties : ( white - space : pre ; font - family : monospace ; ) , other elements can be presented in the same way . ) This element can contain any inline element except : image ( IMG ) , object ( OBJECT ) , big font size ( BIG ) , small font size ( SMALL ) , superscript ( SUP ) , and subscript ( SUB ) .",
"PRE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< section > ... < / section >",
"Used for generic sections of a document . This is different from div in that it is only used to contain sections of a page , which the W3C defines as a group of content with a similar theme . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Used for generic sections of a document . This is different from div in that it is only used to contain sections of a page , which the W3C defines as a group of content with a similar theme .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< script > ... < / script >",
"Places a script in the document . Also usable in the head and in inline contexts . Note : SCRIPT is not itself either a block or inline element ; by itself it should not display at all , but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"Places a script in the document . Also usable in the head and in inline contexts . Note : SCRIPT is not itself either a block or inline element ; by itself it should not display at all , but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content .",
"Note : SCRIPT is not itself either a block or inline element ; by itself it should not display at all , but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content .",
"Note : SCRIPT is not itself either a block or inline element ; by itself it should not display at all , but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content .",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"Inline elements can not be placed directly inside the body element ; they must be wholly nested within block - level elements .",
"< a > ... < / a >",
"An anchor element is called an anchor because web designers can use it to anchor a URL to some text on a web page . When users view the web page in a browser , they can click the text to activate the link and visit the page whose URL is in the link . In HTML , an anchor can be either the origin ( the anchor text ) or the target ( destination ) end of a hyperlink . With the attribute href , the anchor becomes a hyperlink to either another part of the document or another resource ( e.g. a webpage ) using an external URL . Alternatively ( and sometimes concurrently ) , with the name or id HTML attributes set , the element becomes a target . A Uniform Resource Locator can link to this target via a fragment identifier . In HTML5 , any element can now be made into a target by using the id attribute , so using < a name = `` foo '' > ... < / a > is not necessary , although this way of adding anchors continues to work . To illustrate : the header of a table of contents section on example.com could be turned into a target by writing < h1 id = `` contents '' > Table of contents < / h1 > Continuing with this example , now that the section has been marked up as a target , it can be referred to from external sites with a link like < a href = `` http://example.com#contents\">see contents < / a > or with a link on the same page like : < a href = `` # contents '' > contents , above < / a > The attribute title may be set to give brief information about the link : < a href = `` URL '' title = `` additional information '' > link text < / a > In most graphical browsers , when the cursor hovers over a link , the cursor changes into a hand with an extended index finger and the title is displayed in a tooltip or in some other manner . Some browsers render alt text the same way , although this is not what the specification calls for . A existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"An anchor element is called an anchor because web designers can use it to anchor a URL to some text on a web page . When users view the web page in a browser , they can click the text to activate the link and visit the page whose URL is in the link .",
"In HTML , an anchor can be either the origin ( the anchor text ) or the target ( destination ) end of a hyperlink .",
"With the attribute href , the anchor becomes a hyperlink to either another part of the document or another resource ( e.g. a webpage ) using an external URL . Alternatively ( and sometimes concurrently ) , with the name or id HTML attributes set , the element becomes a target . A Uniform Resource Locator can link to this target via a fragment identifier . In HTML5 , any element can now be made into a target by using the id attribute , so using < a name = `` foo '' > ... < / a > is not necessary , although this way of adding anchors continues to work .",
"To illustrate : the header of a table of contents section on example.com could be turned into a target by writing < h1 id = `` contents '' > Table of contents < / h1 >",
"< h1 id = `` contents '' > Table of contents < / h1 >",
"< h1 id = `` contents '' > Table of contents < / h1 >",
"Continuing with this example , now that the section has been marked up as a target , it can be referred to from external sites with a link like < a href = `` http://example.com#contents\">see contents < / a >",
"< a href = `` http://example.com#contents\">see contents < / a >",
"< a href = `` http://example.com#contents\">see contents < / a >",
"or with a link on the same page like : < a href = `` # contents '' > contents , above < / a >",
"< a href = `` # contents '' > contents , above < / a >",
"< a href = `` # contents '' > contents , above < / a >",
"The attribute title may be set to give brief information about the link : < a href = `` URL '' title = `` additional information '' > link text < / a >",
"< a href = `` URL '' title = `` additional information '' > link text < / a >",
"< a href = `` URL '' title = `` additional information '' > link text < / a >",
"In most graphical browsers , when the cursor hovers over a link , the cursor changes into a hand with an extended index finger and the title is displayed in a tooltip or in some other manner . Some browsers render alt text the same way , although this is not what the specification calls for .",
"A existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< abbr > ... < / abbr >",
"Marks an abbreviation , and can make the full form available : < abbr title = `` abbreviation '' > abbr. < / abbr > Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Marks an abbreviation , and can make the full form available : < abbr title = `` abbreviation '' > abbr. < / abbr >",
"< abbr title = `` abbreviation '' > abbr. < / abbr >",
"< abbr title = `` abbreviation '' > abbr. < / abbr >",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< acronym > ... < / acronym > ( deprecated )",
"Similar to the abbr element , but marks an acronym : < acronym title = `` Hyper - Text Mark - up Language '' > HTML < / acronym > Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current , not supported in HTML5 .",
"Similar to the abbr element , but marks an acronym : < acronym title = `` Hyper - Text Mark - up Language '' > HTML < / acronym >",
"< acronym title = `` Hyper - Text Mark - up Language '' > HTML < / acronym >",
"< acronym title = `` Hyper - Text Mark - up Language '' > HTML < / acronym >",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current , not supported in HTML5 .",
"< dfn > ... < / dfn >",
"inline definition of a single term . DFN existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was fully standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"inline definition of a single term .",
"DFN existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was fully standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< em > ... < / em >",
"Emphasis ( conventionally displayed in italics ) EM existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Emphasis ( conventionally displayed in italics )",
"EM existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< strong > ... < / strong >",
"strong emphasis ( conventionally displayed bold ) . An aural user agent may use different voices for emphasis . STRONG existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"strong emphasis ( conventionally displayed bold ) .",
"An aural user agent may use different voices for emphasis .",
"STRONG existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"These elements are useful primarily for documenting computer code development and user interaction through differentiation of source code ( < code > ) , source code variables ( < var > ) , user input ( < kbd > ) , and terminal output ( < samp > ) .",
"< code > ... < / code >",
"A code snippet ( code example ) . Conventionally rendered in a mono - space font . CODE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"A code snippet ( code example ) . Conventionally rendered in a mono - space font .",
"CODE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< kbd > ... < / kbd >",
"Keyboard - text to be entered by the user ( kbd example ) . KBD existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Keyboard - text to be entered by the user ( kbd example ) .",
"KBD existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< samp > ... < / samp >",
"Sample output - from a program or script : ( samp example ) . SAMP existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Sample output - from a program or script : ( samp example ) .",
"SAMP existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< var > ... < / var >",
"Variable ( var example ) . VAR existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Variable ( var example ) .",
"VAR existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"As visual presentational markup only applies directly to visual browsers , its use is discouraged . Style sheets should be used instead . Several of these elements are deprecated or invalid in HTML 4 / XHTML 1.0 , and the remainder are invalid in the current draft of XHTML 2.0 . The current draft of HTML5 , however , re-includes < s > , < u > , and < small > , assigning new semantic meaning to each . In an HTML5 document , the use of these elements is no longer discouraged , provided that it is semantically correct .",
"< b > ... < / b >",
"In HTML 4 , set font to boldface where possible . Equivalent CSS : ( font - weight : bold ) . < strong > ... < / strong > usually has the same effect in visual browsers , as well as having more semantic meaning , under HTML 4.01 . In HTML5 , however , b has its own meaning , distinct from that of strong . It denotes `` text to which attention is being drawn for utilitarian purposes without conveying any extra importance and with no implication of an alternate voice or mood . '' B existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"In HTML 4 , set font to boldface where possible . Equivalent CSS : ( font - weight : bold ) . < strong > ... < / strong > usually has the same effect in visual browsers , as well as having more semantic meaning , under HTML 4.01 .",
"In HTML5 , however , b has its own meaning , distinct from that of strong . It denotes `` text to which attention is being drawn for utilitarian purposes without conveying any extra importance and with no implication of an alternate voice or mood . ''",
"B existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< i > ... < / i >",
"In HTML 4 , set font to italic where possible . Equivalent CSS : ( font - style : italic ) . < em > ... < / em > usually has the same effect in visual browsers , as well as having more semantic meaning , under HTML 4.01 . In HTML5 , however , i has its own semantic meaning , distinct from that of em . It denotes `` a different quality of text '' or `` an alternative voice or mood '' -- e.g. , a thought , a ship name , a binary species name , a foreign - language phrase , etc . I existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"In HTML 4 , set font to italic where possible . Equivalent CSS : ( font - style : italic ) . < em > ... < / em > usually has the same effect in visual browsers , as well as having more semantic meaning , under HTML 4.01 .",
"In HTML5 , however , i has its own semantic meaning , distinct from that of em . It denotes `` a different quality of text '' or `` an alternative voice or mood '' -- e.g. , a thought , a ship name , a binary species name , a foreign - language phrase , etc .",
"I existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< u > ... < / u >",
"In HTML 4 , underlined text . Equivalent CSS : ( text - decoration : underline ) . Deprecated in HTML 4.01 . Restored in HTML5 . In HTML5 , the u element denotes `` a span of text with an unarticulated , though explicitly rendered , non-textual annotation , such as labelling the text as being a proper name in Chinese text ( a Chinese proper name mark ) , or labelling the text as being misspelt . '' The HTML5 specification reminds developers that other elements are almost always more appropriate than u and admonishes designers not to use underlined text where it could be confused for a hyper - link . U existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , was standardized in HTML 3.2 but was deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional and was invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Reintroduced in HTML5 .",
"In HTML 4 , underlined text . Equivalent CSS : ( text - decoration : underline ) . Deprecated in HTML 4.01 . Restored in HTML5 .",
"In HTML5 , the u element denotes `` a span of text with an unarticulated , though explicitly rendered , non-textual annotation , such as labelling the text as being a proper name in Chinese text ( a Chinese proper name mark ) , or labelling the text as being misspelt . '' The HTML5 specification reminds developers that other elements are almost always more appropriate than u and admonishes designers not to use underlined text where it could be confused for a hyper - link .",
"U existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , was standardized in HTML 3.2 but was deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional and was invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Reintroduced in HTML5 .",
"< small > ... < / small >",
"In HTML 4 , decreased font size ( smaller text ) . Equivalent CSS : ( font - size : smaller ) In HTML5 , the small element denotes `` side comments such as small print . '' Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"In HTML 4 , decreased font size ( smaller text ) . Equivalent CSS : ( font - size : smaller )",
"In HTML5 , the small element denotes `` side comments such as small print . ''",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< s > ... < / s >",
"In HTML 4 , indicated strike - through text ( Strikethrough ) and was equivalent to strike . In HTML5 , the s element denotes information that is `` no longer accurate or no longer relevant '' , and is not to be confused with del , which indicates removal / deletion . S was deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ( having not appeared in any previous standard ) , and was invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Reintroduced in HTML5 .",
"In HTML 4 , indicated strike - through text ( Strikethrough ) and was equivalent to strike .",
"In HTML5 , the s element denotes information that is `` no longer accurate or no longer relevant '' , and is not to be confused with del , which indicates removal / deletion .",
"S was deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ( having not appeared in any previous standard ) , and was invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Reintroduced in HTML5 .",
"< big > ... < / big > ( deprecated )",
"Increased font size ( bigger text ) . Equivalent CSS : ( font - size : larger ) Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; not supported in HTML5 .",
"Increased font size ( bigger text ) . Equivalent CSS : ( font - size : larger )",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; not supported in HTML5 .",
"< strike > ... < / strike >",
"Strike - through text ( Strikethrough ) , ( Equivalent CSS : ( text - decoration : line - through ) ) STRIKE was standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict .",
"Strike - through text ( Strikethrough ) , ( Equivalent CSS : ( text - decoration : line - through ) )",
"STRIKE was standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict .",
"< tt > ... < / tt > ( deprecated )",
"Fixed - width font ( typewriter - like ) , also known as teletype . ( Equivalent CSS : ( font - family : monospace ; ) ) TT existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; not supported in HTML5 . Possible replacements : < kbd > ... < / kbd > for marking keyboard input , < var > ... < / var > for variables , < code > ... < / code > for computer code , < samp > ... < / samp > for computer output .",
"Fixed - width font ( typewriter - like ) , also known as teletype . ( Equivalent CSS : ( font - family : monospace ; ) )",
"TT existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; not supported in HTML5 . Possible replacements : < kbd > ... < / kbd > for marking keyboard input , < var > ... < / var > for variables , < code > ... < / code > for computer code , < samp > ... < / samp > for computer output .",
"< font > ... < / font >",
"< font ( color = colour ) ( size = size ) ( face = face ) > ... < / font > Can specify the font colour with the color attribute ( note the American spelling ) , typeface with the face attribute , and absolute or relative size with the size attribute . Examples ( all uses are deprecated , use CSS equivalents if possible ) : < font color = `` green '' > text < / font > creates green text . < font color = `` # 114499 '' > text < / font > creates text with hexadecimal color # 114499 . < font size = `` 4 '' > text < / font > creates text with size 4 . Sizes are from 1 to 7 . The standard size is 3 , unless otherwise specified in the < body > or other tags . < font size = `` + 1 '' > text < / font > creates text with size 1 bigger than the standard . < font size = `` - 1 '' > text < / font > is opposite . < font face = `` Courier '' > text < / font > makes text with Courier font . Equivalent CSS for font attributes : < font size = '' N `` > corresponds to ( font - size : Y units ) ( the HTML specification does not define the relationship between size N and unit - size Y , nor does it define a unit ) . < font color = `` red '' > corresponds to ( color : red ) < font face = `` Courier '' > corresponds to ( font - family : `` Courier '' ) Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Not part of HTML5 .",
"< font ( color = colour ) ( size = size ) ( face = face ) > ... < / font >",
"Can specify the font colour with the color attribute ( note the American spelling ) , typeface with the face attribute , and absolute or relative size with the size attribute .",
"Examples ( all uses are deprecated , use CSS equivalents if possible ) : < font color = `` green '' > text < / font > creates green text . < font color = `` # 114499 '' > text < / font > creates text with hexadecimal color # 114499 . < font size = `` 4 '' > text < / font > creates text with size 4 . Sizes are from 1 to 7 . The standard size is 3 , unless otherwise specified in the < body > or other tags . < font size = `` + 1 '' > text < / font > creates text with size 1 bigger than the standard . < font size = `` - 1 '' > text < / font > is opposite . < font face = `` Courier '' > text < / font > makes text with Courier font .",
"< font color = `` green '' > text < / font > creates green text . < font color = `` # 114499 '' > text < / font > creates text with hexadecimal color # 114499 . < font size = `` 4 '' > text < / font > creates text with size 4 . Sizes are from 1 to 7 . The standard size is 3 , unless otherwise specified in the < body > or other tags . < font size = `` + 1 '' > text < / font > creates text with size 1 bigger than the standard . < font size = `` - 1 '' > text < / font > is opposite . < font face = `` Courier '' > text < / font > makes text with Courier font .",
"< font color = `` green '' > text < / font > creates green text .",
"< font color = `` # 114499 '' > text < / font > creates text with hexadecimal color # 114499 .",
"< font size = `` 4 '' > text < / font > creates text with size 4 . Sizes are from 1 to 7 . The standard size is 3 , unless otherwise specified in the < body > or other tags .",
"< font size = `` + 1 '' > text < / font > creates text with size 1 bigger than the standard . < font size = `` - 1 '' > text < / font > is opposite .",
"< font face = `` Courier '' > text < / font > makes text with Courier font .",
"Equivalent CSS for font attributes : < font size = '' N `` > corresponds to ( font - size : Y units ) ( the HTML specification does not define the relationship between size N and unit - size Y , nor does it define a unit ) . < font color = `` red '' > corresponds to ( color : red ) < font face = `` Courier '' > corresponds to ( font - family : `` Courier '' )",
"< font size = '' N `` > corresponds to ( font - size : Y units ) ( the HTML specification does not define the relationship between size N and unit - size Y , nor does it define a unit ) . < font color = `` red '' > corresponds to ( color : red ) < font face = `` Courier '' > corresponds to ( font - family : `` Courier '' )",
"< font size = '' N `` > corresponds to ( font - size : Y units ) ( the HTML specification does not define the relationship between size N and unit - size Y , nor does it define a unit ) .",
"< font color = `` red '' > corresponds to ( color : red )",
"< font face = `` Courier '' > corresponds to ( font - family : `` Courier '' )",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Not part of HTML5 .",
"< span > ... < / span >",
"An inline logical division . A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section , usually for purposes such as presentation or behaviour controlled by style sheets or DOM calls . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"An inline logical division . A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section , usually for purposes such as presentation or behaviour controlled by style sheets or DOM calls .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< br / >",
"A forced line break . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"A forced line break .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< bdi > ... < / bdi >",
"Isolates an inline section of text that may be formatted in a different direction from other text outside of it , such as user - generated content with unknown directionality . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Isolates an inline section of text that may be formatted in a different direction from other text outside of it , such as user - generated content with unknown directionality .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< bdo > ... < / bdo >",
"Marks an inline section of text in which the reading direction is the opposite from that of the parent element . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Marks an inline section of text in which the reading direction is the opposite from that of the parent element .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< cite > ... < / cite >",
"A citation or a reference for a quote or statement in the document . CITE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"A citation or a reference for a quote or statement in the document .",
"CITE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< data > ... < / data >",
"Links inline content with a machine - readable translation . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Links inline content with a machine - readable translation .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< del > ... < / del >",
"Deleted text . Typically rendered as a strikethrough : Deleted text . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Deleted text . Typically rendered as a strikethrough : Deleted text .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< ins > ... < / ins >",
"Inserted text . Often used to mark up replacement text for < del > ' d text . Typically rendered underlined : Inserted text . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Inserted text . Often used to mark up replacement text for < del > ' d text . Typically rendered underlined : Inserted text .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Note , both < ins > and < del > elements may also be used as block elements : containing other block and inline elements . However , these elements must still remain wholly within their parent element to maintain a well - formed HTML document . For example , deleting text from the middle of one paragraph across several other paragraphs and ending in a final paragraph would need to use three separate < del > elements . Two < del > elements would be required as inline element to indicate the deletion of text in the first and last paragraphs , and a third , used as a block element , to indicate the deletion in the intervening paragraphs .",
"Note , both < ins > and < del > elements may also be used as block elements : containing other block and inline elements . However , these elements must still remain wholly within their parent element to maintain a well - formed HTML document . For example , deleting text from the middle of one paragraph across several other paragraphs and ending in a final paragraph would need to use three separate < del > elements . Two < del > elements would be required as inline element to indicate the deletion of text in the first and last paragraphs , and a third , used as a block element , to indicate the deletion in the intervening paragraphs .",
"Note , both < ins > and < del > elements may also be used as block elements : containing other block and inline elements . However , these elements must still remain wholly within their parent element to maintain a well - formed HTML document . For example , deleting text from the middle of one paragraph across several other paragraphs and ending in a final paragraph would need to use three separate < del > elements . Two < del > elements would be required as inline element to indicate the deletion of text in the first and last paragraphs , and a third , used as a block element , to indicate the deletion in the intervening paragraphs .",
"Note , both < ins > and < del > elements may also be used as block elements : containing other block and inline elements . However , these elements must still remain wholly within their parent element to maintain a well - formed HTML document . For example , deleting text from the middle of one paragraph across several other paragraphs and ending in a final paragraph would need to use three separate < del > elements . Two < del > elements would be required as inline element to indicate the deletion of text in the first and last paragraphs , and a third , used as a block element , to indicate the deletion in the intervening paragraphs .",
"< mark > ... < / mark >",
"Produces text that looks like this . Intended for highlighting relevant text in a quotation .",
"Produces text that looks like this . Intended for highlighting relevant text in a quotation .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< q > ... < / q >",
"An inline quotation ( for block level quotation see blockquote ) . Quote elements may be nested . < q > should automatically generate quotation marks in conjunction with style sheets . Practical concerns due to browser non-compliance may force authors to find workarounds . The cite attribute gives the source , and must be a fully qualified URI . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current . Note : Lengthy inline quotations may be displayed as indented blocks ( as block - quote ) using style sheets . For example , with a suitable CSS rule associated with q. lengthy : < q class = `` lengthy '' > An inline quotation of significant length ( say 25 words , for example ) goes here ... < / q >",
"An inline quotation ( for block level quotation see blockquote ) . Quote elements may be nested .",
"< q > should automatically generate quotation marks in conjunction with style sheets . Practical concerns due to browser non-compliance may force authors to find workarounds .",
"The cite attribute gives the source , and must be a fully qualified URI .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current . Note : Lengthy inline quotations may be displayed as indented blocks ( as block - quote ) using style sheets . For example , with a suitable CSS rule associated with q. lengthy : < q class = `` lengthy '' > An inline quotation of significant length ( say 25 words , for example ) goes here ... < / q >",
"Note : Lengthy inline quotations may be displayed as indented blocks ( as block - quote ) using style sheets . For example , with a suitable CSS rule associated with q. lengthy : < q class = `` lengthy '' > An inline quotation of significant length ( say 25 words , for example ) goes here ... < / q >",
"Note : Lengthy inline quotations may be displayed as indented blocks ( as block - quote ) using style sheets . For example , with a suitable CSS rule associated with q. lengthy : < q class = `` lengthy '' > An inline quotation of significant length ( say 25 words , for example ) goes here ... < / q >",
"< q class = `` lengthy '' > An inline quotation of significant length ( say 25 words , for example ) goes here ... < / q >",
"< q class = `` lengthy '' > An inline quotation of significant length ( say 25 words , for example ) goes here ... < / q >",
"< rb > ... < / rb >",
"Represents the base component of a ruby annotation . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Represents the base component of a ruby annotation .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< rp > ... < / rp >",
"Provides fallback parenthesis for browsers lacking ruby annotation support . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Provides fallback parenthesis for browsers lacking ruby annotation support .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< rt > ... < / rt >",
"Indicates pronunciation for a character in a ruby annotation . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Indicates pronunciation for a character in a ruby annotation .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< rtc > ... < / rtc >",
"Semantic annotations for a ruby annotation . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Semantic annotations for a ruby annotation .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< ruby > ... < / ruby >",
"Represents a ruby annotation for showing the pronunciation of East Asian characters . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Represents a ruby annotation for showing the pronunciation of East Asian characters .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< script > ... < / script >",
"Places a script in the document . Also usable in the head and in block contexts . Note : < script > is not itself either a block or inline element ; by itself it should not display at all , but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"Places a script in the document . Also usable in the head and in block contexts . Note : < script > is not itself either a block or inline element ; by itself it should not display at all , but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content .",
"Note : < script > is not itself either a block or inline element ; by itself it should not display at all , but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content .",
"Note : < script > is not itself either a block or inline element ; by itself it should not display at all , but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content .",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< sub > ... < / sub > and < sup > ... < / sup >",
"Mark or text . ( Equivalent CSS : ( vertical - align : sub ) or ( vertical - align : super ) . ) Both were proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"Mark or text . ( Equivalent CSS : ( vertical - align : sub ) or ( vertical - align : super ) . )",
"Both were proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< template > ... < / template >",
"Code fragments to be copied by scripts . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Code fragments to be copied by scripts .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< time > ... < / time >",
"Represents a time on the 24 - hour clock or a date on the Gregorian calendar , optionally with time and timezone information . Also allows times and dates to be represented in a machine - readable format . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Represents a time on the 24 - hour clock or a date on the Gregorian calendar , optionally with time and timezone information . Also allows times and dates to be represented in a machine - readable format .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< wbr / >",
"An optional word break . Was widely used ( and supported by all major browsers ) for years despite being non-standard until finally being standardized in HTML5 .",
"An optional word break .",
"Was widely used ( and supported by all major browsers ) for years despite being non-standard until finally being standardized in HTML5 .",
"< applet > ... < / applet > ( deprecated )",
"Embeds a Java applet in the page . Deprecated in favour of < object > , as it could only be used with Java applets , and had accessibility limitations . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . As of 2011 , still widely used as the implementations of the replacing < object > are not consistent between different browsers .",
"Embeds a Java applet in the page . Deprecated in favour of < object > , as it could only be used with Java applets , and had accessibility limitations .",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . As of 2011 , still widely used as the implementations of the replacing < object > are not consistent between different browsers .",
"< area / >",
"Specifies a focusable area in a map . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"Specifies a focusable area in a map .",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< audio > ... < / audio >",
"Adds playable HTML5 audio to the page . The audio URL is determined using the src attribute . Supported audio formats vary from browser to browser . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Adds playable HTML5 audio to the page . The audio URL is determined using the src attribute . Supported audio formats vary from browser to browser .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< canvas > ... < / canvas >",
"Adds a canvas whose contents can be edited with JavaScript . Frequently used for online games . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Adds a canvas whose contents can be edited with JavaScript . Frequently used for online games .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< embed > ... < / embed >",
"< embed > ... < / embed >",
"Inserts a non-standard object ( like applet ) or external content ( typically non-HTML ) into the document . Deprecated in HTML 4 in favor of the object tag , but then was added back into the HTML5 specification",
"Inserts a non-standard object ( like applet ) or external content ( typically non-HTML ) into the document . Deprecated in HTML 4 in favor of the object tag , but then was added back into the HTML5 specification",
"< img / >",
"Used by visual user agents to insert an image in the document . The src attribute specifies the image URL . The required alt attribute provides alternative text in case the image can not be displayed . ( Though alt is intended as alternative text , Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 and below render it as a tooltip if no title is given . Safari and Google Chrome , on the other hand , do not display the alt attribute at all . ) img was proposed by Marc Andreessen and implemented in the NSCA Mosaic web browser . IMG existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Used by visual user agents to insert an image in the document . The src attribute specifies the image URL . The required alt attribute provides alternative text in case the image can not be displayed . ( Though alt is intended as alternative text , Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 and below render it as a tooltip if no title is given . Safari and Google Chrome , on the other hand , do not display the alt attribute at all . ) img was proposed by Marc Andreessen and implemented in the NSCA Mosaic web browser .",
"IMG existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< map > ... < / map >",
"Specifies a client - side image map . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"Specifies a client - side image map .",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< object > ... < / object >",
"Includes an object in the page of the type specified by the type attribute . This may be in any MIME - type the user agent understands , such as an embedded HTML page , a file to be handled by a plug - in such as Flash , a Java applet , a sound file , etc . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Includes an object in the page of the type specified by the type attribute . This may be in any MIME - type the user agent understands , such as an embedded HTML page , a file to be handled by a plug - in such as Flash , a Java applet , a sound file , etc .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< param / >",
"Originally introduced with applet , this element is now used with , and should only occur as a child of object . It uses HTML attributes to set a parameter for the object , e.g. width , height , font , background colour , etc. , depending on the type of object . An object can have multiple params . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"Originally introduced with applet , this element is now used with , and should only occur as a child of object . It uses HTML attributes to set a parameter for the object , e.g. width , height , font , background colour , etc. , depending on the type of object . An object can have multiple params .",
"Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< source > ... < / source >",
"Specifies different sources for audio or video . Makes use of the src attribute in a way similar to the video and audio elements . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Specifies different sources for audio or video . Makes use of the src attribute in a way similar to the video and audio elements .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< track > ... < / track >",
"Provides text tracks , like subtitles and captions , for audio and video . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Provides text tracks , like subtitles and captions , for audio and video .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< video > ... < / video >",
"Adds a playable HTML5 video to the page . The video URL is determined using the src attribute . Supported video formats vary from browser to browser . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"Adds a playable HTML5 video to the page . The video URL is determined using the src attribute . Supported video formats vary from browser to browser .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"These elements can be combined into a form or in some instances used separately as user - interface controls ; in the document , they can be simple HTML or used in conjunction with Scripts . HTML markup specifies the elements that make up a form , and the method by which it will be submitted . However , some form of scripts ( server - side , client - side , or both ) must be used to process the user 's input once it is submitted .",
"( These elements are either block or inline elements , but are collected here as their use is more restricted than other inline or block elements . )",
"< form action = `` url '' > ... < / form >",
"Creates a form . The form element specifies and operates the overall action of a form area , using the required action attribute . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Creates a form . The form element specifies and operates the overall action of a form area , using the required action attribute .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< button > ... < / button >",
"A generic form button which can contain a range of other elements to create complex buttons . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"A generic form button which can contain a range of other elements to create complex buttons .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< datalist > ... < / datalist >",
"A list of option s for use in form elements . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"A list of option s for use in form elements .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< fieldset > ... < / fieldset >",
"A container for adding structure to forms . For example , a series of related controls can be grouped within a field - set , which can then have a legend added in order to identify their function . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"A container for adding structure to forms . For example , a series of related controls can be grouped within a field - set , which can then have a legend added in order to identify their function .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< input / >",
"input elements allow a variety of standard form controls to be implemented . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"input elements allow a variety of standard form controls to be implemented .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Input Types : type = `` checkbox '' A checkbox . Can be checked or unchecked .",
"Input Types :",
"type = `` checkbox '' A checkbox . Can be checked or unchecked .",
"A checkbox . Can be checked or unchecked .",
"A checkbox . Can be checked or unchecked .",
"type = `` radio '' A radio button . If multiple radio buttons are given the same name , the user will only be able to select one of them from this group .",
"type = `` radio '' A radio button . If multiple radio buttons are given the same name , the user will only be able to select one of them from this group .",
"A radio button . If multiple radio buttons are given the same name , the user will only be able to select one of them from this group .",
"A radio button . If multiple radio buttons are given the same name , the user will only be able to select one of them from this group .",
"type = `` button '' A general - purpose button . The element < button > is preferred if possible ( i.e. if the client supports it ) as it provides richer possibilities .",
"type = `` button '' A general - purpose button . The element < button > is preferred if possible ( i.e. if the client supports it ) as it provides richer possibilities .",
"A general - purpose button . The element < button > is preferred if possible ( i.e. if the client supports it ) as it provides richer possibilities .",
"A general - purpose button . The element < button > is preferred if possible ( i.e. if the client supports it ) as it provides richer possibilities .",
"type = `` submit '' A submit button .",
"type = `` submit '' A submit button .",
"A submit button .",
"A submit button .",
"type = `` image '' An image button . The image URL may be specified with the src attribute .",
"type = `` image '' An image button . The image URL may be specified with the src attribute .",
"An image button . The image URL may be specified with the src attribute .",
"An image button . The image URL may be specified with the src attribute .",
"type = `` reset '' A reset button for resetting the form to default values .",
"type = `` reset '' A reset button for resetting the form to default values .",
"A reset button for resetting the form to default values .",
"A reset button for resetting the form to default values .",
"type = `` text '' A one - line text input field . The size attribute specifies the default width of the input in character - widths . max - length sets the maximum number of characters the user can enter ( which may be greater than size ) .",
"type = `` text '' A one - line text input field . The size attribute specifies the default width of the input in character - widths . max - length sets the maximum number of characters the user can enter ( which may be greater than size ) .",
"A one - line text input field . The size attribute specifies the default width of the input in character - widths . max - length sets the maximum number of characters the user can enter ( which may be greater than size ) .",
"A one - line text input field . The size attribute specifies the default width of the input in character - widths . max - length sets the maximum number of characters the user can enter ( which may be greater than size ) .",
"type = `` search '' A variation of text which produces a search bar .",
"type = `` search '' A variation of text which produces a search bar .",
"A variation of text which produces a search bar .",
"A variation of text which produces a search bar .",
"type = `` password '' A variation of text . The difference is that text typed in this field is masked -- characters are displayed as an asterisk , a dot or another replacement . It should be noted , however , that the password is still submitted to the server as clear text , so an underlying secure transport layer like HTTPS is needed if confidentiality is a concern .",
"type = `` password '' A variation of text . The difference is that text typed in this field is masked -- characters are displayed as an asterisk , a dot or another replacement . It should be noted , however , that the password is still submitted to the server as clear text , so an underlying secure transport layer like HTTPS is needed if confidentiality is a concern .",
"A variation of text . The difference is that text typed in this field is masked -- characters are displayed as an asterisk , a dot or another replacement . It should be noted , however , that the password is still submitted to the server as clear text , so an underlying secure transport layer like HTTPS is needed if confidentiality is a concern .",
"A variation of text . The difference is that text typed in this field is masked -- characters are displayed as an asterisk , a dot or another replacement . It should be noted , however , that the password is still submitted to the server as clear text , so an underlying secure transport layer like HTTPS is needed if confidentiality is a concern .",
"type = `` file '' A file select field ( for uploading files to a server ) .",
"type = `` file '' A file select field ( for uploading files to a server ) .",
"A file select field ( for uploading files to a server ) .",
"A file select field ( for uploading files to a server ) .",
"type = `` tel '' A variation of text for telephone numbers .",
"type = `` tel '' A variation of text for telephone numbers .",
"A variation of text for telephone numbers .",
"A variation of text for telephone numbers .",
"type = `` email '' A variation of text for email addresses .",
"type = `` email '' A variation of text for email addresses .",
"A variation of text for email addresses .",
"A variation of text for email addresses .",
"type = `` url '' A variation of text for URLs .",
"type = `` url '' A variation of text for URLs .",
"A variation of text for URLs .",
"A variation of text for URLs .",
"type = `` date '' A date selector .",
"type = `` date '' A date selector .",
"A date selector .",
"A date selector .",
"type = `` time '' A time selector .",
"type = `` time '' A time selector .",
"A time selector .",
"A time selector .",
"type = `` number '' A variation of text for numbers .",
"type = `` number '' A variation of text for numbers .",
"A variation of text for numbers .",
"A variation of text for numbers .",
"type = `` range '' Produces a slider for that returns a number , but the number is not visible to the user .",
"type = `` range '' Produces a slider for that returns a number , but the number is not visible to the user .",
"Produces a slider for that returns a number , but the number is not visible to the user .",
"Produces a slider for that returns a number , but the number is not visible to the user .",
"type = `` color '' A color picker .",
"type = `` color '' A color picker .",
"A color picker .",
"A color picker .",
"type = `` hidden '' hidden inputs are not visible in the rendered page , but allow a designer to maintain a copy of data that needs to be submitted to the server as part of the form . This may , for example , be data that this web user entered or selected on a previous form that needs to be processed in conjunction with the current form . Not displayed to the user but data can still be altered client - side by editing the HTML source .",
"type = `` hidden '' hidden inputs are not visible in the rendered page , but allow a designer to maintain a copy of data that needs to be submitted to the server as part of the form . This may , for example , be data that this web user entered or selected on a previous form that needs to be processed in conjunction with the current form . Not displayed to the user but data can still be altered client - side by editing the HTML source .",
"hidden inputs are not visible in the rendered page , but allow a designer to maintain a copy of data that needs to be submitted to the server as part of the form . This may , for example , be data that this web user entered or selected on a previous form that needs to be processed in conjunction with the current form . Not displayed to the user but data can still be altered client - side by editing the HTML source .",
"hidden inputs are not visible in the rendered page , but allow a designer to maintain a copy of data that needs to be submitted to the server as part of the form . This may , for example , be data that this web user entered or selected on a previous form that needs to be processed in conjunction with the current form . Not displayed to the user but data can still be altered client - side by editing the HTML source .",
"< isindex / > ( deprecated )",
"isindex could either appear in the document head or in the body , but only once in a document . Isindex operated as a primitive HTML search form ; but was de facto obsoleted by more advanced HTML forms introduced in the early to mid-1990s . Represents a set of hyperlinks composed of a base URI , an ampersand and percent - encoded keywords separated by plus signs . ISINDEX existed in HTML Tags ; standardized in HTML 2.0 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict .",
"isindex could either appear in the document head or in the body , but only once in a document .",
"Isindex operated as a primitive HTML search form ; but was de facto obsoleted by more advanced HTML forms introduced in the early to mid-1990s . Represents a set of hyperlinks composed of a base URI , an ampersand and percent - encoded keywords separated by plus signs .",
"ISINDEX existed in HTML Tags ; standardized in HTML 2.0 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict .",
"< keygen > ... < / keygen >",
"A key pair generator . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"A key pair generator .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< label for = `` id '' > ... < / label >",
"Creates a label for a form input ( e.g. radio button ) . Clicking on the label fires a click on the matching input . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Creates a label for a form input ( e.g. radio button ) . Clicking on the label fires a click on the matching input .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< legend > ... < / legend >",
"A legend ( caption ) for a fieldset . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"A legend ( caption ) for a fieldset .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< meter > ... < / meter >",
"A meter which needs a value attribute . Can also have : min , low , high , max . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"A meter which needs a value attribute . Can also have : min , low , high , max .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< option value = `` x '' > ... < / option >",
"Creates an item in a select list . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Creates an item in a select list .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< optgroup > ... < / optgroup >",
"Identifies a group of options in a select list . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Identifies a group of options in a select list .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< output > ... < / output >",
"The value of a form element . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"The value of a form element .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< progress > ... < / progress >",
"A bar for showing the progress of an action . Standardized in HTML5 .",
"A bar for showing the progress of an action .",
"Standardized in HTML5 .",
"< select name = `` xyz '' > ... < / select >",
"Creates a selection list , from which the user can select a single option . May be rendered as a dropdown list . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"Creates a selection list , from which the user can select a single option . May be rendered as a dropdown list .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"< textarea rows = `` 8 '' > ... < / textarea >",
"A multiple - line text area , the size of which is specified by cols ( where a col is a one - character width of text ) and rows HTML attributes . The content of this element is restricted to plain text , which appears in the text area as default text when the page is loaded . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"A multiple - line text area , the size of which is specified by cols ( where a col is a one - character width of text ) and rows HTML attributes . The content of this element is restricted to plain text , which appears in the text area as default text when the page is loaded .",
"Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current .",
"The format of HTML Tables was proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts and the later RFC 1942 HTML Tables . They were inspired by the CALS Table Model . Some elements in these proposals were included in HTML 3.2 ; the present form of HTML Tables was standardized in HTML 4 . ( Many of the elements used within tables are neither block nor inline elements . )",
"< table > ... < / table >",
"< table > ... < / table >",
"Identifies a table . Several HTML attributes are possible in HTML Transitional , but most of these are invalid in HTML Strict and can be replaced with style sheets . The summary attribute is however informally required for accessibility purposes , though its usage is not simple . Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current . < tr > ... < / tr >",
"Identifies a table . Several HTML attributes are possible in HTML Transitional , but most of these are invalid in HTML Strict and can be replaced with style sheets . The summary attribute is however informally required for accessibility purposes , though its usage is not simple .",
"Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< tr > ... < / tr >",
"Contains a row of cells in a table . Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current . < th > ... < / th >",
"Contains a row of cells in a table .",
"Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< th > ... < / th >",
"A table header cell ; contents are conventionally displayed bold and centered . An aural user agent may use a louder voice for these items . Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current . < td > ... < / td >",
"A table header cell ; contents are conventionally displayed bold and centered . An aural user agent may use a louder voice for these items .",
"Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< td > ... < / td >",
"A table data cell . Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current . < colgroup > ... < / colgroup >",
"A table data cell .",
"Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< colgroup > ... < / colgroup >",
"Specifies a column group in a table . Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current . < col > ... < / col >",
"Specifies a column group in a table .",
"Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< col > ... < / col >",
"Specifies a column in a table . Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current . < caption > ... < / caption >",
"Specifies a column in a table .",
"Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< caption > ... < / caption >",
"Specifies a caption for a table . Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current . < thead > ... < / thead >",
"Specifies a caption for a table .",
"Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current .",
"< thead > ... < / thead >",
"Specifies the header part of a table . This section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages ( in printing or other paged media ) . Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current . < tbody > ... < / tbody >",
"Specifies the header part of a table . This section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages ( in printing or other paged media ) .",
"Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< tbody > ... < / tbody >",
"Specifies a body of data for the table . Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current . < tfoot > ... < / tfoot >",
"Specifies a body of data for the table .",
"Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"< tfoot > ... < / tfoot >",
"Specifies the footer part of a table . Like < thead > , this section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages ( in printing or other paged media ) . Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Specifies the footer part of a table . Like < thead > , this section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages ( in printing or other paged media ) .",
"Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current .",
"Frames allow a visual HTML Browser window to be split into segments , each of which can show a different document . This can lower bandwidth use , as repeating parts of a layout can be used in one frame , while variable content is displayed in another . This may come at a certain usability cost , especially in non-visual user agents , due to separate and independent documents ( or websites ) being displayed adjacent to each other and being allowed to interact with the same parent window . Because of this cost , frames ( excluding the < iframe > element ) are only allowed in HTML 4.01 Frame - set . Iframes can also hold documents on different servers . In this case the interaction between windows is blocked by the browser . Sites like Facebook and Twitter use iframes to display content ( plugins ) on third party websites . Google AdSense uses iframes to display banners on third party websites .",
"In HTML 4.01 , a document may contain a < head > and a < body > or a < head > and a < frameset > , but not both a < body > and a < frameset > . However , < iframe > can be used in a normal document body .",
"< frameset > ... < / frameset > ( deprecated )",
"< frameset > ... < / frameset > ( deprecated )",
"Contains the set of frame elements for a document . The layout of frames is given by comma separated lists in the rows and cols HTML attributes . Standardized in HTML 4.0 Frameset , obsolete in HTML5 . < frame / > ( deprecated )",
"Contains the set of frame elements for a document . The layout of frames is given by comma separated lists in the rows and cols HTML attributes .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 Frameset , obsolete in HTML5 .",
"< frame / > ( deprecated )",
"Defines a single frame , or region , within the frameset . A separate document is linked to a frame using the src attribute inside the frame element . Standardized in HTML 4.0 Frameset , obsolete in HTML5 . < noframes > ... < / noframes > ( deprecated )",
"Defines a single frame , or region , within the frameset . A separate document is linked to a frame using the src attribute inside the frame element .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 Frameset , obsolete in HTML5 .",
"< noframes > ... < / noframes > ( deprecated )",
"Contains normal HTML content for user agents that do n't support frames . Standardized in HTML 4.0 Transitional , obsolete in HTML5 . < iframe > ... < / iframe >",
"Contains normal HTML content for user agents that do n't support frames .",
"Standardized in HTML 4.0 Transitional , obsolete in HTML5 .",
"< iframe > ... < / iframe >",
"An inline frame places another HTML document in a frame . Unlike an object element , an inline frame can be the `` target '' frame for links defined by other elements , and it can be selected by the user agent as the focus for printing , viewing its source , and so on . The content of the element is used as alternative text to be displayed if the browser does not support iframes . First introduced by Microsoft Internet Explorer in 1997 , standardized in HTML 4.0 Transitional , allowed in HTML5 .",
"An inline frame places another HTML document in a frame . Unlike an object element , an inline frame can be the `` target '' frame for links defined by other elements , and it can be selected by the user agent as the focus for printing , viewing its source , and so on .",
"The content of the element is used as alternative text to be displayed if the browser does not support iframes .",
"First introduced by Microsoft Internet Explorer in 1997 , standardized in HTML 4.0 Transitional , allowed in HTML5 .",
"In HTML , longdesc is an attribute used within the image element , frame element , or iframe element . It is supposed to be a URL to a document that provides a long description for the image , frame , or iframe in question . Note that this attribute should contain a URL , and not as is commonly mistaken , the text of the description itself .",
"Longdesc was designed to be used by screen readers to display image information for computer users with accessibility issues , such as the blind or visually impaired , and is widely implemented by both web browsers and screen readers . Some developers object that it is actually seldom used for this purpose , because there are relatively few authors who use the attribute , and most of those authors use it incorrectly , and have used this argument to recommend dropping longdesc . The publishing industry has responded , advocating the retention of longdesc .",
"Content of description. html :",
"Since very few graphical browsers support making the link available natively ( Opera and iCab being the exceptions ) , it is useful to include a link to the description page near the img element whenever possible , as this can also aid sighted users .",
"The following elements were part of the early HTML developed by Tim Berners - Lee from 1989 -- 91 ; they are mentioned in HTML Tags , but deprecated in HTML 2.0 and were never part of HTML standards .",
"< listing > ... < / listing > ( deprecated )",
"< listing > ... < / listing > ( deprecated )",
"This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML . The HTML 2.0 specification recommended rendering the element at up to 132 characters per line . Deprecated in HTML 3.2 ; obsolete in HTML5 . < plaintext / > ( deprecated )",
"This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML . The HTML 2.0 specification recommended rendering the element at up to 132 characters per line .",
"Deprecated in HTML 3.2 ; obsolete in HTML5 .",
"< plaintext / > ( deprecated )",
"plaintext does not have an end tag , as it terminates the markup and causes the rest of the document to be parsed as if it were plain text . plaintext existed in HTML Tags ; deprecated in HTML 2.0 ; invalid in HTML 4.0 . < xmp > ... < / xmp > ( deprecated )",
"plaintext does not have an end tag , as it terminates the markup and causes the rest of the document to be parsed as if it were plain text .",
"plaintext existed in HTML Tags ; deprecated in HTML 2.0 ; invalid in HTML 4.0 .",
"< xmp > ... < / xmp > ( deprecated )",
"This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML . The HTML 2.0 specification recommended rendering the element at 80 characters per line . Deprecated in HTML 3.2 ; obsolete in HTML5 . < nextid / > ( deprecated )",
"This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML . The HTML 2.0 specification recommended rendering the element at 80 characters per line .",
"Deprecated in HTML 3.2 ; obsolete in HTML5 .",
"< nextid / > ( deprecated )",
"This element enabled NeXT web designing tool to generate automatic NAME labels for its anchors and was itself automatically generated . nextid existed in HTML Tags ( described as obsolete ) ; deprecated in HTML 2.0 ; invalid in HTML 3.2 and later .",
"This element enabled NeXT web designing tool to generate automatic NAME labels for its anchors and was itself automatically generated .",
"nextid existed in HTML Tags ( described as obsolete ) ; deprecated in HTML 2.0 ; invalid in HTML 3.2 and later .",
"This section lists some widely used obsolete elements , which means they are not used in valid code . They may not be supported in all user agents .",
"< blink > ... < / blink > ( deprecated )",
"< blink > ... < / blink > ( deprecated )",
"Causes text to blink . Introduced in imitation of the ANSI escape codes . Can be done with CSS where supported : ( text - decoration : blink ) ( This effect may have negative consequences for people with photosensitive epilepsy ; its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines . ) blink originated in Netscape Navigator and is mostly recognized by its descendants , including Firefox ; deprecated or invalid in HTML 2.0 and later . Note that the replacement CSS tag , while standard , is not required to be supported . < marquee > ... < / marquee > ( deprecated )",
"Causes text to blink . Introduced in imitation of the ANSI escape codes . Can be done with CSS where supported : ( text - decoration : blink ) ( This effect may have negative consequences for people with photosensitive epilepsy ; its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines . )",
"blink originated in Netscape Navigator and is mostly recognized by its descendants , including Firefox ; deprecated or invalid in HTML 2.0 and later . Note that the replacement CSS tag , while standard , is not required to be supported .",
"< marquee > ... < / marquee > ( deprecated )",
"Creates scrolling text . Can be done with scripting instead . ( This effect may have negative consequences for people with photosensitive epilepsy ; its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines . ) There are three options , including Alternate , Scroll and slide . Scrolldelay can also be added . marquee originated in Microsoft Internet Explorer ; deprecated or invalid in HTML 4.01 and later . < nobr > ... < / nobr > ( deprecated )",
"Creates scrolling text . Can be done with scripting instead . ( This effect may have negative consequences for people with photosensitive epilepsy ; its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines . ) There are three options , including Alternate , Scroll and slide . Scrolldelay can also be added .",
"marquee originated in Microsoft Internet Explorer ; deprecated or invalid in HTML 4.01 and later .",
"< nobr > ... < / nobr > ( deprecated )",
"Causes text to not break at end of line , preventing word wrap where text exceeds the width of the enclosing object . Adjacent text may break before and after it . Can be done with CSS : ( white - space : nowrap ; ) nobr is a proprietary element which is recognized by most browsers for compatibility reasons ; deprecated or invalid in HTML 2.0 and later . < noembed > ... < / noembed > ( deprecated )",
"Causes text to not break at end of line , preventing word wrap where text exceeds the width of the enclosing object . Adjacent text may break before and after it . Can be done with CSS : ( white - space : nowrap ; )",
"nobr is a proprietary element which is recognized by most browsers for compatibility reasons ; deprecated or invalid in HTML 2.0 and later .",
"< noembed > ... < / noembed > ( deprecated )",
"Specifies alternative content , if the embed can not be rendered . Replaced by the content of the embed or object element .",
"Specifies alternative content , if the embed can not be rendered . Replaced by the content of the embed or object element .",
"< ! -- A Comment -- >",
"< ! -- A Comment -- >",
"A comment in HTML ( and related XML , SGML and SHTML ) uses the same syntax as the SGML comment or XML comment , depending on the doctype .",
"Unlike most HTML tags , comments do not nest .",
"The markup < ! -- Xbegin < ! -- Y -- > Xend -- > will yield the comment Xbegin < ! -- Y and the text Xend -- > after it .",
"Comments can appear anywhere in a document , as the HTML parser is supposed to ignore them no matter where they appear so long as they are not inside other HTML tag structures .",
"Comments can even appear before the doctype declaration ; no other tags are permitted to do this .",
"However , not all browsers and HTML editors are fully compliant with the HTML syntax framework and may do unpredictable things under some syntax conditions . Defective handling of comments only affects about 5 % of all browsers and HTML editors in use ( IE6 accounting for most of this high percentage ) . Even then only certain versions are affected by comment mishandling issues .",
"There are a few compatibility quirks involving comments :",
"Placing comments -- or indeed any characters except for white - space -- before the doctype will cause Internet Explorer 6 to use quirks mode for the HTML page . None of its enclosed contents are processed . For compatibility with some pre-1995 browsers , the contents of style and script elements are still sometimes surrounded by comment delimiters . The BlueGriffon HTML editor , in versions 1.7. x makes comments that are not embedded in the syntax structure < style > ... ( comment tags ) ... < / style > show up on screen . Other HTML editors may have this same defect .",
"Placing comments -- or indeed any characters except for white - space -- before the doctype will cause Internet Explorer 6 to use quirks mode for the HTML page . None of its enclosed contents are processed .",
"For compatibility with some pre-1995 browsers , the contents of style and script elements are still sometimes surrounded by comment delimiters .",
"The BlueGriffon HTML editor , in versions 1.7. x makes comments that are not embedded in the syntax structure < style > ... ( comment tags ) ... < / style > show up on screen . Other HTML editors may have this same defect ."
] | HTML element - Wikipedia HTML element Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the HTML elements in general. For information on how to format Wikipedia entries, see Help:Wiki markup and Help:HTML in wikitext . `` nobr'' redirects here. For the chemical compound NOBr, see Nitrosyl bromide . HTML HTML Dynamic HTML HTML5 audio canvas video XHTML Basic Mobile Profile C-HTML HTML element span and div HTML attribute HTML frame HTML editor Character encodings Unicode Language code Document Object Model Browser Object Model Style sheets CSS Font family Web colors HTML scripting JavaScript WebGL WebCL W3C Validator WHATWG Quirks mode Web storage Web browser (layout) engine Comparisons Document markup languages Web browsers HTML Non-standard HTML HTML5 canvas media XHTML 1.1 An HTML element is an individual component of an HTML document or web page , once this has been parsed into the Document Object Model . HTML is composed of a tree of HTML nodes , such as text nodes. Each node can have HTML attributes specified. Nodes can also have content, including other nodes and text. Many HTML nodes represent semantics , or meaning. For example, the title node represents the title of the document. Contents ( hide ) 1 Concepts 1.1 Document vs. DOM 1.2 Elements vs. tags 1.3 SGML vs. XML 1.3.1 %block; vs. box 2 Overview 2.1 Syntax 2.2 Element standards 2.3 Element status 2.4 Content vs. presentation and behavior 3 Document structure elements 4 Document head elements 5 Document body elements 5.1 Block elements 5.1.1 Basic text 5.1.2 Lists 5.1.3 Other block elements 5.2 Inline elements 5.2.1 Anchor 5.2.2 Phrase elements 5.2.2.1 General 5.2.2.2 Computer phrase elements 5.2.2.3 Presentation 5.2.3 Span 5.2.4 Other inline elements 5.3 Images and objects 5.4 Forms 5.5 Tables 6 Frames 6.1 Longdesc 6.1.1 Example 6.1.2 Linking to the long description in the text 6.1.2.1 Example 7 Historic elements 8 Non-standard elements 9 Comments 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 12.1 HTML standards 12.2 Other sources 13 External links Concepts ( edit ) Document vs. DOM ( edit ) HTML documents are delivered as `` documents'' . These are then parsed , which turns them into the Document Object Model (DOM) internal representation, within the web browser. Presentation by the web browser, such as screen rendering or access by JavaScript, is then performed on this internal model, not the original document. Early HTML documents, and to a lesser extent today, were largely invalid HTML and riddled with syntax errors . The parsing process was also required to `` fix-up'' these errors, as best it could. The resultant model was often not correct (i.e. it did not represent what a careless coder had originally intended), but it would at least be valid , according to the HTML standard. A valid model was produced, no matter how bad the `` tag soup '' supplied had been. Only in the rarest cases would the parser abandon parsing altogether. Elements vs. tags ( edit ) `` Elements'' and `` tags'' are terms that are widely confused. HTML documents contain tags, but do not contain the elements. The elements are only generated after the parsing step, from these tags. As is generally understood, the position of an element is indicated as spanning from a start tag, possibly including some child content, and is terminated by an end tag. This is the case for many, but not all , elements within an HTML document. As HTML is based on SGML , its parsing also depends on the use of a DTD , specifically an HTML DTD such as that for HTML 4.01. The DTD specifies which element types are possible (i.e. it defines the set of element types that go to make up HTML) and it also specifies the valid combinations in which they may appear in a document. It is part of general SGML behavior that where only one valid structure is possible (per the DTD), it is not generally a requirement that the document explicitly states that structure. As a simple example, the < p > start tag indicating the start of a paragraph element should be closed by a < / p > end tag, indicating the end of the element. Also the DTD states that paragraph elements cannot be nested. The HTML document fragment: < p > Para 1 < p > Para 2 < p > Para 3 can thus be inferred to be equivalent to: < p > Para 1 < / p > < p > Para 2 < / p > < p > Para 3 (If one paragraph element cannot contain another, any currently open paragraph must be closed before starting another.) Because of this implied behavior, based on the combination of the DTD and the individual document, it is not possible to infer elements from the document tags alone , but only by also using an SGML or HTML aware parser, with knowledge of the DTD. SGML vs. XML ( edit ) SGML is complex, which has limited its widespread adoption and understanding. XML was developed as a simpler alternative. XML is similar to SGML, that can also use the DTD mechanism to specify the supported elements and their permitted combinations as document structure. XML parsing is simpler. The relation from tags to elements is always that of parsing the actual tags included in the document, without the implied closures that are part of SGML. In Macros HTML can be formed as XML, either through XHTML or through HTML5 , the parsing of document tags as DOM elements is simplified. Once the DOM of elements is obtained, behaviour beyond that point (i.e. screen rendering) is identical. %Block; vs. box ( edit ) Part of this CSS presentation behavior is the notion of the `` box model '' . This is applied to those elements that CSS considers to be `` block'' elements, set through the CSS display : block ; declaration. HTML also has a similar concept, although different, and the two are very frequently confused. %block; and %inline; are groups within the HTML DTD that group elements as being either `` block-level'' or `` inline'' . This is used to define their nesting behavior: block-level elements cannot be placed into an inline context. This behavior cannot be changed, it is fixed in the DTD. Block and inline elements have the appropriate and different CSS behaviors attached to them by default, including the relevance of the box model for particular element types. Note though that this CSS behavior can, and frequently is, changed from the default. Lists with < ul > < li > ... are %block; elements and are presented as block elements by default. However, it is quite common to set these with CSS to display as an inline list. Overview ( edit ) Syntax ( edit ) < p c l a s s ⏟ A t t r i b u t e n a m e = '' f o o ⏟ A t t r v a l u e '' > ⏞ S t a r t t a g T h i s i s a p a r a g r a p h . ⏞ C o n t e n t < / p > ⏞ E n d t a g ⏞ E l e m e n t (\displaystyle \overbrace (\overbrace ((\mathtt (\color (BrickRed)< \!p\ ))\color (Magenta)\underbrace (\mathtt (class)) _(\mathsf (\color (Black)(Attribute \atop name)))(\mathtt (=' ' ))\!\underbrace (\mathtt (foo)) _(\mathsf (\color (White)(Attr) \atop \color (Black)value))' ' (\mathtt (\color (BrickRed)> ))) ^(\mathsf (Start\ tag))\overbrace (\mathtt (\color (Green)This\ is\ a\ paragraph.)) ^(\mathsf (Content))\overbrace (\mathtt (\color (BrickRed)< \!/p\!> )) ^(\mathsf (End \atop tag))) ^(\mathsf (Element))) Parts of an HTML container element In the HTML syntax, most elements are written with a start tag and an end tag, with the content in between. An HTML tag is composed of the name of the element, surrounded by angle brackets . An end tag also has a slash after the opening angle bracket, to distinguish it from the start tag. For example, a paragraph, which is represented by the p element, would be written as < p > In the HTML syntax, most elements are written ... < / p > However, not all of these elements require the end tag, or even the start tag, to be present. Some elements, the so-called void elements or empty elements , do not have an end tag. A typical example is the br element, which represents a significant line break , such as in a poem or an address. A void element's behavior is predefined, and it cannot contain any content or other elements. For example, an address would be written as < p > P. Sherman < br > 42 Wallaby Way < br > Sydney < / p > When using an XHTML DTD , it is required to open and close the element with a single tag. To specify that it is a void element, a `` /'' is included at the end of the tag (not to be confused with the `` /'' at the beginning of a closing tag). < p > P. Sherman < br /> 42 Wallaby Way < br /> Sydney < / p > HTML attributes are specified inside the start tag. For example, the abbr element, which represents an abbreviation , expects a title attribute within its opening tag. This would be written as < abbr title = `` abbreviation'' > abbr. < / abbr > There are multiple kinds of HTML elements: void elements, raw text elements, and normal elements. Void elements only have a start tag, which contains any HTML attributes . They may not contain any children, such as text or other elements. Often they are place holders for elements which reference external files, such as the image ( < img /> ) element. The attributes included in the element will then point to the external file in question. Another example of a void element is the < link /> element, for which the syntax is < link rel = `` stylesheet'' href = `` fancy.css'' type = `` text/css'' > This < link /> element points the browser at a style sheet to use when presenting the HTML document to the user. Note that in the HTML syntax, attributes don't have to be quoted if they are composed only of certain characters: letters, digits, the hyphen-minus and the full stop. When using the XML syntax ( XHTML ), on the other hand, all attributes must be quoted, and a trailing slash is required before the last angle bracket: < link rel= `` stylesheet'' href= `` fancy.css'' type= `` text/css'' /> Raw text elements are constructed with: a start tag ( < tag > ) marking the beginning of an element, which may incorporate any number of HTML attributes ; some amount of text content , but no elements (all tags, apart from the applicable end tag, will be interpreted as content); an end tag , in which the element name is prefixed with a slash: < / tag > . In some versions of HTML, the end tag is optional for some elements. The end tag is required in XHTML . Normal elements usually have both a start tag and an end tag, although for some elements the end tag, or both tags, can be omitted. It is constructed in a similar way: a start tag ( < tag > ) marking the beginning of an element, which may incorporate any number of HTML attributes ; some amount of content , including text and other elements; an end tag , in which the element name is prefixed with a slash : < / tag > . HTML attributes define desired behavior or indicate additional element properties. Most attributes require a value . In HTML, the value can be left unquoted if it doesn't include spaces ( name=value ), or it can be quoted with single or double quotes ( name=' value' or name=`` value'' ). In XML, those quotes are required. Boolean attributes, on the other hand, don't require a value to be specified. An example is the checked for checkboxes: < input type = checkbox checked > In the XML syntax, though, the name should be repeated as the value: < input type= `` checkbox'' checked= `` checked'' /> Informally, HTML elements are sometimes referred to as `` tags'' (an example of synecdoche ), though many prefer the term tag strictly in reference to the markup delimiting the start and end of an element. Element (and attribute) names may be written in any combination of upper or lower case in HTML, but must be in lower case in XHTML . The canonical form was upper-case until HTML 4 , and was used in HTML specifications, but in recent years, lower-case has become more common. Element standards ( edit ) HTML elements are defined in a series of freely available open standards issued since 1995, initially by the IETF and subsequently by the W3C . During the browser wars of the 1990s, developers of user agents (e.g. web browsers ) often developed their own elements, some of which have been adopted in later standards. Other user agents may not recognize non-standard elements, and they will be ignored, possibly causing the page to be displayed improperly. In 1998, XML (a simplified form of SGML) introduced mechanisms to allow anyone to develop their own elements and incorporate them in XHTML documents, for use with XML-aware user agents. Subsequently, HTML 4.01 was rewritten in an XML -compatible form, XHTML 1.0 ( eXtensible HTML ). The elements in each are identical, and in most cases valid XHTML 1.0 documents will be valid or nearly valid HTML 4.01 documents. This article mainly focuses on real HTML, unless noted otherwise; however, it remains applicable to XHTML . (See HTML for a discussion of the minor differences between the two). Element status ( edit ) Since the first version of HTML, several elements have become outmoded, and are deprecated in later standards, or do not appear at all, in which case they are invalid (and will be found invalid, and perhaps not displayed, by validating user agents). At present, the status of elements is complicated by the existence of three types of HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 DTD : Transitional , which contain deprecated elements, but which were intended to provide a transitional period during which authors could update their practices; Frameset , which are versions of the Transitional DTDs which also allow authors to write frameset documents; Strict , which is the up-to-date (as at 1999) form of HTML. The first Standard ( HTML 2.0 ) contained four deprecated elements, one of which was invalid in HTML 3.2 . All four are invalid in HTML 4.01 Transitional , which also deprecated a further ten elements. All of these, plus two others, are invalid in HTML 4.01 Strict . While the frame elements are still current in the sense of being present in the Transitional and Frameset DTDs, there are no plans to preserve them in future standards, as their function has been largely replaced, and they are highly problematic for user accessibility. (Strictly speaking, the most recent XHTML standard, XHTML 1.1 (2001), does not include frames at all; it is approximately equivalent to XHTML 1.0 Strict , but also includes the Ruby markup module.) A common source of confusion is the loose use of deprecated to refer to both deprecated and invalid status, and to elements which are expected to be formally deprecated in future. Content vs. presentation and behavior ( edit ) Since HTML 4, HTML has increasingly focused on the separation of content (the visible text and images) from presentation (like color, font size, and layout). This is often referred to as a separation of concerns . HTML is used to represent the structure or content of a document, its presentation remains the sole responsibility of CSS style sheets . A default style sheet is suggested as part of the CSS standard, giving a default rendering for HTML. Behavior (interactivity) is also kept separate from content, and is handled by scripts . Images are contained in separate graphics files, separate from text, though they can also be considered part of the content of a page. Separation of concerns allows the document to be presented by different user agents according to their purposes and abilities. For example, a user agent can select an appropriate style sheet to present a document by displaying on a monitor, printing on paper, or to determine speech characteristics in an audio-only user agent. The structural and semantic functions of the markup remain identical in each case. Historically, user agents did not always support these features. In the 1990s, as a stop-gap, presentational elements (like < b> and < i> ) were added to HTML, at the cost of creating problems for interoperability and user accessibility. This is now regarded as outmoded and has been superseded by style sheet-based design; most presentational elements are now deprecated. External image files are incorporated with the img or object elements. (With XHTML , the SVG language can also be used to write graphics within the document, though linking to external SVG files is generally simpler.) Where an image is not purely decorative, HTML allows replacement content with similar semantic value to be provided for non-visual user agents. An HTML document can also be extended through the use of scripts to provide additional behaviors beyond the abilities of HTML hyperlinks and forms. The elements style and script , with related HTML attributes , provide reference points in HTML markup for links to style sheets and scripts. They can also contain instructions directly. In the document head, script and style may either link to shared external documents, or contain embedded instructions. (The link element can also be used to link style sheets.) The style attribute is valid in most document body elements for inclusion of inline style instructions. Event-handling attributes , which provide links to scripts, are optional in most elements. script can occur at any point in the document body. For user agents which do not operate scripts, the noscript element provides alternative content where appropriate; however, it can only be used as a block-level element. Document structure elements ( edit ) < html > ... < /html> The root element of an HTML document; all other elements are contained in this. The HTML element delimits the beginning and the end of an HTML document. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < head > ... < /head> Container for processing information and metadata for an HTML document. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. (See document head elements for child elements.) < body > ... < /body> Container for the displayable content of an HTML document. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. (See document body elements for child elements.) Document head elements ( edit ) < base /> Specifies a base URL for all relative href and other links in the document. Must appear before any element that refers to an external resource. HTML permits only one base element for each document. The base element has HTML attributes , but no contents. A development version of BASE is mentioned in HTML Tags ; standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < basefont /> (deprecated) Specifies a base font size, typeface, and color for the document. Used together with font elements. Deprecated in favour of style sheets . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . < isindex /> (deprecated) isindex could either appear in the document head or in the body, but only once in a document. See Forms . < link /> Specifies links to other documents, such as previous and next links, or alternate versions. A common use is to link to external style sheets , using the form: < link rel = `` stylesheet'' type = `` text/css'' href = `` url'' title = `` description_of_style'' > A less-common, but important, usage is to supply navigation hints consistently through use of microformats . Several common relationships are defined, that may be exposed to users through the browser interface rather than directly in the web page. < link rel = `` next'' href = `` url'' > A document's head element may contain any number of link elements. The link element has HTML attributes , but no contents. LINK existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < meta /> Main article: Meta element Can be used to specify additional metadata about a document, such as its author, publication date, expiration date, page description, keywords, or other information not provided through the other header elements and HTML attributes . Because of their generic nature, meta elements specify associative key-value pairs . In general, a meta element conveys hidden information about the document. Several meta tags can be used, all of which should be nested in the head element. The specific purpose of each meta element is defined by its attributes. In one form, meta elements can specify HTTP headers which should be sent by a web server before the actual content, for example: < meta http-equiv = `` foo'' content = `` bar'' > -- this specifies that the page should be served with an HTTP header called foo that has a value bar . In the general form, a meta element specifies name and associated content HTML attributes describing aspects of the HTML page. To prevent possible ambiguity, an optional third attribute, scheme , may be supplied to specify a semantic framework that defines the meaning of the key and its value: for example: < meta name = `` foo'' content = `` bar'' scheme = `` DC'' > In this example, the meta element identifies itself as containing the foo element, with a value of bar , from the DC or Dublin Core resource description framework . Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < object > ... < /object> Used for including generic objects within the document header. Though rarely used within a head element, it could potentially be used to extract foreign data and associate it with the current document. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < script > ... < /script> Can act as a container for script instructions or link to an external script with the optional src attribute. Also usable in the document body to dynamically generate either both block or inline content. Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < style > ... < /style> Specifies a style for the document, usually in the form: < style type = `` text/css'' > ... < / style > Can either act as a container for style instructions or link to external style sheets -- for example, in CSS , with @ import directives of the form: < style > @ import url ; < / style > Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < title > ... < /title> Define a document title. Required in every HTML and XHTML document. User agents may use the title in different ways. For example: Web browsers usually display it in a window's title bar when the window is open, and (where applicable) in the task bar when the window is minimized. It may become the default file-name when saving the page. Web search engines ' web crawlers may pay particular attention to the words used in the title. The title element must not contain other elements, only text. Only one title element is permitted in a document. TITLE existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. Document body elements ( edit ) In visual browsers, displayable elements can be rendered as either block or inline . While all elements are part of the document sequence, block elements appear within their parent elements: as rectangular objects which do not break across lines; with block margins, width and height properties which can be set independently of the surrounding elements. Conversely, inline elements are treated as part of the flow of document text; they cannot have margins, width or height set, and do break across lines. Block elements ( edit ) Block elements, or block-level elements, have a rectangular structure. By default, these elements will span the entire width of its parent element, and will thus not allow any other element to occupy the same horizontal space as it is placed on. The rectangular structure of a block element is often referred to as the box model , and is made up of several parts. Each element contains the following: The content of an element is the actual text (or other media) placed between the opening and closing tags of an element. The padding of an element is the space around that content, which still form part of said element. Padding is physically part of an element, and should not be used to create white space between two elements. Any background style assigned to the element, such as a background image or color, will be visible within the padding. Increasing the size of an element's padding increases the amount of space this element will take up. The border of an element is the absolute end of an element, and spans the perimeter of that element. The thickness of a border increases the size of an element. The margin of an element is the white-space that surrounds an element. The content, padding and border of any other element will not be allowed to enter this area, unless forced to do so by some advanced CSS placement. Using most standard DTDs , margins on the left and right of different elements will push each other away. Margins on the top or bottom of an element, on the other hand, will not stack, or will intermingle. This means that the white-space between these elements will be as big as the larger margin between them. The above section refers only to the detailed implementation of CSS rendering and has no relevance to HTML elements themselves. Basic text ( edit ) < p > ... < /p> Creates a paragraph, perhaps the most common block level element. P existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < h1 > ... < /h1> < h2 > ... < /h2> < h3 > ... < /h3> < h4 > ... < /h4> < h5 > ... < /h5> < h6 > ... < /h6> Section headings at different levels. < h1> delimits the highest-level heading, < h2> the next level down (sub-section), < h3> for a level below that, and so on to < h6> . They are sometimes referred to collectively as < hn > tags, n meaning any of the available heading levels. Most visual browsers show headings as large bold text by default, though this can be overridden with CSS . Heading elements are not intended merely for creating large or bold text-- in fact, they should not be used for explicitly styling text. Rather, they describe the document's structure and organization. Some programs use them to generate outlines and tables of contents. Headings existed in HTML Tags , and were standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. Lists ( edit ) < dl > ... < /dl> `` Definition list'' redirects here. For Wikipedia's article on lists of definitions, see Glossary . A description list (a.k.a. association list ), which consists of name-- value groups, and was known as a definition list prior to HTML5. Description lists are intended for groups of `` terms and definitions, metadata topics and values, questions and answers, or any other groups of name-- value data'' . DL existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < dt > ... < /dt> A name in a description list (previously definition term in a definition list). DT existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < dd > ... < /dd> A value in a description list (previously definition data in a definition list). DD existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < ol > ... < /ol> An ordered (enumerated) list. The type attribute can be used to specify the kind of marker to use in the list, but style sheets give more control. The default is Arabic numbering. CSS: list-style-type: foo . HTML attribute: < ol type='' foo `` > , in either case, replacing foo with one of the following: A for A, B, C... a for a, b, c... I for I, II, III... i for i, ii, iii... 1 for 1, 2, 3... OL existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < ul > ... < /ul> An unordered (bulleted) list. Style sheets can be used to specify the list marker: list-style-type: foo . The default marker type is disc , other values are square , circle and none . UL existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < li > ... < /li> A list item in ordered ( ol ) or unordered ( ul ) lists. LI existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < dir > ... < /dir> (deprecated) A directory listing. The original purpose of this element was never widely supported; deprecated in favor of < ul> . DIR existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Other block elements ( edit ) < address > ... < /address> Contact information for the document author. ADDRESS existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < article > ... < /article> Used for articles and other similar content. Standardized in HTML5 . < aside > ... < /aside> Used for content in a document which is separate from the main page content, for example, sidebars or advertising. Standardized in HTML5 . < blockquote > ... < /blockquote> A block level quotation , for when the quotation includes block level elements, e.g. paragraphs. The cite attribute may give the source, and must be a fully qualified Uniform Resource Identifier . The default presentation of block quotations in visual browsers is usually to indent them from both margins. This has led to the element being unnecessarily used just to indent paragraphs, regardless of semantics. For quotations not containing block level elements see the quote ( q ) element. BLOCKQUOTE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. See blockquote element for more information. < center > ... < /center> (deprecated) Creates a block-level center-aligned division. Deprecated in favor of < div> or another element with centering defined using style sheets. Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 ; not supported in HTML5 . < del > ... < /del> Marks a deleted section of content. This element can also be used as inline . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < div > ... < /div> Main article: Span and div A block-level logical division. A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section, usually for purposes such as presentation or behaviour controlled by style sheets or DOM calls. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < figure > ... < /figure> Used to group images and captions, along with figcaption . Standardized in HTML5 . < figcaption > ... < /figcaption> A caption for an image. Always placed inside the figure< /figure> element. Standardized in HTML5 . < footer > ... < /footer> Used for document footers. These may contain author or copyright information, or links to other pages. Standardized in HTML5 . < header > ... < /header> Used for document headers. These typically contain content introducing the page. Standardized in HTML5 . < hr /> A horizontal rule. Presentational rules can also be drawn with style sheets. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < ins > ... < /ins> Marks a section of inserted content. This element can also be used as inline . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < main > ... < /main> Contains the main content of a document. Standardized in HTML5 . < menu > ... < /menu> HTML 2.0: A menu listing. Should be more compact than a < ul> list. MENU existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict ; but then redefined in HTML5 . < nav > ... < /nav> Used in navigational sections of articles (areas of webpages which contain links to other webpages). Standardized in HTML5 . < noscript > ... < /noscript> Replacement content for scripts. Unlike script this can only be used as a block-level element. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < pre > ... < /pre> Pre-formatted text. Text within this element is typically displayed in a non-proportional font exactly as it is laid out in the file (see ASCII art ). Whereas browsers ignore white-space for other HTML elements, in pre , white-space should be rendered as authored. (With the CSS properties: ( white-space : pre ; font-family : monospace ;) , other elements can be presented in the same way.) This element can contain any inline element except: image ( IMG ), object ( OBJECT ), big font size ( BIG ), small font size ( SMALL ), superscript ( SUP ), and subscript ( SUB ). PRE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < section > ... < /section> Used for generic sections of a document. This is different from div in that it is only used to contain sections of a page, which the W3C defines as a group of content with a similar theme. Standardized in HTML5 . < script > ... < /script> Places a script in the document. Also usable in the head and in inline contexts. Note: SCRIPT is not itself either a block or inline element; by itself it should not display at all, but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content. Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. Inline elements ( edit ) Inline elements cannot be placed directly inside the body element; they must be wholly nested within block-level elements. Anchor ( edit ) < a > ... < /a> An anchor element is called an anchor because web designers can use it to anchor a URL to some text on a web page. When users view the web page in a browser, they can click the text to activate the link and visit the page whose URL is in the link. In HTML, an anchor can be either the origin (the anchor text ) or the target (destination) end of a hyperlink . With the attribute href , the anchor becomes a hyperlink to either another part of the document or another resource (e.g. a webpage) using an external URL . Alternatively (and sometimes concurrently), with the name or id HTML attributes set, the element becomes a target . A Uniform Resource Locator can link to this target via a fragment identifier . In HTML5, any element can now be made into a target by using the id attribute, so using < a name = `` foo'' > ... < / a > is not necessary, although this way of adding anchors continues to work. To illustrate: the header of a table of contents section on example.com could be turned into a target by writing < h1 id = `` contents'' > Table of contents < / h1 > Continuing with this example, now that the section has been marked up as a target, it can be referred to from external sites with a link like < a href = `` http://example.com#contents">see contents < / a > or with a link on the same page like: < a href = `` #contents'' > contents, above < / a > The attribute title may be set to give brief information about the link: < a href = `` URL'' title = `` additional information'' > link text < / a > In most graphical browsers, when the cursor hovers over a link, the cursor changes into a hand with an extended index finger and the title is displayed in a tooltip or in some other manner. Some browsers render alt text the same way, although this is not what the specification calls for. A existed in HTML Tags , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. Phrase elements ( edit ) General ( edit ) < abbr > ... < /abbr> Marks an abbreviation , and can make the full form available: < abbr title = `` abbreviation'' > abbr. < / abbr > Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < acronym > ... < /acronym> (deprecated) Similar to the abbr element, but marks an acronym : < acronym title = `` Hyper-Text Mark-up Language'' > HTML < / acronym > Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current, not supported in HTML5 . < dfn > ... < /dfn> inline definition of a single term. DFN existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was fully standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < em > ... < /em> Emphasis (conventionally displayed in italics) EM existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < strong > ... < /strong> strong emphasis (conventionally displayed bold). An aural user agent may use different voices for emphasis. STRONG existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. Computer phrase elements ( edit ) These elements are useful primarily for documenting computer code development and user interaction through differentiation of source code (< code> ), source code variables (< var> ), user input (< kbd> ), and terminal output (< samp> ). < code > ... < /code> A code snippet ( code example ). Conventionally rendered in a mono-space font. CODE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < kbd > ... < /kbd> Keyboard - text to be entered by the user ( kbd example ). KBD existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < samp > ... < /samp> Sample output - from a program or script: ( samp example ). SAMP existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < var > ... < /var> Variable ( var example ). VAR existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. Presentation ( edit ) As visual presentational markup only applies directly to visual browsers, its use is discouraged. Style sheets should be used instead. Several of these elements are deprecated or invalid in HTML 4 / XHTML 1.0, and the remainder are invalid in the current draft of XHTML 2.0 . The current draft of HTML5 , however, re-includes < s > , < u> , and < small> , assigning new semantic meaning to each. In an HTML5 document, the use of these elements is no longer discouraged, provided that it is semantically correct. < b > ... < /b> In HTML 4 , set font to boldface where possible. Equivalent CSS: ( font-weight : bold ) . < strong > ... < / strong > usually has the same effect in visual browsers, as well as having more semantic meaning, under HTML 4.01 . In HTML5 , however, b has its own meaning, distinct from that of strong . It denotes `` text to which attention is being drawn for utilitarian purposes without conveying any extra importance and with no implication of an alternate voice or mood.'' B existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < i > ... < /i> In HTML 4 , set font to italic where possible. Equivalent CSS : ( font-style : italic ) . < em> ...< /em> usually has the same effect in visual browsers, as well as having more semantic meaning, under HTML 4.01 . In HTML5 , however, i has its own semantic meaning, distinct from that of em . It denotes `` a different quality of text'' or `` an alternative voice or mood'' -- e.g., a thought, a ship name, a binary species name , a foreign-language phrase, etc. I existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < u > ... < /u> In HTML 4 , underlined text. Equivalent CSS: ( text-decoration : underline ) . Deprecated in HTML 4.01 . Restored in HTML5 . In HTML5 , the u element denotes `` a span of text with an unarticulated, though explicitly rendered, non-textual annotation, such as labelling the text as being a proper name in Chinese text (a Chinese proper name mark), or labelling the text as being misspelt.'' The HTML5 specification reminds developers that other elements are almost always more appropriate than u and admonishes designers not to use underlined text where it could be confused for a hyper-link. U existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , was standardized in HTML 3.2 but was deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional and was invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Reintroduced in HTML5 . < small > ... < /small> In HTML 4 , decreased font size ( smaller text). Equivalent CSS: (font-size: smaller) In HTML5 , the small element denotes `` side comments such as small print.'' Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < s > ... < /s> In HTML 4 , indicated strike-through text ( Strikethrough ) and was equivalent to strike . In HTML5 , the s element denotes information that is `` no longer accurate or no longer relevant'' , and is not to be confused with del , which indicates removal/deletion. S was deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional (having not appeared in any previous standard), and was invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Reintroduced in HTML5 . < big > ... < /big> (deprecated) Increased font size ( bigger text). Equivalent CSS: ( font-size : larger ) Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; not supported in HTML5 . < strike > ... < /strike> Strike-through text ( Strikethrough ), (Equivalent CSS: ( text-decoration : line-through ) ) STRIKE was standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . < tt > ... < /tt> (deprecated) Fixed-width font ( typewriter-like ), also known as teletype . (Equivalent CSS: ( font-family : monospace ;) ) TT existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; not supported in HTML5. Possible replacements: < kbd> ...< /kbd> for marking keyboard input, < var> ...< /var> for variables, < code> ...< /code> for computer code, < samp> ...< /samp> for computer output. < font > ... < /font> < font (color= colour ) (size= size ) (face= face )> ...< /font> Can specify the font colour with the color attribute (note the American spelling), typeface with the face attribute, and absolute or relative size with the size attribute. Examples (all uses are deprecated, use CSS equivalents if possible): < font color = `` green'' > text < / font > creates green text . < font color = `` #114499'' > text < / font > creates text with hexadecimal color #114499 . < font size = `` 4'' > text < / font > creates text with size 4. Sizes are from 1 to 7. The standard size is 3, unless otherwise specified in the < body> or other tags. < font size = `` +1'' > text < / font > creates text with size 1 bigger than the standard. < font size = `` -1'' > text < / font > is opposite. < font face = `` Courier'' > text < / font > makes text with Courier font. Equivalent CSS for font attributes: < font size = '' N `` > corresponds to ( font-size : Y units ) (the HTML specification does not define the relationship between size N and unit-size Y , nor does it define a unit). < font color = `` red'' > corresponds to (color: red) < font face = `` Courier'' > corresponds to (font-family: `` Courier'' ) Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . Not part of HTML5. Span ( edit ) < span > ... < /span> Main article: Span and div An inline logical division. A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section, usually for purposes such as presentation or behaviour controlled by style sheets or DOM calls. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. Other inline elements ( edit ) < br /> A forced line break. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < bdi > ... < /bdi> Isolates an inline section of text that may be formatted in a different direction from other text outside of it, such as user-generated content with unknown directionality. Standardized in HTML5 . < bdo > ... < /bdo> Marks an inline section of text in which the reading direction is the opposite from that of the parent element. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < cite > ... < /cite> A citation or a reference for a quote or statement in the document. CITE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < data > ... < /data> Links inline content with a machine-readable translation. Standardized in HTML5 . < del > ... < /del> Deleted text. Typically rendered as a strikethrough : Deleted text. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < ins > ... < /ins> Inserted text. Often used to mark up replacement text for < del> ' d text. Typically rendered underlined : Inserted text. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. Note, both < ins> and < del> elements may also be used as block elements: containing other block and inline elements. However, these elements must still remain wholly within their parent element to maintain a well-formed HTML document. For example, deleting text from the middle of one paragraph across several other paragraphs and ending in a final paragraph would need to use three separate < del> elements. Two < del> elements would be required as inline element to indicate the deletion of text in the first and last paragraphs, and a third, used as a block element, to indicate the deletion in the intervening paragraphs. < mark > ... < /mark> Produces text that looks like this . Intended for highlighting relevant text in a quotation. Standardized in HTML5 . < q > ... < /q> An inline quotation (for block level quotation see blockquote ). Quote elements may be nested. < q> should automatically generate quotation marks in conjunction with style sheets. Practical concerns due to browser non-compliance may force authors to find workarounds. The cite attribute gives the source, and must be a fully qualified URI . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. Note: Lengthy inline quotations may be displayed as indented blocks (as block-quote ) using style sheets. For example, with a suitable CSS rule associated with q.lengthy : < q class = `` lengthy'' > An inline quotation of significant length (say 25 words, for example) goes here... < / q > < rb > ... < /rb> Represents the base component of a ruby annotation . Standardized in HTML5 . < rp > ... < /rp> Provides fallback parenthesis for browsers lacking ruby annotation support. Standardized in HTML5 . < rt > ... < /rt> Indicates pronunciation for a character in a ruby annotation . Standardized in HTML5 . < rtc > ... < /rtc> Semantic annotations for a ruby annotation . Standardized in HTML5 . < ruby > ... < /ruby> Represents a ruby annotation for showing the pronunciation of East Asian characters. Standardized in HTML5 . < script > ... < /script> Places a script in the document. Also usable in the head and in block contexts. Note: < script> is not itself either a block or inline element; by itself it should not display at all, but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content. Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < sub > ... < /sub> and < sup > ... < /sup> Mark or text. (Equivalent CSS: (vertical-align: sub) or (vertical-align: super) .) Both were proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < template > ... < /template> Code fragments to be copied by scripts. Standardized in HTML5 . < time > ... < /time> Represents a time on the 24-hour clock or a date on the Gregorian calendar , optionally with time and timezone information. Also allows times and dates to be represented in a machine-readable format. Standardized in HTML5 . < wbr /> An optional word break. Was widely used (and supported by all major browsers) for years despite being non-standard until finally being standardized in HTML5 . Images and objects ( edit ) < applet > ... < /applet> (deprecated) Embeds a Java applet in the page. Deprecated in favour of < object> , as it could only be used with Java applets, and had accessibility limitations. Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . As of 2011, still widely used as the implementations of the replacing < object> are not consistent between different browsers. < area /> Specifies a focusable area in a map . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < audio > ... < /audio> Adds playable HTML5 audio to the page. The audio URL is determined using the src attribute. Supported audio formats vary from browser to browser. Standardized in HTML5 . < canvas > ... < /canvas> Adds a canvas whose contents can be edited with JavaScript . Frequently used for online games. Standardized in HTML5 . < embed > ... < /embed> Inserts a non-standard object (like applet) or external content (typically non-HTML) into the document. Deprecated in HTML 4 in favor of the object tag, but then was added back into the HTML5 specification < img /> Used by visual user agents to insert an image in the document. The src attribute specifies the image URL. The required alt attribute provides alternative text in case the image cannot be displayed. (Though alt is intended as alternative text, Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 and below render it as a tooltip if no title is given. Safari and Google Chrome , on the other hand, do not display the alt attribute at all.) img was proposed by Marc Andreessen and implemented in the NSCA Mosaic web browser. IMG existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2 , and was standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < map > ... < /map> Specifies a client-side image map . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < object > ... < /object> Includes an object in the page of the type specified by the type attribute. This may be in any MIME -type the user agent understands, such as an embedded HTML page, a file to be handled by a plug-in such as Flash , a Java applet , a sound file, etc. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < param /> Originally introduced with applet , this element is now used with, and should only occur as a child of object . It uses HTML attributes to set a parameter for the object, e.g. width, height, font, background colour, etc., depending on the type of object. An object can have multiple params . Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < source > ... < /source> Specifies different sources for audio or video. Makes use of the src attribute in a way similar to the video and audio elements. Standardized in HTML5 . < track > ... < /track> Provides text tracks, like subtitles and captions, for audio and video. Standardized in HTML5 . < video > ... < /video> Adds a playable HTML5 video to the page. The video URL is determined using the src attribute. Supported video formats vary from browser to browser. Standardized in HTML5 . Forms ( edit ) Main article: Form (HTML) These elements can be combined into a form or in some instances used separately as user-interface controls; in the document, they can be simple HTML or used in conjunction with Scripts. HTML markup specifies the elements that make up a form, and the method by which it will be submitted. However, some form of scripts ( server-side , client-side, or both) must be used to process the user's input once it is submitted. (These elements are either block or inline elements, but are collected here as their use is more restricted than other inline or block elements.) < form action =`` url'' > ... < /form> Creates a form . The form element specifies and operates the overall action of a form area, using the required action attribute. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < button > ... < /button> A generic form button which can contain a range of other elements to create complex buttons. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < datalist > ... < /datalist> A list of option s for use in form elements. Standardized in HTML5 . < fieldset > ... < /fieldset> A container for adding structure to forms. For example, a series of related controls can be grouped within a field-set , which can then have a legend added in order to identify their function. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < input /> input elements allow a variety of standard form controls to be implemented. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. Input Types: type =`` checkbox'' A checkbox . Can be checked or unchecked. type =`` radio'' A radio button . If multiple radio buttons are given the same name, the user will only be able to select one of them from this group. type =`` button'' A general-purpose button. The element < button> is preferred if possible (i.e. if the client supports it) as it provides richer possibilities. type =`` submit'' A submit button. type =`` image'' An image button . The image URL may be specified with the src attribute. type =`` reset'' A reset button for resetting the form to default values. type =`` text'' A one-line text input field . The size attribute specifies the default width of the input in character-widths. max-length sets the maximum number of characters the user can enter (which may be greater than size). type =`` search'' A variation of text which produces a search bar. type =`` password'' A variation of text . The difference is that text typed in this field is masked -- characters are displayed as an asterisk, a dot or another replacement. It should be noted, however, that the password is still submitted to the server as clear text , so an underlying secure transport layer like HTTPS is needed if confidentiality is a concern. type =`` file'' A file select field (for uploading files to a server). type =`` tel'' A variation of text for telephone numbers . type =`` email'' A variation of text for email addresses . type =`` url'' A variation of text for URLs . type =`` date'' A date selector. type =`` time'' A time selector. type =`` number'' A variation of text for numbers. type =`` range'' Produces a slider for that returns a number, but the number is not visible to the user. type =`` color'' A color picker. type =`` hidden'' hidden inputs are not visible in the rendered page, but allow a designer to maintain a copy of data that needs to be submitted to the server as part of the form. This may, for example, be data that this web user entered or selected on a previous form that needs to be processed in conjunction with the current form. Not displayed to the user but data can still be altered client-side by editing the HTML source. < isindex /> (deprecated) isindex could either appear in the document head or in the body, but only once in a document. Isindex operated as a primitive HTML search form; but was de facto obsoleted by more advanced HTML forms introduced in the early to mid-1990s. Represents a set of hyperlinks composed of a base URI, an ampersand and percent-encoded keywords separated by plus signs . ISINDEX existed in HTML Tags ; standardized in HTML 2.0 ; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional ; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict . < keygen > ... < /keygen> A key pair generator. Standardized in HTML5 . < label for =`` id'' > ... < /label> Creates a label for a form input (e.g. radio button). Clicking on the label fires a click on the matching input. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < legend > ... < /legend> A legend (caption) for a fieldset . Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < meter > ... < /meter> A meter which needs a value attribute. Can also have: min, low, high, max. Standardized in HTML5 . < option value =`` x'' > ... < /option> Creates an item in a select list. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < optgroup > ... < /optgroup> Identifies a group of options in a select list. Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < output > ... < /output> The value of a form element. Standardized in HTML5 . < progress > ... < /progress> A bar for showing the progress of an action. Standardized in HTML5 . < select name =`` xyz'' > ... < /select> Creates a selection list, from which the user can select a single option. May be rendered as a dropdown list. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. < textarea rows =`` 8'' > ... < /textarea> A multiple-line text area, the size of which is specified by cols (where a col is a one-character width of text) and rows HTML attributes . The content of this element is restricted to plain text, which appears in the text area as default text when the page is loaded. Standardized in HTML 2.0 ; still current. Tables ( edit ) The format of HTML Tables was proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts and the later RFC 1942 HTML Tables . They were inspired by the CALS Table Model . Some elements in these proposals were included in HTML 3.2; the present form of HTML Tables was standardized in HTML 4. (Many of the elements used within tables are neither block nor inline elements.) < table > ... < /table> Identifies a table. Several HTML attributes are possible in HTML Transitional, but most of these are invalid in HTML Strict and can be replaced with style sheets. The summary attribute is however informally required for accessibility purposes, though its usage is not simple. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < tr > ... < /tr> Contains a row of cells in a table. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < th > ... < /th> A table header cell; contents are conventionally displayed bold and centered. An aural user agent may use a louder voice for these items. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < td > ... < /td> A table data cell. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < colgroup > ... < /colgroup> Specifies a column group in a table. Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < col > ... < /col> Specifies a column in a table. Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < caption > ... < /caption> Specifies a caption for a table. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts ; Standardized in HTML 3.2 ; still current. < thead > ... < /thead> Specifies the header part of a table. This section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media). Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < tbody > ... < /tbody> Specifies a body of data for the table. Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. < tfoot > ... < /tfoot> Specifies the footer part of a table. Like < thead> , this section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media). Proposed in HTML Tables ; Standardized in HTML 4.0 ; still current. Frames ( edit ) Main article: Framing (World Wide Web) Frames allow a visual HTML Browser window to be split into segments, each of which can show a different document. This can lower bandwidth use, as repeating parts of a layout can be used in one frame, while variable content is displayed in another. This may come at a certain usability cost, especially in non-visual user agents, due to separate and independent documents (or websites) being displayed adjacent to each other and being allowed to interact with the same parent window. Because of this cost, frames (excluding the < iframe> element) are only allowed in HTML 4.01 Frame-set. Iframes can also hold documents on different servers. In this case the interaction between windows is blocked by the browser. Sites like Facebook and Twitter use iframes to display content (plugins) on third party websites. Google AdSense uses iframes to display banners on third party websites. In HTML 4.01, a document may contain a < head> and a < body> or a < head> and a < frameset> , but not both a < body> and a < frameset> . However, < iframe> can be used in a normal document body. < frameset > ... < /frameset> (deprecated) Contains the set of frame elements for a document. The layout of frames is given by comma separated lists in the rows and cols HTML attributes . Standardized in HTML 4.0 Frameset, obsolete in HTML5. < frame /> (deprecated) Defines a single frame, or region, within the frameset . A separate document is linked to a frame using the src attribute inside the frame element. Standardized in HTML 4.0 Frameset, obsolete in HTML5. < noframes > ... < /noframes> (deprecated) Contains normal HTML content for user agents that don't support frames. Standardized in HTML 4.0 Transitional, obsolete in HTML5. < iframe > ... < /iframe> An inline frame places another HTML document in a frame. Unlike an object element, an inline frame can be the `` target'' frame for links defined by other elements, and it can be selected by the user agent as the focus for printing, viewing its source, and so on. The content of the element is used as alternative text to be displayed if the browser does not support iframes. First introduced by Microsoft Internet Explorer in 1997, standardized in HTML 4.0 Transitional, allowed in HTML5. Longdesc ( edit ) In HTML , longdesc is an attribute used within the image element , frame element , or iframe element . It is supposed to be a URL to a document that provides a long description for the image, frame, or iframe in question. Note that this attribute should contain a URL, and not as is commonly mistaken, the text of the description itself. Longdesc was designed to be used by screen readers to display image information for computer users with accessibility issues, such as the blind or visually impaired, and is widely implemented by both web browsers and screen readers. Some developers object that it is actually seldom used for this purpose, because there are relatively few authors who use the attribute, and most of those authors use it incorrectly, and have used this argument to recommend dropping longdesc. The publishing industry has responded, advocating the retention of longdesc. Example ( edit ) < img src = `` Hello.jpg'' longdesc = `` description.html'' > Content of description.html : ... < p > This is an image of a two-layered birthday cake. < / p > ... Linking to the long description in the text ( edit ) Since very few graphical browsers support making the link available natively (Opera and iCab being the exceptions), it is useful to include a link to the description page near the img element whenever possible, as this can also aid sighted users. Example ( edit ) < img src = `` Hello.jpg'' longdesc = `` description.html'' /> ( < a href = `` description.html'' title = `` long description of the image'' > D < / a > ) Historic elements ( edit ) Main article: Comparison of layout engines (Non-standard HTML) The following elements were part of the early HTML developed by Tim Berners-Lee from 1989-- 91; they are mentioned in HTML Tags , but deprecated in HTML 2.0 and were never part of HTML standards. < listing > ... < /listing> (deprecated) This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML. The HTML 2.0 specification recommended rendering the element at up to 132 characters per line. Deprecated in HTML 3.2 ; obsolete in HTML5 . < plaintext /> (deprecated) plaintext does not have an end tag, as it terminates the markup and causes the rest of the document to be parsed as if it were plain text . plaintext existed in HTML Tags ; deprecated in HTML 2.0 ; invalid in HTML 4.0 . < xmp > ... < /xmp> (deprecated) This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML. The HTML 2.0 specification recommended rendering the element at 80 characters per line. Deprecated in HTML 3.2 ; obsolete in HTML5 . < nextid /> (deprecated) This element enabled NeXT web designing tool to generate automatic NAME labels for its anchors and was itself automatically generated. nextid existed in HTML Tags (described as obsolete); deprecated in HTML 2.0 ; invalid in HTML 3.2 and later. Non-standard elements ( edit ) Main article: Comparison of layout engines (Non-standard HTML) This section lists some widely used obsolete elements, which means they are not used in valid code. They may not be supported in all user agents. < blink > ... < /blink> (deprecated) Causes text to blink. Introduced in imitation of the ANSI escape codes . Can be done with CSS where supported: (text-decoration: blink) (This effect may have negative consequences for people with photosensitive epilepsy ; its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines.) blink originated in Netscape Navigator and is mostly recognized by its descendants, including Firefox ; deprecated or invalid in HTML 2.0 and later. Note that the replacement CSS tag, while standard, is not required to be supported. < marquee > ... < /marquee> (deprecated) Creates scrolling text. Can be done with scripting instead. (This effect may have negative consequences for people with photosensitive epilepsy ; its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines.) There are three options, including Alternate , Scroll and slide . Scrolldelay can also be added. marquee originated in Microsoft Internet Explorer ; deprecated or invalid in HTML 4.01 and later. < nobr > ... < /nobr> (deprecated) Causes text to not break at end of line, preventing word wrap where text exceeds the width of the enclosing object. Adjacent text may break before and after it. Can be done with CSS: (white-space: nowrap;) nobr is a proprietary element which is recognized by most browsers for compatibility reasons; deprecated or invalid in HTML 2.0 and later. < noembed > ... < /noembed> (deprecated) Specifies alternative content, if the embed cannot be rendered. Replaced by the content of the embed or object element. Comments ( edit ) < !-- A Comment --> A comment in HTML (and related XML, SGML and SHTML) uses the same syntax as the SGML comment or XML comment , depending on the doctype. Unlike most HTML tags, comments do not nest. The markup < !--Xbegin< !--Y--> Xend--> will yield the comment Xbegin< !--Y and the text Xend--> after it. Comments can appear anywhere in a document, as the HTML parser is supposed to ignore them no matter where they appear so long as they are not inside other HTML tag structures. Comments can even appear before the doctype declaration; no other tags are permitted to do this. However, not all browsers and HTML editors are fully compliant with the HTML syntax framework and may do unpredictable things under some syntax conditions. Defective handling of comments only affects about 5% of all browsers and HTML editors in use (IE6 accounting for most of this high percentage). Even then only certain versions are affected by comment mishandling issues. There are a few compatibility quirks involving comments: Placing comments -- or indeed any characters except for white-space -- before the doctype will cause Internet Explorer 6 to use quirks mode for the HTML page. None of its enclosed contents are processed. For compatibility with some pre-1995 browsers, the contents of style and script elements are still sometimes surrounded by comment delimiters. The BlueGriffon HTML editor, in versions 1.7.x makes comments that are not embedded in the syntax structure < style > ... ( comment tags ) ... < / style > show up on screen. Other HTML editors may have this same defect. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Document'' may refer interchangeably to either a file stored on a computer filesystem, usually on disk, or to a document delivered across the Web by HTTP . Such documents may equally be copies of disk files stored on the web server, or they may be generated on demand. Jump up ^ Document Object Model is now a formalized specification by the W3C . It defines an interface to this internal model, rather than the internal model itself. Early web browsers used their own internal representation that bore little relation to the DOM. The term `` document tree'' has also been applied. However for the purpose here, of explaining the difference between a document of tags and a parsed model of elements, it is convenient to use the term DOM throughout. Jump up ^ The term `` web browser'' here is used for simplicity. It does of course include other sorts of web user agent , such as search engine web crawlers , automatic news-feed retrievers etc. Jump up ^ HTML 4.01 is one of a small number of well-known HTML DTDs. It is chosen here as the best illustrative example, although the same behavior applies to the other W3C-published DTDs for HTML. Jump up ^ A macro-like feature of DTDs may still be used within XML. Jump up ^ One minor point is that XML, even after the DOM interface, is case-sensitive. Jump up ^ Although see < object> for the inevitable exception. Jump up ^ Strictly an IRI , not a URL; although URLs are a subset of IRIs. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Document Object Model (DOM) Current Version'' . W3C. 26 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Definitions -- Document tree'' . Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification . W3C. 7 June 2011. section= ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` § 3.2.1 Elements'' . HTML 4.01 Specification . W3C. 24 December 1999. section= ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` § 3.1 Introduction to SGML'' . HTML 4.01 Specification . W3C. 24 December 1999. section= ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` HTML 4.01, § 21, Document Type Definition'' . W3C. 24 December 1999. Jump up ^ `` § 1.3. XHTML and the HTML DOM'' . Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 HTML Specification . W3C. 9 January 2003. section= ignored ( help ) ^ Jump up to: `` § 7.5.3 Block-level and inline elements'' . HTML 4.01 Specification . W3C. 24 December 1999. section= ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Mark Newhouse (27 September 2002). `` CSS Design: Taming Lists'' . A List Apart . Jump up ^ XHTML 1.0 § 4.2 Jump up ^ XML 1.0 (The ability to produce additional elements is part of the eXtensibility in the acronym.) Jump up ^ XML 1.0 § 5.1 Jump up ^ XHTML 1.1 § A Jump up ^ `` HTML & CSS'' . W3C. 2013. Jump up ^ `` Appendix D. Default style sheet for HTML 4'' . Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification . W3C. 7 June 2011. Jump up ^ HTML 4.01 § 14.1 Jump up ^ Ferraiolo, J. Fujisawa, J, and Jackson, D (editors) (2003-01-14). `` Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 Specification, § 2.3 Options for using SVG in Web pages '' . W3C . Retrieved 2009-03-25 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link )CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ HTML 4.01 § 12.3 Jump up ^ HTML 4.01 § 14.3.2 Jump up ^ HTML 4.01 § 18 Jump up ^ CSS § 1.1 Jump up ^ `` 4.4 Grouping content -- HTML5'' . HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML -- W3C Recommendation . World Wide Web Consortium. 28 October 2014. 4.4.8 The dl element . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lists in HTML documents'' . HTML 4.01 Specification -- W3C Recommendation . World Wide Web Consortium. 24 December 1999. 10.3 Definition lists: the DL , DT , and DD elements . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ W3C (5 April 2011). `` HTML5: A Vocabulary and Associated APIs for HTML and XHTML, W3C Working Draft'' ... Jump up ^ HTML 4.01 , W3.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 Jump up ^ HTML 4 for dummies , 5th edition, 2005, By Ed Tittel, Mary C. Burmeister, p. 96. Jump up ^ hypertext reference Jump up ^ HTML5 attributes index Jump up ^ 4.6 Text-level semantics -- The b element , Developers.whatwg.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 Jump up ^ 4.6 Text-level semantics -- The i element , Developers.whatwg.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 Jump up ^ 4.6 Text-level semantics -- The u element , Developers.whatwg.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 Jump up ^ 4.6 Text-level semantics -- The small element , Developers.whatwg.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 Jump up ^ 4.6 Text-level semantics -- The s element , Developers.whatwg.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 ^ Jump up to: 11 Obsolete features -- HTML5 , W3.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 Jump up ^ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/data Jump up ^ http://www.quackit.com/html/tags/html_rb_tag.cfm Jump up ^ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/rp Jump up ^ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/rt Jump up ^ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/rtc Jump up ^ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ruby Jump up ^ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/time Jump up ^ Jennifer Kyrnin < embed> Jump up ^ W3Schools about < embed> Jump up ^ The alt attribute's text cannot be styled with markup; as a result, other methods of alternative text presentation, such as Fahrner Image Replacement , have been devised to accommodate situations in which the coder wishes styled text to be displayed if images are disabled in a user's browser. Jump up ^ `` What's New in Internet Explorer 8 -- Accessibility and ARIA'' . MSDN . Microsoft . Retrieved 2009-07-22 . Jump up ^ Bug 5566 -- ALT attribute value sometimes not displayed when image is missing , Bugs.webkit.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 Jump up ^ WWW-Talk Jan-Mar 1993: proposed new tag: IMG , 1997.webhistory.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 Jump up ^ `` Are frames accessible?'' ... frames do present additional usability challenges that are unique to users with disabilities, particularly those who use screen readers. Jump up ^ `` Objects, Images, and Applets'' . W3C . Retrieved 2008-12-20 . Jump up ^ `` InState Longdesc'' . Retrieved 2011-09-05 . Jump up ^ `` Creating Accessible Images'' . WebAim . Retrieved 2008-12-20 . Jump up ^ Longdesc usage - WHATWG Wiki , Wiki.whatwg.org , retrieved 2012-03-26 Jump up ^ `` Bug 13461 - Commentary on Issue #30 (longdesc) from the Association of American Publishers'' . Retrieved 2011-09-05 . Jump up ^ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/listing Jump up ^ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/xmp Jump up ^ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/nextid ^ Jump up to: Chisholm, Wendy; Vanderheiden, Gregg; Jacobs, Ian (1999-05-05). `` Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0'' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 2010-07-20 . Bibliography ( edit ) HTML standards ( edit ) HTML 2.0: Berners-Lee, T.; Connolly, D. (November 1995). `` Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0 (RFC 1866)'' . IETF . Retrieved 2009-03-24 . HTML 3.2: Raggett, Dave (1997-01-14). `` HTML 3.2 Reference Specification'' . W3C . Retrieved 2009-03-27 . HTML 4.01: Raggett, Dave; Le Hors, A; Jacobs, I. (1999-12-24). `` HTML 4.01 Specification'' . W3C . Retrieved 2009-03-24 . (HTML 4.01 is the updated form of HTML 4.0.) XHTML 1.0: W3C (2000-01-26). `` XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)'' . W3C . Retrieved 2009-03-24 . XHTML 1.1: Altheim, M., and McCarron, S. (editors) (2001-05-31). `` XHTML 1.1 - Module-based XHTML'' . W3C . Retrieved 2009-03-25 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link )CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Other sources ( edit ) HTML Tags: Berners-Lee, T. (1992-11-03). `` HTML Tags'' . Retrieved 2009-03-28 . (Part of the first published description of HTML.) HTML Internet Draft 1.2: Berners-Lee, T.; Connolly, D. (June 1993). `` Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)'' (text) . Retrieved 2009-03-28 . HTML 3.0 Drafts: Raggett, Dave (1995-03-24). `` HyperText Markup Language Specification Version 3.0 (draft)'' . Retrieved 2009-04-18 . (This is the final draft of HTML 3.0, which expired without being developed further.) HTML Tables: Raggett, Dave (May 1996). `` HTML Tables (RFC 1942)'' . IETF . Retrieved 2009-03-22 . XML 1.0: Bray, T, Paoli, J, Sperberg-McQueen, CM, Maler, E and Yergeau, F (editors) (2008-11-26). `` Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition)'' . W3C . Retrieved 2009-03-20 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link )CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) CSS: Lie, H.W.; Bos, B. (2008-04-11). `` Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 (revised 2008-04-11)'' . W3C . Retrieved 2009-04-05 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook HyperText Markup Language has a page on the topic of: all elements in HTML HTML 4.01 (Dec 24, 1999): elements and attributes HTML5 (Oct 28, 2014): elements and attributes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTML_element&oldid=797045492 '' Categories : HTML Hidden categories: CS1 errors: chapter ignored CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012 Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Interlingua Italiano Kurdî Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 ភាសា ខ្មែរ Português РусскийSlovenščinaSvenskaไทยУкраїнськаTiếngViệt中文EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon24August2017,at16:36.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 5756530749596302445 |
what year did jeep wrangler get power windows | Production of the Jeep Wrangler JK and Wrangler Unlimited JK ceased on Friday , April 27 , 2018 , after twelve years of production , as dealer stock of the 2018 Jeep Wrangler ( JL ) ramps up . The current Jeep Wrangler JK plant will receive a retooling in order to produce the upcoming Jeep Wrangler ( JL ) - based Jeep Scambler that will debut for the 2019 model year . | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Jeep Wrangler JK Jeep Wrangler Sahara ( JK ) Overview Manufacturer DaimlerChrysler ( 2007 ) Chrysler LLC ( 2007 - 2009 ) Chrysler Group LLC ( 2009 - 2014 ) FCA US LLC ( 2014 - 2018 ) Also called Jeep J8 ( Egypt ) Jeep TJL - J8 ( Egypt ) Katana Prince Production August 2006 -- April 27 , 2018 Model years 2007 -- 2018 Assembly Toledo , Ohio , United States Guanyin , Taoyuan , Taiwan ( Modified licensed version for the Taiwanese military ) Cairo , Egypt ( AAV ) Designer Mark Moushegian ( 2003 ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door convertible 2 - door SUV 4 - door convertible 4 - door SUV Layout Longitudinal front - engine , rear - wheel drive Longitudinal front - engine , four - wheel drive Related AIL Storm III Jeep J8 Powertrain Engine 2.8 L VM Motori RA 428 Diesel I4 Complete engine specs ( show ) Displacement : 168.8 CID ( 2,766 cc ) Stroke : 3.94 in ( 100 mm ) Bore : 3.70 in ( 94 mm ) Power : 160 hp ( 120 kW ) Torque : 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m ) Fuel Type : Diesel 3.6 L Pentastar V6 Complete engine specs ( show ) Displacement : 220 CID ( 3,604 cc ) Stroke : 3.78 in ( 96 mm ) Bore : 3.27 in ( 83 mm ) Power : 285 hp ( 209 kW Torque : 260 lb ft. ( 353 Nm ) Fuel Type : Gasoline 3.8 L EGH V6 Complete engine specs ( show ) Displacement : 230.5 CID ( 3778 cc ) Stroke : 3.43 in ( 87 mm ) Bore : 3.78 in ( 96 mm ) Power : 202 hp ( 151 kW ) Torque : 237 lb ⋅ ft ( 321 N ⋅ m ) Fuel Type : Gasoline Transmission 4 - speed Ultradrive 42RLE automatic 5 - speed Mercedes - Benz W5A580 automatic 5 - speed Chrysler 545RFE automatic 6 - speed Chrysler NSG370 manual Wheelbase 2 - door : 95.4 in ( 2,420 mm ) 4 - door : 116 in ( 2,950 mm ) Length 2 - door : 164.3 in ( 4,170 mm ) 4 - door : 184.9 in ( 4,700 mm ) Width 2 - door : 73.7 in ( 1,870 mm ) 4 - door : 73.9 in ( 1,880 mm ) Height 70.9 in ( 1,800 mm ) 2 - Door Rubicon : 72.3 in ( 1,840 mm ) Curb weight 3,760 -- 4,340 lb ( 1,706 -- 1,969 kg ) Chronology Predecessor Jeep Wrangler ( TJ ) Successor Jeep Wrangler ( JL )",
"Jeep Wrangler JK",
"Jeep Wrangler Sahara ( JK )",
"Overview",
"Manufacturer DaimlerChrysler ( 2007 ) Chrysler LLC ( 2007 - 2009 ) Chrysler Group LLC ( 2009 - 2014 ) FCA US LLC ( 2014 - 2018 )",
"Also called Jeep J8 ( Egypt ) Jeep TJL - J8 ( Egypt ) Katana Prince",
"Jeep J8 ( Egypt ) Jeep TJL - J8 ( Egypt )",
"Production August 2006 -- April 27 , 2018",
"Model years 2007 -- 2018",
"Assembly Toledo , Ohio , United States Guanyin , Taoyuan , Taiwan ( Modified licensed version for the Taiwanese military ) Cairo , Egypt ( AAV )",
"Designer Mark Moushegian ( 2003 )",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 2 - door convertible 2 - door SUV 4 - door convertible 4 - door SUV",
"Layout Longitudinal front - engine , rear - wheel drive Longitudinal front - engine , four - wheel drive",
"Related AIL Storm III Jeep J8",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 2.8 L VM Motori RA 428 Diesel I4 Complete engine specs ( show ) Displacement : 168.8 CID ( 2,766 cc ) Stroke : 3.94 in ( 100 mm ) Bore : 3.70 in ( 94 mm ) Power : 160 hp ( 120 kW ) Torque : 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m ) Fuel Type : Diesel 3.6 L Pentastar V6 Complete engine specs ( show ) Displacement : 220 CID ( 3,604 cc ) Stroke : 3.78 in ( 96 mm ) Bore : 3.27 in ( 83 mm ) Power : 285 hp ( 209 kW Torque : 260 lb ft. ( 353 Nm ) Fuel Type : Gasoline 3.8 L EGH V6 Complete engine specs ( show ) Displacement : 230.5 CID ( 3778 cc ) Stroke : 3.43 in ( 87 mm ) Bore : 3.78 in ( 96 mm ) Power : 202 hp ( 151 kW ) Torque : 237 lb ⋅ ft ( 321 N ⋅ m ) Fuel Type : Gasoline",
"Displacement : 168.8 CID ( 2,766 cc ) Stroke : 3.94 in ( 100 mm ) Bore : 3.70 in ( 94 mm ) Power : 160 hp ( 120 kW ) Torque : 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m ) Fuel Type : Diesel",
"Displacement : 168.8 CID ( 2,766 cc )",
"Stroke : 3.94 in ( 100 mm )",
"Bore : 3.70 in ( 94 mm )",
"Power : 160 hp ( 120 kW )",
"Torque : 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m )",
"Fuel Type : Diesel",
"Displacement : 220 CID ( 3,604 cc ) Stroke : 3.78 in ( 96 mm ) Bore : 3.27 in ( 83 mm ) Power : 285 hp ( 209 kW Torque : 260 lb ft. ( 353 Nm ) Fuel Type : Gasoline",
"Displacement : 220 CID ( 3,604 cc )",
"Stroke : 3.78 in ( 96 mm )",
"Bore : 3.27 in ( 83 mm )",
"Power : 285 hp ( 209 kW",
"Torque : 260 lb ft. ( 353 Nm )",
"Fuel Type : Gasoline",
"Displacement : 230.5 CID ( 3778 cc ) Stroke : 3.43 in ( 87 mm ) Bore : 3.78 in ( 96 mm ) Power : 202 hp ( 151 kW ) Torque : 237 lb ⋅ ft ( 321 N ⋅ m ) Fuel Type : Gasoline",
"Displacement : 230.5 CID ( 3778 cc )",
"Stroke : 3.43 in ( 87 mm )",
"Bore : 3.78 in ( 96 mm )",
"Power : 202 hp ( 151 kW )",
"Torque : 237 lb ⋅ ft ( 321 N ⋅ m )",
"Fuel Type : Gasoline",
"Transmission 4 - speed Ultradrive 42RLE automatic 5 - speed Mercedes - Benz W5A580 automatic 5 - speed Chrysler 545RFE automatic 6 - speed Chrysler NSG370 manual",
"Wheelbase 2 - door : 95.4 in ( 2,420 mm ) 4 - door : 116 in ( 2,950 mm )",
"Length 2 - door : 164.3 in ( 4,170 mm ) 4 - door : 184.9 in ( 4,700 mm )",
"Width 2 - door : 73.7 in ( 1,870 mm ) 4 - door : 73.9 in ( 1,880 mm )",
"Height 70.9 in ( 1,800 mm ) 2 - Door Rubicon : 72.3 in ( 1,840 mm )",
"Curb weight 3,760 -- 4,340 lb ( 1,706 -- 1,969 kg )",
"Chronology",
"Predecessor Jeep Wrangler ( TJ )",
"Successor Jeep Wrangler ( JL )",
"The Jeep Wrangler ( JK ) is the third generation of the Jeep Wrangler off - road vehicle . The Wrangler was unveiled at the 2006 North American International Auto Show , the JK series 2007 Wrangler Unlimited at the 2006 New York Auto Show .",
"The car 's body and chassis were completely redesigned during the era when Jeep was part of DaimlerChrysler . Just like the Willys MB , the CJ Jeeps and the Wranglers before it , the JK continues to have a separate body and frame , rigid live axles both front and rear , a fold - flat windshield , and can be driven without doors . Also , with the exception of optional 4x2 models , the Wrangler JK continues to have part - time four - wheel drive systems , with the choice of high and low gearing .",
"In addition to the traditional 2 - door Jeep , the JK introduced for the first time a factory standard four - door model , called the Wrangler Unlimited . Contrary to the first , TJ - based Unlimited , and the CJ - 8 `` Scrambler '' , its wheelbase is stretched by 20 instead of 10 inches . The Wrangler Unlimited became a big sales success -- by mid 2017 three quarters of all new Wranglers listed for sale were four - door models .",
"In 2001 , DaimlerChrysler commissioned development of a TJ successor under the `` JK '' program code for the third generation Jeep Wrangler . Design work began almost immediately in 2001 , with Mark Moushegian winning an internal design competition against Dan Zimmerman ( later responsible for 2005 Jeep Hurricane Concept ) by the second quarter of 2003 . In January 2004 , the JK design was frozen at 31 months ahead of production and work began on a conceptual preview .",
"On November 16 , 2004 , Jeep released 2 CAD renders of a Jeep pickup . On December 5 , 2004 , the 2005 Jeep Gladiator Concept was unveiled ahead of its January 2005 Detroit Auto Show debut , previewing many of the design elements on the incoming JK . The Wrangler JK was introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show with past Chrysler group CEO Tom LaSorda driving one up some steps and through a plate glass window , just as Robert Lutz had done at the show in January 1992 with the Grand Cherokee .",
"The JK was first available for purchase with the 2007 model year , beginning in August 2006 . The 2007 model year brought a complete redesign of the Jeep Wrangler , and also a four - door model . The TJ chassis was replaced by an all new JK platform .",
"The JK Wrangler has been offered from the start in two models :",
"A short - wheelbase 2 - door , in X , Sahara and Rubicon trim levels . A long - wheelbase Unlimited 4 - door , also in X , Sahara and Rubicon trim levels .",
"A short - wheelbase 2 - door , in X , Sahara and Rubicon trim levels .",
"A long - wheelbase Unlimited 4 - door , also in X , Sahara and Rubicon trim levels .",
"This next - generation Wrangler was noticeably wider than the previous model , with a 3.4 - inch ( 86 mm ) wider track ; and though the two - door model has a 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) longer wheelbase , it is actually 2.5 inches ( 64 mm ) shorter in overall length than the TJ , allowing for a 44.3 ° approach angle and a 40.4 ° departure angle . With a larger factory available tire size of 32 inches , the breakover angle on the Rubicon is increased from 22.6 ° to 25.4 ° . The four - door Unlimited model has an over 20 - inch ( 510 mm ) longer wheelbase at 116 in ( 2,950 mm ) to offer much improved rear seating room , but is nevertheless only 2.4 - inch ( 61 mm ) longer than the 2006 TJ Unlimited .",
"The JK runs almost all vehicle functions , other than steering , under computer software control . Engine , transmission , and to some extent braking are computer controlled , as are lights and auxiliary systems . This is a first for the Wrangler . As of mid-2007 , there have been three safety recalls for software fixes .",
"Stability control was a new safety feature for the JK Wrangler . All versions offer off - road tuned Anti-lock braking system and traction control system with electronic limited slip differential . Standard on the Rubicon trim is a new electronic sway bar disconnect system .",
"A Sunrider convertible soft top is standard equipment . Also available on the JK model is an optional 3 - piece modular hardtop . Although the doors can still be removed in traditional Wrangler fashion , power windows and remote power door locks was offered for the first time in a Wrangler . Another first is an available navigation system . This is the first generation of the Jeep Wrangler to have a change in the tail lamps .",
"New features included power windows , remote power door locks , navigation , as well as electronically detachable sway - bars on some models .",
"The Wrangler X is available with factory installed right - hand drive , targeted at U.S. Mail carriers . Rural mail boxes in the United States are serviced with the carrier behind the wheel . This may also be useful for carriers who wish to get out of their vehicle without the risk of getting hit by traffic . For the 2007 and 2008 model years , the right - hand drive Jeep was the short - wheelbase Wrangler . For the 2009 model year , the right - hand drive Wrangler will be replaced by the right - hand drive Wrangler Unlimited .",
"The JK series 2007 Wrangler Unlimited was unveiled at the New York Auto Show on April 12 , 2006 . It is stretched even more than the TJ model , and featured four doors . This change made it the last - remaining 2 - door SUV in North America to gain a four - door option and made it the only four door convertible in production . A full 20.6 inches ( 523 mm ) was added to the JK Wrangler 's 95.4 - inch ( 2423 mm ) wheelbase . It hit production line in August 2006 and was priced near $21,000 .",
"The Unlimited has the same engine and transmission choices as a short - wheelbase JK . X and Sahara trims offer an option of 4x2 rear - wheel drive in the USA . Optional 4x2 was discontinued after the 2010 model year for the Unlimited. 4 - wheel drive became standard for the 2011 model year . It is the only four - door convertible available in the US , since the Hummer H1 with optional rag - top is no longer sold .",
"The Unlimited offers more options and equipment than any previous Wrangler model , including standard electronic stability program and optional seat - mounted side airbags , remote keyless entry , navigation system , and Sirius Satellite Radio . The navigation and satellite systems are a part of the MyGig Entertainment system that also has a hard drive allowing for the storage of MP3 music files and pictures .",
"The Wrangler Unlimited became a big sales success -- by mid 2017 three quarters of all new Wranglers listed for sale were four - door models .",
"The Standard Wranglers are available in six trim packages ( including 2 special editions ) . The Unlimited Wranglers are available in four trim packages ( including 1 special edition ) . Most packages can be ordered with either hard or soft top , full or half doors ( `` Sport '' and `` Rubicon '' only ) .",
"The Sport base model is available in 2 - door versions . It is the `` bare bones '' Wrangler that can be customized to a buyer 's specifications by adding such options as air conditioning and other accessories . It was originally called the `` Wrangler X '' until 2009 . Later , stain - resistant YES Essentials cloth seats replaced standard vinyl seats , an AM / FM stereo with single - disc CD / MP3 player and auxiliary audio input jack , and full - sized spare tire and wheel came standard on this model .",
"The X-S model features 32 - inch tires ( on 17 - inch wheels ) , air conditioning , fog lights , cruise control , driver 's seat height adjuster , removable doors , and a fold - down windshield . It can be customized to a buyers specifications adding such options as power windows and locks , soft or hard top , rear LSD or locker ( 2007 only ) , and other accessories . It was renamed `` Sport S '' in 2009 . Advantages over the Sport included standard air conditioning , alloy wheels , matching spare tire and wheel , YES essentials stain - resistant cloth seats , optional Uconnect touch - screen radios , optional seven - speaker premium sound system with subwoofer , and optional power equipment , such as power door locks and power windows , a first on any Wrangler model .",
"The Sahara model is the `` luxury '' model offering accessories such as body colored fenders , `` Yes Essentials '' seats ( in late 2007 -- 2008 ) , power windows and locks and a 7 speaker infinity sound system with subwoofer , among others . It also offered exterior - color fender flares and a gold ' SAHARA ' decal on both front fenders .",
"The Rubicon is the `` off - road ready '' model , offering 32in BF Goodrich Mud - Terrain KM off - road tires with aggressive tread , seventeen - inch alloy wheels , and more . ' RUBICON ' decals adorned both sides of the hood .",
"The Rubicon package is the dedicated `` Offroad '' package . Standard components of the Rubicon package include front and rear next generation Dana 44 axles with electric lockers , Rock - Trac four - wheel drive with 4 : 1 transfer case , rock rails , 32 - spline rear axle with an 8.8 - inch ring gear , 4.10 axle gearing , electric releasing sway bar , `` Yes Essentials '' seats ( 2007 -- 08 ) , 7 - speaker infinity sound system , and any other available option can be added .",
"A 3.8 L EGH V6 with a displacement of 230.5 cubic inches ( 3,778 cc ) producing 202 hp ( 151 kW ) and 237 pound force - feet ( 321 N ⋅ m ) of torque was the base engine in 2007 - 2011 models . It replaced the venerable AMC 242 straight - 6 .",
"The 2.8 L VM Motori turbodiesel straight - 4 producing 177 hp ( 132 kW ) and 302 pound force - feet ( 409 N ⋅ m ) of torque used in the Liberty is offered as options outside of U.S. , as it does not satisfy U.S. emission control standards for 2007 .",
"A six - speed manual transmission is standard , with a four - speed automatic transmission offered as an option . The lower two levels have the Jeep Command - Trac part - time four - wheel drive system with an optional Trac - Loc limited - slip differential , while the Rubicon uses Rock - Trac a version of the NV241 with a 4 : 1 low range . Electronic locking front - and rear - axles called Tru - lok are also standard on Rubicon models . ( A rear locking differential was optional on X and Sahara models for 2007 , then only on select X models for 2008 and 2009 . From 2010 onward , the only non-Rubicon Wrangler to have the Tru - lok locking differential as an option are the 2015 Wrangler X , based on the Sahara , and the 2016 75th Anniversary Edition Wranglers . )",
"Engine Year Transmission 3.8 L EGH 2007 -- 2011 4 - speed 42RLE automatic 2007 -- 2011 6 - speed NSG370 manual 3.6 L Pentastar 2012 -- Present 5 - speed W5A580 automatic 2012 -- Present 6 - speed NSG370 manual 2.8 L RA 428 2007 -- 2010 5 - speed 545RFE automatic 2011 -- Present 5 - speed W5A580 automatic 2007 -- 2015 6 - speed NSG370 manual",
"Engine Year Transmission",
"3.8 L EGH 2007 -- 2011 4 - speed 42RLE automatic",
"2007 -- 2011 6 - speed NSG370 manual",
"3.6 L Pentastar 2012 -- Present 5 - speed W5A580 automatic",
"2012 -- Present 6 - speed NSG370 manual",
"2.8 L RA 428 2007 -- 2010 5 - speed 545RFE automatic",
"2011 -- Present 5 - speed W5A580 automatic",
"2007 -- 2015 6 - speed NSG370 manual",
"The 2009 model added standard Hill Start Assist ( HSA ) to prevent rollback on graded surfaces . Trailer Sway Control ( TSC ) also is available to monitor vehicle movement relative to the intended path and activates the Electronic Stability Program ( ESP ) if the trailer begins to sway outside set parameters . Additionally , ULEV II emissions replace LEV II emissions on manual transmission equipped vehicles .",
"The Rocky Mountain Edition is a special edition of the `` X '' model that was made for 2009 with 32 - inch tires ( on 18 - inch wheels ) , black tubular sidestep , a 6 - disc in - dash changer and visual enhancements such as body colored fenders were optional .",
"The 2010 model added a new easier - to-fold / open soft top , standard UConnect infotainment systems on models equipped with the MyGig radio , and new sun visors that offer more coverage than the old models , as well as integrated vanity mirrors .",
"The Islander Edition is a special edition of the `` Sport Base '' model made in 2010 with `` 32 '' ish - inch tires , Islander edition seats , rubber slush mats , black tubular sidestep and visual enhancements such as a blue accented leather steering wheel .",
"The Mountain Edition is a special edition of the `` Sport Base '' model made for 2010 with 32 - inch tires ( on 17 - inch wheels ) , black tubular sidestep , black tail light protectors and special edition seats , as well as visual enhancements like black grid and hood decals , a black fuel filler door and graphite dash enhancements . This edition was also available in 4 doors , based on the more equipped `` Sport '' trim instead of the `` Sport Base '' trim .",
"2010 Jeep Wrangler Mopar accessories modifications 2010 Jeep Wrangler 2 - door hard - top Islander Edition 2010 Unlimited Mountain Edition",
"2010 Jeep Wrangler Mopar accessories modifications",
"2010 Jeep Wrangler Mopar accessories modifications",
"2010 Jeep Wrangler 2 - door hard - top Islander Edition",
"2010 Jeep Wrangler 2 - door hard - top Islander Edition",
"2010 Unlimited Mountain Edition",
"2010 Unlimited Mountain Edition",
"The 2011 model added a new steering wheel , as well as a completely redesigned interior with higher quality materials , larger rear windows to increase rear visibility , and a new USB interface with Bluetooth audio streaming . For the first time ever , automatic temperature controls were also added to the Wrangler as an option . The redesign was intended to provide a more refined interior as well as directly addressing interior comfort in noise and temperature .",
"The 70th Anniversary Edition is a special package based on the Sahara model to commemorate the 70th model year of the Wrangler . This package is available for the 2011 model year on both Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited models . Features include : Black / Dark Olive ( or Black ) leather seats with perforated leather inserts and Chestnut accent stitching and piping , Leather steering wheel with Chestnut accents , Berber floor mats with Chestnut binding , Mopar brushed aluminum sill plates , Door armrest and center console in Dark Olive ( or Black ) with Chestnut accent , Unique 18 - inch polished wheels , Automatic shift knob with satin chrome cap and bezel , Satin chrome HVAC rings , front doorpulls and grab handle , 70th Anniversary logo on radio screen , Unique cluster overlay and needles , and 70th Anniversary badges throughout .",
"In 2011 MOPAR made a kit available , to convert a Jeep Wrangler Unlimited into a pickup , called JK - 8 Independence . The kit turns the car into a two - seater with a 50 inches long steel bed , and the half hard - top works with Freedom Top panels .",
"The 2012 model , as confirmed by Chrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne during the 2010 third - quarter sales announcement , received a version of Chrysler 's newest V - 6 engine known as Pentastar . The version used in the 2012 Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited produces 285 horsepower and 260 lb - ft of torque . Fuel economy for the 2 - door model is rated at 17 mpg City / 21 mpg Highway .",
"Jeep Wrangler Arctic is based on Jeep Wrangler Sahara , with Arctic badge , decal recall the Yeti , unique black 17 - inch wheels , original Mopar accessories , 3.6 - liter Pentastar V - 6 petrol engine with the automatic five - speed transmission or 2.8 - liter turbo diesel engine with a six - speed manual or five - speed automatic transmission .",
"The vehicles were unveiled in 64th International Frankfurt Motor Show .",
"Wrangler Unlimited Altitude edition is a package that starts with a Sahara model and adds black exterior treatment including the front badge , the wheel spokes , the fuel door , and a hood sticker . Inside , the vent trim , door pulls , steering - wheel spokes , and passenger grab handle are rendered in black . Stitching is done in red . The Altitude Wrangler paint colors are cherry red , black , white , or silver , and all include a body - colored hardtop .",
"European models of Jeep Wrangler were introduced in Jeep dealerships starting November 2011 . Early models include Sport , Sahara and Rubicon trim levels of Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited . Arctic model were introduced in Jeep dealerships in the first quarter of 2012 ( for Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited ) .",
"A version of 2012 model year Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon inspired by Activision 's Call of Duty video games was available . Equipment included Rubicon wheels finished in semi-gloss black , black , or bright silver body color , `` Call of Duty : MW3 Special Edition '' graphics on the front fenders and spare tire cover , modified sculpted hood also from AEV ( no heat vent ) ; an AEV winch - ready ( less the winch plate ) front bumper and AEV rear bumper , rock rails , taillamp guards and a fuel - filler door from Mopar accessories ; 32 - inch off - road tires , live axles with locking differentials in the front and rear , a two - speed transfer case , model - specific black seats with accent stitching and `` Call of Duty '' logos , unique gauge cluster graphics , dashboard serialized plaque , dashboard grab handle with logo , accent stitching on arm rest , console lid , and steering wheel , as well as Mopar slush floor mats and a rear cargo mat ( Unlimited only ) with logos .",
"The vehicles arrived at Jeep showrooms in November 2011 .",
"Mopar produced over 250 accessories for 2012 Jeep Wrangler .",
"Since about 2012 , the company American Expedition Vehicles offered an extended wheelbase , double - cab pickup conversion of the Unlimited , called the ' Brute ' . Inspired by the Land Rover Defender 130 , the Brute has a 139 inch wheelbase and an overall length of 216 inches . After four years of production , the Brute was retired .",
"The Wrangler series have received the following update / improvements ; newly contoured seats and trim , a lever for one - handed rear - seat folding ( previously a two - handed operation ) , ambient cabin lighting , and the return of the long - awaited second windshield washer nozzle .",
"Similar to the 2012 `` Call of Duty '' version , it was named in recognition of the mountainous Utah east - central region that plays host to the annual Moab Easter Jeep Safari . The newest addition to the Wrangler lineup was aimed to bridge the gap between Rubicon and Sahara style .",
"Available for both Wrangler models , the Moab 's uniqueness was its distinguishing exterior features which included the steel bumpers front and rear from AEV ( less the winch plate ) , rock sliders on the sills , tail light guards , front skid plate , black fuel filler door and a modified sculpted hood also from AEV ( no heat vent ) . Color choice was limited to black , white , and a quartet of signature hues : Gecko , Dune , Crush , and Rock Lobster with fender flares in matte black only .",
"Other components and options were as follows : A limited - slip rear differential is standard and a locking unit is optional , 32 '' Goodyear Silent Armor tires on black - painted versions of the same wheels found on the 2013 Rubicon , Wrangler 's standard 2.72 : 1 transfer case ( no option for a Rubicon 4 : 1 ) , a soft canvas top cut from the same cloth as the Chrysler 200 Convertible 's and optional color matching hard top .",
"For Australia , the year revived the Jeep ' Overland ' name , with the introduction of a premium / luxury version , featuring for instance leather - trimmed seats , automatic headlights and a reversing camera .",
"The 2013 Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Wrangler Unlimited are built in the Toledo Supplier Park in Toledo , Ohio .",
"As of May 17 , 2013 , Chrysler Group 's Toledo ( Ohio ) Assembly Complex produced its one - millionth JK model , a 2013 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition , to be delivered to a customer in Sarasota , Florida .",
"As part of 2013 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition launch , the Jeep X Games Avalanche Scramble sweepstakes campaign featured a 2013 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition grand prize and 3 ' X Games Aspen 2013 ' prizes .",
"The Commando Jeep is a commercial off - the - shelf ( COTS ) tactical vehicle based on the Jeep Wrangler with a factory installed turbodiesel engine operating on JP - 8 and global diesel fuels . It is a vehicle modified for use by airborne forces , special operations forces , and combat engineers .",
"General changes to the Wrangler include a new Trail Kit ( two D - rings , a tow strap , gloves and a bag to store the items ) , clear park lamps and turn signal indicators replace the amber units , 6 new body colors ( Amp 'd , Anvil , Copperhead , Flame Red , Granite Crystal and Hydro Blue ( Freedom Edition only ) ) for total of 10 .",
"Changes to Sport models include the introduction of optional UConnect 6.5 - inch touchscreen radio with hard drive storage and SiriusXM Radio , optional 32 - inch Tire and Wheel Group ( semi-gloss black 17 - inch Rubicon aluminum wheels , BF Goodrich KM LT255 / 75R17 off - road tires ) .",
"Rubicon ( X ) Edition",
"Available as a two - door Wrangler or four - door Wrangler Unlimited , the Rubicon X is a version of Rubicon with electronic - locking front and rear Dana 44 axles , Rock - Trac transfer case with a `` 4 - Low '' ratio of 4 : 1 , 4.10 front / rear axle ratio Tru - Lok locking differentials , six - speed manual transmission , BF Goodrich KM 255 / 75R17 tires , 17 - inch Rubicon aluminum wheels painted satin black with polished faces and a red Jeep Wrangler ' icon ' logo on the inside pocket , black front and rear steel off - road bumpers , front steel bumper featuring removable end caps and a winch - capable design , a dual - intake Power Dome hood , red tow hooks , Mopar rock rails , Mopar black fuel filler door , a red - silhouette `` Rubicon '' decal on both sides of the hood , Premium Sunrider soft top ( optional black three - piece Freedom hard top or body - color hard top ) , Black leather seats , seat heaters for the front passengers , a unique gauge cluster features Rubicon X exclusive styling and a premium Electronic Vehicle Information Center ( EVIC ) with added read - outs such as oil pressure , transmission and coolant temperatures , digital speed and individual tire pressure ; passenger grab handle with Quick Silver accents that are also found on the vent rings , steering wheel spokes and door pulls ; Mopar slush mats , unique axle locker , sway - bar disconnect switches .",
"Dragon and Polar Editions New limited edition trim packages include the Wrangler Dragon edition , which includes a black three - piece hard top , Bronze Satin Gloss paint with Dragon decals , and unique 18 inch wheels and front fascia . Jeep introduced the Polar Edition Wrangler in 2014 which was available in 2 - door and 4 door and came in three distinct colors ; Hydro Pearl Blue , Billet Silver Metallic , and Bright White . In addition to the new colors , the Polar Edition came with options including automatic climate control and heated seats to supplement the black leather seats . The Polar Edition has some similarities to the Sahara such as body colored fender flares and also came standard with a body colored hard top . The Polar Edition is equipped with a standard Trac - Lok limited slip rear differential and offer an electronic locking rear differential as an option .",
"Freedom Edition A new Freedom Edition is a modified Wrangler sport with 3 unique body colors ( Hydro Blue , Billet Silver , and Black and Dune . The package includes a Mineral Gray painted grille , a unique interior and exterior with `` Oscar Mike '' badging throughout , body colored fenders with silver - painted 17 inch alloy wheels , and rock rails with black tail lamp guards . The interior includes black seats with tectonic fabric , and a French Silver accent stitching steering wheel .",
"European models were set to go on sale in the first quarter of 2014 . UK models include only 2.8 - litre turbo diesel engine with automatic transmission .",
"New Mopar Jeep Performance Parts and Accessories included 2014 Jeep Wrangler Trail Rated Kit , 4 : 10 Dana 44 front and rear axles ( for 2007 -- 2014 Wrangler ) , Hardtop Headliner ( for 2007 and later Wrangler ) , Black Grille ( with hood seal and a matching black Jeep badge ) , Side Visor .",
"Changes for 2015 include the new paint colors ( including , new for 2015 , Tank ( dark olive green ) , Sunset Orange , Copper Brown , Baja Yellow , and Firecracker Red . ) and trim packages ( Sport , Willys Wheeler , Sahara , Rubicon , and Rubicon Hard Rock levels . )",
"Changes also include a new standard eight - speaker audio system , a new nine - speaker system that includes a subwoofer , a package that bundles steel wheels with 31 - inch tires for Sport models , and a Torx tool set that 's standard on all models , allowing owners to remove the doors or lower the windshield wherever they are .",
"The Jeep Wrangler was released in India on 30 August 2016 . Alongside the Grand Cherokee , the Wrangler was the first model to be sold directly by Jeep in the country . Jeeps were previously built under licence by Mahindra in India since the 1960s .",
"For 2018 , Jeep is expected to continue producing the JK Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited , which are built at the Toledo Complex , to be sold alongside the new model that is expected to be released in late November 2017 . To distinguish between the two models , all Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited models of the current ( JK ) generation will receive a ' Wrangler JK ' decal on each side . The 2018 models receive minimal changes , though the lower - grade ( Sport , Sport S , Willy 's Wheeler , Willy 's Wheeler W , and Freedom Edition ) now offer fewer options . Models remain Sport , Sport S , Willy 's Wheeler , Willy 's Wheeler W , Freedom Edition , Sahara , Rubicon , and Rubicon Recon . Higher - grade models ( Willy 's Wheeler W , Freedom Edition , and Sahara ) now receive the option of a tan roof , in addition to the previously available black and exterior color - keyed roofs . The Toledo North plant , which produced the Jeep Cherokee ( KL ) up until early 2017 after its move to the Belvidere Assembly Plant , is currently being retooled for the production of the all - new Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited JL .",
"On September 13 , 2007 , at the Defence Systems and Equipment International trade show , Chrysler LLC unveiled a Wrangler Unlimited version designed for military use dubbed the J8 . The unarmored Jeep J8 is equipped with larger brakes , axles and suspension components than the civilian version and has a payload capacity of 1,339 kg ( 2,952 lb ) . The J8 also differs from the civilian model by utilizing heavy - duty rear leaf springs for carrying heavier payloads . The Jeep J8 is powered by a VM 2.8 - liter ( 169 CID ) four - cylinder turbo - diesel engine that produces 118 kW ( 158 hp ) and 400 N m ( 295 lbf ft ) of torque , providing towing capability of up to 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . The engine is mated to a five - speed automatic transmission . The J8 also features a unique air - intake system with special filtration and a hood - mounted snorkel that enables the J8 to wade in water up to 762 mm ( 30 in ) deep and tackle sandstorm conditions for up to five hours . Available as a two - door with an extended pickup bed for personnel or equipment transport , or a four - door multipurpose vehicle , it may be produced with numerous vehicle - body and seating configurations in either right - hand - or left - hand - drive . Targeted for use by the militaries in overseas markets , the J8 is not available in the United States because it will not meet U.S. emissions requirements . The J8 will be produced in Egypt .",
"Production of the Jeep Wrangler JK and Wrangler Unlimited JK ceased on Friday , April 27 , 2018 , after twelve years of production , as dealer stock of the 2018 Jeep Wrangler ( JL ) ramps up . The current Jeep Wrangler JK plant will receive a retooling in order to produce the upcoming Jeep Wrangler ( JL ) - based Jeep Scambler that will debut for the 2019 model year ."
] | Jeep Wrangler (JK) - wikipedia Jeep Wrangler (JK) Jeep Wrangler JK Jeep Wrangler Sahara (JK) Overview Manufacturer DaimlerChrysler (2007) Chrysler LLC (2007-2009) Chrysler Group LLC (2009-2014) FCA US LLC (2014-2018) Also called Jeep J8 (Egypt) Jeep TJL-J8 (Egypt) Katana Prince Production August 2006-- April 27, 2018 Model years 2007-- 2018 Assembly Toledo, Ohio , United States Guanyin , Taoyuan, Taiwan (Modified licensed version for the Taiwanese military) Cairo , Egypt ( AAV ) Designer Mark Moushegian (2003) Body and chassis Body style 2-door convertible 2-door SUV 4-door convertible 4-door SUV Layout Longitudinal front-engine, rear-wheel drive Longitudinal front-engine, four-wheel drive Related AIL Storm III Jeep J8 Powertrain Engine 2.8L VM Motori RA 428 Diesel I4 Complete engine specs (show) Displacement: 168.8 CID (2,766 cc) Stroke: 3.94 in (100 mm) Bore: 3.70 in (94 mm) Power: 160 hp (120 kW) Torque: 295 lb⋅ ft (400 N⋅ m) Fuel Type: Diesel 3.6L Pentastar V6 Complete engine specs (show) Displacement: 220 CID (3,604 cc) Stroke: 3.78 in (96 mm) Bore: 3.27 in (83 mm) Power: 285 hp (209 kW Torque: 260 lb ft. (353 Nm) Fuel Type: Gasoline 3.8 L EGH V6 Complete engine specs (show) Displacement: 230.5 CID (3778 cc) Stroke: 3.43 in (87 mm) Bore: 3.78 in (96 mm) Power: 202 hp (151 kW) Torque: 237 lb⋅ ft (321 N⋅ m) Fuel Type: Gasoline Transmission 4-speed Ultradrive 42RLE automatic 5-speed Mercedes-Benz W5A580 automatic 5-speed Chrysler 545RFE automatic 6-speed Chrysler NSG370 manual Wheelbase 2-door: 95.4 in (2,420 mm) 4-door: 116 in (2,950 mm) Length 2-door: 164.3 in (4,170 mm) 4-door: 184.9 in (4,700 mm) Width 2-door: 73.7 in (1,870 mm) 4-door: 73.9 in (1,880 mm) Height 70.9 in (1,800 mm) 2-Door Rubicon: 72.3 in (1,840 mm) Curb weight 3,760-- 4,340 lb (1,706-- 1,969 kg) Chronology Predecessor Jeep Wrangler (TJ) Successor Jeep Wrangler (JL) The Jeep Wrangler (JK) is the third generation of the Jeep Wrangler off-road vehicle . The Wrangler was unveiled at the 2006 North American International Auto Show , the JK series 2007 Wrangler Unlimited at the 2006 New York Auto Show . The car's body and chassis were completely redesigned during the era when Jeep was part of DaimlerChrysler . Just like the Willys MB , the CJ Jeeps and the Wranglers before it, the JK continues to have a separate body and frame, rigid live axles both front and rear, a fold-flat windshield, and can be driven without doors. Also, with the exception of optional 4x2 models, the Wrangler JK continues to have part-time four-wheel drive systems , with the choice of high and low gearing. In addition to the traditional 2-door Jeep, the JK introduced for the first time a factory standard four-door model, called the Wrangler Unlimited. Contrary to the first, TJ-based Unlimited , and the CJ-8 `` Scrambler'' , its wheelbase is stretched by 20 instead of 10 inches. The Wrangler Unlimited became a big sales success -- by mid 2017 three quarters of all new Wranglers listed for sale were four-door models. Contents 1 Development 2 Initial release 2.1 JK Wrangler Unlimited 3 Trim levels 4 Powertrain 5 Updates and editions 5.1 2009 model year update 5.1.1 Rocky Mountain Edition 5.2 2010 update 5.2.1 Islander Edition 5.2.2 Mountain Edition 5.3 2011 model year refresh 5.3.1 70th Anniversary Edition (MY2011) 5.3.2 JK-8 Independence pick-up kit 5.4 2012 model year update 5.4.1 Jeep Wrangler 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6, Jeep Wrangler Arctic 5.4.2 Call of Duty: MW3 Special Edition (2012) 5.4.3 Equipment 5.4.4 Double cab pick-up conversion 5.5 2013 model year update 5.5.1 2013 Moab edition 5.5.2 2013 Overland edition 5.5.3 Production 5.5.4 Marketing 5.6 Commando Jeep 5.7 2014 model year refresh 5.7.1 Special editions 5.7.2 Equipment 5.8 2015 model year update 5.9 2018 model year update 6 Military Jeep J8 (2007-- ) 7 End of Production 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) In 2001, DaimlerChrysler commissioned development of a TJ successor under the `` JK'' program code for the third generation Jeep Wrangler. Design work began almost immediately in 2001, with Mark Moushegian winning an internal design competition against Dan Zimmerman (later responsible for 2005 Jeep Hurricane Concept) by the second quarter of 2003. In January 2004, the JK design was frozen at 31 months ahead of production and work began on a conceptual preview. The 2005 Jeep Gladiator concept. On November 16, 2004, Jeep released 2 CAD renders of a Jeep pickup. On December 5, 2004, the 2005 Jeep Gladiator Concept was unveiled ahead of its January 2005 Detroit Auto Show debut, previewing many of the design elements on the incoming JK. The Wrangler JK was introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show with past Chrysler group CEO Tom LaSorda driving one up some steps and through a plate glass window, just as Robert Lutz had done at the show in January 1992 with the Grand Cherokee . Initial release ( edit ) The JK was first available for purchase with the 2007 model year, beginning in August 2006. The 2007 model year brought a complete redesign of the Jeep Wrangler, and also a four-door model. The TJ chassis was replaced by an all new JK platform. The JK Wrangler has been offered from the start in two models: A short-wheelbase 2-door, in X, Sahara and Rubicon trim levels. A long-wheelbase Unlimited 4-door, also in X, Sahara and Rubicon trim levels. This next-generation Wrangler was noticeably wider than the previous model, with a 3.4-inch (86 mm) wider track; and though the two-door model has a 2-inch (51 mm) longer wheelbase, it is actually 2.5 inches (64 mm) shorter in overall length than the TJ, allowing for a 44.3° approach angle and a 40.4° departure angle. With a larger factory available tire size of 32 inches, the breakover angle on the Rubicon is increased from 22.6° to 25.4° . The four-door Unlimited model has an over 20-inch (510 mm) longer wheelbase at 116 in (2,950 mm) to offer much improved rear seating room, but is nevertheless only 2.4-inch (61 mm) longer than the 2006 TJ Unlimited. The JK runs almost all vehicle functions, other than steering, under computer software control. Engine, transmission, and to some extent braking are computer controlled, as are lights and auxiliary systems. This is a first for the Wrangler. As of mid-2007, there have been three safety recalls for software fixes. Stability control was a new safety feature for the JK Wrangler. All versions offer off-road tuned Anti-lock braking system and traction control system with electronic limited slip differential . Standard on the Rubicon trim is a new electronic sway bar disconnect system. A Sunrider convertible soft top is standard equipment. Also available on the JK model is an optional 3-piece modular hardtop. Although the doors can still be removed in traditional Wrangler fashion, power windows and remote power door locks was offered for the first time in a Wrangler. Another first is an available navigation system . This is the first generation of the Jeep Wrangler to have a change in the tail lamps. New features included power windows, remote power door locks, navigation, as well as electronically detachable sway-bars on some models. The Wrangler X is available with factory installed right-hand drive , targeted at U.S. Mail carriers. Rural mail boxes in the United States are serviced with the carrier behind the wheel. This may also be useful for carriers who wish to get out of their vehicle without the risk of getting hit by traffic. For the 2007 and 2008 model years, the right-hand drive Jeep was the short-wheelbase Wrangler. For the 2009 model year, the right-hand drive Wrangler will be replaced by the right-hand drive Wrangler Unlimited. JK Wrangler Unlimited ( edit ) The Wrangler Unlimited is the only American four-door convertible in production The JK series 2007 Wrangler Unlimited was unveiled at the New York Auto Show on April 12, 2006. It is stretched even more than the TJ model, and featured four doors. This change made it the last-remaining 2-door SUV in North America to gain a four-door option and made it the only four door convertible in production. A full 20.6 inches (523 mm) was added to the JK Wrangler's 95.4-inch (2423 mm) wheelbase. It hit production line in August 2006 and was priced near $21,000. The Unlimited has the same engine and transmission choices as a short-wheelbase JK. X and Sahara trims offer an option of 4x2 rear-wheel drive in the USA. Optional 4x2 was discontinued after the 2010 model year for the Unlimited. 4-wheel drive became standard for the 2011 model year. It is the only four-door convertible available in the US, since the Hummer H1 with optional rag-top is no longer sold. The Unlimited offers more options and equipment than any previous Wrangler model, including standard electronic stability program and optional seat-mounted side airbags, remote keyless entry, navigation system , and Sirius Satellite Radio . The navigation and satellite systems are a part of the MyGig Entertainment system that also has a hard drive allowing for the storage of MP3 music files and pictures. The Wrangler Unlimited became a big sales success -- by mid 2017 three quarters of all new Wranglers listed for sale were four-door models. Trim levels ( edit ) 2009 Jeep Wrangler X 2-door soft-top Interior The Standard Wranglers are available in six trim packages (including 2 special editions). The Unlimited Wranglers are available in four trim packages (including 1 special edition). Most packages can be ordered with either hard or soft top, full or half doors (`` Sport'' and `` Rubicon'' only). The Sport base model is available in 2-door versions. It is the `` bare bones'' Wrangler that can be customized to a buyer's specifications by adding such options as air conditioning and other accessories. It was originally called the `` Wrangler X'' until 2009. Later, stain-resistant YES Essentials cloth seats replaced standard vinyl seats, an AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player and auxiliary audio input jack, and full-sized spare tire and wheel came standard on this model. The X-S model features 32-inch tires (on 17-inch wheels), air conditioning, fog lights, cruise control, driver's seat height adjuster, removable doors, and a fold-down windshield. It can be customized to a buyers specifications adding such options as power windows and locks, soft or hard top, rear LSD or locker (2007 only), and other accessories. It was renamed `` Sport S'' in 2009. Advantages over the Sport included standard air conditioning, alloy wheels, matching spare tire and wheel, YES essentials stain-resistant cloth seats, optional Uconnect touch-screen radios, optional seven-speaker premium sound system with subwoofer, and optional power equipment, such as power door locks and power windows, a first on any Wrangler model. The Sahara model is the `` luxury'' model offering accessories such as body colored fenders, `` Yes Essentials'' seats (in late 2007-- 2008), power windows and locks and a 7 speaker infinity sound system with subwoofer, among others. It also offered exterior-color fender flares and a gold ' SAHARA' decal on both front fenders. Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon Hardtop (JK, USA) The Rubicon is the `` off-road ready'' model, offering 32in BF Goodrich Mud-Terrain KM off-road tires with aggressive tread, seventeen-inch alloy wheels, and more. ' RUBICON' decals adorned both sides of the hood. The Rubicon package is the dedicated `` Offroad'' package. Standard components of the Rubicon package include front and rear next generation Dana 44 axles with electric lockers, Rock-Trac four-wheel drive with 4:1 transfer case, rock rails, 32-spline rear axle with an 8.8-inch ring gear, 4.10 axle gearing, electric releasing sway bar, `` Yes Essentials'' seats (2007-- 08), 7-speaker infinity sound system, and any other available option can be added. Powertrain ( edit ) The 2.8 l diesel engine in this 2010 Wrangler Sport from Chile was never available in the U.S. A 3.8 L EGH V6 with a displacement of 230.5 cubic inches (3,778 cc) producing 202 hp (151 kW) and 237 pound force-feet (321 N⋅ m) of torque was the base engine in 2007 -2011 models. It replaced the venerable AMC 242 straight-6 . The 2.8 L VM Motori turbodiesel straight-4 producing 177 hp (132 kW) and 302 pound force-feet (409 N⋅ m) of torque used in the Liberty is offered as options outside of U.S., as it does not satisfy U.S. emission control standards for 2007. A six-speed manual transmission is standard, with a four-speed automatic transmission offered as an option. The lower two levels have the Jeep Command-Trac part-time four-wheel drive system with an optional Trac-Loc limited-slip differential , while the Rubicon uses Rock-Trac a version of the NV241 with a 4:1 low range. Electronic locking front- and rear-axles called Tru-lok are also standard on Rubicon models. (A rear locking differential was optional on X and Sahara models for 2007, then only on select X models for 2008 and 2009. From 2010 onward, the only non-Rubicon Wrangler to have the Tru-lok locking differential as an option are the 2015 Wrangler X, based on the Sahara, and the 2016 75th Anniversary Edition Wranglers.) Engine Year Transmission 3.8 L EGH 2007-- 2011 4-speed 42RLE automatic 2007-- 2011 6-speed NSG370 manual 3.6 L Pentastar 2012-- Present 5-speed W5A580 automatic 2012-- Present 6-speed NSG370 manual 2.8 L RA 428 2007-- 2010 5-speed 545RFE automatic 2011-- Present 5-speed W5A580 automatic 2007-- 2015 6-speed NSG370 manual Updates and editions ( edit ) 2009 model year update ( edit ) The 2009 model added standard Hill Start Assist (HSA) to prevent rollback on graded surfaces. Trailer Sway Control (TSC) also is available to monitor vehicle movement relative to the intended path and activates the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) if the trailer begins to sway outside set parameters. Additionally, ULEV II emissions replace LEV II emissions on manual transmission equipped vehicles. Rocky Mountain Edition ( edit ) The Rocky Mountain Edition is a special edition of the `` X'' model that was made for 2009 with 32-inch tires (on 18-inch wheels), black tubular sidestep, a 6-disc in-dash changer and visual enhancements such as body colored fenders were optional. 2010 update ( edit ) The 2010 model added a new easier-to-fold/open soft top, standard UConnect infotainment systems on models equipped with the MyGig radio, and new sun visors that offer more coverage than the old models, as well as integrated vanity mirrors. Islander Edition ( edit ) The Islander Edition is a special edition of the `` Sport Base'' model made in 2010 with `` 32'' ish-inch tires, Islander edition seats, rubber slush mats, black tubular sidestep and visual enhancements such as a blue accented leather steering wheel. Mountain Edition ( edit ) The Mountain Edition is a special edition of the `` Sport Base'' model made for 2010 with 32-inch tires (on 17-inch wheels), black tubular sidestep, black tail light protectors and special edition seats, as well as visual enhancements like black grid and hood decals, a black fuel filler door and graphite dash enhancements. This edition was also available in 4 doors, based on the more equipped `` Sport'' trim instead of the `` Sport Base'' trim. 2010 Jeep Wrangler Mopar accessories modifications 2010 Jeep Wrangler 2-door hard-top Islander Edition 2010 Unlimited Mountain Edition 2011 model year refresh ( edit ) Graphic showing the various suppliers used for the 2011 Wrangler. Mopar Jeep JK-8 pick-up, based on the Wrangler Unlimited. A dark green 2011 Jeep Wrangler. The 2011 model added a new steering wheel, as well as a completely redesigned interior with higher quality materials, larger rear windows to increase rear visibility, and a new USB interface with Bluetooth audio streaming. For the first time ever, automatic temperature controls were also added to the Wrangler as an option. The redesign was intended to provide a more refined interior as well as directly addressing interior comfort in noise and temperature. 70th Anniversary Edition (my2011) ( edit ) The 70th Anniversary Edition is a special package based on the Sahara model to commemorate the 70th model year of the Wrangler. This package is available for the 2011 model year on both Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited models. Features include: Black/Dark Olive (or Black) leather seats with perforated leather inserts and Chestnut accent stitching and piping, Leather steering wheel with Chestnut accents, Berber floor mats with Chestnut binding, Mopar brushed aluminum sill plates, Door armrest and center console in Dark Olive (or Black) with Chestnut accent, Unique 18-inch polished wheels, Automatic shift knob with satin chrome cap and bezel, Satin chrome HVAC rings, front doorpulls and grab handle, 70th Anniversary logo on radio screen, Unique cluster overlay and needles, and 70th Anniversary badges throughout. JK-8 Independence pick-up kit ( edit ) In 2011 MOPAR made a kit available, to convert a Jeep Wrangler Unlimited into a pickup, called JK-8 Independence. The kit turns the car into a two-seater with a 50 inches long steel bed, and the half hard-top works with Freedom Top panels. 2012 model year update ( edit ) Jeep Wrangler 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6, Jeep Wrangler Arctic ( edit ) 2012 Wrangler Arctic (Germany) The 2012 model, as confirmed by Chrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne during the 2010 third-quarter sales announcement, received a version of Chrysler's newest V-6 engine known as Pentastar . The version used in the 2012 Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited produces 285 horsepower and 260 lb-ft of torque. Fuel economy for the 2-door model is rated at 17 mpg City / 21 mpg Highway. Jeep Wrangler Arctic is based on Jeep Wrangler Sahara, with Arctic badge, decal recall the Yeti, unique black 17-inch wheels, original Mopar accessories, 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 petrol engine with the automatic five-speed transmission or 2.8-liter turbo diesel engine with a six-speed manual or five-speed automatic transmission. The vehicles were unveiled in 64th International Frankfurt Motor Show. Wrangler Unlimited Altitude edition is a package that starts with a Sahara model and adds black exterior treatment including the front badge, the wheel spokes, the fuel door, and a hood sticker. Inside, the vent trim, door pulls, steering-wheel spokes, and passenger grab handle are rendered in black. Stitching is done in red. The Altitude Wrangler paint colors are cherry red, black, white, or silver, and all include a body-colored hardtop. European models of Jeep Wrangler were introduced in Jeep dealerships starting November 2011. Early models include Sport, Sahara and Rubicon trim levels of Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited. Arctic model were introduced in Jeep dealerships in the first quarter of 2012 (for Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited). Call of Duty: MW3 special Edition (2012) ( edit ) Unlimited Call of Duty MW3 version A version of 2012 model year Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon inspired by Activision's Call of Duty video games was available. Equipment included Rubicon wheels finished in semi-gloss black, black, or bright silver body color, `` Call of Duty: MW3 Special Edition'' graphics on the front fenders and spare tire cover, modified sculpted hood also from AEV (no heat vent); an AEV winch-ready (less the winch plate) front bumper and AEV rear bumper, rock rails, taillamp guards and a fuel-filler door from Mopar accessories; 32-inch off-road tires, live axles with locking differentials in the front and rear, a two-speed transfer case, model-specific black seats with accent stitching and `` Call of Duty'' logos, unique gauge cluster graphics, dashboard serialized plaque, dashboard grab handle with logo, accent stitching on arm rest, console lid, and steering wheel, as well as Mopar slush floor mats and a rear cargo mat (Unlimited only) with logos. The vehicles arrived at Jeep showrooms in November 2011. Wrangler Unlimited ' Brute' double-cab pick-up by AEV Conversions Equipment ( edit ) Mopar produced over 250 accessories for 2012 Jeep Wrangler. Double cab pick-up conversion ( edit ) Since about 2012, the company American Expedition Vehicles offered an extended wheelbase, double-cab pickup conversion of the Unlimited, called the ' Brute' . Inspired by the Land Rover Defender 130 , the Brute has a 139 inch wheelbase and an overall length of 216 inches. After four years of production, the Brute was retired. 2013 model year update ( edit ) 2013 Jeep Wrangler at the Geneva Motor Show The Wrangler series have received the following update/improvements; newly contoured seats and trim, a lever for one-handed rear-seat folding (previously a two-handed operation), ambient cabin lighting, and the return of the long-awaited second windshield washer nozzle. 2013 Moab Edition ( edit ) Similar to the 2012 `` Call of Duty'' version, it was named in recognition of the mountainous Utah east-central region that plays host to the annual Moab Easter Jeep Safari. The newest addition to the Wrangler lineup was aimed to bridge the gap between Rubicon and Sahara style. Available for both Wrangler models, the Moab's uniqueness was its distinguishing exterior features which included the steel bumpers front and rear from AEV (less the winch plate), rock sliders on the sills, tail light guards, front skid plate, black fuel filler door and a modified sculpted hood also from AEV (no heat vent). Color choice was limited to black, white, and a quartet of signature hues: Gecko, Dune, Crush, and Rock Lobster with fender flares in matte black only. Other components and options were as follows: A limited-slip rear differential is standard and a locking unit is optional, 32'' Goodyear Silent Armor tires on black-painted versions of the same wheels found on the 2013 Rubicon, Wrangler's standard 2.72:1 transfer case (no option for a Rubicon 4:1), a soft canvas top cut from the same cloth as the Chrysler 200 Convertible's and optional color matching hard top. Australian 2013 Wrangler Overland. 2013 Overland Edition ( edit ) For Australia, the year revived the Jeep ' Overland' name, with the introduction of a premium / luxury version, featuring for instance leather-trimmed seats, automatic headlights and a reversing camera. Production ( edit ) The 2013 Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Wrangler Unlimited are built in the Toledo Supplier Park in Toledo, Ohio. 2013 Wrangler Unlimited 2.8 CRD Sahara As of May 17, 2013, Chrysler Group's Toledo (Ohio) Assembly Complex produced its one-millionth JK model, a 2013 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition, to be delivered to a customer in Sarasota, Florida . Marketing ( edit ) As part of 2013 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition launch, the Jeep X Games Avalanche Scramble sweepstakes campaign featured a 2013 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition grand prize and 3 ' X Games Aspen 2013' prizes. Commando Jeep ( edit ) The Commando Jeep is a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) tactical vehicle based on the Jeep Wrangler with a factory installed turbodiesel engine operating on JP-8 and global diesel fuels. It is a vehicle modified for use by airborne forces, special operations forces, and combat engineers. 2014 model year refresh ( edit ) General changes to the Wrangler include a new Trail Kit (two D-rings, a tow strap, gloves and a bag to store the items), clear park lamps and turn signal indicators replace the amber units, 6 new body colors (Amp'd , Anvil, Copperhead, Flame Red, Granite Crystal and Hydro Blue (Freedom Edition only)) for total of 10. Changes to Sport models include the introduction of optional UConnect 6.5-inch touchscreen radio with hard drive storage and SiriusXM Radio, optional 32-inch Tire and Wheel Group (semi-gloss black 17-inch Rubicon aluminum wheels, BF Goodrich KM LT255/75R17 off-road tires). Special editions ( edit ) Rubicon (X) Edition The new for 2014 Rubicon X trim shown at the years New York International Auto Show Available as a two-door Wrangler or four-door Wrangler Unlimited, the Rubicon X is a version of Rubicon with electronic-locking front and rear Dana 44 axles, Rock-Trac transfer case with a `` 4-Low'' ratio of 4:1, 4.10 front/rear axle ratio Tru-Lok locking differentials, six-speed manual transmission, BF Goodrich KM 255/75R17 tires, 17-inch Rubicon aluminum wheels painted satin black with polished faces and a red Jeep Wrangler ' icon' logo on the inside pocket, black front and rear steel off-road bumpers, front steel bumper featuring removable end caps and a winch-capable design, a dual-intake Power Dome hood, red tow hooks, Mopar rock rails, Mopar black fuel filler door, a red-silhouette `` Rubicon'' decal on both sides of the hood, Premium Sunrider soft top (optional black three-piece Freedom hard top or body-color hard top), Black leather seats, seat heaters for the front passengers, a unique gauge cluster features Rubicon X exclusive styling and a premium Electronic Vehicle Information Center (EVIC) with added read-outs such as oil pressure, transmission and coolant temperatures, digital speed and individual tire pressure; passenger grab handle with Quick Silver accents that are also found on the vent rings, steering wheel spokes and door pulls; Mopar slush mats, unique axle locker, sway-bar disconnect switches. Dragon and Polar Editions New limited edition trim packages include the Wrangler Dragon edition, which includes a black three-piece hard top, Bronze Satin Gloss paint with Dragon decals, and unique 18 inch wheels and front fascia. Jeep introduced the Polar Edition Wrangler in 2014 which was available in 2-door and 4 door and came in three distinct colors; Hydro Pearl Blue, Billet Silver Metallic, and Bright White. In addition to the new colors, the Polar Edition came with options including automatic climate control and heated seats to supplement the black leather seats. The Polar Edition has some similarities to the Sahara such as body colored fender flares and also came standard with a body colored hard top. The Polar Edition is equipped with a standard Trac-Lok limited slip rear differential and offer an electronic locking rear differential as an option. Freedom Edition A new Freedom Edition is a modified Wrangler sport with 3 unique body colors (Hydro Blue, Billet Silver, and Black and Dune. The package includes a Mineral Gray painted grille, a unique interior and exterior with `` Oscar Mike'' badging throughout, body colored fenders with silver-painted 17 inch alloy wheels, and rock rails with black tail lamp guards. The interior includes black seats with tectonic fabric, and a French Silver accent stitching steering wheel. European models were set to go on sale in the first quarter of 2014. UK models include only 2.8-litre turbo diesel engine with automatic transmission. Equipment ( edit ) New Mopar Jeep Performance Parts and Accessories included 2014 Jeep Wrangler Trail Rated Kit, 4:10 Dana 44 front and rear axles (for 2007-- 2014 Wrangler), Hardtop Headliner (for 2007 and later Wrangler), Black Grille (with hood seal and a matching black Jeep badge), Side Visor. 2015 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited in Firecracker Red and body-colored hardtop, shown at the 2014 Paris Motor Show . 2015 model year update ( edit ) Changes for 2015 include the new paint colors (including, new for 2015, Tank (dark olive green), Sunset Orange, Copper Brown, Baja Yellow, and Firecracker Red.) and trim packages (Sport, Willys Wheeler, Sahara, Rubicon, and Rubicon Hard Rock levels.) Changes also include a new standard eight-speaker audio system, a new nine-speaker system that includes a subwoofer, a package that bundles steel wheels with 31-inch tires for Sport models, and a Torx tool set that's standard on all models, allowing owners to remove the doors or lower the windshield wherever they are. The Jeep Wrangler was released in India on 30 August 2016. Alongside the Grand Cherokee, the Wrangler was the first model to be sold directly by Jeep in the country. Jeeps were previously built under licence by Mahindra in India since the 1960s. 2018 model year update ( edit ) For 2018, Jeep is expected to continue producing the JK Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited, which are built at the Toledo Complex , to be sold alongside the new model that is expected to be released in late November 2017. To distinguish between the two models, all Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited models of the current (JK) generation will receive a ' Wrangler JK' decal on each side. The 2018 models receive minimal changes, though the lower-grade (Sport, Sport S, Willy's Wheeler, Willy's Wheeler W, and Freedom Edition) now offer fewer options. Models remain Sport , Sport S , Willy's Wheeler , Willy's Wheeler W , Freedom Edition , Sahara , Rubicon , and Rubicon Recon . Higher-grade models (Willy's Wheeler W, Freedom Edition, and Sahara) now receive the option of a tan roof, in addition to the previously available black and exterior color-keyed roofs. The Toledo North plant, which produced the Jeep Cherokee (KL) up until early 2017 after its move to the Belvidere Assembly Plant , is currently being retooled for the production of the all-new Jeep Wrangler and Wrangler Unlimited JL. Military Jeep J8 (2007-- ) ( edit ) Taiwanese military Wrangler Unlimited Main article: Jeep J8 On September 13, 2007, at the Defence Systems and Equipment International trade show, Chrysler LLC unveiled a Wrangler Unlimited version designed for military use dubbed the J8. The unarmored Jeep J8 is equipped with larger brakes, axles and suspension components than the civilian version and has a payload capacity of 1,339 kg (2,952 lb). The J8 also differs from the civilian model by utilizing heavy-duty rear leaf springs for carrying heavier payloads. The Jeep J8 is powered by a VM 2.8-liter (169 CID) four-cylinder turbo-diesel engine that produces 118 kW (158 hp) and 400 N m (295 lbf ft) of torque, providing towing capability of up to 3,500 kg (7,700 lb). The engine is mated to a five-speed automatic transmission. The J8 also features a unique air-intake system with special filtration and a hood-mounted snorkel that enables the J8 to wade in water up to 762 mm (30 in) deep and tackle sandstorm conditions for up to five hours. Available as a two-door with an extended pickup bed for personnel or equipment transport, or a four-door multipurpose vehicle, it may be produced with numerous vehicle-body and seating configurations in either right-hand- or left-hand-drive. Targeted for use by the militaries in overseas markets, the J8 is not available in the United States because it will not meet U.S. emissions requirements. The J8 will be produced in Egypt. End of production ( edit ) Production of the Jeep Wrangler JK and Wrangler Unlimited JK ceased on Friday, April 27, 2018, after twelve years of production, as dealer stock of the 2018 Jeep Wrangler (JL) ramps up. The current Jeep Wrangler JK plant will receive a retooling in order to produce the upcoming Jeep Wrangler (JL) -based Jeep Scambler that will debut for the 2019 model year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeep J8 Archived 2010-11-12 at the Wayback Machine ... AAV.com.eg . Retrieved 2010-03-28. Jump up ^ http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2018/04/jeep-wrangler-jk-production-ends-friday-model-will-cheerfully-dig-grave/ Jump up ^ 2007 Jeep Wrangler First Drive . Rockcrawler.Com. Retrieved on 2015-12-10. ^ Jump up to: 2012 Jeep Wrangler Specifications . media.chrysler.com. Retrieved 2012-01-02. ^ Jump up to: `` Jeep Specs & Upgrades'' . Chrysler LLC . Retrieved 2008-04-16 . ^ Jump up to: DeMuro, Doug (June 2017). `` Every Single Two-Door SUV Has Failed'' . Autotrader . Retrieved 2017-09-23 . Jump up ^ 2007-- 2012 wrangler approach and departure angles . jeep.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28. Jump up ^ Jeep TJ vs JK . jeepforum.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28. Jump up ^ `` Jeep JK Wrangler Resource '' Recalls`` . Project-JK.com . Retrieved 2009-08-24 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Unveils Stretched 2007 Wrangler Unlimited with $21,000 Price Tag'' . Edmunds.com . Archived from the original on 2006-04-13 . Retrieved 2006-04-12 . Jump up ^ `` My Chrysler: MyGig- How MyGig Works'' . Chrysler LLC . Retrieved 2008-06-09 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited'' . jeephorizons.com . Retrieved 2008-09-03 . Jump up ^ 2011 70th anniversary edition . jeep.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28. Jump up ^ 2011 Jeep Wrangler JK-8 Independence Review - Top Speed Jump up ^ Colin Bird (November 9, 2010). `` Chrysler Confirms New V-6 For Jeep Wrangler, More Info on Compact Dodge'' . Cars.com . Retrieved 2010-11-09 . Jump up ^ `` Fuel Economy of the 2012 Jeep Wrangler 4WD'' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved July 10, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Introduces New 2012 Wrangler Call of Duty: MW3 Special Edition'' (Press release). Chrysler Group LLC. 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowman, Zach. `` Call of Duty: MW3 Edition Jeep stands at attention'' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2014-02-16 . Jump up ^ Mopar® to Offer More Than 250 Accessories for New 2012 Jeep® Wrangler . media.chrysler.com Jump up ^ American Expedition Vehicles - Brute Double Cab (archived) Jump up ^ Jeep Wrangler Overland brings the bling -- Motoring.com.au Jump up ^ `` One in a Million: Toledo Assembly Complex Marks Production of One-Millionth Jeep Wrangler JK'' (Press release). Chrysler Group LLC . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JeepBrand Launches ' Jeep X Games Avalanche Scramble' Sweepstakes'' (Press release). Chrysler Group LLC . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ COMMANDO Tactical Vehicle . CommandoUSA.com, Retrieved 30 October 2014. Jump up ^ Korzeniewski, Jeremy (12 September 2013). `` Jeep Wrangler Dragon Edition coming to North America'' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Introduces New 2014 Wrangler Dragon Edition'' (Press release). Chrysler Group LLC. 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Jeep Wrangler Polar Edition Introduced In US'' (Press release). Auto Trader . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Wrangler Starts Model Year With New Special Editions and Even More Rubicon Capability'' (Press release). Chrysler Group LLC. 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Turkus, Brandon (4 September 2013). `` Europe gets Jeep Wrangler Polar limited edition'' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Paukert, Chris (11 September 2013). `` Jeep Wrangler Polar is a tasty frozen treat'' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Wrangler Named SEMA's ' Hottest 4x4-SUV' for Fourth Consecutive Year; Mopar Announces New Jeep Performance Parts and Accessories'' (Press release). Chrysler Group LLC. 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ 2015 jeep colors and new features for 2015 Jump up ^ `` new features for 2015'' . Autobytel.com. 2014-10-10 . Retrieved 2016-06-05 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Jeep Wrangler Review'' . The Car Connection. 7 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Will Jeep storm India despite ' exorbitant' price tag? Fiat has fingers crossed'' . Hindustan Times . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mahindra Jeeps on The CJ3B Page'' . Film.queensu.ca. 2007-01-31. Archived from the original on 1999-04-21 . Retrieved 2010-07-04 . Jump up ^ `` Specifications Sheet: Jeep J8 4x4'' (PDF) . JGMS.com . Retrieved 2012-01-02 . Jump up ^ `` New Military Version of Jeep Wrangler Unlimited'' . jeephorizons.com . Retrieved 2007-09-16 . Jump up ^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter (September 2007). `` Jeep gets back in uniform: Back in the Army'' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2010-12-28 . Jump up ^ http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2018/04/jeep-wrangler-jk-production-ends-friday-model-will-cheerfully-dig-grave/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeep Wrangler (JK) . 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK (Official website) `` previous -- Jeep road vehicle timeline, 1980s-- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Traditional CJ-5 CJ-7 Wrangler (YJ) Wrangler (TJ) Wrangler (JK) Wrangler (JL) Wrangler Unlimited (LJ) Wrangler Unlimited (JKU) Wrangler Unlimited (JLU) Subcompact crossover Renegade (BU) Compact crossover Compass (MK49) Compass (MP) Patriot (MK74) Mid-size crossover Cherokee (KL) Compact SUV Cherokee/Wagoneer (XJ) Liberty/Cherokee (KJ) Liberty/Cherokee (KK) Mid-size SUV Grand Cherokee/Grand Wagoneer (ZJ) Grand Cherokee (WJ) Grand Cherokee (WK) Grand Cherokee (WK2) Commander (XK) Full-size SUV Cherokee (SJ) Wagoneer/Grand Wagoneer (SJ) Compact pickup CJ-8 (Scrambler) Comanche (MJ) Midsize pickup CJ-10 Full-size pickup J-Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Wrangler_(JK)&oldid=853291508 '' Categories : Jeep vehicles Jeep platforms Off-road vehicles Convertibles All-wheel-drive vehicles Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Cars introduced in 2006 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Retro-style automobiles Sport utility vehicles Mini sport utility vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Military light utility vehicles Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018, at 18:22 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 651811172860899822 |
where does the waste go when you flush on a train | Vacuum waste tank on a China Railways 25T coach | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Many passenger trains ( usually medium and long - distance ) have toilet facilities , often at the ends of carriages . Toilets suitable for wheelchair users are larger , and hence trains with such facilities may not have toilets in each carriage .",
"The traditional method of disposing human waste from trains is to deposit the waste onto the tracks using what is known as a hopper toilet . This ranges from a hole in the floor to a full - flush system ( possibly with sterilization ) . The hole in the floor ( also known as a drop chute toilet ) system is still in use in many parts of the world , particularly on older rolling stock . The principal disadvantage is that it can be considered crude or unhygienic and dangerous to health and the environment -- it litters the railway lines and can convey serious health risks when the train passes over or under a navigable waterway . Passengers may be discouraged from flushing or using toilets while the train is at a station or standing at a red signal . To enforce this limitation , toilets may be automatically locked when the train pulls into a station or stops at a red signal .",
"Properly - designed drop chute toilets will draw air like a chimney , pulling air through the lavatory door vents and down and out through the toilet , reducing odor .",
"Hopper toilets are similar to old - fashioned sea toilets in that they release the excreta directly to the environment , untreated .",
"Chemical holding tanks ( retention tanks ) are usually included on newer carriages and railcars in wealthier and more densely populated parts of the world . One issue is that the tanks need to be regularly emptied , often at a terminal station or prolonged stop - over . If a train needs to be used again quickly , the tanks may not get emptied . In this case , toilets may back up , which can result in toilets being closed .",
"Some trains may have composting toilet tanks , which use bacterial action to break down solid and liquid waste before releasing it to the trackbed by way of a chlorine sanitizing tank .",
"In the United States , Dvořák 's tune `` Humoresque Number 7 '' became the setting for a series of mildly scatological humorous verses , regarding passenger train toilets , beginning :",
"Passengers will please refrain From flushing toilets while the train Is standing in the station ( I love you ) ...",
"Traditional hole in the floor system , operated by a pedal The basics : paper towels , toilet roll and soap dispenser Squat toilet in Chinese train Toilet in Taiwan high speed rail train `` DO NOT USE the toilet while the train is stopped at the station '' notice in Polish , German , French , and English , displayed by Polish State Railways Vacuum waste tank on a China Railways 25T coach",
"Traditional hole in the floor system , operated by a pedal",
"Traditional hole in the floor system , operated by a pedal",
"The basics : paper towels , toilet roll and soap dispenser",
"The basics : paper towels , toilet roll and soap dispenser",
"Squat toilet in Chinese train",
"Squat toilet in Chinese train",
"Toilet in Taiwan high speed rail train",
"Toilet in Taiwan high speed rail train",
"`` DO NOT USE the toilet while the train is stopped at the station '' notice in Polish , German , French , and English , displayed by Polish State Railways",
"`` DO NOT USE the toilet while the train is stopped at the station '' notice in Polish , German , French , and English , displayed by Polish State Railways",
"Vacuum waste tank on a China Railways 25T coach",
"Vacuum waste tank on a China Railways 25T coach"
] | Passenger train toilet - wikipedia Passenger train toilet Jump to: navigation , search Many passenger trains (usually medium and long-distance) have toilet facilities, often at the ends of carriages . Toilets suitable for wheelchair users are larger, and hence trains with such facilities may not have toilets in each carriage. Contents ( hide ) 1 Hopper toilet 2 Chemical holding tank 3 Composting toilet 4 Cultural references 5 Gallery 6 References Hopper toilet ( edit ) The traditional method of disposing human waste from trains is to deposit the waste onto the tracks using what is known as a hopper toilet . This ranges from a hole in the floor to a full-flush system (possibly with sterilization). The hole in the floor (also known as a drop chute toilet ) system is still in use in many parts of the world, particularly on older rolling stock . The principal disadvantage is that it can be considered crude or unhygienic and dangerous to health and the environment -- it litters the railway lines and can convey serious health risks when the train passes over or under a navigable waterway . Passengers may be discouraged from flushing or using toilets while the train is at a station or standing at a red signal. To enforce this limitation, toilets may be automatically locked when the train pulls into a station or stops at a red signal. Properly-designed drop chute toilets will draw air like a chimney, pulling air through the lavatory door vents and down and out through the toilet, reducing odor. Hopper toilets are similar to old-fashioned sea toilets in that they release the excreta directly to the environment, untreated. Chemical holding tank ( edit ) Chemical holding tanks (retention tanks) are usually included on newer carriages and railcars in wealthier and more densely populated parts of the world. One issue is that the tanks need to be regularly emptied, often at a terminal station or prolonged stop-over. If a train needs to be used again quickly, the tanks may not get emptied. In this case, toilets may back up, which can result in toilets being closed. Composting toilet ( edit ) Some trains may have composting toilet tanks, which use bacterial action to break down solid and liquid waste before releasing it to the trackbed by way of a chlorine sanitizing tank. Cultural references ( edit ) In the United States, Dvořák 's tune `` Humoresque Number 7'' became the setting for a series of mildly scatological humorous verses, regarding passenger train toilets, beginning: Passengers will please refrain From flushing toilets while the train Is standing in the station (I love you)... Gallery ( edit ) Traditional hole in the floor system, operated by a pedal The basics: paper towels , toilet roll and soap dispenser Squat toilet in Chinese train Toilet in Taiwan high speed rail train `` DO NOT USE the toilet while the train is stopped at the station'' notice in Polish, German, French, and English, displayed by Polish State Railways Vacuum waste tank on a China Railways 25T coach References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://toilet-guru.com/train.php Toilets of the World: Train Toilets Jump up ^ Horntip , Retrieved 2012-08-31. ( hide ) Toilets Equipment Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self-cleaning toilet bowl Self-cleaning toilet seat Toilet paper Trap (U-bend) Types Aircraft Accessible Arborloo Bedpan Blair Board Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container-based Dry Dual flush Dunny Flush Freezing Head (boat) Hudo (Scouting) Incinerating Latrine Low-flush Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Public Sanisette (self-cleaning) Space Squat Treebog Unisex public Urine-diverting dry Washlet Cultural aspects Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Flying toilet Honeywagon Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Manual scavenging Outhouse Privatization of public toilets Rest area Scatology Shit Museum Slopping out Toilet (room) Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toileting Toilet training Toilet-related injuries and deaths Toilets in Japan Toilet Twinning Urinary segregation Washroom attendant Urine-related aspects Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal (health care) Urine collection device Urine diversion Feces-related aspects Anal cleansing Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Open defecation Historical terms Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Commode Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter See also History of water supply and sanitation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passenger_train_toilet&oldid=724919713 '' Categories : Passenger rail transport Toilets Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2016, at 11:50. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 7122757585353898829 |
who wrote the lyrics to song for my father | `` Song for My Father '' is a composition by Horace Silver . The original version , by Silver 's quintet , was recorded on October 26 , 1964 . It has become a jazz standard and is probably Silver 's best - known composition . | [
[
"Horace Silver"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` Song for My Father '' Composition by Horace Silver from the album Song for My Father Language English Recorded October 26 , 1964 Genre Jazz , hard bop Label Blue Note Composer ( s ) Horace Silver Producer ( s ) Alfred Lion",
"`` Song for My Father ''",
"Composition by Horace Silver",
"from the album Song for My Father",
"Language English",
"Recorded October 26 , 1964",
"Genre Jazz , hard bop",
"Label Blue Note",
"Composer ( s ) Horace Silver",
"Producer ( s ) Alfred Lion",
"`` Song for My Father '' is a composition by Horace Silver . The original version , by Silver 's quintet , was recorded on October 26 , 1964 . It has become a jazz standard and is probably Silver 's best - known composition .",
"`` Song for My Father '' has a 24 - bar AAB construction and is in 4 / 4 time . It was composed in F minor . It has a bossa nova feel and features a bass ostinato . `` It contains only four chords : Fm - E ♭ - D ♭ - C. The piece uses even eighth notes throughout , not swing eighths . ''",
"The original version featured Silver on piano , with Joe Henderson ( tenor saxophone ) , Carmell Jones ( trumpet ) , Teddy Smith ( bass ) , and Roger Humphries ( drums ) . It was recorded in Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , on October 26 , 1964 . It was first released on the album of the same name .",
"The opening vamp ( ... ) leads to one of Silver 's most affecting themes , and then to perfect solos by , respectively , the leader and Joe Henderson . Henderson 's is one of the great motivically based solos in recorded jazz ; all derived from his three opening notes .",
"In his improvisations on the track ,",
"Silver evokes historical precedents in his use of blue notes , blues scale , and the use of mixolydian modal concepts on the dominant chord , and a swinging rhythm punctuated with silence . He also uses a blues scale on the dominant and tonic ( F ) chords , and flat thirds , fifths and sevenths .",
"In the second chorus , from the twenty - fifth bar , `` Silver changes from harmony in thirds to harmony in fourths '' .",
"Two aspects of the accompaniment are just as important as the melody itself . First , the bassist plays only roots and fifths of the chords ( ... ) Second , the rhythm section breaks at measure 6 in every section . Both the bass pattern and the one - measure break occur consistently during the solos as well as the theme choruses , and provide an extra degree of continuity that helps tie the whole performance together .",
"As of 2014 , more than 180 versions of the song had been recorded .",
"The opening bass piano notes were borrowed by Steely Dan for their song `` Rikki Do n't Lose That Number '' , while the opening horn riff was borrowed by Stevie Wonder for his song `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' . Earth Wind & Fire also borrowed the opening bass notes for their song `` Clover '' . In the booklet of their box set , Paul Weller noted that he `` nicked ' the chords for The Style Council 's 1984 song ' Me Ship Came In ! ' ''"
] | Song for My Father (song) - wikipedia Song for My Father (song) `` Song for My Father'' Composition by Horace Silver from the album Song for My Father Language English Recorded October 26, 1964 Genre Jazz , hard bop Label Blue Note Composer(s) Horace Silver Producer(s) Alfred Lion `` Song for My Father '' is a composition by Horace Silver . The original version, by Silver's quintet, was recorded on October 26, 1964. It has become a jazz standard and is probably Silver's best-known composition. Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Original recording 3 Later versions and use 4 References Composition ( edit ) `` Song for My Father'' has a 24-bar AAB construction and is in 4/4 time. It was composed in F minor. It has a bossa nova feel and features a bass ostinato. `` It contains only four chords: Fm - E ♭ - D ♭ - C. The piece uses even eighth notes throughout, not swing eighths.'' Original recording ( edit ) The original version featured Silver on piano, with Joe Henderson (tenor saxophone), Carmell Jones (trumpet), Teddy Smith (bass), and Roger Humphries (drums). It was recorded in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey , on October 26, 1964. It was first released on the album of the same name . The opening vamp (...) leads to one of Silver's most affecting themes, and then to perfect solos by, respectively, the leader and Joe Henderson. Henderson's is one of the great motivically based solos in recorded jazz; all derived from his three opening notes. In his improvisations on the track, Silver evokes historical precedents in his use of blue notes, blues scale, and the use of mixolydian modal concepts on the dominant chord, and a swinging rhythm punctuated with silence. He also uses a blues scale on the dominant and tonic (F) chords, and flat thirds, fifths and sevenths. In the second chorus, from the twenty-fifth bar, `` Silver changes from harmony in thirds to harmony in fourths'' . Two aspects of the accompaniment are just as important as the melody itself. First, the bassist plays only roots and fifths of the chords (...) Second, the rhythm section breaks at measure 6 in every section. Both the bass pattern and the one-measure break occur consistently during the solos as well as the theme choruses, and provide an extra degree of continuity that helps tie the whole performance together. Later versions and use ( edit ) As of 2014, more than 180 versions of the song had been recorded. The opening bass piano notes were borrowed by Steely Dan for their song `` Rikki Don't Lose That Number '' , while the opening horn riff was borrowed by Stevie Wonder for his song `` Don't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' . Earth Wind & Fire also borrowed the opening bass notes for their song `` Clover '' . In the booklet of their box set, Paul Weller noted that he `` nicked ' the chords for The Style Council 's 1984 song ' Me Ship Came In!' '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keepnews, Peter (June 18, 2014). `` Horace Silver, 85, Master of Earthy Jazz, Is Dead'' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to: Meadows, Eddie S. (2013) Jazz: Research and Pedagogy (3rd ed.). Routledge. ^ Jump up to: Owens, Thomas (1996). Bebop -- The Music and Its Players . Oxford University Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-19-510651-0 . ^ Jump up to: Kirchner, Bill `` The Dozens: Horace Silver'' Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine ...jazz.com. Retrieved January 1, 2016. Jump up ^ McDonough, John (September 2014) `` Horace Silver'' . Down Beat p. 49. Jump up ^ Mason, Stewart. `` Steely Dan `` Rikki Don't Lose That Number '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved November 5, 2014 . Jump up ^ Huey, Steve. `` Song for My Father (1964)'' . Blue Note Records . Retrieved November 5, 2014 . Horace Silver Years indicated are for the recording(s), not first release . Blue Note albums New Faces New Sounds (Introducing the Horace Silver Trio) (1952)/ Horace Silver Trio and Art Blakey-Sabu (1952-- 53) Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers (1954-- 55) 6 Pieces of Silver (1956-- 58) The Stylings of Silver (1957) Further Explorations (1958) Live at Newport ' 58 (1958) Finger Poppin' (1959) Blowin' the Blues Away (1959) Horace-Scope (1960) Doin' the Thing (1961) The Tokyo Blues (1962) Silver's Serenade (1963) Song for My Father (1963-- 64) The Cape Verdean Blues (1965) The Jody Grind (1966) Serenade to a Soul Sister (1968) You Gotta Take a Little Love (1969) That Healin' Feelin' , The United States of Mind, Phase 1 (1970) Total Response, The United States of Mind, Phase 2 (1970-- 71) All, The United States of Mind, Phase 3 (1972) The United States of Mind (compilation of the 3 ' Phase' albums, 1970-- 72) In Pursuit of the 27th Man (1972) Silver ' n Brass (1975) Silver ' n Wood (1975-- 76) Silver ' n Voices (1976) Silver ' n Percussion (1977) Silver ' n Strings Play the Music of the Spheres (1978-- 79) Albums released on other labels Silver's Blue (1956) Live 1964 (1964) Guides to Growing Up (1981) Spiritualizing the Senses (1983) There's No Need to Struggle (1983) The Continuity of Spirit (1985) Music to Ease Your Disease (1988) It's Got to Be Funky (1993) Pencil Packin' Papa (1994) The Hardbop Grandpop (1996) A Prescription for the Blues (1997) Jazz Has a Sense of Humor (1998) Art Blakey / The Jazz Messengers A Night at Birdland Vol. 1 (1954) A Night at Birdland Vol. 2 (1954) A Night at Birdland Vol. 3 (1954) At the Cafe Bohemia, Vol. 1 (1955) At the Cafe Bohemia, Vol. 2 (1955) The Jazz Messengers (1956) The Cool Voice of Rita Reys (1956) Originally (1956) Albums as sideman Introducing Nat Adderley (1955) Love and Peace: A Tribute to Horace Silver ( Dee Dee Bridgewater , 1994) Byrd's Eye View ( Donald Byrd , 1955) Whims of Chambers (Paul Chambers, 1956) Bohemia After Dark ( Kenny Clarke , 1955) Al Cohn's Tones ( Al Cohn , 1950) Miles Davis, Volume 3 (1954) Miles Davis Quartet / Blue Haze / Miles Davis Quintet / Miles Davis All-Star Sextet / Walkin' (1953/54) Miles Davis with Sonny Rollins / Bags' Groove (1954) Quartet/Quintet/Sextet ( Lou Donaldson , 1952) Afro-Cuban ( Kenny Dorham , 1955) The Art Farmer Septet (1953-- 54) When Farmer Met Gryce (Art Farmer/ Gigi Gryce , 1955) The Complete Roost Recordings ( Stan Getz , 1950-- 51) Nica's Tempo (Gigi Gryce, 1955) Disorder at the Border ( Coleman Hawkins , 1952) Milt Jackson Quartet (1955) Plenty, Plenty Soul ( Milt Jackson , 1957) The Eminent Jay Jay Johnson Volume 2 ( J.J. Johnson , 1955) Blowing in from Chicago ( Clifford Jordan & John Gilmore , 1957) Hank Mobley Quartet (1955) Hank Mobley Sextet (1956) Hank Mobley and His All Stars (1957) Hank Mobley Quintet (1957) J.R. Monterose (1956) Lee Morgan Indeed! (1956) Lee Morgan Sextet (1956) Sonny Rollins, Vol. 2 (1957) Clark Terry (1955) Selected singles `` Opus de Funk '' (1953) `` The Preacher '' /`` Doodlin' '' (1955/54) `` Señor Blues '' (1956) `` Sister Sadie '' (1959) `` Nica's Dream '' (1960) `` Song for My Father '' (1964) Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_for_My_Father_(song)&oldid=846265138 '' Categories : 1960s jazz standards 1964 compositions Compositions by Horace Silver Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018, at 15:19 (UTC) . About Wikipedia | -7918382379856004991 |
when did the harlem renaissance begin and end | The Harlem Renaissance is generally considered to have spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s . Many of its ideas lived on much longer . The zenith of this `` flowering of Negro literature '' , as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance , took place between 1924 ( when Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance ) and 1929 ( the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression ) . | [
[
"from about 1918 until the mid-1930s"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual , social , and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem , New York , spanning the 1920s . During the time , it was known as the `` New Negro Movement '' , named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke . The Movement also included the new African - American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the African - American Great Migration , of which Harlem was the largest . The Harlem Renaissance was considered to be a rebirth of African - American arts . Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City , many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance .",
"The Harlem Renaissance is generally considered to have spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s . Many of its ideas lived on much longer . The zenith of this `` flowering of Negro literature '' , as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance , took place between 1924 ( when Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance ) and 1929 ( the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression ) .",
"Until the end of the Civil War , the majority of African Americans had been enslaved and lived in the South . During the Reconstruction Era , the emancipated African Americans , freedmen , began to strive for civic participation , political equality and economic and cultural self - determination . Soon after the end of the Civil War the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 gave rise to speeches by African - American Congressmen addressing this Bill . By 1875 sixteen African Americans had been elected and served in Congress and gave numerous speeches with their newfound civil empowerment . The Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 was denounced by black Congressmen and resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , part of Reconstruction legislation by Republicans . By the late 1870s , Democratic whites managed to regain power in the South . From 1890 to 1908 they proceeded to pass legislation that disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites , trapping them without representation . They established white supremacist regimes of Jim Crow segregation in the South and one - party block voting behind southern Democrats . The Democratic whites denied African Americans their exercise of civil and political rights by terrorizing black communities with lynch mobs and other forms of vigilante violence as well as by instituting a convict labor system that forced many thousands of African Americans back into unpaid labor in mines , on plantations , and on public works projects such as roads and levees . Convict laborers were typically subject to brutal forms of corporal punishment , overwork , and disease from unsanitary conditions . Death rates were extraordinarily high . While a small number of African Americans were able to acquire land shortly after the Civil War , most were exploited as sharecroppers . As life in the South became increasingly difficult , African Americans began to migrate north in great numbers .",
"Most of the African - American literary movement arose from a generation that had memories of the gains and losses of Reconstruction after the Civil War . Sometimes their parents or grandparents had been slaves . Their ancestors had sometimes benefited by paternal investment in cultural capital , including better - than - average education . Many in the Harlem Renaissance were part of the early 20th century Great Migration out of the South into the African American neighborhoods of the North and Midwest . African Americans sought a better standard of living and relief from the institutionalized racism in the South . Others were people of African descent from racially stratified communities in the Caribbean who came to the United States hoping for a better life . Uniting most of them was their convergence in Harlem .",
"During the early portion of the 20th century , Harlem was the destination for migrants from around the country , attracting both people seeking work from the South , and an educated class who made the area a center of culture , as well as a growing `` Negro '' middle class . The district had originally been developed in the 19th century as an exclusive suburb for the white middle and upper middle classes ; its affluent beginnings led to the development of stately houses , grand avenues , and world - class amenities such as the Polo Grounds and the Harlem Opera House . During the enormous influx of European immigrants in the late 19th century , the once exclusive district was abandoned by the white middle class , who moved farther north .",
"Harlem became an African - American neighborhood in the early 1900s . In 1910 , a large block along 135th Street and Fifth Avenue was bought by various African - American realtors and a church group . Many more African Americans arrived during the First World War . Due to the war , the migration of laborers from Europe virtually ceased , while the war effort resulted in a massive demand for unskilled industrial labor . The Great Migration brought hundreds of thousands of African Americans to cities such as Chicago , Philadelphia , Detroit , and New York .",
"Despite the increasing popularity of Negro culture , virulent white racism , often by more recent ethnic immigrants , continued to affect African - American communities , even in the North . After the end of World War I , many African - American soldiers -- who fought in segregated units such as the Harlem Hellfighters -- came home to a nation whose citizens often did not respect their accomplishments . Race riots and other civil uprisings occurred throughout the US during the Red Summer of 1919 , reflecting economic competition over jobs and housing in many cities , as well as tensions over social territories .",
"The first stage of the Harlem Renaissance started in the late 1910s . In 1917 , the premiere of Three Plays for a Negro Theatre took place . These plays , written by white playwright Ridgely Torrence , featured African - American actors conveying complex human emotions and yearnings . They rejected the stereotypes of the blackface and minstrel show traditions . James Weldon Johnson in 1917 called the premieres of these plays `` the most important single event in the entire history of the Negro in the American Theater '' . Another landmark came in 1919 , when the poet Claude McKay published his militant sonnet , `` If We Must Die '' , which introduced a dramatically political dimension to the themes of African cultural inheritance and modern urban experience featured in his 1917 poems `` Invocation '' and `` Harlem Dancer '' ( published under the pseudonym Eli Edwards , these were his first appearance in print in the United States after immigrating from Jamaica ) . Although `` If We Must Die '' never alluded to race , African - American readers heard its note of defiance in the face of racism and the nationwide race riots and lynchings then taking place . By the end of the First World War , the fiction of James Weldon Johnson and the poetry of Claude McKay were describing the reality of contemporary African - American life in America .",
"In 1917 Hubert Harrison , `` The Father of Harlem Radicalism , '' founded the Liberty League and The Voice , the first organization and the first newspaper , respectively , of the `` New Negro Movement . '' Harrison 's organization and newspaper were political , but also emphasized the arts ( his newspaper had `` Poetry for the People '' and book review sections ) . In 1927 , in the Pittsburgh Courier , Harrison challenged the notion of the renaissance . He argued that the `` Negro Literary Renaissance '' notion overlooked `` the stream of literary and artistic products which had flowed uninterruptedly from Negro writers from 1850 to the present , '' and said the so - called `` renaissance '' was largely a white invention .",
"The Harlem Renaissance grew out of the changes that had taken place in the African - American community since the abolition of slavery , as the expansion of communities in the North . These accelerated as a consequence of World War I and the great social and cultural changes in early 20th - century United States . Industrialization was attracting people to cities from rural areas and gave rise to a new mass culture . Contributing factors leading to the Harlem Renaissance were the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities , which concentrated ambitious people in places where they could encourage each other , and the First World War , which had created new industrial work opportunities for tens of thousands of people . Factors leading to the decline of this era include the Great Depression .",
"Christianity played a major role in the Harlem Renaissance . Many of the writers and social critics discussed the role of Christianity in African - American lives . For example , a famous poem by Langston Hughes , `` Madam and the Minister '' , reflects the temperature and mood towards religion in the Harlem Renaissance . The cover story for The Crisis magazine ′ s publication in May 1936 explains how important Christianity was regarding the proposed union of the three largest Methodist churches of 1936 . This article shows the controversial question about the formation of a Union for these churches . The article `` The Catholic Church and the Negro Priest '' , also published in The Crisis , January 1920 , demonstrates the obstacles African - American priests faced in the Catholic Church . The article confronts what it saw as policies based on race that excluded African Americans from higher positions in the church .",
"Various forms of religious worship existed during this time of African - American intellectual reawakening . Although there were racist attitudes within the current Abrahamic religious arenas many African Americans continued to push towards the practice of a more inclusive doctrine . For example , George Joseph MacWilliam presents various experiences , during his pursuit towards priesthood , of rejection on the basis of his color and race yet he shares his frustration in attempts to incite action on the part of The Crisis magazine community .",
"There were other forms of spiritualism practiced among African Americans during the Harlem Renaissance . Some of these religions and philosophies were inherited from African ancestry .",
"For example , the religion of Islam was present in Africa as early as the 8th century through the Trans - Saharan trade . Islam came to Harlem likely through the migration of members of the Moorish Science Temple of America , which was established in 1913 in New Jersey .",
"Various forms of Judaism were practiced , including Orthodox , Conservative , and Reform Judaism , but it was Black Hebrew Israelites that founded their religious belief system during the early 20th century in the Harlem Renaissance .",
"Traditional forms of religion acquired from various parts of Africa were inherited and practiced during this era . Some common examples were Voodoo and Santeria .",
"Religious critique during this era was found in literature , art , and poetry . The Harlem Renaissance encouraged analytic dialogue that included the open critique and the adjustment of current religious ideas .",
"One of the major contributors to the discussion of African - American renaissance culture was Aaron Douglas who , with his artwork , also reflected the revisions African Americans were making to the Christian dogma . Douglas uses biblical imagery as inspiration to various pieces of art work but with the rebellious twist of an African influence .",
"Countee Cullen 's poem `` Heritage '' expresses the inner struggle of an African American between his past African heritage and the new Christian culture . A more severe criticism of the Christian religion can be found in Langston Hughes ' poem `` Merry Christmas '' , where he exposes the irony of religion as a symbol for good and yet a force for oppression and injustice .",
"A new way of playing the piano called the Harlem Stride style was created during the Harlem Renaissance , and helped blur the lines between the poor African Americans and socially elite African Americans . The traditional jazz band was composed primarily of brass instruments and was considered a symbol of the south , but the piano was considered an instrument of the wealthy . With this instrumental modification to the existing genre , the wealthy African Americans now had more access to jazz music . Its popularity soon spread throughout the country and was consequently at an all - time high . Innovation and liveliness were important characteristics of performers in the beginnings of jazz . Jazz performers and composers at the time such as Eubie Blake , Noble Sissle , Jelly Roll Morton , Luckey Roberts , James P. Johnson , Willie `` The Lion '' Smith , Fats Waller and Duke Ellington were extremely talented , skillful , competitive and inspirational . They are still considered as having laid great parts of the foundations for future musicians of their genre . Duke Ellington gained popularity during the Harlem Renaissance . According to Charles Garrett , `` The resulting portrait of Ellington reveals him to be not only the gifted composer , bandleader , and musician we have come to know , but also an earthly person with basic desires , weaknesses , and eccentricities . '' Ellington did not let his popularity get to him . He remained calm and focused on his music .",
"During this period , the musical style of blacks was becoming more and more attractive to whites . White novelists , dramatists and composers started to exploit the musical tendencies and themes of African Americans in their works . Composers used poems written by African - American poets in their songs , and would implement the rhythms , harmonies and melodies of African - American music -- such as blues , spirituals , and jazz -- into their concert pieces . African American began to merge with Whites into the classical world of musical composition . The first African American male to gain wide recognition as a concert artist in both his region and internationally was Roland Hayes . He trained with Arthur Calhoun in Chattanooga , and at Fisk University in Nashville . Later , he studied with Arthur Hubbard in Boston and with George Henschel and Amanda Ira Aldridge in London , England . He began singing in public as a student , and toured with the Fisk Jubilee Singers in 1911 .",
"During the Harlem Renaissance , the black clothing scene took a dramatic turn from the prim and proper . Many young women preferred - from short skirts and silk stockings to drop - waisted dresses and cloche hats . Woman wore loose - fitted garments and accessorized with long strand pearl bead necklaces , feather boas , and cigarette holders . The fashion of the Harlem Renaissance was used to convey elegance and flamboyancy and needed to be created with the vibrant dance style of the 1920s in mind . Popular by the 1930s was a trendy , egret - trimmed beret .",
"Men wore loose suits that led to the later style known as the `` Zoot , '' which consisted of wide - legged , high - waisted , peg - top trousers , and a long coat with padded shoulders and wide lapels . Men also wore wide - brimmed hats , colored socks , white gloves , and velvet - collared Chesterfield coats . During this period , African Americans expressed respect for their heritage through a fad for leopard - skin coats , indicating the power of the African animal .",
"The extraordinarily successful black dancer Josephine Baker , though performing in Paris during the height of the Renaissance , was a major fashion trendsetter for black and white women alike . Her gowns from the couturier Jean Patou were much copied , especially her stage costumes , which Vogue magazine called `` startling . '' Josephine Baker is also credited for highlighting the `` art deco '' fashion era after she performed the `` Danse Sauvage '' . During this Paris performance she adorned a skirt made of string and artificial bananas . Ethel Moses was another popular black performer , Moses starred in silent films in the 1920s and 30s and was recognizable by her signature bob hairstyle .",
"Characterizing the Harlem Renaissance was an overt racial pride that came to be represented in the idea of the New Negro , who through intellect and production of literature , art , and music could challenge the pervading racism and stereotypes to promote progressive or socialist politics , and racial and social integration . The creation of art and literature would serve to `` uplift '' the race .",
"There would be no uniting form singularly characterizing the art that emerged from the Harlem Renaissance . Rather , it encompassed a wide variety of cultural elements and styles , including a Pan-African perspective , `` high - culture '' and `` low - culture '' or `` low - life , '' from the traditional form of music to the blues and jazz , traditional and new experimental forms in literature such as modernism and the new form of jazz poetry . This duality meant that numerous African - American artists came into conflict with conservatives in the black intelligentsia , who took issue with certain depictions of black life .",
"Some common themes represented during the Harlem Renaissance were the influence of the experience of slavery and emerging African - American folk traditions on black identity , the effects of institutional racism , the dilemmas inherent in performing and writing for elite white audiences , and the question of how to convey the experience of modern black life in the urban North .",
"The Harlem Renaissance was one of primarily African - American involvement . It rested on a support system of black patrons , black - owned businesses and publications . However , it also depended on the patronage of white Americans , such as Carl Van Vechten and Charlotte Osgood Mason , who provided various forms of assistance , opening doors which otherwise might have remained closed to the publication of work outside the black American community . This support often took the form of patronage or publication . Carl Van Vechten was one of the most noteworthy white Americans involved with the Harlem Renaissance . He allowed for assistance to the black American community because he wanted racial sameness .",
"There were other whites interested in so - called `` primitive '' cultures , as many whites viewed black American culture at that time , and wanted to see such `` primitivism '' in the work coming out of the Harlem Renaissance . As with most fads , some people may have been exploited in the rush for publicity .",
"Interest in African - American lives also generated experimental but lasting collaborative work , such as the all - black productions of George Gershwin 's opera Porgy and Bess , and Virgil Thomson and Gertrude Stein 's Four Saints in Three Acts . In both productions the choral conductor Eva Jessye was part of the creative team . Her choir was featured in Four Saints . The music world also found white band leaders defying racist attitudes to include the best and the brightest African - American stars of music and song in their productions .",
"The African Americans used art to prove their humanity and demand for equality . The Harlem Renaissance led to more opportunities for blacks to be published by mainstream houses . Many authors began to publish novels , magazines and newspapers during this time . The new fiction attracted a great amount of attention from the nation at large . Among authors who became nationally known were Jean Toomer , Jessie Fauset , Claude McKay , Zora Neale Hurston , James Weldon Johnson , Alain Locke , Omar Al Amiri , Eric D. Walrond and Langston Hughes .",
"Richard Bruce Nugent who wrote `` Smoke , Lilies , and Jade '' is an important contribution , especially in relation to experimental form and LGBT themes in the period .",
"The Harlem Renaissance helped lay the foundation for the post-World War II protest movement of the Civil Rights Movement . Moreover , many black artists who rose to creative maturity afterward were inspired by this literary movement .",
"The Renaissance was more than a literary or artistic movement , as it possessed a certain sociological development -- particularly through a new racial consciousness -- through ethnic pride , as seen in the Back to Africa movement led by Marcus Garvey . At the same time , a different expression of ethnic pride , promoted by W.E.B. Du Bois , introduced the notion of the `` talented tenth '' : the African Americans who were fortunate enough to inherit money or property or obtain a college degree during the transition from Reconstruction to the Jim Crow period of the early twentieth century . These `` talented tenth '' were considered the finest examples of the worth of black Americans as a response to the rampant racism of the period . ( No particular leadership was assigned to the talented tenth , but they were to be emulated . ) In both literature and popular discussion , complex ideas such as Du Bois 's concept of `` twoness '' ( dualism ) were introduced ( see The Souls of Black Folk ; 1903 ) . Du Bois explored a divided awareness of one 's identity that was a unique critique of the social ramifications of racial consciousness . This exploration was later revived during the Black Pride movement of the early 1970s .",
"`` Sometimes I feel discriminated against , but it does not make me angry . It merely astonishes me . How can anyone deny themselves the pleasure of my company ? It 's beyond me . '' - Zora Neale Hurston",
"The Harlem Renaissance was successful in that it brought the Black experience clearly within the corpus of American cultural history . Not only through an explosion of culture , but on a sociological level , the legacy of the Harlem Renaissance redefined how America , and the world , viewed African Americans . The migration of southern Blacks to the north changed the image of the African American from rural , undereducated peasants to one of urban , cosmopolitan sophistication . This new identity led to a greater social consciousness , and African Americans became players on the world stage , expanding intellectual and social contacts internationally .",
"The progress -- both symbolic and real -- during this period became a point of reference from which the African - American community gained a spirit of self - determination that provided a growing sense of both Black urbanity and Black militancy , as well as a foundation for the community to build upon for the Civil Rights struggles in the 1950s and 1960s .",
"The urban setting of rapidly developing Harlem provided a venue for African Americans of all backgrounds to appreciate the variety of Black life and culture . Through this expression , the Harlem Renaissance encouraged the new appreciation of folk roots and culture . For instance , folk materials and spirituals provided a rich source for the artistic and intellectual imagination , which freed Blacks from the establishment of past condition . Through sharing in these cultural experiences , a consciousness sprung forth in the form of a united racial identity .",
"However , there was some pressure within certain groups of the Harlem Renaissance to adopt sentiments of conservative white America in order to be taken seriously by the mainstream . The result being that queer culture , while far - more accepted in Harlem than most places in the country at the time , was most fully lived out in the smoky dark lights of bars , nightclubs , and cabarets in the city . It was within these venues that the blues music scene boomed , and since it had not yet gained recognition within popular culture , queer artists used it as a way to express themselves honestly . Even though there were factions within the Renaissance that were accepting of queer culture / lifestyles , one could still be arrested for engaging in homosexual acts . Many people , including author Alice Dunbar - Nelson and `` The Mother of Blues '' Gertrude `` Ma '' Rainey , had husbands but were romantically linked to other women as well . Ma Rainey was known to dress in traditionally male clothing and her blues lyrics often reflected her sexual proclivities for women , which was extremely radical at the time . Ma Rainey was also the first person to introduce blues music into vaudeville . Rainey 's protégé , Bessie Smith was another artist who used the blues as a way to express herself with such lines as `` When you see two women walking hand in hand , just look em ' over and try to understand : They 'll go to those parties -- have the lights down low -- only those parties where women can go . ''",
"Another prominent blues singer was Gladys Bentley , who was known to cross-dress . Bentley was the club owner of Clam House on 133rd Street in Harlem , which was a hub for queer patrons . The Hamilton Lodge in Harlem hosted an annual drag ball that attracted thousands to watch as a couple hundred young men came to dance the night away in drag . Though there were safe havens within Harlem , there were prominent voices such as that of Abyssinian Baptist Church 's minister Adam Clayton who actively campaigned against homosexuality .",
"The Harlem Renaissance gave birth to the idea of The New Negro . The New Negro movement was an effort to define what it meant to be African - American by African Americans rather than let the degrading stereotypes and caricatures found in black face minstrelsy practices to do so . There was also The Neo-New Negro movement , which not only challenged racial definitions and stereotypes , but also sought to challenge gender roles , normative sexuality , and sexism in America in general . In this respect , the Harlem Renaissance was far ahead of the rest of America in terms of embracing feminism and queer culture . These ideals received some push back as freedom of sexuality , particularly pertaining to women ( which during the time in Harlem was known as women - loving women ) , was seen as confirming the stereotype that black women were loose and lacked sexual discernment . The black bourgeoisie saw this as hampering the cause of black people in America and giving fuel to the fire of racist sentiments around the country . Yet for all of the efforts by both sectors of white and conservative black America , queer culture and artists defined major portions of not only the Harlem Renaissance , but also defined so much of our culture today . Author of `` The Black Man 's Burden '' , Henry Louis Gates Jr. wrote on this very subject matter , the Harlem Renaissance `` was surely as gay as it was black '' .",
"Many critics point out that the Harlem Renaissance could not escape its history and culture in its attempt to create a new one , or sufficiently separate from the foundational elements of White , European culture . Often Harlem intellectuals , while proclaiming a new racial consciousness , resorted to mimicry of their white counterparts by adopting their clothing , sophisticated manners and etiquette . This `` mimicry '' may also be called assimilation , as that is typically what minority members of any social construct must do in order to fit social norms created by that construct 's majority . This could be seen as a reason that the artistic and cultural products of the Harlem Renaissance did not overcome the presence of White - American values , and did not reject these values . In this regard , the creation of the `` New Negro '' as the Harlem intellectuals sought , was considered a success .",
"The Harlem Renaissance appealed to a mixed audience . The literature appealed to the African - American middle class and to whites . Magazines such as The Crisis , a monthly journal of the NAACP , and Opportunity , an official publication of the National Urban League , employed Harlem Renaissance writers on their editorial staffs ; published poetry and short stories by black writers ; and promoted African - American literature through articles , reviews , and annual literary prizes . As important as these literary outlets were , however , the Renaissance relied heavily on white publishing houses and white - owned magazines . A major accomplishment of the Renaissance was to open the door to mainstream white periodicals and publishing houses , although the relationship between the Renaissance writers and white publishers and audiences created some controversy . W.E.B. Du Bois did not oppose the relationship between black writers and white publishers , but he was critical of works such as Claude McKay 's bestselling novel Home to Harlem ( 1928 ) for appealing to the `` prurient demand ( s ) '' of white readers and publishers for portrayals of black `` licentiousness '' . Langston Hughes spoke for most of the writers and artists when he wrote in his essay `` The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain '' ( 1926 ) that black artists intended to express themselves freely , no matter what the black public or white public thought . Hughes in his writings also returned to the theme of racial passing , but during the Harlem Renaissance , he began to explore the topic of homosexuality and homophobia . He began to use disruptive language in his writings . He explored this topic because it was a theme that during this time period was not discussed .",
"African - American musicians and other performers also played to mixed audiences . Harlem 's cabarets and clubs attracted both Harlem residents and white New Yorkers seeking out Harlem nightlife . Harlem 's famous Cotton Club , where Duke Ellington performed , carried this to an extreme , by providing black entertainment for exclusively white audiences . Ultimately , the more successful black musicians and entertainers who appealed to a mainstream audience moved their performances downtown .",
"Certain aspects of the Harlem Renaissance were accepted without debate , and without scrutiny . One of these was the future of the `` New Negro '' . Artists and intellectuals of the Harlem Renaissance echoed American progressivism in its faith in democratic reform , in its belief in art and literature as agents of change , and in its almost uncritical belief in itself and its future . This progressivist worldview rendered Black intellectuals -- just like their White counterparts -- unprepared for the rude shock of the Great Depression , and the Harlem Renaissance ended abruptly because of naive assumptions about the centrality of culture , unrelated to economic and social realities ."
] | Harlem Renaissance - wikipedia Harlem Renaissance For the eponymous basketball team, see New York Renaissance . The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York , spanning the 1920s. During the time, it was known as the `` New Negro Movement '' , named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke . The Movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the African-American Great Migration , of which Harlem was the largest. The Harlem Renaissance was considered to be a rebirth of African-American arts. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City , many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is generally considered to have spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s. Many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this `` flowering of Negro literature'' , as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, took place between 1924 (when Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance) and 1929 (the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Development 2.1 Mainstream recognition of Harlem culture 2.2 Religion 2.2.1 Discourse 2.2.2 Criticism 2.3 Music 2.4 Fashion 3 Characteristics and themes 4 Influence 4.1 A New Black Identity 4.2 Criticism of the movement 5 See also 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 6.3 Further reading 7 External links Background Harlem in Upper Manhattan . Until the end of the Civil War , the majority of African Americans had been enslaved and lived in the South . During the Reconstruction Era , the emancipated African Americans, freedmen, began to strive for civic participation, political equality and economic and cultural self-determination. Soon after the end of the Civil War the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 gave rise to speeches by African-American Congressmen addressing this Bill. By 1875 sixteen African Americans had been elected and served in Congress and gave numerous speeches with their newfound civil empowerment. The Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 was denounced by black Congressmen and resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , part of Reconstruction legislation by Republicans . By the late 1870s, Democratic whites managed to regain power in the South. From 1890 to 1908 they proceeded to pass legislation that disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites, trapping them without representation. They established white supremacist regimes of Jim Crow segregation in the South and one-party block voting behind southern Democrats . The Democratic whites denied African Americans their exercise of civil and political rights by terrorizing black communities with lynch mobs and other forms of vigilante violence as well as by instituting a convict labor system that forced many thousands of African Americans back into unpaid labor in mines, on plantations, and on public works projects such as roads and levees. Convict laborers were typically subject to brutal forms of corporal punishment, overwork, and disease from unsanitary conditions. Death rates were extraordinarily high. While a small number of African Americans were able to acquire land shortly after the Civil War, most were exploited as sharecroppers. As life in the South became increasingly difficult, African Americans began to migrate north in great numbers. Most of the African-American literary movement arose from a generation that had memories of the gains and losses of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Sometimes their parents or grandparents had been slaves. Their ancestors had sometimes benefited by paternal investment in cultural capital, including better-than-average education. Many in the Harlem Renaissance were part of the early 20th century Great Migration out of the South into the African American neighborhoods of the North and Midwest . African Americans sought a better standard of living and relief from the institutionalized racism in the South. Others were people of African descent from racially stratified communities in the Caribbean who came to the United States hoping for a better life. Uniting most of them was their convergence in Harlem. Development Play media Contemporary silent short documentary on the Negro Artist. Richmond Barthé working on Kalombwan, (1934). During the early portion of the 20th century, Harlem was the destination for migrants from around the country, attracting both people seeking work from the South, and an educated class who made the area a center of culture, as well as a growing `` Negro'' middle class. The district had originally been developed in the 19th century as an exclusive suburb for the white middle and upper middle classes; its affluent beginnings led to the development of stately houses, grand avenues, and world-class amenities such as the Polo Grounds and the Harlem Opera House . During the enormous influx of European immigrants in the late 19th century, the once exclusive district was abandoned by the white middle class, who moved farther north. Harlem became an African-American neighborhood in the early 1900s. In 1910, a large block along 135th Street and Fifth Avenue was bought by various African-American realtors and a church group. Many more African Americans arrived during the First World War . Due to the war, the migration of laborers from Europe virtually ceased, while the war effort resulted in a massive demand for unskilled industrial labor. The Great Migration brought hundreds of thousands of African Americans to cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and New York. Despite the increasing popularity of Negro culture, virulent white racism, often by more recent ethnic immigrants, continued to affect African-American communities, even in the North. After the end of World War I, many African-American soldiers-- who fought in segregated units such as the Harlem Hellfighters -- came home to a nation whose citizens often did not respect their accomplishments. Race riots and other civil uprisings occurred throughout the US during the Red Summer of 1919 , reflecting economic competition over jobs and housing in many cities, as well as tensions over social territories. Mainstream recognition of Harlem culture The first stage of the Harlem Renaissance started in the late 1910s. In 1917, the premiere of Three Plays for a Negro Theatre took place. These plays, written by white playwright Ridgely Torrence , featured African-American actors conveying complex human emotions and yearnings. They rejected the stereotypes of the blackface and minstrel show traditions. James Weldon Johnson in 1917 called the premieres of these plays `` the most important single event in the entire history of the Negro in the American Theater'' . Another landmark came in 1919, when the poet Claude McKay published his militant sonnet, `` If We Must Die '' , which introduced a dramatically political dimension to the themes of African cultural inheritance and modern urban experience featured in his 1917 poems `` Invocation'' and `` Harlem Dancer'' (published under the pseudonym Eli Edwards, these were his first appearance in print in the United States after immigrating from Jamaica). Although `` If We Must Die'' never alluded to race, African-American readers heard its note of defiance in the face of racism and the nationwide race riots and lynchings then taking place. By the end of the First World War, the fiction of James Weldon Johnson and the poetry of Claude McKay were describing the reality of contemporary African-American life in America. In 1917 Hubert Harrison , `` The Father of Harlem Radicalism,'' founded the Liberty League and The Voice , the first organization and the first newspaper, respectively, of the `` New Negro Movement.'' Harrison's organization and newspaper were political, but also emphasized the arts (his newspaper had `` Poetry for the People'' and book review sections). In 1927, in the Pittsburgh Courier , Harrison challenged the notion of the renaissance. He argued that the `` Negro Literary Renaissance'' notion overlooked `` the stream of literary and artistic products which had flowed uninterruptedly from Negro writers from 1850 to the present,'' and said the so-called `` renaissance'' was largely a white invention. The Harlem Renaissance grew out of the changes that had taken place in the African-American community since the abolition of slavery, as the expansion of communities in the North. These accelerated as a consequence of World War I and the great social and cultural changes in early 20th-century United States. Industrialization was attracting people to cities from rural areas and gave rise to a new mass culture. Contributing factors leading to the Harlem Renaissance were the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities, which concentrated ambitious people in places where they could encourage each other, and the First World War, which had created new industrial work opportunities for tens of thousands of people. Factors leading to the decline of this era include the Great Depression . Religion Christianity played a major role in the Harlem Renaissance. Many of the writers and social critics discussed the role of Christianity in African-American lives. For example, a famous poem by Langston Hughes , `` Madam and the Minister'' , reflects the temperature and mood towards religion in the Harlem Renaissance. The cover story for The Crisis magazine′ s publication in May 1936 explains how important Christianity was regarding the proposed union of the three largest Methodist churches of 1936. This article shows the controversial question about the formation of a Union for these churches. The article `` The Catholic Church and the Negro Priest'' , also published in The Crisis , January 1920, demonstrates the obstacles African-American priests faced in the Catholic Church. The article confronts what it saw as policies based on race that excluded African Americans from higher positions in the church. Discourse Religion and Evolution Ad Various forms of religious worship existed during this time of African-American intellectual reawakening. Although there were racist attitudes within the current Abrahamic religious arenas many African Americans continued to push towards the practice of a more inclusive doctrine. For example, George Joseph MacWilliam presents various experiences, during his pursuit towards priesthood, of rejection on the basis of his color and race yet he shares his frustration in attempts to incite action on the part of The Crisis magazine community. There were other forms of spiritualism practiced among African Americans during the Harlem Renaissance. Some of these religions and philosophies were inherited from African ancestry. For example, the religion of Islam was present in Africa as early as the 8th century through the Trans-Saharan trade . Islam came to Harlem likely through the migration of members of the Moorish Science Temple of America , which was established in 1913 in New Jersey. Various forms of Judaism were practiced, including Orthodox , Conservative , and Reform Judaism , but it was Black Hebrew Israelites that founded their religious belief system during the early 20th century in the Harlem Renaissance. Traditional forms of religion acquired from various parts of Africa were inherited and practiced during this era. Some common examples were Voodoo and Santeria . Criticism `` An' the stars began to fall.'' by Aaron Douglas Religious critique during this era was found in literature, art, and poetry. The Harlem Renaissance encouraged analytic dialogue that included the open critique and the adjustment of current religious ideas. One of the major contributors to the discussion of African-American renaissance culture was Aaron Douglas who, with his artwork, also reflected the revisions African Americans were making to the Christian dogma. Douglas uses biblical imagery as inspiration to various pieces of art work but with the rebellious twist of an African influence. Countee Cullen 's poem `` Heritage'' expresses the inner struggle of an African American between his past African heritage and the new Christian culture. A more severe criticism of the Christian religion can be found in Langston Hughes ' poem `` Merry Christmas'' , where he exposes the irony of religion as a symbol for good and yet a force for oppression and injustice. Music A new way of playing the piano called the Harlem Stride style was created during the Harlem Renaissance, and helped blur the lines between the poor African Americans and socially elite African Americans. The traditional jazz band was composed primarily of brass instruments and was considered a symbol of the south, but the piano was considered an instrument of the wealthy. With this instrumental modification to the existing genre, the wealthy African Americans now had more access to jazz music. Its popularity soon spread throughout the country and was consequently at an all-time high. Innovation and liveliness were important characteristics of performers in the beginnings of jazz. Jazz performers and composers at the time such as Eubie Blake , Noble Sissle , Jelly Roll Morton , Luckey Roberts , James P. Johnson , Willie `` The Lion'' Smith , Fats Waller and Duke Ellington were extremely talented, skillful, competitive and inspirational. They are still considered as having laid great parts of the foundations for future musicians of their genre. Duke Ellington gained popularity during the Harlem Renaissance. According to Charles Garrett, `` The resulting portrait of Ellington reveals him to be not only the gifted composer, bandleader, and musician we have come to know, but also an earthly person with basic desires, weaknesses, and eccentricities.'' Ellington did not let his popularity get to him. He remained calm and focused on his music. During this period, the musical style of blacks was becoming more and more attractive to whites. White novelists, dramatists and composers started to exploit the musical tendencies and themes of African Americans in their works. Composers used poems written by African-American poets in their songs, and would implement the rhythms, harmonies and melodies of African-American music-- such as blues , spirituals , and jazz-- into their concert pieces. African American began to merge with Whites into the classical world of musical composition . The first African American male to gain wide recognition as a concert artist in both his region and internationally was Roland Hayes . He trained with Arthur Calhoun in Chattanooga , and at Fisk University in Nashville . Later, he studied with Arthur Hubbard in Boston and with George Henschel and Amanda Ira Aldridge in London, England . He began singing in public as a student, and toured with the Fisk Jubilee Singers in 1911. Fashion During the Harlem Renaissance, the black clothing scene took a dramatic turn from the prim and proper. Many young women preferred- from short skirts and silk stockings to drop-waisted dresses and cloche hats. Woman wore loose-fitted garments and accessorized with long strand pearl bead necklaces, feather boas, and cigarette holders. The fashion of the Harlem Renaissance was used to convey elegance and flamboyancy and needed to be created with the vibrant dance style of the 1920s in mind. Popular by the 1930s was a trendy, egret-trimmed beret. Men wore loose suits that led to the later style known as the `` Zoot,'' which consisted of wide-legged, high-waisted, peg-top trousers, and a long coat with padded shoulders and wide lapels. Men also wore wide-brimmed hats, colored socks, white gloves, and velvet-collared Chesterfield coats . During this period, African Americans expressed respect for their heritage through a fad for leopard-skin coats, indicating the power of the African animal. The extraordinarily successful black dancer Josephine Baker , though performing in Paris during the height of the Renaissance, was a major fashion trendsetter for black and white women alike. Her gowns from the couturier Jean Patou were much copied, especially her stage costumes, which Vogue magazine called `` startling.'' Josephine Baker is also credited for highlighting the `` art deco'' fashion era after she performed the `` Danse Sauvage'' . During this Paris performance she adorned a skirt made of string and artificial bananas. Ethel Moses was another popular black performer, Moses starred in silent films in the 1920s and 30s and was recognizable by her signature bob hairstyle. Characteristics and themes Trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie is emblematic of the mixture of high class society, popular art, and virtuosity of jazz . Characterizing the Harlem Renaissance was an overt racial pride that came to be represented in the idea of the New Negro , who through intellect and production of literature, art, and music could challenge the pervading racism and stereotypes to promote progressive or socialist politics, and racial and social integration . The creation of art and literature would serve to `` uplift'' the race. There would be no uniting form singularly characterizing the art that emerged from the Harlem Renaissance. Rather, it encompassed a wide variety of cultural elements and styles, including a Pan-African perspective, `` high-culture'' and `` low-culture'' or `` low-life,'' from the traditional form of music to the blues and jazz, traditional and new experimental forms in literature such as modernism and the new form of jazz poetry . This duality meant that numerous African-American artists came into conflict with conservatives in the black intelligentsia, who took issue with certain depictions of black life. Some common themes represented during the Harlem Renaissance were the influence of the experience of slavery and emerging African-American folk traditions on black identity, the effects of institutional racism, the dilemmas inherent in performing and writing for elite white audiences, and the question of how to convey the experience of modern black life in the urban North. The Harlem Renaissance was one of primarily African-American involvement. It rested on a support system of black patrons, black-owned businesses and publications. However, it also depended on the patronage of white Americans, such as Carl Van Vechten and Charlotte Osgood Mason , who provided various forms of assistance, opening doors which otherwise might have remained closed to the publication of work outside the black American community. This support often took the form of patronage or publication . Carl Van Vechten was one of the most noteworthy white Americans involved with the Harlem Renaissance. He allowed for assistance to the black American community because he wanted racial sameness. There were other whites interested in so-called `` primitive '' cultures, as many whites viewed black American culture at that time, and wanted to see such `` primitivism'' in the work coming out of the Harlem Renaissance. As with most fads, some people may have been exploited in the rush for publicity. Interest in African-American lives also generated experimental but lasting collaborative work, such as the all-black productions of George Gershwin 's opera Porgy and Bess , and Virgil Thomson and Gertrude Stein 's Four Saints in Three Acts . In both productions the choral conductor Eva Jessye was part of the creative team. Her choir was featured in Four Saints . The music world also found white band leaders defying racist attitudes to include the best and the brightest African-American stars of music and song in their productions. The African Americans used art to prove their humanity and demand for equality . The Harlem Renaissance led to more opportunities for blacks to be published by mainstream houses. Many authors began to publish novels, magazines and newspapers during this time. The new fiction attracted a great amount of attention from the nation at large. Among authors who became nationally known were Jean Toomer , Jessie Fauset , Claude McKay , Zora Neale Hurston , James Weldon Johnson , Alain Locke , Omar Al Amiri , Eric D. Walrond and Langston Hughes . Richard Bruce Nugent who wrote `` Smoke, Lilies, and Jade'' is an important contribution , especially in relation to experimental form and LGBT themes in the period. The Harlem Renaissance helped lay the foundation for the post-World War II protest movement of the Civil Rights Movement . Moreover, many black artists who rose to creative maturity afterward were inspired by this literary movement. The Renaissance was more than a literary or artistic movement, as it possessed a certain sociological development-- particularly through a new racial consciousness-- through ethnic pride, as seen in the Back to Africa movement led by Marcus Garvey . At the same time, a different expression of ethnic pride, promoted by W.E.B. Du Bois , introduced the notion of the `` talented tenth '' : the African Americans who were fortunate enough to inherit money or property or obtain a college degree during the transition from Reconstruction to the Jim Crow period of the early twentieth century. These `` talented tenth'' were considered the finest examples of the worth of black Americans as a response to the rampant racism of the period. (No particular leadership was assigned to the talented tenth, but they were to be emulated.) In both literature and popular discussion, complex ideas such as Du Bois's concept of `` twoness'' (dualism) were introduced (see The Souls of Black Folk ; 1903). Du Bois explored a divided awareness of one's identity that was a unique critique of the social ramifications of racial consciousness. This exploration was later revived during the Black Pride movement of the early 1970s. Influence A New black identity Langston Hughes , novelist and poet, photographed by Carl Van Vechten , 1936 `` Sometimes I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely astonishes me. How can anyone deny themselves the pleasure of my company? It's beyond me.'' - Zora Neale Hurston The Harlem Renaissance was successful in that it brought the Black experience clearly within the corpus of American cultural history . Not only through an explosion of culture , but on a sociological level, the legacy of the Harlem Renaissance redefined how America, and the world, viewed African Americans. The migration of southern Blacks to the north changed the image of the African American from rural, undereducated peasants to one of urban, cosmopolitan sophistication. This new identity led to a greater social consciousness, and African Americans became players on the world stage, expanding intellectual and social contacts internationally. The progress-- both symbolic and real-- during this period became a point of reference from which the African-American community gained a spirit of self-determination that provided a growing sense of both Black urbanity and Black militancy , as well as a foundation for the community to build upon for the Civil Rights struggles in the 1950s and 1960s. The urban setting of rapidly developing Harlem provided a venue for African Americans of all backgrounds to appreciate the variety of Black life and culture. Through this expression, the Harlem Renaissance encouraged the new appreciation of folk roots and culture. For instance, folk materials and spirituals provided a rich source for the artistic and intellectual imagination, which freed Blacks from the establishment of past condition. Through sharing in these cultural experiences, a consciousness sprung forth in the form of a united racial identity. However, there was some pressure within certain groups of the Harlem Renaissance to adopt sentiments of conservative white America in order to be taken seriously by the mainstream. The result being that queer culture, while far-more accepted in Harlem than most places in the country at the time, was most fully lived out in the smoky dark lights of bars, nightclubs, and cabarets in the city. It was within these venues that the blues music scene boomed, and since it had not yet gained recognition within popular culture, queer artists used it as a way to express themselves honestly. Even though there were factions within the Renaissance that were accepting of queer culture/lifestyles, one could still be arrested for engaging in homosexual acts. Many people, including author Alice Dunbar-Nelson and `` The Mother of Blues'' Gertrude `` Ma'' Rainey , had husbands but were romantically linked to other women as well. Ma Rainey was known to dress in traditionally male clothing and her blues lyrics often reflected her sexual proclivities for women, which was extremely radical at the time. Ma Rainey was also the first person to introduce blues music into vaudeville. Rainey's protégé , Bessie Smith was another artist who used the blues as a way to express herself with such lines as `` When you see two women walking hand in hand, just look em' over and try to understand: They'll go to those parties -- have the lights down low -- only those parties where women can go.'' Blues singer Gladys Bentley Another prominent blues singer was Gladys Bentley , who was known to cross-dress. Bentley was the club owner of Clam House on 133rd Street in Harlem, which was a hub for queer patrons. The Hamilton Lodge in Harlem hosted an annual drag ball that attracted thousands to watch as a couple hundred young men came to dance the night away in drag. Though there were safe havens within Harlem, there were prominent voices such as that of Abyssinian Baptist Church's minister Adam Clayton who actively campaigned against homosexuality. The Harlem Renaissance gave birth to the idea of The New Negro. The New Negro movement was an effort to define what it meant to be African-American by African Americans rather than let the degrading stereotypes and caricatures found in black face minstrelsy practices to do so. There was also The Neo-New Negro movement, which not only challenged racial definitions and stereotypes, but also sought to challenge gender roles, normative sexuality, and sexism in America in general. In this respect, the Harlem Renaissance was far ahead of the rest of America in terms of embracing feminism and queer culture. These ideals received some push back as freedom of sexuality, particularly pertaining to women (which during the time in Harlem was known as women-loving women), was seen as confirming the stereotype that black women were loose and lacked sexual discernment. The black bourgeoisie saw this as hampering the cause of black people in America and giving fuel to the fire of racist sentiments around the country. Yet for all of the efforts by both sectors of white and conservative black America, queer culture and artists defined major portions of not only the Harlem Renaissance, but also defined so much of our culture today. Author of `` The Black Man's Burden'' , Henry Louis Gates Jr. wrote on this very subject matter, the Harlem Renaissance `` was surely as gay as it was black'' . Three African American women in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance, ca. 1925 Criticism of the movement Many critics point out that the Harlem Renaissance could not escape its history and culture in its attempt to create a new one, or sufficiently separate from the foundational elements of White, European culture. Often Harlem intellectuals, while proclaiming a new racial consciousness , resorted to mimicry of their white counterparts by adopting their clothing, sophisticated manners and etiquette. This `` mimicry'' may also be called assimilation , as that is typically what minority members of any social construct must do in order to fit social norms created by that construct's majority. This could be seen as a reason that the artistic and cultural products of the Harlem Renaissance did not overcome the presence of White-American values, and did not reject these values. In this regard, the creation of the `` New Negro'' as the Harlem intellectuals sought, was considered a success. The Harlem Renaissance appealed to a mixed audience. The literature appealed to the African-American middle class and to whites. Magazines such as The Crisis , a monthly journal of the NAACP , and Opportunity , an official publication of the National Urban League , employed Harlem Renaissance writers on their editorial staffs; published poetry and short stories by black writers; and promoted African-American literature through articles, reviews, and annual literary prizes. As important as these literary outlets were, however, the Renaissance relied heavily on white publishing houses and white-owned magazines. A major accomplishment of the Renaissance was to open the door to mainstream white periodicals and publishing houses, although the relationship between the Renaissance writers and white publishers and audiences created some controversy. W.E.B. Du Bois did not oppose the relationship between black writers and white publishers, but he was critical of works such as Claude McKay's bestselling novel Home to Harlem (1928) for appealing to the `` prurient demand(s)'' of white readers and publishers for portrayals of black `` licentiousness'' . Langston Hughes spoke for most of the writers and artists when he wrote in his essay `` The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain'' (1926) that black artists intended to express themselves freely, no matter what the black public or white public thought. Hughes in his writings also returned to the theme of racial passing, but during the Harlem Renaissance, he began to explore the topic of homosexuality and homophobia. He began to use disruptive language in his writings. He explored this topic because it was a theme that during this time period was not discussed. African-American musicians and other performers also played to mixed audiences. Harlem's cabarets and clubs attracted both Harlem residents and white New Yorkers seeking out Harlem nightlife. Harlem's famous Cotton Club , where Duke Ellington performed, carried this to an extreme, by providing black entertainment for exclusively white audiences. Ultimately, the more successful black musicians and entertainers who appealed to a mainstream audience moved their performances downtown. Certain aspects of the Harlem Renaissance were accepted without debate, and without scrutiny. One of these was the future of the `` New Negro'' . Artists and intellectuals of the Harlem Renaissance echoed American progressivism in its faith in democratic reform, in its belief in art and literature as agents of change, and in its almost uncritical belief in itself and its future. This progressivist worldview rendered Black intellectuals-- just like their White counterparts-- unprepared for the rude shock of the Great Depression , and the Harlem Renaissance ended abruptly because of naive assumptions about the centrality of culture, unrelated to economic and social realities. See also New York City portal African American portal 1920s portal 1930s portal Jazz portal African-American art Blackbirds of 1928 African-American culture African-American literature Chicago Black Renaissance Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance (book) List of African-American visual artists List of female entertainers of the Harlem Renaissance List of notable figures from the Harlem Renaissance New Negro Niggerati Roaring Twenties Shuffle Along William E. Harmon Foundation award Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ `` NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom'' Archived 1 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Library of Congress. ^ Jump up to: Project MUSE - Modernism, Mass Culture, and the Harlem Renaissance: The Case of Countee Cullen.'' Project MUSE - Modernism, Mass Culture, and the Harlem Renaissance: The Case of Countee Cullen. N.p., n.d. Web. April 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Harlem in the Jazz Age'' , New York Times , February 8, 1987. Jump up ^ Holland Cotter, `` ART; A 1920s Flowering That Didn't Disappear'' , New York Times , May 24, 1998. Jump up ^ Danica Kirka, Jcu.edu Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Times Interview : Dorothy West : A Voice of Harlem Renaissance Talks of Past--But Values the Now'' . Los Angeles Times . 1 January 1995. Jump up ^ George Hutchinson, `` Harlem Renaissance'' , Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ `` Speeches of African-American Representatives Addressing the Ku Klux Klan Bill of 1871'' (PDF) . NYU Law. Jump up ^ Cooper Davis, Peggy. `` Neglected Voices'' . NYU Law. Jump up ^ Woods, Clyde (1998). Development Arrested . New York and London: Verso. Jump up ^ Blackmon, Douglas A. (2009). Slavery By Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II . Anchor. Jump up ^ Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 . Harper Collins. Jump up ^ Boundless (2016-12-05). `` The Harlem Renaissance'' . Boundless . Jump up ^ Muhammad, Khalil Gibran (2010). The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 1-- 14. ISBN 978-0-674-03597-3 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem Hellfighters: Black Soldiers in World War I'' . America Comes Alive. 2015-02-05 . Retrieved 2017-06-16 . Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of African American Literature , New York: Norton, 1997, p. 931. Jump up ^ McKay, Claude. `` Invocation'' and `` Harlem Dancer,'' in The Seven Arts 2.6 (October 1917): 741-742. Original page scan available in public domain through The Modernist Journals Project . Jump up ^ Hughes, Langston (1994). The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes . Vintage Classics. p. 307. Jump up ^ Williams, Robert M.; Carrington, Charles (May 1936). `` Methodist Union and The Negro'' . The Crisis. 43 (5): 134-- 135. ^ Jump up to: MacWilliam, George Joseph (January 1920). `` The Catholic Church and the Negro Priest'' . The Crisis. 19 (3): 122-- 123 . Retrieved December 21, 2013 . Jump up ^ Rampersad, Arnold (Introduction) (1997). Alain Locke , ed. The New Negro : Voices of the Harlem Renaissance (1st Touchstone ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684838311 . Jump up ^ Cullen, Countee. `` Heritage'' . Poetry Foundation . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes, Langston. `` Merry Christmas'' . Humanities and Social Sciences Net . New Masses . Retrieved December 19, 2013 . Jump up ^ Boland, Jesse. `` Harlem Renaissance Music.'' 1920s Fashion and Music. Web. November 23, 2009. Jump up ^ 1920s-fashion-and-music.com Jump up ^ Leonard Feather , `` The Book Of Jazz'' (1957/59), p. 59 ff., Western Book Dist, 1988, ISBN 0818012021 , 9780818012020 Jump up ^ Southern, Eileen , Music of Negro Americans: a history . New York: Norton, 1997. Print, pp. 404, 405 and 409. Jump up ^ West, Aberjhani and Sandra L. (2003). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance , pp. 105-106; Vogue , February 15, 1926, p. 76. Jump up ^ Etherington-Smith, Meredith (1983), Patou , p. 83; Vogue , June 1, 1927, p. 51. Jump up ^ White, Shane and Graham (1998). Stylin' : African American Expressive Culture from Its Beginnings to the Zoot Suit , pp. 248-251. Jump up ^ `` Eva Jessye'' , University of Michigan, accessed December 4, 2008. Jump up ^ 1906-1987., Nugent, Bruce, (2002). Gay rebel of the Harlem renaissance : selections from the work of Richard Bruce Nugent . Wirth, Thomas H., 1938-2014,, Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.,. Durham (N.C.): Duke University Press. ISBN 0822328860 . OCLC 48691374 . Jump up ^ It was possible for blacks to have intellectual discussions on whether black people had a future in America, and the Harlem Renaissance reflected such sociopolitical concerns. Jump up ^ Irving, Shae (2008), Nolo's Encyclopedia of Everyday Law: answers to your most frequently asked legal questions (7 ed.), Nolo, p. 68, ISBN 978-1-4133-0560-9 ^ Jump up to: Hix, Lisa (July 9, 2013). `` Singing the Lesbian Blues in 1920s Harlem'' . Collectors Weekly . ^ Jump up to: Tenoria, Samantha (2006). `` Women-Loving Women: Queering Black Urban Space during the Harlem Renaissance'' (PDF) . The University of California, Irvine (UCI) Undergraduate Research Journal . ^ Jump up to: Villarosa, Linda (23 July 2011). `` The Gay Harlem Renaissance'' . The Root . Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Jump up ^ Garber, Eric. `` A Spectacle in Color: The Lesbian and Gay Subculture of Jazz Age Harlem'' . American Studies at the University of Virginia . University of Virginia. ^ Jump up to: Rabaka, Reiland (2011). Hip Hop's Inheritance From the Harlem Renaissance to the Hip Hop Feminist Movement . Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739164822 . Jump up ^ Yayla, Ayşegül . `` Harlem Renaissance and its Discontents'' . Academia . Academia . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Aptheker, H. ed. (1997), The Correspondence of WEB Dubois: Selections, 1877-- 1934 , Vol. 1, pp. 374-- 375. Jump up ^ Books.google.com Jump up ^ `` Project MUSE - Multiple Passings and the Double Death of Langston Hughes.'' Project MUSE - Multiple Passings and the Double Death of Langston Hughes. N.p., n.d. Web. April 4, 2015. References Amos, Shawn , compiler. Rhapsodies in Black: Words and Music of the Harlem Renaissance . Los Angeles: Rhino Records, 2000. 4 Compact Discs. Andrews, William L.; Frances S. Foster; Trudier Harris, eds. The Concise Oxford Companion To African American Literature . New York: Oxford Press, 2001. ISBN 1-4028-9296-9 Bean, Annemarie. A Sourcebook on African-American Performance: Plays, People, Movements . London: Routledge, 1999; pp. vii + 360. Greaves, William documentary From These Roots . Hicklin, Fannie Ella Frazier. ' The American Negro Playwright, 1920-- 1964.' Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Speech, University of Wisconsin , 1965. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms 65-6217. Huggins, Nathan. Harlem Renaissance . New York: Oxford University Press , 1973. ISBN 0-19-501665-3 Hughes, Langston. The Big Sea. New York: Knopf, 1940. Hutchinson, George. The Harlem Renaissance in Black and White . New York: Belknap Press , 1997. ISBN 0-674-37263-8 Lewis, David Levering, ed. The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader . New York: Viking Penguin , 1995. ISBN 0-14-017036-7 Lewis, David Levering. When Harlem Was in Vogue . New York: Penguin, 1997. ISBN 0-14-026334-9 Ostrom, Hans. A Langston Hughes Encyclopedia. Westport: Greenwood Press , 2002. Ostrom, Hans and J. David Macey, eds. The Greenwood Encylclopedia of African American Literature. 5 volumes. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2005. Patton, Venetria K. and Maureen Honey, eds. Double-Take: A Revisionist Harlem Renaissance Anthology. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press , 2006. Perry, Jeffrey B. A Hubert Harrison Reader. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2001. Perry, Jeffrey B. Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-- 1918. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Powell, Richard, and David A. Bailey, eds. Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press , 1997. Rampersad, Arnold . The Life of Langston Hughes . 2 volumes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986 and 1988. Robertson, Stephen, et al., `` Disorderly Houses: Residences, Privacy, and the Surveillance of Sexuality in 1920s Harlem,'' Journal of the History of Sexuality, 21 (September 2012), 443-- 66. Soto, Michael, ed. Teaching The Harlem Renaissance. New York: Peter Lang, 2008. Tracy, Steven C. Langston Hughes and the Blues. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988. Watson, Steven. The Harlem Renaissance: Hub of African-American Culture, 1920-- 1930 . New York: Pantheon Books , 1995. ISBN 0-679-75889-5 Williams, Iain Cameron. `` Underneath a Harlem Moon ... The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall'' . Continuum Int. Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0826458939 Wintz, Cary D. Black Culture and the Harlem Renaissance. Houston: Rice University Press, 1988. Wintz, Cary D. Harlem Speaks: A Living History of the Harlem Renaissance . Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2007 Further reading Buck, Christopher (2013). Harlem Renaissance in: The American Mosaic: The African American Experience . ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara, California. King, Shannon (2015). Whose Harlem Is This, Anyway? Community Politics and Grassroots Activism during the New Negro Era. New York: New York University Press. Padva, Gilad (2014). `` Black Nostalgia: Poetry, Ethnicity, and Homoeroticism in Looking for Langston and Brother to Brother '' . In Padva, Gilad, Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture , pp. 199-- 226. Basingstock, UK, and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. External links Find more aboutHarlem Renaissanceat Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata `` A Guide to Harlem Renaissance Materials'' , from the Library of Congress Bryan Carter (ed.). `` Virtual Harlem'' . University of Illinois at Chicago, Electronic Visualization Laboratory . `` The Approaching 100th Anniversary of the Harlem Renaissance'' , by HR historian Aberjhani Links to related articles Ethnic groups in New York City Ancestries Arabs African Americans Brazilians Uzbek Asians Bangladeshis Chinese Filipinos Asian Indians Japanese Koreans Pakistanis Sri Lankans Europeans Irish Italians Russians Ukrainians Hispanics Caribbeans Central Americans Cubans Mexicans Puerto Ricans South Americans Jews Native Americans Ethnic enclaves 8th Avenue/Lapskaus Blvd. Astoria Arthur Avenue Bay Ridge Bed-- Stuy Bensonhurst Borough Park Brighton Beach Chinatowns Brooklyn Queens Manhattan Crown Heights Curry Hill Dyker Heights Elmhurst Flatbush Harlem Hell's Kitchen Howard Beach Italian Harlem Jackson Heights Jamaica Koreatowns Manhattan Queens Le Petit Senegal Little Brazil Little Egypt Little Fuzhou Little Germany Little Italy Little Manila Little Poland Little Saigon Little Spain Little Syria Loisaida Morris Park Ozone Park Spanish Harlem Sunset Park Washington Heights Williamsburg Yorkville Institutions African Burial Ground National Monument Bohemian Citizens' Benevolent Society El Museo del Barrio Hispanic Society of America Indo-American Arts Council Irish Repertory Theatre New York Asian Film Festival New York Filipino Film Festival Wales Week in New York Cultural events Brazilian Day Dominican Day Parade Feast of San Gennaro German-American Steuben Parade Korean Day Parade NY Persian Parade Philippine Independence Day Parade Puerto Rican Day Parade Pulaski Day Parade Historical events New York Slave Revolt of 1712 New York Conspiracy of 1741 New York City teachers' strike of 1968 Crown Heights riots of 1991 Movements Harlem Renaissance Nuyorican Movement Media Asahi Shimbun China Daily El Diario La Prensa Freie Arbeiter Stimme Il Progresso Italo-Americano India Abroad Irish Voice Little India Korea Times New Yorker Staats-Zeitung Nowy Dziennik Proletar Sing Tao Daily The Daily Star The Epoch Times The International New York Times The Irish Echo World Journal Other topics Illegal immigration Harlem , Manhattan Aspects of Harlem Crime Demographics Education History Harlem Renaissance List of films List of neighborhoods List of people Subsections East Harlem Hamilton Heights Italian Harlem Le Petit Senegal Manhattanville Morningside Heights Sugar Hill Schools of poetry Akhmatova's Orphans Angry Penguins Auden Group The Beats Black Arts Movement Black Mountain poets British Poetry Revival Cairo poets Castalian Band Cavalier poets Chhayavaad Churchyard poets Confessionalists Créolité Cyclic Poets Dada Deep image Della Cruscans Dolce Stil Novo Dymock poets Ecopoetry The poets of Elan Flarf Fugitives Garip Gay Saber Generation of ' 27 Generation of the ' 30s Generation of ' 98 Georgian poets Goliard The Group Harlem Renaissance Harvard Aesthetes Hungry generation Imagism Informationist poetry Jindyworobaks Lake Poets Language poets Martian poetry Metaphysical poets Misty Poets Modernist poetry The Movement Négritude Neotericism New American Poetry New Apocalyptics New Formalism New York School Objectivists Others Parnassian poets La Pléiade Quantum Sheep Rhymers' Club San Francisco Renaissance Scottish Renaissance Sicilian School Sons of Ben Southern Agrarians Spasmodic poets Sung poetry Surrealism Symbolism Uranian poetry Zutiste GND : 4159116-1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlem_Renaissance&oldid=847510135 '' Categories : Harlem Renaissance Harlem American literary movements African-American literature African-American history African-American history in New York City History of the United States (1918-- 45) 20th-century American literature Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Yorùbá 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018, at 21:34 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -4203401279791994364 |
when does a series of unfortunate events 2 come out | The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The series was renewed for a second season in March 2017 , and was released on March 30 , 2018 , consisting of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which is expected to adapt the remaining four books . | [
[
"March 30, 2018"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Barry Sonnenfeld Rose Lam Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present )",
"A Series of Unfortunate Events",
"Genre Drama Black comedy",
"Drama Black comedy",
"Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket",
"Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld",
"Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld",
"Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith",
"Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith",
"Neil Patrick Harris",
"K. Todd Freeman",
"Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler",
"Nick Urata Daniel Handler",
"Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris",
"Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon",
"James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon",
"James Newton Howard",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons",
"No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes )",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Barry Sonnenfeld Rose Lam",
"Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Barry Sonnenfeld Rose Lam",
"Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris",
"Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia",
"Cinematography Bernard Couture",
"Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald",
"Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald",
"Running time 40 -- 64 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc .",
"Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc .",
"What is the Question ?",
"Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc .",
"Distributor Netflix",
"Release",
"Original network Netflix",
"Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD )",
"4K ( Ultra HD )",
"4K ( Ultra HD )",
"Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present )",
"Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith .",
"The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The series was renewed for a second season in March 2017 , and was released on March 30 , 2018 , consisting of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which is expected to adapt the remaining four books .",
"When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past .",
"Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides the quasi-nonsensical lines of Sunny . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor and wife of Jerome Squalor , who is also the student and potential love interest for Count Olaf . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan and Quigley Quagmire , siblings whose lives are devastated by a fire . Duncan is a keen journalist . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry .",
"Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle .",
"Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires .",
"Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and inventor talented in mechanics .",
"Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child interested in literature and books .",
"K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian .",
"Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides the quasi-nonsensical lines of Sunny .",
"Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor and wife of Jerome Squalor , who is also the student and potential love interest for Count Olaf .",
"Dylan Kingwell as Duncan and Quigley Quagmire , siblings whose lives are devastated by a fire . Duncan is a keen journalist .",
"Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry .",
"Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and the Café Salmonella .",
"Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children .",
"Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children .",
"Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands .",
"Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe .",
"Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio .",
"John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe .",
"Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe .",
"Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass .",
"Patrick Breen as Larry , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and the Café Salmonella .",
"Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Rob Labelle as a taxi driver at Lake Lachrymose . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill .",
"Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them .",
"Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant .",
"Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass .",
"Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society .",
"Rob Labelle as a taxi driver at Lake Lachrymose .",
"Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill .",
"Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation .",
"Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner .",
"Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill .",
"Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill .",
"Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill .",
"Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill .",
"Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose .",
"Roger Bart as Nero , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School with an egotistic personality . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who is also a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She later reappears in the guise of Madame Lulu , Caligari Carnival 's fortune - teller and Count Olaf 's personal consultant on the Baudelaire 's whereabouts . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in personal anecdotes . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Hall of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidexterous `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Allison Williams",
"Roger Bart as Nero , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School with an egotistic personality .",
"Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School .",
"Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who is also a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She later reappears in the guise of Madame Lulu , Caligari Carnival 's fortune - teller and Count Olaf 's personal consultant on the Baudelaire 's whereabouts .",
"Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf .",
"Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in personal anecdotes .",
"BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber .",
"Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor .",
"Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires .",
"Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket .",
"Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders .",
"Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders .",
"Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders .",
"John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease .",
"Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital .",
"David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Hall of Records at Heimlich Hospital .",
"Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidexterous `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival .",
"Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival .",
"Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival .",
"The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) When Klaus mishandles one of the mill machines due to his hypnosis , Sir threatens to send the Baudelaires to `` Shirley . '' The three investigate Orwell and `` Shirley '' and discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance that ensures they never leave , prompting the Baudelaires to return to the mill and save them . Orwell then orders Klaus to tie Sir 's aide Charles to a log and send it through a buzz saw as she watches . At the last minute , Violet frees the mill workers from Orwell 's hypnotic spell . Klaus snaps out of his trance , stopping him from harming Charles . The workers storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir takes his leave amongst the worker riot while Count Olaf and the Hook - Handed Man get away . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . The final scene shows the Baudelaires , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , and Mr. Poe singing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . ''",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date",
"`` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 )",
"Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor .",
"`` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 )",
"The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart .",
"`` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 )",
"The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research .",
"`` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 )",
"Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways .",
"5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 )",
"Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian .",
"6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 )",
"As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph .",
"7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 )",
"Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited .",
"8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 )",
"When Klaus mishandles one of the mill machines due to his hypnosis , Sir threatens to send the Baudelaires to `` Shirley . '' The three investigate Orwell and `` Shirley '' and discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance that ensures they never leave , prompting the Baudelaires to return to the mill and save them . Orwell then orders Klaus to tie Sir 's aide Charles to a log and send it through a buzz saw as she watches . At the last minute , Violet frees the mill workers from Orwell 's hypnotic spell . Klaus snaps out of his trance , stopping him from harming Charles . The workers storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir takes his leave amongst the worker riot while Count Olaf and the Hook - Handed Man get away . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . The final scene shows the Baudelaires , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , and Mr. Poe singing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . ''",
"The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 17 9 `` The Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 18 10 `` The Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date",
"9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"17 9 `` The Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"18 10 `` The Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 )",
"The third season plans to adapt the final four books of the novel series : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto , The Penultimate Peril and The End . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will direct episodes in this season .",
"The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel .",
"In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer .",
"In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time .",
"The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series .",
"On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune .",
"In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner .",
"Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 .",
"One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming .",
"In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the series was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes .",
"Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots .",
"All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 .",
"On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept .",
"In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download .",
"As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release .",
"The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 93 % based on 59 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' .",
"Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto '' . He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film .",
"Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film .",
"Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' .",
"Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated",
"Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref",
"2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated",
"Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won",
"Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won",
"Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated",
"Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated",
"Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated",
"Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated",
"Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won",
"2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated"
] | A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV Series) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV Series) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 March 2018 . Jump to: navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away'' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer(s) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Barry Sonnenfeld Rose Lam Producer(s) Neil Patrick Harris Location(s) Vancouver, British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor(s) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40-- 64 minutes Production company(s) Paramount Television What is the Question? Sonnenfeld Productions, Inc. Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith. The first season, which premiered on January 13, 2017, consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series. The series was renewed for a second season in March 2017, and was released on March 30, 2018, consisting of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series. A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017, which is expected to adapt the remaining four books. Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3.1 Introduced in season 1 2.3.2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 (2017) 3.2 Season 2 (2018) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise When a mysterious fire kills their parents, the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf, an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself. Following Olaf's failed attempt and his plot being exposed, the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents' past. Cast and characters See also: List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself. He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle. Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires. Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and inventor talented in mechanics. Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child interested in literature and books. K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian. Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth. Tara Strong provides the quasi-nonsensical lines of Sunny. Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor, a wealthy financial advisor and wife of Jerome Squalor, who is also the student and potential love interest for Count Olaf. Dylan Kingwell as Duncan and Quigley Quagmire, siblings whose lives are devastated by a fire. Duncan is a keen journalist. Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire, Duncan and Quigley's sister who loves writing poetry. Recurring Will Arnett as Father, a man who is trying to return home to his three children. Cobie Smulders as Mother, a woman who is trying to return home to her three children. Usman Ally as the Hook-Handed Man, a member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands. Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender, another member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe. Cleo King as Eleanora Poe, Arthur Poe's wife and the editor-in-chief of The Daily Punctilio . John DeSantis as the Bald Man, a large bald-headed man who is another member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe. Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White-Faced Women, two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf's theatre troupe. Sara Canning as Jacquelyn, Mr. Poe's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society. She possesses a spyglass. Patrick Breen as Larry, a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit, including the Anxious Clown and the Café Salmonella. Guest Introduced in season 1 Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss, a judge and Count Olaf's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them. Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald, a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society and Monty's former assistant. Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty'' Montgomery, a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents. He is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society and possesses a spyglass. Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle, a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar. She is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society. Rob Labelle as a taxi driver at Lake Lachrymose. Don Johnson as Sir, the cigar-smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill. Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell, an optometrist and Count Olaf's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave, also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville. O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles, Sir's partner. Timothy Webber as Jimmy, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill. Chris Gauthier as Phil, an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill. Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill. Trent Redekop as Cesar, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill. Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose. Introduced in season 2 Roger Bart as Nero, the violin-playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School with an egotistic personality. Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats, an obnoxious, tutu-wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School. Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban, a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who is also a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society. She later reappears in the guise of Madame Lulu, Caligari Carnival's fortune-teller and Count Olaf's personal consultant on the Baudelaire's whereabouts. Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench, Prufrock Preparatory School's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf. Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora, a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in personal anecdotes. BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass, a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects. She later becomes a bank robber. Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor, the timid husband of Esmé Squalor. Ithamar Enriquez as Hector, a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires. Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket, the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket. Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle, a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees' group of Elders. Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma, a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees' group of Elders. Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam, a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees' group of Elders. John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease. Kerri Kenney-Silver as Babs, the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital. David Alan Grier as Hal, a visually-disabled file clerk who is employed in the Hall of Records at Heimlich Hospital. Robbie Amell as Kevin, an ambidexterous `` freak'' who works at the Caligari Carnival. Kevin Cahoon as Hugo, a hunchbacked `` freak'' who works at the Caligari Carnival. Bonnie Morgan as Colette, a contortionist `` freak'' who works at the Caligari Carnival. Allison Williams Episodes Season 1 (2017) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series: The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning: Part One'' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well-meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe. While exploring the ruins, Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front. Shortly afterwards, they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf, a cruel and vain amateur actor, who forces them into servitude. One night, the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home. The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef, angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements. Meanwhile, a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor. `` The Bad Beginning: Part Two'' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf's actions, only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims. When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production, which ends with the two main characters being married, the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real. Klaus confronts Olaf, who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet doesn't follow through with his plans. At the very last minute, however, Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand, invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right-handed. Mr. Poe's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery. Meanwhile, Jacquelyn's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned, after being hit by a poisoned dart. `` The Reptile Room: Part One'' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery, who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper. While attempting to learn more about Montgomery, Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf's ankle. Olaf poses as Montgomery's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires, but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat. The four arrive at a movie theatre, where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film, using a spyglass identical to Klaus' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru. He fires Stephano shortly afterwards, believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research. `` The Reptile Room: Part Two'' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano,'' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates, only to be attacked by an unseen figure. The next day, the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery's corpse. Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru, but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave. Olaf's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses, and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper, despite Monty's claim of it being completely harmless. While searching for proof of the snake's innocence, Klaus discovers a statue in Monty's hedge maze, and a photograph of Monty, both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer; however, he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus' spyglass. While pursuing him, the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn, who is posing as a statue. She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways. 5 5 `` The Wide Window: Part One'' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine, an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose. She refuses to answer questions about their parents, so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house, and discover their parents were members of a secret organization, with spyglasses being used as useful devices. They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable, and developed her phobias after the death of her husband. Olaf, who has followed the Baudelaires, disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine. Despite the siblings' warnings, Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich. Later that night, the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham'' is their new guardian. 6 6 `` The Wide Window: Part Two'' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham,'' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors, something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar. Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer, but allows the siblings to leave after Larry, a waiter secretly a member of their parents' organization, triggers their allergy to peppermint. After returning to the house, the siblings decipher Josephine's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff. Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill, the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave, only to be confronted by Olaf, who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose. Upon returning to shore, Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph. 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill: Part One'' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill, the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir, who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town. While investigating the workers' unnaturally happy behavior, Klaus' glasses are broken by the Hook-Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono, and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell, who puts him into a hypnotic trance. Later that day, the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them. Believing that their parents are still alive, the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives,'' who is a poorly-disguised Olaf. Meanwhile, the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets, with whom they are reunited. 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill: Part Two'' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez-Pico January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) When Klaus mishandles one of the mill machines due to his hypnosis, Sir threatens to send the Baudelaires to `` Shirley.'' The three investigate Orwell and `` Shirley'' and discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance that ensures they never leave, prompting the Baudelaires to return to the mill and save them. Orwell then orders Klaus to tie Sir's aide Charles to a log and send it through a buzz saw as she watches. At the last minute, Violet frees the mill workers from Orwell's hypnotic spell. Klaus snaps out of his trance, stopping him from harming Charles. The workers storm the mill, causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die. Sir takes his leave amongst the worker riot while Count Olaf and the Hook-Handed Man get away. Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires' role in the town, where they actually helped to fight the fire. The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe, and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him. Poe sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to, due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman. The Quagmires' parents are revealed to be members of the organization. The final scene shows the Baudelaires, Lemony Snicket, Count Olaf, and Mr. Poe singing the song `` That's Not How the Story Goes.'' Season 2 (2018) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series: The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy: Part 1'' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) 10 `` The Austere Academy: Part 2'' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator: Part 1'' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator: Part 2'' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) 13 5 `` The Vile Village: Part 1'' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) 14 6 `` The Vile Village: Part 2'' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital: Part 1'' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital: Part 2'' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) 17 9 `` The Carnivorous Carnival: Part 1'' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) 18 10 `` The Carnivorous Carnival: Part 2'' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30, 2018 ( 2018-03-30 ) Season 3 The third season plans to adapt the final four books of the novel series: The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto , The Penultimate Peril and The End . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will direct episodes in this season. Production Development The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels, written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006, achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels. As such, the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published. This led to the development of a 2004 feature film, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series. Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series, was originally slated to direct the feature film, and had hired Handler to write the screenplay. About 10 months into production, shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf, there was a `` big crisis'' , according to Handler, which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms. With the film's completion in flux, its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler. While the film was eventually completed and released, sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups'' within DreamWorks, according to Handler, and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel. In November 2014, Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series, with the author of the series, Daniel Handler, serving as executive producer. In September 2015, it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series. Hudis would serve as showrunner, Sonnenfeld as director, and both as executive producers, with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series' writing team. However, in January 2016, Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project, with a replacement showrunner not named at the time. The first season consists of eight episodes, with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series. Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama, citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series. In January 2017, Handler revealed that he was writing the series' second season, to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series. A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series, which Handler hoped `` to get the go-ahead to do'' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change, we're trying to film everything as quickly as possible.'' In March 2017, Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website, where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision. A month later, the series was `` quietly'' renewed for a third season, which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series. Casting Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer. On December 3, 2015, an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire. In January 2016, Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus. Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It's Not Just for Gays Anymore'' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011, noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once'' as was necessary for the character of Olaf, who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune. In March 2016, K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe, followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016, it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora, respectively. In November 2016, Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell, Sir, and Aunt Josephine, respectively; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles, Sir's partner. Filming Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished. Filming for the second season began in April 2017. The third season began filming on January 5, 2018. One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces, but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves.'' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place, and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included. Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary'' suburban setting he had in mind for his books. While the production team used computer-generated imagery where needed, they attempted to avoid this use where possible, such as by using large painted backdrops, by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox, rather than employing green screen filming. Music In April 2016, Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series. Once the series was released, it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme, as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series, with Handler contributing the lyrics. The original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes. Visual effects Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series, including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire's actions. Tippett Studio also did work on the series, including the effects for the destruction of Josephine's house, landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots. Release All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13, 2017, in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30, 2018. Marketing On July 5, 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser'' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe'' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix.'' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan-made. However, Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign, noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe'' being the same as a character from the series, and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo, similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director, whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video's popularity, though they did not go ahead with the concept. In October 2016, Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket. A trailer, featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris's character, Count Olaf, was released by Netflix in November 2016, followed shortly by the first full trailer. The second trailer was released in December 2016, followed by a `` holiday-themed'' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy, which featured four holiday e-cards for download. Reception Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series, Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program's sound. According to Symphony, 3.755 million viewers age 18-49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release. Critical response The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 93% based on 59 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, `` Enjoyably dark, A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material's narrative as well as its tone, leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird, dry, gothic comedy.'' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating `` universal acclaim'' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief, loss, and disappointment with sardonic honesty.'' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series, calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication, driven by two-part stories, outrageous visuals, and the scenery-chewing of big-name guest stars'' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A-, saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking'' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony-fresh feel, conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun'' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the-top character with considerable gusto'' . He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film. Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf. Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop, the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall -breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books, and Harris's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic, and creepier'' than Carrey's version. The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film, and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special'' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job, set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time, except to say it is not now'' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film. Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand, gave the series a negative review, calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness'' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be'' and would only appeal to fans of the books. Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals, but found the show's tone, pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally, a series of unfortunate events'' . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara, Bob Habros, Cale Jacox, Ron Simonson, Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make-Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi, Krista Seller, Tanya Hudson, Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie, Dianne Holme, Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show/Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ^ Jump up to: Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning'' , following the title of the book, while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning'' after the opening credits. References Jump up ^ Wollaston, Sam (January 13, 2017). `` Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun'' -- via The Guardian. ^ Jump up to: `` A Series of Unfortunate Events' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie, and Now He's Saved the Franchise'' . IndieWire.com . January 12, 2017 . Retrieved January 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events: A Lucky Series'' . journalmetro.com . January 15, 2017 . Retrieved January 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya, Sonia (January 6, 2017). `` TV Review: Lemony Snicket's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events' on Netflix'' . ^ Jump up to: Kit, Borys; Goldberg, Lesley (January 15, 2016). `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events' as Showrunner Exits'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (March 14, 2016). `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Gettell, Oliver (January 26, 2016). `` Netflix's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Petski, Denise (March 8, 2016). `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Li, Shirley (November 18, 2016). `` A Series of Unfortunate Events: Meet Count Olaf in official trailer'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Shamsian, Jacob (January 13, 2017). `` 11 big actors you didn't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Calvario, Liz (June 10, 2017). `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events' -- Find Out Who They're Playing'' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Moore, Amanda (September 29, 2016). `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events' Air Date, Cast News: Early 2017 Release Plotted; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE'' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Serrao, Nivea (November 22, 2016). `` ' Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Rivera, Brittany (January 1, 2017). `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix's A Series Of Unfortunate Events'' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Capes, Kristy (May 10, 2016). `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix's A Series of Unfortunate Events'' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis, Genevieve (December 23, 2016). `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events: News, Trailer, Characters, Release Date & All You Need To Know'' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, Coming to Netflix'' . ComingSoon.net . October 4, 2016 . Retrieved October 4, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (March 14, 2016). `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events' & USA's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: @DanielHandler (November 16, 2016). `` The @unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow. For today, our final cast reveal-- -- @AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine:'' (Tweet) . Retrieved November 17, 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to: @DanielHandler (November 15, 2016). `` Today's @Unfortunate reveal: @DonJohnson and @Aasif Mandvi's characters. Can you guess who?'' (Tweet) . Retrieved November 17, 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to: Robinson, Will (November 14, 2016). `` Series of Unfortunate Events: Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . ^ Jump up to: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery ^ Jump up to: https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events (@unfortunate) (February 23, 2018). `` The sad truth is the truth is sad. @davidalangrier joins Season 2, adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs'' . Retrieved February 24, 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events (@unfortunate) (February 23, 2018). `` A most unfortunate update: @robbieamell joins Season 2 of #ASOUE. Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive'' . Retrieved February 24, 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (March 20, 2018). `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events' at Netflix'' . Variety . Retrieved March 20, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Sims, Andrew (September 28, 2016). `` Netflix's ' Series of Unfortunate Events' is ' a much darker take,' says Neil Patrick Harris'' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning: Part One'' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1. Episode 1. Event occurs at 1:10. Netflix . access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning: Part Two'' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1. Episode 2. Event occurs at 1:09. Netflix . access-date= requires url= ( help ) ^ Jump up to: Snetiker, Marc (January 11, 2017). `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix's Series of Unfortunate Events'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST'' (PDF) . Directors Guild of Canada. September 29, 2017 . Retrieved September 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.creativebc.com/crbc-services/motion-picture-services/in-production/films.php?type=series Jump up ^ http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2017/09/vancouver-film-production-update.html ^ Jump up to: Spense D. (December 16, 2004). `` Interview: Lemony Snicket'' . IGN . Retrieved January 14, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Tiffany, Kaitlyn (January 13, 2017). `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events, its first great TV for families'' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (November 5, 2014). `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events' Into TV Show'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (September 4, 2015). `` Netflix's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood's ' Mark Hudis, Barry Sonnenfeld (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Lucero II, Louis (January 13, 2017). `` Netflix's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt, Oriana (March 13, 2017). `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix'' . Variety . Retrieved March 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (April 4, 2017). `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix'' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews, Liam (February 1, 2018). `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3'' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search'' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc (January 10, 2017). `` Here's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (March 14, 2016). `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix's A Series Of Unfortunate Events'' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver'' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017-09-05 . Jump up ^ Smith, Sophia (August 10, 2016). `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting: Confirmed and Rumored Casting; Filming Concluded'' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events' Behind The Scenes'' . Retrieved 2017-09-05 . Jump up ^ Hynes, Louis (January 5, 2018). `` Day 1 of season 3!! We got new slates!!! @janneswessels #asoue'' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19, 2016 . Retrieved November 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events' Theme Song'' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12, 2017 . Retrieved January 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta, Katharine (January 27, 2017). `` I Bet You Didn't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby'' . io9 . Retrieved January 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio'' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017-07-24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events'' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey, Clarisse (January 1, 2018). `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2'' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (July 6, 2015). `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events' -- but it wasn't Netflix'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (July 6, 2015). `` Fake Trailer for Netflix's ' Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events' Lights Up YouTube'' . Variety . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith, Nigel M. (July 7, 2015). `` Lemony Snicket fan-made Netflix trailer goes viral'' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning, Laura M. (July 6, 2015). `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake, Netflix series still real'' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz, Caitlin (July 7, 2015). `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events' trailer is real, and here's why'' . CNET . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore'' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 3, 2016). `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events' : Meet Count Olaf In First-Look Teaser'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman, Sheri (December 7, 2016). `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket's A Series Of Unfortunate Events' released'' . UPI . Retrieved December 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis, Genevieve (December 23, 2016). `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events' And Decode The Messages Inside'' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership'' . Screen Rant . January 18, 2017 . Retrieved January 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events: Season 1 (2017)'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events: Season 1'' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams, Erik (January 5, 2017). `` Orphaned at the cinema, A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix'' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (January 10, 2017). `` ' Lemony Snicket' books find fresh new life as Netflix series'' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler, Kelly (January 13, 2017). `` How Netflix's ' Series of Unfortunate Events' outshines the 2004 film'' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg, Chaim (January 10, 2017). `` Netflix's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong'' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd, Robert (January 12, 2017). `` Fortunately, this ' Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events' is a series worth watching'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen, Nick (January 10, 2017). `` Netflix's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events'' an unfunny parody of sadness`` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke, Caroline (January 14, 2017). `` Netflix's take on Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness, and not much else'' . Vox . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards, 2017 Winners by Name'' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (2 March 2017). `` ' Rogue One,' ' Walking Dead' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations'' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees/Winners'' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon, Chris Beachum,Daniel Montgomery,Marcus James (27 July 2017). `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations: ' This is Us,' ' Veep,' ' The Leftovers,' ' Stranger Things' among top contenders'' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards: Full Winners List'' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk,' ' The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations'' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . External links A Series Of Unfortunate Events on Netflix A Series of Unfortunate Events on IMDb Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Can't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour? When Did You See Her Last? Shouldn't You Be in School? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights? Other works The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Category Book Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi: Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends: The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong: King of the Apes Marseille Voltron: Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Kulipari: An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3% Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract: The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall: Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo: La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F***ing World Devilman Crybaby My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls: The Beat Goes On! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye Everything Sucks! First Team: Juventus The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Seven Seconds Ugly Delicious B: The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. -Incarnation- Nailed It! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie O Mecanismo Requiem Sword Gai: The Animation Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (season 6, 2014) Trailer Park Boys (seasons 8-- 11, 2014-- 17) DreamWorks Dragons (seasons 3-- 8, 2015-- 18) Longmire (seasons 4-- 6, 2015-- 17) Black Mirror (seasons 3-- 4, 2016-- 17) Lovesick (seasons 2-- 3, 2016-- 18) The Last Kingdom (season 2, 2017) Glitch (season 2, 2017) Former Lilyhammer (2012-- 14) Hemlock Grove (2013-- 15) Turbo FAST (2013-- 16) VeggieTales in the House (2014-- 16) Marco Polo (2014-- 16) All Hail King Julien (2014-- 17) The Adventures of Puss in Boots (2015-- 18) Richie Rich (2015) Bloodline (2015-- 17) Between (2015-- 16) Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp (2015) Popples (2015-- 16) Care Bears and Cousins (2015-- 16) W/ Bob & David (2015) Atelier (2015) Dawn of the Croods (2015-- 17) Chelsea Does (2016) Love (2016-- 18) Lego Bionicle: The Journey to One (2016) Netflix Presents: The Characters (2016) Chelsea (2016-- 17) Lady Dynamite (2016-- 17) Hibana: Spark (2016) Ask the StoryBots (2016) Paranoid (2016) The Get Down (2016-- 17) StoryBots Super Songs (2016) Haters Back Off (2016-- 17) Roman Empire: Reign of Blood (2016) Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life (2016) Captive (2016) White Rabbit Project (2016) Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (2016-- 17) Crazyhead (2016) Chasing Cameron (2016) Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan and Jane (2017) We're Lalaloopsy (2017) Disjointed (2017-- 18) Five Came Back (2017) Girlboss (2017) The Keepers (2017) Gypsy (2017) Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later (2017) The Defenders (2017) Alias Grace (2017) Godless (2017) VeggieTales in the City (2017) Damnation (2017-- 18) Collateral (2018) Upcoming Lost Song (2018) Troy: Fall of a City (2018) Lost in Space (2018) Spy Kids: Mission Critical (2018) The Letdown (2018) 3 Below (2018) Baki (2018) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee (season 10, 2018) Disenchantment (2018) Dr. Seuss' Green Eggs and Ham (2018) Harvey Street Kids (2018) Hilda (2018) Insatiable (2018) Kingdom (2018) Kiss Me First (2018) Knights of the Zodiac: Saint Seiya (2018) La Casa de las Flores (2018) Maniac (2018) Safe (2018) Samantha! (2018) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018) The Boss Baby: Back in Business (2018) The Break with Michelle Wolf (2018) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants (2018) The Rain (2018) The Umbrella Academy (2018) Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018) Carmen Sandiego (2019) Jinn (2019) Messiah (2019) Top Boy (season 3, 2019) The Last Kids on Earth (2019) Wizards (2019) Best Worst Weekend Ever (TBA) Chambers (TBA) Cursed (TBA) Ghoul (TBA) Nightflyers (TBA) Norm Macdonald Has a Show (TBA) Raising Dion (TBA) Ratched (TBA) The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance (TBA) The Eddy (TBA) The Forgiving Earth (TBA) The Good Cop (TBA) The Green Beret's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse (TBA) The Haunting of Hill House (TBA) The Innocents (TBA) The Kominsky Method (TBA) The Politician (TBA) The Prince of Peoria (TBA) The Spy (TBA) The Witcher (TBA) Tidelands (TBA) Tuca & Bertie (TBA) Unbelievable (TBA) Wanderlust (TBA) Watership Down (TBA) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_(TV_series)&oldid=833224981 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy-drama television series 2017 American television series debuts A Series of Unfortunate Events 2010s American black comedy television series American children's comedy television series American mystery television series Netflix original programming Television programs based on American novels Television series about orphans Television series by Paramount Television Hidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018, at 10:16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. AboutWikipedia | 1952619405827490740 |
the greatest range between consecutive high and low tides occurs at which lunar phase | The most extreme tidal range occurs during spring tides , when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are aligned ( syzygy ) , reinforcing each other in the same direction ( ( new moon ) ) ) or in opposite directions ( full moon ) . During neap tides , when the Moon and Sun 's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature ( making a right angle to the Earth 's orbit ) , the difference between high and low tides is smaller . Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon 's phases . The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox , if coincidental with a spring tide . | [
[
"(full moon)."
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The tidal range is the vertical difference between the high tide and the succeeding low tide .",
"Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth . The tidal range is not constant but changes depending on the locations of the sun and the moon .",
"The most extreme tidal range occurs during spring tides , when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are aligned ( syzygy ) , reinforcing each other in the same direction ( ( new moon ) ) ) or in opposite directions ( full moon ) . During neap tides , when the Moon and Sun 's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature ( making a right angle to the Earth 's orbit ) , the difference between high and low tides is smaller . Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon 's phases . The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox , if coincidental with a spring tide .",
"Tidal data for coastal areas is published by the national hydrographic service of the country concerned . Tidal data is based on astronomical phenomena and is predictable . Storm force winds blowing from a steady direction for a prolonged time interval combined with low barometric pressure can increase the tidal range , particularly in narrow bays . Such weather - related effects on the tide , which can cause ranges in excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding , are not calculable in advance .",
"The typical tidal range in the open ocean is about 0.6 metres ( 2 feet ) . Closer to the coast , this range is much greater . Coastal tidal ranges vary globally and can differ anywhere from near zero to over 11 metres ( 38 feet ) . The exact range depends on the volume of water adjacent to the coast , and the geography of the basin the water sits in . Larger bodies of water have higher ranges , and the geography can act as a funnel amplifying or dispersing the tide . The world 's largest tidal range of 16.3 metres ( 53.5 feet ) occurs in Bay of Fundy , Canada , and the United Kingdom regularly experiences tidal ranges up to 15 metres between England and Wales in the Severn Estuary . The top 50 locations with the largest tidal ranges worldwide are listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States .",
"Some of the smallest tidal ranges occur in the Mediterranean , Baltic , and Caribbean Seas . A point within a tidal system where the tidal range is almost zero is called an amphidromic point .",
"The tidal range has been classified as :",
"Micromareal , when the tidal range is lower than 2 metres . Mesomareal , when the tidal range is between 2 metres and 4 metres . Macromareal , when the tidal range is higher than 4 metres .",
"Micromareal , when the tidal range is lower than 2 metres .",
"Mesomareal , when the tidal range is between 2 metres and 4 metres .",
"Macromareal , when the tidal range is higher than 4 metres ."
] | Tidal range - wikipedia Tidal range Jump to: navigation , search The tidal range is the vertical difference between the high tide and the succeeding low tide . Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth. The tidal range is not constant but changes depending on the locations of the sun and the moon. The most extreme tidal range occurs during spring tides , when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are aligned ( syzygy ), reinforcing each other in the same direction ((new moon))) or in opposite directions ( full moon ). During neap tides , when the Moon and Sun's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature (making a right angle to the Earth 's orbit), the difference between high and low tides is smaller. Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon's phases. The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox , if coincidental with a spring tide. Tidal data for coastal areas is published by the national hydrographic service of the country concerned. Tidal data is based on astronomical phenomena and is predictable. Storm force winds blowing from a steady direction for a prolonged time interval combined with low barometric pressure can increase the tidal range, particularly in narrow bays. Such weather-related effects on the tide, which can cause ranges in excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding, are not calculable in advance. Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Classification 3 See also 4 References Geography ( edit ) The typical tidal range in the open ocean is about 0.6 metres (2 feet). Closer to the coast, this range is much greater. Coastal tidal ranges vary globally and can differ anywhere from near zero to over 11 metres (38 feet). The exact range depends on the volume of water adjacent to the coast, and the geography of the basin the water sits in. Larger bodies of water have higher ranges, and the geography can act as a funnel amplifying or dispersing the tide. The world's largest tidal range of 16.3 metres (53.5 feet) occurs in Bay of Fundy , Canada , and the United Kingdom regularly experiences tidal ranges up to 15 metres between England and Wales in the Severn Estuary . The top 50 locations with the largest tidal ranges worldwide are listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States . Some of the smallest tidal ranges occur in the Mediterranean , Baltic , and Caribbean Seas . A point within a tidal system where the tidal range is almost zero is called an amphidromic point . Classification ( edit ) The tidal range has been classified as: Micromareal , when the tidal range is lower than 2 metres. Mesomareal , when the tidal range is between 2 metres and 4 metres. Macromareal , when the tidal range is higher than 4 metres. See also ( edit ) Tide References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agencies ^ Jump up to: NOAA. `` FAQ2 Where are the highest tides?'' . Retrieved 27 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ NOAA. `` It appears that the range of the tides gets larger the further the location from the equator. What causes this??'' . Retrieved 27 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ NOAA. `` The highest tide in the world is in Canada'' . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Masselink, G.; Short, A.D. (1993). `` The effect of tidal range on beach morphodynamics and morphology: a conceptual beach model'' . Journal of Coastal Research . 9 (3): 785-- 800. ISSN 0749-0208 . ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin-- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke's variational principle Mild-slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby-gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave-- current interaction Waves and shallow water one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis-- Stokes force Craik-- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine-- Matthews-- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea-level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason-1 Jason-2 (Ocean Surface Topography Mission) Jason-3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_range&oldid=805593009 '' Categories : Tides Oceanography Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Melayu Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017, at 11:41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 6005064217427271376 |
who has been in every episode of criminal minds | 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Won | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Criminal Minds Genre Police procedural Action Thriller Crime drama Created by Jeff Davis Starring Mandy Patinkin Thomas Gibson Lola Glaudini Shemar Moore Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Paget Brewster Joe Mantegna Rachel Nichols Jeanne Tripplehorn Jennifer Love Hewitt Aisha Tyler Adam Rodriguez Damon Gupton Daniel Henney Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 299 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Gordon ( 2005 -- ) Jeff Davis ( 2005 -- 07 ) Edward Allen Bernero ( 2005 -- 11 ) Deborah Spera ( 2006 -- 11 ) Chris Mundy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Simon Mirren ( 2009 -- 11 ) Erica Messer ( 2010 -- ) Janine Sherman Barrois ( 2010 -- 15 ) Breen Frazier ( 2015 -- ) Harry Bring ( 2017 -- ) Glenn Kershaw ( 2017 -- ) Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 -- present ) ( season 3 -- present ) Paramount Network Television ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( season 1 ) CBS Paramount Network Television ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) CBS Television Studios ( 2009 -- present ) ( season 5 -- present ) External links Website",
"Criminal Minds",
"Genre Police procedural Action Thriller Crime drama",
"Police procedural Action Thriller Crime drama",
"Created by Jeff Davis",
"Starring Mandy Patinkin Thomas Gibson Lola Glaudini Shemar Moore Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Paget Brewster Joe Mantegna Rachel Nichols Jeanne Tripplehorn Jennifer Love Hewitt Aisha Tyler Adam Rodriguez Damon Gupton Daniel Henney",
"Mandy Patinkin Thomas Gibson Lola Glaudini Shemar Moore Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Paget Brewster Joe Mantegna Rachel Nichols Jeanne Tripplehorn Jennifer Love Hewitt Aisha Tyler Adam Rodriguez Damon Gupton Daniel Henney",
"Matthew Gray Gubler",
"Jennifer Love Hewitt",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons 13",
"No. of episodes 299 ( list of episodes )",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Mark Gordon ( 2005 -- ) Jeff Davis ( 2005 -- 07 ) Edward Allen Bernero ( 2005 -- 11 ) Deborah Spera ( 2006 -- 11 ) Chris Mundy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Simon Mirren ( 2009 -- 11 ) Erica Messer ( 2010 -- ) Janine Sherman Barrois ( 2010 -- 15 ) Breen Frazier ( 2015 -- ) Harry Bring ( 2017 -- ) Glenn Kershaw ( 2017 -- )",
"Mark Gordon ( 2005 -- ) Jeff Davis ( 2005 -- 07 ) Edward Allen Bernero ( 2005 -- 11 ) Deborah Spera ( 2006 -- 11 ) Chris Mundy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Simon Mirren ( 2009 -- 11 ) Erica Messer ( 2010 -- ) Janine Sherman Barrois ( 2010 -- 15 ) Breen Frazier ( 2015 -- ) Harry Bring ( 2017 -- ) Glenn Kershaw ( 2017 -- )",
"Mark Gordon ( 2005 -- )",
"Jeff Davis ( 2005 -- 07 )",
"Edward Allen Bernero ( 2005 -- 11 )",
"Deborah Spera ( 2006 -- 11 )",
"Chris Mundy ( 2009 -- 10 )",
"Simon Mirren ( 2009 -- 11 )",
"Erica Messer ( 2010 -- )",
"Janine Sherman Barrois ( 2010 -- 15 )",
"Breen Frazier ( 2015 -- )",
"Harry Bring ( 2017 -- )",
"Glenn Kershaw ( 2017 -- )",
"Running time 42 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 -- present ) ( season 3 -- present ) Paramount Network Television ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( season 1 ) CBS Paramount Network Television ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) CBS Television Studios ( 2009 -- present ) ( season 5 -- present )",
"The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 -- present ) ( season 3 -- present ) Paramount Network Television ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( season 1 ) CBS Paramount Network Television ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) CBS Television Studios ( 2009 -- present ) ( season 5 -- present )",
"The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 )",
"ABC Studios ( 2007 -- present ) ( season 3 -- present )",
"Paramount Network Television ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( season 1 )",
"CBS Paramount Network Television ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( seasons 2 -- 4 )",
"CBS Television Studios ( 2009 -- present ) ( season 5 -- present )",
"External links",
"Website",
"Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created by Jeff Davis and is the original show in the Criminal Minds franchise . It premiered on September 22 , 2005 , on the broadcast network CBS . The series is produced by The Mark Gordon Company , in association with CBS Television Studios and ABC Studios ( a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company ) . Criminal Minds is set primarily at the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) based in Quantico , Virginia . In accordance with the show 's plot , Criminal Minds differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal , called the `` unsub '' or `` unknown subject '' , rather than the crime itself .",
"The show has an ensemble cast that has had many cast member changes since its inception . Matthew Gray Gubler , A.J. Cook , Kirsten Vangsness , and Shemar Moore are the only actors to have appeared in every season . Thomas Gibson appeared in every season through Season 12 . The series follows a group of FBI profilers who set about catching various criminals through behavioral profiling . The plot focuses on the team working cases and on the personal lives of the characters , depicting the hardened life and statutory requirements of a profiler . The show spawned several spin - offs : Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior in 2011 , Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders in 2016 , and a South Korean adaptation in 2017 . On April 7 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a thirteenth season .",
"When the series premiered in September 2005 , it featured FBI agents Jason Gideon , Aaron Hotchner , Elle Greenaway , Derek Morgan , Spencer Reid , Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau , and Penelope Garcia . For season 1 , Garcia was not a main cast member but rather had a recurring role , although she appeared in most episodes . In 2006 , at the start of season 2 , Lola Glaudini announced her departure from the show , as she wanted to return home to New York City . Paget Brewster replaced her in the role of Emily Prentiss .",
"At the start of season 3 , Mandy Patinkin announced his departure from the show because he was deeply disturbed by the content of the series . He left letters of apology for his fellow cast members , explaining his reasons and wishing them luck . Joe Mantegna replaced him as David Rossi , a best - selling author and FBI agent who comes out of retirement . During season three , A.J. Cook became pregnant with her first child . Her pregnancy was written into the show . Cook 's son , Mekhai Andersen , has been written into a recurring role as Jennifer 's son Henry . Cook 's void during maternity leave was filled by Meta Golding , who played Jordan Todd , an FBI agent who works with the agency 's Counter Terrorism Unit . In season 6 , JJ is forced to accept a promotion at The Pentagon , causing her to leave the BAU .",
"Later that season , Emily is seemingly killed off . Although she survives , she does not appear for the rest of the season . Cook and Brewster were both replaced by Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver , an FBI cadet . CBS 's decision to release Cook and Brewster from their contracts resulted in numerous fans writing angry letters to the studio and signing protest petitions . CBS rehired Cook and Brewster as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss , respectively ; Nichols was released . In February 2012 Brewster announced her departure from the show after the seventh season . She was replaced in the eighth season by Jeanne Tripplehorn , who played Alex Blake , a linguistics expert . Later in season nine , Paget Brewster made a special guest appearance , reprising her role as Emily Prentiss in the 200th episode .",
"After two seasons , Tripplehorn was released from the show . Former Ghost Whisperer star Jennifer Love Hewitt joined the cast as Kate Callahan , a former undercover FBI agent who joins the BAU . During season 10 , Jason Gideon was killed off - screen . Executive producer and showrunner Erica Messer said CBS and ABC Studios were fine with the decision because it was clear that Patinkin would not come back again , but the show would feature him in a flashback if he were ever to return in the future . Following the conclusion of season 10 , Hewitt and Cook announced that they will both be on hiatus from the show due to their pregnancies . Hewitt did not return for season 11 or any of the following ones , while Cook returned after the first seven episodes of season 11 . Aisha Tyler , who plays Dr. Tara Lewis , joined the show at the start of season 11 in a recurring role , though she appeared in most episodes .",
"Later that season , Shemar Moore , who plays Derek Morgan , left the show after 11 seasons . He had thought to leave in the previous season when his contract ended but was persuaded to stay to give his character a proper sendoff . Messer said the initial thought was for Moore to do six episodes , but when that did n't feel like enough , they settled on Moore doing the first 18 episodes of that season , and he departed in March 2016 . He is replaced in the twelfth season by former CSI : Miami star Adam Rodriguez , who plays Luke Alvez , a Fugitive Task Force Agent . A week after Moore left , Paget Brewster made her second special guest appearance . In season 12 , Brewster once again became a series regular .",
"On August 10 , 2016 , it was announced that Aisha Tyler would be promoted to series regular for the 12th season . The next day , it was reported that Thomas Gibson , who portrays Aaron Hotchner , had been suspended from and written off the show for at least one , most likely two , episodes in the 12th season owing to an on - set altercation with one of the producers . The day after that , Gibson was fired from the program due to this incident . On September 30 , 2016 , it was announced that Gibson 's character would be replaced by Damon Gupton , who will play Special Agent Stephen Walker , a seasoned profiler from the Behavioral Analysis Program ( the counterintelligence division of the FBI ) who will bring his spy - hunting skills to the BAU . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Gupton had been fired from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show . ''",
"On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the 13th season .",
"Jason Gideon ( Mandy Patinkin ) , senior supervisory special agent and former BAU unit chief ( seasons 1 -- 3 )",
"Jason Gideon ( Mandy Patinkin ) , senior supervisory special agent and former BAU unit chief ( seasons 1 -- 3 )",
"Gideon is widely known as the BAU 's best profiler . After a series of emotionally troubling cases and the murder of his friend Sarah by fugitive serial killer Frank Breitkopf ( Keith Carradine ) , he begins to feel burned out . The last straw occurs when Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner is suspended for two weeks by the team 's boss -- an action for which Jason feels responsible . He retreats to his cabin and leaves a letter for Dr. Spencer Reid , who he knows will be the one to look for him . When Spencer arrives at the cabin , it is empty except for the letter and Jason 's badge and firearm . Jason is last seen remarking to a Nevada diner waitress that he does not know where he is going or how he will know when he gets there , leaving the diner and driving off . In season 10 , he is killed ( off - screen ) by a suspect he had tracked down from one of his first cases .",
"Gideon is widely known as the BAU 's best profiler . After a series of emotionally troubling cases and the murder of his friend Sarah by fugitive serial killer Frank Breitkopf ( Keith Carradine ) , he begins to feel burned out . The last straw occurs when Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner is suspended for two weeks by the team 's boss -- an action for which Jason feels responsible . He retreats to his cabin and leaves a letter for Dr. Spencer Reid , who he knows will be the one to look for him . When Spencer arrives at the cabin , it is empty except for the letter and Jason 's badge and firearm . Jason is last seen remarking to a Nevada diner waitress that he does not know where he is going or how he will know when he gets there , leaving the diner and driving off . In season 10 , he is killed ( off - screen ) by a suspect he had tracked down from one of his first cases .",
"Aaron Hotchner ( Thomas Gibson ) , Former BAU unit chief and senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 12 )",
"Aaron Hotchner ( Thomas Gibson ) , Former BAU unit chief and senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 12 )",
"Hotch is a former prosecutor and was originally assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle . He is one of the most experienced agents in the BAU . He struggles to balance the demands of his job with his family life , but his wife , Haley Brooks ( Meredith Monroe ) , divorces him in season 3 . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley is killed by fugitive serial killer George Foyet ( C. Thomas Howell ) , also known as `` The Boston Reaper , '' whom Aaron fights and beats to death . He also has a son named Jack ( Cade Owens ) and a brother named Sean . After Haley is murdered , he has custody of Jack , and Haley 's sister , Jessica Brooks ( Molly Baker ) , helps him take care of Jack . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Aaron and technical analyst Penelope Garcia take over her job as communications liaison . Aaron dated a woman named Beth Clemmons ( Bellamy Young ) , who first appeared in the episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' ( season 7 ) , before the couple separated after Clemmons accepted a job in Hong Kong . Following an on - set altercation , Thomas Gibson was removed from the main cast after season 12 , episode 2 , at which point it 's claimed that Gibson 's character took a consulting job off screen . In a later episode , it 's revealed that the consulting job was a ruse and that Jack was being stalked by a serial killer from a previous BAU case . Therefore , Aaron and Jack went into the witness protection program .",
"Hotch is a former prosecutor and was originally assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle . He is one of the most experienced agents in the BAU . He struggles to balance the demands of his job with his family life , but his wife , Haley Brooks ( Meredith Monroe ) , divorces him in season 3 . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley is killed by fugitive serial killer George Foyet ( C. Thomas Howell ) , also known as `` The Boston Reaper , '' whom Aaron fights and beats to death . He also has a son named Jack ( Cade Owens ) and a brother named Sean . After Haley is murdered , he has custody of Jack , and Haley 's sister , Jessica Brooks ( Molly Baker ) , helps him take care of Jack . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Aaron and technical analyst Penelope Garcia take over her job as communications liaison . Aaron dated a woman named Beth Clemmons ( Bellamy Young ) , who first appeared in the episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' ( season 7 ) , before the couple separated after Clemmons accepted a job in Hong Kong . Following an on - set altercation , Thomas Gibson was removed from the main cast after season 12 , episode 2 , at which point it 's claimed that Gibson 's character took a consulting job off screen . In a later episode , it 's revealed that the consulting job was a ruse and that Jack was being stalked by a serial killer from a previous BAU case . Therefore , Aaron and Jack went into the witness protection program .",
"Elle Greenaway ( Lola Glaudini ) , Supervisory Special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 2 )",
"Elle Greenaway ( Lola Glaudini ) , Supervisory Special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 2 )",
"Greenaway is assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle and assigned to the BAU as an expert in sexual offense crimes . Elle suffers extreme emotional trauma after being shot by an unsub in the season 1 finale ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 1 ) '' ) . In the season 2 premiere ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 2 ) '' ) , Elle survives and returns to duty sooner than SSA Jason Gideon and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner would like . Several episodes later , while alone on stakeout of a suspected serial rapist , she murders the suspect by shooting in cold blood and planting her gun on the unarmed victim . The local police deem it self - defense , but Jason and Aaron question her ability as a profiler after this . Elle resigns , turning in her badge and gun to Aaron , declaring that it is `` not an admission of guilt . ''",
"Greenaway is assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle and assigned to the BAU as an expert in sexual offense crimes . Elle suffers extreme emotional trauma after being shot by an unsub in the season 1 finale ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 1 ) '' ) . In the season 2 premiere ( `` The Fisher King ( Part 2 ) '' ) , Elle survives and returns to duty sooner than SSA Jason Gideon and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner would like . Several episodes later , while alone on stakeout of a suspected serial rapist , she murders the suspect by shooting in cold blood and planting her gun on the unarmed victim . The local police deem it self - defense , but Jason and Aaron question her ability as a profiler after this . Elle resigns , turning in her badge and gun to Aaron , declaring that it is `` not an admission of guilt . ''",
"Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) , supervisory special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 11 ; guest star seasons 12 -- 13 )",
"Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) , supervisory special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 11 ; guest star seasons 12 -- 13 )",
"Morgan is a confident , assertive , and often hot - tempered character . He was raised by his mother , Fran , along with his two sisters , Sarah Morgan and Desiree Benita , after the death of his police officer father right in front of him , Derek was a troubled Chicago youth headed for juvenile delinquency . He was rescued and mentored by Carl Buford ( Julius Tennon ) . Buford turned out to be a sexual predator who molested Derek and other young boys ; he was eventually arrested for murder . After developing an interest in football , Derek attended Northwestern University on a scholarship . After a football injury left him unable to play , he joined the Chicago Police Department 's bomb squad and later joined the FBI and the BAU . He has an emotionally intimate , but platonic , relationship with technical analyst Penelope Garcia ; the two have a unique shorthand and banter . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Derek shows utter hatred toward Ian Doyle ( Timothy V. Murphy ) for killing SSA Emily Prentiss , but when Emily returns alive , he has mixed feelings . In season 11 , Derek is kidnapped and tortured by the father of Giuseppe Montolo , a hitman whom Derek put away and who later died while in custody . Derek escapes and when he learns his girlfriend Savannah is pregnant , he realizes that he does n't want to put his family through something like this again . Derek leaves the BAU in the episode `` A Beautiful Disaster '' to care for his now - wife and newborn son .",
"Morgan is a confident , assertive , and often hot - tempered character . He was raised by his mother , Fran , along with his two sisters , Sarah Morgan and Desiree Benita , after the death of his police officer father right in front of him , Derek was a troubled Chicago youth headed for juvenile delinquency . He was rescued and mentored by Carl Buford ( Julius Tennon ) . Buford turned out to be a sexual predator who molested Derek and other young boys ; he was eventually arrested for murder . After developing an interest in football , Derek attended Northwestern University on a scholarship . After a football injury left him unable to play , he joined the Chicago Police Department 's bomb squad and later joined the FBI and the BAU . He has an emotionally intimate , but platonic , relationship with technical analyst Penelope Garcia ; the two have a unique shorthand and banter . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Derek shows utter hatred toward Ian Doyle ( Timothy V. Murphy ) for killing SSA Emily Prentiss , but when Emily returns alive , he has mixed feelings . In season 11 , Derek is kidnapped and tortured by the father of Giuseppe Montolo , a hitman whom Derek put away and who later died while in custody . Derek escapes and when he learns his girlfriend Savannah is pregnant , he realizes that he does n't want to put his family through something like this again . Derek leaves the BAU in the episode `` A Beautiful Disaster '' to care for his now - wife and newborn son .",
"Spencer Reid , Ph. D. , ( Matthew Gray Gubler ) , supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- present )",
"Spencer Reid , Ph. D. , ( Matthew Gray Gubler ) , supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- present )",
"Reid is a genius who graduated from Las Vegas High School at age 12 and holds Ph. D.s in mathematics , chemistry , and engineering as well as bachelor of arts degrees in psychology and sociology and , as of season 4 , is working on a B.A. in philosophy . It has been revealed that he has an IQ of 187 , can read a dizzying 20,000 words per minute , and has an eidetic memory . Most of the members on the team are intimidated by his profound knowledge . He is habitually introduced as `` Dr. Spencer Reid '' in contrast to the other agents , who are introduced as `` supervisory special agent . '' The purpose of this , as explained by Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner in the pilot episode ( `` Extreme Aggressor '' ) , is to create a respectable first impression of Spencer , deflecting judgments about his age . His mother , Diana Reid ( Jane Lynch ) , suffers from schizophrenia and is currently committed to a mental institution . In season 6 Reid starts suffering from cluster headaches and when doctors ca n't diagnose why , Reid thinks he might be in the early stages of schizophrenia himself . Reid takes SSA Emily Prentiss ' death very hard and when it was revealed the death was faked was distrustful of both Prentiss and SSA Jennifer Jareau ( who helped in the cover - up ) . During season 8 , Reid becomes involved with a woman who was being stalked . In the episode `` Zugzwang , '' her stalker ultimately kidnaps her and kills her , devastating Reid . In season 11 he is deeply affected by Derek Morgan 's decision to leave the BAU but understands and supports his reasons . Initially Reid had a crush on JJ , even going as far as taking her on a date to a football game . As the series progresses , their relationship becomes more of the brother -- sister kind . Morgan and Reid maintained a brotherly relationship and Morgan refers to Reid as his `` little brother '' prior to his departure in season 11 . Spencer is also the godfather of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and Derek 's son , Hank .",
"Reid is a genius who graduated from Las Vegas High School at age 12 and holds Ph. D.s in mathematics , chemistry , and engineering as well as bachelor of arts degrees in psychology and sociology and , as of season 4 , is working on a B.A. in philosophy . It has been revealed that he has an IQ of 187 , can read a dizzying 20,000 words per minute , and has an eidetic memory . Most of the members on the team are intimidated by his profound knowledge . He is habitually introduced as `` Dr. Spencer Reid '' in contrast to the other agents , who are introduced as `` supervisory special agent . '' The purpose of this , as explained by Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner in the pilot episode ( `` Extreme Aggressor '' ) , is to create a respectable first impression of Spencer , deflecting judgments about his age . His mother , Diana Reid ( Jane Lynch ) , suffers from schizophrenia and is currently committed to a mental institution . In season 6 Reid starts suffering from cluster headaches and when doctors ca n't diagnose why , Reid thinks he might be in the early stages of schizophrenia himself . Reid takes SSA Emily Prentiss ' death very hard and when it was revealed the death was faked was distrustful of both Prentiss and SSA Jennifer Jareau ( who helped in the cover - up ) . During season 8 , Reid becomes involved with a woman who was being stalked . In the episode `` Zugzwang , '' her stalker ultimately kidnaps her and kills her , devastating Reid . In season 11 he is deeply affected by Derek Morgan 's decision to leave the BAU but understands and supports his reasons . Initially Reid had a crush on JJ , even going as far as taking her on a date to a football game . As the series progresses , their relationship becomes more of the brother -- sister kind . Morgan and Reid maintained a brotherly relationship and Morgan refers to Reid as his `` little brother '' prior to his departure in season 11 . Spencer is also the godfather of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and Derek 's son , Hank .",
"Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau ( A.J. Cook ) , former BAU communications liaison and current supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 5 , 7 -- present ; recurring season 6 )",
"Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau ( A.J. Cook ) , former BAU communications liaison and current supervisory special agent ( seasons 1 -- 5 , 7 -- present ; recurring season 6 )",
"JJ served as the communications liaison on the team to local police agencies in seasons 1 -- 5 . She dates and marries William LaMontagne ( Josh Stewart ) , a New Orleans Police Department detective . They have two sons , Henry LaMontagne ( Mekhai Andersen ) and Michael LaMontagne ( Phoenix Sky Andersen ) . Both boys are played by A.J. Cook 's real - life sons . In the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) , Jennifer is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon , causing her departure from the team , although Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner expresses his hope that she will return to the BAU in the future . Jennifer returns in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) to assist the team in finding SSA Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) . Jennifer returns as a series regular in the season 7 premiere as a legitimate profiler and admits to helping fake Prentiss 's death , much to dismay of her colleagues . In the 200th episode , JJ is kidnapped because of a secret mission she performed while at the Pentagon . At the end of season 10 , JJ reveals she is pregnant with her second child and consults over the phone for the few episodes of season 11 before rejoining the team in the field in the episode `` Target Rich . ''",
"JJ served as the communications liaison on the team to local police agencies in seasons 1 -- 5 . She dates and marries William LaMontagne ( Josh Stewart ) , a New Orleans Police Department detective . They have two sons , Henry LaMontagne ( Mekhai Andersen ) and Michael LaMontagne ( Phoenix Sky Andersen ) . Both boys are played by A.J. Cook 's real - life sons . In the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) , Jennifer is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon , causing her departure from the team , although Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner expresses his hope that she will return to the BAU in the future . Jennifer returns in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) to assist the team in finding SSA Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) . Jennifer returns as a series regular in the season 7 premiere as a legitimate profiler and admits to helping fake Prentiss 's death , much to dismay of her colleagues . In the 200th episode , JJ is kidnapped because of a secret mission she performed while at the Pentagon . At the end of season 10 , JJ reveals she is pregnant with her second child and consults over the phone for the few episodes of season 11 before rejoining the team in the field in the episode `` Target Rich . ''",
"Penelope Garcia ( Kirsten Vangsness ) , BAU technical analyst and BAU communications liaison ( seasons 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 )",
"Penelope Garcia ( Kirsten Vangsness ) , BAU technical analyst and BAU communications liaison ( seasons 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 )",
"Garcia joined the BAU after bringing attention to herself by illegally accessing some of their equipment ; she is offered a job in lieu of a jail sentence . She submitted her resume to Hotch on pink stationery . She usually supports the team from her computer lab at Quantico but occasionally joins them on location when her skills can be used in the field . She is a leader in a support group for those who have lost someone in their lives . Her parents were killed by a drunk driver when they were out looking for her when she was a teen and had missed her curfew . She enjoys a flirtatious relationship with SSA Derek Morgan , often engaging in comical banter of a sexually suggestive nature when he calls in for information . He calls her `` Baby Girl . '' She was once shot and almost killed by Jason Clark Battle , who lured her on a date in the episode `` Lucky '' ( season 3 ) . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Penelope and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner take over her job as communications liaison . SSA Sam Cooper ( Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ) often calls when his team needs her computer skills . Penelope is the godmother of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and the godmother of Morgan 's son .",
"Garcia joined the BAU after bringing attention to herself by illegally accessing some of their equipment ; she is offered a job in lieu of a jail sentence . She submitted her resume to Hotch on pink stationery . She usually supports the team from her computer lab at Quantico but occasionally joins them on location when her skills can be used in the field . She is a leader in a support group for those who have lost someone in their lives . Her parents were killed by a drunk driver when they were out looking for her when she was a teen and had missed her curfew . She enjoys a flirtatious relationship with SSA Derek Morgan , often engaging in comical banter of a sexually suggestive nature when he calls in for information . He calls her `` Baby Girl . '' She was once shot and almost killed by Jason Clark Battle , who lured her on a date in the episode `` Lucky '' ( season 3 ) . When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU , Penelope and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner take over her job as communications liaison . SSA Sam Cooper ( Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ) often calls when his team needs her computer skills . Penelope is the godmother of Jennifer 's son , Henry , and the godmother of Morgan 's son .",
"Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) , supervisory special agent and BAU Unit Chief ( seasons 2 -- 7 , 12 -- present ; guest seasons 9 , 11 )",
"Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) , supervisory special agent and BAU Unit Chief ( seasons 2 -- 7 , 12 -- present ; guest seasons 9 , 11 )",
"Prentiss is the daughter of Ambassador Elizabeth Prentiss ( Kate Jackson ) . After SSA Elle Greenaway leaves the BAU , Assistant Director Strauss approves Emily to join the BAU . The plan was for Emily to report any problems within the BAU , but Emily remained loyal to the team and refused to report any problems , going so far as threatening resignation . Emily is also fluent in several languages , such as Spanish , French , Greek , and Arabic , has a working knowledge in Italian , and was fluent in Russian at one point but has lost comprehension . She is apparently killed while being held hostage by Ian Doyle in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) , but in the last scene of the episode , it is revealed that she survived her encounter with Ian and is seen with SSA Jennifer Jareau in Paris passing her passports and bank accounts for protection . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , she returns alive and well , much to the team 's surprise . In the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) , Emily decides to leave the BAU after accepting a position running and returning to the Interpol office in London . She returns for the 200th episode to help rescue a kidnapped SSA Jennifer Jareau and again in the episode `` Tribute '' ( season 11 ) , where she enlists the help of the BAU in catching a serial killer who had originally killed in Europe before killing in the United States . Paget Brewster was confirmed to return for a several episode arc in season 12 . Following the dismissal of Thomas Gibson , Brewster was promoted to a series regular again starting from season 12 , episode 3 ; later Prentiss is promoted to Hotch 's position of unit chief .",
"Prentiss is the daughter of Ambassador Elizabeth Prentiss ( Kate Jackson ) . After SSA Elle Greenaway leaves the BAU , Assistant Director Strauss approves Emily to join the BAU . The plan was for Emily to report any problems within the BAU , but Emily remained loyal to the team and refused to report any problems , going so far as threatening resignation . Emily is also fluent in several languages , such as Spanish , French , Greek , and Arabic , has a working knowledge in Italian , and was fluent in Russian at one point but has lost comprehension . She is apparently killed while being held hostage by Ian Doyle in the episode `` Lauren '' ( season 6 ) , but in the last scene of the episode , it is revealed that she survived her encounter with Ian and is seen with SSA Jennifer Jareau in Paris passing her passports and bank accounts for protection . In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , she returns alive and well , much to the team 's surprise . In the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) , Emily decides to leave the BAU after accepting a position running and returning to the Interpol office in London . She returns for the 200th episode to help rescue a kidnapped SSA Jennifer Jareau and again in the episode `` Tribute '' ( season 11 ) , where she enlists the help of the BAU in catching a serial killer who had originally killed in Europe before killing in the United States . Paget Brewster was confirmed to return for a several episode arc in season 12 . Following the dismissal of Thomas Gibson , Brewster was promoted to a series regular again starting from season 12 , episode 3 ; later Prentiss is promoted to Hotch 's position of unit chief .",
"David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) , senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 3 -- present )",
"David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) , senior supervisory special agent ( seasons 3 -- present )",
"Rossi is a highly experienced profiler who once worked the BAU in its origins , then took early retirement in 1997 to write books and go on lecture tours about criminal analysis , until volunteering to return shortly after SSA Jason Gideon 's departure in 2007 . He has been married three times and is quite wealthy because of his successful writing career . In the episode `` From Childhood 's Hour '' ( season 7 ) , David reconnects with his first wife , Carolyn Baker , who has shocking news for him . It is revealed that she came to him because she was diagnosed with ALS ( Lou Gehrig 's disease ) and wants David to assist in her suicide . In the next episode ( `` Epilogue '' ) , Carolyn dies after taking a drug overdose . It is also revealed in this episode that David had a son who died at birth . In the season 8 episode `` The Fallen , '' it is revealed that David was a Marine in Vietnam . The season 7 finale ( `` Hit '' ) reveals SSA David Rossi may be having a secret relationship with Section Chief Erin Strauss ; this was discovered when technical analyst Penelope Garcia and SSA Dr. Spencer Reid spot them both leaving a hotel . In the last season 8 episode ( `` The Replicator '' ) we see their relationship has been known to the entire team . The episode is an emotional one for SSA David Rossi since Unit Chief Erin Strauss is murdered by The Replicator . She was taken from her hotel room , where he had planned to meet her that night , drugged and put on the streets of New York disoriented for Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner to find her . The episode 's last scene is SSA David Rossi eulogizing her to the team after her funeral , at a gathering at his home . In season 10 we learn that David has a daughter by his second wife . Since then , he is shown to have a strong relationship with his daughter , son - in - law , and grandson , even approving of her husband 's Italian heritage . In season 11 Rossi reunites with his second wife , and they give their relationship a second chance .",
"Rossi is a highly experienced profiler who once worked the BAU in its origins , then took early retirement in 1997 to write books and go on lecture tours about criminal analysis , until volunteering to return shortly after SSA Jason Gideon 's departure in 2007 . He has been married three times and is quite wealthy because of his successful writing career . In the episode `` From Childhood 's Hour '' ( season 7 ) , David reconnects with his first wife , Carolyn Baker , who has shocking news for him . It is revealed that she came to him because she was diagnosed with ALS ( Lou Gehrig 's disease ) and wants David to assist in her suicide . In the next episode ( `` Epilogue '' ) , Carolyn dies after taking a drug overdose . It is also revealed in this episode that David had a son who died at birth . In the season 8 episode `` The Fallen , '' it is revealed that David was a Marine in Vietnam . The season 7 finale ( `` Hit '' ) reveals SSA David Rossi may be having a secret relationship with Section Chief Erin Strauss ; this was discovered when technical analyst Penelope Garcia and SSA Dr. Spencer Reid spot them both leaving a hotel . In the last season 8 episode ( `` The Replicator '' ) we see their relationship has been known to the entire team . The episode is an emotional one for SSA David Rossi since Unit Chief Erin Strauss is murdered by The Replicator . She was taken from her hotel room , where he had planned to meet her that night , drugged and put on the streets of New York disoriented for Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner to find her . The episode 's last scene is SSA David Rossi eulogizing her to the team after her funeral , at a gathering at his home . In season 10 we learn that David has a daughter by his second wife . Since then , he is shown to have a strong relationship with his daughter , son - in - law , and grandson , even approving of her husband 's Italian heritage . In season 11 Rossi reunites with his second wife , and they give their relationship a second chance .",
"Ashley Seaver ( Rachel Nichols ) , FBI cadet and special agent ( season 6 )",
"Ashley Seaver ( Rachel Nichols ) , FBI cadet and special agent ( season 6 )",
"Seaver replaces SSA Jennifer Jareau after she is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon . She was chosen for her unique background ; her father , Charles Beauchamp , was a horrific serial killer known as the `` Redmond Ripper , '' who murdered dozens of women before being caught by the BAU , incidentally . At first , Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner was going to make her a special one - time consultant to the BAU , but SSA David Rossi allowed her to finish her remedial training with the team , under the supervision of SSA Emily Prentiss . In the episode `` ... With Friends Like These '' ( season 6 ) , she graduated from the Academy and had been added to the team as a `` probationary agent . '' In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Jennifer reveals to Emily that Ashley transferred to the domestic trafficking task force , which is led by Andi Swann .",
"Seaver replaces SSA Jennifer Jareau after she is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon . She was chosen for her unique background ; her father , Charles Beauchamp , was a horrific serial killer known as the `` Redmond Ripper , '' who murdered dozens of women before being caught by the BAU , incidentally . At first , Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner was going to make her a special one - time consultant to the BAU , but SSA David Rossi allowed her to finish her remedial training with the team , under the supervision of SSA Emily Prentiss . In the episode `` ... With Friends Like These '' ( season 6 ) , she graduated from the Academy and had been added to the team as a `` probationary agent . '' In the season 7 premiere ( `` It Takes a Village '' ) , Jennifer reveals to Emily that Ashley transferred to the domestic trafficking task force , which is led by Andi Swann .",
"Alex Blake , Ph. D. , ( Jeanne Tripplehorn ) , FBI linguistics expert , supervisory special agent , and professor at Georgetown University ( seasons 8 -- 9 )",
"Alex Blake , Ph. D. , ( Jeanne Tripplehorn ) , FBI linguistics expert , supervisory special agent , and professor at Georgetown University ( seasons 8 -- 9 )",
"Blake once worked for the BAU during the 2001 anthrax attacks but retired after a conflict with Chief Erin Strauss and rejoins the BAU after SSA Emily Prentiss transfers to the Interpol office in London . Alex first appears in the season 8 premiere ( `` The Silencer '' ) . She makes a personal connection with Spencer Reid after he reveals to her that he has begun a romantic relationship with a woman whom he has never met . In the season 9 finale , after a difficult case in Texas in which the team is targeted by a group of corrupt sheriff deputies and Reid is shot , she escorts Reid to his apartment , explaining that the experience brought back memories of her son 's death and that Reid reminds her of him . She leaves behind her credentials , which Reid finds in his bag before seeing Blake leave in a taxi , saddened but understanding .",
"Blake once worked for the BAU during the 2001 anthrax attacks but retired after a conflict with Chief Erin Strauss and rejoins the BAU after SSA Emily Prentiss transfers to the Interpol office in London . Alex first appears in the season 8 premiere ( `` The Silencer '' ) . She makes a personal connection with Spencer Reid after he reveals to her that he has begun a romantic relationship with a woman whom he has never met . In the season 9 finale , after a difficult case in Texas in which the team is targeted by a group of corrupt sheriff deputies and Reid is shot , she escorts Reid to his apartment , explaining that the experience brought back memories of her son 's death and that Reid reminds her of him . She leaves behind her credentials , which Reid finds in his bag before seeing Blake leave in a taxi , saddened but understanding .",
"Kate Callahan ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , Former FBI undercover agent and supervisory special agent ( season 10 )",
"Kate Callahan ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , Former FBI undercover agent and supervisory special agent ( season 10 )",
"Callahan , as mentioned in the season 10 premiere , previously worked under Andi Swann 's team , which is also Ashley Seaver 's team since she left the BAU . She is a `` seasoned undercover agent whose stellar work at the FBI has landed her a coveted position with the Behavioral Analysis Unit . '' She and her husband , Chris , have been the guardians of Kate 's teenage niece , Meg , since Meg was a baby following her parents ' deaths in the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . Kate and Chris discover they are expecting a baby in the middle of season 10 , coinciding with the actress 's real - life pregnancy . At the end of season 10 she decides to take a year off and raise her baby . As of season 12 , she has not returned , but producer Erica Messer has stated the door was open should Hewitt choose to return to the show .",
"Callahan , as mentioned in the season 10 premiere , previously worked under Andi Swann 's team , which is also Ashley Seaver 's team since she left the BAU . She is a `` seasoned undercover agent whose stellar work at the FBI has landed her a coveted position with the Behavioral Analysis Unit . '' She and her husband , Chris , have been the guardians of Kate 's teenage niece , Meg , since Meg was a baby following her parents ' deaths in the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . Kate and Chris discover they are expecting a baby in the middle of season 10 , coinciding with the actress 's real - life pregnancy . At the end of season 10 she decides to take a year off and raise her baby . As of season 12 , she has not returned , but producer Erica Messer has stated the door was open should Hewitt choose to return to the show .",
"Dr. Tara Lewis ( Aisha Tyler ) , forensic psychologist and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present ; recurring season 11 )",
"Dr. Tara Lewis ( Aisha Tyler ) , forensic psychologist and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present ; recurring season 11 )",
"Lewis is a psychologist with an eye on forensic psychology and its application toward the criminal - justice system . Her dream was to study psychopaths up close and personal -- and her psychology background , combined with her experience in the FBI , brought her face to face with monsters . Her job was to stare them down and interview them , to determine if they were fit to stand trial . In the process , she made herself find the humanity inside these broken men ( and , sometimes , women ) in order to learn if there was a conscience behind their brutal crimes . Lewis replaced both JJ ( A.J. Cook ) and Kate ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) while they were on maternity leave in the 11th season .",
"Lewis is a psychologist with an eye on forensic psychology and its application toward the criminal - justice system . Her dream was to study psychopaths up close and personal -- and her psychology background , combined with her experience in the FBI , brought her face to face with monsters . Her job was to stare them down and interview them , to determine if they were fit to stand trial . In the process , she made herself find the humanity inside these broken men ( and , sometimes , women ) in order to learn if there was a conscience behind their brutal crimes . Lewis replaced both JJ ( A.J. Cook ) and Kate ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) while they were on maternity leave in the 11th season .",
"Luke Alvez ( Adam Rodriguez ) , fugitive task force agent and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present )",
"Luke Alvez ( Adam Rodriguez ) , fugitive task force agent and supervisory special agent ( seasons 12 -- present )",
"Alvez is a member of the FBI fugitive task force that partners with the BAU to catch the serial killers that escaped in the season 11 finale . In the season 12 premiere , he works with the BAU to catch the `` Crimson King , '' one of the escapees that attacked Alvez 's old partner . The team discovers the real killer is `` Mr. Scratch , '' who taunts the team by turning over the real `` Crimson King , '' who was tortured to the point he no longer remembers who he was . After that , Alvez decides to join the BAU full time . Alvez has a dog , a Belgian Tervuren named Roxy ( whom Garcia thought at first was his human girlfriend ) and served in Iraq as an Army Ranger prior to joining the FBI .",
"Alvez is a member of the FBI fugitive task force that partners with the BAU to catch the serial killers that escaped in the season 11 finale . In the season 12 premiere , he works with the BAU to catch the `` Crimson King , '' one of the escapees that attacked Alvez 's old partner . The team discovers the real killer is `` Mr. Scratch , '' who taunts the team by turning over the real `` Crimson King , '' who was tortured to the point he no longer remembers who he was . After that , Alvez decides to join the BAU full time . Alvez has a dog , a Belgian Tervuren named Roxy ( whom Garcia thought at first was his human girlfriend ) and served in Iraq as an Army Ranger prior to joining the FBI .",
"Stephen Walker ( Damon Gupton ) , supervisory special agent ( season 12 )",
"Stephen Walker ( Damon Gupton ) , supervisory special agent ( season 12 )",
"Walker is a supervisory special agent with the BAU . Walker was a member of the Behavioral Analysis Program . He was contacted by Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) about joining the BAU to assist in the manhunt for Peter Lewis , aka `` Mr. Scratch . '' Walker is an experienced profiler with about 20 years under his belt and a member of the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Program before his transfer to the BAU . He is married to a woman named Monica and has two children with her , Maya and Eli . He met Emily Prentiss , then the chief of Interpol 's London office , during his line of work . He was also mentored by David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) . Stephen 's first case concerned a terrorist cell in Belgium , and three agents were sent undercover to infiltrate it . However , Stephen 's profile was wrong , and this resulted in the deaths of the undercover agents . He eventually moved on from the trauma and improved as he went along in his career . He and other BAP agents , including his longtime friend Sam Bower , were sent undercover to investigate corruption in the Russian government . Walker 's skills include being fluent in Russian and playing the trombone . In the season 13 premiere , it is revealed he had died in the car crash after Mr. Scratch laid spike strips down in the end of season 12 .",
"Walker is a supervisory special agent with the BAU . Walker was a member of the Behavioral Analysis Program . He was contacted by Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) about joining the BAU to assist in the manhunt for Peter Lewis , aka `` Mr. Scratch . '' Walker is an experienced profiler with about 20 years under his belt and a member of the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Program before his transfer to the BAU . He is married to a woman named Monica and has two children with her , Maya and Eli . He met Emily Prentiss , then the chief of Interpol 's London office , during his line of work . He was also mentored by David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ) . Stephen 's first case concerned a terrorist cell in Belgium , and three agents were sent undercover to infiltrate it . However , Stephen 's profile was wrong , and this resulted in the deaths of the undercover agents . He eventually moved on from the trauma and improved as he went along in his career . He and other BAP agents , including his longtime friend Sam Bower , were sent undercover to investigate corruption in the Russian government . Walker 's skills include being fluent in Russian and playing the trombone . In the season 13 premiere , it is revealed he had died in the car crash after Mr. Scratch laid spike strips down in the end of season 12 .",
"Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) ( season 13 ; guest seasons 10 , 12 ) is a former member of the International Response Team .",
"Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) ( season 13 ; guest seasons 10 , 12 ) is a former member of the International Response Team .",
"Simmons is a special operations agent and formerly worked with the IRT . Simmons as wife , Kristy , ( Kelly Frye ) and has a total of four children , including two boys ( Jake and David ) and twin daughters , all of them under the age of 3 . He was a former member of a special ops unit , and his experience with the unit allowed him to hone his profiling skills .",
"Simmons is a special operations agent and formerly worked with the IRT . Simmons as wife , Kristy , ( Kelly Frye ) and has a total of four children , including two boys ( Jake and David ) and twin daughters , all of them under the age of 3 . He was a former member of a special ops unit , and his experience with the unit allowed him to hone his profiling skills .",
"Erin Strauss ( portrayed by Jayne Atkinson ; seasons 2 -- 8 , 9 ; 23 episodes ) , an assistant director and the BAU Unit Chief 's direct superior . While her FBI experience was primarily in administration , SSA Derek Morgan remarked on her masterly marksmanship , after observing her at a firing range . In early episodes , Strauss appeared only concerned with herself and appearances within the Bureau , going so far as to force SSA Jennifer Jareau to accept a promotion to the Pentagon in the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) . Further character development revealed her alcohol abuse . After being confronted by Morgan and Hotchner , Strauss accepts help and achieves sobriety . In the season 8 finale , the Replicator breaks into Strauss 's hotel room in New York , drugs her , and forces her -- at gunpoint -- to drink alcohol from her room 's minibar . Hotchner finds her on a bench near the hotel , where Strauss dies in his arms . Her death is avenged when Rossi traps the Replicator in an exploding house . Fittingly , Strauss 's sobriety helps defeat the Replicator as Rossi uses her sobriety chip to escape the Replicator 's trap and taunts him with it . After attending her funeral , the members of the BAU gather in a still - emotional Rossi 's backyard , reminisce , and toast her memory . Showrunner Erica Messer chose to kill Strauss off because she felt that the character had come full circle since she was first introduced . Haley Hotchner ( portrayed by Meredith Monroe ; seasons 1 -- 5 , 9 ; 14 episodes ) is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's wife and the mother of his only son , Jack Hotchner , born in late 2005 . The couple 's marriage was troubled , as clues were revealed in season 3 that she may have been having an affair and walked out on him . She later appeared with divorce papers , and he accepted reluctantly so as not to cause any trouble for his son with the divorce . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley and Jack were captured by a killer known as `` The Reaper '' ; though Jack was saved , Haley was shot and died before Aaron could save her . Aaron later beat The Reaper to death . In the episode `` Route 66 , '' Hotch collapses from internal bleeding and dreams about Haley . She tells him that he should stop blaming himself for her death and to make sure Jack knows that he can talk about his mother 's death . Haley leaves Hotch by telling him that he and Beth have a good relationship and he should n't mess it up by not telling her how he feels . Jessica Brooks ( portrayed by Molly Baker ; seasons 1 -- 11 ) , is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's sister - in - law , Jack 's aunt , and Haley 's sister . Jordan Todd ( portrayed by Meta Golding ; season 4 ; 8 episodes ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's handpicked replacement to serve as the BAU 's media director during Jennifer 's maternity leave , from late 2008 through early 2009 . Jordan had formerly served in the FBI counterterrorism division , but follows Jennifer for only day of shadowing before Jennifer goes into labor . Jordan seemed to get along well with most of the team , even flirting platonically with SSA Derek Morgan . She is especially close with SSA David Rossi , who is seen to counsel her while they are on cases . However , Jordan has clashed several times with Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner . She eventually leaves when she decides she ca n't handle the stress that comes with her job . Diana Reid ( portrayed by Jane Lynch ; seasons 1 -- 4 , 12 ; 8 episodes ) is the mother of BAU team member Dr. Spencer Reid . Like her son , she has a high IQ . She was once a university professor of literature , but suffers from schizophrenia and is hospitalized in a Las Vegas sanitarium , where Spencer committed her when he was 18 . Her husband , William Reid , left prior to her diagnosis , because of his inability to cope with her illness , and he could not deal with protecting her after she witnessed a murder . She is functional when on her medication , but frequently lapses into regression to her university career . Diana spent much time reading aloud to Spencer while he was growing up , and he continues to write her a letter every day . She is proud of her son but disapproves of the FBI , as it is a government - run organization ; she refers to his colleagues as `` fascists . '' She seems to be showing signs of improvement in later episodes , when Reid states that she went on a supervised field trip to the Grand Canyon without feeling the need to notify Reid . However , she did not forget him , as Reid later receives a postcard and a gift from her . William LaMontagne Jr. ( portrayed by Josh Stewart ; season 2 -- present ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's husband and the father of Jennifer 's son , Henry LaMontagne . Will and Jennifer met while she was working a case in his hometown . As of early season 4 , Will had moved to Virginia and is a stay - at - home dad for Henry until he became a detective for the Metropolitan Police Department ( Washington D.C. ) as shown in the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) . It is also stated that the couple had made a deal that in a life - threatening situation , they would do everything so that one of them could live to look after Henry . Jennifer accepted his marriage proposal and they were married officially ; however , when their son was born , they exchanged rings with insets of Henry 's birthstone , citrine . He is seen briefly in the 100th episode getting medicine for Henry with Jennifer , as well as the episode `` The Slave of Duty '' ( season 5 ) , accompanying Jennifer and the team at Haley Hotchner 's funeral . In the season 7 finale , Will works alongside JJ to stop the bank robbers and is eventually taken hostage . Afterward , they agree to get married and unknowingly attend a surprise wedding ceremony thrown by Rossi and Will . Kevin Lynch ( portrayed by Nicholas Brendon ; season 3 -- present ) first appears in the episode `` Penelope '' ( season 3 ) , in which he is required to search Penelope Garcia 's computer to learn who shot her . Kevin sends the team live video alerting that the unsub ( unknown subject ) is in the BAU headquarters . He is intensely impressed by Penelope 's computer skills , and the feeling is mutual . At the end of the episode , Penelope is introduced to Kevin , and the two become romantically involved . In the episode `` I Love You , Tommy Brown '' ( season 7 ) , Kevin proposes to Penelope , but she turns him down , saying that `` things are going too fast , '' and ultimately the couple break up . Mateo Cruz ( portrayed by Esai Morales ; season 9 -- present ) takes over from the late Erin Strauss as the new BAU section chief in season 9 . He has a past working relationship with JJ . It was revealed in `` 200 '' that the two had worked on a task force together in the Middle East . He was the only person to know of her pregnancy and miscarriage during her time on the task force . In the same episode , they are both kidnapped by Tivon Askari ( Faran Tahir ) , who was a traitor within the task force . They are both physically and mentally tortured into giving the access codes given to them during the mission . He is shocked to discover that Michael Hastings ( Tahmoh Penikett ) , one of the men with whom they had worked on the task force , was the mastermind behind the plan and threatened to rape JJ to give him the access codes . He gives in and is later stabbed by Askari , who is quickly killed by Hotch . Cruz is taken to the hospital following the incident and is believed to be alive . Several episodes later , he reappears in the season 9 finale , `` Angels '' and `` Demons , '' when he asks the team to investigate a case brought to him by his friend Peter Coleman , the sheriff of Briscoe County , Texas . They first arrive to investigate a series of murders involving prostitutes , but as they investigate , the team soon finds that they are caught in a ring of corrupt deputies -- ironically the only officer not involved being Sheriff Coleman -- and find their lives in danger . After a fatal shootout with the corrupt , drug - peddling Preacher Mills ( Brett Cullen ) , Sheriff Coleman is killed , Morgan is wounded , and Reid is critically wounded and hospitalized as a result . Distraught by this turn of events , Cruz travels to Texas with Garcia to help the team investigate and apprehend the ring leader , Deputy Owen McGregor ( Michael Trucco ) . He is not seen again until late in season 10 ( episode 19 , `` Beyond Borders '' ) when he needs the BAU to help the FBI 's international team , led by Jack Garrett ( Gary Sinise ) , to catch an unsub who has kidnapped a family while on vacation in Barbados . The case is especially critical because this unsub has eluded both the domestic and international BAU teams by killing a family in Aruba , then in Florida one year later . This episode was the backdoor pilot for the upcoming spinoff , titled Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders . Dr. Savannah Hayes ( portrayed by Rochelle Aytes ; season 9 -- 11 ; 10 episodes ) Savannah Morgan ( née Hayes ) is Derek Morgan 's wife . She works as a doctor at Bethesda General Hospital . Savannah first appeared in Season 9 's `` The Return , '' and it is presumed Morgan and Savannah started dating prior to Season 9 , and first met after she approached him when he was depressed over a case that ended badly . Before they started dating they used to be neighbors . She was introduced to the show because Shemar Moore , the actor who portrays Morgan , had requested that his character should get a romantic partner . Joy Struthers ( portrayed by Amber Stevens ; season 10 -- present ) is Rossi 's daughter from his short - lived second marriage to French diplomat Hayden Montgomery . When they divorced , Hayden did n't tell him she was pregnant , and Joy thought her father was her mother 's second husband , who finally told her the truth before dying from cancer . In the episode `` Fate '' ( 10x09 ) , Joy seeks Rossi out and they 're getting to know each other . Joy is a reporter and true - crime writer and is married . She has a 2 - year - old son called Kai .",
"Erin Strauss ( portrayed by Jayne Atkinson ; seasons 2 -- 8 , 9 ; 23 episodes ) , an assistant director and the BAU Unit Chief 's direct superior . While her FBI experience was primarily in administration , SSA Derek Morgan remarked on her masterly marksmanship , after observing her at a firing range . In early episodes , Strauss appeared only concerned with herself and appearances within the Bureau , going so far as to force SSA Jennifer Jareau to accept a promotion to the Pentagon in the episode `` JJ '' ( season 6 ) . Further character development revealed her alcohol abuse . After being confronted by Morgan and Hotchner , Strauss accepts help and achieves sobriety . In the season 8 finale , the Replicator breaks into Strauss 's hotel room in New York , drugs her , and forces her -- at gunpoint -- to drink alcohol from her room 's minibar . Hotchner finds her on a bench near the hotel , where Strauss dies in his arms . Her death is avenged when Rossi traps the Replicator in an exploding house . Fittingly , Strauss 's sobriety helps defeat the Replicator as Rossi uses her sobriety chip to escape the Replicator 's trap and taunts him with it . After attending her funeral , the members of the BAU gather in a still - emotional Rossi 's backyard , reminisce , and toast her memory . Showrunner Erica Messer chose to kill Strauss off because she felt that the character had come full circle since she was first introduced .",
"Haley Hotchner ( portrayed by Meredith Monroe ; seasons 1 -- 5 , 9 ; 14 episodes ) is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's wife and the mother of his only son , Jack Hotchner , born in late 2005 . The couple 's marriage was troubled , as clues were revealed in season 3 that she may have been having an affair and walked out on him . She later appeared with divorce papers , and he accepted reluctantly so as not to cause any trouble for his son with the divorce . In the episode `` 100 '' ( season 5 ) , Haley and Jack were captured by a killer known as `` The Reaper '' ; though Jack was saved , Haley was shot and died before Aaron could save her . Aaron later beat The Reaper to death . In the episode `` Route 66 , '' Hotch collapses from internal bleeding and dreams about Haley . She tells him that he should stop blaming himself for her death and to make sure Jack knows that he can talk about his mother 's death . Haley leaves Hotch by telling him that he and Beth have a good relationship and he should n't mess it up by not telling her how he feels .",
"Jessica Brooks ( portrayed by Molly Baker ; seasons 1 -- 11 ) , is Agent Aaron Hotchner 's sister - in - law , Jack 's aunt , and Haley 's sister .",
"Jordan Todd ( portrayed by Meta Golding ; season 4 ; 8 episodes ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's handpicked replacement to serve as the BAU 's media director during Jennifer 's maternity leave , from late 2008 through early 2009 . Jordan had formerly served in the FBI counterterrorism division , but follows Jennifer for only day of shadowing before Jennifer goes into labor . Jordan seemed to get along well with most of the team , even flirting platonically with SSA Derek Morgan . She is especially close with SSA David Rossi , who is seen to counsel her while they are on cases . However , Jordan has clashed several times with Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner . She eventually leaves when she decides she ca n't handle the stress that comes with her job .",
"Diana Reid ( portrayed by Jane Lynch ; seasons 1 -- 4 , 12 ; 8 episodes ) is the mother of BAU team member Dr. Spencer Reid . Like her son , she has a high IQ . She was once a university professor of literature , but suffers from schizophrenia and is hospitalized in a Las Vegas sanitarium , where Spencer committed her when he was 18 . Her husband , William Reid , left prior to her diagnosis , because of his inability to cope with her illness , and he could not deal with protecting her after she witnessed a murder . She is functional when on her medication , but frequently lapses into regression to her university career . Diana spent much time reading aloud to Spencer while he was growing up , and he continues to write her a letter every day . She is proud of her son but disapproves of the FBI , as it is a government - run organization ; she refers to his colleagues as `` fascists . '' She seems to be showing signs of improvement in later episodes , when Reid states that she went on a supervised field trip to the Grand Canyon without feeling the need to notify Reid . However , she did not forget him , as Reid later receives a postcard and a gift from her .",
"William LaMontagne Jr. ( portrayed by Josh Stewart ; season 2 -- present ) is SSA Jennifer Jareau 's husband and the father of Jennifer 's son , Henry LaMontagne . Will and Jennifer met while she was working a case in his hometown . As of early season 4 , Will had moved to Virginia and is a stay - at - home dad for Henry until he became a detective for the Metropolitan Police Department ( Washington D.C. ) as shown in the season 7 finale ( `` Run '' ) . It is also stated that the couple had made a deal that in a life - threatening situation , they would do everything so that one of them could live to look after Henry . Jennifer accepted his marriage proposal and they were married officially ; however , when their son was born , they exchanged rings with insets of Henry 's birthstone , citrine . He is seen briefly in the 100th episode getting medicine for Henry with Jennifer , as well as the episode `` The Slave of Duty '' ( season 5 ) , accompanying Jennifer and the team at Haley Hotchner 's funeral . In the season 7 finale , Will works alongside JJ to stop the bank robbers and is eventually taken hostage . Afterward , they agree to get married and unknowingly attend a surprise wedding ceremony thrown by Rossi and Will .",
"Kevin Lynch ( portrayed by Nicholas Brendon ; season 3 -- present ) first appears in the episode `` Penelope '' ( season 3 ) , in which he is required to search Penelope Garcia 's computer to learn who shot her . Kevin sends the team live video alerting that the unsub ( unknown subject ) is in the BAU headquarters . He is intensely impressed by Penelope 's computer skills , and the feeling is mutual . At the end of the episode , Penelope is introduced to Kevin , and the two become romantically involved . In the episode `` I Love You , Tommy Brown '' ( season 7 ) , Kevin proposes to Penelope , but she turns him down , saying that `` things are going too fast , '' and ultimately the couple break up .",
"Mateo Cruz ( portrayed by Esai Morales ; season 9 -- present ) takes over from the late Erin Strauss as the new BAU section chief in season 9 . He has a past working relationship with JJ . It was revealed in `` 200 '' that the two had worked on a task force together in the Middle East . He was the only person to know of her pregnancy and miscarriage during her time on the task force . In the same episode , they are both kidnapped by Tivon Askari ( Faran Tahir ) , who was a traitor within the task force . They are both physically and mentally tortured into giving the access codes given to them during the mission . He is shocked to discover that Michael Hastings ( Tahmoh Penikett ) , one of the men with whom they had worked on the task force , was the mastermind behind the plan and threatened to rape JJ to give him the access codes . He gives in and is later stabbed by Askari , who is quickly killed by Hotch . Cruz is taken to the hospital following the incident and is believed to be alive . Several episodes later , he reappears in the season 9 finale , `` Angels '' and `` Demons , '' when he asks the team to investigate a case brought to him by his friend Peter Coleman , the sheriff of Briscoe County , Texas . They first arrive to investigate a series of murders involving prostitutes , but as they investigate , the team soon finds that they are caught in a ring of corrupt deputies -- ironically the only officer not involved being Sheriff Coleman -- and find their lives in danger . After a fatal shootout with the corrupt , drug - peddling Preacher Mills ( Brett Cullen ) , Sheriff Coleman is killed , Morgan is wounded , and Reid is critically wounded and hospitalized as a result . Distraught by this turn of events , Cruz travels to Texas with Garcia to help the team investigate and apprehend the ring leader , Deputy Owen McGregor ( Michael Trucco ) . He is not seen again until late in season 10 ( episode 19 , `` Beyond Borders '' ) when he needs the BAU to help the FBI 's international team , led by Jack Garrett ( Gary Sinise ) , to catch an unsub who has kidnapped a family while on vacation in Barbados . The case is especially critical because this unsub has eluded both the domestic and international BAU teams by killing a family in Aruba , then in Florida one year later . This episode was the backdoor pilot for the upcoming spinoff , titled Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders .",
"Dr. Savannah Hayes ( portrayed by Rochelle Aytes ; season 9 -- 11 ; 10 episodes ) Savannah Morgan ( née Hayes ) is Derek Morgan 's wife . She works as a doctor at Bethesda General Hospital . Savannah first appeared in Season 9 's `` The Return , '' and it is presumed Morgan and Savannah started dating prior to Season 9 , and first met after she approached him when he was depressed over a case that ended badly . Before they started dating they used to be neighbors . She was introduced to the show because Shemar Moore , the actor who portrays Morgan , had requested that his character should get a romantic partner .",
"Joy Struthers ( portrayed by Amber Stevens ; season 10 -- present ) is Rossi 's daughter from his short - lived second marriage to French diplomat Hayden Montgomery . When they divorced , Hayden did n't tell him she was pregnant , and Joy thought her father was her mother 's second husband , who finally told her the truth before dying from cancer . In the episode `` Fate '' ( 10x09 ) , Joy seeks Rossi out and they 're getting to know each other . Joy is a reporter and true - crime writer and is married . She has a 2 - year - old son called Kai .",
"As of April 18 , 2018 , 299 episodes of Criminal Minds have aired , concluding the thirteenth season .",
"Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 27 8.2 23 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) May 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) 18 8.8 20 September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 18 8.2 26 September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 11 9.4 5 23 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 14 8.5 6 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 10 8.7 7 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13 8.6 8 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 16 8.0 9 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 13 8.2 10 23 October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 8 9.0 11 22 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 13 7.8 12 22 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 17 6.9 13 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) TBA TBA",
"Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings",
"First aired Last aired Rank Rating",
"22 September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 27 8.2",
"23 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) May 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) 18 8.8",
"20 September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 18 8.2",
"26 September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 11 9.4",
"5 23 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 14 8.5",
"6 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 10 8.7",
"7 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13 8.6",
"8 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 16 8.0",
"9 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 13 8.2",
"10 23 October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 8 9.0",
"11 22 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 13 7.8",
"12 22 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 17 6.9",
"13 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) TBA TBA",
"Jump up ^ Tied with Survivor Jump up ^ Tied with The Big Bang Theory and The Good Wife Jump up ^ Tied with 60 Minutes Jump up ^ Tied with Scandal Jump up ^ Tied with Madam Secretary and Scandal ^ Jump up to : Tied with Madam Secretary",
"Jump up ^ Tied with Survivor",
"Jump up ^ Tied with The Big Bang Theory and The Good Wife",
"Jump up ^ Tied with 60 Minutes",
"Jump up ^ Tied with Scandal",
"Jump up ^ Tied with Madam Secretary and Scandal",
"^ Jump up to : Tied with Madam Secretary",
"This section needs expansion with : inclusion of more reviews and summaries , for all seasons . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 )",
"This section needs expansion with : inclusion of more reviews and summaries , for all seasons . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 )",
"The first season of Criminal Minds received mixed reviews from critics . It has a Metacritic score of 42 based on 21 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . ''",
"Dorothy Rabinowitz said , in her review for The Wall Street Journal , `` From the evidence of the first few episodes , Criminal Minds may be a hit , and deservedly '' and gave particular praise to Gubler and Patinkin 's performance . Ned Martel in The New York Times was less positive , saying , `` The problem with `` Criminal Minds '' is its many confusing maladies , applied to too many characters . '' The reviewer felt that `` as a result , the cast seems like a spilled trunk of broken toys , with which the audience -- and perhaps the creators -- may quickly become bored . '' The Chicago Tribune reviewer , Sid Smith , felt that the show `` may well be worth a look , '' though he too criticized the `` confusing plots and characters . '' Writing in PopMatters , Marco Lanzagorta criticized the show after its premiere , saying it `` confuses critical thinking with supernatural abilities '' and that its characters conform to stereotypes . In the Los Angeles Times , Mary McNamara gave a similar review , and praised Patinkin and Gubler 's performances .",
"In 2016 a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` like several of the other police procedurals , '' Criminal Minds `` is more popular in rural areas , particularly in the southeastern half of the country . It hits peak popularity in Alabama and rural Tennessee and is least popular in Santa Barbara , Calif . ''",
"Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 22 September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) 19.57 May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 12.67 2005 -- 06 28 12.63 23 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 15.65 May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) 13.21 2006 -- 07 24 14.05 20 September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 12.66 May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 13.15 2007 -- 08 24 12.78 26 September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) 17.01 May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 13.99 2008 -- 09 11 14.95 5 23 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 15.85 May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 12.97 2009 -- 10 16 13.70 6 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 14.13 May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 12.84 2010 -- 11 10 14.11 7 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 14.14 May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13.68 2011 -- 12 15 13.20 8 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 11.73 May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 11.01 2012 -- 13 20 12.15 9 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 11.27 May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 12.03 2013 -- 14 12 12.66 10 23 October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 11.74 May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 9.61 2014 -- 15 11 14.11 11 22 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 10.08 May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 8.84 2015 -- 16 16 12.20 12 22 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8.92 May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8.12 2016 -- 17 20 10.86 13 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 7.00 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 5.65 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD",
"Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions )",
"Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions )",
"Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 22 September 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 22 ) 19.57 May 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) 12.67 2005 -- 06 28 12.63",
"23 September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 15.65 May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) 13.21 2006 -- 07 24 14.05",
"20 September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 12.66 May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 13.15 2007 -- 08 24 12.78",
"26 September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) 17.01 May 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) 13.99 2008 -- 09 11 14.95",
"5 23 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 15.85 May 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 26 ) 12.97 2009 -- 10 16 13.70",
"6 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 14.13 May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 12.84 2010 -- 11 10 14.11",
"7 24 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 14.14 May 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 16 ) 13.68 2011 -- 12 15 13.20",
"8 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 11.73 May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 11.01 2012 -- 13 20 12.15",
"9 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 11.27 May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 12.03 2013 -- 14 12 12.66",
"10 23 October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 11.74 May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 9.61 2014 -- 15 11 14.11",
"11 22 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 10.08 May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 8.84 2015 -- 16 16 12.20",
"12 22 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8.92 May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8.12 2016 -- 17 20 10.86",
"13 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 7.00 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 5.65 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD",
"The show ranked number nine in DVR playback ( 2.35 million viewers ) , according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data from September 22& to November 23 , 2008 .",
"For the week of October 10 , 2010 , Criminal Minds ranked sixth in DVR playback ( 2.40 million viewers ) , and seventh in the demo playback ( 1.0 demo ) according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data .",
"The series is in syndication on A&E Network and Ion Television We TV and Sundance TV .",
"Early seasons of Criminal Minds have begun airing on Rewind Networks 's HITS TV channel in South East Asia , Hong Kong and Taiwan .",
"Criminal Minds has produced two spin - offs : Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior and Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , as well as a video game .",
"The season five episode `` The Fight '' introduced a second BAU team and launched a new series called Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . The spin - off series debuted February 16 , 2011 , on CBS but was canceled after a short 13 - episode season owing to low ratings . On September 6 , 2011 , CBS DVD released The Complete Series on a four - disc set . It was packaged as `` The DVD Edition '' .",
"The cast features Forest Whitaker as the lead role of Sam Cooper ; including Janeane Garofalo , Michael Kelly , Beau Garrett , Matt Ryan , Richard Schiff , and Kirsten Vangsness , who reprises her role as Penelope Garcia from the original series .",
"A proposed new series in the Criminal Minds franchise to be named Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders was announced in January 2015 . Former CSI : NY star Gary Sinise ( who is also a producer on the show ) and Anna Gunn were cast in the lead roles of Jack Garrett and Lily Lambert , though the latter departed after the backdoor pilot . Tyler James Williams has been cast as Russ `` Monty '' Montgomery and Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons , with Alana de la Garza as Clara Seger and Annie Funke as Mae Jarvis further being cast as series regulars .",
"The series follows the FBI agents of the International Response Team ( IRT ) helping American citizens who find themselves in trouble abroad . CBS aired a backdoor pilot on April 8 , 2015 in the Criminal Minds slot , with a crossover episode titled `` Beyond Borders '' . The second spin - off series debuted March 16 , 2016 , on CBS . On May 16 , 2016 , CBS renewed the series for a second season . On May 14 , 2017 , CBS canceled the series after two seasons due to low ratings .",
"In 2017 tvN launched their own Korean version of Criminal Minds . The episodes are based on the original American version after its third season . On the cast is Lee Joon - gi as Kim Hyun - joon ( Derek Morgan ) , Moon Chae Won as Ha Sun - woo ( Emily Prentiss ) , Son Hyun - joo as Kang Ki - hyung ( Aaron Hotchner ) , Yoo Sun as Nana Hwang ( Penelope Garcia ) , Lee Sun - bin as Yoo Min - young ( Jennifer Jareau ) , and Go Yoon as Lee Han ( Spencer Reid ) . The episodes are 1 hour long .",
"CBS announced in October 2009 that Legacy Interactive would develop a video game based on the show . The game would require players to examine crime scenes for clues to help solve murder mysteries . The interactive puzzle game was released in 2012 , but the show 's cast was not involved with the project so it did not feature any of their voices .",
"Awards and nominations for Criminal Minds Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2006 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Television Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Editing -- Television Jimmy Giritlian Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2007 Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2008 Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing -- Music for Short Form Television Lisa A. Arpino For episode `` True Night '' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Tabula Rasa '' Nominated 2009 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Normal '' Nominated Hollywood Music In Media Awards ( HMMA ) Best Score in a TV Show Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Remembrance of Things Past '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated MovieGuide Awards Faith and Freedom Award Criminal Minds For episode `` The Fallen '' Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Pact '' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Strange Fruit '' Won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Rob Hardy For episode `` Carbon Copy '' Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated Prism Awards Drama Episode -- Mental Health Criminal Minds For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated Monte - Carlo TV Festival International TV Audience Award -- Best Drama TV Series Touchstone Television , The Mark Gordon Company Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Won Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Hanelle Culpepper For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Won",
"Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result",
"2006 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Television Drama Criminal Minds Nominated",
"Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Editing -- Television Jimmy Giritlian Nominated",
"ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won",
"2007 Top TV Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won",
"2008 Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing -- Music for Short Form Television Lisa A. Arpino For episode `` True Night '' Nominated",
"BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won",
"Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Tabula Rasa '' Nominated",
"2009 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won",
"Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Normal '' Nominated",
"Hollywood Music In Media Awards ( HMMA ) Best Score in a TV Show Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won",
"ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won",
"2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated",
"Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Remembrance of Things Past '' Nominated",
"ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won",
"2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated",
"Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated",
"ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won",
"Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` The Bittersweet Science '' Nominated",
"2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated",
"MovieGuide Awards Faith and Freedom Award Criminal Minds For episode `` The Fallen '' Nominated",
"Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Pact '' Nominated",
"BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won",
"ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Marc Fantini , Steffan Fantini , Scott Gordon Won",
"2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated",
"Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Strange Fruit '' Won",
"Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Nominated",
"Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Rob Hardy For episode `` Carbon Copy '' Nominated",
"2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated",
"Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated",
"Prism Awards Drama Episode -- Mental Health Criminal Minds For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated",
"Monte - Carlo TV Festival International TV Audience Award -- Best Drama TV Series Touchstone Television , The Mark Gordon Company Nominated",
"Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Won",
"Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Hanelle Culpepper For episode `` The Edge of Winter '' Nominated",
"2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated",
"Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated",
"2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Won"
] | Criminal Minds - wikipedia Criminal Minds Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Criminal Minds (disambiguation) . Criminal Minds Genre Police procedural Action Thriller Crime drama Created by Jeff Davis Starring Mandy Patinkin Thomas Gibson Lola Glaudini Shemar Moore Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Paget Brewster Joe Mantegna Rachel Nichols Jeanne Tripplehorn Jennifer Love Hewitt Aisha Tyler Adam Rodriguez Damon Gupton Daniel Henney Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 299 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Mark Gordon (2005-- ) Jeff Davis (2005-- 07) Edward Allen Bernero (2005-- 11) Deborah Spera (2006-- 11) Chris Mundy (2009-- 10) Simon Mirren (2009-- 11) Erica Messer (2010-- ) Janine Sherman Barrois (2010-- 15) Breen Frazier (2015-- ) Harry Bring (2017-- ) Glenn Kershaw (2017-- ) Running time 42 minutes Production company(s) The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television (2005-- 2007) (seasons 1-- 2) ABC Studios (2007-- present) (season 3-- present) Paramount Network Television (2005-- 2006) (season 1) CBS Paramount Network Television (2006-- 2009) (seasons 2-- 4) CBS Television Studios (2009-- present) (season 5-- present) External links Website Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created by Jeff Davis and is the original show in the Criminal Minds franchise . It premiered on September 22, 2005, on the broadcast network CBS . The series is produced by The Mark Gordon Company , in association with CBS Television Studios and ABC Studios (a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company ). Criminal Minds is set primarily at the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) based in Quantico, Virginia . In accordance with the show's plot, Criminal Minds differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal, called the `` unsub'' or `` unknown subject'' , rather than the crime itself. The show has an ensemble cast that has had many cast member changes since its inception. Matthew Gray Gubler , A.J. Cook , Kirsten Vangsness , and Shemar Moore are the only actors to have appeared in every season. Thomas Gibson appeared in every season through Season 12. The series follows a group of FBI profilers who set about catching various criminals through behavioral profiling. The plot focuses on the team working cases and on the personal lives of the characters, depicting the hardened life and statutory requirements of a profiler. The show spawned several spin-offs: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior in 2011, Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders in 2016, and a South Korean adaptation in 2017. On April 7, 2017, CBS renewed the series for a thirteenth season. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 American ratings 4.2.1 Broadcast 4.2.2 DVR 5 Syndication 6 Franchise 6.1 Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior 6.2 Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders 6.3 크리미널 마인드 (Criminal Minds Korea) 6.4 Video game 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) When the series premiered in September 2005, it featured FBI agents Jason Gideon , Aaron Hotchner , Elle Greenaway , Derek Morgan , Spencer Reid , Jennifer `` JJ'' Jareau , and Penelope Garcia . For season 1, Garcia was not a main cast member but rather had a recurring role, although she appeared in most episodes. In 2006, at the start of season 2, Lola Glaudini announced her departure from the show, as she wanted to return home to New York City . Paget Brewster replaced her in the role of Emily Prentiss . At the start of season 3, Mandy Patinkin announced his departure from the show because he was deeply disturbed by the content of the series. He left letters of apology for his fellow cast members, explaining his reasons and wishing them luck. Joe Mantegna replaced him as David Rossi , a best-selling author and FBI agent who comes out of retirement. During season three, A.J. Cook became pregnant with her first child. Her pregnancy was written into the show. Cook's son, Mekhai Andersen, has been written into a recurring role as Jennifer's son Henry. Cook's void during maternity leave was filled by Meta Golding , who played Jordan Todd, an FBI agent who works with the agency's Counter Terrorism Unit. In season 6, JJ is forced to accept a promotion at The Pentagon , causing her to leave the BAU. Later that season, Emily is seemingly killed off. Although she survives, she does not appear for the rest of the season. Cook and Brewster were both replaced by Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver , an FBI cadet. CBS's decision to release Cook and Brewster from their contracts resulted in numerous fans writing angry letters to the studio and signing protest petitions. CBS rehired Cook and Brewster as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss, respectively; Nichols was released. In February 2012 Brewster announced her departure from the show after the seventh season. She was replaced in the eighth season by Jeanne Tripplehorn , who played Alex Blake , a linguistics expert. Later in season nine, Paget Brewster made a special guest appearance, reprising her role as Emily Prentiss in the 200th episode. After two seasons, Tripplehorn was released from the show. Former Ghost Whisperer star Jennifer Love Hewitt joined the cast as Kate Callahan, a former undercover FBI agent who joins the BAU. During season 10, Jason Gideon was killed off-screen. Executive producer and showrunner Erica Messer said CBS and ABC Studios were fine with the decision because it was clear that Patinkin would not come back again, but the show would feature him in a flashback if he were ever to return in the future. Following the conclusion of season 10, Hewitt and Cook announced that they will both be on hiatus from the show due to their pregnancies. Hewitt did not return for season 11 or any of the following ones, while Cook returned after the first seven episodes of season 11. Aisha Tyler , who plays Dr. Tara Lewis, joined the show at the start of season 11 in a recurring role, though she appeared in most episodes. Later that season, Shemar Moore , who plays Derek Morgan , left the show after 11 seasons. He had thought to leave in the previous season when his contract ended but was persuaded to stay to give his character a proper sendoff. Messer said the initial thought was for Moore to do six episodes, but when that didn't feel like enough, they settled on Moore doing the first 18 episodes of that season, and he departed in March 2016. He is replaced in the twelfth season by former CSI: Miami star Adam Rodriguez , who plays Luke Alvez, a Fugitive Task Force Agent. A week after Moore left, Paget Brewster made her second special guest appearance. In season 12, Brewster once again became a series regular. On August 10, 2016, it was announced that Aisha Tyler would be promoted to series regular for the 12th season. The next day, it was reported that Thomas Gibson , who portrays Aaron Hotchner , had been suspended from and written off the show for at least one, most likely two, episodes in the 12th season owing to an on-set altercation with one of the producers. The day after that, Gibson was fired from the program due to this incident. On September 30, 2016, it was announced that Gibson's character would be replaced by Damon Gupton , who will play Special Agent Stephen Walker, a seasoned profiler from the Behavioral Analysis Program (the counterintelligence division of the FBI) who will bring his spy-hunting skills to the BAU. On June 11, 2017, it was announced that Gupton had been fired from the show after one season. CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show.'' On June 20, 2017, CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the 13th season. Characters ( edit ) Main article: List of Criminal Minds characters Cast members in 2011-- 12: (left to right) Gibson, Cook, Gubler, Mantegna, Brewster, and Moore. Absent: Kirsten Vangsness Cast and crew at a Paley Centre discussion of the show Main ( edit ) Jason Gideon ( Mandy Patinkin ), senior supervisory special agent and former BAU unit chief (seasons 1-- 3) Gideon is widely known as the BAU's best profiler. After a series of emotionally troubling cases and the murder of his friend Sarah by fugitive serial killer Frank Breitkopf ( Keith Carradine ), he begins to feel burned out. The last straw occurs when Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner is suspended for two weeks by the team's boss-- an action for which Jason feels responsible. He retreats to his cabin and leaves a letter for Dr. Spencer Reid, who he knows will be the one to look for him. When Spencer arrives at the cabin, it is empty except for the letter and Jason's badge and firearm. Jason is last seen remarking to a Nevada diner waitress that he does not know where he is going or how he will know when he gets there, leaving the diner and driving off. In season 10, he is killed (off-screen) by a suspect he had tracked down from one of his first cases. Aaron Hotchner ( Thomas Gibson ), Former BAU unit chief and senior supervisory special agent (seasons 1-- 12) Hotch is a former prosecutor and was originally assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle. He is one of the most experienced agents in the BAU. He struggles to balance the demands of his job with his family life, but his wife, Haley Brooks ( Meredith Monroe ), divorces him in season 3. In the episode `` 100'' (season 5), Haley is killed by fugitive serial killer George Foyet ( C. Thomas Howell ), also known as `` The Boston Reaper,'' whom Aaron fights and beats to death. He also has a son named Jack (Cade Owens) and a brother named Sean. After Haley is murdered, he has custody of Jack, and Haley's sister, Jessica Brooks (Molly Baker), helps him take care of Jack. When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU, Aaron and technical analyst Penelope Garcia take over her job as communications liaison. Aaron dated a woman named Beth Clemmons ( Bellamy Young ), who first appeared in the episode `` The Bittersweet Science'' (season 7), before the couple separated after Clemmons accepted a job in Hong Kong. Following an on-set altercation, Thomas Gibson was removed from the main cast after season 12, episode 2, at which point it's claimed that Gibson's character took a consulting job off screen. In a later episode, it's revealed that the consulting job was a ruse and that Jack was being stalked by a serial killer from a previous BAU case. Therefore, Aaron and Jack went into the witness protection program. Elle Greenaway ( Lola Glaudini ), Supervisory Special Agent (seasons 1-- 2) Greenaway is assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle and assigned to the BAU as an expert in sexual offense crimes. Elle suffers extreme emotional trauma after being shot by an unsub in the season 1 finale (`` The Fisher King (Part 1)'' ). In the season 2 premiere (`` The Fisher King (Part 2)'' ), Elle survives and returns to duty sooner than SSA Jason Gideon and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner would like. Several episodes later, while alone on stakeout of a suspected serial rapist, she murders the suspect by shooting in cold blood and planting her gun on the unarmed victim. The local police deem it self-defense, but Jason and Aaron question her ability as a profiler after this. Elle resigns, turning in her badge and gun to Aaron, declaring that it is `` not an admission of guilt.'' Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ), supervisory special Agent (seasons 1-- 11; guest star seasons 12-- 13) Morgan is a confident, assertive, and often hot-tempered character. He was raised by his mother, Fran, along with his two sisters, Sarah Morgan and Desiree Benita, after the death of his police officer father right in front of him, Derek was a troubled Chicago youth headed for juvenile delinquency . He was rescued and mentored by Carl Buford (Julius Tennon). Buford turned out to be a sexual predator who molested Derek and other young boys; he was eventually arrested for murder. After developing an interest in football, Derek attended Northwestern University on a scholarship . After a football injury left him unable to play, he joined the Chicago Police Department 's bomb squad and later joined the FBI and the BAU. He has an emotionally intimate, but platonic , relationship with technical analyst Penelope Garcia; the two have a unique shorthand and banter. In the season 7 premiere (`` It Takes a Village'' ), Derek shows utter hatred toward Ian Doyle (Timothy V. Murphy) for killing SSA Emily Prentiss, but when Emily returns alive, he has mixed feelings. In season 11, Derek is kidnapped and tortured by the father of Giuseppe Montolo, a hitman whom Derek put away and who later died while in custody. Derek escapes and when he learns his girlfriend Savannah is pregnant, he realizes that he doesn't want to put his family through something like this again. Derek leaves the BAU in the episode `` A Beautiful Disaster'' to care for his now-wife and newborn son. Spencer Reid , Ph.D. , ( Matthew Gray Gubler ), supervisory special agent (seasons 1-- present) Reid is a genius who graduated from Las Vegas High School at age 12 and holds Ph.D.s in mathematics , chemistry , and engineering as well as bachelor of arts degrees in psychology and sociology and, as of season 4, is working on a B.A. in philosophy . It has been revealed that he has an IQ of 187, can read a dizzying 20,000 words per minute, and has an eidetic memory . Most of the members on the team are intimidated by his profound knowledge. He is habitually introduced as `` Dr. Spencer Reid'' in contrast to the other agents, who are introduced as `` supervisory special agent.'' The purpose of this, as explained by Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner in the pilot episode (`` Extreme Aggressor '' ), is to create a respectable first impression of Spencer, deflecting judgments about his age. His mother, Diana Reid ( Jane Lynch ), suffers from schizophrenia and is currently committed to a mental institution. In season 6 Reid starts suffering from cluster headaches and when doctors can't diagnose why, Reid thinks he might be in the early stages of schizophrenia himself. Reid takes SSA Emily Prentiss' death very hard and when it was revealed the death was faked was distrustful of both Prentiss and SSA Jennifer Jareau (who helped in the cover-up). During season 8, Reid becomes involved with a woman who was being stalked. In the episode `` Zugzwang,'' her stalker ultimately kidnaps her and kills her, devastating Reid. In season 11 he is deeply affected by Derek Morgan's decision to leave the BAU but understands and supports his reasons. Initially Reid had a crush on JJ, even going as far as taking her on a date to a football game. As the series progresses, their relationship becomes more of the brother-- sister kind. Morgan and Reid maintained a brotherly relationship and Morgan refers to Reid as his `` little brother'' prior to his departure in season 11. Spencer is also the godfather of Jennifer's son, Henry, and Derek's son, Hank. Jennifer `` JJ'' Jareau ( A.J. Cook ), former BAU communications liaison and current supervisory special agent (seasons 1-- 5, 7-- present; recurring season 6) JJ served as the communications liaison on the team to local police agencies in seasons 1-- 5. She dates and marries William LaMontagne ( Josh Stewart ), a New Orleans Police Department detective . They have two sons, Henry LaMontagne (Mekhai Andersen) and Michael LaMontagne (Phoenix Sky Andersen). Both boys are played by A.J. Cook's real-life sons. In the episode `` JJ'' (season 6), Jennifer is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon , causing her departure from the team, although Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner expresses his hope that she will return to the BAU in the future. Jennifer returns in the episode `` Lauren'' (season 6) to assist the team in finding SSA Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ). Jennifer returns as a series regular in the season 7 premiere as a legitimate profiler and admits to helping fake Prentiss's death, much to dismay of her colleagues. In the 200th episode, JJ is kidnapped because of a secret mission she performed while at the Pentagon. At the end of season 10, JJ reveals she is pregnant with her second child and consults over the phone for the few episodes of season 11 before rejoining the team in the field in the episode `` Target Rich.'' Penelope Garcia ( Kirsten Vangsness ), BAU technical analyst and BAU communications liaison (seasons 2-- present; recurring season 1) Garcia joined the BAU after bringing attention to herself by illegally accessing some of their equipment; she is offered a job in lieu of a jail sentence. She submitted her resume to Hotch on pink stationery. She usually supports the team from her computer lab at Quantico but occasionally joins them on location when her skills can be used in the field. She is a leader in a support group for those who have lost someone in their lives. Her parents were killed by a drunk driver when they were out looking for her when she was a teen and had missed her curfew. She enjoys a flirtatious relationship with SSA Derek Morgan, often engaging in comical banter of a sexually suggestive nature when he calls in for information. He calls her `` Baby Girl.'' She was once shot and almost killed by Jason Clark Battle, who lured her on a date in the episode `` Lucky'' (season 3). When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU, Penelope and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner take over her job as communications liaison. SSA Sam Cooper ( Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior ) often calls when his team needs her computer skills. Penelope is the godmother of Jennifer's son, Henry, and the godmother of Morgan's son. Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ), supervisory special agent and BAU Unit Chief (seasons 2-- 7, 12-- present; guest seasons 9, 11) Prentiss is the daughter of Ambassador Elizabeth Prentiss ( Kate Jackson ). After SSA Elle Greenaway leaves the BAU, Assistant Director Strauss approves Emily to join the BAU. The plan was for Emily to report any problems within the BAU, but Emily remained loyal to the team and refused to report any problems, going so far as threatening resignation. Emily is also fluent in several languages, such as Spanish, French, Greek, and Arabic, has a working knowledge in Italian, and was fluent in Russian at one point but has lost comprehension. She is apparently killed while being held hostage by Ian Doyle in the episode `` Lauren'' (season 6), but in the last scene of the episode, it is revealed that she survived her encounter with Ian and is seen with SSA Jennifer Jareau in Paris passing her passports and bank accounts for protection. In the season 7 premiere (`` It Takes a Village'' ), she returns alive and well, much to the team's surprise. In the season 7 finale (`` Run'' ), Emily decides to leave the BAU after accepting a position running and returning to the Interpol office in London . She returns for the 200th episode to help rescue a kidnapped SSA Jennifer Jareau and again in the episode `` Tribute'' (season 11), where she enlists the help of the BAU in catching a serial killer who had originally killed in Europe before killing in the United States. Paget Brewster was confirmed to return for a several episode arc in season 12. Following the dismissal of Thomas Gibson, Brewster was promoted to a series regular again starting from season 12, episode 3; later Prentiss is promoted to Hotch's position of unit chief. David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ), senior supervisory special agent (seasons 3-- present) Rossi is a highly experienced profiler who once worked the BAU in its origins, then took early retirement in 1997 to write books and go on lecture tours about criminal analysis, until volunteering to return shortly after SSA Jason Gideon's departure in 2007. He has been married three times and is quite wealthy because of his successful writing career. In the episode `` From Childhood's Hour'' (season 7), David reconnects with his first wife, Carolyn Baker, who has shocking news for him. It is revealed that she came to him because she was diagnosed with ALS ( Lou Gehrig's disease ) and wants David to assist in her suicide. In the next episode (`` Epilogue'' ), Carolyn dies after taking a drug overdose. It is also revealed in this episode that David had a son who died at birth. In the season 8 episode `` The Fallen,'' it is revealed that David was a Marine in Vietnam. The season 7 finale (`` Hit'' ) reveals SSA David Rossi may be having a secret relationship with Section Chief Erin Strauss; this was discovered when technical analyst Penelope Garcia and SSA Dr. Spencer Reid spot them both leaving a hotel. In the last season 8 episode (`` The Replicator'' ) we see their relationship has been known to the entire team. The episode is an emotional one for SSA David Rossi since Unit Chief Erin Strauss is murdered by The Replicator. She was taken from her hotel room, where he had planned to meet her that night, drugged and put on the streets of New York disoriented for Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner to find her. The episode's last scene is SSA David Rossi eulogizing her to the team after her funeral, at a gathering at his home. In season 10 we learn that David has a daughter by his second wife. Since then, he is shown to have a strong relationship with his daughter, son-in-law, and grandson, even approving of her husband's Italian heritage. In season 11 Rossi reunites with his second wife, and they give their relationship a second chance. Ashley Seaver ( Rachel Nichols ), FBI cadet and special agent (season 6) Seaver replaces SSA Jennifer Jareau after she is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon. She was chosen for her unique background; her father, Charles Beauchamp, was a horrific serial killer known as the `` Redmond Ripper,'' who murdered dozens of women before being caught by the BAU, incidentally. At first, Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner was going to make her a special one-time consultant to the BAU, but SSA David Rossi allowed her to finish her remedial training with the team, under the supervision of SSA Emily Prentiss. In the episode `` ... With Friends Like These'' (season 6), she graduated from the Academy and had been added to the team as a `` probationary agent.'' In the season 7 premiere (`` It Takes a Village'' ), Jennifer reveals to Emily that Ashley transferred to the domestic trafficking task force, which is led by Andi Swann. Alex Blake , Ph.D. , ( Jeanne Tripplehorn ), FBI linguistics expert, supervisory special agent, and professor at Georgetown University (seasons 8-- 9) Blake once worked for the BAU during the 2001 anthrax attacks but retired after a conflict with Chief Erin Strauss and rejoins the BAU after SSA Emily Prentiss transfers to the Interpol office in London. Alex first appears in the season 8 premiere (`` The Silencer'' ). She makes a personal connection with Spencer Reid after he reveals to her that he has begun a romantic relationship with a woman whom he has never met. In the season 9 finale, after a difficult case in Texas in which the team is targeted by a group of corrupt sheriff deputies and Reid is shot, she escorts Reid to his apartment, explaining that the experience brought back memories of her son's death and that Reid reminds her of him. She leaves behind her credentials, which Reid finds in his bag before seeing Blake leave in a taxi, saddened but understanding. Kate Callahan ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ), Former FBI undercover agent and supervisory special agent (season 10) Callahan, as mentioned in the season 10 premiere, previously worked under Andi Swann's team, which is also Ashley Seaver's team since she left the BAU. She is a `` seasoned undercover agent whose stellar work at the FBI has landed her a coveted position with the Behavioral Analysis Unit.'' She and her husband, Chris, have been the guardians of Kate's teenage niece, Meg, since Meg was a baby following her parents' deaths in the September 11, 2001 , attacks. Kate and Chris discover they are expecting a baby in the middle of season 10, coinciding with the actress's real-life pregnancy. At the end of season 10 she decides to take a year off and raise her baby. As of season 12, she has not returned, but producer Erica Messer has stated the door was open should Hewitt choose to return to the show. Dr. Tara Lewis ( Aisha Tyler ), forensic psychologist and supervisory special agent (seasons 12-- present; recurring season 11) Lewis is a psychologist with an eye on forensic psychology and its application toward the criminal-justice system. Her dream was to study psychopaths up close and personal-- and her psychology background, combined with her experience in the FBI, brought her face to face with monsters. Her job was to stare them down and interview them, to determine if they were fit to stand trial. In the process, she made herself find the humanity inside these broken men (and, sometimes, women) in order to learn if there was a conscience behind their brutal crimes. Lewis replaced both JJ ( A.J. Cook ) and Kate ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) while they were on maternity leave in the 11th season. Luke Alvez ( Adam Rodriguez ), fugitive task force agent and supervisory special agent (seasons 12-- present) Alvez is a member of the FBI fugitive task force that partners with the BAU to catch the serial killers that escaped in the season 11 finale. In the season 12 premiere, he works with the BAU to catch the `` Crimson King,'' one of the escapees that attacked Alvez's old partner. The team discovers the real killer is `` Mr. Scratch,'' who taunts the team by turning over the real `` Crimson King,'' who was tortured to the point he no longer remembers who he was. After that, Alvez decides to join the BAU full time. Alvez has a dog, a Belgian Tervuren named Roxy (whom Garcia thought at first was his human girlfriend) and served in Iraq as an Army Ranger prior to joining the FBI. Stephen Walker ( Damon Gupton ), supervisory special agent (season 12) Walker is a supervisory special agent with the BAU. Walker was a member of the Behavioral Analysis Program. He was contacted by Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) about joining the BAU to assist in the manhunt for Peter Lewis, aka `` Mr. Scratch.'' Walker is an experienced profiler with about 20 years under his belt and a member of the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Program before his transfer to the BAU. He is married to a woman named Monica and has two children with her, Maya and Eli. He met Emily Prentiss, then the chief of Interpol's London office, during his line of work. He was also mentored by David Rossi ( Joe Mantegna ). Stephen's first case concerned a terrorist cell in Belgium, and three agents were sent undercover to infiltrate it. However, Stephen's profile was wrong, and this resulted in the deaths of the undercover agents. He eventually moved on from the trauma and improved as he went along in his career. He and other BAP agents, including his longtime friend Sam Bower, were sent undercover to investigate corruption in the Russian government. Walker's skills include being fluent in Russian and playing the trombone. In the season 13 premiere, it is revealed he had died in the car crash after Mr. Scratch laid spike strips down in the end of season 12. Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) (season 13; guest seasons 10, 12) is a former member of the International Response Team . Simmons is a special operations agent and formerly worked with the IRT. Simmons as wife, Kristy, (Kelly Frye) and has a total of four children, including two boys (Jake and David) and twin daughters, all of them under the age of 3. He was a former member of a special ops unit, and his experience with the unit allowed him to hone his profiling skills. Recurring ( edit ) Erin Strauss (portrayed by Jayne Atkinson ; seasons 2-- 8, 9; 23 episodes), an assistant director and the BAU Unit Chief's direct superior. While her FBI experience was primarily in administration, SSA Derek Morgan remarked on her masterly marksmanship, after observing her at a firing range. In early episodes, Strauss appeared only concerned with herself and appearances within the Bureau, going so far as to force SSA Jennifer Jareau to accept a promotion to the Pentagon in the episode `` JJ'' (season 6). Further character development revealed her alcohol abuse. After being confronted by Morgan and Hotchner, Strauss accepts help and achieves sobriety. In the season 8 finale, the Replicator breaks into Strauss's hotel room in New York, drugs her, and forces her-- at gunpoint-- to drink alcohol from her room's minibar. Hotchner finds her on a bench near the hotel, where Strauss dies in his arms. Her death is avenged when Rossi traps the Replicator in an exploding house. Fittingly, Strauss's sobriety helps defeat the Replicator as Rossi uses her sobriety chip to escape the Replicator's trap and taunts him with it. After attending her funeral, the members of the BAU gather in a still-emotional Rossi's backyard, reminisce, and toast her memory. Showrunner Erica Messer chose to kill Strauss off because she felt that the character had come full circle since she was first introduced. Haley Hotchner (portrayed by Meredith Monroe ; seasons 1-- 5, 9; 14 episodes) is Agent Aaron Hotchner's wife and the mother of his only son, Jack Hotchner, born in late 2005. The couple's marriage was troubled, as clues were revealed in season 3 that she may have been having an affair and walked out on him. She later appeared with divorce papers, and he accepted reluctantly so as not to cause any trouble for his son with the divorce. In the episode `` 100'' (season 5), Haley and Jack were captured by a killer known as `` The Reaper'' ; though Jack was saved, Haley was shot and died before Aaron could save her. Aaron later beat The Reaper to death. In the episode `` Route 66,'' Hotch collapses from internal bleeding and dreams about Haley. She tells him that he should stop blaming himself for her death and to make sure Jack knows that he can talk about his mother's death. Haley leaves Hotch by telling him that he and Beth have a good relationship and he shouldn't mess it up by not telling her how he feels. Jessica Brooks (portrayed by Molly Baker; seasons 1-- 11), is Agent Aaron Hotchner's sister-in-law, Jack's aunt, and Haley's sister. Jordan Todd (portrayed by Meta Golding ; season 4; 8 episodes) is SSA Jennifer Jareau's handpicked replacement to serve as the BAU's media director during Jennifer's maternity leave, from late 2008 through early 2009. Jordan had formerly served in the FBI counterterrorism division, but follows Jennifer for only day of shadowing before Jennifer goes into labor. Jordan seemed to get along well with most of the team, even flirting platonically with SSA Derek Morgan . She is especially close with SSA David Rossi, who is seen to counsel her while they are on cases. However, Jordan has clashed several times with Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner. She eventually leaves when she decides she can't handle the stress that comes with her job. Diana Reid (portrayed by Jane Lynch ; seasons 1-- 4, 12; 8 episodes) is the mother of BAU team member Dr. Spencer Reid. Like her son, she has a high IQ. She was once a university professor of literature, but suffers from schizophrenia and is hospitalized in a Las Vegas sanitarium, where Spencer committed her when he was 18. Her husband, William Reid, left prior to her diagnosis, because of his inability to cope with her illness, and he could not deal with protecting her after she witnessed a murder. She is functional when on her medication, but frequently lapses into regression to her university career. Diana spent much time reading aloud to Spencer while he was growing up, and he continues to write her a letter every day. She is proud of her son but disapproves of the FBI, as it is a government-run organization; she refers to his colleagues as `` fascists.'' She seems to be showing signs of improvement in later episodes, when Reid states that she went on a supervised field trip to the Grand Canyon without feeling the need to notify Reid. However, she did not forget him, as Reid later receives a postcard and a gift from her. William LaMontagne Jr. (portrayed by Josh Stewart ; season 2-- present) is SSA Jennifer Jareau's husband and the father of Jennifer's son, Henry LaMontagne. Will and Jennifer met while she was working a case in his hometown. As of early season 4, Will had moved to Virginia and is a stay-at-home dad for Henry until he became a detective for the Metropolitan Police Department (Washington D.C.) as shown in the season 7 finale (`` Run'' ). It is also stated that the couple had made a deal that in a life-threatening situation, they would do everything so that one of them could live to look after Henry. Jennifer accepted his marriage proposal and they were married officially; however, when their son was born, they exchanged rings with insets of Henry's birthstone, citrine. He is seen briefly in the 100th episode getting medicine for Henry with Jennifer, as well as the episode `` The Slave of Duty'' (season 5), accompanying Jennifer and the team at Haley Hotchner's funeral. In the season 7 finale, Will works alongside JJ to stop the bank robbers and is eventually taken hostage. Afterward, they agree to get married and unknowingly attend a surprise wedding ceremony thrown by Rossi and Will. Kevin Lynch (portrayed by Nicholas Brendon ; season 3-- present) first appears in the episode `` Penelope'' (season 3), in which he is required to search Penelope Garcia's computer to learn who shot her. Kevin sends the team live video alerting that the unsub (unknown subject) is in the BAU headquarters. He is intensely impressed by Penelope's computer skills, and the feeling is mutual. At the end of the episode, Penelope is introduced to Kevin, and the two become romantically involved. In the episode `` I Love You, Tommy Brown'' (season 7), Kevin proposes to Penelope, but she turns him down, saying that `` things are going too fast,'' and ultimately the couple break up. Mateo Cruz (portrayed by Esai Morales ; season 9-- present) takes over from the late Erin Strauss as the new BAU section chief in season 9. He has a past working relationship with JJ. It was revealed in `` 200'' that the two had worked on a task force together in the Middle East. He was the only person to know of her pregnancy and miscarriage during her time on the task force. In the same episode, they are both kidnapped by Tivon Askari ( Faran Tahir ), who was a traitor within the task force. They are both physically and mentally tortured into giving the access codes given to them during the mission. He is shocked to discover that Michael Hastings ( Tahmoh Penikett ), one of the men with whom they had worked on the task force, was the mastermind behind the plan and threatened to rape JJ to give him the access codes. He gives in and is later stabbed by Askari, who is quickly killed by Hotch. Cruz is taken to the hospital following the incident and is believed to be alive. Several episodes later, he reappears in the season 9 finale, `` Angels'' and `` Demons,'' when he asks the team to investigate a case brought to him by his friend Peter Coleman, the sheriff of Briscoe County, Texas. They first arrive to investigate a series of murders involving prostitutes, but as they investigate, the team soon finds that they are caught in a ring of corrupt deputies-- ironically the only officer not involved being Sheriff Coleman-- and find their lives in danger. After a fatal shootout with the corrupt, drug-peddling Preacher Mills ( Brett Cullen ), Sheriff Coleman is killed, Morgan is wounded, and Reid is critically wounded and hospitalized as a result. Distraught by this turn of events, Cruz travels to Texas with Garcia to help the team investigate and apprehend the ring leader, Deputy Owen McGregor ( Michael Trucco ). He is not seen again until late in season 10 (episode 19, `` Beyond Borders'' ) when he needs the BAU to help the FBI's international team, led by Jack Garrett ( Gary Sinise ), to catch an unsub who has kidnapped a family while on vacation in Barbados. The case is especially critical because this unsub has eluded both the domestic and international BAU teams by killing a family in Aruba, then in Florida one year later. This episode was the backdoor pilot for the upcoming spinoff, titled Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders . Dr. Savannah Hayes (portrayed by Rochelle Aytes ; season 9-- 11; 10 episodes) Savannah Morgan (née Hayes) is Derek Morgan 's wife. She works as a doctor at Bethesda General Hospital. Savannah first appeared in Season 9's `` The Return,'' and it is presumed Morgan and Savannah started dating prior to Season 9, and first met after she approached him when he was depressed over a case that ended badly. Before they started dating they used to be neighbors. She was introduced to the show because Shemar Moore , the actor who portrays Morgan, had requested that his character should get a romantic partner. Joy Struthers (portrayed by Amber Stevens ; season 10-- present) is Rossi's daughter from his short-lived second marriage to French diplomat Hayden Montgomery. When they divorced, Hayden didn't tell him she was pregnant, and Joy thought her father was her mother's second husband, who finally told her the truth before dying from cancer. In the episode `` Fate'' (10x09), Joy seeks Rossi out and they're getting to know each other. Joy is a reporter and true-crime writer and is married. She has a 2-year-old son called Kai. Episodes ( edit ) Main article: List of Criminal Minds episodes As of April 18, 2018, 299 episodes of Criminal Minds have aired, concluding the thirteenth season. Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 22, 2005 ( 2005-09-22 ) May 10, 2006 ( 2006-05-10 ) 27 8.2 23 September 20, 2006 ( 2006-09-20 ) May 15, 2007 ( 2007-05-15 ) 18 8.8 20 September 26, 2007 ( 2007-09-26 ) May 21, 2008 ( 2008-05-21 ) 18 8.2 26 September 24, 2008 ( 2008-09-24 ) May 20, 2009 ( 2009-05-20 ) 11 9.4 5 23 September 23, 2009 ( 2009-09-23 ) May 26, 2010 ( 2010-05-26 ) 14 8.5 6 24 September 22, 2010 ( 2010-09-22 ) May 18, 2011 ( 2011-05-18 ) 10 8.7 7 24 September 21, 2011 ( 2011-09-21 ) May 16, 2012 ( 2012-05-16 ) 13 8.6 8 24 September 26, 2012 ( 2012-09-26 ) May 22, 2013 ( 2013-05-22 ) 16 8.0 9 24 September 25, 2013 ( 2013-09-25 ) May 14, 2014 ( 2014-05-14 ) 13 8.2 10 23 October 1, 2014 ( 2014-10-01 ) May 6, 2015 ( 2015-05-06 ) 8 9.0 11 22 September 30, 2015 ( 2015-09-30 ) May 4, 2016 ( 2016-05-04 ) 13 7.8 12 22 September 28, 2016 ( 2016-09-28 ) May 10, 2017 ( 2017-05-10 ) 17 6.9 13 22 September 27, 2017 ( 2017-09-27 ) April 18, 2018 ( 2018-04-18 ) TBA TBA Jump up ^ Tied with Survivor Jump up ^ Tied with The Big Bang Theory and The Good Wife Jump up ^ Tied with 60 Minutes Jump up ^ Tied with Scandal Jump up ^ Tied with Madam Secretary and Scandal ^ Jump up to: Tied with Madam Secretary Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion with: inclusion of more reviews and summaries, for all seasons. You can help by adding to it . (April 2016) The first season of Criminal Minds received mixed reviews from critics. It has a Metacritic score of 42 based on 21 reviews, indicating `` mixed or average reviews.'' Dorothy Rabinowitz said, in her review for The Wall Street Journal , `` From the evidence of the first few episodes, Criminal Minds may be a hit, and deservedly'' and gave particular praise to Gubler and Patinkin's performance. Ned Martel in The New York Times was less positive, saying, `` The problem with `` Criminal Minds'' is its many confusing maladies, applied to too many characters.'' The reviewer felt that `` as a result, the cast seems like a spilled trunk of broken toys, with which the audience-- and perhaps the creators-- may quickly become bored.'' The Chicago Tribune reviewer, Sid Smith, felt that the show `` may well be worth a look,'' though he too criticized the `` confusing plots and characters.'' Writing in PopMatters , Marco Lanzagorta criticized the show after its premiere, saying it `` confuses critical thinking with supernatural abilities'' and that its characters conform to stereotypes. In the Los Angeles Times , Mary McNamara gave a similar review, and praised Patinkin and Gubler's performances. American Ratings ( edit ) In 2016 a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` like several of the other police procedurals,'' Criminal Minds `` is more popular in rural areas, particularly in the southeastern half of the country. It hits peak popularity in Alabama and rural Tennessee and is least popular in Santa Barbara, Calif.'' Broadcast ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg. viewers (millions) Date Viewers (millions) Date Viewers (millions) Wednesday 9:00 pm 22 September 22, 2005 ( 2005-09-22 ) 19.57 May 10, 2006 ( 2006-05-10 ) 12.67 2005-- 06 28 12.63 23 September 20, 2006 ( 2006-09-20 ) 15.65 May 16, 2007 ( 2007-05-16 ) 13.21 2006-- 07 24 14.05 20 September 26, 2007 ( 2007-09-26 ) 12.66 May 21, 2008 ( 2008-05-21 ) 13.15 2007-- 08 24 12.78 26 September 24, 2008 ( 2008-09-24 ) 17.01 May 20, 2009 ( 2009-05-20 ) 13.99 2008-- 09 11 14.95 5 23 September 23, 2009 ( 2009-09-23 ) 15.85 May 26, 2010 ( 2010-05-26 ) 12.97 2009-- 10 16 13.70 6 24 September 22, 2010 ( 2010-09-22 ) 14.13 May 18, 2011 ( 2011-05-18 ) 12.84 2010-- 11 10 14.11 7 24 September 21, 2011 ( 2011-09-21 ) 14.14 May 16, 2012 ( 2012-05-16 ) 13.68 2011-- 12 15 13.20 8 24 September 26, 2012 ( 2012-09-26 ) 11.73 May 22, 2013 ( 2013-05-22 ) 11.01 2012-- 13 20 12.15 9 24 September 25, 2013 ( 2013-09-25 ) 11.27 May 14, 2014 ( 2014-05-14 ) 12.03 2013-- 14 12 12.66 10 23 October 1, 2014 ( 2014-10-01 ) 11.74 May 6, 2015 ( 2015-05-06 ) 9.61 2014-- 15 11 14.11 11 22 September 30, 2015 ( 2015-09-30 ) 10.08 May 4, 2016 ( 2016-05-04 ) 8.84 2015-- 16 16 12.20 12 22 September 28, 2016 ( 2016-09-28 ) 8.92 May 10, 2017 ( 2017-05-10 ) 8.12 2016-- 17 20 10.86 13 Wednesday 10:00 pm 22 September 27, 2017 ( 2017-09-27 ) 7.00 April 18, 2018 ( 2018-04-18 ) 5.65 2017-- 18 TBD TBD DVR ( edit ) The show ranked number nine in DVR playback (2.35 million viewers), according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data from September 22& to November 23, 2008. For the week of October 10, 2010, Criminal Minds ranked sixth in DVR playback (2.40 million viewers), and seventh in the demo playback (1.0 demo) according to Nielsen prime DVR lift data . Syndication ( edit ) The series is in syndication on A&E Network and Ion Television We TV and Sundance TV . Early seasons of Criminal Minds have begun airing on Rewind Networks 's HITS TV channel in South East Asia, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Franchise ( edit ) Criminal Minds has produced two spin-offs: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior and Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders , as well as a video game . Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior ( edit ) The season five episode `` The Fight'' introduced a second BAU team and launched a new series called Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior . The spin-off series debuted February 16, 2011, on CBS but was canceled after a short 13-episode season owing to low ratings. On September 6, 2011, CBS DVD released The Complete Series on a four-disc set. It was packaged as `` The DVD Edition'' . The cast features Forest Whitaker as the lead role of Sam Cooper ; including Janeane Garofalo , Michael Kelly , Beau Garrett , Matt Ryan , Richard Schiff , and Kirsten Vangsness , who reprises her role as Penelope Garcia from the original series. Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders ( edit ) A proposed new series in the Criminal Minds franchise to be named Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders was announced in January 2015. Former CSI: NY star Gary Sinise (who is also a producer on the show) and Anna Gunn were cast in the lead roles of Jack Garrett and Lily Lambert, though the latter departed after the backdoor pilot. Tyler James Williams has been cast as Russ `` Monty'' Montgomery and Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons , with Alana de la Garza as Clara Seger and Annie Funke as Mae Jarvis further being cast as series regulars. The series follows the FBI agents of the International Response Team (IRT) helping American citizens who find themselves in trouble abroad. CBS aired a backdoor pilot on April 8, 2015 in the Criminal Minds slot, with a crossover episode titled `` Beyond Borders'' . The second spin-off series debuted March 16, 2016, on CBS. On May 16, 2016, CBS renewed the series for a second season. On May 14, 2017, CBS canceled the series after two seasons due to low ratings. 크리미널 마인드 (Criminal Minds korea) ( edit ) In 2017 tvN launched their own Korean version of Criminal Minds . The episodes are based on the original American version after its third season. On the cast is Lee Joon-gi as Kim Hyun-joon ( Derek Morgan ), Moon Chae Won as Ha Sun-woo ( Emily Prentiss ), Son Hyun-joo as Kang Ki-hyung ( Aaron Hotchner ), Yoo Sun as Nana Hwang ( Penelope Garcia ), Lee Sun-bin as Yoo Min-young ( Jennifer Jareau ), and Go Yoon as Lee Han ( Spencer Reid ). The episodes are 1 hour long. Video game ( edit ) CBS announced in October 2009 that Legacy Interactive would develop a video game based on the show. The game would require players to examine crime scenes for clues to help solve murder mysteries. The interactive puzzle game was released in 2012, but the show's cast was not involved with the project so it did not feature any of their voices. Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Criminal Minds Year Award Nominee(s) Result 2006 People's Choice Awards Favorite New Television Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Editing -- Television Jimmy Giritlian Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top TV Series Marc Fantini, Steffan Fantini, Scott Gordon Won 2007 Top TV Series Marc Fantini, Steffan Fantini, Scott Gordon Won 2008 Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing -- Music for Short Form Television Lisa A. Arpino For episode `` True Night'' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Tabula Rasa'' Nominated 2009 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` Normal'' Nominated Hollywood Music In Media Awards (HMMA) Best Score in a TV Show Marc Fantini, Steffan Fantini, Scott Gordon Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2011 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Remembrance of Things Past'' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won 2012 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Bittersweet Science'' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Steffan Fantini Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tom Elliott For episode `` The Bittersweet Science'' Nominated 2013 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated MovieGuide Awards Faith and Freedom Award Criminal Minds For episode `` The Fallen'' Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` The Pact'' Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Mark Mancina Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Marc Fantini, Steffan Fantini, Scott Gordon Won 2014 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Janine Sherman Barrois For episode `` Strange Fruit'' Won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Rob Hardy For episode `` Carbon Copy'' Nominated 2015 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated Prism Awards Drama Episode -- Mental Health Criminal Minds For episode `` The Edge of Winter'' Nominated Monte-Carlo TV Festival International TV Audience Award -- Best Drama TV Series Touchstone Television , The Mark Gordon Company Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Shemar Moore Won Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Hanelle Culpepper For episode `` The Edge of Winter'' Nominated 2016 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Shemar Moore Nominated 2017 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Criminal Minds Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 16, 2017). `` ' Criminal Minds' : Shemar Moore To Reprise Derek Morgan Role In Season 12 Finale'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 7, 2017). `` ' Criminal Minds' Renewed For Season 13 By CBS'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Criminal Minds Fan. `` Criminal Minds Fanatic's Favorite Things'' . Criminal Minds Fanatic . Mountain View, California : Blogger . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Witchel, Alex. `` Mandy Patinkin: ' I Behaved Abominably ' '' . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2013-08-21 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva. `` Fans And Co-Stars Back ' Minds' Actresses'' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva. `` JJ Is Back! AJ Cook Inks 2-Year Deal To Return To ' Criminal Minds ' '' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie. `` It's Official: Criminal Minds Welcomes Back Paget Brewster, Bids Farewell to Rachel Nichols'' . TVLine . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 15, 2012). `` Paget Brewster To Leave ' Criminal Minds ' '' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 15, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Love Jeanne Tripplehorn becomes Criminal Minds series regular'' . Digital Spy . New York City : Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved June 18, 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexandria Ingham. `` Criminal Minds Shares Details on Alex Blake's Departure'' . Guardian Liberty Voice . Las Vegas . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng (May 15, 2014). `` Criminal Minds Finale Postmortem: Boss on ' Emotional Exit,' Replacements and Season 10'' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) (digital assets) . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt joins ' Criminal Minds' as series regular'' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc. Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce (January 29, 2015). `` Postmortem: Criminal Minds Boss on That Big Death and Why It Had to Happen'' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) (digital assets) . Retrieved February 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt not returning for ' Criminal Minds' season 11'' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc. Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins, Sarah (May 7, 2015). `` How ' Criminal Minds' Season 11 will handle A.J. Cook's pregnancy'' . Zap2it . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce (March 23, 2016). `` Shemar Moore on His Criminal Minds Exit: `` I'm Proud of the Way Things Ended for Derek Morgan '' `` . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) (digital assets) . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (March 23, 2016). `` Criminal Minds: Shemar Moore Hails the ' Exclamation Point' on Derek's ' Hero Ride,' Says ' I Left It All on the Field ' '' . TVLine . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce (March 24, 2016). `` Criminal Minds Boss on Shemar Moore's Exit: `` There Is No Replacing Derek Morgan '' `` . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) (digital assets) . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Hibberd, James. `` Criminal Minds adds Adam Rodriguez as series regular'' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc. Retrieved July 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (August 31, 2016). `` Paget Brewster is once again a series regular on ' Criminal Minds ' '' . CNN News . Atlanta : CNN . Retrieved October 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 21, 2016). `` ' Criminal Minds' : Paget Brewster To Return For Arc In Season 12'' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce (July 21, 2016). `` Paget Brewster Is Returning to Criminal Minds in Season 12'' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) (digital assets) . Retrieved July 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bring, Harry (@LLPOS) (August 2, 2016). `` Well, look who joined us for the table read on 1203!'' (Tweet) . Retrieved August 2, 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (August 10, 2016). `` Criminal Minds: Aisha Tyler Promoted to Series Regular for Season 12'' . TVLine . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 11, 2016). `` Thomas Gibson Suspended From ' Criminal Minds' Over On-Set Altercation'' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (August 12, 2016). `` Thomas Gibson Fired From CBS' ' Criminal Minds ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (September 30, 2016). `` Criminal Minds: New Series Regular Cast in Wake of Thomas Gibson's Exit'' . TVLine . Retrieved September 30, 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 11, 2017). `` ' Criminal Minds' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season'' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular'' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg, Lisa (September 14, 2016). `` Kirsten Vangsness -- Diani & Devine Meet The Apocalypse'' . Starry Mag . Retrieved September 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Harnick, Chris. `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Joins Criminal Minds as Series Regular'' . E! Online . Los Angeles : NBCUniversal Cable . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 11, 2017). `` ' Criminal Minds' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season'' . Deadline . Retrieved June 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce (May 23, 2013). `` Criminal Minds Boss on The Replicator Reveal, the Finale Death and What's Next in Season 9'' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) (digital assets) . Retrieved May 23, 2013 . Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce (July 25, 2013). `` Exclusive: Esai Morales Joins Criminal Minds as New Section Chief'' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) (digital assets) . Retrieved July 26, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` ' Criminal Minds' doing new spinoff'' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc. Retrieved November 8, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Mitovich, Matt Webb. `` ' Criminal Minds' Spin-Off 2015 -- Globe-Trotting Team Of Profilers'' . TVLine . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth Edition) . Ballantine Books. p. 1697-1698. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4 . Jump up ^ Top Rated TV Programs By Season (2007-Present) ^ Jump up to: `` Critic Reviews for Criminal Minds Season 1'' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz, Dorothy (October 7, 2005). `` Circle of Genius'' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City : News Corp . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Martel, Ned (September 28, 2015). `` On the Case, a Crack Team of Tic-Ridden F.B.I. Agents'' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ Topic Galleries -- chicagotribune.com Jump up ^ Lanzagorta, Marco. `` Criminal Minds'' . PopMatters . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara, Mary (February 16, 2011). `` TV Review: ' Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior' Goes with Its Gut'' . Los Angeles Times . Chicago : Tronc, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz, Josh (2016-12-27). `` ' Duck Dynasty' vs. ' Modern Family' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. September 27, 2005. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009 . Retrieved March 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. May 16, 2006. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010 . Retrieved March 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2005-- 2006 Primetime Ranking Report'' Archived October 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ...(May 31, 2006). ABC Medianet . Retrieved November 6, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012 . Retrieved March 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. May 22, 2007. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010 . Retrieved March 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2006-- 2007 Primetime Ranking Report'' Archived March 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ...(May 30, 2007). ABC Medianet . Retrieved May 31, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings'' . ABC Medianet. October 2, 2007. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011 . Retrieved March 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 28, 2008). `` Top CBS Primetime Shows, May 19-- 25'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on September 25, 2008 . Retrieved March 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2007-- 2008 Primetime Ranking Report'' Archived April 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ...(May 28, 2008). ABC Medianet . Retrieved July 3, 2009. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 30, 2008). `` Top CBS Primetime Shows, September 22-- 28'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (May 27, 2009). `` Top CBS Primetime Shows, May 18-- 24'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2008-- 2009 Primetime Ranking Report'' Archived June 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ...(June 2, 2009). ABC Medianet . Retrieved May 31, 2011. Jump up ^ TV by the Numbers Staff (October 12, 2009). `` Dollhouse Premiere 18-- 49 Rating Increases To A 1.5 Via DVR; Hopeful or Futile?'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (June 2, 2010). `` TV Ratings Top 25: American Idol , Big Bang Theory , Two And A Half Men Top 18-- 49 Ratings'' . Archived from the original on June 5, 2010 . Retrieved June 29, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009-- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . June 16, 2010. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010 . Retrieved July 29, 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (September 28, 2010). `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: ' Sunday Night Football' , ' Glee,' ' Grey's Anatomy,' ' Dancing with the Stars' Top Premiere Week'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 22, 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (May 19, 2011). `` Wednesday Final Ratings: ' American Idol,' ' Modern Family,' ' Law & Order: SVU' Adjusted Up; ' Happy Endings' Adj. Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 19, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010-- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . June 1, 2011 . Retrieved June 1, 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 27, 2011). `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: ' Two And A Half Men' Tops ' Sunday Night Football' For Week Ending September 25, 2011'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 27, 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 22, 2012). `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: ' American Idol' , ' NCIS' Top Week 35 Viewing'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ Gormam, Bill (May 25, 2012). `` Complete List Of 2011-- 12 Season TV Show Viewership: ' Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By ' American Idol,' ' NCIS' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 25, 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 2, 2012). `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Tops Week 1 Viewing Among Adults 18-- 49 and With Total Viewers'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on October 4, 2012 . Retrieved October 2, 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 29, 2013). `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: ' Modern Family' Tops Week 35 Viewing Among Adults 18-- 49, ' Dancing With the Stars' on Top With Total Viewers'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 2, 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 29, 2013). `` Complete List Of 2012-- 13 Season TV Show Viewership: ' Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By ' NCIS,' ' The Big Bang Theory' & ' NCIS: Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 26, 2013). `` Wednesday Final Ratings: ' The Middle' , ' Modern Family' and ' Survivor' Adjusted Up; ' Nashville' & ' CSI' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 26, 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 15, 2014). `` Wednesday Final Ratings: ' Revolution' , ' Arrow' , ' Survivor' , ' Suburgatory' , ' Modern Family' & ' Law & Order: SVU' Adjusted Up; ' Chicago P.D.' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 15, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013-- 14 TV Season Series Rankings'' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . May 22, 2014 . Retrieved May 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 20, 2014). `` ' How to Get Away With Murder' Has Biggest Adults 18-- 49 Ratings Increase; ' Parenthood' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist' Tops Viewer Gains in Live +7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22, 2014 . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 7, 2015). `` Wednesday Final Ratings: ' Arrow' , ' Nashville' , & ' The Goldbergs' Adjusted Up; ' American Idol' , ' Criminal Minds' ' Supernatural' & ' Blacki-ish' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (May 21, 2015). `` Full 2014-- 15 TV Season Series Rankings: Football & ' Empire' Ruled'' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 25, 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon, Dani (October 1, 2015). `` Wednesday Final Ratings: ' Empire' , ' Survivor' , ' Modern Family' & ' Rosewood' Adjusted Up; ' Nashville' & ' Code Black' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved October 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 5, 2016). `` Wednesday final ratings: ' Chicago PD' and ' Heartbeat' adjust up, ' Nashville' adjusts down'' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015-- 16 TV Season Series Rankings'' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . May 26, 2015 . Retrieved May 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 29, 2016). `` Wednesday final ratings: ' Empire,' ' Lethal Weapon,' ' Criminal Minds,' ' SVU' & ' Blindspot' all adjust up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 11, 2017). `` ' Empire,' ' Modern Family,' ' Criminal Minds' finale, ' Chicago PD' & ' Speechless' all adjust up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016-- 17 TV Rankings: ' Sunday Night Football' Winning Streak Continues'' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26, 2017 . Retrieved May 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 28, 2017). `` ' Survivor' premiere adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). `` ' Empire' and ' The Voice' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Cbs Number One Live -- And In Playback'' . The Futon Critic . June 29, 2010 . Retrieved July 6, 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (November 1, 2010). `` Live+7 DVR Ratings: Grey's Anatomy , Fringe , The Mentalist Top Week's Rankings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adweek -- Breaking News in Advertising, Media and Technology'' . AdWeek . New York City : Mediabistro Holdings . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HITS'' . hitstv.com . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 17, 2010). `` CBS Picks Up ' Criminal Minds' Spinoff To Series'' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 17, 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 17, 2011). `` CBS renews ' CSI:NY' , cancels ' Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior ' '' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 17, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How The Criminal Minds Spinoff Will Replace Anna Gunn'' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ `` Alana De La Garza & Annie Funke Join ' Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders ' '' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . July 17, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb. `` ' Criminal Minds' Spin-Off 2015 -- Globe-Trotting Team Of Profilers'' . TVLine . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rush Hour' Series Sets Premiere Date, CBS Shifts ' Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders ' '' . The Wrap . Santa Monica, California : The Wrap News Inc. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie. `` ' Code Black' , ' Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders' , ' The Odd Couple' & ' Undercover Boss' Renewed By CBS'' . Deadline.com . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley. `` ' Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders' Canceled at CBS7'' . hollywoodreporter.com . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Game Blog'' (Press release). November 1, 2011. Jump up ^ `` CBS Consumer Products Announces Eight New Video Games Based on Popular TV Shows'' (Press release). CBS Interactive. October 29, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Interview: Thomas Gibson'' . ShaveMagazine.com . Retrieved May 10, 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCriminal Mindsat Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com A&E's Criminal Minds site AXN's Criminal Minds site `` List of Criminal Minds Episodes'' . TV Guide . Radnor , Pennsylvania : NTVB Media CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) (digital assets). Gamespy Article On The Game Preceded by Grey's Anatomy 2006 Criminal Minds Super Bowl lead-out program 2007 Succeeded by House 2008 Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean CBS programming (current and upcoming) Primetime 48 Hours (since 1988) 60 Minutes (since 1968) 9JKL (since 2017) The Amazing Race (since 2001) The Big Bang Theory (since 2007) Big Brother (since 2000) Blue Bloods (since 2010) Bull (since 2016) Celebrity Big Brother (since 2018) Code Black (since 2015) Criminal Minds (since 2005) Elementary (since 2012) Hawaii Five-0 (since 2010) Hunted (since 2017) Instinct (since 2018) Kevin Can Wait (since 2016) Life in Pieces (since 2015) Living Biblically (since 2018) MacGyver (since 2016) Madam Secretary (since 2014) Man with a Plan (since 2016) Mom (since 2013) NCIS (since 2003) NCIS: Los Angeles (since 2009) NCIS: New Orleans (since 2014) Ransom (since 2017) Salvation (since 2017) Scorpion (since 2014) SEAL Team (since 2017) Superior Donuts (since 2017) Survivor (since 2000) S.W.A.T. (since 2017) Undercover Boss (since 2010) Young Sheldon (since 2017) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful (since 1987) Let's Make a Deal (since 2009) The Price Is Right (since 1972) The Talk (since 2010) The Young and the Restless (since 1973) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (since 2015) The Late Late Show with James Corden (since 2015) News 48 Hours (since 1988) 60 Minutes (since 1968) CBSN: On Assignment (since 2017) CBS Evening News (since 1948) CBS Morning News (since 1982) CBS News Sunday Morning (since 1979) CBS Overnight News (since 2015) CBS This Morning (1987-- 1999, since 2012) Face the Nation (since 1954) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular (since 1960) NCAA Basketball/Road to the Final Four (since 1981) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today (1956-- 1993, since 1998) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness (co-produced with Turner Sports ) (since 2011) Premier Boxing Champions (since 2015) Saturday morning Dr. Chris: Pet Vet (since 2013) The Inspectors (since 2015) Upcoming Murphy Brown (2018) TKO: Total Knock Out (2018) Blood & Treasure (2019) F.B.I. (TBA) The World's Best (TBA) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds&oldid=837288281 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American crime television series 2000s American drama television series 2000s American mystery television series 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2010s American mystery television series American crime drama television series CBS network shows English-language television programs Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Mental illness in fiction Police procedural television series Super Bowl lead-out programs Television series by ABC Studios Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Virginia Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows featuring audio description Hidden categories: All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from April 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Башҡортса Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文34moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon19April2018,at22:02.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -364645757835338536 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.