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66825946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Noel%20Adams | James Noel Adams | James Noel Adams (24 September 1943 – 11 October 2021) was an Australian specialist in Latin and Romance Philology.
Life and career
Adams attended the North Sydney Boys' High School and the University of Sydney, where he graduated with first class honours and was awarded the University Medal for Latin in the year 1964. From 1967 to 1970 he was a Commonwealth Scholar at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he also completed his doctorate in 1970.
He later held positions at Christ's College, Cambridge (Rouse Research Fellow in Classics 1970–1972); at the University of Manchester (1972–1995, most recently as professor of Latin); at St John's College, Oxford (visiting senior research fellow 1994–1995); and at the University of Reading (Professor of Latin 1995–1997). From 1998 to 2010 he was a senior research fellow and subsequently emeritus fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.
He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1992 and was awarded the British Academy's Kenyon Medal for Classical Studies in 2009. He was an honorary Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. In 2002 he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities (Hon FAHA), and in 2007 as a Member of the Academia Europaea (MAE). In 2010 a volume of essays titled Colloquial and Literary Latin was published in his honour. In 1995 he became chairman of the British Academy's project, the Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, a post he held until his retirement in 2010. The dictionary was completed in 2013, and Fascicule XIV (2011) was dedicated to him. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 Birthday Honours for services to Latin scholarship. Adams died on 11 October 2021, at the age of 78.
Research
Adams' publications largely focus on vernacular, non-literary, technical, and regional varieties of the Latin language. His monograph titled The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (1982) became an indispensable standard reference and remained in print for over thirty years. He also published Bilingualism and the Latin Language (2003), The Regional Diversification of Latin (2007) and Social Variation and the Latin Language (2013), a trilogy which explores linguistic variation in Latin. The third volume of this trilogy won the 2013 PROSE award in Language & Linguistics of the Association of American Publishers, Inc. He also studied ancient veterinary medicine and newly uncovered non-literary Latin texts.
Works
The Text and Language of a Vulgar Latin Chronicle. (Anonymus Valesianus II) (= Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement 36). University of London, Institute of Classical Studies, London 1976, .
The Vulgar Latin of the Letters of Claudius Terentianus (P. Mich. VIII. 467-72) (= Publications of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Manchester. Band 23). Manchester University Press, Manchester 1977, .
The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. Duckworth, London 1982, Johns Hopkins University Press 1990, .
Wackernagel’s Law and the Placement of the Copula esse in Classical Latin (= Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society. Supplement 18). Cambridge Philological Society, Cambridge 1994, .
Pelagonius and Latin Veterinary Terminology in the Roman Empire (= Studies in ancient medicine. Band 11). Brill, Leiden 1995, .
Bilingualism and the Latin Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003, .
The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, .
Social Variation and the Latin Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013, .
An Anthology of Informal Latin, 200 BC – AD 900. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, .
Early and Late Latin. Continuity or Change? (co-edited with Nigel Vincent). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, .
Asyndeton and its Interpretation in Latin Literature. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2021, .
References
External links
Dr James Adams | All Souls College
1943 births
2021 deaths
Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
Fellows of the British Academy
Members of Academia Europaea
Romance philologists
Australian philologists
Australian Latinists
People educated at North Sydney Boys High School
Australian emigrants to England |
24868537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20Workers%20of%20Great%20Britain | Industrial Workers of Great Britain | The Industrial Workers of Great Britain was a group which promoted industrial unionism in the early 20th century.
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was founded in Chicago in 1905. It called for industrial unionism and aimed to organise workers in all industries, and many of its activists were members of the Socialist Labor Party of America. The British Socialist Labour Party had been founded in 1903 by Scottish supporters of Daniel de Leon, a leading figure in the American SLP and the IWW. In 1906, the British party formally adopted a policy of industrial unionism.
In 1906, the British SLP founded the British Advocates of Industrial Unionism (BAIU), a small propaganda organisation which called for the formation of revolutionary unions in the pattern of the IWW. The group was officially launched in August 1907, with Tom Bell as its secretary.
In 1908, the IWW split into Chicago- and Detroit-based organisations. In Britain, E. J. B. Allen and his supporters mirrored the Chicago section's call for the cessation of political activity which was not channelled through trade unions. They founded the Industrialist League and developed links with the Chicago-based IWW.
The BAIU was refounded as the "Industrial Workers of Great Britain" (IWGB) in 1909. The group also changed tactics: instead of campaigning for trade unions to voluntarily dissolve themselves into a new industrial union, it aimed to recruit workers directly into local groups of the organisation until it had sufficient numbers to form genuine industrial unions. Even before the name change, the group had received some support in three large factories: Singer's Sewing Machine Company in Clydebank, the Argyll Motor Works in Alexandria and the Albion Motor Works in Scotstoun, all near Glasgow. By the end of the decade, the group claimed a membership of 4,000 at Singer's alone.
In early 1911, a woman working at Singer's was dismissed. In line with the principle of "an injury to one is an injury to all", the IWGB called a strike which resulted in the factory management locking out all the workers. Faced with militant opposition, Singer's organised a postal vote asking staff whether they wished to return to work. While the IWGB attempted to disrupt the vote, asking workers to instead return voting cards to them, the management claimed that a majority wished to end the strike. Workers began to return, the strike was defeated, and leading members of the IWGB at the factory were sacked.
The IWGB remained close to the Detroit-based IWW of De Leon, and when that group renamed itself the Workers International Industrial Union (WIIU), they became the British affiliate and similarly changed their name. The group regained some influence in Glasgow in the run-up to World War I, now led by T. L. Smith. Tom Bell saw the Red Clydeside movement and the Clyde Workers Committee as its most important continuation.
The British Socialist Labour Party and the WIIU saw their membership shrink dramatically after the war, as many activists joined the newly founded Communist Party of Great Britain. In 1923, the WIIU supported John Maclean's Industrial Unity Committee, which also advocated industrial unionism, but it retained significant doubts about the enterprise and left almost immediately. The American WIIU disbanded in 1924, and the British group appears to have followed suit.
References
De Leonist organizations
Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in 1906
Trade unions disestablished in 1924
1906 establishments in the United Kingdom
1924 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Syndicalist trade unions |
71943467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drozda | Drozda | Drozda is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Petr Drozda (born 1952), Czech wrestler
Thomas Drozda (born 1965), Austrian politician
See also
Drozd (surname) |
16194997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20educational%20institutions%20in%20Sialkot | List of educational institutions in Sialkot | This is a list of educational institutions located in Sialkot District, Pakistan.
Schools
Army Public School, 39 Zafar Ali Road, Sialkot Cantt
Beaconhouse School System, Said Pur Gondal Road, Sialkot Cantt
City School, Iqbal Campus (boys)
Government High School Bogray
Lahore Grammar School, Faraz Shaheed Road, Sialkot
Roots Millennium Schools, Citi Housing Society Daska Road, Sialkot
Tertiary and technical educational institutions
Engineering colleges
Superior Group of Colleges kashmir road campus
Women's degree colleges
Government College Women University, Sialkot
Commerce colleges
Professionals' Academy of Commerce
SKANS School of Accountancy
Medical colleges
Islam Medical College
Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College (Formerly Sialkot Medical College)
Universities
Government College Women University, Sialkot
University of Central Punjab, Sialkot Campus
University of Management and Technology Sialkot Campus
University of Sialkot
References
Lists of universities and colleges in Pakistan
Universities and colleges in Sialkot District
Academic institutions in Pakistan |
2099769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Baffert | Bob Baffert | Robert A. Baffert (born January 13, 1953) is an American racehorse trainer who trained the 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah and 2018 Triple Crown winner Justify. Baffert's horses have won a record six Kentucky Derbies, eight Preakness Stakes, three Belmont Stakes, and three Kentucky Oaks. He has been the subject of significant controversy regarding repeated incidents of his horses failing drug tests or dying under his care.
Early life and career
Baffert grew up on a ranch in Nogales, Arizona, where his family raised cattle and chickens. When he was 10, his father purchased some Quarter Horses and he practiced racing them on a dirt track. In his teens, he worked as a jockey for $100 a day in informal Quarter Horse races on the outskirts of Nogales. From there, he moved to racing at recognized tracks, scoring his first victory at age 17 in 1970.
Baffert graduated from the University of Arizona's Race Track Industry Program with a Bachelor of Science degree, got married, and began training quarter horses at a Prescott, Arizona farm. By age 20, he had developed a reputation as a trainer and was hired by other trainers to run their stables. His first winner was Flipper Star at Rillito Park on January 28, 1979. In the 1980s, Baffert moved to California and worked at Los Alamitos Race Course, where he switched to training Thoroughbreds full-time in 1991. He got his first big break in 1992 when he won his first Breeder's Cup race with Thirty Slews.
Baffert established his early reputation with less expensive horses like Silver Charm and Real Quiet, bought for $16,500 and $17,000 respectively. Fellow trainer D. Wayne Lukas attributed Baffert's success to his "extraordinary eye for a good horse" and his management ability in finding the right opportunities for his charges.
American Classic history
Baffert's history in the American Classic races began in 1996 when he trained a three-year-old colt named Cavonnier, who ran second in the Kentucky Derby. In 1997, he trained Silver Charm to win the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, finishing second in the Belmont. Baffert revisited the Derby the next year, sending two top colts, Real Quiet and Indian Charlie, to Louisville. Real Quiet won the race that year, and Baffert also finished third with Indian Charlie. Real Quiet won the Preakness as well, but, like Silver Charm, the horse was denied a Triple Crown win and finished second in the Belmont Stakes by a nose. Baffert, however, became the first trainer in history to win the Derby and Preakness in back-to-back years.
Baffert did not win another classic race until 2001, when he won the Preakness and Belmont Stakes with eventual Hall of Fame member Point Given. He finished third in the Derby that year with Congaree. Baffert won the Derby a third time in 2002 with War Emblem. The colt went on to win the Preakness Stakes, giving the trainer his third shot at winning the Triple Crown. The colt lost the Belmont Stakes after breaking poorly from the starting gate. Baffert did not have a horse hit the board again in any of the Triple Crown races until 2009, when he trained Pioneerof The Nile to a second-place finish in the Derby.
Baffert trained Lookin At Lucky, co-owned by Mike Pegram, to win the Preakness Stakes in 2010. The colt skipped the Belmont Stakes but became the champion three-year-old colt that year. In 2012, Baffert saddled Bodemeister, named for the trainer's youngest son, Bode, to second-place finishes in the Derby and Preakness. He saddled Paynter in the Belmont Stakes later that year, but that colt, like his stablemate Bodemeister, finished second.
In 2015, Baffert trained the 2014 champion two-year-old colt American Pharoah to win the Triple Crown, the first to do so in 37 years. In winning the 141st Kentucky Derby, bringing his total number of victories in the race to four; Baffert also ran the third-place finisher, the previously undefeated colt Dortmund. American Pharoah next won the 140th Preakness Stakes, making six victories in that race for Baffert, who also finished fourth with Dortmund. Then, when American Pharoah won the 2015 Belmont Stakes, the win was the fourth attempt at a Triple Crown for Baffert, who at age 62 became the second-oldest trainer to win a Triple Crown.
Baffert also trained the 2018 Triple Crown Winner, Justify and the 2020 Kentucky Derby winner, Authentic. Baffert became a 7-time winner of the Kentucky Derby in 2021 with Medina Spirit. However, Medina Spirit tested positive for the steroid betamethasone. the question of whether the horse would join Dancer's Image by being disqualified for a drug violation in the Derby remains pending. Medina Spirit died after a training session on 6 December 2021 and an ensuing necropsy on 11 February 2022 was inconclusive.
Accomplishments
Between 1997 and 1999, he won the Eclipse Award as outstanding trainer three years running and was voted the 1997 Big Sport of Turfdom Award. Baffert was inducted into Lone Star Park's Hall of Fame in 2007, and in 2009, he was nominated and inducted to the National Museum of Racing's Hall of Fame, the same year as a filly he trained, Silverbulletday. Point Given was nominated in 2009, but elected and inducted in 2010.
Baffert has trained horses that won seventeen American Classic Races, eighteen Breeders' Cup races, four Dubai World Cups and two Pegasus World Cups. His graded stakes wins include nine wins in the Santa Anita Derby, nine in the Haskell Invitational Handicap, nine in the Hollywood Gold Cup Stakes, and sixteen in the Del Mar Futurity, a race he won seven straight times from 1996 to 2002, when it was a Grade II event. He also won the race in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2021, and 2022 when run as a Grade I event. He has won the Kentucky Oaks three times: first in 1999 with Silverbulletday, who was later selected for the Hall of Fame, then with Plum Pretty in 2011 and with Abel Tasman in 2017.
In 2010, Misremembered, a horse he bred, owned by his wife Jill and their friend George Jacobs, won the Santa Anita Handicap, marking Baffert's first Grade I win as a breeder instead of a trainer.
Controversies
According to his supporters, Baffert's style and personality, combined with his success, have made him a target for controversy. Longtime client Mike Pegram explained, "Anybody who walks with that swagger, people are going to love him or hate him…he's a wiseass and irreverent." Former client Kaleem Shah said, "He will rub people the wrong way by speaking his mind, sometimes he needs to hit the mute button."
However, over 30 horses Baffert trained have failed drug tests. Baffert has paid out over $20,000 in fines, but compared against over $321 million in career earnings. He routinely challenges most sanctions, usually agreeing to accept fines but vigorously fighting suspensions. Horse owner and racing reform advocate Barry Irwin has stated, "He's Mr. Teflon."
In raw numbers, most of Baffert's medication violations were for exceeding allowed amounts of authorized medications such as phenylbutazone, a pain medication commonly administered to horses. However, his violations for use of prohibited medications has sparked controversy.
In 2021, the post-race test of Kentucky Derby winner Medina Spirit showed 21pg/mL of betamethasone. In Kentucky, any amount of betamethasone detected in post-race testing is a violation and could result in a disqualification. It was Baffert's fifth violation in 13 months.
At a news conference on May 9, Baffert initially said that Medina Spirit was never administered betamethasone. He told reporters that he would fight the issue "...tooth and nail." Nonetheless, Churchill Downs suspended Baffert from entering any horses at their racetrack pending the outcome of an investigation. Baffert responded by saying the situation "was like a cancel culture kind of a thing," a remark which earned him noticeable criticism from the press. On May 11, Baffert stated Medina Spirit had dermatitis, for which an ointment containing betamethasone was used. Sports Illustrated suggested that the positive drug test was a sign that Baffert's "leaking credibility" had reached "the saturation point." On June 2, 2021, Medina Spirit's split sample also tested positive and Churchill Downs suspended Baffert through the end of the 2023 Spring Meet.
On May 17, 2021, the New York Racing Association (NYRA) banned Baffert from entering Medina Spirit or any of his other horses in the 2021 Belmont Stakes or any other race at Belmont Park. On June 14, 2021, Baffert sued the NYRA alleging the association had no authority to suspend his license and that suspension "without prior notice" was a violation of the law. On July 14 the suspension was reversed by U. S. Federal District Court Judge Carol Bagley Amon sitting in the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn. The Judge made her ruling based on the NYRA having not allowed Baffert a forum to refute their claims and stated that they (the NYRA).."had held no hearing — let alone a prompt one." On September 10, 2021 Baffert was charged by NYRA for conduct detrimental to the best interests of racing. Additional charges were added on January 3, 2022.
In February 2022, Baffert was suspended 90 days and fined $7,500 by the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission. The suspension was scheduled to run March 8 through June 5. Baffert was granted a stay until April 4 to gain time for an appeal. However, the Kentucky Court of Appeals rejected Baffert's appeal on April 1. This in turn led to a ban from all California Horse Racing Board facilities beginning April 4 due to a rule removing any trainer under a 60 day or higher ban from all CHRB facilities. This included Baffert's home track at Santa Anita, although Baffert horse Shaaz won the sixth race on April 2. The 90 day ban against Baffert was set to be honored in all 38 racing states. By the April 1 ruling, Baffert had already transferred four 3-year-old colts to other trainers.
The most notable cases prior to Medina Spirit's test were the disqualification of Gamine after a third place finish in the 2020 Kentucky Oaks, also for betamethasone, and Triple Crown winner Justify, who tested positive for scopolamine after winning the 2018 Santa Anita Derby, but the results did not become public until after the horse won the Triple Crown. That case was eventually dismissed as the regulators concluded the facts supported an instance of feed contamination. Similarly, cases against two horses who tested positive in Arkansas in 2020 for lidocaine were dismissed as being the result of accidental transfer from an assistant trainer who was using the medication on himself. Nonetheless, in that case, Arkansas suspended Baffert for 15 days. His first suspension was in 1977 for misuse of morphene, but thereafter he had no violations for the next eight years.
Controversy deepened when on December 6, 2021, Medina Spirit died of an apparent heart attack after a workout at Santa Anita Park. This reminded the public that since 2000, at least 74 other horses had died while in Baffert's stables. Though number of racing starts are used to calculate rates of death for all horses in the care of race trainers, not all horse deaths were animals in race training nor were they necessarily race-related fatalities.
Prior to Medina Spirit's death, Baffert had last been under intense scrutiny a decade earlier when seven horses in his stables at Hollywood Park died between November 2, 2011 and March 14, 2013, all from sudden and later unexplained heart attacks. In that period, 36% of all cardiac related horse deaths in California were animals trained by Baffert. California's equine medical director found that Baffert's horses were routinely given Thyro-L, or thyroxine, a thyroid hormone, that could cause heart problems during exercise, but concluded the medication, which Baffert said he had been using routinely for the previous five years, did not cause the heart attacks. No sanctions were issued against Baffert.
Personal life
Baffert has been married twice and has five children: four with his first wife, Sherry: Taylor, Canyon, Forest, and Savannah. He married his second wife, Jill, a former television reporter based in Louisville, in 2002. They had a son in 2004 whom they named "Bode" ( ), after skier Bode Miller. Baffert and his family reside in California.
He appeared in an episode of the TV show Take Home Chef.
Bob survived a heart attack in late March 2012 while in Dubai for a world-class race at Meydan.
Following the 2015 Belmont win, Baffert outlined several charities that he and his wife Jill supported. He had been paid $200,000 to allow the Burger King to stand behind him in the grandstand during the televised broadcast of the Belmont, after having turned down $150,000 to allow the mascot to appear with him at the Preakness. At the post-Belmont press conference, Baffert announced he and his wife would be making donations of $50,000 each to the Thoroughbred Aftercare Alliance, the California Retirement Management Account (CARMA), and Old Friends Equine, all programs for retired race horses; and to the Permanently Disabled Jockey's Fund in memory of a Quarter Horse Jockey named Robert Z. "Bobby" Adair. A friend of Baffert's and an inductee into the American Quarter Horse Association Hall of Fame, Adair died on Preakness Day, May 16, 2015, at 71. Baffert dedicated American Pharoah's win to Bobby.
Triple Crown race record
Kentucky Derby record: 34–7–3–3
Preakness record: 23–7–2–3
Belmont record: 12–3–3–0
✝ – won Triple Crown.
‡ – Filly
* – win stripped
References
External links
1953 births
American horse trainers
Eclipse Award winners
Horse racing controversies
Living people
People from Nogales, Arizona
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
University of Arizona alumni
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members |
62344494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh%20Shawkat%20Hossain%20Nilu | Sheikh Shawkat Hossain Nilu | Sheikh Shawkat Hossain Nilu (3 April 1952 – 7 May 2017) was a Bangladeshi politician and chairman of the National People's Party.
Early life
Nilu was born on 3 April 1952 into the Sheikh family of Tungipara in Gopalganj District. His father was Sheikh Shahadat Hossain.
Career
Nilu joined Bangladesh Students' Union in the 1960s. He was the founding Agriculture Secretary of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He served as the Student Affairs Secretary to General Ziaur Rahman. He was the Secretary General of the Jatiyatabadi Krishak Dal, the farmers' unit of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.
He led the Progressive Nationalist Party (Progatishil Jatiyabadi Dal) which merged into the Jatiya Party, after Hussain Mohammad Ershad came to power and became a presidium member. He was the head of the Krishak Party, the farmers' unit of the Jatiya Party. He left the Jatiya Party in 2008 and formed the National Peoples' Party. His party entering into an alliance with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.
In September 2014, he was expelled from the Bangladesh Nationalist Party led alliance after he attended an event at the Gonobhaban hosted by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. In response, he created his own alliance, National Democratic Front, with 10 ideologically similar political parties. He was made Secretary General of the alliance.
Death
Nilu died on 7 May 2017 in Square Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was buried in the Banani graveyard.
References
Jatiya Party politicians
Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians
2017 deaths
9th Jatiya Sangsad members
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman family
1952 births |
6188096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basswood%20Island | Basswood Island | Basswood Island is a Wisconsin island in Lake Superior. It is one of the Apostle Islands and a part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore.
From 1865 to 1923, the island was home to a farm run by Richard McCloud and Elisha Brigham. It was also the site of a quarry run by the Bass Island Brownstone Company which operated from 1868 into the 1890s. The brownstone from this and other Apostle Islands quarries was in great demand, and brownstone from Basswood Island was used in the construction of the first Milwaukee County Courthouse in the 1860s. The quarry was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the 1970s.
Images
References
External links
Basswood Island hiking
Apostle Islands
Islands of Ashland County, Wisconsin |
27623645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole%20baronets | Poole baronets | The Poole Baronetcy, of Poole in the County of Chester, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 25 October 1677 for James Poole. The title became extinct on the death of the fifth Baronet in 1821.
Poole baronets, of Poole (1677)
Sir James Poole, 1st Baronet (–)
Sir Francis Poole, 2nd Baronet (–1763)
Sir Henry Poole, 3rd Baronet (died 1767)
Sir Ferdinando Poole, 4th Baronet (died 1804), High Sheriff of Sussex
Sir Henry Poole, 5th Baronet (1744–1821)
References
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
1677 establishments in England |
33965016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern%20Villeneuve | Fern Villeneuve | Lt. Col (Ret.) Joseph Armand Gerard Fernand Villeneuve (2 July 1927 – 25 December 2019) was a Canadian aviator who joined the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in 1950 and was the first leader of the RCAF's Golden Hawks aerobatic team. He flew for 32 years as a military jet fighter pilot Villeneuve was inducted into the Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame in 2006.
Aviation career
Villeneuve was born in Buckingham, Quebec (now Gatineau, Quebec). He learned to fly as a civilian in a Piper J-3 Cub. In 1946 he obtained his Canadian Private Pilot Licence, and in 1948, he went on to acquire his Canadian Commercial Pilot Licence. In 1950, Villeneuve joined the RCAF in which he had a long and distinguished career as a fighter pilot. He flew the Harvard propeller trainer, the North American P-51 Mustang Second World War piston fighter, and several fighter jets over the decades: Canadair CT-133 Silver Star, de Havilland DH.100 Vampire, Canadair Sabre, Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck, McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo, and the Mach 2+ Canadair CF-104 Starfighter. Villeneuve was a squadron leader three different times, on the CF-104 and the T-33 and CF-101. Villeneuve retired as a Lieutenant-Colonel in 1982. He has logged more than 13,000 hours.
Golden Hawks
The "Golden Hawks" were a Canadian military aerobatic flying team established in 1959 to celebrate the 35th anniversary or the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and the "Golden" 50th anniversary of Canadian flight. Initially a six-plane team was envisioned as performing for only one year with the Canadair Sabre 5, but the Golden Hawks were so popular after their 1959 show season that the team was re-established for 1960, under the command of W/C Jack Allan with Villeneuve flying as the lead pilot with the team.
Villeneuve was the first leader of the RCAF Golden Hawks jet fighter aerobatic demonstration team in 1959, and then again in 1960. S/L Villeneuve was with the Hawks from the beginning in 1959 as leader of the team for two years, yielding the lead position to F/L Jim McCombe for the 1961 season. He had to leave the team when he became married, under the Hawks rule of only two years for married men. He then went on to Training Command. Villeneuve was awarded the rare RCAF Air Force Cross for his skillful piloting of a disabled F-86 Sabre in 1960.
Villeneuve was the Honorary Team Leader of the "Hawk One" F-86 Sabre project at Vintage Wings of Canada in Gatineau, Quebec from 2009-2013. In 2012 he was still flying his civilian Globe Swift with the registration C-GLYN, 66 years after he first soloed in 1946.
Honours and recognition
Villeneuve was awarded the RCAF Air Force Cross on 20 May 1961 for an engine-out landing of an Canadair F-86 Sabre. In 1997 he became one of two living people to have their image on Canadian coins, the other being the Queen. Villeneuve was inducted into the Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame in 2006, he was appointed as Honorary Colonel of 8 Air Maintenance Squadron in Trenton, Ontario, from 2008 to 2012 and in 2015 was inducted as an Honorary Snowbird by 431 (AD) Sqn, the Snowbirds, in Moose Jaw, SK. .
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Cross, W.K., Editor. Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition. Toronto: The Charlton Press, 2006. .
Dempsey, Daniel V. A Tradition of Excellence: Canada's Airshow Team Heritage. Victoria, British Columbia: High Flight Enterprises, Second edition 2007, First edition 2002. .
Fast, Beverley G. Snowbirds: Flying High, Canada's Snowbirds Celebrate 25 Years. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Lapel Marketing & Associates Inc., 1995. .
Mummery, Robert. Snowbirds: Canada's Ambassadors of the Sky. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Reidmore Books, 1984. .
External links
Hawk One at Oshkosh, 2010
1997 Canadair F-86 Sabre Fern Villeneuve - The Golden Hawks - 2-5, Royal Canadian Mint, 1997
1927 births
2019 deaths
Canadian aviators
Commercial aviators
People from Gatineau
French Quebecers |
14458704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandak%2C%20Pakistan | Pandak, Pakistan | Pandak is a village and one of the 44 union councils or administrative subdivisions of Haripur District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Pandak is divided into two sections, or Mohallahs: Upper Pandak and Lower Pandak.
References
Union councils of Haripur District |
8305339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20spa | Mineral spa | Mineral spas are spa resorts developed around naturally occurring mineral springs. Like seaside resorts, they are mainly used recreationally although they also figured prominently in prescientific medicine.
Origins
Spas were used for millennia for their purported healing or healthful benefits to those wealthy or close enough to partake of their waters. This was called a mineral cure and gave let to phrases such as taking a cure and taking the waters. There has always been a mixture of recreational and medicinal connotations involved, from rest and relaxation, stress relief, and convalescence to more specific notions such as humorism. These phrases are sometimes used as a euphemism for one trying to kick a drug dependency.
In many cases, mineral spas were located in mountainous locales that gave an additional excuse to leave the drudgery of a hot house in warm weather during summer's onset and were seasonally populated by the well-to-do. They eventually became early vacation spots with the counter-Victorian work ethic 'rationale' of health as an excuse to have fun and mix with one's peers in recreation.
Subsequently, many became the seed stock for today's modern vacation resorts. Locations such as Steamboat Springs, Vail, St Moritz, Mineral Wells first became popular for the questionable health benefits of mineral or soda-water soaks, ingestion, and clean outs during the hey-day of patent medicines and backward medical knowledge. United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt suffered a paralytic illness, and regularly visited Warm Springs and other hot springs for restorative soaks. While his cousin Theodore Roosevelt became known as a manly-man of incredible endurance, he was a sickly child suffering from asthma and 'took cures' periodically in an attempt to gain better health.
The name "spa" comes from the Belgian town Spa.
Evolution of the resort
As the Victoria era ended, the influences of the industrial revolution created more and more varied members of the upper middle class. The concepts of vacationing, tourism, and travel became less the property of the old monied classes and more shared by an increasing population base of those who could afford holiday trips, like the rich.
Such adventures had much allure before any audio-visual entertainment outside a live orchestra. Thus, the spas began attracting more local patrons and those from afar when the burgeoning numbers could take advantage of the automobile and the now extensive railways throughout most of Europe and the United States.
The spa towns already had infrastructure and attractions to assuage such desires, and the modern tourist trip began to take its familiar form. Other technologies came into play (skis, ski boats, etc.)
Notable mineral spa and spring areas
Africa
South Africa
Caledon, Western Cape
Tshipise, Limpopo
Bela Bela, Limpopo
Badplaas, Mpumalanga
Asia
China
Anshan, Liaoning
India
Vajreshwari Temple, Maharashtra
Japan
Beppu, Ōita
Gero, Gifu
South Korea
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon
Turkey
Pamukkale, Denizli Province
Europe
Albania
Spa, Peshkopi
Armenia
Arzni
Bjni
Hankavan
Jermuk
Austria
Bad Fischau-Brunn
Azerbaijan
İstisu, Kalbajar
Belgium
Spa (municipality)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Slatina
Bulgaria
Bankya
Banya, Plovdiv Province
Dobrinishte
Hisarya
Kyustendil
Narechen
Pavel Banya
Sandanski
Sapareva Banya
Varshets
Velingrad
Czech Republic
Karlovy Vary
Luhačovice
Mariánské Lázně
France
Aix-les-Bains
Dax
Évian-les-Bains
Tercis-les-Bains
Vichy
Georgia
Borjomi
Germany
Baden-Baden
Bad Neuenahr
Wiesbaden
Hungary
Budapest
Hévíz
Poland
Ciechocinek
Krynica-Zdrój
Nałęczów
Romania
Baile Felix
Baile Govora
Baile Herculane
Baile Tusnad
Vatra Dornei
Russia
Belokurikha, Altai
Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
, Karelia
Goryachy Klyuch, Krasnodar Krai
Yeysk, Krasnodar Krai
Staraya Russa, Novgorod Oblast
Kislovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Krai
Yessentuki, Stavropol Krai
Zheleznovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Serbia
Bukovička Banja
Vrnjačka Banja
Slovakia
Korytnica kúpele
Piešťany
Trenčianske Teplice
Slovenia
Radenci
Spain
A Toxa
Caldes de Malavella
Lanjarón
Panticosa
Zestoa
Sweden
Ramlösa hälsobrunn
Switzerland
Saint-Moritz
United Kingdom
England
Askern
Bath
Boston Spa
Buxton
Cheltenham
Church Stretton
Dorton Spa
Droitwich Spa
Epsom
Harrogate
Ilkley
Knaresborough
Malvern
Matlock
Matlock Bath
Royal Leamington Spa
Royal Tunbridge Wells
Scarborough; see also The Spa, Scarborough
Shap
Shearsby
Tenbury Wells
Woodhall Spa
Ukraine
Yalta
Americas
Brazil
Caxambu
Canada
Harrison Hot Springs
Costa Rica
Tabacón
Jamaica
Milk River Bath, Clarendon
Mexico
Agua Hedionda
Uruguay
Termas del Arapey
United States
Desert Hot Springs, California
French Lick, Indiana
Eureka Springs, Arkansas
Hot Springs, Arkansas
Mineral Wells, Texas
Mount Clemens, Michigan
Poland Spring, Maine
Saratoga Springs, New York
Sharon Springs, New York
Steamboat Springs, Colorado
Warm Springs, Georgia
Warm Springs, Virginia
Berkeley Springs, West Virginia
Waukesha, Wisconsin
Oceania and Australia
Australia
Hepburn Springs
Daylesford
Peninsula Hot Springs, Victoria
New Zealand
Hanmer Springs
Rotorua
References
Outdoor recreation
Balneotherapy
Mineral
Hydrotherapy
Spa towns |
30389046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Chandler%20%28priest%29 | Michael Chandler (priest) | Michael John Chandler is an Anglican priest and author.
He was born on 27 May 1945, educated at Brasted Place College, Lincoln Theological College, and King's College London (PhD), and ordained in 1973. He held curacies at St Dunstan’s Canterbury and then St John the Baptist, Margate. After this he was the incumbent at Newington and then Hackington. He was a Canon Residentiary at Canterbury Cathedral from 1995 to 2003 when he became Dean of Ely, a post he retired from on 30 September 2011.
Among other books he has written The Life and Work of John Mason Neale (1995), The Life and Work of Henry Parry Liddon (2000), An Introduction to the Oxford Movement (2003) and Queen Victoria's Archbishops of Canterbury (Sacristy Press, 2019).
References
1945 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
Deans of Ely |
19464296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warkop | Warkop | Warkop (an abbreviation of Warung Kopi, meaning "coffee stall") were an Indonesian comedy troupe that enjoyed success in radio, films and television over the 1980s and 1990s. Assembled in Jakarta on 1976 under Prambors Rasisonia management, they initially went by the name Warkop Prambors. They soon burgeoned as the country's top comedy group, surpassing Srimulat and Jakarta Group. After their film debut, they settled on the name Warkop DKI (taken from the initials of the three main members: Dono, Kasino and Indro; and also a play on Jakarta's official name, DKI Jakarta). Besides acting on numerous films, they also made sitcoms on ANteve in 1995–1997 as Warkop (Warung Kopi) DKI and Indosiar during 1997–2001 as Warkop Millennium. They also famous for some of parody songs they composed.
Early career
In the mid-1970s, Warkop joined Prambors for the Obrolan Santai di Warung Kopi weekly radio comedy program. The program featured Dono as Slamet; Kasino as Mas Bei, Acong and Buyung; Indro as Mastowi and Ubai; Nanu as Tulo; and Rudy as Mr. James and Bang Cholil. An appearance in Terminal Musikal, directed by Mus Mualim, boosted Warkop's reputation as a comedy group.
Personnel
The members are Wahjoe Sardono (Dono), Kasino Hadiwibowo (Kasino), Indrodjojo Kusumonegoro (Indro), Nanu Moeljono, and Rudy Badil. They are Javanese and university graduates. Dono, Kasino and Nanu were students at University of Indonesia and Indro was a student at Pancasila University. Their student background prompted them to incorporate social criticism into their comedy. The only surviving member of the core trio is Indro, after Kasino died from a brain tumor in 1997 and Dono died from lung cancer in 2001.
Filmography
Warkop produced most of their work over 1979–1994, starring in 34 comedy films and 1 docudrama film. In 2021, some of the titles were available on Netflix.
References
See also
Indonesian comedy
Cinema of Indonesia
Indonesian comedy troupes
Theatre companies in Indonesia
Film organizations in Indonesia |
50192104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20aircraft%20of%20the%20Argentine%20Army%20Aviation | List of aircraft of the Argentine Army Aviation | This is a list of all aircraft (fixed-wing and rotary-wing) operated by the Argentine Army Aviation command since its formation in 1956. For the current inventory please refer to the main article. Prototypes and aircraft evaluated but not used operationally are excluded.
Fixed-wing aircraft
Rotary-wing aircraft
See also
Argentine Army Aviation
Argentine air forces in the Falklands War
List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force
List of aircraft of the Argentine Naval Aviation
Footnotes
References
Notes
Bibliography
Andrade, John. Militair 1982. London: Aviation Press Limited, 1982. .
Smith, Gordon. Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982. Naval-History.net, 2006. .
Online sources
Further reading
Books
Online articles
External links
Argentine Army official site
Argentina Army Aviation
Army Aviation
Aviation in Argentina
Argentine Army Aviation
aircraft of the Argentine Army
Military equipment of Argentina |
74090751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth%20in%20the%20Shade | Youth in the Shade | Youth in the Shade is the debut extended play by South Korean boy group Zerobaseone. It was released on July 10, 2023, by WakeOne and comprises six tracks, with "In Bloom" serving as the lead single.
Background and release
Zerobaseone was formed through Boys Planet, a reality competition show, which aired from February 2 to April 20, 2023. The group's final members were announced on the show's finale, which was broadcast live on April 20.
A spoiler film for the album, titled "Youth in the Shade", was uploaded on May 14 and a title poster was released on June 7. The first teaser for "In Bloom" was released on July 6 and an album sampler, with audio snippets of each song, was released on July 8. The second teaser for "In Bloom" was released on July 9. The single's music video, along with the full album was released on July 10. A press showcase in Gwangjin District was also held on the same day.
The EP concept was centered around the theme of "the beauty of youth and the shadow behind it". It was released for pre-order on June 21, and is available in two artbook versions and nine digipack versions.
Composition
Youth in the Shade consists of a total of 6 tracks. The opening track, "Back to Zerobase," is a drum and bass song that is meant to capture the initial emotions felt when a dream comes true, with the members expressing feelings of anticipation for the future and journey they face ahead. The second track and lead single, "In Bloom," is a drum and bass and synth-pop song that samples the main riff from the 1984 single "Take On Me" from the Norwegian synth-pop band a-ha. The lyrics describe the members having the courage to take their first meaningful step as a group, while being aware of an inevitable end, as they are determined to run to you. The third track, "New Kidz on the Block," is a dance-pop song with elements of UK garage, 2-step garage, and deep house that describes the group's determination to rise to the top. The fourth track, "And I," is a R&B pop song that captures the members secret admiration for someone through social media. The fifth track, "Our Season," is a pop song that discusses the members friendship and dreams, their excitement for the moments they will capture, and the memories they will make throughout their time as a group. The closing track, "Always," is a solo song designated to member Zhang Hao as a prize for placing first in the final ranking of Boys Planet. It is an alternative R&B song in which he expresses his appreciation and gratitude towards his fans, making a promise to always be with them.
Commercial performance
Preorders for the EP surpassed 780,000 copies in five days and 1.08 million copies in 13 days, breaking the record for the most pre-ordered K-pop debut album and becoming the first K-pop debut album to sell over a million copies. According to the Hanteo Chart, the album sold 1.24 million copies on its first day of release and 1,822,028 copies in its first week. The album was subsequently certified double million by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA), setting a record as the first K-pop debut album to sell more than 2 million copies.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
References
2023 debut EPs
Korean-language EPs
WakeOne EPs
Genie Music EPs
Stone Music Entertainment EPs |
69639821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322%20Oregon%20Ducks%20women%27s%20basketball%20team | 2021–22 Oregon Ducks women's basketball team | The 2021–22 Oregon Ducks women's basketball team represented the University of Oregon during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Ducks were led by eighth-year head coach Kelly Graves, and they played their home games at Matthew Knight Arena as members of the Pac-12 Conference.
Previous season
The Ducks finished the season at 15–9 and 10–7 in Pac-12 play to finish in fourth place. They received a bye in the Pac-12 Tournament and lost in their first game to their rivals, Oregon State. The Ducks received a bid to the NCAA tournament. They defeated South Dakota and Georgia in the first and second rounds before losing to Louisville in the Sweet Sixteen.
Offseason
Departures
Due to COVID-19 disruptions throughout NCAA sports in 2020–21, the NCAA announced that the 2020–21 season would not count against the athletic eligibility of any individual involved in an NCAA winter sport, including women's basketball. This meant that all seniors in 2020–21 had the option to return for 2021–22.
Incoming transfers
Roster
Schedule
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Exhibition
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Regular Season
|-
!colspan=9 style=|Pac-12 Women's Tournament
|-
!colspan=9 style=|NCAA tournament
Source:
Rankings
*The preseason and week 1 polls were the same.^Coaches did not release a week 2 poll.
See also
2021–22 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team
Notes
References
Oregon Ducks women's basketball seasons
Oregon
Oregon Ducks
Oregon Ducks
Oregon |
3723119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacara | Malacara | Malacara (c. 1878 – 1909) was a horse which gained a place in the history of the Welsh settlement in Patagonia, Argentina, by a daring leap which saved the life of his rider, John Evans, on a trip to explore the upper Chubut valley and the Andes.
was three years old when he arrived in Patagonia with the first shipload of Welsh emigrants in 1865. As the colony developed the upper Chubut valley was explored, and John Evans played a prominent part in this, using skills he learnt from the local Tehuelche people. In November 1883 he led a group westwards towards the Andes, looking for gold and exploring. On the way they met an army contingent escorting Tehuelche prisoners to Valcheta, part of one of the last campaigns in the Conquest of the Desert. Some of the group decided to turn back, but four men, led by Evans, continued.
By the end of February 1884 they had reached the river now called Gualjaina, and there they met three members of the tribe led by the cacique Foyel. One of the three, Juan Salvo, knew them, and said that he suspected them to be spies for the army. He tried to take them to Foyel, and when they refused a quarrel resulted. The four explorers decided to head back to the lower Chubut valley, 600 km away, pursued by Foyel's warriors. On 4 March they were ambushed, and Evans's three companions killed. Evans, riding Malacara, took the only way of escape by spurring Malacara towards a precipitous slope into a deep canyon. Malacara made the leap successfully and scrambled up the other side of the canyon. None of Evans's pursuers dared to make the same leap, and the lead he gained while they went round the canyon enabled him to reach safety. Evans continued to explore this area and was a leading figure in the setting up of Welsh settlements here, which in turn led to the area becoming part of Argentina rather than Chile.
Malacara lived on until 1909, dying at the age of 31. Evans buried him at Trevelin in a grave bearing the inscription:
Spanish for
Malacara's grave is now one of the tourist attractions of Trevelin.
While not challenging the truth of the story of John Daniel Evans and Malacara, Paul W. Birt remarks that it has the hallmarks of a legendary tale, comparing it to a traditional Welsh tale in which King Arthur escapes from a group of Saxons by riding a horse down a cliff.
References
External links
Project-Hiraeth – Documents the stories of the Welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina through film, text and illustration.
Further reading
1878 animal births
1909 animal deaths
Conquest of the Desert
Welsh settlement in Patagonia
Individual male horses |
51386477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloves%20%28singer%29 | Cloves (singer) | Kaitlyn "Kaity" Dunstan, known by her stage name Cloves (stylised CLOVES), is an Australian singer-songwriter.
Background
Early life and The Voice
Dunstan began performing at age thirteen with her sister in local bars and pubs. She wrote her first song at age eleven. She appeared in season two of The Voice Australia in 2013, singing Melanie's "Brand New Key" during her audition. The song peaked at number 40 on the ARIA singles chart. She was later eliminated during the battle rounds after performing "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun".
2015–present
In 2015, under the new moniker Cloves, which was inspired by a trip to Bali, she released her first track "Frail Love". Later, she released her debut single, "Don't You Wait", off her debut EP, XIII. Another track, called "Everybody's Son", was also released. The song was featured in The Vampire Diaries, Season 7, episode 20. On 20 November 2015, she released her EP XIII through Universal Music Australia, which includes all previous songs and a track called "Don't Forget About Me". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 2016 film Me Before You and released as a single on 22 June 2018, with the music video being released the next day.
She performed at the Coachella and Lollapalooza music festivals in 2016. On 18 November 2016, Cloves released the lead single of her debut album, entitled "Better Now". On 19 May 2017, she released the second single, "California Numb". On 1 February 2018, the third single, "Bringing the House Down", was released. Later that year, on 25 May 2018, the fourth single, "Wasted Time", was released. "Hit Me Hard", the fifth single of the album, was released on 24 August 2018. Her debut album, One Big Nothing, was released on 28 September 2018. The album contains ten songs overall, three of those being new songs, two being rearranged versions of "Frail Love" and "Don't You Wait", and the rest being the previous singles.
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other appearances
Music videos
As lead artist
As featured artist
Notes
References
External links
Australian women singer-songwriters
Australian singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from Melbourne
1996 births
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century Australian women singers |
563180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20River%20%28Mississippi%20River%20tributary%29 | Rock River (Mississippi River tributary) | The Rock River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately long, in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Illinois. The river was known as the Sinnissippi to Sauk and Fox Indians; the name means "rocky waters".
The river, which has a notable higher western bank, begins with three separate branches that flow into the Horicon Marsh. The northernmost branch, the West Branch, begins just to the west of the village of Brandon in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin and flows east and then south to Horicon Marsh. The South Branch rises north of Fox Lake in Dodge County and flows east through Waupun to the marsh. The East Branch rises southeast of Allenton in Washington County just west of the Niagara Escarpment, and flows north and west through Theresa to the marsh.
Leaving the marsh, it meanders southward to the Illinois border, ending about 300 miles later at the Mississippi River at the Quad Cities in Illinois and Iowa. During its course it passes through Watertown, collects the Crawfish River in Jefferson, and receives the Bark River at Fort Atkinson. Shortly before merging, the Rock and Crawfish rivers cross Interstate 94. Both rivers flood the nearby land regularly, and lanes on I-94 were temporarily closed in 2008 because of this flooding.
In northern Rock County, Wisconsin, it receives the Yahara River, and flows southward through tiny Fulton, Janesville and Beloit into northern Illinois, where it receives the Pecatonica River 5 miles (8 km) south of the state line. It flows south through Rockford, then southwest across northwestern Illinois, picking up the Kishwaukee River, passing Oregon, Dixon, Sterling (which has the Sinnissippi Mounds national historic site and local park) and Rock Falls before joining the Mississippi at Rock Island. It was on the Rock River in Dixon where Ronald Reagan was a lifeguard. Reagan's favorite fishing spot, now called "Dutch Landing" after Reagan's nickname, was just southwest of Lowell Park on the Rock River.
There are 25 dams on the Rock River. These are in Theresa (WI, 3 dams), Waupun (WI), Horicon (WI), Mayville (WI, 2 dams), Kekoskee (WI), Hustisford (WI), Watertown (WI, 2 dams), Jefferson (WI, 4 dams), Indianford (WI), Janesville (WI), Beloit (WI), Rockton (IL), Rockford Fordham (IL), Oregon (IL), Dixon (IL), Sterling / Rock Falls (IL, 2 dams), Milan (IL) and Rock Island (IL).
The river is used for various water and paddling sports. The Rock River Water Trail is on the river from its headwaters above the Horicon National Wildlife Refuge in south central Wisconsin to the confluence with the Mississippi River at the Quad Cities of Illinois and Iowa 330 miles downriver. It crosses five counties in Wisconsin, six counties in Illinois and runs through 37 municipalities. The slow moving river passes scenic rural landscapes, wilderness areas and urban areas. The first two trailheads are at Waupun County Park in Waupun, Wisconsin and Rivers Edge Park in Theresa, Wisconsin and there are 32 additional access points in Dodge County, Wisconsin. The trail is part of the National Water Trails System and the first National Water Trail in Wisconsin and Illinois.
Rock River Park is on County Road B about a half mile west of Johnson Creek, Wisconsin in Jefferson County, Wisconsin and offers river access and an artesian spring.
Cities and villages along the river
Communities listed from north to south.
Brandon, Wisconsin (West Branch)
Waupun, Wisconsin (South Branch)
Theresa, Wisconsin (East Branch)
Mayville, Wisconsin (East Branch)
Kekoskee, Wisconsin (East Branch)
Horicon, Wisconsin
Hustisford, Wisconsin
Ixonia, Wisconsin
Watertown, Wisconsin
Johnson Creek, Wisconsin
Jefferson, Wisconsin
Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin
Indianford, Wisconsin
Fulton, Wisconsin
Janesville, Wisconsin
Afton, Wisconsin
Beloit, Wisconsin
South Beloit, Illinois
Rockton, Illinois
Roscoe, Illinois
Machesney Park, Illinois
Loves Park, Illinois
Rockford, Illinois
Byron, Illinois
Oregon, Illinois
Grand Detour, Illinois
Dixon, Illinois
Sterling, Illinois
Rock Falls, Illinois
Lyndon, Illinois
Prophetstown, Illinois
Erie, Illinois
Hillsdale, Illinois
Cleveland, Illinois
Colona, Illinois
Moline, Illinois
Coal Valley, Illinois
Milan, Illinois
Rock Island, Illinois
See also
List of Illinois rivers
List of Wisconsin rivers
References
External links
Rock River Trail
Rivers of Illinois
Rivers of Wisconsin
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Rivers of Dodge County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Jefferson County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Rock County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Winnebago County, Illinois
Rivers of Ogle County, Illinois
Rivers of Lee County, Illinois
Rivers of Whiteside County, Illinois
Rivers of Rock Island County, Illinois |
45388199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apples%20and%20Snakes | Apples and Snakes | Apples and Snakes, based at the Albany Theatre in Deptford, south-east London, is an organisation for performance poetry and the spoken word in England. It has been described as the main organisation promoting performance poetry in Britain. Set up in 1982 by a group of poets, the organisation has been "the development ground for many high profile poets and spoken word artists" and others, including John Agard, Jean "Binta" Breeze, Malika Booker, Billy Bragg, Charlie Dark, Inua Ellams, Phill Jupitus, Lemn Sissay, Kae Tempest, Mike Myers, Toby Jones and many more.
Run by a board of trustees chaired by Kerry Featherstone, Apples and Snakes has been a registered charity since 1986. It currently receives over £400,000 funding annually, as a national portfolio organisation, from Arts Council England.
History
Apples and Snakes was launched in 1982, with its first poetry performance, at the Adam's Arms pub in Conway Street in central London. It is currently one of the organisations resident at the Free Word Centre.
In 1984 it organised a poetry performance at Glastonbury Festival and at Elephant Fayre, Cornwall. A Miner’s Benefit concert was organised at the Purcell Room, South Bank the same year. An Anti-Apartheid benefit was organised at the South Bank in 1985.
In 2001 it organised a performance poetry event on London Buses. In 2013 it organised a series of events for young poets on climate change. In conjunction with the National Portrait Gallery and the National Literacy Trust, it organised a series of poetry events designed to complement Picture the Poet, a photographic exhibition that was displayed at the National Portrait Gallery and, in autumn 2014, at Sheffield's Graves Art Gallery.
Publications
Apples & Snakes: Raw and Biting Cabaret Poetry published 1984 by Pluto Press, design by Neville Brady. Second edition published 1987.
Paul Beasley (editor). The Popular Front of Contemporary Poetry: Anthology, Apples and Snakes, 1992. , , 239 pp. Published to celebrate Apples and Snakes' 10th anniversary.
In 1993, Black Spring Press published Velocity: The Best of Apples & Snakes, an anthology of works by contemporary poets who had performed for Apples and Snakes.
Notes and references
External links
Official website
Interview with Russell Thompson, a coordinator for Apples and Snakes
Charities based in London
Poetry organizations
Spoken word
1982 establishments in England |
2371682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any%20Which%20Way%20You%20Can | Any Which Way You Can | Any Which Way You Can is a 1980 American action comedy film directed by Buddy Van Horn and starring Clint Eastwood, with Sondra Locke, Geoffrey Lewis, William Smith, and Ruth Gordon in supporting roles. The film is the sequel to the 1978 hit comedy Every Which Way but Loose. The cast of the previous film return as Philo Beddoe (Eastwood) reluctantly comes out of retirement from underground bare-knuckle boxing to take on a champion hired by the mafia, who will stop at nothing to ensure the fight takes place, while the neo-Nazi biker gang Philo humiliated in the previous film also comes back for revenge.
Plot
Two years after throwing his fight with Tank Murdock, Philo Beddoe is still fighting in underground bare-knuckle boxing matches to make money on the side. Philo, who still lives with his mother, his brother Orville and orangutan Clyde, decides to retire when he realizes that he has started to enjoy the pain. One evening, Philo encounters his ex-girlfriend, country-western singer Lynn Halsey-Taylor, singing at his favorite bar. Orville angrily reproves Lynn for her actions two years before. Lynn apologizes to Philo. Philo, initially gruff and reluctant, forgives her. They become a couple again and move in together.
The Black Widows, the biker gang with a long-running grudge against Philo, return. They still want revenge for the destruction of their bikes. However, Philo bests them in a chase that runs through an asphalt machine during a road-paving project.
Meanwhile, Jack Wilson, a new breed of fighter from the East Coast who mixes martial arts with boxing, dominates the bare-knuckle circuit. He is so effective at maiming his opponents that his handlers cannot book fights for him. After a fight between a mongoose and a rattlesnake, one of the handlers realizes that if Philo, king of the West Coast brawlers, agreed to fight Wilson, it would be the biggest draw in the history of bare-knuckle boxing. Philo initially agrees to the fight but after much prodding from Orville and Lynn, withdraws. The handlers, led by handicapper Jimmy Beekman and backed by the Mafia, kidnap Lynn to coerce Philo to show up for the fight. The fight is to take place near Jackson, Wyoming. The Black Widows follow Philo there.
Wilson, however, is a prize fighter with morals. After he learns of the plot and helps Philo and Orville rescue Lynn, he and Philo mutually decide to call off the fight. However, both fighters' personal pride makes them wonder who would have won. The brawl between the duo takes place after all, but it is punctuated by pauses and personal reflections on their mutual admiration for each other. Meanwhile, the Black Widows bet everything they have on Philo; despite their rivalry, they know that he is the better fighter. When the mobsters try to kill Philo once he gains the upper hand, the Black Widows protect their investment by beating up the Mafia men. Wilson eventually breaks Philo's arm and offers to end the fight, but the two men continue the brawl. After a long fight, Philo knocks Wilson out long enough to qualify for a win. Wilson helps Philo to the hospital, then later on they have a drink at the Million Dollar Cowboy Bar. On their way home, Philo and the Black Widows (who are now rich) declare a truce and part amicably. Beekman, whose attempts to rig the fight for Wilson failed, cannot pay the mob bettors and is marked for death. After reaching California, Philo and Lynn are pulled over by a cop who lost money betting against Philo earlier; he promises to endlessly harass them as punishment. Lynn calls out, "Right turn, Clyde!" Clyde promptly knocks out the cop and they drive away.
Cast
Clint Eastwood as Philo Beddoe
Sondra Locke as Lynn Halsey-Taylor
Geoffrey Lewis as Orville Boggs
Ruth Gordon as Zenobia 'Ma' Boggs
Beverly D'Angelo as Echo
William Smith as Jack Wilson
Barry Corbin as Zack Tupper
Harry Guardino as James Beekman
Michael Cavanaugh as Patrick Scarfe
James Gammon as the bartender
John Quade as Cholla
Al Ruscio as Tony Paoli Sr.
Jack Murdock as Little Melvin
George Murdock as Sergeant Cooley
Dick Durock as Joe Casey
Julie Brown as Candy
Dan Vadis as Frank
Camila Ashlend as Hattie
Anne Ramsey as Loretta Quince
Logan Ramsey as Luther Quince
Jim Stafford as Long John
Michael Talbott as Officer Morgan
Mark L. Taylor as Desk Clerk
Jack Thibeau as Head Muscle
Charles Walker as Officer
Production
Any Which Way You Can started filming in summer 1980. The film was filmed in the California communities of Sun Valley, North Hollywood, and Bakersfield, and in Jackson, Wyoming.
Glen Campbell performed the "Any Which Way You Can" title song track in the final scene of the movie, and the song was a Top-10 hit on the country music charts.
Manis, the orangutan that played Clyde in the first film, was replaced by two younger orangutans, C.J. and Buddha. Generally, primates are not used as animal actors past the age of 8 because their strength is fully developed and they are often less docile. According to a book by Jane Goodall and Dale Peterson entitled Visions of Caliban, Buddha was badly mistreated and beaten by his trainers, and C.J. was just brought in after filming was completed in order to do the publicity after Buddha's death, possibly from injuries inflicted by the trainers. Doubt has been cast on these claims by makeup effects artist William Munns.
Reception
Box office
Any Which Way You Can opened on Wednesday, December 17, 1980 and became the number one film at the U.S. box office with an opening weekend gross of $8,024,663 from a record 1,541 theatres. The following weekend, between Christmas and New Year, the film stayed at number one, grossing $10,091,105 from 1,572 theatres, a 26% increase. The Saturday was a record single day gross for a Warner Bros.' film with a gross of $3,861,561, beating the record set by Superman.
It was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1980 with a gross of $70,687,344 in the United States and Canada.
Critical response
Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four and opened his review by stating: "Clint Eastwood's Any Which Way You Can is not a very good movie, but it's hard not to feel a grudging affection for it. Where else, in the space of 115 minutes, can you find a country & western road picture with two fights, a bald motorcycle gang, the Mafia, a love story, a pickup truck, a tow truck, Fats Domino, a foul-mouthed octogenarian, an oversexed orangutan and a contest for the bare knuckle championship of the world?" Janet Maslin of The New York Times thought the film was "better and funnier than its predecessor," adding that "Clyde's role has been expanded this time, and Ruth Gordon's has been made smaller, all of which makes the formula much more fun." Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Filled with plenty of monkey business, first half is pretty funny as these things go, but film runs out of steam after mid-way highlight ... Although overlength didn't stop 'Loose,' same flaw here is even more irritating due to protracted finale and lack of any continuing tension in Eastwood-Locke relationship." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three stars out of four and called it "a most genial Eastwood action-comedy." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Directed in an appropriately laid-back manner by Buddy Van Horn in his directorial debut, 'Any Which Way You Can' aspires to nothing more than entertainment. As one comedy of admittedly greater ambitions after another proves disappointing these days, 'Any Which Way You Can' (PG) is welcome as just plain fun." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote, "A generous entertainment of its kind, 'Any Which Way' mixes plentiful portions of gauche, robust action and comedy with frequent musical interludes ... The weakest element in the plot is the lack of a compelling reason for Philo and Jackson to go through with their fight."
As of December 2019, the film holds a rating of 20% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 4.92 out of 10.
Soundtrack
Track listing
Chart performance
See also
List of boxing films
References
Bibliography
External links
1980 films
1980s action comedy films
1980s buddy comedy films
American action comedy films
American sequel films
American boxing films
American buddy action films
American buddy comedy films
Country music films
1980s English-language films
Films about apes
Films set in California
Films set in Wyoming
Underground fighting films
Mafia comedy films
Trucker films
1980 comedy films
Films directed by Buddy Van Horn
1980 directorial debut films
1980s American films |
53530629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Faggioni | Luigi Faggioni | Luigi Faggioni (9 November 1909 – 23 May 1991) was an Italian naval officer during World War II, and an admiral in the postwar Marina Militare.
Biography
Faggioni was born in La Spezia in 1909. After graduating from the Nautical Institute of Camogli (Genoa), in August 1928 he began the course as a reserve officer in the Italian Navy, and in October 1929 he graduated as an ensign. He served for some time on torpedo boats and destroyers, and in 1931, after promotion to sub-lieutenant, he became a teacher in the C.R.E.M. (Corpo Regi Equipaggi Marittimi, Corps of Royal Naval Crews) schools. In 1935 he was mobilized due to the needs associated with the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and was assigned on the destroyer Zeffiro. In 1937 he became lieutenant and was given command of MAS boats; in June 1939, after becoming aide to Prince Eugenio of Savoy, he organized an expedition in the East African lowland, earning a commendation for his organizational capacity.
In June 1940, with Italy's entry into World War II, Faggioni became a member of the 1st MAS Flotilla in La Spezia, where he was given command of a special section of MT explosive motorboats. He was later tasked with organizing and training a group of eight (later reduced to six) MTM explosive motorboats that would attack British shipping in Souda Bay, Crete, under his command.
The action, known as the Raid on Souda Bay, was carried in the night of 26 March 1941. Carried by the destroyers Francesco Crispi and Quintino Sella till near Souda, the six MTM boats were led by Faggioni inside the bay, where they attacked different objectives. One MTM, operated by Sub-Lieutenant Angelo Cabrini, hit the heavy cruiser HMS York, partially sinking it in shallow water, and another one, operated by Sergeant Emilio Barberi, damaged the 8,324 GRT oil tanker Pericles, that would sink a few days later during the tow towards Alexandria. Faggioni's MTM missed its target and hit a pier, while the other three operators missed or were forced to scuttle their boats following mechanical breakdowns (one of them may have also hit Pericles, in addition to Barberi's one). Faggioni and his comrades were taken prisoner; all six were awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor for the action in Souda Bay.
Faggioni, promoted to lieutenant commander in January 1944 (while still in Allied captivity), was repatriated in January 1945 during Italy's co-belligerence with the Allies and participated in the last stages of the Italian campaign as deputy commander of Mariassalto, the successor of the Tenth MAS Flotilla in Italy's co-belligerent forces. After the war he was given command of 6th Dredging Group and then of the 4th Dredging Group; after promotion to commander, he received command of the 1st Destroyer Squadron.
Promoted to captain in 1956, he commanded the Divers and Raiders Center in Varignano, La Spezia and then the 5th Naval Group. In 1960 became a member of the High Council of the Armed Forces, and in January 1963 he was promoted to rear admiral and given command of the La Spezia Naval Base.
He was then promoted to vice admiral and appointed commander of the Autonomous Naval Command Sardinia; after promotion to admiral in 1969, he was placed in auxiliary in January 1970. He died in Chiavari (Genoa) in 1991.
References
1909 births
1991 deaths
Regia Marina personnel of World War II
Italian admirals
Recipients of the Gold Medal of Military Valor
Italian prisoners of war in World War II |
41925188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina%20Malysheva | Yekaterina Malysheva | Yekaterina Aleksandrovna Malysheva (, born 28 January 1987 in Chelyabinsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian speed skater. She competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Russian female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Russia
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Chelyabinsk
Universiade medalists in speed skating
Universiade silver medalists for Russia
Speed skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade |
41619964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carelmapu | Carelmapu | Carelmapu (lit. from Mapudungun "Green Land") is a port and town () at the western end of Chacao Channel, southern Chile. Carelmapu was established by the Spanish in 1602 as San Antonio Ribera de Carelmapu following the Destruction of Seven Cities. In 1643 Carelmapu was sacked and its church vandalized by the Dutch corsair Hendrick Brouwer. On March 6, 1676 Carelmapu received the exhausted survivors of Pascual de Iriarte's expedition to the Strait of Magellan.
Fort system
During colonial times Carelmapu was the site of a small fort system made up of Fuerte de Carelmapu just west of Carelmapu, the sentinel outpost of Astillero and the battery of Coronel. The last two were not located in Carelmapu proper but further east along the northern shores of Chacao Channel. The original Fuerte de Carelmapu was built in wood in 1603. At present remnants of it can be found in a deteriorated state.
References
Populated places in Llanquihue Province
Populated coastal places in Chile
Populated places established in 1602
1602 establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
Coasts of Los Lagos Region |
2869979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20F.%20Prescott | Benjamin F. Prescott | Benjamin Franklin Prescott (February 26, 1833 – February 21, 1895) was an American lawyer, newspaper editor, and politician from Epping, New Hampshire, who served as the 36th governor of New Hampshire.
Early life and education
Benjamin F. Prescott was born in Epping, New Hampshire, on February 26, 1833. He attended Pembroke Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy before graduating from Dartmouth College in 1856.
Career
Prescott studied law and was admitted to the New Hampshire Bar Association. He then established a private legal practice in Concord, New Hampshire and became active in the Republican Party. He served as secretary of the Republican State Committee from 1859 to 1874. He was also secretary of New Hampshire's Electoral College members every four years from 1860 to 1880.
In 1859, Prescott became editor of the Independent Democrat, a Republican newspaper that opposed slavery and endorsed the Abraham Lincoln administration.
Prescott was a New England special agent for the United States Department of the Treasury from 1865 to 1869, responsible to audit and report on the activities of customs collectors at border crossing and ports. He was New Hampshire Secretary of State from 1872 to 1873 and 1875 to 1876.
In 1877, Prescott was elected to a one-year term as governor. He was reelected in 1878, and served from June 7, 1877, to June 5, 1879. During his term, the state constitution as revised and construction began on a new state prison in Concord.
Prescott remained active in politics after leaving office, serving as chairman of the 1880 state Republican convention and a Delegate to the 1880 Republican National Convention. From 1887 to 1893, Prescott served on the state New Hampshire Board of Railroad Commissioners.
In addition to his political activities, Prescott was an author and was involved with several historical organizations. He was vice president of the New Hampshire Historical Society, President of the Bennington Battle Monument Commission, and a Fellow of Great Britain's Royal Historical Society. He was also a trustee of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts and Dartmouth College.
Personal life
Prescott died in Epping on February 21, 1895. He was buried at Blossom Hill Cemetery in Concord. The Benjamin Franklin Prescott House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
References
External links
Prescott at New Hampshire's Division of Historic Resources
Benjamin F. Prescott at National Governors Association
1833 births
1895 deaths
People from Epping, New Hampshire
Republican Party governors of New Hampshire
Dartmouth College alumni
19th-century American politicians |
72652360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard%20Str%C3%A5ngert | Rikard Strångert | Rikard Strångert (born 23 April 1972) is a Swedish professional golfer, who was one of Sweden 's leading amateur golfers in the early 1990s. He was part of the team winning the 1992 European Youths' Team Championship and member of the Swedish team, finishing fifth, at the 1992 Eisenhower Trophy. As a professional he was runner-up at the 1993 Toyota PGA Championship on the Challenge Tour.
Early life and amateur career
In 1989, Strångert won the Swedish Teen Tour (up to 18) Order of Merit, despite losing in the final of the Swedish Boys 18 Match-play Championship.
18 years old, Strångert won the club championship at his home club, Linköping Golf Club, one of the leading elite clubs at the time in Sweden. The same year he won on the Swedish Teen Tour at Onsjö GC, medal play as well as match-play, beating the likes of future European Tour winners Niclas Fasth, Fredrik Andersson and Mikael Lundberg.
During Strångerts career, there were no national amateur tournaments to win in his country, due to Sweden's "open golf" policy, with the effect of all competitions open to professionals. However, Stångert was a leading amateur golfer in Sweden in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He represented his country at boys, youth's and seniors levels. He won bronze at the 1989 European Boys' Team Championship, held on home turf, together with Max Anglert, Klas Eriksson, Pierre Fulke, Gabriel Hjertstedt and Mikael Persson. They beat Italy 4.5–2.5 in the third place match, after falling to England 5–2 in the semi-final. In 1990, his Swedish team finished 5th in Reykjavík, Iceland.
He also played in the 1991 European Amateur Team Championship held in Madrid, Spain. In the team event at the 1991 Italian Amateur Championship, Strångert finished second behind Spain together with Joakim Rask.
In 1992, he won the European Youths' Team Championship in Helsinki, Finland. His team, made up of Niclas Fasth, Max Anglert, Fredrik Andersson, Mikael Lundberg and Peter Malmgren, beat the England team 4.5–2.5 in the final.
He represented Sweden at the 1992 Eisenhower Trophy in Vancouver, Canada together with Niclas Fasth, Max Anglert and Fredrik Andersson. The Swedish team finished 5th, unable to catch Australia and France in shared 3rd place. Strånger finished tied 38th individually, counting three of his four rounds towards the team total.
Professional career
Stångert turned professional immediately following the Eisenhower Trophy in late 1992, as well as his teammates Niclas Fasth and Fredrik Andersson.
Between 1993 and 1996 he played a mixed schedule, typically on the Asian Golf Circuit during winter and the Challenge Tour during summer. His best result was a solo 2nd at the 1993 Toyota PGA Championship in Denmark, two strokes behind his compatriot Fredrik Andersson.
After retirement from tour he became a PGA teaching pro based in Costa del Sol, Spain, spelling his name Rikard Strongert. From 2019 he held the position as head professional at Los Arqueros Golf & Country Club, Benahivas, the first course designed by Seve Ballesteros.
Team appearances
Amateur
European Boys' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1989, 1990
European Youths' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1992 (winners)
European Amateur Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1991
Eisenhower Trophy (representing Sweden): 1992
Source:
References
External links
Swedish male golfers
Sportspeople from Linköping
1972 births
Living people
20th-century Swedish people |
3399244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol%20fuel%20in%20Brazil | Ethanol fuel in Brazil | Brazil is the world's second largest producer of ethanol fuel. Brazil and the United States have led the industrial production of ethanol fuel for several years, together accounting for 85 percent of the world's production in 2017. Brazil produced 26.72 billion liters (7.06 billion U.S. liquid gallons), representing 26.1 percent of the world's total ethanol used as fuel in 2017.
Between 2006 and 2008, Brazil was considered to have the world's first "sustainable" biofuels economy and the biofuel industry leader, a policy model for other countries; and its sugarcane ethanol "the most successful alternative fuel to date." However, some authors consider that the successful Brazilian ethanol model is sustainable only in Brazil due to its advanced agri-industrial technology and its enormous amount of arable land available; while according to other authors it is a solution only for some countries in the tropical zone of Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa.
In recent years however, later-generation biofuels have sprung up which use crops that are explicitly grown for fuel production and are not suitable for use as food.
Brazil's 40-year-old ethanol fuel program is based on the most efficient agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world, uses modern equipment and cheap sugar cane as feedstock, the residual cane-waste (bagasse) is used to produce heat and power, which results in a very competitive price and also in a high energy balance (output energy/input energy), which varies from 8.3 for average conditions to 10.2 for best practice production. In 2010, the U.S. EPA designated Brazilian sugarcane ethanol as an advanced biofuel due to its 61% reduction of total life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, including direct indirect land use change emissions.
There are no longer any light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline. Since 1976 the government made it mandatory to blend anhydrous ethanol with gasoline, fluctuating between 10% and 22%. and requiring just a minor adjustment on regular gasoline engines. In 1993 the mandatory blend was fixed by law at 22% anhydrous ethanol (E22) by volume in the entire country, but with leeway to the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre-established boundaries. In 2003 these limits were set at a minimum of 20% and a maximum of 25%. Since July 1, 2007, the mandatory blend is 25% of anhydrous ethanol and 75% gasoline or E25 blend. The lower limit was reduced to 18% in April 2011 due to recurring ethanol supply shortages and high prices that take place between harvest seasons. By mid March 2015 the government raised temporarily the ethanol blend in regular gasoline from 25% to 27%.
The Brazilian car manufacturing industry developed flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on any proportion of gasoline (E20-E25 blend) and hydrous ethanol (E100). Introduced in the market in 2003, flex vehicles became a commercial success, dominating the passenger vehicle market with a 94% market share of all new cars and light vehicles sold in 2013. By mid-2010 there were 70 flex models available in the market, and , a total of 15 car manufacturers produce flex-fuel engines, dominating all light vehicle segments except sports cars, off-road vehicles and minivans. The cumulative production of flex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in March 2010, and the 20 million-unit milestone was reached in June 2013. , flex-fuel light-duty vehicle cumulative sales totaled 25.5 million units, and production of flex motorcycles totaled 4 million in March 2015.
The success of "flex" vehicles, together with the mandatory E25 blend throughout the country, allowed ethanol fuel consumption in the country to achieve a 50% market share of the gasoline-powered fleet in February 2008. In terms of energy equivalent, sugarcane ethanol represented 17.6% of the country's total energy consumption by the transport sector in 2008.
History
Sugarcane has been cultivated in Brazil since 1532 as sugar was one of the first commodities exported to Europe by the Portuguese settlers. The first use of sugarcane ethanol as a fuel in Brazil dates back to the late twenties and early thirties of the twentieth century, with the introduction of the automobile in the country. Ethanol fuel production peaked during World War II and, as German submarine attacks threatened oil supplies, the mandatory blend became as high as 50% in 1943.
After the end of the war cheap oil caused gasoline to prevail, and ethanol blends were only used sporadically, mostly to take advantage of sugar surpluses, until the seventies, when the first oil crisis resulted in gasoline shortages and awareness of the dangers of oil dependence. As a response to this crisis, the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as a fuel. The National Alcohol Program -Pró-Álcool- (), launched in 1975, was a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automobile fuels derived from fossil fuels, such as gasoline, in favor of ethanol produced from sugar cane.
The first phase of the program concentrated on production of anhydrous ethanol for blending with gasoline. The Brazilian government made mandatory the blending of ethanol fuel with gasoline, fluctuating from 1976 until 1992 between 10% and 22%. Due to this mandatory minimum gasoline blend, pure gasoline (E0) is no longer sold in the country. A federal law was passed in October 1993 establishing a mandatory blend of 22% anhydrous ethanol (E22) in the entire country. This law also authorized the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre-established boundaries; and since 2003 these limits were fixed at a maximum of 25% (E25) and a minimum of 20% (E20) by volume. Since then, the government has set the percentage of the ethanol blend according to the results of the sugarcane harvest and the levels of ethanol production from sugarcane, resulting in blend variations even within the same year.
Since July 2007 the mandatory blend is 25% of anhydrous ethanol and 75% gasoline or E25 blend. However, in 2010, and as a result of supply concerns and high ethanol fuel prices, the government mandated a temporary 90-day blend reduction from E25 to E20 beginning February 1, 2010. By mid March 2015 the government raised temporarily the ethanol blend in regular gasoline from 25% to 27%. The blend on premium gasoline was kept at 25% upon request by ANFAVEA, the Brazilian association of automakers, because of concerns about the effects on the higher blend on cars that were built for E25, as opposed to flex-fuel cars. The government approved the higher blend as an economic incentive for ethanol producers, due to an existing overstock of over 1 billion liters (264 million US gallons) of ethanol. The implementation of E27 is expected to allow the consumption of the overstock before the end of 2015.
After testing in government fleets with several prototypes developed by the local carmakers, and compelled by the second oil crisis, the Fiat 147, the first modern commercial neat ethanol car (E100 only) was launched to the market in July 1979. The Brazilian government provided three important initial drivers for the ethanol industry: guaranteed purchases by the state-owned oil company Petrobras, low-interest loans for agro-industrial ethanol firms, and fixed gasoline and ethanol prices where hydrous ethanol sold for 59% of the government-set gasoline price at the pump. Subsidising ethanol production in this manner and setting an artificially low price established ethanol as an alternative to gasoline.
After reaching more than 4 million cars and light trucks running on pure ethanol by the late 1980s, representing one third of the country's motor vehicle fleet, ethanol production and sales of ethanol-only cars tumbled due to several factors. First, gasoline prices fell sharply as a result of the 1980s oil glut, but mainly because of a shortage of ethanol fuel supply in the local market left thousands of vehicles in line at gas stations or out of fuel in their garages by mid-1989. As supply could not keep pace with the increasing demand required by the now significant ethanol-only fleet, the Brazilian government began importing ethanol in 1991. Since 1979 until December 2010 neat ethanol vehicles totaled 5.7 million units. The number of neat ethanol vehicles still in use was estimated between 2 and 3 million vehicles by 2003, and estimated at 1.22 million .
Confidence on ethanol-powered vehicles was restored only with the introduction in the Brazilian market of flexible-fuel vehicles. In March 2003 Volkswagen launched in the Brazilian market the Gol 1.6 Total Flex, the first commercial flexible fuel vehicle capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol. By 2010 manufacturers that build flexible fuel vehicles include Chevrolet, Fiat, Ford, Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen, Honda, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Citroën, Nissan, and Kia Motors. In 2013, Ford launched the first flex fuel car with direct injection: the Focus 2.0 Duratec Direct Flex.
Flexible fuel cars were 22% of the car sales in 2004, 73% in 2005, 87.6% in July 2008, and reached a record 94% in August 2009. The cumulative production of flex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in March 2010, and 15 million in January 2012. Registrations of flex-fuel cars and light trucks represented 87.0% of all passenger and light duty vehicles sold in the country in 2012. Production passed the 20 million-unit mark in June 2013. By the end of 2014, flex-fuel cars represented 54% of the Brazilian registered stock of light-duty vehicles, while gasoline only vehicles represented 34.3%. , flex-fuel light-duty vehicle cumulative sales totaled 25.5 million units.
The rapid adoption and commercial success of "flex" vehicles, as they are popularly known, together with the mandatory blend of alcohol with gasoline as E25 fuel, have increased ethanol consumption up to the point that by February 2008 a landmark in ethanol consumption was achieved when ethanol retail sales surpassed the 50% market share of the gasoline-powered fleet. This level of ethanol fuel consumption had not been reached since the end of the 1980s, at the peak of the Pró-Álcool Program.
Under the auspices of the BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport (BEST) project, the first ethanol-powered (ED95) bus began operations in São Paulo city in December 2007 as a one-year trial project. A second ED95 trial bus began operating in São Paulo city in November 2009.
Based on the satisfactory results obtained during the 3-year trial operation of the two buses, in November 2010 the municipal government of São Paulo city signed an agreement with UNICA, Cosan, Scania and Viação Metropolitana", the local bus operator, to introduced a fleet of 50 ethanol-powered ED95 buses by May 2011. The local government objective is for the city's entire bus fleet, which is made of 15,000 diesel-powered buses, to use only renewable fuels by 2018. The first ethanol-powered buses were delivered in May 2011, and the 50 ethanol-powered ED95 buses are scheduled to begin regular service in São Paulo in June 2011.
Another innovation of the Brazilian flexible-fuel technology was the development of flex-fuel motorcycles. The first flex motorcycle was launched by Honda in March 2009. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the CG 150 Titan Mix is sold for around US$2,700. In order to avoid cold start problems, the fuel tank must have at least 20% of gasoline at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). In September 2009, Honda launched a second flexible-fuel motorcycle, the on-off road NXR 150 Bros Mix. By December 2010 both Honda flexible-fuel motorcycles had reached cumulative sales of 515,726 units, representing an 18.1% market share of the Brazilian new motorcycle sales in 2010. Two other flex-fuel motorcycles manufactured by Honda were launched in October 2010 and January 2011, the CG 150 FAN and the Honda BIZ 125 Flex. During 2011 a total of 956,117 flex-fuel motorcycles were produced, raising its market share to 56.7%. Production reached the 2 million mark in August 2012. Flexible-fuel motorcycle production passed the 3 million-unit milestone in October 2013, and the 4 million mark in March 2015.
Production
Economic and production indicators
Ethanol production in Brazil uses sugarcane as feedstock and relies on first-generation technologies based on the use of the sucrose content of sugarcane. Ethanol yield has grown 3.77% per year since 1975 and productivity gains have been based on improvements in the agricultural and industrial phases of the production process. Further improvements on best practices are expected to allow in the short to mid-term an average ethanol productivity of 9,000 liters per hectare.
There were 378 ethanol plants operating in Brazil by July 2008, 126 dedicated to ethanol production and 252 producing both sugar and ethanol. There are 15 additional plants dedicated exclusively to sugar production. These plants have an installed capacity of crushing 538 million metric tons of sugarcane per year, and there are 25 plants under construction expected to be on line by 2009 that will add an additional capacity of crushing 50 million tons of sugarcane per year. The typical plant costs approximately US$150 million and requires a nearby sugarcane plantation of 30,000 hectares.
Ethanol production is concentrated in the Central and Southeast regions of the country, led by São Paulo state, with around 60% of the country's total ethanol production, followed by Paraná (8%), Minas Gerais (8%) and Goiás (5%). These two regions have been responsible for 90% of Brazil's ethanol production since 2005 and the harvest season goes from April to November. The Northeast Region is responsible for the remaining 10% of ethanol production, led by Alagoas with 2% of total production. The harvest season in the North-Northeast region goes from September to March, and the average productivity in this region is lower than the South-Central region. Due to the difference in the two main harvest seasons, Brazilian statistics for sugar and ethanol production are commonly reported on a harvest two-year basis rather than on a calendar year.
For the 2008/09 harvest it is expected that about 44% of the sugarcane will be used for sugar, 1% for alcoholic beverages, and 55% for ethanol production. An estimate of between 24.9 billion litres (6.58 billion U.S. liquid gallons) and 27.1 billion litres (7.16 billion gallons) of ethanol are expected to be produced in 2008/09 harvest year, with most of the production being destined for the internal market, and only 4.2 billion liters (1.1 billion gallons) for exports, with an estimated 2.5 billion liters (660 million gallons) destined for the US market. Sugarcane cultivated area grew from 7 million to 7.8 million hectares of land from 2007 to 2008, mainly using abandoned pasture lands. In 2008 Brazil has 276 million hectares of arable land, 72% use for pasture, 16.9% for grain crops, and 2.8% for sugarcane, meaning that ethanol is just requiring approximately 1.5% of all arable land available in the country.
As sugar and ethanol share the same feedstock and their industrial processing is fully integrated, formal employment statistics are usually presented together. In 2000 there were 642,848 workers employed by these industries, and as ethanol production expanded, by 2005 there were 982,604 workers employed in the sugarcane cultivation and industrialization, including 414,668 workers in the sugarcane fields, 439,573 workers in the sugar mills, and 128,363 workers in the ethanol distilleries. While employment in the ethanol distilleries grew 88.4% from 2000 to 2005, employment in the sugar fields just grew 16.2% as a direct result of expansion of mechanical harvest instead manual harvesting, which avoids burning the sugarcane fields before manual cutting and also increases productivity. The states with the most employment in 2005 were São Paulo (39.2%), Pernambuco (15%), Alagoas (14.1%), Paraná (7%), and Minas Gerais (5.6%).
2009–2014 crisis
Since 2009 the Brazilian ethanol industry has experienced a crisis due to multiple causes. They include the economic crisis of 2008; poor sugarcane harvests due to unfavorable weather; high sugar prices in the world market that made more attractive to produce sugar rather than ethanol; a freeze imposed by the Brazilian government on the petrol and diesel prices. Brazilian ethanol fuel production in 2011 was 21.1 billion liters (5.6 billion U.S. liquid gallons), down from 26.2 billion liters (6.9 billion gallons) in 2010, while in 2012 the production of ethanol was 26% lower than in 2008. By 2012 a total of 41 ethanol plants out of about 400 have closed and the sugar-cane crop yields dropped from 115 tonnes per hectare in 2008 to 69 tonnes per hectare in 2012.
A supply shortage took place for several months during 2010 and 2011, and prices climbed to the point that ethanol fuel was no longer attractive for owners of flex-fuel vehicles; the government reduced the minimum ethanol blend in gasoline to reduce demand and keep ethanol fuel prices from rising further; and for the first time since the 1990s, (corn) ethanol fuel was imported from the United States. The imports totaled around 1.5 billion litres in 2011–2012. The ethanol share in the transport fuel market decreased from 55% in 2008 to 35% in 2012. As a result of higher ethanol prices combined with government subsidies to keep gasoline price lower than the international market value, by November 2013 only 23% flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol regularly, down from 66% in 2009.
During 2014 Brazil produced 23.4 billion liters (6.19 billion U.S. liquid gallons) of ethanol fuel, however, during that year Brazil imported ethanol from the United States, ranking as the second largest U.S. export market in 2014 after Canada, and representing about 13% of total American exports. Production recovered since 2015, and Brazil produced 26.72 billion liters (7.06 billion U.S. liquid gallons) in 2017, representing 26.1 percent of the world's total ethanol used as fuel.
Agricultural technology
A key aspect for the development of the ethanol industry in Brazil was the investment in agricultural research and development by both the public and private sector. The work of EMBRAPA, the state-owned company in charge for applied research on agriculture, together with research developed by state institutes and universities, especially in the State of São Paulo, have allowed Brazil to become a major innovator in the fields of biotechnology and agronomic practices, resulting in the most efficient agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world. Efforts have been concentrated in increasing the efficiency of inputs and processes to optimize output per hectare of feedstock, and the result has been a threefold increase of sugarcane yields in 29 years, as Brazilian average ethanol yields went from 2,024 liters per ha in 1975 to 5,917 liters per ha in 2004; allowing the efficiency of ethanol production to grow at a rate of 3.77% per year. Brazilian biotechnologies include the development of sugarcane varieties that have a larger sugar or energy content, one of the main drivers for high yields of ethanol per unit of planted area. The increase of the index total recoverable sugar (TRS) from sugarcane has been very significant, 1.5% per year in the period 1977 to 2004, resulting in an increase from 95 to 140 kg/ha. Innovations in the industrial process have allowed an increase in sugar extraction in the period 1977 to 2003. The average annual improvement was 0.3%; some mills have already reached extraction efficiencies of 98%.
Biotechnology research and genetic improvement have led to the development of strains that are more resistant to disease, bacteria, and pests, and also have the capacity to respond to different environments, thus allowing the expansion of sugarcane cultivation to areas previously considered inadequate for such cultures. By 2008 more than 500 sugarcane varieties are cultivated in Brazil, and 51 of them were released just during the last ten years. Four research programs, two private and two public, are devoted to further genetic improvement. Since the mid nineties, Brazilian biotechnology laboratories have developed transgenic varieties, still non commerciallized. Identification of 40,000 cane genes was completed in 2003 and there are a couple dozen research groups working on the functional genome, still on the experimental phase, but commercial results are expected within five years.
Also, there is ongoing research regarding sugarcane biological nitrogen fixation, with the most promising plant varieties showing yields three times the national average in soils of very low fertility, thus avoiding nitrogenous fertilization. There is also research for the development of second-generation or cellulosic ethanol. In São Paulo state an increase of 12% in sugar cane yield and 6.4% in sugar content is expected over the next decade. This advance combined with an expected 6.2% improvement in fermentation efficiency and 2% in sugar extraction, may increase ethanol yields by 29%, raising average ethanol productivity to 9,000 liters/ha. Approximately US$50 million has recently been allocated for research and projects focused on advancing the obtention of ethanol from sugarcane in São Paulo state.
Production process
Sucrose extracted from sugarcane accounts for little more than 30% of the chemical energy stored in the harvested parts of the mature plant; 35% is in the leaves and stem tips, which are left in the fields during harvest, and 35% are in the fibrous material (bagasse) left over from pressing. Most of the industrial processing of sugarcane in Brazil is done through a very integrated production chain, allowing sugar production, industrial ethanol processing, and electricity generation from byproducts. The typical steps for large-scale production of sugar and ethanol include milling, electricity generation, fermentation, distillation of ethanol, and dehydration.
Milling and refining
Once harvested, sugarcane is usually transported to the plant by semi-trailer trucks. After quality control, sugarcane is washed, chopped, and shredded by revolving knives; the feedstock is fed to and extracted by a set of mill combinations to collect a juice, called garapa in Brazil, that contain 10–15% sucrose, and bagasse, the fiber residue. The main objective of the milling process is to extract the largest possible amount of sucrose from the cane, and a secondary but important objective is the production of bagasse with a low moisture content as boiler fuel, as bagasse is burned for electricity generation (see below), allowing the plant to be self-sufficient in energy and to generate electricity for the local power grid.
The cane juice or garapa is then filtered and treated by chemicals and pasteurized. Before evaporation, the juice is filtered once again, producing vinasse, a fluid rich in organic compounds. The syrup resulting from evaporation is then precipitated by crystallization producing a mixture of clear crystals surrounded by molasses. A centrifuge is used to separate the sugar from molasses, and the crystals are washed by addition of steam, after which the crystals are dried by an airflow. Upon cooling, sugar crystallizes out of the syrup. From this point, the sugar refining process continues to produce different grades of sugar, and the molasses continue a separate process to produce ethanol.
Fermentation, distillation and dehydration
The resulting molasses are treated to become a sterilized molasse free of impurities, ready to be fermented. In the fermentation process sugars are transformed into ethanol by addition of yeast. Fermentation time varies from four to twelve hours resulting in an alcohol content of 7-10% by total volume (°GL), called fermented wine. The yeast is recovered from this wine through a centrifuge. Making use of the different boiling points the alcohol in the fermented wine is separated from the main resting solid components. The remaining product is hydrated ethanol with a concentration of 96°GL, the highest concentration of ethanol that can be achieved via azeotropic distillation, and by national specification can contain up to 4.9% of water by volume. This hydrous ethanol is the fuel used by ethanol-only and flex vehicles in the country. Further dehydration is normally done by addition of chemicals, up to the specified 99.7°GL in order to produce anhydrous ethanol, which is used for blending with pure gasoline to obtain the country's E25 mandatory blend.
The additional processing required to convert hydrated into anhydrous ethanol increases the cost of the fuel, as in 2007 the average producer price difference between the two was around 14% for São Paulo State. This production price difference, though small, contributes to the competitiveness of the hydrated ethanol (E100) used in Brazil, not only with regard to local gasoline prices but also as compared to other countries such as the United States and Sweden, that only use anhydrous ethanol for their flex fuel fleet.
Electricity generation from bagasse
Since the early days, bagasse was burnt in the plant to provide the energy required for the industrial part of the process. Today, the Brazilian best practice uses high-pressure boilers that increases energy recovery, allowing most sugar-ethanol plants to be energetically self-sufficient and even sell surplus electricity to utilities. By 2000, the total amount of sugarcane bagasse produced per year was 50 million tons/dry basis out of more than 300 million tons of harvested sugarcane. Several authors estimated a potential power generation from the use of sugarcane bagasse ranging from 1,000 to
9,000 MW, depending on the technology used and the use of harvest trash. One utility in São Paulo is buying more than 1% of its electricity from sugar mills, with a production capacity of 600 MW for self-use and 100 MW for sale. According to analysis from Frost & Sullivan, Brazil's sugarcane bagasse used for power generation has reached 3.0 GW in 2007, and it is expected to reach 12.2 GW in 2014. The analysis also found that sugarcane bagasse cogeneration accounts for 3% of the total Brazilian energy matrix. The energy is especially valuable to utilities because it is produced mainly in the dry season when hydroelectric dams are running low.
According to a study commissioned by the Dutch government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of Brazilian bioethanol "there are also substantial gains possible in the efficiency of electricity use and generation: The electricity used for distillery operations has been estimated at 12.9 kWh/tonne cane, with a best available technology rate of 9.6 kWh/tonne cane. For electricity generation the efficiency could be increased from 18 kWh/tonne cane presently, to 29.1 kWh/tonne cane maximum. The production of surplus electricity could in theory be increased from 5.3 kWh/tonne cane to 19 kWh/tonne cane."
Electric generation from ethanol
Brazil has several experimental programs for the production of electricity using sugar cane ethanol as fuel. A joint venture of General Electric and Petrobras is operating one commercial pilot plant in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais.
Overall energy use
Energy-use associated with the production of sugarcane ethanol derives from three primary sources: the agricultural sector, the industrial sector, and the distribution sector. In the agricultural sector, 35.98 GJ of energy are used to plant, maintain, and harvest one hectare (10,000 m2) of sugarcane for usable biofuel. This includes energy from numerous inputs, including nitrogen, phosphate, potassium oxide, lime, seed, herbicides, insecticides, labor and diesel fuel. The industrial sector, which includes the milling and refining sugarcane and the production of ethanol fuel, uses 3.63 GJ of energy and generates 155.57 GJ of energy per hectare of sugarcane plantation. Scientists estimate that the potential power generated from the cogeneration of bagasse could range from 1,000 to 9,000 MW, depending on harvest and technology factors. In Brazil, this is about 3% of the total energy needed. The burning of bagasse can generate 18 kilowatt-hours, or 64.7 MJ per Mg of sugarcane. Distillery facilities require about 45 MJ to operate, leaving a surplus energy supply of 19.3 MJ, or 5.4 kWh. In terms of distribution, researchers calculates sugarcane ethanol's transport energy requirement to be 0.44 GJ per cubic-meter, thus one hectare of land would require 2.82 GJ of energy for successful transport and distribution. After taking all three sectors into account, the EROEI (Energy Return over Energy Invested) for sugarcane ethanol is about 8.
There are several improvements to the industrial processes, such as adopting a hydrolysis process to produce ethanol instead of surplus electricity, or the use of advanced boiler and turbine technology to increase the electricity yield, or a higher use of excess bagasse and harvest trash currently left behind in the fields, that together with various other efficiency improvements in sugarcane farming and the distribution chain have the potential to allow further efficiency increases, translating into higher yields, lower production costs, and also further improvements in the energy balance and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Exports
Brazil is the world's largest exporter of ethanol. In 2007 it exported 933.4 million gallons (3,532.7 million liters), representing almost 20% of its production, and accounting for almost 50% of the global exports. Since 2004 Brazilian exporters have as their main customers the United States, Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, Jamaica, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, Nigeria, Mexico, India, and South Korea.
The countries in the Caribbean Basin import relative high quantities of Brazilian ethanol, but not much is destined for domestic consumption. These countries reprocess the product, usually converting Brazilian hydrated ethanol into anhydrous ethanol, and then re-export it to the United States, gaining value-added and avoiding the 2.5% duty and the per gallon tariff, thanks to the trade agreements and benefits granted by Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). This process is limited by a quota, set at 7% of U.S. ethanol consumption. Although direct U.S. exports fell in 2007, imports from four CBI countries almost doubled, increasing from 15.5% in 2006 to 25.8% in 2007, reflecting increasing re-exports to the U.S., thus partially compensating the loss of Brazilian direct exports to the U.S. This situation has caused some concerns in the United States, as it and Brazil are trying to build a partnership to increase ethanol production in Latin American and the Caribbean. As the U.S. is encouraging "new ethanol production in other countries, production that could directly compete with U.S.-produced ethanol".
The U.S., potentially the largest market for Brazilian ethanol imports, currently imposes a tariff on Brazilian ethanol of per gallon in order to encourage domestic ethanol production and protect the budding ethanol industry in the United States. Historically, this tariff was intended to offset the 45 cent per gallon blender's federal tax credit that is applied to ethanol no matter its country of origin. Exports of Brazilian ethanol to the U.S. reached a total of US$1 billion in 2006, an increase of 1,020% over 2005 (US$98 million), but fell significantly in 2007 due to sharp increases in American ethanol production from corn. As shown in the table, the United States remains the largest single importer of Brazilian ethanol exports, though collectively the European Union and the CBI countries now import a similar amount.
A 2010 study by Iowa State University's Center for Agricultural and Rural Development found that removing the U.S. import tariff would result in less than 5% of the United States' ethanol being imported from Brazil. Also a 2010 study by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) found that the costs to American taxpayers of using a biofuel to reduce gasoline consumption by one gallon are $1.78 for corn ethanol and $3.00 for cellulosic ethanol. In a similar way, and without considering potential indirect land use effects, the costs to taxpayers of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through tax credits are about $750 per metric ton of -equivalent for ethanol and around $275 per metric ton for cellulosic ethanol.
After being renewed several times, the tax credit is set to expire on December 31, 2011, and both the per gallon tariff and per gallon blender's credit have been the subject of contentious debate in Washington, D.C., with ethanol interest groups and politicians staking positions on both sides of the issue. On June 16, 2011, the U.S. Congress approved an amendment to the economic development bill to repeal both the tax credit and the tariff on ethanol, and though this bill has an uncertain future, it is considered a signal that the tax credits will not be renew when they expire at the end of 2011. The eventual elimination of the import tariff is not expect to have significant effects in the short term, because the Brazilian ethanol industry has been having trouble meeting its own domestic demand for ethanol during 2010 and 2011, and Brazil imported some corn ethanol from the U.S. The shortage in supply is due in part to high sugar prices, which make it more profitable for Brazilian producers to sell it as sugar than convert it to ethanol fuel. Also, as a result of the credit crunch caused by the financial crisis of 2007–2010, the expansion of the Brazilian ethanol industry has not been able keep up pace with the accelerated growth of the flex fuel fleet.
As U.S. EPA's 2010 final ruling for the Renewable Fuel Standard designated Brazilian sugarcane ethanol as an advanced biofuel, Brazilian ethanol producers hope this classification will contribute to lift import tariffs both in the U.S. and the rest of the world. Also they expect to increase exports to the U.S., as the blending mandate requires an increasing quota of advanced biofuels, which is not likely to be fulfilled with cellulosic ethanol, and then it would force blenders to import more Brazilian sugarcane-based ethanol, despite the existing 54¢ per gallon tariff on ethanol imported directly from Brazil, or duty-free from the CBI countries that convert Brazilian hydrated ethanol into anhydrous ethanol.
Prices and effect on oil consumption
Most automobiles in Brazil run either on hydrous alcohol (E100) or on gasohol (E25 blend), as the mixture of 25% anhydrous ethanol with gasoline is mandatory in the entire country. Since 2003, dual-fuel ethanol flex vehicles that run on any proportion of hydrous ethanol and gasoline have been gaining popularity. These have electronic sensors that detect the type of fuel and adjust the engine combustion to match, so users can choose the cheapest available fuel. Sales of flex fuel vehicles reached 9.3 million by December 2009, representing 39% of the passenger vehicle fleet. By mid-2010 there were 70 flex models available in the market and production by December 2010 reached more than 12.5 million flex vehicles including more than 500 thousand flex fuel motorcycles.
Due to the lower energy content of ethanol fuel, full flex-fuel vehicles get fewer miles per gallon. Ethanol price has to be between 25 and 30% cheaper per gallon to reach the break even point. As a rule of thumb, Brazilian consumers are frequently advised by the media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the harvest yields and seasonal fluctuation of sugarcane harvest.
Since 2005, ethanol prices have been very competitive without subsidies, even with gasoline prices kept constant in local currency since mid-2005, at a time when oil was just approaching a barrel. However, Brazilian gasoline taxes are high, around 54 percent, while ethanol fuel taxes are lower and vary between 12% and 30%, depending on the state. As of October 2008 the average price of E25 gasoline was $4.39 per gallon while the average price for ethanol was US$2.69 per gallon. This differential in taxation favors ethanol fuel consumption, and by the end of July 2008, when oil prices were close to its latest peak and the Brazilian real exchange rate to the US dollar was close to its most recent minimum, the average gasoline retail price at the pump in Brazil reached US$6.00 per gallon. The price ratio between gasoline and ethanol fuel has been well above 30 percent during this period for most states, except during low sugar cane supply between harvests and for states located far away from the ethanol production centers. According to Brazilian producers, ethanol can remain competitive if the price of oil does not fall below US$30 a barrel.
By 2008 consumption of ethanol fuel by the Brazilian fleet of light vehicles, as pure ethanol and in gasohol, is replacing gasoline at the rate of about 27,000 cubic meters per day, and by February 2008 the combined consumption of anhydrous and hydrated ethanol fuel surpassed 50 percent of the fuel that would be needed to run the light vehicle fleet on pure gasoline alone. Monthly consumption of anhydrous ethanol for the mandatory E25 blend, together with hydrous ethanol used by flex vehicles, reached 1.432 billion liters, while pure gasoline consumption was 1.411 billion liters. Despite this volumetric parity, when expressed in terms of energy equivalent (toe), sugarcane ethanol represented 17.6 percent of the country's total energy consumption by the transport sector in 2008, while gasoline represented 23.3 percent and diesel 49.2 percent.
For the first time since 2003 sales of hydrous ethanol fell in 2010, with a decrease of 8.5 percent as compared to 2009. Total consumption of both hydrous and anhydrous ethanol fell by 2.9 percent while gasoline consumption increased by 17.5 percent. Despite the reduction in ethanol consumption, total ethanol sales reached 22.2 billion liters while pure gasoline consumption was 22.7 billion liters, keeping the market share for each fuel close to 50 percent. The decrease in hydrous ethanol consumption was due mainly to high sugar prices in the international markets, which reached a 30-year high in 2010. This peak in sugar prices caused sugarcane processing plants to produce more sugar than ethanol, and as supply contracted, E100 prices increased to the point that several times during 2010 the price of hydrous ethanol was less than 30 percent cheaper than gasoline. Another factor that contributed to this shift was the increase sales of imported gasoline only vehicles that took place during 2010.
Comparison with the United States
Brazil's sugar cane-based industry is more efficient than the U.S. corn-based industry. Sugar cane ethanol has an energy balance seven times greater than ethanol produced from corn. Brazilian distillers are able to produce ethanol for 22 cents per liter, compared with the 30 cents per liter for corn-based ethanol. U.S. corn-derived ethanol costs 30% more because the corn starch must first be converted to sugar before being distilled into alcohol. Despite this cost differential in production, the U.S. did not import more Brazilian ethanol because of U.S. trade barriers corresponding to a tariff of 54-cent per gallon, first imposed in 1980, but kept to offset the 45-cent per gallon blender's federal tax credit that is applied to ethanol no matter its country of origin. In 2011 the U.S. Congress decided not to extend the tariff and the tax credit, and as a result both ended on December 31, 2011. During these three decades the ethanol industry was awarded an estimated billion in subsidies and billion just in 2011.
Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or subtropical climate, with a minimum of 600 mm (24 in) of annual rainfall. Sugarcane is one of the most efficient photosynthesizers in the plant kingdom, able to convert up to 2% of incident solar energy into biomass. Sugarcane production in the United States occurs in Florida, Louisiana, Hawaii, and Texas. The first three plants to produce sugarcane-based ethanol are expected to go online in Louisiana by mid-2009. Sugar mill plants in Lacassine, St. James and Bunkie were converted to sugar cane-based ethanol production using Colombian technology in order to make possible a profitable ethanol production. These three plants will produce 100 million gallons (378.5 million liters) of ethanol within five years. By 2009 two other sugarcane ethanol production projects are being developed in Kauai, Hawaii and Imperial Valley, California.
Ethanol diplomacy
In March 2007, "ethanol diplomacy" was the focus of President George W. Bush's Latin American tour, in which he and Brazil's president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, were seeking to promote the production and use of sugar cane–based ethanol throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. The two countries also agreed to share technology and set international standards for biofuels. The Brazilian sugar cane technology transfer will permit various Central American countries, such as Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, several Caribbean countries, and various Andean Countries tariff-free trade with the U.S. thanks to existing concessionary trade agreements.
Even though the U.S. has imposed a US$0.54 tariff on every gallon of imported ethanol since 1980, the Caribbean nations and Central American countries are exempt from such duties based on the benefits granted by the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). CBI provisions allow tariff-free access to the US market from ethanol produced from foreign feedstock (outside CBI countries) up to 7% of the previous year US consumption. Also additional quotas are allowed if the beneficiary countries produce at least 30% of the ethanol from local feedstocks up to an additional 35 million gallons (132.5 million liters). Thus, several countries have been importing hydrated ethanol from Brazil, processing it at local distilleries to dehydrate it, and then re-exporting it as anhydrous ethanol. American farmers have complained about this loophole to legally bypass the tariff. The 2005 Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) maintained the benefits granted by the CBI, and CAFTA provisions established country-specific shares for Costa Rica and El Salvador within the overall quota. An initial annual allowance was established for each country, with gradually increasing annual levels of access to the US market. The expectation is that using Brazilian technology for refining sugar cane–based ethanol, such countries could become net exporters to the United States in the short-term. In August 2007, Brazil's president toured Mexico and several countries in Central America and the Caribbean to promote Brazilian ethanol technology.
The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that the American and Brazilian presidents signed in March 2007 may bring Brazil and the United States closer on energy policy, but it is not clear whether there has been substantive progress implementing the three pillars found in that agreement.
Brazil has also extended its technical expertise to several African countries, including Ghana, Mozambique, Angola, and Kenya. This effort is led by EMBRAPA, the state-owned company in charge for applied research on agriculture, and responsible for most of the achievements in increasing sugarcane productivity during the last thirty years. Another 15 African countries have shown interest in receiving Brazilian technical aid to improve sugarcane productivity and to produce ethanol efficiently. Brazil also has bilateral cooperation agreements with several other countries in Europe and Asia.
As President Lula wrote for The Economist regarding Brazil's global agenda: Brazil's ethanol and biodiesel programmes are a benchmark for alternative and renewable fuel sources. Partnerships are being established with developing countries seeking to follow Brazil's achievements—a 675m-tonne reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions, a million new jobs and a drastic reduction in dependence on imported fossil fuels coming from a dangerously small number of producer countries. All of this has been accomplished without compromising food security, which, on the contrary, has benefited from rising agricultural output ... We are setting up offices in developing countries interested in benefiting from Brazilian know-how in this field.
Environmental and social impacts
Environmental effects
Benefits
Ethanol produced from sugarcane provides energy that is renewable and less carbon intensive than oil. Bioethanol reduces air pollution thanks to its cleaner emissions, and also contributes to mitigate global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Energy balance
One of the main concerns about bioethanol production is the energy balance, the total amount of energy input into the process compared to the energy released by burning the resulting ethanol fuel. This balance considers the full cycle of producing the fuel, as cultivation, transportation and production require energy, including the use of oil and fertilizers. A comprehensive life cycle assessment commissioned by the State of São Paulo found that Brazilian sugarcane-based ethanol has a favorable energy balance, varying from 8.3 for average conditions to 10.2 for best practice production. This means that for average conditions one unit of fossil-fuel energy is required to create 8.3 energy units from the resulting ethanol. These findings have been confirmed by other studies.
Greenhouse gas emissions
Another benefit of bioethanol is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as compared to gasoline, because as much carbon dioxide is taken up by the growing plants as is produced when the bioethanol is burnt, with a zero theoretical net contribution. Several studies have shown that sugarcane-based ethanol reduces greenhouse gases by 86 to 90% if there is no significant land use change, and ethanol from sugarcane is regarded the most efficient biofuel currently under commercial production in terms of GHG emission reduction.
However, two studies published in 2008 are critical of previous assessments of greenhouse gas emissions reduction, as the authors considered that previous studies did not take into account the effect of land use changes. Recent assessments carried out in 2009 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) included the impact of indirect land use changes (ILUC) as part of the lifecycle analysis of crop-based biofuels. Brazilian sugarcane ethanol meets both the ruled California Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and the proposed federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), despite the additional carbon emissions associated with ILUC. On February 3, 2010, EPA issued its final ruling regarding the RFS2 for 2010 and beyond, and determined that Brazilian ethanol produced from sugarcane complies with the applicable 50% GHG reduction threshold for the advanced fuel category. EPA's modelling shows that sugarcane ethanol from Brazil reduces greenhouse gas emissions as compared to gasoline by 61%, using a 30-year payback for indirect land use change (ILUC) emissions. By September 2010 five Brazilian sugarcane ethanol mills have been approved by the EPA to export their ethanol in the U.S. under the advanced biofuel category.
A report commissioned by the United Nations, based on a detailed review of published research up to mid-2009 as well as the input of independent experts worldwide, found that ethanol from sugar cane as produced in Brazil "in some circumstances does better than just 'zero emission.' If grown and processed correctly, it has negative emission, pulling out of the atmosphere, rather than adding it." In contrast, the report found that U.S. use of maize for biofuel is less efficient, as sugarcane can lead to emissions reductions of between 70% and well over 100% when substituted for gasoline. A 2010 study commissioned by the European Commission found that emission reduction effects of first-generation biofuels are positive, even after discounting indirect land use change effects, particularly the "more emission-efficient" sugarcane ethanol from Brazil, which would have to be imported to assure the environmental viability of the EU's biofuels mandate.
Another 2010 study published by the World Bank found that "Brazil's transport sector has a lower carbon intensity compared to that of most other countries because of its widespread use of ethanol as a fuel for vehicles." The study also concluded that despite the already low emission intensity, urban transportation is responsible for 51% of CO2 emissions within the Brazilian transport sector in 2008, and mainly originate in the growing use of private cars, traffic congestion and inefficient public transportation systems. Nevertheless, the study concluded that the increased use of flexible-fuel vehicles and the switch from gasoline to sugarcane ethanol are expected to stabilize GHG emissions from the light vehicle fleet over the next 25 years despite an expected increase in the number of kilometers traveled. Furthermore, the study found that if bioethanol's market share of the gasoline-powered vehicle market reaches 80% in 2030, this switch from gasoline "could deliver more than one-third of total emissions reduction targeted for the transport sector over the period" (2008–2030). The study also concluded that by increasing Brazilian ethanol exports to attend the increasing international demand for low-carbon fuels, its trade partners will benefit from reduced CHG emissions. However, for this opportunity to be realized, trade barriers and subsidies in many countries will have to be reduced or eliminated.
A 2009 study published in Energy Policy found that the use of ethanol fuel in Brazil has allowed to avoid over 600 million tons of CO2 emissions since 1975, when the Pró-Álcool Program began. The study also concluded that the neutralization of the carbon released due to land-use change was achieved in 1992. In another estimate, UNICA, the main Brazilian ethanol industry organization, estimated that just the use of ethanol fuel in flex-fuel vehicles in Brazil has avoided 83.5 million tons of CO2 emissions between March 2003 and January 2010.
Air pollution
The widespread use of ethanol brought several environmental benefits to urban centers regarding air pollution. Lead additives to gasoline were reduced through the 1980s as the amount of ethanol blended in the fuel was increased, and these additives were eliminated by 1991. The addition of ethanol blends instead of lead to gasoline lowered the total carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, sulfur emissions, and particulate matter significantly. The use of ethanol-only vehicles has also reduced CO emissions drastically. Before the Pró-Álcool Program started, when gasoline was the only fuel in use, CO emissions were higher than 50 g/km driven; they had been reduced to less than 5.8 g/km in 1995. Several studies have also shown that São Paulo has benefit with significantly less air pollution thanks to ethanol's cleaner emissions. Furthermore, Brazilian flex-fuel engines are being designed with higher compression ratios, taking advantage of the higher ethanol blends and maximizing the benefits of the higher oxygen content of ethanol, resulting in lower emissions and improving fuel efficiency.
Even though all automotive fossil fuels emit aldehydes, one of the drawbacks of the use of hydrated ethanol in ethanol-only engines is the increase in aldehyde emissions as compared with gasoline or gasohol. However, the present ambient concentrations of aldehyde, in São Paulo city are below the reference levels recommended as adequate to human health found in the literature. Other concern is that because formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions are significantly higher, and although both aldehydes occur naturally and are frequently found in the open environment, additional emissions may be important because of their role in smog formation. However, more research is required to establish the extent and direct consequences, if any, on health.
Issues
Water use and fertilizers
Ethanol production has also raised concerns regarding water overuse and pollution, soil erosion and possible contamination by excessive use of fertilizers. A study commissioned by the Dutch government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of Brazilian bioethanol concluded that there is sufficient water to supply all foreseeable long-term water requirements for sugarcane and ethanol production. Also, and as a result of legislation and technological progress, the amount of water collected for ethanol production has decreased considerably during the previous years. The overuse of water resources seems a limited problem in general in São Paulo, particularly because of the relatively high rainfall, yet, some local problems may occur. Regarding water pollution due to sugarcane production, Embrapa classifies the industry as level 1, which means "no impact" on water quality.
This evaluation also found that consumption of agrochemicals for sugar cane production is lower than in citric, corn, coffee and soybean cropping. Disease and pest control, including the use of agrochemicals, is a crucial element in all cane production. The study found that development of resistant sugar cane varieties is a crucial aspect of disease and pest control and is one of the primary objectives of Brazil's cane genetic improvement programs. Disease control is one of the main reasons for the replacement of a commercial variety of sugar cane.
Field burning
Advancements in fertilizers and natural pesticides have all but eliminated the need to burn fields. Sugarcane fields are traditionally burned just before harvest to avoid harm to the workers, by removing the sharp leaves and killing snakes and other harmful animals, and also to fertilize the fields with ash. There has been less burning due to pressure from the public and health authorities, and as a result of the recent development of effective harvesting machines. In the mid 90s, it was very common to experience quite dense ash rains in cities within the sugarcane's fields during harvest seasons.
A 2001 state law banned burning in sugarcane fields in São Paulo state by 2021, and machines will gradually replace human labor as the means of harvesting cane, except where the abrupt terrain does not allow for mechanical harvesting. However, 150 out of 170 of São Paulo's sugar cane processing plants signed in 2007 a voluntary agreement with the state government to comply by 2014. Independent growers signed in 2008 the voluntary agreement to comply, and the deadline was extended to 2017 for sugar cane fields located in more abrupt terrain. By the 2009/10 harvest season more than 50% of the cane was collected in São Paulo with harvesting machines. Mechanization will reduce pollution from burning fields and has higher productivity than people, but also will create unemployment for these seasonal workers, many of them coming from the poorest regions of Brazil. Due to mechanization the number of temporary workers in the sugarcane plantations has already declined as each harvester machine replaces about 100 cane cutters a day and creates 30 jobs including operators and maintenance teams.
Effects of land use change
Two studies published in 2008 questioned the benefits estimated in previous assessments regarding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from sugarcane-based ethanol, as the authors consider that previous studies did not take into account the direct and indirect effect of land use changes. The authors found a "biofuel carbon debt" is created when Brazil and other developing countries convert land in undisturbed ecosystems, such as rainforests, savannas, or grasslands, to biofuel production, and to crop production when agricultural land is diverted to biofuel production. This land use change releases more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels. Among others, the study analyzed the case of Brazilian Cerrado being converted for sugarcane ethanol production. The biofuel carbon debt on converted Cerrado is estimated to be repaid in 17 years, the least amount of time of the scenarios that were analyzed, as for example, ethanol from US corn was estimated to have a 93-year payback time. The study conclusion is that the net effect of biofuel production via clearing of carbon-rich habitats is to increase CO2 emissions for decades or centuries relative to fossil fuel use.
Regarding this concern, previous studies conducted in Brazil have shown there are 355 million ha of arable land in Brazil, of which only 72 million ha are in use. Sugarcane is only taking 2% of arable land available, of which ethanol production represented 55% in 2008. Embrapa estimates that there is enough agricultural land available to increase at least 30 times the existing sugarcane plantation without endangering sensitive ecosystems or taking land destined for food crops. Most future growth is expected to take place on abandoned pasture lands, as it has been the historical trend in São Paulo state. Also, productivity is expected to improve even further based on current biotechnology research, genetic improvement, and better agronomic practices, thus contributing to reduce land demand for future sugarcane cultures. This trend is demonstrated by the increases in agricultural production that took place in São Paulo state between 1990 and 2004, where coffee, orange, sugarcane and other food crops were grown in an almost constant area.
Also regarding the potential negative impacts of land use changes on carbon emissions, a study commissioned by the Dutch government concluded that "it is very difficult to determine the indirect effects of further land use for sugar cane production (i.e. sugar cane replacing another crop like soy or citrus crops, which in turn causes additional soy plantations replacing pastures, which in turn may cause deforestation), and also not logical to attribute all these soil carbon losses to sugar cane." Other authors have also questioned these indirect effects, as cattle pastures are displaced to the cheaper land near the Amazon. Studies rebutting this concern claim that land devoted to free grazing cattle is shrinking, as density of cattle on pasture land increased from 1.28 heads of cattle/ha to 1.41 from 2001 to 2005, and further improvements are expected in cattle feeding practices.
A paper published in February 2010 by a team led by Lapola from the University of Kassel found that the planned expansion of biofuel plantations (sugarcane and soybean) in Brazil up to 2020 will have a small direct land-use impact on carbon emissions, but indirect land-use changes could offset the carbon savings from biofuels due to the expansion of the rangeland frontier into the Amazonian forests, particularly due to displacement of cattle ranching. "Sugarcane ethanol and soybean biodiesel each contribute to nearly half of the projected indirect deforestation of 121,970 km2 by 2020, creating a carbon debt that would take about 250 years to be repaid using these biofuels instead of fossil fuels." The analysis also showed that intensification of cattle ranching, combined with efforts to promote high-yielding oil crops are required to achieve effective carbon savings from biofuels in Brazil, "while still fulfilling all food and bioenergy demands."
The main Brazilian ethanol industry organization (UNICA) commented that this study and other calculations of land-use impacts are missing a key factor, the fact that in Brazil "cattle production and pasture has been intensifying already and is projected to do so in the future."
Deforestation
Other criticism have focused on the potential for clearing rain forests and other environmentally valuable land for sugarcane production, such as the Amazon, the Pantanal or the Cerrado. Embrapa and UNICA have rebutted this concern explaining that 99.7% of sugarcane plantations are located at least from the Amazonia, and expansion during the last 25 years took place in the Center-South region, also far away from the Amazonia, the Pantanal or the Atlantic forest. In São Paulo state growth took place in abandoned pasture lands.
The impact assessment regarding future changes in land use, forest protection and risks on biodiversity conducted as part of the study commissioned by the Dutch government concluded that "the direct impact of cane production on biodiversity is limited, because cane production replaces mainly pastures and/or food crop and sugar cane production takes place far from the major biomes in Brazil (Amazon Rain Forest, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Campos Sulinos and Pantanal)." However, "the indirect impacts from an increase of the area under sugar cane production are likely more severe. The most important indirect impact would be an expansion of the area agricultural land at the expense of cerrados. The cerrados are an important biodiversity reserve. These indirect impacts are difficult to quantify and there is a lack of practically applicable criteria and indicators."
In order to guarantee a sustainable development of ethanol production, in September 2009 the government issued by decree a countrywide agroecological land use zoning to restrict sugarcane growth in or near environmentally sensitive areas such as the Pantanal wetlands, the Amazon Rainforest and the Upper Paraguay River Basin. The installation of new ethanol production plants will not be permitted on these locations, and only existing plants and new ones with environmental licensed already approved before September 17, 2009, will be allowed to remain operating in these sensitive areas. According to the new criteria, 92.5% of the Brazilian territory is not suitable for sugarcane plantation. The government considers that the suitable areas are more than enough to meet the future demand for ethanol and sugar in the domestic and international markets foreseen for the next decades.
Social implications
Sugarcane has had an important social contribution to some of the poorest people in Brazil by providing income usually above the minimum wage, and a formal job with fringe benefits. Formal employment in Brazil accounts an average 45% across all sectors, while the sugarcane sector has a share of 72.9% formal jobs in 2007, up from 53.6% in 1992, and in the more developed sugarcane ethanol industry in São Paulo state formal employment reached 93.8% in 2005. Average wages in sugar cane and ethanol production are above the official minimum wage, but minimum wages may be insufficient to avoid poverty.
The North-Northeast regions stands out for having much lower levels of education among workers and lower monthly income. The average number workers with 3 or less school years in Brazil is 58.8%, while in the Southeast this percentage is 46.2%, in the Northeast region is 76,4%. Therefore, earnings in the Center-South are not surprisingly higher than those in the North-Northeast for comparable levels of education. In 2005 sugarcane harvesting workers in the Center-South region received an average wage 58.7% higher than the average wage in the North-Northeast region. The main social problems are related to cane cutters which do most of the low-paid work related to ethanol production.
The total number of permanent employees in the sector fell by one-third between 1992 and 2003, in part due to the increasing reliance on mechanical harvesting, especially from the richer and more mature sugarcane producers of São Paulo state. During the same period, the share of temporary or seasonal workers has fluctuated, first declining and then increasing in recent years to about one-half of the total jobs in the sector, but in absolute terms the number of temporary workers has declined also. The sugarcane sector in the poorer Northeast region is more labor-intensive as production in this region represents only 18.6% of the country's total production but employs 44.3% of worker force in the sugarcane sector.
The manual harvesting of sugarcane has been associated with hardship and poor working conditions. In this regard, the study commissioned by the Dutch government confirmed that the main problem is indeed related to manual cane harvesting. A key problem in working conditions is the high work load. As a result of mechanization the workload per worker has increased from 4 to 6 ton per day in the eighties to 8 to 10 ton per day in the nineties, up to 12 to 15 ton per day in 2007. If the quota is not fulfilled, workers can be fired. Producers say this problem will disappear with greater mechanization in the next decade. Also, as mechanization of the harvesting is increasing and only feasible in flat terrain, more workers are being used in areas where conditions are not suitable for mechanized harvesting equipment, such as rough areas where the crops are planted irregularly, making working conditions harder and more hazardous.
Also unhealthy working conditions and even cases of slavery and deaths from overwork (cane cutting) have been reported, but these are likely worst-case examples. Even though sufficiently strict labor laws are present in Brazil, enforcement is weak. Displacement and seasonal labor also implies physical and cultural disruption of multifunctional family farms and traditional communities.
Regarding social responsibility the ethanol production sector maintains more than 600 schools, 200 nursery centers and 300 day care units, as legislation requires that 1% of the net sugar cane price and 2% of the net ethanol price must be devoted to medical, dental, pharmaceutical, sanitary, and educational services for sugar cane workers. In practice more than 90% of the mills provide health and dental care, transportation and collective life insurance, and over 80% provide meals and pharmaceutical care. However, for the temporary low wage workers in cane cutting these services may not be available.
Effect on food prices
Some environmentalists, such as George Monbiot, have expressed fears that the marketplace will convert crops to fuel for the rich, while the poor starve and biofuels cause environmental problems. Environmental groups have raised concerns about this trade-off for several years. The food vs fuel debate reached a global scale in 2008 as a result of the international community's concerns regarding the steep increase in food prices. In April 2008, Jean Ziegler, back then United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, called biofuels a "crime against humanity", a claim he had previously made in October 2007, when he called for a 5-year ban for the conversion of land for the production of biofuels. Also in April 2008, the World Bank's President, Robert Zoellick, stated that "While many worry about filling their gas tanks, many others around the world are struggling to fill their stomachs. And it's getting more and more difficult every day."
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva gave a strong rebuttal, calling these claims "fallacies resulting from commercial interests", and putting the blame instead on U.S. and European agricultural subsidies, and a problem restricted to U.S. ethanol produced from maize. The Brazilian President has also claimed on several occasions that his country's sugar cane–based ethanol industry has not contributed to the food price crises.
A report released by Oxfam in June 2008 criticized biofuel policies of rich countries as neither a solution to the climate crisis nor the oil crisis, while contributing to the food price crisis. The report concluded that from all biofuels available in the market, Brazilian sugarcane ethanol is "far from perfect" but it is the most favorable biofuel in the world in term of cost and greenhouse gas balance. The report discusses some existing problems and potential risks, and asks the Brazilian government for caution to avoid jeopardizing its environmental and social sustainability. The report also says that: "Rich countries spent up to $15 billion last year supporting biofuels while blocking cheaper Brazilian ethanol, which is far less damaging for global food security."
A World Bank research report published in July 2008 found that from June 2002 to June 2008 "biofuels and the related consequences of low grain stocks, large land use shifts, speculative activity and export bans" accounted for 70-75% of total price rises. The study found that higher oil prices and a weak dollar explain 25-30% of total price rise. The study said that "large increases in biofuels production in the United States and Europe are the main reason behind the steep rise in global food prices" and also stated that "Brazil's sugar-based ethanol did not push food prices appreciably higher." The report argues that increased production of biofuels in these developed regions were supported by subsidies and tariffs on imports, and considers that without such policies, price increases worldwide would have been smaller. This research paper also concluded that Brazil's sugar cane–based ethanol has not raised sugar prices significantly, and recommends removing tariffs on ethanol imports by both the U.S. and EU, to allow more efficient producers such as Brazil and other developing countries, including many African countries, to produce ethanol profitably for export to meet the mandates in the EU and U.S.
An economic assessment report also published in July 2008 by the OECD agrees with the World Bank report regarding the negative effects of subsidies and trade restrictions, but found that the impact of biofuels on food prices are much smaller. The OECD study is also critical of the limited reduction of GHG emissions achieved from biofuels produced in Europe and North America, concluding that the current biofuel support policies would reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport fuel by no more than 0.8% by 2015, while Brazilian ethanol from sugar cane reduces greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% compared to fossil fuels. The assessment calls on governments for more open markets in biofuels and feedstocks in order to improve efficiency and lower costs.
A study by the Brazilian research unit of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas regarding the effects of biofuels on grain prices. concluded that the major driver behind the 2007–2008 rise in food prices was speculative activity on futures markets under conditions of increased demand in a market with low grain stocks. The study also concluded that expansion of biofuel production was not a relevant factor and also that there is no correlation between Brazilian sugarcane cultivated area and average grain prices, as on the contrary, the spread of sugarcane was accompanied by rapid growth of grain crops in the country.
See also
First-generation biofuel
Renewable energy in Brazil
Common ethanol fuel mixtures
Biofuels by region
List of renewable energy topics by country
Ethanol fuel by country
Ethanol fuel in Australia
Ethanol fuel in the Philippines
Ethanol fuel in Sweden
Ethanol fuel in the United States
Flexible-fuel vehicle
Low-carbon fuel standard
Bibliography
See Appendix A: The Brazilian Experience
References
External links
BBC News video segment on ethanol in Brazil
Biofuels: The Promise and the Risks. The World Bank's World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development
Biofuelwatch on Ethanol in Brazil
Brazil Institute: Biofuels Central.WWICS
Brazil priming ethanol initiative to supply fuel-thirsty Japan
Brazilian Ethanol Policy: Lessons for the United States
The Brazilian biofuels industry (2008 status)
"Carbonômetro" - Tool to estimate how much CO2 emissions have been avoided by ethanol used by flex-fuel cars in Brazil since March 2003.
CDM Potential in Brazil, by S. Meyers, J. Sathaye et al.
CNBC's Yergin: What the U.S. Can Learn From Brazil About Ethanol By CNBC.com|07 Jun 2007|12:33 PM ET
Cogeneration in Ethanol Plants by P. M. Nastari
Corporate Sustainability in the Brazilian Sugar-Ethanol Sector, conducted by the Brazilian Foundation for Sustainable Development in a partnership with CSM/IMD
Ethical Sugar
From Alcohol to Ethanol: A winning trajectory History of ethanol fuel use in Brazil (English and Portuguese)
Global Trade and Environmental Impact Study of the EU Biofuels Mandate by the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI) March 2010
Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning - Brazilian Federal Government
Reconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action, Global Change Biology Bioenergy Journal, June 2016.
Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels, United Nations Environment Programme, October 2009
GLOBIOM model: ILUC Quantification Study of EU Biofuels
Ethanol fuel
Biofuel in Brazil |
50547572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchev | Manchev | Manchev (masculine, ) or Mancheva (feminine, ) is a Bulgarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Dimitar Manchev (1934–2009), Bulgarian actor
Georgi Manchev (born 1990), Bulgarian volleyball player
Lachezar Manchev (born 1989), Bulgarian footballer
Milen Manchev (born 2001), Bulgarian footballer
Nikolay Manchev (born 1985), Bulgarian footballer
Vladimir Manchev (born 1977), Bulgarian footballer
Bulgarian-language surnames |
32229703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellinsia%20gratiosus | Hellinsia gratiosus | Hellinsia gratiosus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in North America (including California, British Columbia and Alberta)
The wingspan is about . The head and palpi are dark brown and the antennae are pale brownish, dotted above with white and dark-brown scales. The thorax is greyish brown, although the anterior portion is lighter. The abdomen is fawn brown and the legs are greyish brown. The forewings are pale cinereous, dusted with dark brown. There is an oblique brown spot located before the base of the fissure and a longitudinal brown costal line nearly opposite the base of the fissure. The fringes are concolorous with the wings. The hindwings and fringes are brownish cinereous, although the third feather is whitish.
References
gratiosus
Moths of North America
Fauna of California
Moths described in 1881
Fauna of the Western United States |
12950787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%20Morano | Sue Morano | Sue Morano (born May 8, 1960) is a Democratic Party politician who served as a member of the Ohio Senate.
Life and career
Born and raised in Nova, Ohio, Morano is a registered nurse who maintains shifts at the local county hospital even currently. A graduate of [Mapleton High School] and Lorain County Community College, Morano resides in Lorain.
Ohio Senate
In 2002, Morano faced Republican Party Senator Jeff Armbruster in his reelection campaign in the Ohio Senate. A historically Democratic district, Morano was seen as having the best potential opportunity to pick off an incumbent state Senator in the 2002 cycle. In a divisive campaign, Armbruster barely won reelection, beating Morano by less than 600 votes. It was so close that Morano refused to concede on election night as more official results were tallied. Armbruster defeated Morano by fewer than 400 votes.
With Armbruster term limited and unable to run for reelection in 2006, Morano ran for the open seat. This time, she was successful, securing more than 60% of the electorate in an overwhelmingly Democratic year. She took her seat in the Ohio Senate on January 2, 2007. For the next four years, Morano focused on issues such as education, and was a leader in health initiatives.
In 2010, Morano was seen again by Republicans as a top target, and as one of the easier seats to pick up. While Morano remained popular, an overwhelmingly Republican year made the race competitive, and divisive. The Republicans nominated Gayle Manning, a former city councilwoman and teacher, to face Morano. She defeated Morano by 6,000 votes.
Following her defeat, Morano returned to Lorain where she works as an ICU nurse.
References
External links
The Ohio Ladies' Gallery: Sen. Sue Morano (D-Lorain)
Follow the Money - Sue Morano
2006 2002 campaign contributions
Democratic Party Ohio state senators
Living people
Women state legislators in Ohio
1960 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians |
19867101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arild%20Stubhaug | Arild Stubhaug | Arild Stubhaug (born 25 May 1948) is a Norwegian mathematician, poet and biographer.
Stubhaug was born in Naustdal, and is married to Kari Bøge. He made his literary debut in 1970 with the poetry collection Utkantane. He has written biographies of the mathematicians Sophus Lie, Niels Henrik Abel and Gösta Mittag-Leffler.
He received the Brage Prize in 1996 for the biography Et foranskutt lyn. Niels Henrik Abel og hans tid, translated into English under the title Niels Henrik Abel and his Times:Called Too Soon by Flames Afar,
He followed up with the 250-year history of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters (2010) and biographies of Jacob Aall (2014) and Stein Rokkan (2019).
Awards
Brage Prize, 1996
Norsk språkpris, 2001
Norwegian Academy Prize in memory of Thorleif Dahl, 2008
Doblougprisen 2010
References
1948 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian male poets
People from Naustdal
20th-century Norwegian male writers
Norwegian biographers
20th-century Norwegian historians
Male biographers
21st-century Norwegian historians
Norwegian mathematicians |
3748525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Luttrell | Geoffrey Luttrell | Sir Geoffrey Luttrell III (1276 – 23 May 1345) lord of the manor of Irnham in Lincolnshire was a mediaeval knight remembered principally today as having commissioned the Luttrell Psalter, a rare and profusely illustrated manuscript now in the British Library in London.
Origins
Geoffrey Luttrell was born in 1276 and was the son of Robert Luttrell (died 1296). He succeeded his father in 1297. He was a descendant of Sir Geoffrey de Luterel. He was referred to as the 2nd Lord of Irnham. His family's arms were: Azure, a bend between six martlets argent. Another branch of the Luttrell family, which bore the same arms but differenced by tincture (Or, a bend between six martlets sable), in 1376 he acquired Dunster Castle in Somerset, where they were seated until the extinction of the male line in 1737 (although the family continued at Dunster until 1976 via a female line which adopted the surname and arms of Luttrell).
Career
Within the last five years before his death in 1345 he commissioned the Luttrell Psalter, the illustrations to which include a representation of him, his wife and his daughter-in-law, with profuse display of his armorials.
Although he has been praised for his patronage of the arts, it seems that Luttrell, like many medieval landowners, was capable of ruthlessness and violence. A private war which he conducted together with his neighbours Roger de Birthorpe, Edmund Colville and Guy Goband against the monks of Sempringham Priory was considered serious enough to warrant a Royal Commission of Inquiry in 1312. However, it has been argued that Birthorpe was the principal offender and that Luttrell was to blame only for supporting his friend; this may be borne out by the fact that while Birthorpe was outlawed for a time, Luttrell seems to have escaped any censure.
Marriage and children
Sir Geoffrey married Agnes the daughter of Sir Richard of Sutton. She died in June 1339 or 1340.
Their Issue:
1. Robert, d. 1320
2. Andrew, his heir.
3. Sir Geoffrey, who married Constance, daughter of Geoffrey Scrope.
4. Robert, a Knight of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.
5. Isabel, a Gilbertine nun.
6. Elizabeth, who married Walter, son of Sir Walter Gloucester.
Notes
External links
Inquisition Post Mortem #406, dated 1296, reflecting the inheritance going to his son Geoffrey.
A History of Dunster and of the Families of Mohun & Luttrell, Volume 2, Public Domain.
1276 births
1345 deaths
13th-century English people
14th-century English people
Medieval English knights
People from South Kesteven District |
64878869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Roommate%20Is%20a%20Detective | My Roommate Is a Detective | My Roommate Is a Detective () is a 2020 Chinese streaming television series starring Hu Yitian, Zhang Yunlong and Xiao Yan. It follows a deduction genius, a detective and a newspaper reporter who team up to solve mysterious cases. The series aired on iQiyi on March 24, 2020. The series received positive reviews.
Cast
Hu Yitian as Lu Yao
Zhang Yunlong as Qiao Chusheng
Xiao Yan as Bai Youning
References
2020 Chinese television series debuts |
23082893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina%20Salomykova | Irina Salomykova | Irina Salomykova-Vaag (November 28, 1961 – April 12, 2015) was a Soviet-born, Russian sprint canoer who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. She won five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver (K-4 500 m: 1985) and four bronzes (K-1 5000 m: 1990, K-2 500 m: 1989, K-4 500 m: 1987, 1989).
Salomykova-Vaag also competed in two Summer Olympics for two different nations. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, she competed in two events for the Soviet Union by finishing fourth in the K-4 500 m and fifth in the K-2 500 m events. Four years later in Barcelona, Salomykova-Vaag competed for the Unified Team by finishing ninth in the K-4 500 m event though she was eliminated in the semifinals of the K-1 500 m event.
References
Irina Salomykova's profile at Sports Reference.com
1961 births
2015 deaths
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for the Soviet Union
Olympic canoeists for the Unified Team
Russian female canoeists
Soviet female canoeists
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak |
38557358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Sahl%C3%A9n | Dick Sahlén | Dick Sahlén (born 10 November 1986 in Stockholm) is a Swedish auto racing driver who has competed in the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship for Mattias Ekström Juniorteam.
Swedish motorsport people
1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Stockholm |
11647273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1z%C4%B1nt%C4%B1 | Sızıntı | Sızıntı () was a monthly Islamic magazine published between 1979 and July 2016 in Turkey. Its English-language version is known as The Fountain. The magazine was started by and is operated by members of the Gülen movement, made up of the followers of the Turkish preacher and Islamic opinion leader Fethullah Gülen, and claims to bring together Islam and science by stressing the alleged "parallels" between modern scientific discoveries and literal verses from the Quran.
Sızıntı was closed down by the Turkish authorities on 27 July 2016.
References
External links
Official website
Islamic magazines
Cultural magazines published in Turkey
Turkish-language magazines
Monthly magazines published in Turkey
Defunct magazines published in Turkey
Magazines established in 1979
1979 establishments in Turkey
Magazines disestablished in 2016
Mass media shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges
Companies formerly affiliated with the Gülen movement
Banned magazines |
26469603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Union%E2%80%93Northern%20Cyprus%20relations | European Union–Northern Cyprus relations | Turkish Cypriots and the European Union have somewhat strained relations because the European Union (EU) does not recognise the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Legal situation
Due to the Cyprus dispute, TRNC is recognized only by the EU candidate state Turkey. All other countries recognise the Republic of Cyprus, an EU member state, as the only legitimate government for the whole island. However the Republic of Cyprus de facto controls only the south of the island while the TRNC government controls the north.
Due to this dispute, northern Cyprus is de jure part of the EU by virtue of de jure being part of the Republic of Cyprus. It was hoped that the accession of the south in 2004 would provide the catalyst for unification so that a unitary state of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots could join the EU on 1 May 2004. In the end, Turkish Cypriots supported reunification, also because it would allow them to join the EU. However, the unification plan was voted down by the Greek Cypriots and Cyprus joined the EU in the face of the Republic of Cyprus.
Cyprus' Treaty of Accession 2003 included Protocol No 10 on Cyprus (OJ L 236, 23.09.2003, p. 955), Art. 1.1 of which states: "The application of the acquis shall be suspended in those areas of the Republic of Cyprus in which the Government of the Republic of Cyprus does not exercise effective control."
Status in the EU
, the EU recognises the north as being outside the control of the Greek Cypriot–led government of the Republic and hence is temporarily exempt from EU legislation. The euro also does not officially circulate in the north (although it does have widespread usage) and the Schengen agreement is not in effect in Cyprus due to complications in security at the external border to the north. The free movement of goods, capital, services and people is also not in effect. Turkish Cypriots are considered citizens of the European Union as the EU considers them Cypriot citizens, merely living in a part of Cyprus outside of the control of the Republic of Cyprus.
However, seats in the European Parliament are allocated based on the population of both north and south Cyprus together. Turkish Cypriots that hold citizenship of the Republic of Cyprus are allowed to vote and be candidates.
Naturalised citizens of TRNC or foreigners carrying a passport stamped by TRNC authorities may be refused entry by the Republic of Cyprus or Greece, although after the accession of the Republic of Cyprus to the EU such restrictions have been eased following confidence-building measures between Athens and Ankara and the partial opening of the UN-controlled line by TRNC authorities. The Republic of Cyprus also allows passage across the Green Line from the part of Nicosia that it controls, as well as a few other selected crossing points, since TRNC does not leave entry stamps in the passport for such visits. Since May 2004 some tourists have taken to flying to the Republic of Cyprus directly then crossing the green line to holiday in northern Cyprus.
Euro
The northern part of Cyprus is legally part of the EU, but law is suspended due to it being under the control of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which the EU does not recognise. The North uses the Turkish lira instead of the euro, although the euro circulates alongside the lira and other currencies. On the resolution of the Cyprus dispute and the reunification of the island, the euro would become the official currency of the north also. Adoption by the North would be the first time the euro has replaced use of another currency that hasn't ceased to exist after euro adoption. Euro adoption would help to address inflation in the North by bringing in price stability. Cypriot euro coins already bear the name of Cyprus in both Greek and Turkish, displaying representations of natural and ancient Cypriot history.
Trade
In wake of the April 2004 referendum on unification, and the support of the Turkish Cypriot community for the plan, the European Union made pledges towards ending the isolation of northern Cyprus. The proposal for trade between the EU and the Turkish Cypriots was never implemented due to opposition from the Greek Cypriots, who argue that trade would amount to indirect recognition of the TRNC. Proposals to open up trade were discussed by Parliament again in 2010, but still opposed by the Republic of Cyprus.
Aid programme
The EU has helped the Turkish Cypriot community prepare to implement EU law in the future, as a final reunification settlement would mean the application of EU law throughout Cyprus. Through the Financial Aid Regulation, the EU has funded infrastructure projects, civil society and has provided training on the EU body of laws. To manage the interaction with the EU, the Turkish Cypriots have introduced a series of institutions, such as the EU Coordination office.
Green Line Regulation
The Green Line Regulation has been implemented to regulate movement through the 'Green Line', the border that separates Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot areas, and to help the economic development of the Turkish Cypriots. In order to avoid recognising the TRNC by implication, The European Commission has dealt with the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce rather than ministerial authorities, which would have been the norm. This offered the chamber an important role in the relations with the EU.
See also
Cyprus dispute
Politics of Northern Cyprus
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Apostolides v Orams
References
Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus
Third-country relations of the European Union |
2597530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swale | Swale | Swale or Swales may refer to:
Topography
Swale (landform), a low tract of land
Bioswale, landform designed to remove silt and pollution
Swales, found in the formation of Hummocky cross-stratification
Geography
River Swale, in North Yorkshire, England
The Swale, a channel separating mainland Kent from the Isle of Sheppey, England
Borough of Swale, a local government district in Kent, England
Swale railway station
Other uses
Swale (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
Swales (surname), a surname
Swales Aerospace, a U.S. aerospace and defense company from 1978 to 2007, founded by Tom Swales |
3457487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim%20Armenians | Muslim Armenians | Muslim Armenians may refer to:
Hidden Armenians, Christian Armenians of Turkey who became Islamized, and Turkified or Kurdified to escape the Armenian genocide
Hemshin peoples, an ethnic group of Armenian origin, and who were originally Christian, but were Islamized during the Ottoman Empire |
132878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20Township%2C%20Lancaster%20County%2C%20Pennsylvania | Earl Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania | Earl Township is a township in northeastern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 7,149 at the 2020 census.
History
The David Davis Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and (0.14%) is water. It contains the communities of Martindale, Hinkletown, Vogansville, and Laurel Hill, and it surrounds the borough of New Holland, a separate municipality.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,183 people, 2,019 households, and 1,617 families living in the township. The population density was . There were 2,126 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 97.27% White, 0.60% African American, 1.15% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population.
There were 2,019 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.4% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.9% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.50.
In the township the population was spread out, with 31.6% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 21.0% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $39,266, and the median income for a family was $42,667. Males had a median income of $32,635 versus $21,211 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,503. About 9.5% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.
Notable person
Christian Alsdorff, fraktur artist
References
External links
Populated places established in 1717
Townships in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Townships in Pennsylvania
1717 establishments in Pennsylvania |
68508609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palumbia%20eristaloides | Palumbia eristaloides | Palumbia eristaloides is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.
Distribution
Palearctic.
References
Milesiini
Insects described in 1887
Diptera of Europe
Taxa named by Josef Aloizievitsch Portschinsky |
3241937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechory | Pechory | Pechory (; Estonian and Seto: ) is a town and the administrative centre of Pechorsky District in the Pskov Oblast, Russia. Its population in the 2010 Census was 11,195, having fallen from 13,056 recorded in the 2002 Census and 11,935 in the 1989 Census.
History
Pechory was founded as a posad in the 16th century near the Pskov-Caves Monastery established in 1473 by the Orthodox priest Jonah, who fled Dorpat (now Tartu) for the Pskov Republic. Its name, Pechory, or earlier Pechery derives from the word (пещеры), Russian for caves. The site soon developed into an important trading post and border stronghold. During the campaign of introduced by Ivan the Terrible, Pechory remained within , or regular municipal lands subject to the rule of the government. It was besieged numerous times by Russia's enemies: Stephen Báthory's forces sacked the settlement during the Siege of Pskov in 1581–1582, and the Swedes or Polish stormed Pechory in 1592, 1611, 1615, and 1630, and from 1655 to 1657. The fortification of Pechory was besieged by Swedes in the course of the Great Northern War in 1701 and 1703. In 1701, after an unsuccessful Swedish assault led by Shlippenbach, Boris Sheremetev began his campaign of advancing into Swedish Estonia from Pechory. After the war the Russian border was shifted westwards so Pechory lost its military significance.
In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into the Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as the Saint Petersburg Governorate). In 1727, the separate Novgorod Governorate was split off and in 1772, the Pskov Governorate was established; it existed as Pskov Viceroyalty between 1777 and 1796. In 1776, Pechory was granted town rights and the Pechorsky Uyezd was established. However, in 1797, the uyezd was abolished and the territory became a part o f the Pskovsky Uyezd of the Pskov Governorate. From then on, Pechory was formally considered as a suburb of Pskov, however retaining its former rights of self-administration.
In 1820 it had a population of 1,312, including 1,258 Russians and 27 Estonians, living in 228 predominantly wooden houses. By 1914 the population grew to 2,240, residing along eleven streets and five squares. The streets were equipped with 31 kerosene street lights. In 1889, the Pskov-Riga railroad that went through the northern outskirts of Pechory was commissioned. The Pechory railway station (now Pechory-Pskovskiye) was opened in 1899. There were leather and malt factories in the town, a postal and telegraph station, four schools including one maintained by the monastery, and a hospital. Pechory was known for its flax trade, that was further expanded during the consequent Estonian period of the town's history.
From 25 February to 30 November 1918, Pechory was occupied by the Germans. During the Estonian War of Independence and, simultaneously, the Russian Civil War, the town was occupied by the Estonian army on March 29, 1919. The centre of the Governorate, Pskov, was occupied by the anti-Bolshevik Russian Northwestern Army, that was later in August 1919 repelled back by the Red Army. Under the terms of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that stipulated the border along the actual front line between the Red and Estonian Armies, so Pechory and the adjacent Western part of Setomaa were ceded to Estonia.
In the interbellum, Petseri, as it was called at that time, was the centre of Petseri County, one of the eleven counties that made up the Republic of Estonia. Under Estonian rule, the town's population more than doubled, predominantly due to the arrival of ethnic Estonians. Tuition at the municipal primary schools was conducted in both Russian and Estonian, with more bias toward the latter following the Schools Reform of 1934. In May 1925, most of the land owned by the Pskov-Caves Monastery was confiscated by the Estonian government and provided to new settlers. St. Peter's Lutheran Church was built in 1926. In 1939, a huge fire broke out in the town, destroying 212 wooden buildings and killing many inhabitants.
During World War II, after the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union in 1940, the town initially remained part of the Estonian SSR. The town was occupied by the German Army from July 10, 1941 until August 11, 1944 and administered as part of the Generalbezirk Estland of Reichskommissariat Ostland. In 1943–1944, the Germans operated a forced labour camp for Jews in the town.
According to a decree of USSR Supreme Soviet dated 23 August 1944 and a decree dated January 16, 1945, Pechory and the eastern part of Petseri County were transferred to the Pskov Oblast of the Russian SFSR, and the Pechorsky District was established. During the Soviet period, bilingual schooling continued, and in 1956, Pechory Secondary School No. 2 was opened for Estonian-speaking students.
In 1976, the town's boundaries were further expanded to encompass the railway station and a few adjacent villages, including Kunichina Gora, which now hosts a border crossing point.
After Estonian independence was re-established in 1991, the town and the territory around it were claimed by Estonia because of the terms of the Tartu Peace Treaty, in which the Soviet Union had relinquished further claims to Estonian territory. Estonia was reported to have dropped this claim in November 1995. A new Estonian-Russian Border Treaty was signed by Estonia on May 18, 2005, reflecting the later border changes, but was rejected and cancelled by Russia on June 27, 2005, because references to "Soviet occupation" were added by the Estonians. A series of inter-governmental consultations took place in the decade that followed, and on February 18, 2014, the new version of the Border Treaty was signed by both countries. The latest version leaves the agreed border intact with a few minor exemptions not affecting the town of Pechory. Its parliamentary ratification by both sides is pending.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Pechory serves as the administrative center of the Pechorsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Pechory, together with forty-two rural localities, is incorporated within the Pechorsky Municipal District as the Pechory Urban Settlement.
Religion
Pechory is famous for the Russian Orthodox Pskov-Caves Monastery. St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church is also situated in the town. It is famous for its historic organ.
Culture
During the 1930s Russian song festivals inspired by similar Estonian events were held in the town.
Pechory hosts a museum, two libraries, cultural centre and an arts school for children. Apart from the official and religious events, festivals on Maslenitsa and Ivan Kupala are held there. The Seto Estate Museum is located near the town.
Notable people
Alfred Hirv, Estonian painter
Heino Kostabi, Estonian politician
Lilli Promet, Estonian writer
Jaanus Sirel, Estonian footballer
Johannes Kert, Estonian military officer and politician
John Krestiankin, a prominent Russian Orthodox monk (archimandrite)
References
Sources
Архивный отдел Псковского облисполкома. Государственный архив Псковской области. "Административно-территориальное деление Псковской области (1917–1988 гг.). Справочник". (Administrative-Territorial Structure of Pskov Oblast (1917–1988). Reference.) Книга I. Лениздат, 1988
External links
Unofficial website of Pechory and Pechorsky District
Cities and towns in Pskov Oblast
Pskovsky Uyezd
Estonia–Russia border crossings
Populated places established in the 16th century |
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