id
stringlengths 4
8
| url
stringlengths 33
178
| title
stringlengths 2
104
| text
stringlengths 14
125k
|
|---|---|---|---|
66825946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Noel%20Adams | James Noel Adams | James Noel Adams (24 September 1943 – 11 October 2021) was an Australian specialist in Latin and Romance Philology.
Life and career
Adams attended the North Sydney Boys' High School and the University of Sydney, where he graduated with first class honours and was awarded the University Medal for Latin in the year 1964. From 1967 to 1970 he was a Commonwealth Scholar at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he also completed his doctorate in 1970.
He later held positions at Christ's College, Cambridge (Rouse Research Fellow in Classics 1970–1972); at the University of Manchester (1972–1995, most recently as professor of Latin); at St John's College, Oxford (visiting senior research fellow 1994–1995); and at the University of Reading (Professor of Latin 1995–1997). From 1998 to 2010 he was a senior research fellow and subsequently emeritus fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.
He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1992 and was awarded the British Academy's Kenyon Medal for Classical Studies in 2009. He was an honorary Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. In 2002 he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities (Hon FAHA), and in 2007 as a Member of the Academia Europaea (MAE). In 2010 a volume of essays titled Colloquial and Literary Latin was published in his honour. In 1995 he became chairman of the British Academy's project, the Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, a post he held until his retirement in 2010. The dictionary was completed in 2013, and Fascicule XIV (2011) was dedicated to him. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 Birthday Honours for services to Latin scholarship. Adams died on 11 October 2021, at the age of 78.
Research
Adams' publications largely focus on vernacular, non-literary, technical, and regional varieties of the Latin language. His monograph titled The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (1982) became an indispensable standard reference and remained in print for over thirty years. He also published Bilingualism and the Latin Language (2003), The Regional Diversification of Latin (2007) and Social Variation and the Latin Language (2013), a trilogy which explores linguistic variation in Latin. The third volume of this trilogy won the 2013 PROSE award in Language & Linguistics of the Association of American Publishers, Inc. He also studied ancient veterinary medicine and newly uncovered non-literary Latin texts.
Works
The Text and Language of a Vulgar Latin Chronicle. (Anonymus Valesianus II) (= Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement 36). University of London, Institute of Classical Studies, London 1976, .
The Vulgar Latin of the Letters of Claudius Terentianus (P. Mich. VIII. 467-72) (= Publications of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Manchester. Band 23). Manchester University Press, Manchester 1977, .
The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. Duckworth, London 1982, Johns Hopkins University Press 1990, .
Wackernagel’s Law and the Placement of the Copula esse in Classical Latin (= Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society. Supplement 18). Cambridge Philological Society, Cambridge 1994, .
Pelagonius and Latin Veterinary Terminology in the Roman Empire (= Studies in ancient medicine. Band 11). Brill, Leiden 1995, .
Bilingualism and the Latin Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003, .
The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, .
Social Variation and the Latin Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013, .
An Anthology of Informal Latin, 200 BC – AD 900. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, .
Early and Late Latin. Continuity or Change? (co-edited with Nigel Vincent). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, .
Asyndeton and its Interpretation in Latin Literature. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2021, .
References
External links
Dr James Adams | All Souls College
1943 births
2021 deaths
Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
Fellows of the British Academy
Members of Academia Europaea
Romance philologists
Australian philologists
Australian Latinists
People educated at North Sydney Boys High School
Australian emigrants to England |
24868537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20Workers%20of%20Great%20Britain | Industrial Workers of Great Britain | The Industrial Workers of Great Britain was a group which promoted industrial unionism in the early 20th century.
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was founded in Chicago in 1905. It called for industrial unionism and aimed to organise workers in all industries, and many of its activists were members of the Socialist Labor Party of America. The British Socialist Labour Party had been founded in 1903 by Scottish supporters of Daniel de Leon, a leading figure in the American SLP and the IWW. In 1906, the British party formally adopted a policy of industrial unionism.
In 1906, the British SLP founded the British Advocates of Industrial Unionism (BAIU), a small propaganda organisation which called for the formation of revolutionary unions in the pattern of the IWW. The group was officially launched in August 1907, with Tom Bell as its secretary.
In 1908, the IWW split into Chicago- and Detroit-based organisations. In Britain, E. J. B. Allen and his supporters mirrored the Chicago section's call for the cessation of political activity which was not channelled through trade unions. They founded the Industrialist League and developed links with the Chicago-based IWW.
The BAIU was refounded as the "Industrial Workers of Great Britain" (IWGB) in 1909. The group also changed tactics: instead of campaigning for trade unions to voluntarily dissolve themselves into a new industrial union, it aimed to recruit workers directly into local groups of the organisation until it had sufficient numbers to form genuine industrial unions. Even before the name change, the group had received some support in three large factories: Singer's Sewing Machine Company in Clydebank, the Argyll Motor Works in Alexandria and the Albion Motor Works in Scotstoun, all near Glasgow. By the end of the decade, the group claimed a membership of 4,000 at Singer's alone.
In early 1911, a woman working at Singer's was dismissed. In line with the principle of "an injury to one is an injury to all", the IWGB called a strike which resulted in the factory management locking out all the workers. Faced with militant opposition, Singer's organised a postal vote asking staff whether they wished to return to work. While the IWGB attempted to disrupt the vote, asking workers to instead return voting cards to them, the management claimed that a majority wished to end the strike. Workers began to return, the strike was defeated, and leading members of the IWGB at the factory were sacked.
The IWGB remained close to the Detroit-based IWW of De Leon, and when that group renamed itself the Workers International Industrial Union (WIIU), they became the British affiliate and similarly changed their name. The group regained some influence in Glasgow in the run-up to World War I, now led by T. L. Smith. Tom Bell saw the Red Clydeside movement and the Clyde Workers Committee as its most important continuation.
The British Socialist Labour Party and the WIIU saw their membership shrink dramatically after the war, as many activists joined the newly founded Communist Party of Great Britain. In 1923, the WIIU supported John Maclean's Industrial Unity Committee, which also advocated industrial unionism, but it retained significant doubts about the enterprise and left almost immediately. The American WIIU disbanded in 1924, and the British group appears to have followed suit.
References
De Leonist organizations
Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in 1906
Trade unions disestablished in 1924
1906 establishments in the United Kingdom
1924 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Syndicalist trade unions |
71943467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drozda | Drozda | Drozda is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Petr Drozda (born 1952), Czech wrestler
Thomas Drozda (born 1965), Austrian politician
See also
Drozd (surname) |
16194997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20educational%20institutions%20in%20Sialkot | List of educational institutions in Sialkot | This is a list of educational institutions located in Sialkot District, Pakistan.
Schools
Army Public School, 39 Zafar Ali Road, Sialkot Cantt
Beaconhouse School System, Said Pur Gondal Road, Sialkot Cantt
City School, Iqbal Campus (boys)
Government High School Bogray
Lahore Grammar School, Faraz Shaheed Road, Sialkot
Roots Millennium Schools, Citi Housing Society Daska Road, Sialkot
Tertiary and technical educational institutions
Engineering colleges
Superior Group of Colleges kashmir road campus
Women's degree colleges
Government College Women University, Sialkot
Commerce colleges
Professionals' Academy of Commerce
SKANS School of Accountancy
Medical colleges
Islam Medical College
Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College (Formerly Sialkot Medical College)
Universities
Government College Women University, Sialkot
University of Central Punjab, Sialkot Campus
University of Management and Technology Sialkot Campus
University of Sialkot
References
Lists of universities and colleges in Pakistan
Universities and colleges in Sialkot District
Academic institutions in Pakistan |
2099769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Baffert | Bob Baffert | Robert A. Baffert (born January 13, 1953) is an American racehorse trainer who trained the 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah and 2018 Triple Crown winner Justify. Baffert's horses have won a record six Kentucky Derbies, eight Preakness Stakes, three Belmont Stakes, and three Kentucky Oaks. He has been the subject of significant controversy regarding repeated incidents of his horses failing drug tests or dying under his care.
Early life and career
Baffert grew up on a ranch in Nogales, Arizona, where his family raised cattle and chickens. When he was 10, his father purchased some Quarter Horses and he practiced racing them on a dirt track. In his teens, he worked as a jockey for $100 a day in informal Quarter Horse races on the outskirts of Nogales. From there, he moved to racing at recognized tracks, scoring his first victory at age 17 in 1970.
Baffert graduated from the University of Arizona's Race Track Industry Program with a Bachelor of Science degree, got married, and began training quarter horses at a Prescott, Arizona farm. By age 20, he had developed a reputation as a trainer and was hired by other trainers to run their stables. His first winner was Flipper Star at Rillito Park on January 28, 1979. In the 1980s, Baffert moved to California and worked at Los Alamitos Race Course, where he switched to training Thoroughbreds full-time in 1991. He got his first big break in 1992 when he won his first Breeder's Cup race with Thirty Slews.
Baffert established his early reputation with less expensive horses like Silver Charm and Real Quiet, bought for $16,500 and $17,000 respectively. Fellow trainer D. Wayne Lukas attributed Baffert's success to his "extraordinary eye for a good horse" and his management ability in finding the right opportunities for his charges.
American Classic history
Baffert's history in the American Classic races began in 1996 when he trained a three-year-old colt named Cavonnier, who ran second in the Kentucky Derby. In 1997, he trained Silver Charm to win the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, finishing second in the Belmont. Baffert revisited the Derby the next year, sending two top colts, Real Quiet and Indian Charlie, to Louisville. Real Quiet won the race that year, and Baffert also finished third with Indian Charlie. Real Quiet won the Preakness as well, but, like Silver Charm, the horse was denied a Triple Crown win and finished second in the Belmont Stakes by a nose. Baffert, however, became the first trainer in history to win the Derby and Preakness in back-to-back years.
Baffert did not win another classic race until 2001, when he won the Preakness and Belmont Stakes with eventual Hall of Fame member Point Given. He finished third in the Derby that year with Congaree. Baffert won the Derby a third time in 2002 with War Emblem. The colt went on to win the Preakness Stakes, giving the trainer his third shot at winning the Triple Crown. The colt lost the Belmont Stakes after breaking poorly from the starting gate. Baffert did not have a horse hit the board again in any of the Triple Crown races until 2009, when he trained Pioneerof The Nile to a second-place finish in the Derby.
Baffert trained Lookin At Lucky, co-owned by Mike Pegram, to win the Preakness Stakes in 2010. The colt skipped the Belmont Stakes but became the champion three-year-old colt that year. In 2012, Baffert saddled Bodemeister, named for the trainer's youngest son, Bode, to second-place finishes in the Derby and Preakness. He saddled Paynter in the Belmont Stakes later that year, but that colt, like his stablemate Bodemeister, finished second.
In 2015, Baffert trained the 2014 champion two-year-old colt American Pharoah to win the Triple Crown, the first to do so in 37 years. In winning the 141st Kentucky Derby, bringing his total number of victories in the race to four; Baffert also ran the third-place finisher, the previously undefeated colt Dortmund. American Pharoah next won the 140th Preakness Stakes, making six victories in that race for Baffert, who also finished fourth with Dortmund. Then, when American Pharoah won the 2015 Belmont Stakes, the win was the fourth attempt at a Triple Crown for Baffert, who at age 62 became the second-oldest trainer to win a Triple Crown.
Baffert also trained the 2018 Triple Crown Winner, Justify and the 2020 Kentucky Derby winner, Authentic. Baffert became a 7-time winner of the Kentucky Derby in 2021 with Medina Spirit. However, Medina Spirit tested positive for the steroid betamethasone. the question of whether the horse would join Dancer's Image by being disqualified for a drug violation in the Derby remains pending. Medina Spirit died after a training session on 6 December 2021 and an ensuing necropsy on 11 February 2022 was inconclusive.
Accomplishments
Between 1997 and 1999, he won the Eclipse Award as outstanding trainer three years running and was voted the 1997 Big Sport of Turfdom Award. Baffert was inducted into Lone Star Park's Hall of Fame in 2007, and in 2009, he was nominated and inducted to the National Museum of Racing's Hall of Fame, the same year as a filly he trained, Silverbulletday. Point Given was nominated in 2009, but elected and inducted in 2010.
Baffert has trained horses that won seventeen American Classic Races, eighteen Breeders' Cup races, four Dubai World Cups and two Pegasus World Cups. His graded stakes wins include nine wins in the Santa Anita Derby, nine in the Haskell Invitational Handicap, nine in the Hollywood Gold Cup Stakes, and sixteen in the Del Mar Futurity, a race he won seven straight times from 1996 to 2002, when it was a Grade II event. He also won the race in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2021, and 2022 when run as a Grade I event. He has won the Kentucky Oaks three times: first in 1999 with Silverbulletday, who was later selected for the Hall of Fame, then with Plum Pretty in 2011 and with Abel Tasman in 2017.
In 2010, Misremembered, a horse he bred, owned by his wife Jill and their friend George Jacobs, won the Santa Anita Handicap, marking Baffert's first Grade I win as a breeder instead of a trainer.
Controversies
According to his supporters, Baffert's style and personality, combined with his success, have made him a target for controversy. Longtime client Mike Pegram explained, "Anybody who walks with that swagger, people are going to love him or hate him…he's a wiseass and irreverent." Former client Kaleem Shah said, "He will rub people the wrong way by speaking his mind, sometimes he needs to hit the mute button."
However, over 30 horses Baffert trained have failed drug tests. Baffert has paid out over $20,000 in fines, but compared against over $321 million in career earnings. He routinely challenges most sanctions, usually agreeing to accept fines but vigorously fighting suspensions. Horse owner and racing reform advocate Barry Irwin has stated, "He's Mr. Teflon."
In raw numbers, most of Baffert's medication violations were for exceeding allowed amounts of authorized medications such as phenylbutazone, a pain medication commonly administered to horses. However, his violations for use of prohibited medications has sparked controversy.
In 2021, the post-race test of Kentucky Derby winner Medina Spirit showed 21pg/mL of betamethasone. In Kentucky, any amount of betamethasone detected in post-race testing is a violation and could result in a disqualification. It was Baffert's fifth violation in 13 months.
At a news conference on May 9, Baffert initially said that Medina Spirit was never administered betamethasone. He told reporters that he would fight the issue "...tooth and nail." Nonetheless, Churchill Downs suspended Baffert from entering any horses at their racetrack pending the outcome of an investigation. Baffert responded by saying the situation "was like a cancel culture kind of a thing," a remark which earned him noticeable criticism from the press. On May 11, Baffert stated Medina Spirit had dermatitis, for which an ointment containing betamethasone was used. Sports Illustrated suggested that the positive drug test was a sign that Baffert's "leaking credibility" had reached "the saturation point." On June 2, 2021, Medina Spirit's split sample also tested positive and Churchill Downs suspended Baffert through the end of the 2023 Spring Meet.
On May 17, 2021, the New York Racing Association (NYRA) banned Baffert from entering Medina Spirit or any of his other horses in the 2021 Belmont Stakes or any other race at Belmont Park. On June 14, 2021, Baffert sued the NYRA alleging the association had no authority to suspend his license and that suspension "without prior notice" was a violation of the law. On July 14 the suspension was reversed by U. S. Federal District Court Judge Carol Bagley Amon sitting in the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn. The Judge made her ruling based on the NYRA having not allowed Baffert a forum to refute their claims and stated that they (the NYRA).."had held no hearing — let alone a prompt one." On September 10, 2021 Baffert was charged by NYRA for conduct detrimental to the best interests of racing. Additional charges were added on January 3, 2022.
In February 2022, Baffert was suspended 90 days and fined $7,500 by the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission. The suspension was scheduled to run March 8 through June 5. Baffert was granted a stay until April 4 to gain time for an appeal. However, the Kentucky Court of Appeals rejected Baffert's appeal on April 1. This in turn led to a ban from all California Horse Racing Board facilities beginning April 4 due to a rule removing any trainer under a 60 day or higher ban from all CHRB facilities. This included Baffert's home track at Santa Anita, although Baffert horse Shaaz won the sixth race on April 2. The 90 day ban against Baffert was set to be honored in all 38 racing states. By the April 1 ruling, Baffert had already transferred four 3-year-old colts to other trainers.
The most notable cases prior to Medina Spirit's test were the disqualification of Gamine after a third place finish in the 2020 Kentucky Oaks, also for betamethasone, and Triple Crown winner Justify, who tested positive for scopolamine after winning the 2018 Santa Anita Derby, but the results did not become public until after the horse won the Triple Crown. That case was eventually dismissed as the regulators concluded the facts supported an instance of feed contamination. Similarly, cases against two horses who tested positive in Arkansas in 2020 for lidocaine were dismissed as being the result of accidental transfer from an assistant trainer who was using the medication on himself. Nonetheless, in that case, Arkansas suspended Baffert for 15 days. His first suspension was in 1977 for misuse of morphene, but thereafter he had no violations for the next eight years.
Controversy deepened when on December 6, 2021, Medina Spirit died of an apparent heart attack after a workout at Santa Anita Park. This reminded the public that since 2000, at least 74 other horses had died while in Baffert's stables. Though number of racing starts are used to calculate rates of death for all horses in the care of race trainers, not all horse deaths were animals in race training nor were they necessarily race-related fatalities.
Prior to Medina Spirit's death, Baffert had last been under intense scrutiny a decade earlier when seven horses in his stables at Hollywood Park died between November 2, 2011 and March 14, 2013, all from sudden and later unexplained heart attacks. In that period, 36% of all cardiac related horse deaths in California were animals trained by Baffert. California's equine medical director found that Baffert's horses were routinely given Thyro-L, or thyroxine, a thyroid hormone, that could cause heart problems during exercise, but concluded the medication, which Baffert said he had been using routinely for the previous five years, did not cause the heart attacks. No sanctions were issued against Baffert.
Personal life
Baffert has been married twice and has five children: four with his first wife, Sherry: Taylor, Canyon, Forest, and Savannah. He married his second wife, Jill, a former television reporter based in Louisville, in 2002. They had a son in 2004 whom they named "Bode" ( ), after skier Bode Miller. Baffert and his family reside in California.
He appeared in an episode of the TV show Take Home Chef.
Bob survived a heart attack in late March 2012 while in Dubai for a world-class race at Meydan.
Following the 2015 Belmont win, Baffert outlined several charities that he and his wife Jill supported. He had been paid $200,000 to allow the Burger King to stand behind him in the grandstand during the televised broadcast of the Belmont, after having turned down $150,000 to allow the mascot to appear with him at the Preakness. At the post-Belmont press conference, Baffert announced he and his wife would be making donations of $50,000 each to the Thoroughbred Aftercare Alliance, the California Retirement Management Account (CARMA), and Old Friends Equine, all programs for retired race horses; and to the Permanently Disabled Jockey's Fund in memory of a Quarter Horse Jockey named Robert Z. "Bobby" Adair. A friend of Baffert's and an inductee into the American Quarter Horse Association Hall of Fame, Adair died on Preakness Day, May 16, 2015, at 71. Baffert dedicated American Pharoah's win to Bobby.
Triple Crown race record
Kentucky Derby record: 34–7–3–3
Preakness record: 23–7–2–3
Belmont record: 12–3–3–0
✝ – won Triple Crown.
‡ – Filly
* – win stripped
References
External links
1953 births
American horse trainers
Eclipse Award winners
Horse racing controversies
Living people
People from Nogales, Arizona
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
University of Arizona alumni
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members |
62344494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh%20Shawkat%20Hossain%20Nilu | Sheikh Shawkat Hossain Nilu | Sheikh Shawkat Hossain Nilu (3 April 1952 – 7 May 2017) was a Bangladeshi politician and chairman of the National People's Party.
Early life
Nilu was born on 3 April 1952 into the Sheikh family of Tungipara in Gopalganj District. His father was Sheikh Shahadat Hossain.
Career
Nilu joined Bangladesh Students' Union in the 1960s. He was the founding Agriculture Secretary of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He served as the Student Affairs Secretary to General Ziaur Rahman. He was the Secretary General of the Jatiyatabadi Krishak Dal, the farmers' unit of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.
He led the Progressive Nationalist Party (Progatishil Jatiyabadi Dal) which merged into the Jatiya Party, after Hussain Mohammad Ershad came to power and became a presidium member. He was the head of the Krishak Party, the farmers' unit of the Jatiya Party. He left the Jatiya Party in 2008 and formed the National Peoples' Party. His party entering into an alliance with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.
In September 2014, he was expelled from the Bangladesh Nationalist Party led alliance after he attended an event at the Gonobhaban hosted by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. In response, he created his own alliance, National Democratic Front, with 10 ideologically similar political parties. He was made Secretary General of the alliance.
Death
Nilu died on 7 May 2017 in Square Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was buried in the Banani graveyard.
References
Jatiya Party politicians
Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians
2017 deaths
9th Jatiya Sangsad members
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman family
1952 births |
6188096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basswood%20Island | Basswood Island | Basswood Island is a Wisconsin island in Lake Superior. It is one of the Apostle Islands and a part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore.
From 1865 to 1923, the island was home to a farm run by Richard McCloud and Elisha Brigham. It was also the site of a quarry run by the Bass Island Brownstone Company which operated from 1868 into the 1890s. The brownstone from this and other Apostle Islands quarries was in great demand, and brownstone from Basswood Island was used in the construction of the first Milwaukee County Courthouse in the 1860s. The quarry was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the 1970s.
Images
References
External links
Basswood Island hiking
Apostle Islands
Islands of Ashland County, Wisconsin |
27623645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole%20baronets | Poole baronets | The Poole Baronetcy, of Poole in the County of Chester, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 25 October 1677 for James Poole. The title became extinct on the death of the fifth Baronet in 1821.
Poole baronets, of Poole (1677)
Sir James Poole, 1st Baronet (–)
Sir Francis Poole, 2nd Baronet (–1763)
Sir Henry Poole, 3rd Baronet (died 1767)
Sir Ferdinando Poole, 4th Baronet (died 1804), High Sheriff of Sussex
Sir Henry Poole, 5th Baronet (1744–1821)
References
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
1677 establishments in England |
33965016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern%20Villeneuve | Fern Villeneuve | Lt. Col (Ret.) Joseph Armand Gerard Fernand Villeneuve (2 July 1927 – 25 December 2019) was a Canadian aviator who joined the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in 1950 and was the first leader of the RCAF's Golden Hawks aerobatic team. He flew for 32 years as a military jet fighter pilot Villeneuve was inducted into the Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame in 2006.
Aviation career
Villeneuve was born in Buckingham, Quebec (now Gatineau, Quebec). He learned to fly as a civilian in a Piper J-3 Cub. In 1946 he obtained his Canadian Private Pilot Licence, and in 1948, he went on to acquire his Canadian Commercial Pilot Licence. In 1950, Villeneuve joined the RCAF in which he had a long and distinguished career as a fighter pilot. He flew the Harvard propeller trainer, the North American P-51 Mustang Second World War piston fighter, and several fighter jets over the decades: Canadair CT-133 Silver Star, de Havilland DH.100 Vampire, Canadair Sabre, Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck, McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo, and the Mach 2+ Canadair CF-104 Starfighter. Villeneuve was a squadron leader three different times, on the CF-104 and the T-33 and CF-101. Villeneuve retired as a Lieutenant-Colonel in 1982. He has logged more than 13,000 hours.
Golden Hawks
The "Golden Hawks" were a Canadian military aerobatic flying team established in 1959 to celebrate the 35th anniversary or the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and the "Golden" 50th anniversary of Canadian flight. Initially a six-plane team was envisioned as performing for only one year with the Canadair Sabre 5, but the Golden Hawks were so popular after their 1959 show season that the team was re-established for 1960, under the command of W/C Jack Allan with Villeneuve flying as the lead pilot with the team.
Villeneuve was the first leader of the RCAF Golden Hawks jet fighter aerobatic demonstration team in 1959, and then again in 1960. S/L Villeneuve was with the Hawks from the beginning in 1959 as leader of the team for two years, yielding the lead position to F/L Jim McCombe for the 1961 season. He had to leave the team when he became married, under the Hawks rule of only two years for married men. He then went on to Training Command. Villeneuve was awarded the rare RCAF Air Force Cross for his skillful piloting of a disabled F-86 Sabre in 1960.
Villeneuve was the Honorary Team Leader of the "Hawk One" F-86 Sabre project at Vintage Wings of Canada in Gatineau, Quebec from 2009-2013. In 2012 he was still flying his civilian Globe Swift with the registration C-GLYN, 66 years after he first soloed in 1946.
Honours and recognition
Villeneuve was awarded the RCAF Air Force Cross on 20 May 1961 for an engine-out landing of an Canadair F-86 Sabre. In 1997 he became one of two living people to have their image on Canadian coins, the other being the Queen. Villeneuve was inducted into the Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame in 2006, he was appointed as Honorary Colonel of 8 Air Maintenance Squadron in Trenton, Ontario, from 2008 to 2012 and in 2015 was inducted as an Honorary Snowbird by 431 (AD) Sqn, the Snowbirds, in Moose Jaw, SK. .
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Cross, W.K., Editor. Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition. Toronto: The Charlton Press, 2006. .
Dempsey, Daniel V. A Tradition of Excellence: Canada's Airshow Team Heritage. Victoria, British Columbia: High Flight Enterprises, Second edition 2007, First edition 2002. .
Fast, Beverley G. Snowbirds: Flying High, Canada's Snowbirds Celebrate 25 Years. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Lapel Marketing & Associates Inc., 1995. .
Mummery, Robert. Snowbirds: Canada's Ambassadors of the Sky. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Reidmore Books, 1984. .
External links
Hawk One at Oshkosh, 2010
1997 Canadair F-86 Sabre Fern Villeneuve - The Golden Hawks - 2-5, Royal Canadian Mint, 1997
1927 births
2019 deaths
Canadian aviators
Commercial aviators
People from Gatineau
French Quebecers |
14458704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandak%2C%20Pakistan | Pandak, Pakistan | Pandak is a village and one of the 44 union councils or administrative subdivisions of Haripur District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Pandak is divided into two sections, or Mohallahs: Upper Pandak and Lower Pandak.
References
Union councils of Haripur District |
8305339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20spa | Mineral spa | Mineral spas are spa resorts developed around naturally occurring mineral springs. Like seaside resorts, they are mainly used recreationally although they also figured prominently in prescientific medicine.
Origins
Spas were used for millennia for their purported healing or healthful benefits to those wealthy or close enough to partake of their waters. This was called a mineral cure and gave let to phrases such as taking a cure and taking the waters. There has always been a mixture of recreational and medicinal connotations involved, from rest and relaxation, stress relief, and convalescence to more specific notions such as humorism. These phrases are sometimes used as a euphemism for one trying to kick a drug dependency.
In many cases, mineral spas were located in mountainous locales that gave an additional excuse to leave the drudgery of a hot house in warm weather during summer's onset and were seasonally populated by the well-to-do. They eventually became early vacation spots with the counter-Victorian work ethic 'rationale' of health as an excuse to have fun and mix with one's peers in recreation.
Subsequently, many became the seed stock for today's modern vacation resorts. Locations such as Steamboat Springs, Vail, St Moritz, Mineral Wells first became popular for the questionable health benefits of mineral or soda-water soaks, ingestion, and clean outs during the hey-day of patent medicines and backward medical knowledge. United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt suffered a paralytic illness, and regularly visited Warm Springs and other hot springs for restorative soaks. While his cousin Theodore Roosevelt became known as a manly-man of incredible endurance, he was a sickly child suffering from asthma and 'took cures' periodically in an attempt to gain better health.
The name "spa" comes from the Belgian town Spa.
Evolution of the resort
As the Victoria era ended, the influences of the industrial revolution created more and more varied members of the upper middle class. The concepts of vacationing, tourism, and travel became less the property of the old monied classes and more shared by an increasing population base of those who could afford holiday trips, like the rich.
Such adventures had much allure before any audio-visual entertainment outside a live orchestra. Thus, the spas began attracting more local patrons and those from afar when the burgeoning numbers could take advantage of the automobile and the now extensive railways throughout most of Europe and the United States.
The spa towns already had infrastructure and attractions to assuage such desires, and the modern tourist trip began to take its familiar form. Other technologies came into play (skis, ski boats, etc.)
Notable mineral spa and spring areas
Africa
South Africa
Caledon, Western Cape
Tshipise, Limpopo
Bela Bela, Limpopo
Badplaas, Mpumalanga
Asia
China
Anshan, Liaoning
India
Vajreshwari Temple, Maharashtra
Japan
Beppu, Ōita
Gero, Gifu
South Korea
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon
Turkey
Pamukkale, Denizli Province
Europe
Albania
Spa, Peshkopi
Armenia
Arzni
Bjni
Hankavan
Jermuk
Austria
Bad Fischau-Brunn
Azerbaijan
İstisu, Kalbajar
Belgium
Spa (municipality)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Slatina
Bulgaria
Bankya
Banya, Plovdiv Province
Dobrinishte
Hisarya
Kyustendil
Narechen
Pavel Banya
Sandanski
Sapareva Banya
Varshets
Velingrad
Czech Republic
Karlovy Vary
Luhačovice
Mariánské Lázně
France
Aix-les-Bains
Dax
Évian-les-Bains
Tercis-les-Bains
Vichy
Georgia
Borjomi
Germany
Baden-Baden
Bad Neuenahr
Wiesbaden
Hungary
Budapest
Hévíz
Poland
Ciechocinek
Krynica-Zdrój
Nałęczów
Romania
Baile Felix
Baile Govora
Baile Herculane
Baile Tusnad
Vatra Dornei
Russia
Belokurikha, Altai
Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
, Karelia
Goryachy Klyuch, Krasnodar Krai
Yeysk, Krasnodar Krai
Staraya Russa, Novgorod Oblast
Kislovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Krai
Yessentuki, Stavropol Krai
Zheleznovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Serbia
Bukovička Banja
Vrnjačka Banja
Slovakia
Korytnica kúpele
Piešťany
Trenčianske Teplice
Slovenia
Radenci
Spain
A Toxa
Caldes de Malavella
Lanjarón
Panticosa
Zestoa
Sweden
Ramlösa hälsobrunn
Switzerland
Saint-Moritz
United Kingdom
England
Askern
Bath
Boston Spa
Buxton
Cheltenham
Church Stretton
Dorton Spa
Droitwich Spa
Epsom
Harrogate
Ilkley
Knaresborough
Malvern
Matlock
Matlock Bath
Royal Leamington Spa
Royal Tunbridge Wells
Scarborough; see also The Spa, Scarborough
Shap
Shearsby
Tenbury Wells
Woodhall Spa
Ukraine
Yalta
Americas
Brazil
Caxambu
Canada
Harrison Hot Springs
Costa Rica
Tabacón
Jamaica
Milk River Bath, Clarendon
Mexico
Agua Hedionda
Uruguay
Termas del Arapey
United States
Desert Hot Springs, California
French Lick, Indiana
Eureka Springs, Arkansas
Hot Springs, Arkansas
Mineral Wells, Texas
Mount Clemens, Michigan
Poland Spring, Maine
Saratoga Springs, New York
Sharon Springs, New York
Steamboat Springs, Colorado
Warm Springs, Georgia
Warm Springs, Virginia
Berkeley Springs, West Virginia
Waukesha, Wisconsin
Oceania and Australia
Australia
Hepburn Springs
Daylesford
Peninsula Hot Springs, Victoria
New Zealand
Hanmer Springs
Rotorua
References
Outdoor recreation
Balneotherapy
Mineral
Hydrotherapy
Spa towns |
30389046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Chandler%20%28priest%29 | Michael Chandler (priest) | Michael John Chandler is an Anglican priest and author.
He was born on 27 May 1945, educated at Brasted Place College, Lincoln Theological College, and King's College London (PhD), and ordained in 1973. He held curacies at St Dunstan’s Canterbury and then St John the Baptist, Margate. After this he was the incumbent at Newington and then Hackington. He was a Canon Residentiary at Canterbury Cathedral from 1995 to 2003 when he became Dean of Ely, a post he retired from on 30 September 2011.
Among other books he has written The Life and Work of John Mason Neale (1995), The Life and Work of Henry Parry Liddon (2000), An Introduction to the Oxford Movement (2003) and Queen Victoria's Archbishops of Canterbury (Sacristy Press, 2019).
References
1945 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
Deans of Ely |
19464296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warkop | Warkop | Warkop (an abbreviation of Warung Kopi, meaning "coffee stall") were an Indonesian comedy troupe that enjoyed success in radio, films and television over the 1980s and 1990s. Assembled in Jakarta on 1976 under Prambors Rasisonia management, they initially went by the name Warkop Prambors. They soon burgeoned as the country's top comedy group, surpassing Srimulat and Jakarta Group. After their film debut, they settled on the name Warkop DKI (taken from the initials of the three main members: Dono, Kasino and Indro; and also a play on Jakarta's official name, DKI Jakarta). Besides acting on numerous films, they also made sitcoms on ANteve in 1995–1997 as Warkop (Warung Kopi) DKI and Indosiar during 1997–2001 as Warkop Millennium. They also famous for some of parody songs they composed.
Early career
In the mid-1970s, Warkop joined Prambors for the Obrolan Santai di Warung Kopi weekly radio comedy program. The program featured Dono as Slamet; Kasino as Mas Bei, Acong and Buyung; Indro as Mastowi and Ubai; Nanu as Tulo; and Rudy as Mr. James and Bang Cholil. An appearance in Terminal Musikal, directed by Mus Mualim, boosted Warkop's reputation as a comedy group.
Personnel
The members are Wahjoe Sardono (Dono), Kasino Hadiwibowo (Kasino), Indrodjojo Kusumonegoro (Indro), Nanu Moeljono, and Rudy Badil. They are Javanese and university graduates. Dono, Kasino and Nanu were students at University of Indonesia and Indro was a student at Pancasila University. Their student background prompted them to incorporate social criticism into their comedy. The only surviving member of the core trio is Indro, after Kasino died from a brain tumor in 1997 and Dono died from lung cancer in 2001.
Filmography
Warkop produced most of their work over 1979–1994, starring in 34 comedy films and 1 docudrama film. In 2021, some of the titles were available on Netflix.
References
See also
Indonesian comedy
Cinema of Indonesia
Indonesian comedy troupes
Theatre companies in Indonesia
Film organizations in Indonesia |
50192104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20aircraft%20of%20the%20Argentine%20Army%20Aviation | List of aircraft of the Argentine Army Aviation | This is a list of all aircraft (fixed-wing and rotary-wing) operated by the Argentine Army Aviation command since its formation in 1956. For the current inventory please refer to the main article. Prototypes and aircraft evaluated but not used operationally are excluded.
Fixed-wing aircraft
Rotary-wing aircraft
See also
Argentine Army Aviation
Argentine air forces in the Falklands War
List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force
List of aircraft of the Argentine Naval Aviation
Footnotes
References
Notes
Bibliography
Andrade, John. Militair 1982. London: Aviation Press Limited, 1982. .
Smith, Gordon. Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982. Naval-History.net, 2006. .
Online sources
Further reading
Books
Online articles
External links
Argentine Army official site
Argentina Army Aviation
Army Aviation
Aviation in Argentina
Argentine Army Aviation
aircraft of the Argentine Army
Military equipment of Argentina |
74090751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth%20in%20the%20Shade | Youth in the Shade | Youth in the Shade is the debut extended play by South Korean boy group Zerobaseone. It was released on July 10, 2023, by WakeOne and comprises six tracks, with "In Bloom" serving as the lead single.
Background and release
Zerobaseone was formed through Boys Planet, a reality competition show, which aired from February 2 to April 20, 2023. The group's final members were announced on the show's finale, which was broadcast live on April 20.
A spoiler film for the album, titled "Youth in the Shade", was uploaded on May 14 and a title poster was released on June 7. The first teaser for "In Bloom" was released on July 6 and an album sampler, with audio snippets of each song, was released on July 8. The second teaser for "In Bloom" was released on July 9. The single's music video, along with the full album was released on July 10. A press showcase in Gwangjin District was also held on the same day.
The EP concept was centered around the theme of "the beauty of youth and the shadow behind it". It was released for pre-order on June 21, and is available in two artbook versions and nine digipack versions.
Composition
Youth in the Shade consists of a total of 6 tracks. The opening track, "Back to Zerobase," is a drum and bass song that is meant to capture the initial emotions felt when a dream comes true, with the members expressing feelings of anticipation for the future and journey they face ahead. The second track and lead single, "In Bloom," is a drum and bass and synth-pop song that samples the main riff from the 1984 single "Take On Me" from the Norwegian synth-pop band a-ha. The lyrics describe the members having the courage to take their first meaningful step as a group, while being aware of an inevitable end, as they are determined to run to you. The third track, "New Kidz on the Block," is a dance-pop song with elements of UK garage, 2-step garage, and deep house that describes the group's determination to rise to the top. The fourth track, "And I," is a R&B pop song that captures the members secret admiration for someone through social media. The fifth track, "Our Season," is a pop song that discusses the members friendship and dreams, their excitement for the moments they will capture, and the memories they will make throughout their time as a group. The closing track, "Always," is a solo song designated to member Zhang Hao as a prize for placing first in the final ranking of Boys Planet. It is an alternative R&B song in which he expresses his appreciation and gratitude towards his fans, making a promise to always be with them.
Commercial performance
Preorders for the EP surpassed 780,000 copies in five days and 1.08 million copies in 13 days, breaking the record for the most pre-ordered K-pop debut album and becoming the first K-pop debut album to sell over a million copies. According to the Hanteo Chart, the album sold 1.24 million copies on its first day of release and 1,822,028 copies in its first week. The album was subsequently certified double million by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA), setting a record as the first K-pop debut album to sell more than 2 million copies.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
References
2023 debut EPs
Korean-language EPs
WakeOne EPs
Genie Music EPs
Stone Music Entertainment EPs |
69639821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322%20Oregon%20Ducks%20women%27s%20basketball%20team | 2021–22 Oregon Ducks women's basketball team | The 2021–22 Oregon Ducks women's basketball team represented the University of Oregon during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Ducks were led by eighth-year head coach Kelly Graves, and they played their home games at Matthew Knight Arena as members of the Pac-12 Conference.
Previous season
The Ducks finished the season at 15–9 and 10–7 in Pac-12 play to finish in fourth place. They received a bye in the Pac-12 Tournament and lost in their first game to their rivals, Oregon State. The Ducks received a bid to the NCAA tournament. They defeated South Dakota and Georgia in the first and second rounds before losing to Louisville in the Sweet Sixteen.
Offseason
Departures
Due to COVID-19 disruptions throughout NCAA sports in 2020–21, the NCAA announced that the 2020–21 season would not count against the athletic eligibility of any individual involved in an NCAA winter sport, including women's basketball. This meant that all seniors in 2020–21 had the option to return for 2021–22.
Incoming transfers
Roster
Schedule
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Exhibition
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Regular Season
|-
!colspan=9 style=|Pac-12 Women's Tournament
|-
!colspan=9 style=|NCAA tournament
Source:
Rankings
*The preseason and week 1 polls were the same.^Coaches did not release a week 2 poll.
See also
2021–22 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team
Notes
References
Oregon Ducks women's basketball seasons
Oregon
Oregon Ducks
Oregon Ducks
Oregon |
3723119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacara | Malacara | Malacara (c. 1878 – 1909) was a horse which gained a place in the history of the Welsh settlement in Patagonia, Argentina, by a daring leap which saved the life of his rider, John Evans, on a trip to explore the upper Chubut valley and the Andes.
was three years old when he arrived in Patagonia with the first shipload of Welsh emigrants in 1865. As the colony developed the upper Chubut valley was explored, and John Evans played a prominent part in this, using skills he learnt from the local Tehuelche people. In November 1883 he led a group westwards towards the Andes, looking for gold and exploring. On the way they met an army contingent escorting Tehuelche prisoners to Valcheta, part of one of the last campaigns in the Conquest of the Desert. Some of the group decided to turn back, but four men, led by Evans, continued.
By the end of February 1884 they had reached the river now called Gualjaina, and there they met three members of the tribe led by the cacique Foyel. One of the three, Juan Salvo, knew them, and said that he suspected them to be spies for the army. He tried to take them to Foyel, and when they refused a quarrel resulted. The four explorers decided to head back to the lower Chubut valley, 600 km away, pursued by Foyel's warriors. On 4 March they were ambushed, and Evans's three companions killed. Evans, riding Malacara, took the only way of escape by spurring Malacara towards a precipitous slope into a deep canyon. Malacara made the leap successfully and scrambled up the other side of the canyon. None of Evans's pursuers dared to make the same leap, and the lead he gained while they went round the canyon enabled him to reach safety. Evans continued to explore this area and was a leading figure in the setting up of Welsh settlements here, which in turn led to the area becoming part of Argentina rather than Chile.
Malacara lived on until 1909, dying at the age of 31. Evans buried him at Trevelin in a grave bearing the inscription:
Spanish for
Malacara's grave is now one of the tourist attractions of Trevelin.
While not challenging the truth of the story of John Daniel Evans and Malacara, Paul W. Birt remarks that it has the hallmarks of a legendary tale, comparing it to a traditional Welsh tale in which King Arthur escapes from a group of Saxons by riding a horse down a cliff.
References
External links
Project-Hiraeth – Documents the stories of the Welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina through film, text and illustration.
Further reading
1878 animal births
1909 animal deaths
Conquest of the Desert
Welsh settlement in Patagonia
Individual male horses |
51386477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloves%20%28singer%29 | Cloves (singer) | Kaitlyn "Kaity" Dunstan, known by her stage name Cloves (stylised CLOVES), is an Australian singer-songwriter.
Background
Early life and The Voice
Dunstan began performing at age thirteen with her sister in local bars and pubs. She wrote her first song at age eleven. She appeared in season two of The Voice Australia in 2013, singing Melanie's "Brand New Key" during her audition. The song peaked at number 40 on the ARIA singles chart. She was later eliminated during the battle rounds after performing "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun".
2015–present
In 2015, under the new moniker Cloves, which was inspired by a trip to Bali, she released her first track "Frail Love". Later, she released her debut single, "Don't You Wait", off her debut EP, XIII. Another track, called "Everybody's Son", was also released. The song was featured in The Vampire Diaries, Season 7, episode 20. On 20 November 2015, she released her EP XIII through Universal Music Australia, which includes all previous songs and a track called "Don't Forget About Me". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 2016 film Me Before You and released as a single on 22 June 2018, with the music video being released the next day.
She performed at the Coachella and Lollapalooza music festivals in 2016. On 18 November 2016, Cloves released the lead single of her debut album, entitled "Better Now". On 19 May 2017, she released the second single, "California Numb". On 1 February 2018, the third single, "Bringing the House Down", was released. Later that year, on 25 May 2018, the fourth single, "Wasted Time", was released. "Hit Me Hard", the fifth single of the album, was released on 24 August 2018. Her debut album, One Big Nothing, was released on 28 September 2018. The album contains ten songs overall, three of those being new songs, two being rearranged versions of "Frail Love" and "Don't You Wait", and the rest being the previous singles.
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other appearances
Music videos
As lead artist
As featured artist
Notes
References
External links
Australian women singer-songwriters
Australian singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from Melbourne
1996 births
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century Australian women singers |
563180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20River%20%28Mississippi%20River%20tributary%29 | Rock River (Mississippi River tributary) | The Rock River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately long, in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Illinois. The river was known as the Sinnissippi to Sauk and Fox Indians; the name means "rocky waters".
The river, which has a notable higher western bank, begins with three separate branches that flow into the Horicon Marsh. The northernmost branch, the West Branch, begins just to the west of the village of Brandon in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin and flows east and then south to Horicon Marsh. The South Branch rises north of Fox Lake in Dodge County and flows east through Waupun to the marsh. The East Branch rises southeast of Allenton in Washington County just west of the Niagara Escarpment, and flows north and west through Theresa to the marsh.
Leaving the marsh, it meanders southward to the Illinois border, ending about 300 miles later at the Mississippi River at the Quad Cities in Illinois and Iowa. During its course it passes through Watertown, collects the Crawfish River in Jefferson, and receives the Bark River at Fort Atkinson. Shortly before merging, the Rock and Crawfish rivers cross Interstate 94. Both rivers flood the nearby land regularly, and lanes on I-94 were temporarily closed in 2008 because of this flooding.
In northern Rock County, Wisconsin, it receives the Yahara River, and flows southward through tiny Fulton, Janesville and Beloit into northern Illinois, where it receives the Pecatonica River 5 miles (8 km) south of the state line. It flows south through Rockford, then southwest across northwestern Illinois, picking up the Kishwaukee River, passing Oregon, Dixon, Sterling (which has the Sinnissippi Mounds national historic site and local park) and Rock Falls before joining the Mississippi at Rock Island. It was on the Rock River in Dixon where Ronald Reagan was a lifeguard. Reagan's favorite fishing spot, now called "Dutch Landing" after Reagan's nickname, was just southwest of Lowell Park on the Rock River.
There are 25 dams on the Rock River. These are in Theresa (WI, 3 dams), Waupun (WI), Horicon (WI), Mayville (WI, 2 dams), Kekoskee (WI), Hustisford (WI), Watertown (WI, 2 dams), Jefferson (WI, 4 dams), Indianford (WI), Janesville (WI), Beloit (WI), Rockton (IL), Rockford Fordham (IL), Oregon (IL), Dixon (IL), Sterling / Rock Falls (IL, 2 dams), Milan (IL) and Rock Island (IL).
The river is used for various water and paddling sports. The Rock River Water Trail is on the river from its headwaters above the Horicon National Wildlife Refuge in south central Wisconsin to the confluence with the Mississippi River at the Quad Cities of Illinois and Iowa 330 miles downriver. It crosses five counties in Wisconsin, six counties in Illinois and runs through 37 municipalities. The slow moving river passes scenic rural landscapes, wilderness areas and urban areas. The first two trailheads are at Waupun County Park in Waupun, Wisconsin and Rivers Edge Park in Theresa, Wisconsin and there are 32 additional access points in Dodge County, Wisconsin. The trail is part of the National Water Trails System and the first National Water Trail in Wisconsin and Illinois.
Rock River Park is on County Road B about a half mile west of Johnson Creek, Wisconsin in Jefferson County, Wisconsin and offers river access and an artesian spring.
Cities and villages along the river
Communities listed from north to south.
Brandon, Wisconsin (West Branch)
Waupun, Wisconsin (South Branch)
Theresa, Wisconsin (East Branch)
Mayville, Wisconsin (East Branch)
Kekoskee, Wisconsin (East Branch)
Horicon, Wisconsin
Hustisford, Wisconsin
Ixonia, Wisconsin
Watertown, Wisconsin
Johnson Creek, Wisconsin
Jefferson, Wisconsin
Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin
Indianford, Wisconsin
Fulton, Wisconsin
Janesville, Wisconsin
Afton, Wisconsin
Beloit, Wisconsin
South Beloit, Illinois
Rockton, Illinois
Roscoe, Illinois
Machesney Park, Illinois
Loves Park, Illinois
Rockford, Illinois
Byron, Illinois
Oregon, Illinois
Grand Detour, Illinois
Dixon, Illinois
Sterling, Illinois
Rock Falls, Illinois
Lyndon, Illinois
Prophetstown, Illinois
Erie, Illinois
Hillsdale, Illinois
Cleveland, Illinois
Colona, Illinois
Moline, Illinois
Coal Valley, Illinois
Milan, Illinois
Rock Island, Illinois
See also
List of Illinois rivers
List of Wisconsin rivers
References
External links
Rock River Trail
Rivers of Illinois
Rivers of Wisconsin
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Rivers of Dodge County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Jefferson County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Rock County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Winnebago County, Illinois
Rivers of Ogle County, Illinois
Rivers of Lee County, Illinois
Rivers of Whiteside County, Illinois
Rivers of Rock Island County, Illinois |
45388199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apples%20and%20Snakes | Apples and Snakes | Apples and Snakes, based at the Albany Theatre in Deptford, south-east London, is an organisation for performance poetry and the spoken word in England. It has been described as the main organisation promoting performance poetry in Britain. Set up in 1982 by a group of poets, the organisation has been "the development ground for many high profile poets and spoken word artists" and others, including John Agard, Jean "Binta" Breeze, Malika Booker, Billy Bragg, Charlie Dark, Inua Ellams, Phill Jupitus, Lemn Sissay, Kae Tempest, Mike Myers, Toby Jones and many more.
Run by a board of trustees chaired by Kerry Featherstone, Apples and Snakes has been a registered charity since 1986. It currently receives over £400,000 funding annually, as a national portfolio organisation, from Arts Council England.
History
Apples and Snakes was launched in 1982, with its first poetry performance, at the Adam's Arms pub in Conway Street in central London. It is currently one of the organisations resident at the Free Word Centre.
In 1984 it organised a poetry performance at Glastonbury Festival and at Elephant Fayre, Cornwall. A Miner’s Benefit concert was organised at the Purcell Room, South Bank the same year. An Anti-Apartheid benefit was organised at the South Bank in 1985.
In 2001 it organised a performance poetry event on London Buses. In 2013 it organised a series of events for young poets on climate change. In conjunction with the National Portrait Gallery and the National Literacy Trust, it organised a series of poetry events designed to complement Picture the Poet, a photographic exhibition that was displayed at the National Portrait Gallery and, in autumn 2014, at Sheffield's Graves Art Gallery.
Publications
Apples & Snakes: Raw and Biting Cabaret Poetry published 1984 by Pluto Press, design by Neville Brady. Second edition published 1987.
Paul Beasley (editor). The Popular Front of Contemporary Poetry: Anthology, Apples and Snakes, 1992. , , 239 pp. Published to celebrate Apples and Snakes' 10th anniversary.
In 1993, Black Spring Press published Velocity: The Best of Apples & Snakes, an anthology of works by contemporary poets who had performed for Apples and Snakes.
Notes and references
External links
Official website
Interview with Russell Thompson, a coordinator for Apples and Snakes
Charities based in London
Poetry organizations
Spoken word
1982 establishments in England |
2371682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any%20Which%20Way%20You%20Can | Any Which Way You Can | Any Which Way You Can is a 1980 American action comedy film directed by Buddy Van Horn and starring Clint Eastwood, with Sondra Locke, Geoffrey Lewis, William Smith, and Ruth Gordon in supporting roles. The film is the sequel to the 1978 hit comedy Every Which Way but Loose. The cast of the previous film return as Philo Beddoe (Eastwood) reluctantly comes out of retirement from underground bare-knuckle boxing to take on a champion hired by the mafia, who will stop at nothing to ensure the fight takes place, while the neo-Nazi biker gang Philo humiliated in the previous film also comes back for revenge.
Plot
Two years after throwing his fight with Tank Murdock, Philo Beddoe is still fighting in underground bare-knuckle boxing matches to make money on the side. Philo, who still lives with his mother, his brother Orville and orangutan Clyde, decides to retire when he realizes that he has started to enjoy the pain. One evening, Philo encounters his ex-girlfriend, country-western singer Lynn Halsey-Taylor, singing at his favorite bar. Orville angrily reproves Lynn for her actions two years before. Lynn apologizes to Philo. Philo, initially gruff and reluctant, forgives her. They become a couple again and move in together.
The Black Widows, the biker gang with a long-running grudge against Philo, return. They still want revenge for the destruction of their bikes. However, Philo bests them in a chase that runs through an asphalt machine during a road-paving project.
Meanwhile, Jack Wilson, a new breed of fighter from the East Coast who mixes martial arts with boxing, dominates the bare-knuckle circuit. He is so effective at maiming his opponents that his handlers cannot book fights for him. After a fight between a mongoose and a rattlesnake, one of the handlers realizes that if Philo, king of the West Coast brawlers, agreed to fight Wilson, it would be the biggest draw in the history of bare-knuckle boxing. Philo initially agrees to the fight but after much prodding from Orville and Lynn, withdraws. The handlers, led by handicapper Jimmy Beekman and backed by the Mafia, kidnap Lynn to coerce Philo to show up for the fight. The fight is to take place near Jackson, Wyoming. The Black Widows follow Philo there.
Wilson, however, is a prize fighter with morals. After he learns of the plot and helps Philo and Orville rescue Lynn, he and Philo mutually decide to call off the fight. However, both fighters' personal pride makes them wonder who would have won. The brawl between the duo takes place after all, but it is punctuated by pauses and personal reflections on their mutual admiration for each other. Meanwhile, the Black Widows bet everything they have on Philo; despite their rivalry, they know that he is the better fighter. When the mobsters try to kill Philo once he gains the upper hand, the Black Widows protect their investment by beating up the Mafia men. Wilson eventually breaks Philo's arm and offers to end the fight, but the two men continue the brawl. After a long fight, Philo knocks Wilson out long enough to qualify for a win. Wilson helps Philo to the hospital, then later on they have a drink at the Million Dollar Cowboy Bar. On their way home, Philo and the Black Widows (who are now rich) declare a truce and part amicably. Beekman, whose attempts to rig the fight for Wilson failed, cannot pay the mob bettors and is marked for death. After reaching California, Philo and Lynn are pulled over by a cop who lost money betting against Philo earlier; he promises to endlessly harass them as punishment. Lynn calls out, "Right turn, Clyde!" Clyde promptly knocks out the cop and they drive away.
Cast
Clint Eastwood as Philo Beddoe
Sondra Locke as Lynn Halsey-Taylor
Geoffrey Lewis as Orville Boggs
Ruth Gordon as Zenobia 'Ma' Boggs
Beverly D'Angelo as Echo
William Smith as Jack Wilson
Barry Corbin as Zack Tupper
Harry Guardino as James Beekman
Michael Cavanaugh as Patrick Scarfe
James Gammon as the bartender
John Quade as Cholla
Al Ruscio as Tony Paoli Sr.
Jack Murdock as Little Melvin
George Murdock as Sergeant Cooley
Dick Durock as Joe Casey
Julie Brown as Candy
Dan Vadis as Frank
Camila Ashlend as Hattie
Anne Ramsey as Loretta Quince
Logan Ramsey as Luther Quince
Jim Stafford as Long John
Michael Talbott as Officer Morgan
Mark L. Taylor as Desk Clerk
Jack Thibeau as Head Muscle
Charles Walker as Officer
Production
Any Which Way You Can started filming in summer 1980. The film was filmed in the California communities of Sun Valley, North Hollywood, and Bakersfield, and in Jackson, Wyoming.
Glen Campbell performed the "Any Which Way You Can" title song track in the final scene of the movie, and the song was a Top-10 hit on the country music charts.
Manis, the orangutan that played Clyde in the first film, was replaced by two younger orangutans, C.J. and Buddha. Generally, primates are not used as animal actors past the age of 8 because their strength is fully developed and they are often less docile. According to a book by Jane Goodall and Dale Peterson entitled Visions of Caliban, Buddha was badly mistreated and beaten by his trainers, and C.J. was just brought in after filming was completed in order to do the publicity after Buddha's death, possibly from injuries inflicted by the trainers. Doubt has been cast on these claims by makeup effects artist William Munns.
Reception
Box office
Any Which Way You Can opened on Wednesday, December 17, 1980 and became the number one film at the U.S. box office with an opening weekend gross of $8,024,663 from a record 1,541 theatres. The following weekend, between Christmas and New Year, the film stayed at number one, grossing $10,091,105 from 1,572 theatres, a 26% increase. The Saturday was a record single day gross for a Warner Bros.' film with a gross of $3,861,561, beating the record set by Superman.
It was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1980 with a gross of $70,687,344 in the United States and Canada.
Critical response
Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four and opened his review by stating: "Clint Eastwood's Any Which Way You Can is not a very good movie, but it's hard not to feel a grudging affection for it. Where else, in the space of 115 minutes, can you find a country & western road picture with two fights, a bald motorcycle gang, the Mafia, a love story, a pickup truck, a tow truck, Fats Domino, a foul-mouthed octogenarian, an oversexed orangutan and a contest for the bare knuckle championship of the world?" Janet Maslin of The New York Times thought the film was "better and funnier than its predecessor," adding that "Clyde's role has been expanded this time, and Ruth Gordon's has been made smaller, all of which makes the formula much more fun." Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Filled with plenty of monkey business, first half is pretty funny as these things go, but film runs out of steam after mid-way highlight ... Although overlength didn't stop 'Loose,' same flaw here is even more irritating due to protracted finale and lack of any continuing tension in Eastwood-Locke relationship." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three stars out of four and called it "a most genial Eastwood action-comedy." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Directed in an appropriately laid-back manner by Buddy Van Horn in his directorial debut, 'Any Which Way You Can' aspires to nothing more than entertainment. As one comedy of admittedly greater ambitions after another proves disappointing these days, 'Any Which Way You Can' (PG) is welcome as just plain fun." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote, "A generous entertainment of its kind, 'Any Which Way' mixes plentiful portions of gauche, robust action and comedy with frequent musical interludes ... The weakest element in the plot is the lack of a compelling reason for Philo and Jackson to go through with their fight."
As of December 2019, the film holds a rating of 20% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 4.92 out of 10.
Soundtrack
Track listing
Chart performance
See also
List of boxing films
References
Bibliography
External links
1980 films
1980s action comedy films
1980s buddy comedy films
American action comedy films
American sequel films
American boxing films
American buddy action films
American buddy comedy films
Country music films
1980s English-language films
Films about apes
Films set in California
Films set in Wyoming
Underground fighting films
Mafia comedy films
Trucker films
1980 comedy films
Films directed by Buddy Van Horn
1980 directorial debut films
1980s American films |
53530629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Faggioni | Luigi Faggioni | Luigi Faggioni (9 November 1909 – 23 May 1991) was an Italian naval officer during World War II, and an admiral in the postwar Marina Militare.
Biography
Faggioni was born in La Spezia in 1909. After graduating from the Nautical Institute of Camogli (Genoa), in August 1928 he began the course as a reserve officer in the Italian Navy, and in October 1929 he graduated as an ensign. He served for some time on torpedo boats and destroyers, and in 1931, after promotion to sub-lieutenant, he became a teacher in the C.R.E.M. (Corpo Regi Equipaggi Marittimi, Corps of Royal Naval Crews) schools. In 1935 he was mobilized due to the needs associated with the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and was assigned on the destroyer Zeffiro. In 1937 he became lieutenant and was given command of MAS boats; in June 1939, after becoming aide to Prince Eugenio of Savoy, he organized an expedition in the East African lowland, earning a commendation for his organizational capacity.
In June 1940, with Italy's entry into World War II, Faggioni became a member of the 1st MAS Flotilla in La Spezia, where he was given command of a special section of MT explosive motorboats. He was later tasked with organizing and training a group of eight (later reduced to six) MTM explosive motorboats that would attack British shipping in Souda Bay, Crete, under his command.
The action, known as the Raid on Souda Bay, was carried in the night of 26 March 1941. Carried by the destroyers Francesco Crispi and Quintino Sella till near Souda, the six MTM boats were led by Faggioni inside the bay, where they attacked different objectives. One MTM, operated by Sub-Lieutenant Angelo Cabrini, hit the heavy cruiser HMS York, partially sinking it in shallow water, and another one, operated by Sergeant Emilio Barberi, damaged the 8,324 GRT oil tanker Pericles, that would sink a few days later during the tow towards Alexandria. Faggioni's MTM missed its target and hit a pier, while the other three operators missed or were forced to scuttle their boats following mechanical breakdowns (one of them may have also hit Pericles, in addition to Barberi's one). Faggioni and his comrades were taken prisoner; all six were awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor for the action in Souda Bay.
Faggioni, promoted to lieutenant commander in January 1944 (while still in Allied captivity), was repatriated in January 1945 during Italy's co-belligerence with the Allies and participated in the last stages of the Italian campaign as deputy commander of Mariassalto, the successor of the Tenth MAS Flotilla in Italy's co-belligerent forces. After the war he was given command of 6th Dredging Group and then of the 4th Dredging Group; after promotion to commander, he received command of the 1st Destroyer Squadron.
Promoted to captain in 1956, he commanded the Divers and Raiders Center in Varignano, La Spezia and then the 5th Naval Group. In 1960 became a member of the High Council of the Armed Forces, and in January 1963 he was promoted to rear admiral and given command of the La Spezia Naval Base.
He was then promoted to vice admiral and appointed commander of the Autonomous Naval Command Sardinia; after promotion to admiral in 1969, he was placed in auxiliary in January 1970. He died in Chiavari (Genoa) in 1991.
References
1909 births
1991 deaths
Regia Marina personnel of World War II
Italian admirals
Recipients of the Gold Medal of Military Valor
Italian prisoners of war in World War II |
41925188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina%20Malysheva | Yekaterina Malysheva | Yekaterina Aleksandrovna Malysheva (, born 28 January 1987 in Chelyabinsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian speed skater. She competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Russian female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Russia
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Chelyabinsk
Universiade medalists in speed skating
Universiade silver medalists for Russia
Speed skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade |
41619964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carelmapu | Carelmapu | Carelmapu (lit. from Mapudungun "Green Land") is a port and town () at the western end of Chacao Channel, southern Chile. Carelmapu was established by the Spanish in 1602 as San Antonio Ribera de Carelmapu following the Destruction of Seven Cities. In 1643 Carelmapu was sacked and its church vandalized by the Dutch corsair Hendrick Brouwer. On March 6, 1676 Carelmapu received the exhausted survivors of Pascual de Iriarte's expedition to the Strait of Magellan.
Fort system
During colonial times Carelmapu was the site of a small fort system made up of Fuerte de Carelmapu just west of Carelmapu, the sentinel outpost of Astillero and the battery of Coronel. The last two were not located in Carelmapu proper but further east along the northern shores of Chacao Channel. The original Fuerte de Carelmapu was built in wood in 1603. At present remnants of it can be found in a deteriorated state.
References
Populated places in Llanquihue Province
Populated coastal places in Chile
Populated places established in 1602
1602 establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
Coasts of Los Lagos Region |
2869979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20F.%20Prescott | Benjamin F. Prescott | Benjamin Franklin Prescott (February 26, 1833 – February 21, 1895) was an American lawyer, newspaper editor, and politician from Epping, New Hampshire, who served as the 36th governor of New Hampshire.
Early life and education
Benjamin F. Prescott was born in Epping, New Hampshire, on February 26, 1833. He attended Pembroke Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy before graduating from Dartmouth College in 1856.
Career
Prescott studied law and was admitted to the New Hampshire Bar Association. He then established a private legal practice in Concord, New Hampshire and became active in the Republican Party. He served as secretary of the Republican State Committee from 1859 to 1874. He was also secretary of New Hampshire's Electoral College members every four years from 1860 to 1880.
In 1859, Prescott became editor of the Independent Democrat, a Republican newspaper that opposed slavery and endorsed the Abraham Lincoln administration.
Prescott was a New England special agent for the United States Department of the Treasury from 1865 to 1869, responsible to audit and report on the activities of customs collectors at border crossing and ports. He was New Hampshire Secretary of State from 1872 to 1873 and 1875 to 1876.
In 1877, Prescott was elected to a one-year term as governor. He was reelected in 1878, and served from June 7, 1877, to June 5, 1879. During his term, the state constitution as revised and construction began on a new state prison in Concord.
Prescott remained active in politics after leaving office, serving as chairman of the 1880 state Republican convention and a Delegate to the 1880 Republican National Convention. From 1887 to 1893, Prescott served on the state New Hampshire Board of Railroad Commissioners.
In addition to his political activities, Prescott was an author and was involved with several historical organizations. He was vice president of the New Hampshire Historical Society, President of the Bennington Battle Monument Commission, and a Fellow of Great Britain's Royal Historical Society. He was also a trustee of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts and Dartmouth College.
Personal life
Prescott died in Epping on February 21, 1895. He was buried at Blossom Hill Cemetery in Concord. The Benjamin Franklin Prescott House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
References
External links
Prescott at New Hampshire's Division of Historic Resources
Benjamin F. Prescott at National Governors Association
1833 births
1895 deaths
People from Epping, New Hampshire
Republican Party governors of New Hampshire
Dartmouth College alumni
19th-century American politicians |
72652360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard%20Str%C3%A5ngert | Rikard Strångert | Rikard Strångert (born 23 April 1972) is a Swedish professional golfer, who was one of Sweden 's leading amateur golfers in the early 1990s. He was part of the team winning the 1992 European Youths' Team Championship and member of the Swedish team, finishing fifth, at the 1992 Eisenhower Trophy. As a professional he was runner-up at the 1993 Toyota PGA Championship on the Challenge Tour.
Early life and amateur career
In 1989, Strångert won the Swedish Teen Tour (up to 18) Order of Merit, despite losing in the final of the Swedish Boys 18 Match-play Championship.
18 years old, Strångert won the club championship at his home club, Linköping Golf Club, one of the leading elite clubs at the time in Sweden. The same year he won on the Swedish Teen Tour at Onsjö GC, medal play as well as match-play, beating the likes of future European Tour winners Niclas Fasth, Fredrik Andersson and Mikael Lundberg.
During Strångerts career, there were no national amateur tournaments to win in his country, due to Sweden's "open golf" policy, with the effect of all competitions open to professionals. However, Stångert was a leading amateur golfer in Sweden in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He represented his country at boys, youth's and seniors levels. He won bronze at the 1989 European Boys' Team Championship, held on home turf, together with Max Anglert, Klas Eriksson, Pierre Fulke, Gabriel Hjertstedt and Mikael Persson. They beat Italy 4.5–2.5 in the third place match, after falling to England 5–2 in the semi-final. In 1990, his Swedish team finished 5th in Reykjavík, Iceland.
He also played in the 1991 European Amateur Team Championship held in Madrid, Spain. In the team event at the 1991 Italian Amateur Championship, Strångert finished second behind Spain together with Joakim Rask.
In 1992, he won the European Youths' Team Championship in Helsinki, Finland. His team, made up of Niclas Fasth, Max Anglert, Fredrik Andersson, Mikael Lundberg and Peter Malmgren, beat the England team 4.5–2.5 in the final.
He represented Sweden at the 1992 Eisenhower Trophy in Vancouver, Canada together with Niclas Fasth, Max Anglert and Fredrik Andersson. The Swedish team finished 5th, unable to catch Australia and France in shared 3rd place. Strånger finished tied 38th individually, counting three of his four rounds towards the team total.
Professional career
Stångert turned professional immediately following the Eisenhower Trophy in late 1992, as well as his teammates Niclas Fasth and Fredrik Andersson.
Between 1993 and 1996 he played a mixed schedule, typically on the Asian Golf Circuit during winter and the Challenge Tour during summer. His best result was a solo 2nd at the 1993 Toyota PGA Championship in Denmark, two strokes behind his compatriot Fredrik Andersson.
After retirement from tour he became a PGA teaching pro based in Costa del Sol, Spain, spelling his name Rikard Strongert. From 2019 he held the position as head professional at Los Arqueros Golf & Country Club, Benahivas, the first course designed by Seve Ballesteros.
Team appearances
Amateur
European Boys' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1989, 1990
European Youths' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1992 (winners)
European Amateur Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1991
Eisenhower Trophy (representing Sweden): 1992
Source:
References
External links
Swedish male golfers
Sportspeople from Linköping
1972 births
Living people
20th-century Swedish people |
3399244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol%20fuel%20in%20Brazil | Ethanol fuel in Brazil | Brazil is the world's second largest producer of ethanol fuel. Brazil and the United States have led the industrial production of ethanol fuel for several years, together accounting for 85 percent of the world's production in 2017. Brazil produced 26.72 billion liters (7.06 billion U.S. liquid gallons), representing 26.1 percent of the world's total ethanol used as fuel in 2017.
Between 2006 and 2008, Brazil was considered to have the world's first "sustainable" biofuels economy and the biofuel industry leader, a policy model for other countries; and its sugarcane ethanol "the most successful alternative fuel to date." However, some authors consider that the successful Brazilian ethanol model is sustainable only in Brazil due to its advanced agri-industrial technology and its enormous amount of arable land available; while according to other authors it is a solution only for some countries in the tropical zone of Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa.
In recent years however, later-generation biofuels have sprung up which use crops that are explicitly grown for fuel production and are not suitable for use as food.
Brazil's 40-year-old ethanol fuel program is based on the most efficient agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world, uses modern equipment and cheap sugar cane as feedstock, the residual cane-waste (bagasse) is used to produce heat and power, which results in a very competitive price and also in a high energy balance (output energy/input energy), which varies from 8.3 for average conditions to 10.2 for best practice production. In 2010, the U.S. EPA designated Brazilian sugarcane ethanol as an advanced biofuel due to its 61% reduction of total life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, including direct indirect land use change emissions.
There are no longer any light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline. Since 1976 the government made it mandatory to blend anhydrous ethanol with gasoline, fluctuating between 10% and 22%. and requiring just a minor adjustment on regular gasoline engines. In 1993 the mandatory blend was fixed by law at 22% anhydrous ethanol (E22) by volume in the entire country, but with leeway to the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre-established boundaries. In 2003 these limits were set at a minimum of 20% and a maximum of 25%. Since July 1, 2007, the mandatory blend is 25% of anhydrous ethanol and 75% gasoline or E25 blend. The lower limit was reduced to 18% in April 2011 due to recurring ethanol supply shortages and high prices that take place between harvest seasons. By mid March 2015 the government raised temporarily the ethanol blend in regular gasoline from 25% to 27%.
The Brazilian car manufacturing industry developed flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on any proportion of gasoline (E20-E25 blend) and hydrous ethanol (E100). Introduced in the market in 2003, flex vehicles became a commercial success, dominating the passenger vehicle market with a 94% market share of all new cars and light vehicles sold in 2013. By mid-2010 there were 70 flex models available in the market, and , a total of 15 car manufacturers produce flex-fuel engines, dominating all light vehicle segments except sports cars, off-road vehicles and minivans. The cumulative production of flex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in March 2010, and the 20 million-unit milestone was reached in June 2013. , flex-fuel light-duty vehicle cumulative sales totaled 25.5 million units, and production of flex motorcycles totaled 4 million in March 2015.
The success of "flex" vehicles, together with the mandatory E25 blend throughout the country, allowed ethanol fuel consumption in the country to achieve a 50% market share of the gasoline-powered fleet in February 2008. In terms of energy equivalent, sugarcane ethanol represented 17.6% of the country's total energy consumption by the transport sector in 2008.
History
Sugarcane has been cultivated in Brazil since 1532 as sugar was one of the first commodities exported to Europe by the Portuguese settlers. The first use of sugarcane ethanol as a fuel in Brazil dates back to the late twenties and early thirties of the twentieth century, with the introduction of the automobile in the country. Ethanol fuel production peaked during World War II and, as German submarine attacks threatened oil supplies, the mandatory blend became as high as 50% in 1943.
After the end of the war cheap oil caused gasoline to prevail, and ethanol blends were only used sporadically, mostly to take advantage of sugar surpluses, until the seventies, when the first oil crisis resulted in gasoline shortages and awareness of the dangers of oil dependence. As a response to this crisis, the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as a fuel. The National Alcohol Program -Pró-Álcool- (), launched in 1975, was a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automobile fuels derived from fossil fuels, such as gasoline, in favor of ethanol produced from sugar cane.
The first phase of the program concentrated on production of anhydrous ethanol for blending with gasoline. The Brazilian government made mandatory the blending of ethanol fuel with gasoline, fluctuating from 1976 until 1992 between 10% and 22%. Due to this mandatory minimum gasoline blend, pure gasoline (E0) is no longer sold in the country. A federal law was passed in October 1993 establishing a mandatory blend of 22% anhydrous ethanol (E22) in the entire country. This law also authorized the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre-established boundaries; and since 2003 these limits were fixed at a maximum of 25% (E25) and a minimum of 20% (E20) by volume. Since then, the government has set the percentage of the ethanol blend according to the results of the sugarcane harvest and the levels of ethanol production from sugarcane, resulting in blend variations even within the same year.
Since July 2007 the mandatory blend is 25% of anhydrous ethanol and 75% gasoline or E25 blend. However, in 2010, and as a result of supply concerns and high ethanol fuel prices, the government mandated a temporary 90-day blend reduction from E25 to E20 beginning February 1, 2010. By mid March 2015 the government raised temporarily the ethanol blend in regular gasoline from 25% to 27%. The blend on premium gasoline was kept at 25% upon request by ANFAVEA, the Brazilian association of automakers, because of concerns about the effects on the higher blend on cars that were built for E25, as opposed to flex-fuel cars. The government approved the higher blend as an economic incentive for ethanol producers, due to an existing overstock of over 1 billion liters (264 million US gallons) of ethanol. The implementation of E27 is expected to allow the consumption of the overstock before the end of 2015.
After testing in government fleets with several prototypes developed by the local carmakers, and compelled by the second oil crisis, the Fiat 147, the first modern commercial neat ethanol car (E100 only) was launched to the market in July 1979. The Brazilian government provided three important initial drivers for the ethanol industry: guaranteed purchases by the state-owned oil company Petrobras, low-interest loans for agro-industrial ethanol firms, and fixed gasoline and ethanol prices where hydrous ethanol sold for 59% of the government-set gasoline price at the pump. Subsidising ethanol production in this manner and setting an artificially low price established ethanol as an alternative to gasoline.
After reaching more than 4 million cars and light trucks running on pure ethanol by the late 1980s, representing one third of the country's motor vehicle fleet, ethanol production and sales of ethanol-only cars tumbled due to several factors. First, gasoline prices fell sharply as a result of the 1980s oil glut, but mainly because of a shortage of ethanol fuel supply in the local market left thousands of vehicles in line at gas stations or out of fuel in their garages by mid-1989. As supply could not keep pace with the increasing demand required by the now significant ethanol-only fleet, the Brazilian government began importing ethanol in 1991. Since 1979 until December 2010 neat ethanol vehicles totaled 5.7 million units. The number of neat ethanol vehicles still in use was estimated between 2 and 3 million vehicles by 2003, and estimated at 1.22 million .
Confidence on ethanol-powered vehicles was restored only with the introduction in the Brazilian market of flexible-fuel vehicles. In March 2003 Volkswagen launched in the Brazilian market the Gol 1.6 Total Flex, the first commercial flexible fuel vehicle capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol. By 2010 manufacturers that build flexible fuel vehicles include Chevrolet, Fiat, Ford, Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen, Honda, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Citroën, Nissan, and Kia Motors. In 2013, Ford launched the first flex fuel car with direct injection: the Focus 2.0 Duratec Direct Flex.
Flexible fuel cars were 22% of the car sales in 2004, 73% in 2005, 87.6% in July 2008, and reached a record 94% in August 2009. The cumulative production of flex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in March 2010, and 15 million in January 2012. Registrations of flex-fuel cars and light trucks represented 87.0% of all passenger and light duty vehicles sold in the country in 2012. Production passed the 20 million-unit mark in June 2013. By the end of 2014, flex-fuel cars represented 54% of the Brazilian registered stock of light-duty vehicles, while gasoline only vehicles represented 34.3%. , flex-fuel light-duty vehicle cumulative sales totaled 25.5 million units.
The rapid adoption and commercial success of "flex" vehicles, as they are popularly known, together with the mandatory blend of alcohol with gasoline as E25 fuel, have increased ethanol consumption up to the point that by February 2008 a landmark in ethanol consumption was achieved when ethanol retail sales surpassed the 50% market share of the gasoline-powered fleet. This level of ethanol fuel consumption had not been reached since the end of the 1980s, at the peak of the Pró-Álcool Program.
Under the auspices of the BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport (BEST) project, the first ethanol-powered (ED95) bus began operations in São Paulo city in December 2007 as a one-year trial project. A second ED95 trial bus began operating in São Paulo city in November 2009.
Based on the satisfactory results obtained during the 3-year trial operation of the two buses, in November 2010 the municipal government of São Paulo city signed an agreement with UNICA, Cosan, Scania and Viação Metropolitana", the local bus operator, to introduced a fleet of 50 ethanol-powered ED95 buses by May 2011. The local government objective is for the city's entire bus fleet, which is made of 15,000 diesel-powered buses, to use only renewable fuels by 2018. The first ethanol-powered buses were delivered in May 2011, and the 50 ethanol-powered ED95 buses are scheduled to begin regular service in São Paulo in June 2011.
Another innovation of the Brazilian flexible-fuel technology was the development of flex-fuel motorcycles. The first flex motorcycle was launched by Honda in March 2009. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the CG 150 Titan Mix is sold for around US$2,700. In order to avoid cold start problems, the fuel tank must have at least 20% of gasoline at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). In September 2009, Honda launched a second flexible-fuel motorcycle, the on-off road NXR 150 Bros Mix. By December 2010 both Honda flexible-fuel motorcycles had reached cumulative sales of 515,726 units, representing an 18.1% market share of the Brazilian new motorcycle sales in 2010. Two other flex-fuel motorcycles manufactured by Honda were launched in October 2010 and January 2011, the CG 150 FAN and the Honda BIZ 125 Flex. During 2011 a total of 956,117 flex-fuel motorcycles were produced, raising its market share to 56.7%. Production reached the 2 million mark in August 2012. Flexible-fuel motorcycle production passed the 3 million-unit milestone in October 2013, and the 4 million mark in March 2015.
Production
Economic and production indicators
Ethanol production in Brazil uses sugarcane as feedstock and relies on first-generation technologies based on the use of the sucrose content of sugarcane. Ethanol yield has grown 3.77% per year since 1975 and productivity gains have been based on improvements in the agricultural and industrial phases of the production process. Further improvements on best practices are expected to allow in the short to mid-term an average ethanol productivity of 9,000 liters per hectare.
There were 378 ethanol plants operating in Brazil by July 2008, 126 dedicated to ethanol production and 252 producing both sugar and ethanol. There are 15 additional plants dedicated exclusively to sugar production. These plants have an installed capacity of crushing 538 million metric tons of sugarcane per year, and there are 25 plants under construction expected to be on line by 2009 that will add an additional capacity of crushing 50 million tons of sugarcane per year. The typical plant costs approximately US$150 million and requires a nearby sugarcane plantation of 30,000 hectares.
Ethanol production is concentrated in the Central and Southeast regions of the country, led by São Paulo state, with around 60% of the country's total ethanol production, followed by Paraná (8%), Minas Gerais (8%) and Goiás (5%). These two regions have been responsible for 90% of Brazil's ethanol production since 2005 and the harvest season goes from April to November. The Northeast Region is responsible for the remaining 10% of ethanol production, led by Alagoas with 2% of total production. The harvest season in the North-Northeast region goes from September to March, and the average productivity in this region is lower than the South-Central region. Due to the difference in the two main harvest seasons, Brazilian statistics for sugar and ethanol production are commonly reported on a harvest two-year basis rather than on a calendar year.
For the 2008/09 harvest it is expected that about 44% of the sugarcane will be used for sugar, 1% for alcoholic beverages, and 55% for ethanol production. An estimate of between 24.9 billion litres (6.58 billion U.S. liquid gallons) and 27.1 billion litres (7.16 billion gallons) of ethanol are expected to be produced in 2008/09 harvest year, with most of the production being destined for the internal market, and only 4.2 billion liters (1.1 billion gallons) for exports, with an estimated 2.5 billion liters (660 million gallons) destined for the US market. Sugarcane cultivated area grew from 7 million to 7.8 million hectares of land from 2007 to 2008, mainly using abandoned pasture lands. In 2008 Brazil has 276 million hectares of arable land, 72% use for pasture, 16.9% for grain crops, and 2.8% for sugarcane, meaning that ethanol is just requiring approximately 1.5% of all arable land available in the country.
As sugar and ethanol share the same feedstock and their industrial processing is fully integrated, formal employment statistics are usually presented together. In 2000 there were 642,848 workers employed by these industries, and as ethanol production expanded, by 2005 there were 982,604 workers employed in the sugarcane cultivation and industrialization, including 414,668 workers in the sugarcane fields, 439,573 workers in the sugar mills, and 128,363 workers in the ethanol distilleries. While employment in the ethanol distilleries grew 88.4% from 2000 to 2005, employment in the sugar fields just grew 16.2% as a direct result of expansion of mechanical harvest instead manual harvesting, which avoids burning the sugarcane fields before manual cutting and also increases productivity. The states with the most employment in 2005 were São Paulo (39.2%), Pernambuco (15%), Alagoas (14.1%), Paraná (7%), and Minas Gerais (5.6%).
2009–2014 crisis
Since 2009 the Brazilian ethanol industry has experienced a crisis due to multiple causes. They include the economic crisis of 2008; poor sugarcane harvests due to unfavorable weather; high sugar prices in the world market that made more attractive to produce sugar rather than ethanol; a freeze imposed by the Brazilian government on the petrol and diesel prices. Brazilian ethanol fuel production in 2011 was 21.1 billion liters (5.6 billion U.S. liquid gallons), down from 26.2 billion liters (6.9 billion gallons) in 2010, while in 2012 the production of ethanol was 26% lower than in 2008. By 2012 a total of 41 ethanol plants out of about 400 have closed and the sugar-cane crop yields dropped from 115 tonnes per hectare in 2008 to 69 tonnes per hectare in 2012.
A supply shortage took place for several months during 2010 and 2011, and prices climbed to the point that ethanol fuel was no longer attractive for owners of flex-fuel vehicles; the government reduced the minimum ethanol blend in gasoline to reduce demand and keep ethanol fuel prices from rising further; and for the first time since the 1990s, (corn) ethanol fuel was imported from the United States. The imports totaled around 1.5 billion litres in 2011–2012. The ethanol share in the transport fuel market decreased from 55% in 2008 to 35% in 2012. As a result of higher ethanol prices combined with government subsidies to keep gasoline price lower than the international market value, by November 2013 only 23% flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol regularly, down from 66% in 2009.
During 2014 Brazil produced 23.4 billion liters (6.19 billion U.S. liquid gallons) of ethanol fuel, however, during that year Brazil imported ethanol from the United States, ranking as the second largest U.S. export market in 2014 after Canada, and representing about 13% of total American exports. Production recovered since 2015, and Brazil produced 26.72 billion liters (7.06 billion U.S. liquid gallons) in 2017, representing 26.1 percent of the world's total ethanol used as fuel.
Agricultural technology
A key aspect for the development of the ethanol industry in Brazil was the investment in agricultural research and development by both the public and private sector. The work of EMBRAPA, the state-owned company in charge for applied research on agriculture, together with research developed by state institutes and universities, especially in the State of São Paulo, have allowed Brazil to become a major innovator in the fields of biotechnology and agronomic practices, resulting in the most efficient agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world. Efforts have been concentrated in increasing the efficiency of inputs and processes to optimize output per hectare of feedstock, and the result has been a threefold increase of sugarcane yields in 29 years, as Brazilian average ethanol yields went from 2,024 liters per ha in 1975 to 5,917 liters per ha in 2004; allowing the efficiency of ethanol production to grow at a rate of 3.77% per year. Brazilian biotechnologies include the development of sugarcane varieties that have a larger sugar or energy content, one of the main drivers for high yields of ethanol per unit of planted area. The increase of the index total recoverable sugar (TRS) from sugarcane has been very significant, 1.5% per year in the period 1977 to 2004, resulting in an increase from 95 to 140 kg/ha. Innovations in the industrial process have allowed an increase in sugar extraction in the period 1977 to 2003. The average annual improvement was 0.3%; some mills have already reached extraction efficiencies of 98%.
Biotechnology research and genetic improvement have led to the development of strains that are more resistant to disease, bacteria, and pests, and also have the capacity to respond to different environments, thus allowing the expansion of sugarcane cultivation to areas previously considered inadequate for such cultures. By 2008 more than 500 sugarcane varieties are cultivated in Brazil, and 51 of them were released just during the last ten years. Four research programs, two private and two public, are devoted to further genetic improvement. Since the mid nineties, Brazilian biotechnology laboratories have developed transgenic varieties, still non commerciallized. Identification of 40,000 cane genes was completed in 2003 and there are a couple dozen research groups working on the functional genome, still on the experimental phase, but commercial results are expected within five years.
Also, there is ongoing research regarding sugarcane biological nitrogen fixation, with the most promising plant varieties showing yields three times the national average in soils of very low fertility, thus avoiding nitrogenous fertilization. There is also research for the development of second-generation or cellulosic ethanol. In São Paulo state an increase of 12% in sugar cane yield and 6.4% in sugar content is expected over the next decade. This advance combined with an expected 6.2% improvement in fermentation efficiency and 2% in sugar extraction, may increase ethanol yields by 29%, raising average ethanol productivity to 9,000 liters/ha. Approximately US$50 million has recently been allocated for research and projects focused on advancing the obtention of ethanol from sugarcane in São Paulo state.
Production process
Sucrose extracted from sugarcane accounts for little more than 30% of the chemical energy stored in the harvested parts of the mature plant; 35% is in the leaves and stem tips, which are left in the fields during harvest, and 35% are in the fibrous material (bagasse) left over from pressing. Most of the industrial processing of sugarcane in Brazil is done through a very integrated production chain, allowing sugar production, industrial ethanol processing, and electricity generation from byproducts. The typical steps for large-scale production of sugar and ethanol include milling, electricity generation, fermentation, distillation of ethanol, and dehydration.
Milling and refining
Once harvested, sugarcane is usually transported to the plant by semi-trailer trucks. After quality control, sugarcane is washed, chopped, and shredded by revolving knives; the feedstock is fed to and extracted by a set of mill combinations to collect a juice, called garapa in Brazil, that contain 10–15% sucrose, and bagasse, the fiber residue. The main objective of the milling process is to extract the largest possible amount of sucrose from the cane, and a secondary but important objective is the production of bagasse with a low moisture content as boiler fuel, as bagasse is burned for electricity generation (see below), allowing the plant to be self-sufficient in energy and to generate electricity for the local power grid.
The cane juice or garapa is then filtered and treated by chemicals and pasteurized. Before evaporation, the juice is filtered once again, producing vinasse, a fluid rich in organic compounds. The syrup resulting from evaporation is then precipitated by crystallization producing a mixture of clear crystals surrounded by molasses. A centrifuge is used to separate the sugar from molasses, and the crystals are washed by addition of steam, after which the crystals are dried by an airflow. Upon cooling, sugar crystallizes out of the syrup. From this point, the sugar refining process continues to produce different grades of sugar, and the molasses continue a separate process to produce ethanol.
Fermentation, distillation and dehydration
The resulting molasses are treated to become a sterilized molasse free of impurities, ready to be fermented. In the fermentation process sugars are transformed into ethanol by addition of yeast. Fermentation time varies from four to twelve hours resulting in an alcohol content of 7-10% by total volume (°GL), called fermented wine. The yeast is recovered from this wine through a centrifuge. Making use of the different boiling points the alcohol in the fermented wine is separated from the main resting solid components. The remaining product is hydrated ethanol with a concentration of 96°GL, the highest concentration of ethanol that can be achieved via azeotropic distillation, and by national specification can contain up to 4.9% of water by volume. This hydrous ethanol is the fuel used by ethanol-only and flex vehicles in the country. Further dehydration is normally done by addition of chemicals, up to the specified 99.7°GL in order to produce anhydrous ethanol, which is used for blending with pure gasoline to obtain the country's E25 mandatory blend.
The additional processing required to convert hydrated into anhydrous ethanol increases the cost of the fuel, as in 2007 the average producer price difference between the two was around 14% for São Paulo State. This production price difference, though small, contributes to the competitiveness of the hydrated ethanol (E100) used in Brazil, not only with regard to local gasoline prices but also as compared to other countries such as the United States and Sweden, that only use anhydrous ethanol for their flex fuel fleet.
Electricity generation from bagasse
Since the early days, bagasse was burnt in the plant to provide the energy required for the industrial part of the process. Today, the Brazilian best practice uses high-pressure boilers that increases energy recovery, allowing most sugar-ethanol plants to be energetically self-sufficient and even sell surplus electricity to utilities. By 2000, the total amount of sugarcane bagasse produced per year was 50 million tons/dry basis out of more than 300 million tons of harvested sugarcane. Several authors estimated a potential power generation from the use of sugarcane bagasse ranging from 1,000 to
9,000 MW, depending on the technology used and the use of harvest trash. One utility in São Paulo is buying more than 1% of its electricity from sugar mills, with a production capacity of 600 MW for self-use and 100 MW for sale. According to analysis from Frost & Sullivan, Brazil's sugarcane bagasse used for power generation has reached 3.0 GW in 2007, and it is expected to reach 12.2 GW in 2014. The analysis also found that sugarcane bagasse cogeneration accounts for 3% of the total Brazilian energy matrix. The energy is especially valuable to utilities because it is produced mainly in the dry season when hydroelectric dams are running low.
According to a study commissioned by the Dutch government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of Brazilian bioethanol "there are also substantial gains possible in the efficiency of electricity use and generation: The electricity used for distillery operations has been estimated at 12.9 kWh/tonne cane, with a best available technology rate of 9.6 kWh/tonne cane. For electricity generation the efficiency could be increased from 18 kWh/tonne cane presently, to 29.1 kWh/tonne cane maximum. The production of surplus electricity could in theory be increased from 5.3 kWh/tonne cane to 19 kWh/tonne cane."
Electric generation from ethanol
Brazil has several experimental programs for the production of electricity using sugar cane ethanol as fuel. A joint venture of General Electric and Petrobras is operating one commercial pilot plant in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais.
Overall energy use
Energy-use associated with the production of sugarcane ethanol derives from three primary sources: the agricultural sector, the industrial sector, and the distribution sector. In the agricultural sector, 35.98 GJ of energy are used to plant, maintain, and harvest one hectare (10,000 m2) of sugarcane for usable biofuel. This includes energy from numerous inputs, including nitrogen, phosphate, potassium oxide, lime, seed, herbicides, insecticides, labor and diesel fuel. The industrial sector, which includes the milling and refining sugarcane and the production of ethanol fuel, uses 3.63 GJ of energy and generates 155.57 GJ of energy per hectare of sugarcane plantation. Scientists estimate that the potential power generated from the cogeneration of bagasse could range from 1,000 to 9,000 MW, depending on harvest and technology factors. In Brazil, this is about 3% of the total energy needed. The burning of bagasse can generate 18 kilowatt-hours, or 64.7 MJ per Mg of sugarcane. Distillery facilities require about 45 MJ to operate, leaving a surplus energy supply of 19.3 MJ, or 5.4 kWh. In terms of distribution, researchers calculates sugarcane ethanol's transport energy requirement to be 0.44 GJ per cubic-meter, thus one hectare of land would require 2.82 GJ of energy for successful transport and distribution. After taking all three sectors into account, the EROEI (Energy Return over Energy Invested) for sugarcane ethanol is about 8.
There are several improvements to the industrial processes, such as adopting a hydrolysis process to produce ethanol instead of surplus electricity, or the use of advanced boiler and turbine technology to increase the electricity yield, or a higher use of excess bagasse and harvest trash currently left behind in the fields, that together with various other efficiency improvements in sugarcane farming and the distribution chain have the potential to allow further efficiency increases, translating into higher yields, lower production costs, and also further improvements in the energy balance and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Exports
Brazil is the world's largest exporter of ethanol. In 2007 it exported 933.4 million gallons (3,532.7 million liters), representing almost 20% of its production, and accounting for almost 50% of the global exports. Since 2004 Brazilian exporters have as their main customers the United States, Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, Jamaica, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, Nigeria, Mexico, India, and South Korea.
The countries in the Caribbean Basin import relative high quantities of Brazilian ethanol, but not much is destined for domestic consumption. These countries reprocess the product, usually converting Brazilian hydrated ethanol into anhydrous ethanol, and then re-export it to the United States, gaining value-added and avoiding the 2.5% duty and the per gallon tariff, thanks to the trade agreements and benefits granted by Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). This process is limited by a quota, set at 7% of U.S. ethanol consumption. Although direct U.S. exports fell in 2007, imports from four CBI countries almost doubled, increasing from 15.5% in 2006 to 25.8% in 2007, reflecting increasing re-exports to the U.S., thus partially compensating the loss of Brazilian direct exports to the U.S. This situation has caused some concerns in the United States, as it and Brazil are trying to build a partnership to increase ethanol production in Latin American and the Caribbean. As the U.S. is encouraging "new ethanol production in other countries, production that could directly compete with U.S.-produced ethanol".
The U.S., potentially the largest market for Brazilian ethanol imports, currently imposes a tariff on Brazilian ethanol of per gallon in order to encourage domestic ethanol production and protect the budding ethanol industry in the United States. Historically, this tariff was intended to offset the 45 cent per gallon blender's federal tax credit that is applied to ethanol no matter its country of origin. Exports of Brazilian ethanol to the U.S. reached a total of US$1 billion in 2006, an increase of 1,020% over 2005 (US$98 million), but fell significantly in 2007 due to sharp increases in American ethanol production from corn. As shown in the table, the United States remains the largest single importer of Brazilian ethanol exports, though collectively the European Union and the CBI countries now import a similar amount.
A 2010 study by Iowa State University's Center for Agricultural and Rural Development found that removing the U.S. import tariff would result in less than 5% of the United States' ethanol being imported from Brazil. Also a 2010 study by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) found that the costs to American taxpayers of using a biofuel to reduce gasoline consumption by one gallon are $1.78 for corn ethanol and $3.00 for cellulosic ethanol. In a similar way, and without considering potential indirect land use effects, the costs to taxpayers of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through tax credits are about $750 per metric ton of -equivalent for ethanol and around $275 per metric ton for cellulosic ethanol.
After being renewed several times, the tax credit is set to expire on December 31, 2011, and both the per gallon tariff and per gallon blender's credit have been the subject of contentious debate in Washington, D.C., with ethanol interest groups and politicians staking positions on both sides of the issue. On June 16, 2011, the U.S. Congress approved an amendment to the economic development bill to repeal both the tax credit and the tariff on ethanol, and though this bill has an uncertain future, it is considered a signal that the tax credits will not be renew when they expire at the end of 2011. The eventual elimination of the import tariff is not expect to have significant effects in the short term, because the Brazilian ethanol industry has been having trouble meeting its own domestic demand for ethanol during 2010 and 2011, and Brazil imported some corn ethanol from the U.S. The shortage in supply is due in part to high sugar prices, which make it more profitable for Brazilian producers to sell it as sugar than convert it to ethanol fuel. Also, as a result of the credit crunch caused by the financial crisis of 2007–2010, the expansion of the Brazilian ethanol industry has not been able keep up pace with the accelerated growth of the flex fuel fleet.
As U.S. EPA's 2010 final ruling for the Renewable Fuel Standard designated Brazilian sugarcane ethanol as an advanced biofuel, Brazilian ethanol producers hope this classification will contribute to lift import tariffs both in the U.S. and the rest of the world. Also they expect to increase exports to the U.S., as the blending mandate requires an increasing quota of advanced biofuels, which is not likely to be fulfilled with cellulosic ethanol, and then it would force blenders to import more Brazilian sugarcane-based ethanol, despite the existing 54¢ per gallon tariff on ethanol imported directly from Brazil, or duty-free from the CBI countries that convert Brazilian hydrated ethanol into anhydrous ethanol.
Prices and effect on oil consumption
Most automobiles in Brazil run either on hydrous alcohol (E100) or on gasohol (E25 blend), as the mixture of 25% anhydrous ethanol with gasoline is mandatory in the entire country. Since 2003, dual-fuel ethanol flex vehicles that run on any proportion of hydrous ethanol and gasoline have been gaining popularity. These have electronic sensors that detect the type of fuel and adjust the engine combustion to match, so users can choose the cheapest available fuel. Sales of flex fuel vehicles reached 9.3 million by December 2009, representing 39% of the passenger vehicle fleet. By mid-2010 there were 70 flex models available in the market and production by December 2010 reached more than 12.5 million flex vehicles including more than 500 thousand flex fuel motorcycles.
Due to the lower energy content of ethanol fuel, full flex-fuel vehicles get fewer miles per gallon. Ethanol price has to be between 25 and 30% cheaper per gallon to reach the break even point. As a rule of thumb, Brazilian consumers are frequently advised by the media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the harvest yields and seasonal fluctuation of sugarcane harvest.
Since 2005, ethanol prices have been very competitive without subsidies, even with gasoline prices kept constant in local currency since mid-2005, at a time when oil was just approaching a barrel. However, Brazilian gasoline taxes are high, around 54 percent, while ethanol fuel taxes are lower and vary between 12% and 30%, depending on the state. As of October 2008 the average price of E25 gasoline was $4.39 per gallon while the average price for ethanol was US$2.69 per gallon. This differential in taxation favors ethanol fuel consumption, and by the end of July 2008, when oil prices were close to its latest peak and the Brazilian real exchange rate to the US dollar was close to its most recent minimum, the average gasoline retail price at the pump in Brazil reached US$6.00 per gallon. The price ratio between gasoline and ethanol fuel has been well above 30 percent during this period for most states, except during low sugar cane supply between harvests and for states located far away from the ethanol production centers. According to Brazilian producers, ethanol can remain competitive if the price of oil does not fall below US$30 a barrel.
By 2008 consumption of ethanol fuel by the Brazilian fleet of light vehicles, as pure ethanol and in gasohol, is replacing gasoline at the rate of about 27,000 cubic meters per day, and by February 2008 the combined consumption of anhydrous and hydrated ethanol fuel surpassed 50 percent of the fuel that would be needed to run the light vehicle fleet on pure gasoline alone. Monthly consumption of anhydrous ethanol for the mandatory E25 blend, together with hydrous ethanol used by flex vehicles, reached 1.432 billion liters, while pure gasoline consumption was 1.411 billion liters. Despite this volumetric parity, when expressed in terms of energy equivalent (toe), sugarcane ethanol represented 17.6 percent of the country's total energy consumption by the transport sector in 2008, while gasoline represented 23.3 percent and diesel 49.2 percent.
For the first time since 2003 sales of hydrous ethanol fell in 2010, with a decrease of 8.5 percent as compared to 2009. Total consumption of both hydrous and anhydrous ethanol fell by 2.9 percent while gasoline consumption increased by 17.5 percent. Despite the reduction in ethanol consumption, total ethanol sales reached 22.2 billion liters while pure gasoline consumption was 22.7 billion liters, keeping the market share for each fuel close to 50 percent. The decrease in hydrous ethanol consumption was due mainly to high sugar prices in the international markets, which reached a 30-year high in 2010. This peak in sugar prices caused sugarcane processing plants to produce more sugar than ethanol, and as supply contracted, E100 prices increased to the point that several times during 2010 the price of hydrous ethanol was less than 30 percent cheaper than gasoline. Another factor that contributed to this shift was the increase sales of imported gasoline only vehicles that took place during 2010.
Comparison with the United States
Brazil's sugar cane-based industry is more efficient than the U.S. corn-based industry. Sugar cane ethanol has an energy balance seven times greater than ethanol produced from corn. Brazilian distillers are able to produce ethanol for 22 cents per liter, compared with the 30 cents per liter for corn-based ethanol. U.S. corn-derived ethanol costs 30% more because the corn starch must first be converted to sugar before being distilled into alcohol. Despite this cost differential in production, the U.S. did not import more Brazilian ethanol because of U.S. trade barriers corresponding to a tariff of 54-cent per gallon, first imposed in 1980, but kept to offset the 45-cent per gallon blender's federal tax credit that is applied to ethanol no matter its country of origin. In 2011 the U.S. Congress decided not to extend the tariff and the tax credit, and as a result both ended on December 31, 2011. During these three decades the ethanol industry was awarded an estimated billion in subsidies and billion just in 2011.
Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or subtropical climate, with a minimum of 600 mm (24 in) of annual rainfall. Sugarcane is one of the most efficient photosynthesizers in the plant kingdom, able to convert up to 2% of incident solar energy into biomass. Sugarcane production in the United States occurs in Florida, Louisiana, Hawaii, and Texas. The first three plants to produce sugarcane-based ethanol are expected to go online in Louisiana by mid-2009. Sugar mill plants in Lacassine, St. James and Bunkie were converted to sugar cane-based ethanol production using Colombian technology in order to make possible a profitable ethanol production. These three plants will produce 100 million gallons (378.5 million liters) of ethanol within five years. By 2009 two other sugarcane ethanol production projects are being developed in Kauai, Hawaii and Imperial Valley, California.
Ethanol diplomacy
In March 2007, "ethanol diplomacy" was the focus of President George W. Bush's Latin American tour, in which he and Brazil's president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, were seeking to promote the production and use of sugar cane–based ethanol throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. The two countries also agreed to share technology and set international standards for biofuels. The Brazilian sugar cane technology transfer will permit various Central American countries, such as Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, several Caribbean countries, and various Andean Countries tariff-free trade with the U.S. thanks to existing concessionary trade agreements.
Even though the U.S. has imposed a US$0.54 tariff on every gallon of imported ethanol since 1980, the Caribbean nations and Central American countries are exempt from such duties based on the benefits granted by the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). CBI provisions allow tariff-free access to the US market from ethanol produced from foreign feedstock (outside CBI countries) up to 7% of the previous year US consumption. Also additional quotas are allowed if the beneficiary countries produce at least 30% of the ethanol from local feedstocks up to an additional 35 million gallons (132.5 million liters). Thus, several countries have been importing hydrated ethanol from Brazil, processing it at local distilleries to dehydrate it, and then re-exporting it as anhydrous ethanol. American farmers have complained about this loophole to legally bypass the tariff. The 2005 Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) maintained the benefits granted by the CBI, and CAFTA provisions established country-specific shares for Costa Rica and El Salvador within the overall quota. An initial annual allowance was established for each country, with gradually increasing annual levels of access to the US market. The expectation is that using Brazilian technology for refining sugar cane–based ethanol, such countries could become net exporters to the United States in the short-term. In August 2007, Brazil's president toured Mexico and several countries in Central America and the Caribbean to promote Brazilian ethanol technology.
The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that the American and Brazilian presidents signed in March 2007 may bring Brazil and the United States closer on energy policy, but it is not clear whether there has been substantive progress implementing the three pillars found in that agreement.
Brazil has also extended its technical expertise to several African countries, including Ghana, Mozambique, Angola, and Kenya. This effort is led by EMBRAPA, the state-owned company in charge for applied research on agriculture, and responsible for most of the achievements in increasing sugarcane productivity during the last thirty years. Another 15 African countries have shown interest in receiving Brazilian technical aid to improve sugarcane productivity and to produce ethanol efficiently. Brazil also has bilateral cooperation agreements with several other countries in Europe and Asia.
As President Lula wrote for The Economist regarding Brazil's global agenda: Brazil's ethanol and biodiesel programmes are a benchmark for alternative and renewable fuel sources. Partnerships are being established with developing countries seeking to follow Brazil's achievements—a 675m-tonne reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions, a million new jobs and a drastic reduction in dependence on imported fossil fuels coming from a dangerously small number of producer countries. All of this has been accomplished without compromising food security, which, on the contrary, has benefited from rising agricultural output ... We are setting up offices in developing countries interested in benefiting from Brazilian know-how in this field.
Environmental and social impacts
Environmental effects
Benefits
Ethanol produced from sugarcane provides energy that is renewable and less carbon intensive than oil. Bioethanol reduces air pollution thanks to its cleaner emissions, and also contributes to mitigate global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Energy balance
One of the main concerns about bioethanol production is the energy balance, the total amount of energy input into the process compared to the energy released by burning the resulting ethanol fuel. This balance considers the full cycle of producing the fuel, as cultivation, transportation and production require energy, including the use of oil and fertilizers. A comprehensive life cycle assessment commissioned by the State of São Paulo found that Brazilian sugarcane-based ethanol has a favorable energy balance, varying from 8.3 for average conditions to 10.2 for best practice production. This means that for average conditions one unit of fossil-fuel energy is required to create 8.3 energy units from the resulting ethanol. These findings have been confirmed by other studies.
Greenhouse gas emissions
Another benefit of bioethanol is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as compared to gasoline, because as much carbon dioxide is taken up by the growing plants as is produced when the bioethanol is burnt, with a zero theoretical net contribution. Several studies have shown that sugarcane-based ethanol reduces greenhouse gases by 86 to 90% if there is no significant land use change, and ethanol from sugarcane is regarded the most efficient biofuel currently under commercial production in terms of GHG emission reduction.
However, two studies published in 2008 are critical of previous assessments of greenhouse gas emissions reduction, as the authors considered that previous studies did not take into account the effect of land use changes. Recent assessments carried out in 2009 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) included the impact of indirect land use changes (ILUC) as part of the lifecycle analysis of crop-based biofuels. Brazilian sugarcane ethanol meets both the ruled California Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and the proposed federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), despite the additional carbon emissions associated with ILUC. On February 3, 2010, EPA issued its final ruling regarding the RFS2 for 2010 and beyond, and determined that Brazilian ethanol produced from sugarcane complies with the applicable 50% GHG reduction threshold for the advanced fuel category. EPA's modelling shows that sugarcane ethanol from Brazil reduces greenhouse gas emissions as compared to gasoline by 61%, using a 30-year payback for indirect land use change (ILUC) emissions. By September 2010 five Brazilian sugarcane ethanol mills have been approved by the EPA to export their ethanol in the U.S. under the advanced biofuel category.
A report commissioned by the United Nations, based on a detailed review of published research up to mid-2009 as well as the input of independent experts worldwide, found that ethanol from sugar cane as produced in Brazil "in some circumstances does better than just 'zero emission.' If grown and processed correctly, it has negative emission, pulling out of the atmosphere, rather than adding it." In contrast, the report found that U.S. use of maize for biofuel is less efficient, as sugarcane can lead to emissions reductions of between 70% and well over 100% when substituted for gasoline. A 2010 study commissioned by the European Commission found that emission reduction effects of first-generation biofuels are positive, even after discounting indirect land use change effects, particularly the "more emission-efficient" sugarcane ethanol from Brazil, which would have to be imported to assure the environmental viability of the EU's biofuels mandate.
Another 2010 study published by the World Bank found that "Brazil's transport sector has a lower carbon intensity compared to that of most other countries because of its widespread use of ethanol as a fuel for vehicles." The study also concluded that despite the already low emission intensity, urban transportation is responsible for 51% of CO2 emissions within the Brazilian transport sector in 2008, and mainly originate in the growing use of private cars, traffic congestion and inefficient public transportation systems. Nevertheless, the study concluded that the increased use of flexible-fuel vehicles and the switch from gasoline to sugarcane ethanol are expected to stabilize GHG emissions from the light vehicle fleet over the next 25 years despite an expected increase in the number of kilometers traveled. Furthermore, the study found that if bioethanol's market share of the gasoline-powered vehicle market reaches 80% in 2030, this switch from gasoline "could deliver more than one-third of total emissions reduction targeted for the transport sector over the period" (2008–2030). The study also concluded that by increasing Brazilian ethanol exports to attend the increasing international demand for low-carbon fuels, its trade partners will benefit from reduced CHG emissions. However, for this opportunity to be realized, trade barriers and subsidies in many countries will have to be reduced or eliminated.
A 2009 study published in Energy Policy found that the use of ethanol fuel in Brazil has allowed to avoid over 600 million tons of CO2 emissions since 1975, when the Pró-Álcool Program began. The study also concluded that the neutralization of the carbon released due to land-use change was achieved in 1992. In another estimate, UNICA, the main Brazilian ethanol industry organization, estimated that just the use of ethanol fuel in flex-fuel vehicles in Brazil has avoided 83.5 million tons of CO2 emissions between March 2003 and January 2010.
Air pollution
The widespread use of ethanol brought several environmental benefits to urban centers regarding air pollution. Lead additives to gasoline were reduced through the 1980s as the amount of ethanol blended in the fuel was increased, and these additives were eliminated by 1991. The addition of ethanol blends instead of lead to gasoline lowered the total carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, sulfur emissions, and particulate matter significantly. The use of ethanol-only vehicles has also reduced CO emissions drastically. Before the Pró-Álcool Program started, when gasoline was the only fuel in use, CO emissions were higher than 50 g/km driven; they had been reduced to less than 5.8 g/km in 1995. Several studies have also shown that São Paulo has benefit with significantly less air pollution thanks to ethanol's cleaner emissions. Furthermore, Brazilian flex-fuel engines are being designed with higher compression ratios, taking advantage of the higher ethanol blends and maximizing the benefits of the higher oxygen content of ethanol, resulting in lower emissions and improving fuel efficiency.
Even though all automotive fossil fuels emit aldehydes, one of the drawbacks of the use of hydrated ethanol in ethanol-only engines is the increase in aldehyde emissions as compared with gasoline or gasohol. However, the present ambient concentrations of aldehyde, in São Paulo city are below the reference levels recommended as adequate to human health found in the literature. Other concern is that because formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions are significantly higher, and although both aldehydes occur naturally and are frequently found in the open environment, additional emissions may be important because of their role in smog formation. However, more research is required to establish the extent and direct consequences, if any, on health.
Issues
Water use and fertilizers
Ethanol production has also raised concerns regarding water overuse and pollution, soil erosion and possible contamination by excessive use of fertilizers. A study commissioned by the Dutch government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of Brazilian bioethanol concluded that there is sufficient water to supply all foreseeable long-term water requirements for sugarcane and ethanol production. Also, and as a result of legislation and technological progress, the amount of water collected for ethanol production has decreased considerably during the previous years. The overuse of water resources seems a limited problem in general in São Paulo, particularly because of the relatively high rainfall, yet, some local problems may occur. Regarding water pollution due to sugarcane production, Embrapa classifies the industry as level 1, which means "no impact" on water quality.
This evaluation also found that consumption of agrochemicals for sugar cane production is lower than in citric, corn, coffee and soybean cropping. Disease and pest control, including the use of agrochemicals, is a crucial element in all cane production. The study found that development of resistant sugar cane varieties is a crucial aspect of disease and pest control and is one of the primary objectives of Brazil's cane genetic improvement programs. Disease control is one of the main reasons for the replacement of a commercial variety of sugar cane.
Field burning
Advancements in fertilizers and natural pesticides have all but eliminated the need to burn fields. Sugarcane fields are traditionally burned just before harvest to avoid harm to the workers, by removing the sharp leaves and killing snakes and other harmful animals, and also to fertilize the fields with ash. There has been less burning due to pressure from the public and health authorities, and as a result of the recent development of effective harvesting machines. In the mid 90s, it was very common to experience quite dense ash rains in cities within the sugarcane's fields during harvest seasons.
A 2001 state law banned burning in sugarcane fields in São Paulo state by 2021, and machines will gradually replace human labor as the means of harvesting cane, except where the abrupt terrain does not allow for mechanical harvesting. However, 150 out of 170 of São Paulo's sugar cane processing plants signed in 2007 a voluntary agreement with the state government to comply by 2014. Independent growers signed in 2008 the voluntary agreement to comply, and the deadline was extended to 2017 for sugar cane fields located in more abrupt terrain. By the 2009/10 harvest season more than 50% of the cane was collected in São Paulo with harvesting machines. Mechanization will reduce pollution from burning fields and has higher productivity than people, but also will create unemployment for these seasonal workers, many of them coming from the poorest regions of Brazil. Due to mechanization the number of temporary workers in the sugarcane plantations has already declined as each harvester machine replaces about 100 cane cutters a day and creates 30 jobs including operators and maintenance teams.
Effects of land use change
Two studies published in 2008 questioned the benefits estimated in previous assessments regarding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from sugarcane-based ethanol, as the authors consider that previous studies did not take into account the direct and indirect effect of land use changes. The authors found a "biofuel carbon debt" is created when Brazil and other developing countries convert land in undisturbed ecosystems, such as rainforests, savannas, or grasslands, to biofuel production, and to crop production when agricultural land is diverted to biofuel production. This land use change releases more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels. Among others, the study analyzed the case of Brazilian Cerrado being converted for sugarcane ethanol production. The biofuel carbon debt on converted Cerrado is estimated to be repaid in 17 years, the least amount of time of the scenarios that were analyzed, as for example, ethanol from US corn was estimated to have a 93-year payback time. The study conclusion is that the net effect of biofuel production via clearing of carbon-rich habitats is to increase CO2 emissions for decades or centuries relative to fossil fuel use.
Regarding this concern, previous studies conducted in Brazil have shown there are 355 million ha of arable land in Brazil, of which only 72 million ha are in use. Sugarcane is only taking 2% of arable land available, of which ethanol production represented 55% in 2008. Embrapa estimates that there is enough agricultural land available to increase at least 30 times the existing sugarcane plantation without endangering sensitive ecosystems or taking land destined for food crops. Most future growth is expected to take place on abandoned pasture lands, as it has been the historical trend in São Paulo state. Also, productivity is expected to improve even further based on current biotechnology research, genetic improvement, and better agronomic practices, thus contributing to reduce land demand for future sugarcane cultures. This trend is demonstrated by the increases in agricultural production that took place in São Paulo state between 1990 and 2004, where coffee, orange, sugarcane and other food crops were grown in an almost constant area.
Also regarding the potential negative impacts of land use changes on carbon emissions, a study commissioned by the Dutch government concluded that "it is very difficult to determine the indirect effects of further land use for sugar cane production (i.e. sugar cane replacing another crop like soy or citrus crops, which in turn causes additional soy plantations replacing pastures, which in turn may cause deforestation), and also not logical to attribute all these soil carbon losses to sugar cane." Other authors have also questioned these indirect effects, as cattle pastures are displaced to the cheaper land near the Amazon. Studies rebutting this concern claim that land devoted to free grazing cattle is shrinking, as density of cattle on pasture land increased from 1.28 heads of cattle/ha to 1.41 from 2001 to 2005, and further improvements are expected in cattle feeding practices.
A paper published in February 2010 by a team led by Lapola from the University of Kassel found that the planned expansion of biofuel plantations (sugarcane and soybean) in Brazil up to 2020 will have a small direct land-use impact on carbon emissions, but indirect land-use changes could offset the carbon savings from biofuels due to the expansion of the rangeland frontier into the Amazonian forests, particularly due to displacement of cattle ranching. "Sugarcane ethanol and soybean biodiesel each contribute to nearly half of the projected indirect deforestation of 121,970 km2 by 2020, creating a carbon debt that would take about 250 years to be repaid using these biofuels instead of fossil fuels." The analysis also showed that intensification of cattle ranching, combined with efforts to promote high-yielding oil crops are required to achieve effective carbon savings from biofuels in Brazil, "while still fulfilling all food and bioenergy demands."
The main Brazilian ethanol industry organization (UNICA) commented that this study and other calculations of land-use impacts are missing a key factor, the fact that in Brazil "cattle production and pasture has been intensifying already and is projected to do so in the future."
Deforestation
Other criticism have focused on the potential for clearing rain forests and other environmentally valuable land for sugarcane production, such as the Amazon, the Pantanal or the Cerrado. Embrapa and UNICA have rebutted this concern explaining that 99.7% of sugarcane plantations are located at least from the Amazonia, and expansion during the last 25 years took place in the Center-South region, also far away from the Amazonia, the Pantanal or the Atlantic forest. In São Paulo state growth took place in abandoned pasture lands.
The impact assessment regarding future changes in land use, forest protection and risks on biodiversity conducted as part of the study commissioned by the Dutch government concluded that "the direct impact of cane production on biodiversity is limited, because cane production replaces mainly pastures and/or food crop and sugar cane production takes place far from the major biomes in Brazil (Amazon Rain Forest, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Campos Sulinos and Pantanal)." However, "the indirect impacts from an increase of the area under sugar cane production are likely more severe. The most important indirect impact would be an expansion of the area agricultural land at the expense of cerrados. The cerrados are an important biodiversity reserve. These indirect impacts are difficult to quantify and there is a lack of practically applicable criteria and indicators."
In order to guarantee a sustainable development of ethanol production, in September 2009 the government issued by decree a countrywide agroecological land use zoning to restrict sugarcane growth in or near environmentally sensitive areas such as the Pantanal wetlands, the Amazon Rainforest and the Upper Paraguay River Basin. The installation of new ethanol production plants will not be permitted on these locations, and only existing plants and new ones with environmental licensed already approved before September 17, 2009, will be allowed to remain operating in these sensitive areas. According to the new criteria, 92.5% of the Brazilian territory is not suitable for sugarcane plantation. The government considers that the suitable areas are more than enough to meet the future demand for ethanol and sugar in the domestic and international markets foreseen for the next decades.
Social implications
Sugarcane has had an important social contribution to some of the poorest people in Brazil by providing income usually above the minimum wage, and a formal job with fringe benefits. Formal employment in Brazil accounts an average 45% across all sectors, while the sugarcane sector has a share of 72.9% formal jobs in 2007, up from 53.6% in 1992, and in the more developed sugarcane ethanol industry in São Paulo state formal employment reached 93.8% in 2005. Average wages in sugar cane and ethanol production are above the official minimum wage, but minimum wages may be insufficient to avoid poverty.
The North-Northeast regions stands out for having much lower levels of education among workers and lower monthly income. The average number workers with 3 or less school years in Brazil is 58.8%, while in the Southeast this percentage is 46.2%, in the Northeast region is 76,4%. Therefore, earnings in the Center-South are not surprisingly higher than those in the North-Northeast for comparable levels of education. In 2005 sugarcane harvesting workers in the Center-South region received an average wage 58.7% higher than the average wage in the North-Northeast region. The main social problems are related to cane cutters which do most of the low-paid work related to ethanol production.
The total number of permanent employees in the sector fell by one-third between 1992 and 2003, in part due to the increasing reliance on mechanical harvesting, especially from the richer and more mature sugarcane producers of São Paulo state. During the same period, the share of temporary or seasonal workers has fluctuated, first declining and then increasing in recent years to about one-half of the total jobs in the sector, but in absolute terms the number of temporary workers has declined also. The sugarcane sector in the poorer Northeast region is more labor-intensive as production in this region represents only 18.6% of the country's total production but employs 44.3% of worker force in the sugarcane sector.
The manual harvesting of sugarcane has been associated with hardship and poor working conditions. In this regard, the study commissioned by the Dutch government confirmed that the main problem is indeed related to manual cane harvesting. A key problem in working conditions is the high work load. As a result of mechanization the workload per worker has increased from 4 to 6 ton per day in the eighties to 8 to 10 ton per day in the nineties, up to 12 to 15 ton per day in 2007. If the quota is not fulfilled, workers can be fired. Producers say this problem will disappear with greater mechanization in the next decade. Also, as mechanization of the harvesting is increasing and only feasible in flat terrain, more workers are being used in areas where conditions are not suitable for mechanized harvesting equipment, such as rough areas where the crops are planted irregularly, making working conditions harder and more hazardous.
Also unhealthy working conditions and even cases of slavery and deaths from overwork (cane cutting) have been reported, but these are likely worst-case examples. Even though sufficiently strict labor laws are present in Brazil, enforcement is weak. Displacement and seasonal labor also implies physical and cultural disruption of multifunctional family farms and traditional communities.
Regarding social responsibility the ethanol production sector maintains more than 600 schools, 200 nursery centers and 300 day care units, as legislation requires that 1% of the net sugar cane price and 2% of the net ethanol price must be devoted to medical, dental, pharmaceutical, sanitary, and educational services for sugar cane workers. In practice more than 90% of the mills provide health and dental care, transportation and collective life insurance, and over 80% provide meals and pharmaceutical care. However, for the temporary low wage workers in cane cutting these services may not be available.
Effect on food prices
Some environmentalists, such as George Monbiot, have expressed fears that the marketplace will convert crops to fuel for the rich, while the poor starve and biofuels cause environmental problems. Environmental groups have raised concerns about this trade-off for several years. The food vs fuel debate reached a global scale in 2008 as a result of the international community's concerns regarding the steep increase in food prices. In April 2008, Jean Ziegler, back then United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, called biofuels a "crime against humanity", a claim he had previously made in October 2007, when he called for a 5-year ban for the conversion of land for the production of biofuels. Also in April 2008, the World Bank's President, Robert Zoellick, stated that "While many worry about filling their gas tanks, many others around the world are struggling to fill their stomachs. And it's getting more and more difficult every day."
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva gave a strong rebuttal, calling these claims "fallacies resulting from commercial interests", and putting the blame instead on U.S. and European agricultural subsidies, and a problem restricted to U.S. ethanol produced from maize. The Brazilian President has also claimed on several occasions that his country's sugar cane–based ethanol industry has not contributed to the food price crises.
A report released by Oxfam in June 2008 criticized biofuel policies of rich countries as neither a solution to the climate crisis nor the oil crisis, while contributing to the food price crisis. The report concluded that from all biofuels available in the market, Brazilian sugarcane ethanol is "far from perfect" but it is the most favorable biofuel in the world in term of cost and greenhouse gas balance. The report discusses some existing problems and potential risks, and asks the Brazilian government for caution to avoid jeopardizing its environmental and social sustainability. The report also says that: "Rich countries spent up to $15 billion last year supporting biofuels while blocking cheaper Brazilian ethanol, which is far less damaging for global food security."
A World Bank research report published in July 2008 found that from June 2002 to June 2008 "biofuels and the related consequences of low grain stocks, large land use shifts, speculative activity and export bans" accounted for 70-75% of total price rises. The study found that higher oil prices and a weak dollar explain 25-30% of total price rise. The study said that "large increases in biofuels production in the United States and Europe are the main reason behind the steep rise in global food prices" and also stated that "Brazil's sugar-based ethanol did not push food prices appreciably higher." The report argues that increased production of biofuels in these developed regions were supported by subsidies and tariffs on imports, and considers that without such policies, price increases worldwide would have been smaller. This research paper also concluded that Brazil's sugar cane–based ethanol has not raised sugar prices significantly, and recommends removing tariffs on ethanol imports by both the U.S. and EU, to allow more efficient producers such as Brazil and other developing countries, including many African countries, to produce ethanol profitably for export to meet the mandates in the EU and U.S.
An economic assessment report also published in July 2008 by the OECD agrees with the World Bank report regarding the negative effects of subsidies and trade restrictions, but found that the impact of biofuels on food prices are much smaller. The OECD study is also critical of the limited reduction of GHG emissions achieved from biofuels produced in Europe and North America, concluding that the current biofuel support policies would reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport fuel by no more than 0.8% by 2015, while Brazilian ethanol from sugar cane reduces greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% compared to fossil fuels. The assessment calls on governments for more open markets in biofuels and feedstocks in order to improve efficiency and lower costs.
A study by the Brazilian research unit of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas regarding the effects of biofuels on grain prices. concluded that the major driver behind the 2007–2008 rise in food prices was speculative activity on futures markets under conditions of increased demand in a market with low grain stocks. The study also concluded that expansion of biofuel production was not a relevant factor and also that there is no correlation between Brazilian sugarcane cultivated area and average grain prices, as on the contrary, the spread of sugarcane was accompanied by rapid growth of grain crops in the country.
See also
First-generation biofuel
Renewable energy in Brazil
Common ethanol fuel mixtures
Biofuels by region
List of renewable energy topics by country
Ethanol fuel by country
Ethanol fuel in Australia
Ethanol fuel in the Philippines
Ethanol fuel in Sweden
Ethanol fuel in the United States
Flexible-fuel vehicle
Low-carbon fuel standard
Bibliography
See Appendix A: The Brazilian Experience
References
External links
BBC News video segment on ethanol in Brazil
Biofuels: The Promise and the Risks. The World Bank's World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development
Biofuelwatch on Ethanol in Brazil
Brazil Institute: Biofuels Central.WWICS
Brazil priming ethanol initiative to supply fuel-thirsty Japan
Brazilian Ethanol Policy: Lessons for the United States
The Brazilian biofuels industry (2008 status)
"Carbonômetro" - Tool to estimate how much CO2 emissions have been avoided by ethanol used by flex-fuel cars in Brazil since March 2003.
CDM Potential in Brazil, by S. Meyers, J. Sathaye et al.
CNBC's Yergin: What the U.S. Can Learn From Brazil About Ethanol By CNBC.com|07 Jun 2007|12:33 PM ET
Cogeneration in Ethanol Plants by P. M. Nastari
Corporate Sustainability in the Brazilian Sugar-Ethanol Sector, conducted by the Brazilian Foundation for Sustainable Development in a partnership with CSM/IMD
Ethical Sugar
From Alcohol to Ethanol: A winning trajectory History of ethanol fuel use in Brazil (English and Portuguese)
Global Trade and Environmental Impact Study of the EU Biofuels Mandate by the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI) March 2010
Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning - Brazilian Federal Government
Reconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action, Global Change Biology Bioenergy Journal, June 2016.
Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels, United Nations Environment Programme, October 2009
GLOBIOM model: ILUC Quantification Study of EU Biofuels
Ethanol fuel
Biofuel in Brazil |
50547572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchev | Manchev | Manchev (masculine, ) or Mancheva (feminine, ) is a Bulgarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Dimitar Manchev (1934–2009), Bulgarian actor
Georgi Manchev (born 1990), Bulgarian volleyball player
Lachezar Manchev (born 1989), Bulgarian footballer
Milen Manchev (born 2001), Bulgarian footballer
Nikolay Manchev (born 1985), Bulgarian footballer
Vladimir Manchev (born 1977), Bulgarian footballer
Bulgarian-language surnames |
32229703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellinsia%20gratiosus | Hellinsia gratiosus | Hellinsia gratiosus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in North America (including California, British Columbia and Alberta)
The wingspan is about . The head and palpi are dark brown and the antennae are pale brownish, dotted above with white and dark-brown scales. The thorax is greyish brown, although the anterior portion is lighter. The abdomen is fawn brown and the legs are greyish brown. The forewings are pale cinereous, dusted with dark brown. There is an oblique brown spot located before the base of the fissure and a longitudinal brown costal line nearly opposite the base of the fissure. The fringes are concolorous with the wings. The hindwings and fringes are brownish cinereous, although the third feather is whitish.
References
gratiosus
Moths of North America
Fauna of California
Moths described in 1881
Fauna of the Western United States |
12950787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%20Morano | Sue Morano | Sue Morano (born May 8, 1960) is a Democratic Party politician who served as a member of the Ohio Senate.
Life and career
Born and raised in Nova, Ohio, Morano is a registered nurse who maintains shifts at the local county hospital even currently. A graduate of [Mapleton High School] and Lorain County Community College, Morano resides in Lorain.
Ohio Senate
In 2002, Morano faced Republican Party Senator Jeff Armbruster in his reelection campaign in the Ohio Senate. A historically Democratic district, Morano was seen as having the best potential opportunity to pick off an incumbent state Senator in the 2002 cycle. In a divisive campaign, Armbruster barely won reelection, beating Morano by less than 600 votes. It was so close that Morano refused to concede on election night as more official results were tallied. Armbruster defeated Morano by fewer than 400 votes.
With Armbruster term limited and unable to run for reelection in 2006, Morano ran for the open seat. This time, she was successful, securing more than 60% of the electorate in an overwhelmingly Democratic year. She took her seat in the Ohio Senate on January 2, 2007. For the next four years, Morano focused on issues such as education, and was a leader in health initiatives.
In 2010, Morano was seen again by Republicans as a top target, and as one of the easier seats to pick up. While Morano remained popular, an overwhelmingly Republican year made the race competitive, and divisive. The Republicans nominated Gayle Manning, a former city councilwoman and teacher, to face Morano. She defeated Morano by 6,000 votes.
Following her defeat, Morano returned to Lorain where she works as an ICU nurse.
References
External links
The Ohio Ladies' Gallery: Sen. Sue Morano (D-Lorain)
Follow the Money - Sue Morano
2006 2002 campaign contributions
Democratic Party Ohio state senators
Living people
Women state legislators in Ohio
1960 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians |
19867101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arild%20Stubhaug | Arild Stubhaug | Arild Stubhaug (born 25 May 1948) is a Norwegian mathematician, poet and biographer.
Stubhaug was born in Naustdal, and is married to Kari Bøge. He made his literary debut in 1970 with the poetry collection Utkantane. He has written biographies of the mathematicians Sophus Lie, Niels Henrik Abel and Gösta Mittag-Leffler.
He received the Brage Prize in 1996 for the biography Et foranskutt lyn. Niels Henrik Abel og hans tid, translated into English under the title Niels Henrik Abel and his Times:Called Too Soon by Flames Afar,
He followed up with the 250-year history of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters (2010) and biographies of Jacob Aall (2014) and Stein Rokkan (2019).
Awards
Brage Prize, 1996
Norsk språkpris, 2001
Norwegian Academy Prize in memory of Thorleif Dahl, 2008
Doblougprisen 2010
References
1948 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian male poets
People from Naustdal
20th-century Norwegian male writers
Norwegian biographers
20th-century Norwegian historians
Male biographers
21st-century Norwegian historians
Norwegian mathematicians |
3748525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Luttrell | Geoffrey Luttrell | Sir Geoffrey Luttrell III (1276 – 23 May 1345) lord of the manor of Irnham in Lincolnshire was a mediaeval knight remembered principally today as having commissioned the Luttrell Psalter, a rare and profusely illustrated manuscript now in the British Library in London.
Origins
Geoffrey Luttrell was born in 1276 and was the son of Robert Luttrell (died 1296). He succeeded his father in 1297. He was a descendant of Sir Geoffrey de Luterel. He was referred to as the 2nd Lord of Irnham. His family's arms were: Azure, a bend between six martlets argent. Another branch of the Luttrell family, which bore the same arms but differenced by tincture (Or, a bend between six martlets sable), in 1376 he acquired Dunster Castle in Somerset, where they were seated until the extinction of the male line in 1737 (although the family continued at Dunster until 1976 via a female line which adopted the surname and arms of Luttrell).
Career
Within the last five years before his death in 1345 he commissioned the Luttrell Psalter, the illustrations to which include a representation of him, his wife and his daughter-in-law, with profuse display of his armorials.
Although he has been praised for his patronage of the arts, it seems that Luttrell, like many medieval landowners, was capable of ruthlessness and violence. A private war which he conducted together with his neighbours Roger de Birthorpe, Edmund Colville and Guy Goband against the monks of Sempringham Priory was considered serious enough to warrant a Royal Commission of Inquiry in 1312. However, it has been argued that Birthorpe was the principal offender and that Luttrell was to blame only for supporting his friend; this may be borne out by the fact that while Birthorpe was outlawed for a time, Luttrell seems to have escaped any censure.
Marriage and children
Sir Geoffrey married Agnes the daughter of Sir Richard of Sutton. She died in June 1339 or 1340.
Their Issue:
1. Robert, d. 1320
2. Andrew, his heir.
3. Sir Geoffrey, who married Constance, daughter of Geoffrey Scrope.
4. Robert, a Knight of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.
5. Isabel, a Gilbertine nun.
6. Elizabeth, who married Walter, son of Sir Walter Gloucester.
Notes
External links
Inquisition Post Mortem #406, dated 1296, reflecting the inheritance going to his son Geoffrey.
A History of Dunster and of the Families of Mohun & Luttrell, Volume 2, Public Domain.
1276 births
1345 deaths
13th-century English people
14th-century English people
Medieval English knights
People from South Kesteven District |
64878869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Roommate%20Is%20a%20Detective | My Roommate Is a Detective | My Roommate Is a Detective () is a 2020 Chinese streaming television series starring Hu Yitian, Zhang Yunlong and Xiao Yan. It follows a deduction genius, a detective and a newspaper reporter who team up to solve mysterious cases. The series aired on iQiyi on March 24, 2020. The series received positive reviews.
Cast
Hu Yitian as Lu Yao
Zhang Yunlong as Qiao Chusheng
Xiao Yan as Bai Youning
References
2020 Chinese television series debuts |
23082893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina%20Salomykova | Irina Salomykova | Irina Salomykova-Vaag (November 28, 1961 – April 12, 2015) was a Soviet-born, Russian sprint canoer who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. She won five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver (K-4 500 m: 1985) and four bronzes (K-1 5000 m: 1990, K-2 500 m: 1989, K-4 500 m: 1987, 1989).
Salomykova-Vaag also competed in two Summer Olympics for two different nations. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, she competed in two events for the Soviet Union by finishing fourth in the K-4 500 m and fifth in the K-2 500 m events. Four years later in Barcelona, Salomykova-Vaag competed for the Unified Team by finishing ninth in the K-4 500 m event though she was eliminated in the semifinals of the K-1 500 m event.
References
Irina Salomykova's profile at Sports Reference.com
1961 births
2015 deaths
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for the Soviet Union
Olympic canoeists for the Unified Team
Russian female canoeists
Soviet female canoeists
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak |
38557358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Sahl%C3%A9n | Dick Sahlén | Dick Sahlén (born 10 November 1986 in Stockholm) is a Swedish auto racing driver who has competed in the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship for Mattias Ekström Juniorteam.
Swedish motorsport people
1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Stockholm |
11647273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1z%C4%B1nt%C4%B1 | Sızıntı | Sızıntı () was a monthly Islamic magazine published between 1979 and July 2016 in Turkey. Its English-language version is known as The Fountain. The magazine was started by and is operated by members of the Gülen movement, made up of the followers of the Turkish preacher and Islamic opinion leader Fethullah Gülen, and claims to bring together Islam and science by stressing the alleged "parallels" between modern scientific discoveries and literal verses from the Quran.
Sızıntı was closed down by the Turkish authorities on 27 July 2016.
References
External links
Official website
Islamic magazines
Cultural magazines published in Turkey
Turkish-language magazines
Monthly magazines published in Turkey
Defunct magazines published in Turkey
Magazines established in 1979
1979 establishments in Turkey
Magazines disestablished in 2016
Mass media shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges
Companies formerly affiliated with the Gülen movement
Banned magazines |
26469603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Union%E2%80%93Northern%20Cyprus%20relations | European Union–Northern Cyprus relations | Turkish Cypriots and the European Union have somewhat strained relations because the European Union (EU) does not recognise the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Legal situation
Due to the Cyprus dispute, TRNC is recognized only by the EU candidate state Turkey. All other countries recognise the Republic of Cyprus, an EU member state, as the only legitimate government for the whole island. However the Republic of Cyprus de facto controls only the south of the island while the TRNC government controls the north.
Due to this dispute, northern Cyprus is de jure part of the EU by virtue of de jure being part of the Republic of Cyprus. It was hoped that the accession of the south in 2004 would provide the catalyst for unification so that a unitary state of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots could join the EU on 1 May 2004. In the end, Turkish Cypriots supported reunification, also because it would allow them to join the EU. However, the unification plan was voted down by the Greek Cypriots and Cyprus joined the EU in the face of the Republic of Cyprus.
Cyprus' Treaty of Accession 2003 included Protocol No 10 on Cyprus (OJ L 236, 23.09.2003, p. 955), Art. 1.1 of which states: "The application of the acquis shall be suspended in those areas of the Republic of Cyprus in which the Government of the Republic of Cyprus does not exercise effective control."
Status in the EU
, the EU recognises the north as being outside the control of the Greek Cypriot–led government of the Republic and hence is temporarily exempt from EU legislation. The euro also does not officially circulate in the north (although it does have widespread usage) and the Schengen agreement is not in effect in Cyprus due to complications in security at the external border to the north. The free movement of goods, capital, services and people is also not in effect. Turkish Cypriots are considered citizens of the European Union as the EU considers them Cypriot citizens, merely living in a part of Cyprus outside of the control of the Republic of Cyprus.
However, seats in the European Parliament are allocated based on the population of both north and south Cyprus together. Turkish Cypriots that hold citizenship of the Republic of Cyprus are allowed to vote and be candidates.
Naturalised citizens of TRNC or foreigners carrying a passport stamped by TRNC authorities may be refused entry by the Republic of Cyprus or Greece, although after the accession of the Republic of Cyprus to the EU such restrictions have been eased following confidence-building measures between Athens and Ankara and the partial opening of the UN-controlled line by TRNC authorities. The Republic of Cyprus also allows passage across the Green Line from the part of Nicosia that it controls, as well as a few other selected crossing points, since TRNC does not leave entry stamps in the passport for such visits. Since May 2004 some tourists have taken to flying to the Republic of Cyprus directly then crossing the green line to holiday in northern Cyprus.
Euro
The northern part of Cyprus is legally part of the EU, but law is suspended due to it being under the control of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which the EU does not recognise. The North uses the Turkish lira instead of the euro, although the euro circulates alongside the lira and other currencies. On the resolution of the Cyprus dispute and the reunification of the island, the euro would become the official currency of the north also. Adoption by the North would be the first time the euro has replaced use of another currency that hasn't ceased to exist after euro adoption. Euro adoption would help to address inflation in the North by bringing in price stability. Cypriot euro coins already bear the name of Cyprus in both Greek and Turkish, displaying representations of natural and ancient Cypriot history.
Trade
In wake of the April 2004 referendum on unification, and the support of the Turkish Cypriot community for the plan, the European Union made pledges towards ending the isolation of northern Cyprus. The proposal for trade between the EU and the Turkish Cypriots was never implemented due to opposition from the Greek Cypriots, who argue that trade would amount to indirect recognition of the TRNC. Proposals to open up trade were discussed by Parliament again in 2010, but still opposed by the Republic of Cyprus.
Aid programme
The EU has helped the Turkish Cypriot community prepare to implement EU law in the future, as a final reunification settlement would mean the application of EU law throughout Cyprus. Through the Financial Aid Regulation, the EU has funded infrastructure projects, civil society and has provided training on the EU body of laws. To manage the interaction with the EU, the Turkish Cypriots have introduced a series of institutions, such as the EU Coordination office.
Green Line Regulation
The Green Line Regulation has been implemented to regulate movement through the 'Green Line', the border that separates Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot areas, and to help the economic development of the Turkish Cypriots. In order to avoid recognising the TRNC by implication, The European Commission has dealt with the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce rather than ministerial authorities, which would have been the norm. This offered the chamber an important role in the relations with the EU.
See also
Cyprus dispute
Politics of Northern Cyprus
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Apostolides v Orams
References
Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus
Third-country relations of the European Union |
2597530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swale | Swale | Swale or Swales may refer to:
Topography
Swale (landform), a low tract of land
Bioswale, landform designed to remove silt and pollution
Swales, found in the formation of Hummocky cross-stratification
Geography
River Swale, in North Yorkshire, England
The Swale, a channel separating mainland Kent from the Isle of Sheppey, England
Borough of Swale, a local government district in Kent, England
Swale railway station
Other uses
Swale (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
Swales (surname), a surname
Swales Aerospace, a U.S. aerospace and defense company from 1978 to 2007, founded by Tom Swales |
3457487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim%20Armenians | Muslim Armenians | Muslim Armenians may refer to:
Hidden Armenians, Christian Armenians of Turkey who became Islamized, and Turkified or Kurdified to escape the Armenian genocide
Hemshin peoples, an ethnic group of Armenian origin, and who were originally Christian, but were Islamized during the Ottoman Empire |
132878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20Township%2C%20Lancaster%20County%2C%20Pennsylvania | Earl Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania | Earl Township is a township in northeastern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 7,149 at the 2020 census.
History
The David Davis Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and (0.14%) is water. It contains the communities of Martindale, Hinkletown, Vogansville, and Laurel Hill, and it surrounds the borough of New Holland, a separate municipality.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,183 people, 2,019 households, and 1,617 families living in the township. The population density was . There were 2,126 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 97.27% White, 0.60% African American, 1.15% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population.
There were 2,019 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.4% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.9% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.50.
In the township the population was spread out, with 31.6% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 21.0% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $39,266, and the median income for a family was $42,667. Males had a median income of $32,635 versus $21,211 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,503. About 9.5% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.
Notable person
Christian Alsdorff, fraktur artist
References
External links
Populated places established in 1717
Townships in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Townships in Pennsylvania
1717 establishments in Pennsylvania |
68508609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palumbia%20eristaloides | Palumbia eristaloides | Palumbia eristaloides is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.
Distribution
Palearctic.
References
Milesiini
Insects described in 1887
Diptera of Europe
Taxa named by Josef Aloizievitsch Portschinsky |
3241937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechory | Pechory | Pechory (; Estonian and Seto: ) is a town and the administrative centre of Pechorsky District in the Pskov Oblast, Russia. Its population in the 2010 Census was 11,195, having fallen from 13,056 recorded in the 2002 Census and 11,935 in the 1989 Census.
History
Pechory was founded as a posad in the 16th century near the Pskov-Caves Monastery established in 1473 by the Orthodox priest Jonah, who fled Dorpat (now Tartu) for the Pskov Republic. Its name, Pechory, or earlier Pechery derives from the word (пещеры), Russian for caves. The site soon developed into an important trading post and border stronghold. During the campaign of introduced by Ivan the Terrible, Pechory remained within , or regular municipal lands subject to the rule of the government. It was besieged numerous times by Russia's enemies: Stephen Báthory's forces sacked the settlement during the Siege of Pskov in 1581–1582, and the Swedes or Polish stormed Pechory in 1592, 1611, 1615, and 1630, and from 1655 to 1657. The fortification of Pechory was besieged by Swedes in the course of the Great Northern War in 1701 and 1703. In 1701, after an unsuccessful Swedish assault led by Shlippenbach, Boris Sheremetev began his campaign of advancing into Swedish Estonia from Pechory. After the war the Russian border was shifted westwards so Pechory lost its military significance.
In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into the Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as the Saint Petersburg Governorate). In 1727, the separate Novgorod Governorate was split off and in 1772, the Pskov Governorate was established; it existed as Pskov Viceroyalty between 1777 and 1796. In 1776, Pechory was granted town rights and the Pechorsky Uyezd was established. However, in 1797, the uyezd was abolished and the territory became a part o f the Pskovsky Uyezd of the Pskov Governorate. From then on, Pechory was formally considered as a suburb of Pskov, however retaining its former rights of self-administration.
In 1820 it had a population of 1,312, including 1,258 Russians and 27 Estonians, living in 228 predominantly wooden houses. By 1914 the population grew to 2,240, residing along eleven streets and five squares. The streets were equipped with 31 kerosene street lights. In 1889, the Pskov-Riga railroad that went through the northern outskirts of Pechory was commissioned. The Pechory railway station (now Pechory-Pskovskiye) was opened in 1899. There were leather and malt factories in the town, a postal and telegraph station, four schools including one maintained by the monastery, and a hospital. Pechory was known for its flax trade, that was further expanded during the consequent Estonian period of the town's history.
From 25 February to 30 November 1918, Pechory was occupied by the Germans. During the Estonian War of Independence and, simultaneously, the Russian Civil War, the town was occupied by the Estonian army on March 29, 1919. The centre of the Governorate, Pskov, was occupied by the anti-Bolshevik Russian Northwestern Army, that was later in August 1919 repelled back by the Red Army. Under the terms of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that stipulated the border along the actual front line between the Red and Estonian Armies, so Pechory and the adjacent Western part of Setomaa were ceded to Estonia.
In the interbellum, Petseri, as it was called at that time, was the centre of Petseri County, one of the eleven counties that made up the Republic of Estonia. Under Estonian rule, the town's population more than doubled, predominantly due to the arrival of ethnic Estonians. Tuition at the municipal primary schools was conducted in both Russian and Estonian, with more bias toward the latter following the Schools Reform of 1934. In May 1925, most of the land owned by the Pskov-Caves Monastery was confiscated by the Estonian government and provided to new settlers. St. Peter's Lutheran Church was built in 1926. In 1939, a huge fire broke out in the town, destroying 212 wooden buildings and killing many inhabitants.
During World War II, after the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union in 1940, the town initially remained part of the Estonian SSR. The town was occupied by the German Army from July 10, 1941 until August 11, 1944 and administered as part of the Generalbezirk Estland of Reichskommissariat Ostland. In 1943–1944, the Germans operated a forced labour camp for Jews in the town.
According to a decree of USSR Supreme Soviet dated 23 August 1944 and a decree dated January 16, 1945, Pechory and the eastern part of Petseri County were transferred to the Pskov Oblast of the Russian SFSR, and the Pechorsky District was established. During the Soviet period, bilingual schooling continued, and in 1956, Pechory Secondary School No. 2 was opened for Estonian-speaking students.
In 1976, the town's boundaries were further expanded to encompass the railway station and a few adjacent villages, including Kunichina Gora, which now hosts a border crossing point.
After Estonian independence was re-established in 1991, the town and the territory around it were claimed by Estonia because of the terms of the Tartu Peace Treaty, in which the Soviet Union had relinquished further claims to Estonian territory. Estonia was reported to have dropped this claim in November 1995. A new Estonian-Russian Border Treaty was signed by Estonia on May 18, 2005, reflecting the later border changes, but was rejected and cancelled by Russia on June 27, 2005, because references to "Soviet occupation" were added by the Estonians. A series of inter-governmental consultations took place in the decade that followed, and on February 18, 2014, the new version of the Border Treaty was signed by both countries. The latest version leaves the agreed border intact with a few minor exemptions not affecting the town of Pechory. Its parliamentary ratification by both sides is pending.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Pechory serves as the administrative center of the Pechorsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Pechory, together with forty-two rural localities, is incorporated within the Pechorsky Municipal District as the Pechory Urban Settlement.
Religion
Pechory is famous for the Russian Orthodox Pskov-Caves Monastery. St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church is also situated in the town. It is famous for its historic organ.
Culture
During the 1930s Russian song festivals inspired by similar Estonian events were held in the town.
Pechory hosts a museum, two libraries, cultural centre and an arts school for children. Apart from the official and religious events, festivals on Maslenitsa and Ivan Kupala are held there. The Seto Estate Museum is located near the town.
Notable people
Alfred Hirv, Estonian painter
Heino Kostabi, Estonian politician
Lilli Promet, Estonian writer
Jaanus Sirel, Estonian footballer
Johannes Kert, Estonian military officer and politician
John Krestiankin, a prominent Russian Orthodox monk (archimandrite)
References
Sources
Архивный отдел Псковского облисполкома. Государственный архив Псковской области. "Административно-территориальное деление Псковской области (1917–1988 гг.). Справочник". (Administrative-Territorial Structure of Pskov Oblast (1917–1988). Reference.) Книга I. Лениздат, 1988
External links
Unofficial website of Pechory and Pechorsky District
Cities and towns in Pskov Oblast
Pskovsky Uyezd
Estonia–Russia border crossings
Populated places established in the 16th century |
12988664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courteeners | Courteeners | Courteeners are an English band formed in Middleton in 2006 by Liam Fray (lead guitar/vocals), Michael Campbell (drums/backing vocals), Daniel "Conan" Moores (rhythm guitar) and Mark Cuppello (bass); the last was replaced by the band's producer Joe Cross in 2015. They previously toured with pianist Adam Payne, who has been featured on every album, but in 2019 was replaced with Elina Lin. In December 2012, the band dropped "The" from their name, continuing simply as "Courteeners".
They have released six studio albums: St. Jude (2008), Falcon (2010), Anna (2013), Concrete Love (2014), Mapping the Rendezvous (2016) and More. Again. Forever. (2020). Furthermore, the band has released several EPs and two DVD albums.
All the music and lyrics for the Courteeners' songs are written by the band's frontman Liam Fray. He claims that all of the songs he has written are about personal experiences.
History
2006–2007: Formation
The original band members have known each other since they were ten years old, all of them being from Middleton; Liam Fray and Daniel Moores attended Cardinal Langley Roman Catholic High School in Middleton, while Mark Cuppello attended St Monica's RC High School in Prestwich and Michael Campbell attended St Cuthbert's RC High School in Rochdale.
At first Fray studied business studies at university, however soon realised it was a lot harder than he thought and not what he wanted to do. Therefore, he chose to study creative writing as he enjoyed writing poetry and short stories, but not reading. While at the University of Salford (studying creative writing), Fray started performing acoustic sets as a singer-songwriter around bars and at open-mic nights in Manchester. After getting positive reactions from the crowd, Fray decided to leave university and form a band. He recruited long-time friend and neighbour Michael Campbell, who had never played the drums before. They played as 'Liam Fray' until Moores and Cuppello joined the band.
Their first gig was at the Manchester Roadhouse in October 2006, and the band went from strength to strength in Manchester, largely through a word-of-mouth following brought on by extensive gigging and television publicity. The Courteeners released their debut single "Cavorting," on August 6, 2007, by Loog Records. A second single, 'Acrylic' was released on 22 October 2007 reaching number 44 in the UK chart.
2007–2009: St. Jude
The Courteeners were approached by producer, Stephen Street of The Smiths, Blur and Morrissey fame about the possibility of working together. They first released a single "What Took You So Long?" on 14 January 2008, a song which reached No. 20 in the United Kingdom charts. The debut album, St. Jude, was released on 7 April 2008 by Polydor Records. It was launched at Manchester's Market Street HMV store.
The album reached No. 4 in the UK Albums Chart, and has since gone on to achieve gold status. The album was preceded by the release of single "Not Nineteen Forever" on 31 March 2008, entering at No. 19 and becoming their highest-charting single to date. A fifth single, "No You Didn't, No You Don't" was released on 23 June 2008.
The band played to a packed out John Peel tent at the 2008 Glastonbury Festival. and played major slots at V Festival, T in the Park and other festivals across Europe. They played with Kasabian and Primal Scream at the Fuji Rock Festival in Niigata Prefecture in Japan.
"That Kiss" was released on 6 October 2008, produced again by Stephen Street. The song was released as a stand-alone track and entered the charts at number five in the Midweek Top 40.
By October 2008 the band had begun a sell out tour of major venues across the UK including two nights at Manchester Apollo and London's Shepherd's Bush Empire. A first taste of Arena shows came with their December 2008 support slot on the Stereophonics' Decade in the Sun Tour. This saw them appear at huge venues such as the Manchester Arena, London's O2 Arena and Glasgow's Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre.
December 2008 saw the band crowned inaugural winners of the Guardian's First British Album Award beating off strong competition from Glasvegas, Duffy, Adele and Noah and the Whale. The award was voted for by members of the public and the Guardian journalists. St. Jude clinched a mammoth 53% of the public vote.
In March 2009 the band made their US debut with a headline show at New York's Mercury Lounge, followed by a month touring the States as special guests of Morrissey on his 'Tour of Refusal'. Over 18 dates included appearances at New York's famous Carnegie Hall, the Dallas Palladium and Albuquerque's Sunshine Theatre. They completed their tour of America at the 2009 Coachella Festival in Indio, California, performing on the festival's main stage along with Paul McCartney, Morrissey and Franz Ferdinand. In the UK the band played the 2009 Reading and Leeds Festivals on the main stage along with Arctic Monkeys, The Prodigy and Ian Brown. They also appeared at the 2009 T in the Park Festival as second headliners in the King Tut's Wah Wah Tent.
2009–2012: Falcon
The band's second album Falcon was released on 22 February 2010 and has since gone on to achieve gold status. The album was preceded by a single "You Overdid It Doll" on 15 February 2010. The album was recorded at ICP Studios in Belgium and produced by Ed Buller (White Lies, Pulp, Suede). The album was well received by the British music press with NME awarding the album 8/10 and both Mojo & Q Magazines giving the album 4-star reviews. In Falcon'''s first week it entered the top 10 in 6th place.
Many songs from the band's second album including "The Opener", "You Overdid It Doll" and "Take Over the World" made their live debuts at two UK shows in December 2009. The first at Warrington's Parr Hall was followed by a sold-out headline homecoming show at the 10,000-capacity Manchester Central (formerly known as Manchester GMEX). Tickets for the show sold out within a week.
The first song released from the album was "Cross My Heart and Hope To Fly", making its radio debut on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show as his Hottest Record in the World. The track was released as a free download through their official website on 7 December 2009 as well as a seven-inch version with a B-side.Falcons first official single "You Overdid It Doll" was released a week before the album's release on 15 February 2010. This also saw its radio debut on BBC Radio 1's Zane Lowe show. Lowe, a big supporter throughout the band's career, once again made it his Hottest Record in the World. The single was added to daytime radio playlists including BBC Radio One, XFM, and BBC 6 Music. A UK Tour to coincide with the album's release was announced in December 2009. The tour included dates at London's Brixton Academy, Blackburn's King George's Hall and Blackpool's Empress Ballroom.
The band appeared at many festivals during the summer of 2010, including on the Other Stage at 2010 Glastonbury Festival on Friday 25 June 2010. On Sunday 13 June 2010 the band appeared on the main stage at the Isle of Wight Festival. The performed on the main stage ahead of Paul McCartney's headline appearance that evening. In July 2010 the band returned to the T in the Park festival, appearing on the Saturday evening on the Radio 1/NME Stage. In August 2010, the Courteeners announced a five-date UK tour to take place in December. The tour included the band's largest-ever headline gig at the Manchester Arena. The band returned to Japan at the beginning of August 2010, appearing in Tokyo and Osaka at the Summersonic 2010 festival. In August 2010 the band made their second appearance at V Festival, performing on the 4 music stage.
On 5 November 2010, the Courteeners announced a 5-song EP on their official website which include 2 songs from Falcon, "Lullaby" and "Scratch Your Name Upon My Lips". There are two brand new songs "Three Months" and "Swear Down" plus a cover version of Yeah Yeah Yeahs' "Zero". The EP was released on 5 December 2010. The band performed a sell-out tour of the UK in December 2010 which included the band's biggest headline show to date up until their sold-out 25,000 gig at Heaton Park in June 2015.
On 17 December 2010, the band announced a headline show at Delamere Forest, scheduled for 2 July 2011. The show sold out in 38 minutes, a record for shows performed in the forest. David Barrow, booker for the Forestry Commission said, "Following their triumphant MEN Arena show last weekend I knew we would comfortably sell out, but 38 minutes is a forest record, so it's official the Courteeners are the fastest selling forest act we have had since the gigs kicked off 11 years ago. The previous record was held by JLS last year".
During the 2011 summer festival season they appeared at Isle of Wight Festival and the V Festival. They also played a headline show at Haigh Hall, Wigan in June of that year with support from The Coral and Cherry Ghost. In December the band played three sold-out shows at the Manchester Apollo followed by the DVD Live at the MEN Arena, which featured the band's December 2010 show at the Manchester Arena. In 2012, the band played at the Reading and Leeds Festivals, Scotland's 'T in the Park' and the Chester Rocks Festival.
On 23 June 2012, the band played a free show in Manchester's Albert Square in the shadow of the town hall. The gig was to celebrate the Olympic torch coming to Manchester for the London 2012 Olympics. The band played their first-ever show in Istanbul, Turkey on 16 November 2012. On 7 December 2012 the band played a sold-out show at the 16,000-capacity Manchester Arena.
2013–2014: Anna
Their third album Anna, recorded with Hurts producer Joe Cross, was released on 4 February 2013. It preceded by the release of the first single, "Lose Control" in December 2012 when the band introduced themselves as "Courteeners", dropping "The" from their name. On 6 February 2013 it was announced that Anna was Number 1 in the Official midweek UK Chart by the Official UK Charts Company. Sales slipped as the week progressed, and the album charted at Number 6.
In support of the album the band embarked on a UK and European "Anna Tour" with 22 shows in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, France, Austria, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Tour began on 21 February and ended on 27 April.
On 28 June 2013 they played at the Glastonbury Festival on the John Peel Stage. They played 13 songs and the performance was their fourth appearance at the festival. The band supported The Stone Roses at their reunion gig in London's Finsbury Park on 7 June 2013 and Kings of Leon at Glasgow's Bellahouston Park on 15 August 2013. They also performed at the Belsonic, Benicàssim, T in the Park, V festivals and headlined Mallorca Rocks closing party.
On 5 and 6 July 2013 Courteeners played at Castlefield Bowl, Deansgate, Manchester with support acts including The Strypes, Miles Kane and The Heartbreaks. All 16,000 tickets were sold out in a day.
In December 2013, the band toured the UK once again culminating in their 3rd headline appearance at the 16,000 capacity Manchester Arena.
2014–2016: Concrete Love
Courteeners released their new album Concrete Love on 18 August 2014. Again recorded with producer Joe Cross in Paris, Whitby and Ancoats, it debuted at number 3 in the UK Albums Chart, marking the band's highest chart entry to date. The first taster from the album, 'Summer' was made available on streaming in July. The first official release from the album was the How Good It Was EP released on 21 July 2014. It featured the title track and the songs "Hometown One", "Sunflower" and "Why Are You Still With Him?" and reached number 2 on the official UK iTunes chart. Singles from Concrete Love, "Has He Told You That He Loves You Yet" and "Small Bones" became XFM's records of the week. The latter was the last XFM's Record of the Week before the station has rebranded as Radio X.
The band headlined the Radio One/NME Stage at the Reading and Leeds Festivals 2014 and appeared as special guests of The Killers in Summer Sessions gig at Glasgow's Bellahouston Park. They also performed at the Benicàssim and Umbria Rock festivals.
The album was supported by a 19-date UK Tour in October and November, including shows at Brixton Academy in London and Echo Arena Liverpool.
On 5 June 2015, the band played one of their biggest headline gigs at Manchester's Heaton Park, supported by Blossoms, Bipolar Sunshine and Peace. All 25,000 tickets were sold out in 40 minutes. Q Magazine gave the gig 5 out of 5 stars, describing it as "their equivalent of the Stone Roses’ Spike Island or Oasis’ Maine Road... less like a performance, more like a reciprocal communion."
On 9 July 2015, Courteeners supported The Libertines at Dublin's 3Arena. They also played at Glastonbury Festival, Isle of Wight Festival, Ibiza Rocks, V Festival and T in the Park.
On 27 November 2015, the band released Concrete Love – Extra Love, a deluxe expanded edition of their last album Concrete Love. It features a new single, their first Christmas song "Winter Wonderland", a collection of unreleased acoustic versions of Concrete Love album tracks and rare EP tracks.
Liam Fray wrote "Winter Wonderland" on the piano at Norah Jones' New York City home. He played it live for the first time in 2011 after Lou Reed invited him to perform at his Arts club, The Stone in Manhattan. The song was produced by Stephen Street and recorded at London's Miloco Studios in September 2015. On 16 November the single got its first radio play on Radio X. It became both Radio X and BBC Radio 2's Record of the Week and was included in the Radio X's "The 50 Best Tracks of 2015" list.
On 23 November 2015, Courteeners were on the Radio X Road Trip with Chris Moyles to celebrate the newly rebranded Radio X (formerly XFM). They played at O2 Academy Leeds.
On 25 November 2015, it was confirmed that Courteeners have parted ways with their bassist Mark Cuppello. He was replaced by their good friend and long time collaborator Joe Cross.
In November and December the band embarked on a UK tour that initially included 5 consecutive nights at Manchester Apollo which is unprecedented for any band at the venue. After the whole tour including London, Glasgow and Manchester was sold out within minutes, 2 additional Manchester dates were added meaning the band are set to play 7 nights at Manchester Apollo. Courteeners also added and sold out an extra London show at London Forum and a second Glasgow show. They were supported by Fronteers, Blossoms, The Travelling Band, Viola Beach and Reverend & the Makers, among others.
On 19 June 2016, Courteeners supported The Stone Roses at Manchester's Etihad Stadium. They also played at the T in the Park and Reading and Leeds festivals.
2016–2018: Mapping the Rendezvous
During their slot at T in the Park on 8 July 2016, Liam Fray mentioned that they had "finished recording their newest album", hinting its upcoming release.
On 11 August 2015, the band announced their fifth album Mapping the Rendezvous, which was once again produced by Joe Cross and released on 28 October 2016. Its first single "The 17th" aired just after midnight that night on Radio X and was released on Spotify and iTunes along with the ability to preorder the upcoming album. It is the first release with the band's new record label, Ignition Records.
Speaking to Radio X, Liam Fray said, "last year was unreal, the biggest and best we've ever had. Now we're back again to show that you don’t have to be perfect to be loved and that lost causes are the ones most worth sticking with. We’ve finally finished our best (and dare I even suggest, sexiest) set of songs ever so get ready to unleash your inner Danny Zuko and prepare to be (at least mildly) impressed."
The deluxe version of the album, which was recorded at Real World Studios In Paris, includes a DVD of the band's sell out headline gig at Heaton Park on 5 June 2015 where they played to 25,000 people.
On 29 August 2016, their second single "No One Will Ever Replace Us" from the upcoming album, was premiered on Radio X. It was released midnight on 30 August on iTunes and Spotify. Their third single from the album entitled "Kitchen" was released on 30 September 2016 at midnight, to a widely mixed reception of views.
In support of the album the band embarked on a UK and European tour playing throughout November and December in England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland and France.
On 27 May 2017, Courteeners played their biggest gig to date, a sold-out headline homecoming show to 50,000 people at Emirates Old Trafford, Manchester with support acts The Charlatans, Cabbage and Blossoms.
On 25 June 2017 Courteeners played at the Glastonbury Festival on The Other Stage. It was their sixth appearance at the festival in 10 years since their debut in 2007. They also performed at the Sziget, Benicassim and NOS Alive festivals.
2018: St. Jude Re:Wired
The Courteeners performed a series of shows to celebrate 10 years of their debut release at the King George's Hall in Blackburn then 2 days later at The Royal Albert Hall to support Teenage Cancer Trust on 23 March 2018. The shows were followed by a warm-up show at The 02 Academy in Sheffield and by a sell-out crowd at Manchester Arena on 7 April 2018.
Courteeners also played at the TRNSMT 2018 festival and headlined slots at both Neighbourhood Weekender and Truck festival.
2019–present: More. Again. Forever.
On 29 October 2018, Courteeners announced a new headline show at Heaton Park, Manchester on Saturday 15 June 2019. The line up included James, DMA'S and Pale Waves as support acts. Tickets for the show went on sale on 2 November 2018 and all 50,000 tickets had sold out in less than four hours. In 2020, Courteeners released their sixth studio album, More. Again. Forever. with it gaining favourable reviews from critics. In September 2021, Courteeners played to a sold out Old Trafford for the second time. In 2022 the band also headlined Neighbourhood Weekender for a second time in 4 years.
2023: St. Jude 15th anniversary Edition
On the 30 August 2022, Courteeners announced that they're reissuing their debut album St. Jude as well as announcing another gig at Heaton Park Manchester on 9 June 2023 On September 2, 2022, Courteeners sold out Heaton Park for a third time. It took them eight hours to do so
Courteeners released their reissued version of St. Jude on the 13 January 2023. Courteeners went on to set new records later that month in with the album. The album now has the longest time between the release and charting at No.1 (14 Years 9 Months and 14 Days) on the UK Album Charts
Other appearances
Noel Gallagher invited the band to support him at the Royal Albert Hall on 25 March 2010. The show was in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust. It was the band's first appearance at the venue.
Aside from the band, the Courteeners' lead singer, guitarist and songwriter Liam Fray also performs acoustic solo shows, playing band's songs. On 18 August 2011 he performed a headline set at the re-opening of Salford Lads' Club with Xfm Manchester. He told the NME: "I used to go to Salford University and I would see from the bus in the morning Japanese and American tourists outside having their picture taken. We were joking about opening the doors at two in the afternoon so everyone at the gig can get their photo on the way in! It's a massive landmark and it's a pleasure and privilege to play it." The show was hosted by XFM Manchester Breakfast Show presenter Tim Cocker and broadcast on the same station. Fray also performed a special solo set at Neighbourhood Festival, the Albert Hall, Manchester on 8 October 2016.
On 13 May 2013 Courteeners played a free set in Albert Square as part of the Manchester United Premier League Victory Parade after their song, "Not Nineteen Forever", was named the official title song by the club following their record 20th league championship victory. The song was also played at a number of matches, including the game when they won the title and the final home game.
Reception
Morrissey has expressed his appreciation of the Courteeners on numerous occasions. After seeing the Courteeners in Camden, Morrissey played their song "What Took You So Long?" on American radio station KRCW, where he heaped praise on the band saying that "Every song was very strong and full of hooks and full of dynamics and I thought, 'this is great' and that so many groups in the UK, they're hyped and they're huge and they're all over the press and they don't really actually have any songs, they don't really have anything to offer ... but it's different with the Courteeners, they actually do have very good, strong songs." Morrissey added to his praise that "I think they will make it here [in the US] and I think you'll come across them." The Courteeners joined Morrissey on his American tour in spring 2009 in support of his new album Years of Refusal.
Following the release of their debut album St. Jude, U2 frontman Bono called the Courteeners "The best band of the past 10 years".
In November 2015, Courteeners were included in the Radio X's "The 15 Greatest Manchester Bands of All Time" list at No. 5. In 2016, their song "Not Nineteen Forever" was ranked No. 59 in Radio X's "Best of British" (The top 100 best British songs of all time) poll.
Humanitarian efforts
Some of the proceeds of 'Not Nineteen Forever' went to the Manchester United Foundation, raising funds for "Francis House Children's Hospice" and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust.
In December 2014, after a special Paul Heaton's benefit concert 'Hope for Christmas' Courteeners donated over £1,000 to two foodbanks including one of their hometown of Middleton.
In December 2015, Courteeners released their first Christmas song "Winter Wonderland". All the band's profits from the release of this single were donated to UK housing and homeless charity "Shelter".
On 2 April 2016, Courteeners (initially billed as 'Liam Fray') headlined a tribute concert for Viola Beach in Warrington, with all proceeds going towards the families of the band members and their manager. Viola Beach, who were killed in a car crash in Sweden together with their manager Craig Tarry, previously supported Courteeners on three of their UK tour 2015 dates.
On 9 September 2017, Courteeners along with Noel Gallagher, Blossoms and other artists performed at the "We Are Manchester" benefit gig at the reopened Manchester Arena with proceeds going to the Manchester Memorial Fund, a charitable fund to pay for a permanent memorial to the victims of the Manchester attack. The venue involved in May's terror attack at an Ariana Grande concert that left 22 people dead.
On 24 May 2019, Courteeners along with Blossoms, Bugzy Malone and other artists performed at Victoria Warehouse for the inaugural ‘Raise The Roof’ benefit gig, the proceeds went towards the homeless in the city area.
Awards and nominationsGuardian First British Album Award 2008 (Inaugural year)
Guardian First British Album Award – St. Jude – Winners
Band members
Current members
Liam Fray – lead vocals, guitar (2006–present)
Daniel "Conan" Moores – guitar (2006–present)
Michael Campbell – drums and percussion, backing vocals (2006–present)
Former members
Mark Cuppello – bass (2006–2015)
Live members
Joseph "Joe" Cross – bass (2015–present)
Elina Lin – keyboards and backing vocals (2019–present)
Adam Payne – keyboards and backing vocals (2008–2018)
Discography
Studio albums
St. Jude (2008)
Falcon (2010)
Anna (2013)
Concrete Love (2014)
Mapping the Rendezvous (2016)
More. Again. Forever. (2020)
References
External links
The Courteeners Official Site
The Courteeners Live review
Allen, Rob (12 October 2008). The Courteeners: Manchester Apollo Review, October 2008. Manchester Evening News
English indie rock groups
Post-Britpop groups
English musical trios
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
Music in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
Ignition Records artists
Polydor Records artists |
24422844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysi%C4%85c%20v%20Poland | Tysiąc v Poland | Tysiąc v. Poland (Application no. 5410/03) was a case decided by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in 2007. A pregnant woman from Poland, diagnosed with a severe eye disease, tried to get an abortion to avoid an escalation of her disease. Her requests were rejected by several medical doctors and she underwent labor of her third child. Her condition later deteriorated, and she sued one of the doctors. Her criminal lawsuits were rejected in Poland and the case was appealed to the European Court of Human Rights, which accepted one part of the complaint, and the plaintiff was awarded damages.
Background
Ms. A. Tysiąc suffered from severe myopia. During her third pregnancy in 2000, she was examined by three ophthalmologists. All of them concluded that, due to pathological changes in her retina, the pregnancy and delivery constituted a risk to her eyesight. However, they refused to issue a certificate for the pregnancy to be terminated, despite Tysiąc's requests, saying that the risk of the retina detaching itself due to the strain caused by giving birth could be avoided if Mrs. Tysiąc delivered through cesarean section. Subsequently, Ms. Tysiąc sought further medical advice. A general practitioner (GP) issued a certificate stating that the third pregnancy constituted a threat to Ms. Tysiąc's health as there was a risk of rupture of the uterus, given her two previous deliveries by caesarean section. She further referred to Ms. Tysiąc's short-sightedness and to significant pathological changes in her retina. These considerations, according to the GP, also required that Ms. Tysiąc should avoid physical strain which in any case would hardly be possible as at that time the applicant was raising two small children on her own. Ms. Tysiąc understood that on the basis of this certificate she would be able to terminate her pregnancy lawfully.
Subsequently, Ms. Tysiąc contacted a state hospital, the Clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Warsaw, in the area to which she was assigned on the basis of her residence, with a view to obtaining the termination of her pregnancy. On 26 April 2000 she had an appointment with dr Romuald Dębski, head of the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department of the Clinic. Dębski examined her, but did not examine her ophthalmological records. Afterwards, he made a note on the back of the certificate issued by the GP that neither her short-sightedness nor her two previous deliveries by caesarean section constituted grounds for therapeutic termination of the pregnancy. He was of the view that, in these circumstances, the applicant should give birth by caesarean section.
As a result, Ms. Tysiąc's pregnancy was not terminated. She delivered the child by caesarean section in November 2000. Some time after the delivery, her eyesight deteriorated. On 11 January 2001 the social welfare centre issued a certificate to the effect that she was unable to take care of her children as she could not see from a distance of more than 1.5 metres.
Ms. Tysiąc lodged a criminal complaint against Romuald Dębski, stating that he had prevented her from having her pregnancy terminated on medical grounds as recommended by the GP and permissible as one of the exceptions to a general ban on abortion. She complained that, following the pregnancy and delivery, she had sustained severe bodily harm by way of almost complete loss of her eyesight. The investigation of the applicant's complaint was carried out by the Warsaw-Śródmieście District Prosecutor. The prosecutor heard evidence from the ophthalmologists who had examined the applicant during her pregnancy. They stated that she could have had a safe delivery by caesarean section. The prosecutor further requested the preparation of an expert report by a panel of three medical experts (ophthalmologist, gynaecologist and specialist in forensic medicine) from the Białystok Medical Academy. According to the report, the applicant's pregnancies and deliveries had not affected the deterioration of her eyesight. Given the serious nature of the applicant's sight impairment, the risk of retinal detachment had always been present and continued to exist, and the pregnancy and delivery had not contributed to increasing that risk. Furthermore, the experts found that in the applicant's case there had been no factors militating against the applicant's carrying her baby to term and delivering it. The criminal investigation against Dębski was therefore discontinued.
Judgment
By 6 votes to 1, the court held that there was a violation of Article 8 ECHR (right to private life), as "''it is not the Court's task in the present case to examine whether the Convention guarantees a right to have an abortion" and "it has not been demonstrated that Polish law as applied to the applicant's case contained any effective mechanisms capable of determining whether the conditions for obtaining a lawful abortion had been met in her case.... the provisions of the civil law on tort as applied by the Polish courts did not afford the applicant a procedural instrument by which she could have vindicated her right to respect for her private life. The civil law remedy was solely of a retroactive and compensatory character. It could only, and if the applicant had been successful, have resulted in the courts granting damages to cover the irreparable damage to her health which had come to light after the delivery.... Crucially, the examination of the circumstances of the case in the context of criminal investigations could not have prevented the damage to the applicant's health from arising. The same applies to disciplinary proceedings before the organs of the Chamber of Physicians." The court also ruled that there was no violation of Article 3 (no torture, inhuman or degrading treatment).
See also
Legal clinic
References
External links
ECHR judgment
Abortion case law
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Poland
Abortion in Poland |
23628360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Maxwell | Scott Maxwell |
Scott Maxwell (born January 20, 1964), is a Canadian auto racing driver.
Scott has competed and won titles in Formula Vee (1984), Formula Ford 1600 (1985 and 1986), Canadian National Showroom Stock (1992 and 1993) and Grand-Am/Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge GS (2002 and 2008, 2016). He also contested the Canadian GM Challenge, Porsche Carrera Cup and Pro Formula Ford 2000 series from 1986 through 1990. He made a single Indy Lights start in 1992.
One of the highlights of Maxwell's career came in 2000 at the 24 Hours of Le Mans when he won the LMP 675 class for Multimatic Motorsports aboard a Nissan-powered Lola with fellow Canadians John Graham and Greg Wilkins.
In 2003, Scott Maxwell along with David Empringham and David Brabham won the first ever Daytona Prototype race at the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona. However, The Racer's Group GT-class Porsche 911 won overall honors in that race. He also contested the American Le Mans Series with Panoz in 2003 and Krohn-Barbour Racing (Lamborghini) in 2004 as well as contesting several Rolex Sports Car Series events for Multimatic Daytona Prototype customers. 2003 was to also see Maxwell make his NASCAR Winston Cup Series debut, but he failed to qualify the #43 car for Petty Enterprises at Watkins Glen International.
The Canadian co-drove with Grand Am Cup Champion David Empringham in 2005 aboard a Multimatic Motorsports entered factory Ford Mustang FR500C. Maxwell missed out on sharing the title because he skipped one race to compete at Le Mans for Panoz Motor Sports.
In 2006, Maxwell clinched another milestone victory for Multimatic Motorsports when he teamed with David Brabham and Sébastien Bourdais to win the GT2 class at the 2006 12 Hours of Sebring. In 2008 he won the Grand American Road Racing KONI Sports Car Challenge driver's championship with partner Joe Foster aboard the Hypersports Mustang FR500C run in cooperation with Multimatic Motorsports. Maxwell clinched the 2016 Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge GS championship co-driving with Billy Johnson in the Ford Performance Shelby GT350R-C.
Maxwell drove for Multimatic Motorsports with Sebastian Priaulx in a Ford Mustang in the GT4 class in the 2019 British GT Championship. They were in contention for the class title but missed out by just 8.5 points from Tom Canning and Ash Hand, despite finishing ahead of their rivals in the finale.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold - Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics - Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Winston Cup Series
24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete British GT Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
Multimatic Motorsports official website
Living people
1964 births
Sportspeople from Toronto
Racing drivers from Ontario
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
Indy Lights drivers
British GT Championship drivers
Multimatic Motorsports drivers
Michelin Pilot Challenge drivers
GT4 European Series drivers
Canadian racing drivers |
262477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20%22Ripper%22%20Owens | Tim "Ripper" Owens | Timothy S. "Ripper" Owens (born September 13, 1967) is an American heavy metal singer who currently performs with KK's Priest, Spirits of Fire, the Three Tremors and A New Revenge. He first gained attention as the lead singer of Judas Priest and then Iced Earth. He took the nickname "Ripper" from the Judas Priest song "The Ripper" during his time in the tribute band British Steel.
In 2020, Owens was announced as the frontman for the band KK's Priest, which also featured former Judas Priest members KK Downing and Les Binks.
Early life
Owens was born on September 13, 1967, in Akron, Ohio. He graduated from Kenmore High School in 1985.
Career
Brainicide and Winter's Bane/British Steel
Owens began his musical career as the singer for Brainicide, a thrash metal band based in his home town of Akron, Ohio that had also been known as Dammage, Inc. He recorded 3 demo tapes with them before the band split in 1989. Prior to joining Judas Priest in 1996, Owens fronted a band called Winter's Bane, with whom he recorded an album called Heart of a Killer in 1993. He was most prominent in his role as the frontman of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel, named after the Judas Priest album, although the bands Winter's Bane and British Steel were actually one and the same. The band would often open their shows as Winter's Bane in order to introduce the audience to their original material. After finishing their original set, they would then take a break, which included a wardrobe change to emulate the subject of their tribute, Judas Priest. Winter's Bane sound engineer Ken Reffner would come out from behind the soundboard, adding a fifth member to the stage. Reffner can be seen playing the part of K. K. Downing with British Steel in the Judas Priest episode of VH1's Behind the Music.
Judas Priest
Owens made headlines in 1996 when he went from being a fan of the English heavy metal band Judas Priest to being their lead singer, replacing Rob Halford. Despite numerous rumors that Halford would reunite with Priest, Owens recorded two studio albums with his childhood heroes, as well as two live albums and a 2002 DVD release. Owens also helped write one Judas Priest song, "What's My Name?", which was a bonus track on Demolition. With Judas Priest, he was nominated once for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1999, with the song "Bullet Train" from the album Jugulator, but lost to Metallica's "Better than You".
Rock Star
The movie Rock Star (2001), about a tribute band singer who is asked to join the band he has tried to imitate, was loosely based on Owens' career. Judas Priest disavowed the movie after they were denied creative control in the screenplay and script. For example, in Rock Star the band throws out their original singer while on tour and replaces him a few days later; while in real life, Rob Halford was not thrown out, but left Judas Priest, four years before he was replaced. Owens said of the movie, "They fabricated things and decided to pull away from my story and make their own because I guess mine was too normal. There's no telling what they put in there. If I could sue, I would."
Iced Earth and Yngwie Malmsteen's Rising Force
Judas Priest reunited with Rob Halford in 2003. Owens seized opportunity when, that same year, vocalist Matt Barlow quit Iced Earth. Iced Earth's first album with Owens, The Glorious Burden, came out in early 2004. While singing with Judas Priest, Owens had toured with Iced Earth (and Anthrax) in 2001, but the tour was cut short. In 2006, Owens also reunited with his former Winter's Bane colleague Dennis Hayes in a band called Beyond Fear. The self-titled debut album from his new band was released in May of that year. Hayes would join Iced Earth as well in 2007 after bassist James "Bo" Wallace left due to family health issues.
Owens' stay in Iced Earth was short, however, as on December 11, 2007, guitarist Jon Schaffer announced that Owens would be leaving the band; Matt Barlow had been invited to return to the line-up after heavy feedback from fans.
On February 26, 2008, it was announced that Owens would be the new lead singer for Yngwie Malmsteen's Rising Force, replacing Doogie White. Owens quit Malmsteen's band in 2012, saying there were conflicts in show dates between his solo band and Yngwie's touring, but that he would be open to the possibility of working with him again.
In May 2009, Owens released his first solo album, Play My Game. The album featured many prominent metal musicians. A European tour followed in 2010, accompanied by musicians Anders Buaas (guitar), Jon Vegard Naess (guitar), Are Gogstad (bass), and Henrik "Rick" Hagan (drums).
Charred Walls of the Damned, HAIL! and Dio Disciples
Owens now fronts a new project called Charred Walls of the Damned, a band founded in 2009 by Richard Christy, radio personality on The Howard Stern Show and former drummer for Iced Earth and Death. The origin of the band's name was explained on May 20, 2009. It derives from a series of radio prank calls Christy made to a Christian radio station. In response to the pranks they received, the host described how he prays for them, thus "saving their soul to be saved by God's grace...not in the devil's hell where you'd be putting your nails in the charred walls of the damned". The band features Christy on drums and Owens on vocals, along with Steve Di Giorgio (bass guitar) and Jason Suecof (lead guitar). The band's debut self-titled album was released on February 2, 2010 through Metal Blade Records.
Owens is also a member of a cover band called HAIL!. HAIL!'s rotating cast of members include Owens, Andreas Kisser, Paul Bostaph, David Ellefson, Mike Portnoy, Jimmy DeGrasso, and Roy Mayorga. Owens, DeGrasso, Ellefson, and Kisser formed the band in late 2008. They toured Europe in 2009, June 2010, and came together to perform at a benefit for Deftones bassist Chi Cheng in 2010. The lineup consisted of Owens, Portnoy, Mark Anthony of the Letter Black, Phil Demmel of Machine Head, and Ellefson. HAIL! is on their second European tour with the lineup Andreas Kisser, Owens, Paul Bostaph, and James LoMenzo. Due to the death of previously announced bassist Paul Gray, LoMenzo agreed on one day's notice to fly to Portugal for the Rock in Rio festival where HAIL! was scheduled to perform on May 30, 2010.
In early 2011, Owens also joined Dio Disciples, which features former Dio members.
Other projects
Other music projects of Owens include Project Rock with Keri Kelli, Rudy Sarzo, James Kottak, and Teddy Zig Zag.
Owens owned "Ripper's Rock House", a sports eatery, restaurant and entertainment venue, in Akron, Ohio. In August 2015, Bar Rescue filmed and transformed the bar into "Tim Owens' Traveler's Tavern". The venue closed permanently in September 2016.
He was also the owner of "Ripper Owens Tap House", the predecessor to "Ripper's Rock House", in Akron's Firestone Park neighborhood.
In 2015, Owens recorded music for the fictional band Witches' Lips for the heavy metal horror film Hairmetal Shotgun Zombie Massacre: The Movie. He recorded and wrote the lyrics with guitarist Marzi Montazeri of Philip H. Anselmo and The Illegals.
Ted Kirkpatrick, drummer and songwriter for the Christian metal band Tourniquet, announced on July 25, 2018, that Owens would be doing lead vocals for all the songs (except the title track "Gazing at Medusa") on their next album. The album, Gazing at Medusa, was released on October 16, 2018.
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Owens was part of a Grunge themed tribute band called Seattle, playing covers of Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and other Grunge bands of the era.
In December 2022, Owens released a solo album under the name 'Ripper', titled Return to Death Row.
Discography
With Brainicide
(Compilation) Heavy Artillery k7 (1990) (Song: "Payment in Blood")
Brutal Mentality K7 Demo (1990)
With Winter's Bane
Heart of a Killer (1993)
With Judas Priest
Studio Albums
Jugulator (1997)
Demolition (2001)
Live Albums
'98 Live Meltdown (1998)
Live in London (2003)
With Iced Earth
The Glorious Burden (2004)
Framing Armageddon (Something Wicked Part 1) (2007)
With Beyond Fear
Beyond Fear (2006)
With Yngwie Malmsteen's Rising Force
Perpetual Flame (2008)
Relentless (2010)
Solo
Play My Game (2009)
Return to Death Row (EP) (2022)
With Charred Walls of the Damned
Charred Walls of the Damned (2010)
Cold Winds on Timeless Days (2011)
Creatures Watching Over the Dead (2016)
With the Three Tremors
The Three Tremors (2019)
Guardians of the Void (2021)
With Spirits of Fire
Spirits of Fire (2019)
With A New Revenge
Enemies & Lovers (2019)
With KK's Priest
Sermons of the Sinner (2021)
The Sinner Rides Again (2023)
Tribute albums
Kickstart My Heart: A Tribute to Mötley Crüe (song: "Louder than Hell", backing vocals only)
One Way Street: A Tribute to Aerosmith (song: "Round and Round")
Michael Schenker - Heavy Hitters (vocals on "War Pigs" by Black Sabbath)
Numbers from the Beast: An All Star Salute to Iron Maiden (song: "Flight of Icarus")
Bat Head Soup: A Tribute to Ozzy (song: "Mr. Crowley")
Butchering the Beatles: A Headbashing Tribute (song: "Hey Jude")
Hell Bent Forever: A Tribute to Judas Priest (song: "Exciter")
Sin-Atra (song: "Witchcraft")
Ronnie James Dio – This Is Your Life (Japanese edition) (song: "Stand Up and Shout (Live)")
Immortal Randy Rhoads – The Ultimate Tribute Album (2015) (8 of 11 songs)
The Doom in Us All - A Tribute to Black Sabbath (song: "Children of the Grave")
Other appearances
Spawn - Round 2 (production, 1998)
Soulbender - Demo (2008)
Ellefson, Bittner, Grigsby & Owens - Leave It Alone (memorial track for Dimebag Darrell, iTunes release) (2008)
Roadrunner United - The Concert (DVD, live, 2008) - vocals on "Curse of the Pharaohs" by Mercyful Fate, "Abigail" by King Diamond, and "Allison Hell" by Annihilator
We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year - vocals on "Santa Claus Is Back in Town" by Elvis Presley
Avantasia - The Wicked Symphony (2010)
The Claymore - Damnation Reigns (2010) - vocals on "Behind Enemy Lines"
Memorain - Evolution (2011)
Ralf Scheepers - Scheepers (2011) - vocals on "Remission of Sin"
Desdemon - Through the Gates (2011) - vocals on "The Burning Martyr"
Infinita Symphonia - A Mind's Chronicle (2011)
Wolfpakk - Wolfpakk (2011) - vocals on "Wolfony"
Absolute Power - Absolute Power (2011)
SoulSpell - Hollow's Gathering (2012)
T&N - Slave to the Empire (2012) - vocals on "Kiss of Death"
Maegi - Skies Fall (2013)
Marius Danielsen - The Legend of Valley Doom Part 1 (2014)
SoulSpell - We Got the Right (Helloween 30 Years Tribute) (2015)
Carthagods - Carthagods (2015) - vocals on "My Favourite Disguise"
Operation: Mindcrime - Resurrection (2015) - vocals on "Taking on the World"
Trick or Treat - Rabbits' Hill Pt. 2 - vocals on "They Must Die"
Europica - Part One (2017) - vocals on "The Patriot" and "Unsounded Crosses"
Metal Allegiance - Metal Allegiance (2016) - co-lead vocals on "We Rock"
Trigger Pig - Sands of Time (Single, 2017) - lead vocals
Jano Baghoumian - "The End of Prance" (symphonic poem album, 2018) - lead vocals
Tourniquet - Gazing at Medusa (album, 2018) - lead vocals on all but the title track
Thousand Oxen Fury - Victory March (2020) - guest vocals on "Sink This Ship, Save My Soul"
Tourniquet - Gethsemane, (single, 2020)
Alogia (band) - Semendria (2020) - guest vocals on "Eternal Fight"
Barry Kuzay - The Movers of the World (2021) - lead vocals on "Wyatt's Torch"
Offensive - Awenasa (2021) - lead vocals on "Blind Ambition"
Leviathan Project - Sound of Galaxies (2021)
Engineered Society Project - Digital Soldiers (2021)
My Own Maker - The Save Word (2021)
Renegade Angel - Damnation (2021) lead and backing vocals on "Damnation"
Pyramid - Validity (2021)
Nergard - Eternal White (2021) - guest vocals on "Now Barely Three"
Ashes of Ares - Emperors And Fools (2022) - guest vocals on "Monster's Lament"
Brutality in Buddha - Crank it up from 9 to 11 (2021) – vocals sung by Ted Wray and Tim Ripper Owens
Thunder Thunder - The Final Vesper (2023)
Steel Project - Beast Vision (single, 2023)
Esprit D'Air - The Trooper (single, 2023) - duet vocals sung by Esprit D'Air and Tim "Ripper" Owens
References
External links
[http://www.joekleon.com/ripper.html 2005 and 2006 radio interviews with Owens]
Owens interviewed by Highwire Daze'' (2006)
"A Metal-Head Becomes A Metal-God. Heavy" – New York Times article on Owens
1967 births
Musicians from Akron, Ohio
American heavy metal singers
American male singers
Judas Priest members
Living people
Singers from Ohio
Iced Earth members
Soulbender members
Charred Walls of the Damned members
Yngwie J. Malmsteen's Rising Force members |
39012896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland%20Flank%20Battery | Cumberland Flank Battery | Cumberland Flank Battery was an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.
Description
The Cumberland Flank Battery was a large battery that was around the docks area and could fire at enemy shipping that approached Gibraltar Harbour. In 1859 there were 32 guns that made up the Cumberland Flank and the New Mole Battery. Today there is a Cumberland Road on the rock to the east of the dockyard which records the battery's name.
References
Batteries in Gibraltar |
14281687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate%20decarboxylase | 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate decarboxylase | The enzyme 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate decarboxylase () catalyzes the chemical reaction
5-guanidino-2-oxo-pentanoate 4-guanidinobutanal + CO2
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-guanidino-2-oxo-pentanoate carboxy-lyase (4-guanidinobutanal-forming). Other names in common use include alpha-ketoarginine decarboxylase, and 2-oxo-5-guanidinopentanoate carboxy-lyase. It has 2 cofactors: thiamin diphosphate, and Divalent cation.
References
EC 4.1.1
Thiamine enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
36415788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Koto%C4%8Dov%C3%A1 | Anna Kotočová | Anna Kotočová ( Janoštinová; born 6 April 1968, in Trstená) is a Slovak former basketball player who competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1988 Summer Olympics, in the 1992 Summer Olympics, and in the 2000 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
People from Trstená
Sportspeople from the Žilina Region
Slovak women's basketball players
Czechoslovak women's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for Czechoslovakia
Olympic basketball players for Slovakia
Basketball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in France
Slovak expatriate basketball people in France |
59815077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compain | Compain | Compain is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Louis Compain (1733 – after 1790), French actor and singer
Louise Compain (1869–1940), French feminist author
Megan Compain (born 1975), New Zealand basketball player who competed in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics |
41713728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goloe%20Pass | Goloe Pass | Goloe Pass (, ‘Prohod Goloe’ \'pro-hod go-'lo-e\) is the ice-covered saddle of elevation 2468 m between Enitsa Peak and Bruguière Peak on the side ridge that trends 9.15 km northeastwards from Mount Giovinetto on the main crest of north-central Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It is part of the glacial divide between Rumyana Glacier to the southeast and Delyo Glacier to the northwest.
The pass is named after the ancient and medieval fortress of Goloe in Southeastern Bulgaria.
Location
Goloe Pass is located at , which is 5.67 km northeast of Mount Giovinetto, 3.7 km west of Debren Pass and 4.12 km north-northwest of Progled Saddle. US mapping in 1961 and 1988.
Maps
Vinson Massif. Scale 1:250 000 topographic map. Reston, Virginia: US Geological Survey, 1988.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly updated.
Notes
References
Goloe Pass. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
External links
Goloe Pass. Copernix satellite image
Ellsworth Mountains
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Mountain passes of Ellsworth Land |
41817543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%20views%20on%20piety | Islamic views on piety | Piety (Sawab) in Islam is one of the most important Islamic ethics. It is called commonly by Muslims taqwa.
In the Quran
In the Quran piety is defined as:
In the Hadith
Piety is defined in the hadith, a collection of Muhammad's sayings. It is reported by An-Nawwas bin Sam'an:
Wabisah bin Ma’bad reported:
See also
Islamic views on sin
References
Islamic ethics
Point of view |
50464183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenoma%20trirecta | Stenoma trirecta | Stenoma trirecta is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found in Brazil.
References
Moths described in 1931
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Stenoma |
32220127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoritarian%20representation | Majoritarian representation | A majoritarian electoral system is an electoral system where the candidate with the most votes takes the seat using the winner-takes-all principle and in this way provides majoritarian representation. However, there are many electoral systems considered majoritarian based on different definitions, including types of at-large majoritarian representation such as block voting or party block voting (general ticket), but district-based majoritarian systems such as first-past-the-post voting (FPTP/SMP). Where two candidates are in the running, the one with the most votes will have a majority, but where there are three or more candidates, it often happens that no candidate takes a majority of the votes (see Plurality (voting)).
Majoritarian representation is applied here to mean district contests, not overall representation. It does not mean the party with the most votes will receive a majority of seats, but under First past the post the party with the most votes does usually take a majority of the seats. Common arguments for or against such systems usually take this into account. One example of a non-plurality (true-majoritarian) winner-takes-all system is Instant-runoff voting. Many consider majoritarian systems to be undemocratic due to their disproportional results, as opposed to systems of proportional representation or justified representation, which aim to provide equal power to votes.
Definition and types
A common, loose definition of modern majoritarian systems is that such electoral systems which aims to provide the winning party (the party with a majority of plurality of votes) with enough seats to have a governing majority in an assembly, or at least one which generally favours strong parties disproportionally (as opposed to proportional representation, which generally aims to provide equal representation for every vote). This definition is more often used in non-scientific discussions about electoral systems.The stricter definition of majoritarian representation is the winners of the election according to the voting system get (may force) all seats up for election in their district, denying representation to all minorities. By definition all single-winner voting systems provide majoritarian representation (but not all use a plurality/majority rule). For multi-winner elections, like electing an assembly of representatives, either the whole assembly can be elected with the whole electorate constituting a single electoral district (at-large majoritarian representation) or the electorate can be divided into majoritarian districts, most often single-member districts (SMDs). Today, the term majoritarian representation on its own refers to systems where the majoritarian principle used in local districts, as these are widely used worldwide.
Majoritarian representation does not mean the party with a plurality or majority always receive a majority of seats, as this is not guaranteed (see Hung parliament) and sometimes the party receiving the most votes get fewer seats than the party with the second most votes (see electoral inversion/majority reversal). This is because modern majoritarian systems use districts, but also because most majoritarian systems focus on individual candidates, instead of political parties. For the systems under which the (relative or absolute) majority wins the election see plurality or majority rule.
The principle of majoritarian democracy does not necessarily imply that a majoritarian electoral system needs to be used, in fact, using proportional systems to elect legislature usually better serve this principle as such aims to ensures that the legislature accurately reflects the whole population, not just the winners of the election and the majority rule is then used within the legislature. The most widely accepted modern views of representative democracy no longer consider majoritarian-at-large representation to be democratic. For this reason, nowadays majoritarian representation is most often used in single-winner districts, which allows nationwide minorities to gain representation if they make up a plurality or majority in at least one district, but some also consider this anti-democratic because of the possibility of an electoral inversion (like in the case of some US presidential elections: 2000, 2016).
Majoritarian and proportional systems are the most commonly used voting system worldwide, followed by mixed electoral systems. which usually combine majoritarian and proportional representation, although there are mixed system that combine two majoritarian systems as well. Majoritarian representation is also contrasted with proportional representation, which provides for representation of political minorities according to their share of the popular vote and semi-proportional representation, which inherently provides for some representation of minorities (at least above a certain threshold). Within mixed systems, mixed-member majoritarian representation (also known as parallel voting) provides semi-proportional representation, as opposed to mixed-member proportional systems.
At-large majoritarian representation
Historically the first multi-winner electoral systems were majoritarian at-large, namely block voting, or more generally the multiple non-transferable vote.
Theory
The majoritarian right was upheld by a large and important group of scholars. Aristotle launched a theory which was later assumed by many Roman thinkers who said that quod maior pars curiae efficit, pro eo habetur ac si omnes egerint (the decision taken by the majority of the senators is valid as it would be approved by all). Jean-Jacques Rousseau, consequently to his concept of general will, said that la voix du plus grand nombre oblige toujours tous les autres (the voice of the greater number ever forces all people). Adhémar Esmein said that if the entire country was a single constituency, the electoral majority would have the right to appoint all the deputies, as it appoints the head of the executive power; even in its extreme consequencies, this system does not cause an injustice to the minority, because the majority obtains no more than its right.
Decline
Quite undisputed until the first half of the 19th century, the classic majoritarian system, sometimes referred as block voting, began to be more and more criticized when great ideological differences arose. Corrections were worldwide progressively introduced in two senses:
a first possibility was to reduce the size of the constituencies, so to divide the election in many local contests, and consequently increase the possibility for the minority to win in some areas. At-large elections were substituted by many multi-member constituencies and, finally, by single-winner electoral districts;
a second possibility was to introduce corrections even still voting at-large or, at least, in multi-member constituencies:
the limited voting system allowed the electors to vote a number of candidates which was lower than the contesting seats (limiting the multiple vote);
the cumulative voting system allowed the electors to concentrate their full share of votes on fewer candidates (keeping the multiple vote, but making it possible to rearrange them);
the single non-transferable vote was the extreme of the limited vote, the elector having a single choice in a multi-member race (abandoning the multiple vote but keeping the non-transferable property);
the preferential block voting system allowed the electors to rank the candidates, imposing a quota to be elected (keeping the multiple vote, but abandoning the non-transferable property);
the single transferable vote limits every voters value to one vote and also imposes a quota (abandoning both the multiple vote and non-transferable property with classical block voting, establishing proportional representation)
The version of block voting using electoral lists instead of individual candidates (general ticket or party block voting) was almost completely replaced by party-list proportional voting systems, which fully abandon the majoritarian criterion in favour of equal representation. However, with the majority bonus or majority jackpot types of mixed system, this type of majoritarianism at-large has partially reappeared in certain electoral systems.
Majoritarian districts
Majoritarian representation using single-winner districts is the most common form of pure majoritarian systems today, of which single-member plurality (SMP), which the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system used to elect members of an assembly is single-winner districts, is most widely used to elect legislatures.
However, due to high disproportionalities, it is also considered undemocratic by many. In Europe only Belarus and the United Kingdom use FPTP/SMP to elect the primary (lower) chamber of their legislature and France uses a two-round system (TRS). All other European countries either use proportional representation or use majoritarian representation as part of a mixed-member majoritarian system (Andorra, Italy, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia and Ukraine) or a mixed-member proportional system (Germany). However, other European countries also occasionally use majoritarian systems (apart from single-winner elections, like presidential or mayoral elections) for elections to the secondary chamber (upper house) of their legislature (Poland) and sub-national (local and regional) elections.
Majoritarian system are much more common outside Europe, particularly in the countries of the former British Empire, like Australia (IRV), Bangladesh, Canada, Egypt, India, Pakistan and the United States (FPTP/SMP).
Nowadays, at-large majoritarian representation is used for national elections only in the Senate of the Philippines, while it is sometimes still used for local elections organised on non-partisan bases. Residual usage in several multi-member constituencies is reduced to the election of the Electoral college of the President of the United States. Block voting is also used to elect a part of the assemblies in the regional elections in Italy and France (in these cases, the majoritarian quota is one of two parts of an additional member system) and in municipal elections for settlements below a population of 10000 people in Hungary.
Countries using majoritarian representation
Below is a table of majoritarian systems currently used on a national level. Single-winner elections (presidential elections) and mixed systems are not included, see List of electoral systems by country for full list of electoral systems.
Key:
Legislative body
Light blue background indicates upper houses of bicameral legislatures, in countries where such a chamber exists, the (usually more important) lower house might be elected with a majoritarian system as well (in which case it is also in the list) or in might be elected with a different system, in which case (the lower house) is not included in the list. See List of electoral systems by country for full list of electoral systems.
Light turquoise background indicates an electoral college elected by a majoritarian system, instead of a chamber of legislature.
Latest election (year), in most cases this election was held under the electoral system indicated, however if the next election is already scheduled to be held under a different system, the new system is indicated and the former system is listed under Notes.
Type of majoritarian system may be
block voting at-large
block voting via multi-member districts or coexistence of multi-member districts and single-winner districts
single-winner districts
or varies by state if different states may set their own system in federal countries
Constituencies indicates if the electoral districts are equivalent to or based on other administrative divisions of the country
Current use
Former use
Countries that replaced majoritarian representation before 1990 are not (yet) included.
See also
Semi-proportional representation
Proportional representation
References
External links
Block voting
Electoral systems
Non-proportional multi-winner electoral systems |
45469437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Wightman | Andy Wightman | Andrew Dearg Wightman is a Scottish Independent politician, who served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Lothian region from 2016 to 2021. He was elected as a member of the Scottish Greens, but resigned from the party in 2020 and served out the rest of his term as an independent. He is also a writer and researcher best known for his work on land ownership in Scotland. He is the author of Who Owns Scotland (1996) and The Poor Had No Lawyers (2015).
Background
Wightman was born in Dundee. He graduated from the University of Aberdeen in 1985 with a degree in forestry. He was a co-founder of Reforesting Scotland, an environmental charity dedicated to substantial reforestation and the promotion of a sustainable forest culture.
He began his career as a scientist working on renewable energy at the University of Aberdeen and then as a Projects Officer with Central Scotland Countryside Trust. He was appointed as the first development officer of Reforesting Scotland in 1991. He became a self-employed writer and researcher in 1993. Over the next 20 years, he contributed to a wide range of debates on land use, land reform, the Crown estate, common good land, local democracy and fiscal reform. Author of a number of reports on these topics, he also served as a Specialist Adviser to the UK Parliament's Scottish Affairs Committee Inquiry on land reform 2014–2015.
He appeared in the documentary You've Been Trumped (2011), which dealt with Donald Trump's controversial golf course development at Balmedie, Aberdeenshire where he advised Michael Forbes on his land dispute with Trump, as well as the 2016 sequel You've Been Trumped Too.
He was coordinator of the Land Action Scotland campaign. The campaign has the stated aim of supporting local residents through seeking to democratise companies that are run by a handful of people who are not living on the land involved.
In February 2015, Wightman was announced as being a member of the Commission on Local Tax Reform. This cross-party group was set up by the Scottish Government, tasked with examining alternatives to the Council Tax. The final report Just Change: A New Approach to Local Taxation was published on 14 December 2015.
Political career
Wightman became a member of the Scottish Greens in 2009. In March 2015, the Scottish Greens balloted their members to select candidates for the 2016 election, and Wightman was placed second on their Lothian list. He was elected as an MSP on 5 May 2016. On 23 May he was announced as the Scottish Greens spokesperson on Communities (including Housing), Land Reform and Local Government.
Wightman was one of a group of Scottish politicians (two MSPs, an MP and three MEPs) who instituted proceedings against HM Government to clarify, through a judgment of the European Court of Justice, whether the Article 50 notice that formally started the Brexit process could be revoked unilaterally by the United Kingdom. In December 2018, the ECJ handed down its Wightman judgment in which it held that the Brexit notification could indeed be revoked unilaterally.
On 18 December 2020, Wightman announced his resignation from the Scottish Greens following a vote on an amendment to the Forensic Medical Services (Victims of Sexual Offences) (Scotland) Bill, alleging that the party was intolerant to discussion of potential clashes between transgender and women's rights. He stated in his resignation letter that voting for the amendment (and against the party whip) would have resulted in "complaints and disciplinary action leading to possible suspension, deselection or expulsion". The Scottish Greens' co-leader Lorna Slater later dismissed the impact of Wightman's resignation, saying in an interview to The Scotsman that although his departure had come as a "massive shock", it wasn't a big issue: "[Wightman] has very specific followers, but most people have no idea who he is." She also said that Wightman had not engaged with women's and LGBT groups within the Scottish Greens before his departure.
In August 2021, Wightman explained in his blog that he resigned from the Greens because he wanted "an environment that is more tolerant, questioning, critical, empathetic and more willing to listen".
Wightman later stood unsuccessfully as an independent candidate for the Highlands and Islands region in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election.
In November 2022, Wightman announced that he would not support a second Scottish independence referendum "until there is sustained support for it".
Published work
From Fraser Darling to Terry Wogan: A Perspective on Scotland's Forests, in Mollison, Denis (ed.) (1992), Wilderness with People: The Management of Wild Land, John Muir Trust, pp. 56 – 63
Scottish Woodlands in a Global Context, in Ashmole, Philip (ed.) (1994), Restoring Borders Woodland, Peeblesshire Environmental Concern, pp. 6 – 10
Who Owns Scotland (Canongate, 1996)
Scotland: Land and Power. An Agenda for Land Reform (Luath, 1999)
The Poor Had No Lawyers (Birlinn Books, Third Edition, 2015)
References
External links
Land Matters Andy Wightman's blog
Who Owns Scotland
Wightman v Brexit Secretary case, European Court of Justice
Living people
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Scottish environmentalists
Scottish writers
Scottish male writers
Scottish politicians
Green MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021
Politicians from Dundee
Land reform in Scotland
1963 births |
4587574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminuendo%20%28album%29 | Diminuendo (album) | Diminuendo is the second album by Lowlife, was released in 1987 in Scotland on the independent label Nightshift Records. The LP was recorded at Palladium Studios in Edinburgh, Scotland, and released in May.
In 2006, LTM Recordings reissued it as a CD with six bonus tracks: two songs from the "Vain Delights" 12" single (1986) and three from the Swirl It Swings EP (1986). The sixth bonus track is "Ramified", which had been specially recorded by the band for Underground Magazine and provided on a free cassette that was included with the debut issue of that publication in 1987.
Track listing
All tracks written by Will Heggie, Craig Lorentson, Stuart Everest and Grant McDowall
"A Sullen Sky" – 4:11
"Big Uncle Ugliness" – 4:06
"Ragged Rise To Tumbledown" – 3:49
"From Side to Side" – 4:26
"Off Pale Yellow" – 4:00
"Tongue Tied and Twisted" – 3:56
"Licking One's Wounds" – 4:34
"Wonders Will Never Cease" – 3:20
"Given To Dreaming" – 3:38
Bonus tracks on 2006 CD reissue
"Hollow Gut" – 4:16
"Permanent Sleep" (Steel Mix) – 4:16
"Eternity Road" (12" Mix) – 3:57
"Swing" – 3:44
"Colours Blue" – 3:22
"Ramified" – 4:13
Personnel
Lowlife
Craig Lorentson - vocals
Stuart Everest - guitar
Will Heggie - bass guitar
Grant McDowall - drums
References
Lowlife (band) albums
1987 albums |
135836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westway%2C%20Texas | Westway, Texas | Westway is a census-designated place (CDP) in El Paso County, Texas, United States. The population was 4,188 at the 2010 census. It is part of the El Paso Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located east of Interstate 10, approximately from the New Mexico - Texas state line. The ZIP Code encompassing the CDP area is 79835.
Geography
Westway is located at (31.959214, -106.574169).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,811 people, 1,092 households, and 796 families residing in the CDP.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,829 people, 912 households, and 850 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,005 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.20% White, 0.47% African American, 0.03% Asian, 0.99% from other races, and 0.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 97.47% of the population.
There were 812 households, out of which 54.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.3% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 6.7% were non-families. 5.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 7.20 and the average family size was 9.36.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 41.2% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 14.8% from 45 to 64, and 4.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,439, and the median income for a family was $25,134. Males had a median income of $19,197 versus $10,157 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $2,636. About 35.2% of families and 36.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.9% of those under age 18 and 27.5% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Westway is served by the Canutillo Independent School District. Davenport Elementary School is located in the community, and it is zoned to Davenport for pre-kindergarten to fifth grades, and to Alderete Middle School in Canutillo for sixth to eighth grades. High school students attend Canutillo High School and may also attend Northwest High School, the district's early-college magnet high school, should they qualify for admission.
References
Census-designated places in El Paso County, Texas
Census-designated places in Texas |
49748570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20Donna | Pure Donna | Pure Donna is the sixth studio album by Filipino singer Donna Cruz, released in the Philippines in 1997 by Viva Records. It was certified platinum a week after it was released, and was certified three-times platinum. The album release coincided with the celebration of Cruz's twentieth birthday.
Background
After the success of Habang May Buhay and Merry Christmas Donna, Cruz began recording songs for her next studio album. By the end of 1996, Cruz was arguably the biggest celebrity in the Philippines, with movies like Muling Umawit ang Puso, Habang May Buhay, Pag-Ibig Ko Sa Iyo'y Totoo and DoReMi performing incredibly well in the local box office. Singles like "Only Me and You", "I Can", and "Wish" have all dominated Philippine radio in 1995, 1996 and 1997.
Several famed producers worked with Cruz on the album, including Trina Belamide (who wrote "Where Could He Be" specifically for Cruz) and Wency Cornejo, who wrote "Sa Ngalan ng Pag-ibig". Vehnee Saturno co-wrote and produced Cruz's remake of the Jaya hit "Dahil Tanging Ikaw". A Taglish version of "Wish" (written by Mike Shepstone and Stephen M. Singer) which was a hit for both Cruz and American singer Jason Everly (son of Phil Everly of The Everly Brothers) and the acoustic solo version of "I Can" were both included in the album. Cruz also recorded a Tagalog version of the Southern All Stars hit "Manatsu no Kajitsu" which was entitled "Isang Tanong, Isang Sagot".
For the promotional campaign of the album, Cruz decided to create music videos for the songs she chose for the album. Songs which she shot music videos included "Where Could He Be", "Hang On" "Somewhere", "Sa Ngalan ng Pag-ibig", "I Can" and "Four Reasons". The music videos created were all shown in the television special Pure Donna, which eventually won Best Musical Special in the 1997 Aliw Awards.
Singles
Pure Donna generated the most singles from any of Cruz's albums. Her remake of "Dahil Tanging Ikaw" was the love theme for the movie of the same name, in which Cruz played twins separated at birth. "Hang On" was released as a promotional second single during the album's release. "Isang Tanong, Isang Sagot" was released as the third single, and was also the theme song of Cruz's last film (with the same title) before her official hiatus. "I Will Be Here to Stay" was released as the fourth single while "Ikaw Lang ang Mahal" was the fifth and final single from the album.
Track listing
References
1997 albums
Donna Cruz albums |
26582105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson%20Oni | Samson Oni | Samson Oni (born 25 June 1981) is a Nigerian-English high jumper.
Early in his career Oni won the 2001 AAA Indoor Championships while representing Nigeria. He also competed in the 2007 European Indoor Championships, the 2008 World Indoor Championships, and the 2009 European Indoor Championships without reaching the final. He then finished seventh at the 2010 World Indoor Championships.
His personal best jump is 2.30 meters, achieved in June 2008 in Birmingham, England. He has 2.31 meters on the indoor track, achieved in March 2010 in Banská Bystrica. However, he achieved a personal best of 2.37 meters in practice before the Olympics.
References
1981 births
Living people
English sportspeople of Nigerian descent
English male high jumpers
Commonwealth Games competitors for England
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games |
33651346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle%20Borax%20Works | Eagle Borax Works | The Eagle Borax Works in Death Valley, California was established near Bennetts Well in 1882 by Isidore Daunet, J.M. McDonald, M. Harmon and C.C. Blanch to mine the borate deposits that Daunet discovered there in 1880. The partnership established the first borax works in the valley. Partly refined borax was hauled to Daggett, California through the Panamint Valley using 12-mule teams hauling two wagons. The extraction business operated until 1884 when problems mounted and Daunet killed himself. The property eventually passed to the U.S. Borax Company, which kept it as a mining reserve, then to Borax Consolidated, Ltd. in 1922. The property was sold to the Death Valley Hotel Company in 1956, and finally to the National Park Service.
Little remains of the structures but ruins. The works originally included a boiler, a tank for dissolved borax, and open tanks for crystallization of the borax. A stone building stood nearby to house the workers. The boiler fire box remains, along with an earth mound at the site of the building.
Isidore Daunet
Isidore Daunet (1850–1884) was a French emigrant to the United States, who arrived at the age of ten, coming to San Francisco and becoming a prospector at the age of 13. Daunet discovered the borax deposit during a disastrous 1880 crossing of Death Valley, in which three of his companions died, and Daunet survived only by killing one of the party's animals and drinking its blood. After establishing the borax company in 1882, he fell into business trouble. His wife gave notice of her intention to divorce him, and Daunet was swindled out of $11,000. He committed suicide in May 1884.
The site of the borax works was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974. The site is within Death Valley National Park.
See also
Harmony Borax Works, a more intact example of a borax works, also in Death Valley
References
Death Valley
Mining in California
Geography of Inyo County, California
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Pre-statehood history of California
Protected areas of the Mojave Desert
Borax mines
Industrial buildings completed in 1882
Mines in California
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Inyo County, California
National Register of Historic Places in Death Valley National Park
1882 establishments in California |
55304897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangelia%20scabra | Mangelia scabra | Mangelia scabra is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.
This is a provisory name and is in need of reassessment.
Description
(Original description) The oblong shell is yellowish white. It contains six or seven whorls, tapering and rounded. Each whorl is marked with twelve rather oblique, longitudinal ribs. These are crossed by about the same number of raised transverse striae which produce tubercles at the point of junction and are of purplish brown colour. The suture is rather deep and well-defined, showing the gradual formation and prolongation of the slit. The aperture is oblong. The siphonal canal is short. There is no umbilicus. The transverse striae give the shell a scabrous appearance.
Distribution
This marine species occurs off Scotland, UK.
References
External links
Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1–1295.
scabra
Gastropods described in 1847 |
36115056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal%20Stadium%20of%20Edessa | Municipal Stadium of Edessa | Municipal Stadium of Edessa is a multi-choice stadium based in Edessa. The stadium's main stand consists of 6,000 chairs but when Edessaikos F.C. was playing in the Greek Superleague the stadium often accommodated about 10,000 fans. In the stadium also participating athletics since has appropriate facilities. Moreover, the stadium contains the old Basketball court of Edessa and the municipal gym and a small grass area in back of the unused rear stand. The stadium is located in the center of the city.
Multi-purpose stadiums in Greece
Football venues in Greece
Sports venues in Central Macedonia
Buildings and structures in Edessa, Greece |
55984143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye%20Fire | Rye Fire | The Rye Fire was a wildfire that burned in Santa Clarita, California, in the United States, and one of multiple wildfires that broke out across Southern California in December 2017. The fire threatened over 5,000 structures, including Six Flags Magic Mountain, threatened the city of Santa Clarita and impacted traffic on Interstate 5. The Rye Fire burned a total of , before it was fully contained on December 12. The fire destroyed six buildings, including minor structures located at the Peter J. Pitchess Detention Center.
Events
The Rye Fire, was reported as a small brush fire at 9:32 AM PST on December 5, 2017, on Rye Canyon Loop in Santa Clarita, California. The fire was named for Rye Canyon Loop where it originated. That day, Highway 5 was closed in both directions and Rye Canyon Loop was evacuated, as well as the entire community of Westridge, totaling 1,300 homes. Rancho Pico Junior High and West Ranch High schools in the William S. Hart Union High School District were evacuated to College of the Canyons and Saugus Union School District evacuated West Creek Academy. Valencia High School was also evacuated. The fire interrupted production of television programs S.W.A.T. and Westworld. Electricity was also interrupted for over 2,000 customers.
School resumed on Wednesday, December 6, after evacuation orders for the Westridge Valencia neighborhood were lifted the evening of December 5. However, Simi Valley Unified School District closed all schools on Wednesday due to poor air quality. The fire continued to grow and by December 7 one structure had been destroyed and California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) has expressed concern about strong offshore winds which could cause the fire to grow. Power went out for over 8,880 customers. One firefighter was injured and airlifted to a burn center. Overnight, no fire growth was observed by Cal Fire and firefighters continued to mop up the fire and maintain perimeters.
By the morning of December 8, power had been restored to all customers in the area. On December 9, firefighters continued to mop up the area and keep the fire within the perimeter, bolstering containment lines. During an evaluation of the Peter J. Pitchess Detention Center, they discovered that minor structures were damaged or destroyed, bringing the total destroyed buildings to six and damaged structures to three. All evacuation orders were lifted by December 9. The Rye Fire burned , and threatened 5,460 structures. On December 12, the Rye Fire was fully contained, with no further increases in size. At its height, over 900 fire personnel fought the Rye Fire. The cause of the fire remains under investigation.
See also
2017 California wildfires
December 2017 Southern California wildfires
October 2007 California wildfires
Santa Ana winds
References
External links
SDSC WiFire Interactive Map - San Diego Supercomputer Center
2017 California wildfires
December 2017 Southern California wildfires
Wildfires in Los Angeles County, California
December 2017 events in the United States
Santa Clarita, California
2017 in Los Angeles County, California |
3906975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%20Yuen%20Street | Fa Yuen Street | Fa Yuen Street () is a street between Boundary Street and Dundas Street in Mong Kok, Kowloon, Hong Kong. With over fifty stores selling sport shoes, the street is famous for selling sport gear and is known as Sport Shoes Street or Sneaker Street (波鞋街). Fa Yuen (花園) means "garden" in Cantonese.
A much debated project of the Urban Renewal Authority may modify the street substantially.
History
During the Ming Dynasty (A.D 1368-AD. 1644) and the Qing Dynasty (AD 1644-AD 1911), Fa Yuen Street was a place of growing flowers, that belonged to Mong Kok village at that time.
Characteristics
Fa Yuen Street is a retail street with shops and hawker stalls selling bargain-priced fashion and casual wear for men, women and children and they usually open between 10:30 and 22:30 daily.
At one point of Fa Yuen Street, the road is closed off to private cars for the convenience of the fresh produce market, which sells a variety of exotic fruits and vegetables in the middle of the street. Directly adjacent to these produce stalls, located on the ground floors of the buildings lining Fa Yuen Street, are the cheapest clothing boutiques.
2011 fire
On 30 November 2011, the fire broke out at a hawker stall that spread to a housing flat resulting in 9 deaths and 34 injured. The density of the market and residential buildings make this area prone to such fire tragedies.
See also
Ho King Commercial Building
Tung Choi Street
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
External links
Mong Kok
Roads in Kowloon |
23899352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20European%20Junior%20Baseball%20Championship | 2007 European Junior Baseball Championship | The 2007 European Junior Baseball Championship was an international baseball competition held at Sportpark De Groote Wielen in Rosmalen, The Netherlands from July 30 to August 5, 2007. It featured teams from Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia and Spain.
In the end the team from Italy won the tournament.
Group stage
Pool A
Standings
Game results
Pool B
Standings
Game results
Final round
9th place
7th place
5th place
Semi-finals
3rd place
Final
Final standings
External links
Official Website Host
Game Results
References
European Junior Baseball Championship
2007
European Junior Baseball Championship |
56159076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely%20%28Jonghyun%20song%29 | Lonely (Jonghyun song) | "Lonely" is a song by South Korean singer-songwriter Jonghyun featuring Taeyeon, a member of girl group Girls' Generation. It was released on April 24, 2017 through SM Entertainment, and served as the lead single for his second compilation album, Story Op.2. It was written, composed and arranged by Jonghyun in collaboration with Wefreaky, Monotree and Imlay. "Lonely" was the last single released by Jonghyun during his lifetime and experienced a surge in popularity following his death by suicide on December 18, 2017, reaching number one on Gaon Digital Chart. It has come to be viewed as emblematic of his struggles with mental health.
Background and release
On April 19, 2017, SM Entertainment announced that Jonghyun would be releasing his new song "Lonely" on April 24, and that it was to be a duet with Taeyeon, with whom Jonghyun had previously collaborated for the 2014 SM the Ballad song "Breath". It would serve as the title track to Jonghyun's new compilation album, Story Op.2, a follow-up to 2015's Story Op.1. Unlike his other releases, which present an "idealized" version of himself, the songs on the Story Op albums are intended to showcase a side of Jonghyun that is "more ordinary and human". A teaser was released on April 21 on the SM Town YouTube channel, followed by the subsequent release of the song and its music video three days later. The music video, which was filmed in Los Angeles, depicts Jonghyun alone on the beach and in a large house, conveying feelings of emptiness. "Lonely" was not promoted on music shows; however, Jonghyun and Taeyeon performed the song live on You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook on May 13 in what would be their only joint performance. Jonghyun later performed the song by himself at his solo concert The Agit.
Composition
"Lonely" was written, composed and arranged by Jonghyun. Wefreaky, Monotree and Imlay also made contributions to the composition and arrangement. It has been described as "a heartbreaking, piano-guided midtempo ballad that reflects on the feelings of things never getting better amid a sense of immense loneliness." Jonghyun wrote "Lonely" expressly because he wanted to sing with Taeyeon, and tailored the song's composition to her. He said, "I wanted to take the aura that she has, where she’s a bright and happy person with a sensitive and lonely side as well, and put that in the lyrics. I thought of her while I was writing the lyrics and melody." It is structured as though Jonghyun and Taeyeon are in conversation with each other. Despite the simple instrumentation and relative lack of high notes, the song expresses desperate emotion. The lyrical content drew increased attention following Jonghyun's suicide, and was re-examined by fans and journalists for signs of loneliness and depression.
Commercial performance
Upon its release, "Lonely" was a moderate success, debuting at number 18 on Gaon Digital Chart. However, it quickly rose to the top of multiple domestic and international charts following Jonghyun's death on December 18, 2017. "Lonely" re-entered Gaon that week at number one, becoming Jonghyun's second song to top the chart after 2015's "Deja-Boo". It also reached new peaks on the Billboard K-pop Hot 100 and World Digital Song Sales, charting at number four and number six, respectively, and sold 1,000 downloads in the US in the week ending December 21. As of December 2017, "Lonely" has sold 331,742 downloads in South Korea.
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Melon.
Jonghyun – vocals, lyrics, composition, arrangement
Taeyeon – vocals
Wefreaky – composition, arrangement
Monotree – composition, arrangement
Imlay – composition, arrangement
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
Release history
References
2017 singles
2017 songs
SM Entertainment singles
Songs written by Kim Jong-hyun (singer)
Korean-language songs
Gaon Digital Chart number-one singles |
7427536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio%20Peixoto | Maurício Peixoto | Maurício Matos Peixoto, (April 15, 1921, in Fortaleza, Ceará – April 28, 2019, in Rio de Janeiro), was a Brazilian engineer and mathematician. He pioneered the studies on structural stability, and was the author of Peixoto's theorem.
Biography
Maurício Peixoto, born in Fortaleza in 1921 to José Carlos de Matos Peixoto and Violeta Rodrigues Peixoto, pursued a career in mathematics since his adolescence. To fulfill his goal, Peixoto enrolled in engineering at the School of Engineering of the current Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).
While still working at the School of Engineering around 1955, Peixoto came into contact with the work of De Baggis, a student of Solomon Lefschetz. Through this work, he learnt about the problem of structural stability of dynamical systems. After some correspondence with Solomon Lefschetz regarding this problem, Peixoto was invited and went to Princeton University in 1957 to work as Lefschetz's student on the topic of structural stability of differential equations. Despite of the great age difference (Peixoto was 36 years old and Lefschetz was 73 years old), Peixoto and Lefschetz became good friends.
Once, while talking with Lefschetz, Peixoto commented that no one cared about structural stability of dynamical systems and that was the main problem in working with it. But to Peixoto's surprise Lefschetz's answer was no less than "No Mauricio, this is no trouble, this is your luck. Try to work as hard and as fast as you can on this subject because the day will come when you will not understand a single word of what they will be saying about structural stability; this happened to me in topology."
With Lefschetz incentive, Peixoto wrote his first paper on structural stability, that would be later published on the Annals of Mathematics, of which Lefschetz was editor. In 1958, they went to the International Mathematical Congress, in Edinburgh, Scotland, where Lefschetz introduced Peixoto to the Russian mathematician Lev Pontryagin, whose work on dynamical systems was used by Peixoto as a basis for his studies. Pontryagin, though, showed no interest whatsoever in Peixoto's work.
Back to Princeton, Peixoto met Steve Smale, the mathematician that would later become a reference in dynamical systems. Smale was interested in Peixoto's work and realized he could extend his own based on it. Their contact intensified and, when Peixoto came back to Brazil, the American mathematician spent six months at the Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics or IMPA) at Rio de Janeiro. Through Smale, Peixoto would meet the French mathematician René Thom, who would help Peixoto to formulate his theorem, that was finalized during Thom's visit to IMPA.
Awards
For his theorem, Peixoto won the Bunge Foundation Award in the year of 1969. According to Bunge Foundation, "the theorem of Peixoto on the structural stability in two-dimensional varieties inspired the mathematician S. Smale to create the general theory of dynamic systems".
In 1986, Peixoto was awarded the TWAS Prize by the Third World Science Academy, "for his fundamental and pioneer studies on structural stability in dynamical systems, in particular for proving that surface flows are generically structurally stable."
Personal life
Peixoto married engineer and mathematician Marília Magalhães Chaves (who was known professionally by her married name) Marília Chaves Peixoto in 1946, with whom he had two children, Marta and Ricardo. The couple collaborated in their work, jointly published "Structural Stability in the plane with enlarged boundary conditions" in 1959, before Marília Chaves Peixoto's early death in 1961. It would be a key paper which led to the development of Peixoto's theorem.
References
1921 births
2019 deaths
People from Fortaleza
20th-century Brazilian mathematicians
Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada researchers
TWAS laureates |
35292007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%20m%C3%A2inile%20curate | Cu mâinile curate | Cu mâinile curate (With Clean Hands) is a 1972 Romanian crime thriller film directed by and starring Sergiu Nicolaescu.
Plot
Set in post war Romania, Roman Mihai, a communist who was tortured by the fascists during the war, is now a police detective determined to rid his city of gangsters and black marketeers. Commissioner Roman is introduced as a rookie detective.
Cast
Nita Anastase as Alexe
Ion Apahideanu as policeman
Sergiu Nicolaescu as Commissioner Tudor Miclovan
Corina Chiriac as singer
Ilarion Ciobanu as Mihai Roman
George Constantin as Semaca
Stelian Cremenciuc as Scorțea's man
Gheorghe Dinică as Lăscărică
as Ștefan Patulea
as Puiu Scorțea
as Bleoarcä
as Mrs. Patulea
as Burdujel
Aimée Iacobescu as Charlotte
Sebastian Papaiani as Fane Oarcă
Ștefan Mihăilescu-Brăila as Buciurligă
as Niculae Popa
as Șchiopu
as guard
as Semaca's man
References
External links
1972 films
1970s buddy cop films
1970s crime thriller films
Romanian crime thriller films
1970s Romanian-language films
Films set in Bucharest
Films set in 1945
Films directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu |
6636707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Asia%20%28album%29 | East Asia (album) | East Asia is the 20th studio album recorded by Japanese singer-songwriter Miyuki Nakajima, released in October 1992.
The album features "Shallow Sleep (Asai Nemuri)", a hit single released in July 1992. Nakajima wrote the song as a theme for Shin'ai Naru Mono e, a television drama that she made guest appearance as a doctor. Shin'ai Naru Mono e's themes song peaked at No. 2 on the Japan's Oricon chart in summer of 1992, and thus became her first single. This song has sold more than a million copies.
Prior to the release of the album Shin'ai Naru Mono e, the songs "Two Boats" and "Haginohara" were already performed on Yakai, which are experimental theaters Nakajima has performed annually since 1989.
"Thread (Ito)" is a love song Nakajima dedicated to Zenji Nakayama, a later leader of Tenrikyo who got married at that time. In 1998, it was featured on the television drama Seija no Koushin and was also released as a double A-Side single with "Another Name for Life". This song has become well known through a cover version recorded by the Bank Band, a project which Kazutoshi Sakurai and Takeshi Kobayashi launched for a charity. Their interpretation, featuring Sakurai's vocals, was included on their 2004 Soushi Souai album.
In December 1992, East Asia won the 34th Japan Record Awards for 10 Excellent Albums, which is a prize that honors ten exceptional studio albums.
Track listing
All songs written and composed by Miyuki Nakajima, arranged by Ichizo Seo (except "East Asia" co-arranged by David Campbell)
"East Asia" – 6:48
"" – 4:39
"" – 5:21
"" – 6:35
"" – 6:49
"" – 4:49
"" – 4:39
"" – 8:12
"" – 5:07
Personnel
Miyuki Nakajima – lead and backing vocals
Hideo Yamaki – drums
Eiji Shimamura – drums
Jun Aoyama – drums programming
Kenji Takamizu – electric bass
Yasuo Tomikura – electric bass
Chiharu Mikuzuki – electric bass
Tsuyoshi Kon – electric guitar, pedal steel guitar
Takayuki Hijikata – electric guitar
Shigeru Suzuki – electric guitar
Chuei Yoshikawa – acoustic guitar
Elton Nagata – acoustic piano, keyboards
Yasuharu Nakanishi – acoustic piano, keyboards
Nobuo Kurata – acoustic piano, keyboards, synth bass
Nobu Saito – percussion
Toshihiko Furumura – alto sax
Joe's Group – strings
Neko Saito Group – strings
Syd Page Group – strings
Keishi Urata – computer programming
Nobuhiko Nakayama – computer programming
Tatsuhiko Mori – computer programming
Ichizo Seo – computer programming, backing vocals
Yuiko Tsubokura – backing vocals, featuring vocals on "Two Boats"
Kazuyo Sugimoto – backing vocals, featuring vocals on "Two Boats"
Keiko Wada – backing vocals
Yoko Yamauchi – backing vocals
Raven Kane – backing vocals
Julia Waters – backing vocals
Maxine Waters – backing vocals
Akiya – backing vocals
Production
Recording engineer: Tad Goto
Additional engineers: Takanobu Ichikawa, Ray Blair
Assiatant engineers: Yutaka Uematsu, Yoshiyuki Yokoyama, Hajime Nagai, Masataka Itoh, Takamasa Kido, Naomi Matsuo, Nobuhiko Nakayama, Tomotaka Takehara, Masashi Kudo, Shouji Sekine, Kenji Nakamura, Jim Gillens
Mixing engineers: Tad Goto, Joe Chiccarelli
Assistants for the mixing engineer: Tomotaka Takehara, Jamie Seyberth
Music coordinators: Koji Kimura, Fumio Miyata, Tomoko Takaya, Ruriko Duer
Art direction and photographer: Jin Tamura
Cover designer: Hirofumi Arai
Illustrator: Shigeko Kashima
Hair and make-up: Noriko Izumisawa
Artist management: Kouji Suzuki
Assistant: Maki Nishida
Management desk: Atsuko Hayashi
General management: Takahiro Uno
Promoter: Tadayoshi Okamoto, Shoko Aoki. Narihiko Yoshida
Artists and repertoire: Yuzo Watanabe, Koichi Suzuki
Assistant for the record producer: Tsuyoshi Ito
Promoter for the recording artist: Yoshio Kan
Dad: Genichi Kawakami
Mastering at Future Disc Systems in Los Angeles, by Tom Baker
Chart positions
Album
Singles
Awards
Release history
References
Miyuki Nakajima albums
1992 albums
Pony Canyon albums |
59145756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20White%20%28British%20Army%20officer%29 | Martin White (British Army officer) | Major-General Sir Martin Spencer White, KCVO, CB, CBE, CStJ (born 25 March 1944) is a senior British Army officer who served as Lord Lieutenant of the Isle of Wight from 2006 to 2019; he had previously been Vice-Lieutenant since 1999. He stepped down as Lord Lieutenant in March 2019.
He was commissioned into the Royal Army Service Corps in 1964 and, among other units, he commanded the Logistic Support Group between 1987 and 1989 and the Force Maintenance Area during the Gulf War (1990–91); he was Director of Support for the Allied Land Forces Central Europe from 1993 to 1995 (he was also promoted to Major-General in 1993), and Director-General of Logistic Support for the British Army from 1995 to 1998. He also served as Colonel Commandant of the Royal Logistic Corps from 1998 to 2009, and has worked in advisory roles for various private sector companies since 1999. In 1991, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and seven years later a Companion of the Order of the Bath; in the 2018 Birthday Honours he was also appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.
References
Living people
1944 births
Royal Army Service Corps officers
Lord Lieutenants of the Isle of Wight
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Corps of Transport officers
Royal Logistic Corps officers
British Army major generals
British Army personnel of the Gulf War |
22498205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia%20Italiana%20Thailand | Accademia Italiana Thailand | Accademia Italiana Thailand is a fashion and design institute founded in 2006 in Bangkok's Watthana District.
Accademia Italiana Thailand no longer carries out any type of academic activity.
External links
Official website (Italy)
Design schools
Education in Bangkok
Educational institutions established in 2006
2006 establishments in Thailand |
7381051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20High%20School%20%28Washington%2C%20Iowa%29 | Washington High School (Washington, Iowa) | Washington High School is the rural public high school in Washington, Iowa. It is a member of the Washington Community School District. The building was built in 1918 and is still currently used. Construction of a new building conjoined with the existing junior high began in July 2010 with an estimated completion date set for Fall 2012, 96 years after the opening of the present structure. The school runs on block schedule with 4, 86-minute blocks. The year is divided up into 4 Academic terms. The average graduating class is around 110 students.
Demon athletics has long been a strong competitor in the area, having participated in state championships in several sports. The school's yearbook staffers have won several state and national awards over the years. WHS's Physics Olympics team took first place in the state competition in 2010.
Many graduates of the school go on to 2-year community colleges or 4-year public or private institutions in the area.
Athletics
The Demons compete in the Southeast Conference in the following sports:
Baseball (boys)
Basketball (boys and girls)
Boys' 1986 Class 2A State Champions
Girls' - 3-time Class 3A State Champions(1999, 2000, 2001)
Cross Country (boys and girls)
Football
Golf (boys and girls)
2008 Class 1A Coed State Champions
Girls - Class 3A State Champions (2007,2008,2021)
Soccer (boys and girls)
Softball (girls)
Swimming (boys and girls)
Tennis (boys and girls)
Track and Field (boys and girls)
Boys' 1998 3A State Champions
Volleyball (girls)
Wrestling
See also
List of high schools in Iowa
Notable alumni
(Class of 1923)
References
External links
Washington, Iowa
Public high schools in Iowa
Schools in Washington County, Iowa
1912 establishments in Iowa |
53523835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear-syrup%20candy | Pear-syrup candy | Pear-syrup candy, also known as lígāotáng () or líqīnggāo (), is a traditional medicine and confection from eastern area of the Jiangnan region of China, where it was traditionally used to relieve coughing, reduce sputum, and stimulate appetite. It has a crystal clear colour. Its main components are pear juice, honey and various kinds of herbs. With modern medical science, it is now rarely used to treat coughing; pear-syrup candy has become a souvenir and a snack, and is a part of Jiangnan culture.
History
Ancient
The history of pear-syrup candy can be traced back to 634 (the Tang Zhenguan Eighth Year). According to legend, the mother of Wei Zheng (a renowned official of the Tang dynasty) suffered from a cough, so the imperial court sent imperial physicians to treat her. However, Wei's mother felt that the medicines were too bitter to take, and so she failed to take them on time, and thus curing her took a long time. For this reason, Wei Zheng decided to make his own medicine, combining almond, chuanbei (bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae), tuckahoe, and juhong (red tangerine peel), and adding the combination to pear syrup, and finally decocting the whole thing into paste. Wei's mother took the medicine and was soon cured. After that, Wei shared this prescription to the public, and not only the upper classes but ordinary people produced it, so the method of making the candy became widespread.
During the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), the production and sales of pear-syrup candy normalized, becoming a huge industry. In Luoyang, the western capital, there were countless shops selling it, and the production technology was quite mature. After the Jingkang incident in 1127, many of the craftspeople involved in its production moved to the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), in the south of China. They passed through Yangzhou and settled down in Hangzhou, the Southern Song capital. Thus, pear-syrup candy appeared in Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, and nearby areas. The candy has remained popular throughout Jiangnan since that time.
Modern
In modern times, pear-syrup candy has developed into Shanghai style, Suzhou style, Hangzhou style, Yangzhou style, and Ningbo style; these styles have mingled and were popular in Shanghai. The prosperity of the Shanghai pear-syrup candy industry started in the mid nineteenth century. In 1855, Zhupinzhai, the first pear-candy shop in Chenghuang Miao in Shanghai opened. In 1882, Yongsheng Tang, the second pear-syrup candy shop in the Old Chenglong Miao opened. In 1904, Deshengtang, the third pear-syrup candy shop opened in the north of the Old Chenglong Miao. These shops were the three most important in fierce competition which stimulated the rapid development of the ligaotang industry, helping it reach the peak of its manufacture. In production, the shops insisted on producing hand-made products based on the shop's secret recipe, with homology of medicine and food. In addition to the medical ligaotang, there were other kinds with mint, pine nut, dried meat floss, or rose. All were popular among tea drinkers and the audiences of story-telling houses.
In 1956, the Chinese Communist Party initiated a public-private partnership. Zhupinzhai, Yongshengtang, and Deshengtang were merged and transferred to the Shanghai Pear-Syrup Candy Food Factory (上海梨膏糖食品厂), which became the leading corporation in pear-syrup candy production in China. It is now a holding subsidiary corporation of Yuyuan Tourist Mart, a local listed enterprise in Shanghai. Modern factories divide ligaotang into two types: food-oriented and medicine-oriented. The food-oriented type consists of Chinese herbs and natural ingredients, with dozens of flavors such as mint, Chinese cymbidium, shrimp, walnut, kumquat, dried meat floss, almond, ginkgo, ham, peanut, pine nut, rose, sweet-scented osmanthus, sweet bean paste, etc. The medicine-oriented pear-syrup candy gains the production validation approved by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (MOH). Pear-syrup candies with colloidal medicine, grain-like electuaries, cough reduction, various herbs, and Sichuan fritillary bulbs all contribute to treating cough, tracheitis, asthma, and other illnesses to some extent.
Medicinal value
The candy contains calcium, potassium, iron and other micronutrients that the human body needs. It also contains nutrients including carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, ascorbic acid, etc. Traditional pear-syrup candy is made from loquat or fresh pear, along with almond, jiegeng (桔梗, Platycodon grandiflorus, Chinese bellflower), tuckahoe, banxia (半夏, Pinellia ternata), donghua (冬花, flos farfarae/coltsfoot/Tussilago farfara), qianhu (前胡, common hogfennel root; Peucedanum praeruptorum), juhong (橘红, red tangerine peel), beimu (贝母, Fritillaria thunbergii), other medicines, and sugar. In some recipes, it also contains pangdahai (Scaphium scaphigerum) and honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), functioning to clear and nourish the throat, relieve coughing and reduce sputum.
The medical value of modern pear-syrup candy has been reduced. Except those factories with a long history which were permitted by the MOH to manufacture medicinal ligaotang, ordinary factories can only produce food-oriented pear-syrup candy. The MOH and China Food and Drug Administration have stipulated that food and medicines must be sold separately. They also pointed out that manufacturers should try to avoid using medical ingredients in food or materials of medicine food homology. In the Law of Food Safety of People's Republic of China (《中华人民共和国食品安全法》) and Measures of Banning Medicine Adding in Food and Health Management (《禁止食品加药卫生管理办法》), it has been stated that food manufacturers cannot add medicines to food although some traditional food have edible medicinal ingredients. In labelling pear-syrup candy, it is banned to claim that it can relieve cough or reduce sputum, and neither terms like 'dietetic food' nor 'health food' can be used.
Cultural influences
Production process performance
In the past, pear-syrup candy production could be a kind of performance, with two main types: Wenmai, which was artistic, and Wumai, which was similar to martial arts. The former one is also called Cuomu (锉木), sometimes involving the singing of local music. Thus, it attracted crowds and provided people with understanding of the process. Wenmai became a special selling method among Shanghai retailers.
The "Xiaorehun" Rap
Wumai is also called "Luobang", which is a selling method in the form of rap. Rapping and peddling in various dialects, it won popular favour. Vendors' raps included when they had something new to sell, as they moved from street to street. Among these vendors, Chen Changsheng (stage name: Xiao Deli) was the most famous, considered representative of ligaotang sellers in Suzhou. After him, Du Baolin created something new based on Chen's creation. He added criticisms of politics and satire of officials. To avoid trouble from the government, he called himself "Xiaorehun", asserting that all he said was nonsense, and it was needless for officials to worry about it. Du Baolin's "Xiaorehun" rap became popular in Hangzhou. Later, he came to Shanghai seeking new opportunities, and became a famous comedian in Shanghai in 1920s. "Xiaorehun" then became an alternative name for pear-syrup candy. In 1958, Wu Jingshou (Stage name: Xiao Mingli), current Vice Director of Changzhou Folk Arts Sodality, and Bao Yunfei (stage name: Xiao Delin), established a Rap and Candy-selling Cooperation of Street Artists in the East Avenue in Changzhou, which helped spread the "Xiaorehun" culture in Suzhou. Wumai in Yangzhou was also interesting. Typically two people worked together at a time, and pairs of men and women pushed wheelbarrows and walked along the streets. They sold candies in crowded places and sang Xiaodiao (Yangzhou folk songs) to attract customers. Xiaodiao was clear and easy to understand, a bit like a roundelay, which often won laughter from the audience.
Some folklore experts consider that "Xiaorehun" has greatly contributed to the forming and development of Shanghai Dujiaoxi ("funny drama"). Furthermore, the fact that "Xiaorehun" artists were brave enough to express their ideas on politics openly can be regarded as an awakening of public awareness of fighting for the right of speech.
Nonmaterial Cultural Heritage
Shanghai City, Jiangsu Province, and Zhejiang Province all listed the performance of "Xiaorehun" or the production process of pear-syrup candy in their provincial level directory of nonmaterial cultural heritage. Shanghai government listed the making process of ligaotang into the Second Nonmaterial Cultural Heritage list of Shanghai. Jiangsu Province listed both Changzhou "Xiaorehun" and Changzhou style making process of ligaotang into the Nonmaterial Cultural Heritage list of Jiangsu Province. Zhejiang Province listed "Xiaorehun" into the First Nonmaterial Cultural Heritage of Zhejiang Province.
Brands
Famous Chinese brands of pear-syrup candy currently produced include Caizhi Zhai and City God Temple of Shanghai by the Shanghai Pear-Syrup Candy Food Factory.
References
Antitussives
Chinese confectionery
Chinese desserts
Pear dishes |
21382399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezs%C5%91%20Wani%C3%A9 | Rezső Wanié | Rezső Wanié (12 April 1908 – 9 April 1986) was a Hungarian swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Szeged. In the 1928 he was a member of the Hungarian team which finished fourth in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay event. In the 100 m freestyle competition he was eliminated in the semi-finals and in the 400 m freestyle contest he was eliminated in the first round.
External links
Rezső Wanié's profile at Sports Reference.com
1908 births
1986 deaths
Hungarian male swimmers
Hungarian male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Hungary
Swimmers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Sportspeople from Szeged |
64832132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Tilton | Roger Tilton | Roger Tilton (1924-2011) was an American filmmaker and documentarian. Tilton has been recognized as a pioneer in the development of IMAX large screen film format due to his work in the Omnimax format in the 1970s and 1980s.
Background
Roger Tilton was born in East St. Louis in 1924. During World War II, Tilton served as a combat merchant marine in the U.S. Navy. He received a Bachelor of Arts from Stanford University, a Master of Arts from Columbia University, and a Master of Fine Arts from the University of Iowa. In the 1950s, Tilton taught film at Columbia University and the City College of New York.
Career
In the 1950s, Roger Tilton founded a film company named Roger Tilton Films, Inc. Roger Tilton was an innovator in the development of Omnimax film technology. In 1968, Tilton was awarded at the Atlanta Film Festival. In addition to his work in cinema, Tilton also directed advertisements for television.
Jazz Dance
In his 1954 film Jazz Dance, Tilton attempted to illustrate jazz music through film. In 2002, David Butler wrote that Tilton conceived Jazz Dance "as a response to the fact that 'so many films on jazz have been phony, plaster-of-Paris glamorizations of jazz. What is needed is a film which will let people experience real jazz.'" The soundtrack to the film features American jazz musicians Willie "The Lion" Smith, Pee Wee Russell, and Pops Foster.
Pilots North
Tilton's 1981 documentary Pilots North discusses bush pilots in the Canadian North. Following its release, the Edmonton Journal wrote that Pilots North "recalls a bold era" with "breath-taking photography." The Edmonton Journal also celebrated the film for depicting how "pilot navigators challenged the elements to supply and service the inhabitants of the [Canadian] North and open the way for present aerial routes linking Eastern and Western Canada with the North and Far South." Pilots North was narrated by Lanny Lee Hagen and Canadian aviator Stanley Ransom McMillan worked as a technical advisor for the film. The score to the film was written by Canadian composer Tommy Banks.
Spiker
Tilton's 1985 feature film Spiker was a sports drama film centered on the United States Olympic volleyball team at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Personal life
Roger Tilton was married to Pat Tilton. Roger Tilton passed away on 22 May 2011.
Filmography
See also
OmniMax
References
External links
Roger Tilton obituary
1924 births
People from East St. Louis, Illinois
American documentary film directors
American_documentary_film_producers
2011 deaths
United States Merchant Mariners of World War II
Stanford University alumni
Columbia University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Columbia University faculty
City College of New York faculty
Filmmakers from California |
35657598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelle%20School%20District | Dardanelle School District | Dardanelle School District is a public school district in Dardanelle, Arkansas, United States. The school district provides comprehensive education to residents of northern Yell County, in the Arkansas River Valley area. It also serves the unincorporated area of Delaware in Logan County.
In 2012, Dardanelle School District and its high school were recognized in the AP District of the Year Awards program in the College Board's 3rd Annual Honor Roll that consisted of 539 U.S. public school districts (6 in Arkansas) that simultaneously achieved increases in access to AP® courses for a broader number of students and improved the rate at which their AP students earned scores of 3 or higher on an AP Exam.
History
In 1979 the Carden Bot school district merged into the Dardanelle district
Schools
Dardanelle High School (9-12)
Dardanelle Middle School (7-8)
Dardanelle Elementary School (3-6)
Dardanelle Primary School (K-2)
References
External links
School districts in Arkansas
Education in Yell County, Arkansas
Education in Pope County, Arkansas
Education in Logan County, Arkansas |
37333568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%20Hamam-e%20Amir%20ol%20Mowmenin | Ab Hamam-e Amir ol Mowmenin | Ab Hamam-e Amir ol Mowmenin (, also Romanized as Āb Ḩamām-e Āmīr ol Mowmenīn) is a village in Tolbozan Rural District, Golgir District, Masjed Soleyman County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 76, in 17 families.
References
Populated places in Masjed Soleyman County |
23993045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Bausch%20%26%20Lomb%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Singles | 1996 Bausch & Lomb Championships – Singles | Conchita Martínez was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Mary Pierce.
Irina Spîrlea won in the final 6–7, 6–4, 6–3 against Pierce.
Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.
Conchita Martínez (quarterfinals)
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (semifinals)
Magdalena Maleeva (second round)
Chanda Rubin (third round)
n/a
Mary Joe Fernández (semifinals)
Mary Pierce (final)
Irina Spîrlea (champion)
n/a
Åsa Carlsson (first round)
Lindsay Lee (first round)
Sabine Hack (quarterfinals)
Meredith McGrath (quarterfinals)
Silvia Farina (first round)
Elena Makarova (second round)
Ruxandra Dragomir (second round)
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
External links
ITF tournament edition details
1996 Singles
1996 WTA Tour |
19530166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%201928%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20400%20metre%20freestyle | Swimming at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle | The men's 400 metre freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1928 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fifth appearance of the event, which was established in 1908. The competition was held from Tuesday to Thursday, 7 to 9 August 1928.
Twenty-six swimmers from 17 nations competed.
Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in minutes) prior to the 1928 Summer Olympics.
In the final Alberto Zorrilla bettered the Olympic record to 5:01.6 minutes.
Results
Heats
Tuesday 7 August 1928: The fastest two in each heat and the fastest third-placed from across the heats advanced.
Heat 1
Heat 2
Heat 3
Heat 4
Heat 5
Heat 6
Semifinals
Wednesday 8 August 1928: The fastest three in each semi-final advanced to the final.
Semifinal 1
Semifinal 2
Final
Friday 10 August 1928:
References
External links
Olympic Report
Swimming at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Men's events at the 1928 Summer Olympics |
63014323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20van%20Dam | Chris van Dam | Christiaan Jan Lodewijk "Chris" van Dam (born 9 July 1963) is a Dutch politician, policeman and prosecutor who served as a member of the House of Representatives from 2017 to 2021. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).
Biography
Chris van Dam was a police officer for 12 years in The Hague before becoming a prosecutor. He mainly worked in Amsterdam, where he was deputy head officer at the public ministry's local branch from 2014 to 2016 before moving back to The Hague to occupy the same position there.
Elected to the House of Representatives in 2017 for the Christian Democratic Appeal, he has cautioned against the overuse of facial recognition technology as a parliamentarian, suggesting that it is "to the detriment of human values", as people become mere data points.
References
1963 births
Living people
Dutch prosecutors
Dutch police officers
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Politicians from The Hague |
59843596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesagraecia | Mesagraecia | Mesagraecia is an Asian genus of bush crickets in the tribe Agraeciini, belonging to the 'conehead' subfamily Conocephalinae. Records to date have all been from Indochina.
Species
The Orthoptera Species File lists:
Mesagraecia bicolor Ingrisch, 1998 - type species - locality Chanthaburi, Thailand
Mesagraecia gorochovi Ingrisch, 1998
Mesagraecia larutensis Tan, Ingrisch & Kamaruddin, 2015
Mesagraecia laticauda (Karny, 1926)
References
External links
Conocephalinae
Tettigoniidae genera
Orthoptera of Asia |
64400789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherred | Sherred | Sherred is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Claire Sherred (born 1956), British luger
T. L. Sherred (1915–1985), American science fiction writer
See also
Sherrod |
10402091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm%20%28comics%29 | Storm (comics) | Storm, in comics, may refer to:
Storm (Marvel Comics), a member of Marvel Comics' X-Men, also known as Ororo Munroe
Storm (Don Lawrence), a Dutch science-fiction comic series and its protagonist
Storm, a family in Marvel Comics, largely appearing in the Fantastic Four titles:
Susan Storm, also known as the Invisible Woman
Johnny Storm, also known as the Human Torch
Franklin Storm, their father
Mary Storm, their mother who died, but is a character in Ultimate Fantastic Four
Storm the Albatross, a character in the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise video games and comics
Storm Boy, a DC Comics character associated with the Legion of Super-Heroes
Storm Curtis, a character who appeared in Prize Comics
Captain William Storm, a DC Comics character who appeared in his own eponymous title Capt. Storm and was a member of the original Losers
See also
Storm (disambiguation)
Stormbreaker: The Graphic Novel, the first of a series of graphic novels based on the book and film
Stormfront, a character from The Boys
Stormquest, a title from Caliber Comics
Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe), a character from the G.I. Joe comics, who has his own eponymous series
Stormwatch (comics), a Wildstorm title
Stormwatcher, a comic from Eclipse Comics
References |
52037785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non%20sono%20una%20signora | Non sono una signora | "Non sono una signora" (i.e. "I am not a lady") is an Italian pop-rock song written by Ivano Fossati and performed by Loredana Bertè. Considered Bertè's signature song, it has influenced her provocative imagine and aggressive style in the following years of career. It has been described as a "career catch" song for Berté.
Bertè's sister, Mia Martini, asked to her then-partner singer-songwriter Ivano Fossati to compose a song for her sister Loredana and wrote for her the song 'Non sono una signora'. The song won the 1982 edition of Festivalbar. It was adapted in Spanish language as "Ella es una señora" (in a version performed by Lucía Méndez) and as "No soy una señora" (in a version performed by , and later by María José).
Track listing
7" single – CGD 10407
"Non sono una signora" – 3:28 (Ivano Fossati)
"Radio" – 3:30 (Maurizio Piccoli)
Charts
Certifications
References
1982 singles
1982 songs
Compagnia Generale del Disco singles
Loredana Bertè songs
Songs written by Ivano Fossati |
45406902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Pugh | Kevin Pugh | Kevin John Pugh (born 11 October 1960) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder in the Football League for Newcastle United and Darlington and in non-league football for Gateshead. He went on to play for many years in Belgian football, including seven seasons in the First Division, for Charleroi, La Louvière, Francs Borains and Sambreville.
Life and career
Pugh was born in Corbridge, Northumberland, and attended Framwellgate Moor Comprehensive School in Durham. Offered trials by several clubs, he chose to begin his club career with Newcastle United. He made only one substitute appearance for the club's first team, on 7 November 1981, replacing Imre Varadi in a 2–1 defeat at Chelsea in the Second Division. He was released at the end of that season, and dropped into non-league football with Gateshead, playing regularly as they won the 1982–83 Northern Premier League title and with it promotion to the Alliance Premier League. He began the new season with Gateshead, joined Darlington for long enough to make two substitute appearances in the Fourth Division, and was back with Gateshead by October. He finished his Gateshead career with 24 goals from 76 appearances in all competitions, 5 goals from 36 appearances in the Alliance Premier League.
Pugh continued his career in Belgium with Charleroi. He captained the team to promotion via a fifth-place finish and the Second Division play-offs in his first season, and remained with the club for a further seven seasons in the First Division. He then spent four years with La Louvière, two in the third tier followed by two in the second, and finished his playing career in the fourth tier with a year at Francs Borains and two at Sambreville, whom he also coached.
After retiring from football, Pugh stayed in Belgium where he ran a bar in Charleroi.
Notes
References
1960 births
Living people
People from Corbridge
Footballers from Northumberland
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Newcastle United F.C. players
Gateshead F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
R. Charleroi S.C. players
R.A.A. Louviéroise players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
National League (English football) players
Belgian Pro League players
Francs Borains players |
34711046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukushi%20Haruka | Tsukushi Haruka | is a retired Japanese professional wrestler. Trained by Emi Sakura, Tsukushi made her debut for her Ice Ribbon promotion in January 2010 as part of a trial series with Kurumi. After winning the fan voting, Tsukushi was made an official part of Ice Ribbon's roster the following March and she has since wrestled regularly for the promotion. She is a former one-time ICE×60 Champion, record ten-time International Ribbon Tag Team Champion and record three-time IW19 Champion. Tsukushi's accomplishments outside of Ice Ribbon include winning DDT Pro-Wrestling's Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship, JWP Joshi Puroresu's 2014 Tag League the Best and Reina Joshi Puroresu's Reina World Tag Team Championship.
Professional wrestling career
Ice Ribbon (2009–2022)
In December 2009, Tsukushi, then only twelve years old, and nine-year-old Kurumi began training professional wrestling under Emi Sakura at her promotion Ice Ribbon's dojo in Saitama. Tsukushi's training sessions with Sakura mainly took place on weekends, while on weekdays she remained in her hometown of Kamisu, training amateur wrestling with a local male junior high school wrestling team. In January 2010, Tsukushi and Kurumi were entered into a trial series, which saw them both compete in three-minute time limit matches at Ice Ribbon events with those in attendance being given the right to vote on which one should be made a permanent member of the roster; the first to reach 500 votes would win the series. Tsukushi made her professional wrestling debut on January 16, when she wrestled Chii Tomiya to a three-minute time limit draw. During the next two months, Tsukushi also wrestled Emi Sakura twice, Mai Ichii three times, and Chii Tomiya and Hamuko Hoshi both once to a time limit draw, before suffering her first loss on March 6, against Miyako Matsumoto. On March 13, Tsukushi and Kurumi were defeated in a tag team match by Chii Tomiya and Riho. After the match it was announced that Tsukushi had won the trial series 506 fan votes to 379 and had as a result earned the right to become a member of Ice Ribbon's roster. The following day, she was defeated by Chii Tomiya in her official debut match. Tsukushi earned her first win on April 29, when she pinned Tomiya in a tag team match, debuting her finishing maneuver, Harukaze ("Spring Breeze"), in the process. On May 22, Tsukushi broke the record for the fastest win in Ice Ribbon history, when she pinned Emi Sakura in just five seconds. The win earned her a shot at Sakura's ICE×60 Championship, Ice Ribbon's top title, however, she was defeated in the title match on June 5. On July 11, Tsukushi made her debut for the NEO Japan Ladies Pro Wrestling promotion, losing to fellow Ice Ribbon worker Makoto. Tsukushi's first year in professional wrestling ended with her biggest match yet, when she teamed with Natsuki☆Taiyo and Sayaka Obihiro on December 29 in a 24-minute main event, where they were defeated by Emi Sakura, Nanae Takahashi and Yoshiko Tamura.
On March 22, 2011, Tsukushi entered a tournament to crown the first ever Internet Wrestling 19 Champion; a title contested for exclusively on Ice Ribbon's Ustream program 19 O'Clock Girls ProWrestling. After defeating Mochi Miyagi in her opening match, Tsukushi advanced to the finals, where she managed to score an upset win over the reigning ICE×60, International Ribbon Tag Team and Triangle Ribbon Champion Tsukasa Fujimoto, winning her first title and becoming the inaugural IW19 Champion. On March 31, Tsukushi made her debut for Smash at Smash.15, where she teamed with Hikari Minami and Riho to defeat Emi Sakura, Makoto and Mochi Miyagi in a six-woman tag team match. On April 10, Tsukushi defended the IW19 Championship for the first time in a special episode of 19 O'Clock Girls ProWrestling, which aired live from the Kashimagakuen High School in Tsukushi's home prefecture of Ibaraki. The title defense against Emi Sakura ended in a nineteen-minute time limit draw, which meant that Tsukushi retained her title. Five days later, Tsukushi successfully defended the title against Makoto at an Ice Ribbon and Osaka Pro Wrestling co-promoted episode of 19 O'Clock Girls ProWrestling. The following day, Tsukushi and Riho unsuccessfully challenged Emi Sakura and Ray for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. Also in April, Hikari Minami and Riho began producing their own professional wrestling events under the banner of "Teens", which also became the name of the informal stable, which in addition to the two also included Tsukushi, Dorami Nagano and Kurumi. On April 24, Tsukushi was defeated by Riho in the main event of Teens.1. As a result of pinning Tsukasa Fujimoto in the IW19 Championship tournament final, Fujimoto agreed to defend the ICE×60 Championship against Tsukushi. The title match took place on May 5 in the main event of Golden Ribbon at Korakuen Hall, where Fujimoto retained her title. On May 13, Tsukushi made her third defense of the IW19 Championship, defeating Chii Tomiya. On May 27, she lost the title to Hikari Minami in her fourth defense, ending her reign at 66 days.
On June 11, Tsukushi broke her own record for the fastest win in Ice Ribbon history by pinning Emi Sakura in four seconds. The following day, Tsukushi wrestled at an event produced by the Jungle Jack 21 stable, facing the group's leader, joshi veteran Aja Kong, in a losing effort. In a post-match interview, Kong praised her young opponent, comparing her to joshi legend Manami Toyota. Tsukushi received another shot at the ICE×60 Championship on June 19 at Teens.III, but was again defeated by Tsukasa Fujimoto. On July 10 at Yokohama Ribbon, Tsukushi was defeated in a singles match by freelancer Manami Toyota and was afterwards once again praised by her opponent, who had a 23-year experience advantage over her. Tsukushi and Toyota had a rematch on August 21 at Fushigi no Kuni no Ice, where Toyota was again victorious. On September 16, Tsukushi attempted to regain the IW19 Championship, but was defeated in the finals of a tournament for the vacant title by her old training partner Kurumi. On September 24, Tsukushi teamed with Manami Toyota in a tournament for the vacant International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. After defeating the team of Kurumi and Ray in the first round and former champions Muscle Venus (Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto) in the semifinals, Tsukushi and Toyota were defeated in the finals by Ice Ribbon's rival promotion Sendai Girls' Pro Wrestling representatives Dash Chisako and Sendai Sachiko.
Before leaving Ice Ribbon, Toyota suggested that Tsukushi should form a new tag team with Tsukasa Fujimoto; the two followed the suggestion and dubbed their new team "Dropkickers". On October 15, Dropkickers wrestled Chisako and Sachiko to a twenty-minute time limit draw; as a result, the title was once again declared vacant. The following day, Tsukushi defeated Riho to earn the right to represent Ice Ribbon at Sendai Girls' Joshi Puroresu Dantai Taikou Flash tournament, a single-elimination tournament, where different joshi promotions battled each other. On October 27, Team Ice Ribbon (Tsukushi, Emi Sakura, Hikari Minami, Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto) was eliminated from the tournament in the first round by Team Sendai Girls' (Meiko Satomura, Dash Chisako, Kagetsu, Miyako Morino and Sendai Sachiko), when Tsukushi was pinned by Chisako. On December 2, Tsukushi defeated Kurumi to regain the IW19 Championship. The rivalry between Ice Ribbon and Sendai Girls' culminated on December 25 at RibbonMania 2011, where Tsukushi and Emi Sakura faced Meiko Satomura and Sendai Sachiko in a match for the vacant International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. Tsukushi won the match for her team and Ice Ribbon by pinning Sachiko, thus winning the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship for the first time. However, as Sakura had announced just prior to the match that she would be leaving Ice Ribbon the following month, her and Tsukushi's reign lasted only three days before they lost the title to Hikaru Shida and Maki Narumiya. On January 7, 2012, Tsukushi defeated Sakura in her Ice Ribbon farewell match.
On January 8, Tsukushi took part in Bull Nakano's retirement event, participating in a special ten woman tag team match, where each team allegedly included wrestlers in their tens, twenties, thirties, forties and fifties. In the match, Tsukushi, Dump Matsumoto, Kyoko Inoue, Leon and Sawako Shimono defeated Cherry (the only wrestler in the match whose real age was not known publicly), Jaguar Yokota, Manami Toyota, Natsuki☆Taiyo and Tomoka Nakagawa. Back in Ice Ribbon, Tsukushi went on to form a regular tag team with Tsukasa Fujimoto. On January 14, Tsukushi pinned ICE×60 and International Ribbon Tag Team Champion Hikaru Shida in a tag team match, where she and Fujimoto faced Shida and Kurumi. On January 25, Fujimoto asked for a shot at the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship for the Dropkickers. The challenge was accepted by Shida, who then went on to avenge her loss to Tsukushi by defeating her in a non-title match four days later. On February 5 at Yokohama Ribbon, Tsukushi and Fujimoto defeated Shida and Maki Narumiya to become the new International Ribbon Tag Team Champions. Tsukushi and Fujimoto made their first title defense on March 20 at Ice Ribbon March 2012, defeating the team of Kurumi and Manami Toyota. Three days later, Tsukushi lost the IW19 Championship to Kurumi in her first defense, ending her second reign at 112 days. On May 5, Tsukushi and Fujimoto lost the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship to the Happy Makers (Aoi Kizuki and Sayaka Obihiro) in the main event of Golden Ribbon 2012, ending their reign at 90 days. Tsukushi and Fujimoto regained the title from the Happy Makers on June 17 at Ice Ribbon's sixth anniversary event. On June 23, Tsukushi surprised Fujimoto after a tag team match and pinned her to win DDT Pro-Wrestling's Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship, taking advantage of a rule, where the champion could be pinned or submitted anytime and anywhere. Shortly afterwards, Tsukushi comically lost the title to one of Ice Ribbon's ring mats. On July 15 at Sapporo Ribbon 2012, Tsukushi and Fujimoto lost the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship to Miyako Matsumoto and Neko Nitta in their first title defense.
On July 31, Tsukushi made her debut for DDT, taking part in an "Ice Ribbon offer match", where she and Maki Narumiya were defeated by Hikaru Shida and Neko Nitta. Tsukushi then went to form a tag team with former training partner and IW19 Championship rival Kurumi, with the two defeating Aki Shizuku and Hikari Minami, Maki Narumiya and Tsukasa Fujimoto, and Hikaru Shida and Neko Nitta in separate tag team matches to become the number one contenders to the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. On August 12, Tsukushi and Kurumi made their debuts for Reina X World, defeating International Ribbon Tag Team Champion Neko Nitta and Reina World Tag Team Champion Hikaru Shida in a tag team match, with Tsukushi pinning Nitta for the win. On August 19, Tsukushi and Kurumi defeated Miyako Matsumoto and Neko Nitta to win the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship, starting Tsukushi's fourth reign with the title. On September 22, Tsukushi and Tsukasa Fujimoto took part in an event, which celebrated Manami Toyota's 25th anniversary in professional wrestling, teaming with Toyota in a six-woman tag team match, where they were defeated by Aja Kong, Kyoko Inoue and Tsubasa Kuragaki. The following day at Ribbon no Kishitachi 2012, Tsukushi and Kurumi, with a combined age of 27, made their first successful defense of the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship against BBA38 (Cherry and Meari Naito), with a combined age of 76. Following the win, Tsukushi announced that she was studying English with a goal of defending the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship abroad. On October 8, Tsukushi and Kurumi formed the Seishun Midori stable with Aoi Kizuki. The stable wrestled their first match together on October 28 at 2012 Yokohama Ribbon III, defeating Maki Narumiya, Neko Nitta and Nozomi in a six-woman tag team match. On November 25 at Nagoya Ribbon II – 2012, Tsukushi and Kurumi entered a one-day tag team tournament, where they were forced to put the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship on the line in all of their matches. They were, however, given a bye directly to the semifinals of the tournament. After defeating BBA38 in their semifinal match, Tsukushi and Kurumi lost the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship to Muscle Venus (Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto) in a final match, which was also contested for the Reina World Tag Team Championship. On December 31 at RibbonMania 2012, Tsukushi and her other Seishun Midori partner, Aoi Kizuki, defeated Kyoko Kimura and Sayaka Obihiro to win not only the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship, but also the Reina World Tag Team Championship, a title owned by the Reina X World promotion. Starting her fifth reign, Tsukushi tied Emi Sakura's record for most reigns as the International Ribbon Tag Team Champion.
After the ICE×60 Championship was vacated, following Maki Narumiya being sidelined with an injury, Tsukushi entered a round-robin tournament to determine the new champion, wrestling Hikaru Shida to a ten-minute time limit draw in her opening match on January 26. On February 11, Tsukushi and Aoi Kizuki made their first successful defense of the International Ribbon Tag Team and Reina World Tag Team Championships against Hailey Hatred and Kurumi, with Kizuki pinning Kurumi with just one second remaining before a twenty-minute time limit, which would have resulted in the titles being vacated. After a win over Risa Sera and a draw with Neko Nitta, Tsukushi finished her ICE×60 Championship tournament round-robin block on February 16 with four points, advancing to the semifinals in the second place behind Hikaru Shida. On February 23, Tsukushi defeated Tsukasa Fujimoto in her semifinal match to advance to the finals of the tournament. On February 27, Tsukushi defeated Miyako Matsumoto to win the tournament and the ICE×60 Championship for the first time. Tsukushi made her first successful title defense on March 31 against Kurumi. On April 14, Tsukushi made her debut for the JWP Joshi Puroresu promotion, teaming with Rabbit Miu to defeat Nana Kawasa and Rydeen Hagane in a tag team match. On May 4, Tsukushi defeated Seishun Midori stablemate Aoi Kizuki for her second successful defense of the ICE×60 Championship. On May 25, Tsukushi and Kizuki lost the International Ribbon Tag Team and Reina World Tag Team Championships to Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto. On June 22, Tsukushi made her third successful defense of the ICE×60 Championship against Neko Nitta. On July 14, Tsukushi lost the ICE×60 Championship to Tsukasa Fujimoto in her fourth defense, a championship unification match also contested for the IW19 Championship, ending her reign at 137 days.
On September 7, Tsukushi produced her first own Ice Ribbon event, which celebrated her sixteenth birthday and saw her lose to veteran wrestler Gami in the main event. From January 5 to March 16, 2014, Tsukushi took part in JWP's 2014 Tag League the Best, teaming with Rabbit Miu under the team name "Haruusagi" ("Spring Rabbit"; a combination of Harukaze and the Japanese word for rabbit, usagi). After two wins and one loss, the team won their round-robin block and advanced to the finals of the tournament. On March 16, Haruusagi defeated Mascara Voladoras (Leon and Ray) in the finals to win the 2014 Tag League the Best and become the number one contenders to the Daily Sports Women's and JWP Tag Team Championships. Tsukushi and Miu received their title opportunity on May 4, but were defeated by Command Bolshoi and Kyoko Kimura in a decision match for the now vacant titles. Meanwhile, back in Ice Ribbon, Tsukushi got involved in a storyline rivalry with Mio Shirai. After a two-year break, Ice Ribbon brought back the "Teens" concept on August 14 with Tsukushi as the new head producer. In the main event of Teens8, Tsukushi and Rabbit Miu defeated International Ribbon Tag Team Champion Risa Sera and World Wonder Ring Stardom representative Takumi Iroha. On September 15, Tsukushi and Rabbit Miu unsuccessfully challenged Sera and Maki Narumiya for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. On December 14, Tsukushi made an appearance for Pro Wrestling Wave as part of "Young Oh! Oh!", Wave's equivalent of the Teens project, where she led the "East Japan Little Yankees" to a win over the "West Japan Giants" in a ten-woman main event tag team match, scoring the deciding pinfall over Rina Yamashita. On December 28 at Ice Ribbon's biggest event of the year, Ribbon Mania 2014, Tsukushi unsuccessfully challenged her rival Mio Shirai for the Union Fly To Everywhere World Championship. On February 22, 2015, Tsukushi made her debut for World Wonder Ring Stardom, defeating Momo Watanabe.
Shortly afterwards, after Mio Shirai had announced her upcoming retirement from professional wrestling, she and Tsukushi ended their rivalry with Tsukushi suggesting the two should form a tag team together. On March 21, the team, dubbed Shishunki ("Puberty"), defeated. STAP (Maki Narumiya and Risa Sera) to win the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. This marked Tsukushi's sixth reign with the title, a new record. At the end of the event, Tsukushi confronted new ICE×∞ Champion Kurumi, which led to a title match between the two on March 29, where Kurumi made her first successful title defense. Tsukushi and Shirai made their first successful defenses of the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship against the Lovely Butchers (Hamuko Hoshi and Mochi Miyagi) on June 24 and Orange Happies (Aoi Kizuki and Kayoko Haruyama) on July 4. Their reign ended in their third defense on August 17 against Nekoka Tag (Leon and Neko Nitta). On August 30, Tsukushi unsuccessfully challenged Aoi Kizuki for the ICE×∞ Championship. On September 6, her 18th birthday, Tsukushi defeated Mio Shirai in Shirai's final singles match in Ice Ribbon. Tsukushi received another shot at the ICE×∞ Championship on March 12, 2016, but was again defeated, this time by Hamuko Hoshi. On May 22, Tsukushi made a special appearance for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), wrestling in a tag team match, where she and Mochi Miyagi were defeated by Maya Yukihi and Risa Sera. Also in May, Tsukushi took part in Pro Wrestling Wave's 2016 Catch the Wave tournament. She finished her round-robin block with a record of two wins and one loss, tying with Mika Iida and Melanie Cruise. She was eliminated from the tournament after being defeated by Iida in a three-way playoff match. Her match with Iida was later chosen as the tournament's best match. On September 19, Tsukushi won the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship for the seventh time, when she and Hiiragi Kurumi, billed collectively as "This is Ice Ribbon", defeated Arisa Nakajima and Tsukasa Fujimoto for the title. They lost the title to Wave Tag Team Champions Misaki Ohata and Ryo Mizunami in their first defense on October 9. On November 3, Tsukushi challenged Tsukasa Fujimoto for the ICE×∞ Championship. The match ended in a 30-minute time limit draw, which resulted in the title being held up. Tsukushi eventually made it to the semifinals of a tournament to crown the new champion, before losing to Fujimoto on December 31. On March 26, 2017, Tsukushi and Kurumi regained the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship from Ohata and Mizunami. They were stripped of the title on May 28, after their third title defense against Hamuko Hoshi and Mochi Miyagi ended in a twenty-minute time limit draw. Tsukushi and Kurumi regained the vacant title on June 11 by defeating the mother-daughter team of Hamuko Hoshi and Ibuki Hoshi. They were again stripped of the title on September 9 due to Tsukushi's arrest and subsequent inactivity from wrestling. On September 20, Ice Ribbon announced that Tsukushi was going on an indefinite hiatus from wrestling and would work for the company behind the scenes for the time being. Tsukushi had been scheduled to play a large role in Manami Toyota's upcoming retirement event, but was pulled from the show because of the incident.
Tsukushi returned to the ring at Ice Ribbon year-end event, RibbonMania 2017, on December 31, 2017, where she was defeated by Tsukasa Fujimoto.
Tsukushi has trained fellow professional wrestlers Nao Ishikawa and Yuki Mashiro.
2017 arrest
On July 23, 2017, Dave Meltzer reported that Tsukushi had been arrested for allegedly trying to stab fellow wrestler Kagetsu. That same day, Tsukushi was scheduled to wrestle at a Dream Joshi Puroresu event in Tokyo, but was pulled from the event due to "poor physical condition". The following day, Ice Ribbon held a press conference to announce that a 19-year old Ice Ribbon wrestler had been arrested on the night of July 22 in Saitama Prefecture for a fight, where a 25-year old wrestler not belonging to the promotion was injured. The arrested wrestler's name was withheld due to her being "underage", while the victim's name was withheld by their own request. The victim was described as a friend and a longtime mentor of the arrested wrestler. Tsukushi was identified as the arrested wrestler at a press conference on September 6, where she apologized for the incident.
Championships and accomplishments
DDT Pro-Wrestling
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)
Ice Ribbon
ICE×60 Championship (2 times)
International Ribbon Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Aoi Kizuki (1), Emi Sakura (1), Kurumi/Hiiragi Kurumi (4), Mio Shirai (1) and Tsukasa Fujimoto (3),
IW19 Championship (3 times)
ICE×60 Championship League (2013)
IW19 Championship Tournament (2011)
Ice Ribbon Year-End Award (2 times)
Best Bout Award (2016)
Best Tag Team Award (2019)
JWP Joshi Puroresu
JWP Tag League the Best (2014) – with Rabbit Miu
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 118 of the top 150 female wrestlers in the PWI Women's 150 in 2021
Pro Wrestling Wave
Catch the Wave Award (1 time)
Best Bout Award (2016) vs. Mika Iida on May 3
Reina X World / Reina Joshi Puroresu
Reina World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Aoi Kizuki
References
External links
Ice Ribbon profile
Ice Ribbon Talent profile
Puroresu Central profile
Official blog
1997 births
Japanese female professional wrestlers
Professional wrestling referees
Living people
Sportspeople from Ibaraki Prefecture
21st-century female professional wrestlers
Reina World Tag Team Champions
Ironman Heavymetalweight Champions
ICE Cross Infinity Champions
International Ribbon Tag Team Champions
IW19 Champions
Tag League the Best winners |
15095359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry%20Espi%C3%A9 | Thierry Espié | Thierry Espié (born 2 February 1952) is a French former professional motorcycle racer. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle road racing from 1977 to 1985.
Espié was born in Vanves, France. His best years were in 1979 when he finished in fourth place in the 125cc world championship and in 1980 when he finished in fourth place in the 250cc world championship.
References
1952 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Boulogne-Billancourt
French motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders
250cc World Championship riders
350cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders |
63239540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20ThinkPad%20500 | IBM ThinkPad 500 | The IBM ThinkPad 500 is a subnotebook from the ThinkPad series released by IBM in 1993.
History
The ThinkPad 500 was announced on 16 June 1993. It was the first subnotebook by IBM. The next subnotebook by IBM was the IBM ThinkPad 701 series
It was announced at the same time as the IBM ThinkPad 350. The New York Times noted that IBM challenged companies like Zeos, Dell, Zenith Data Systems and Hewlett-Packard who developed computers in the same class as the 500.
Specifications
It contained a 50 MHz 486SLC2 and a 85 or 170 MB HDD.
It includes an external floppy drive.
Reception
InfoWorld regarded the ThinkPad 500 as a bit too small for comfort.
PC World awarded the ThinkPad 500 the "Best Buy - #1 Value Mobile PC" in September 1994.
Successor
In March 1994 the ThinkPad 510 was announced, which contains the 486 DLC by IBM and a 7.7" display.
References
External links
Hardware Maintenance Manual
Laptop.pics
Thinkwiki.de - 500
Thinkwiki.org - 500
ThinkPad 500
500 |
51673630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Days%20of%20Antwerp | Six Days of Antwerp | The Six Days of Antwerp was a six-day track cycling race held annually in Antwerp, Belgium.
The Six Days has seen 55 editions, was organized from 1934 with interruptions during World War II and the years 1984 to 1986 and last held in 1994.
The Six Days of Antwerp was held at the Antwerp Sportpaleis in Merksem on a wooden indoor track, initially 132m long, after a reconstruction in 1968 it was given a length of 250m.
Record winner is Peter Post with 11 victories, five of them in consecutive years.
Winners
References
External links
Cycle races in Belgium
Six-day races
Recurring sporting events established in 1934
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1994
1934 establishments in Belgium
1994 disestablishments in Belgium
Defunct cycling races in Belgium |
10120185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauffry | Chauffry | Chauffry () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Demographics
The inhabitants are called Cauffériens.
See also
Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department
References
External links
1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région)
Communes of Seine-et-Marne |
64366221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results%20breakdown%20of%20the%201991%20Spanish%20local%20elections%20%28Region%20of%20Murcia%29 | Results breakdown of the 1991 Spanish local elections (Region of Murcia) | This is the results breakdown of the local elections held in the Region of Murcia on 26 May 1991. The following tables show detailed results in the autonomous community's most populous municipalities, sorted alphabetically.
City control
The following table lists party control in the most populous municipalities, including provincial capitals (shown in bold). Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour.
Municipalities
Cartagena
Population: 175,966
Lorca
Population: 67,338
Murcia
Population: 322,911
See also
1991 Murcian regional election
References
Murcia
1991 |
32643709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Baston | Caroline Baston | Caroline Jane Baston (born 17 October 1956) is a Church of England priest. From 2006 to 2011, she served as Archdeacon of the Isle of Wight.
Early life and education
Baston was born on 17 October 1956. She studied at the University of Birmingham, graduating with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in 1978 and a Certificate of Education (CertEd) in 1979. She then began her first career as a mathematics teacher, working at a comprehensive school in inner-city Sandwell.
In 1987, Baston entered Ripon College Cuddesdon, an Anglican theological college. There, she spent the next two years studying theology and training for ordination.
Ordained ministry
Baston was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1989. From 1989 to 1994, she served as Parish Deacon of St Christopher's Church, Thornhill, Southampton. In 1994, she was ordained as a priest; this was the first year that the Church of England ordained women to the priesthood and therefore she was one of its first female priests. She was an Assistant Curate at St Christopher's, Thornhill, and then Rector of All Saints', Winchester with St Andrew's, Chilcomb. She was appointed an honorary canon of Winchester Cathedral in 2000.
Baston was Archdeacon of the Isle of Wight from 2006 until 2011. On 3 October 2011, she was licensed as Transition Minister and Priest-in-charge of St Andrew's, North Swindon. In November 2013, she was appointed Warden of the Community of St Mary the Virgin, an Anglican religious order.
References
1956 births
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of Ripon College Cuddesdon
Living people
Schoolteachers from the West Midlands |
40312442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumiko%20Omura | Kumiko Omura | is a Japanese composer in the field of contemporary instrumental and electronic music.
Career
Omura studied with Isao Matsushita, Kenjirō Urata and Jo Kondo at the Tokyo University of the Arts. She then took music composition with Prof. Nicolaus A. Huber and electronic music with Ludger Brümmer and Dirk Reith at the Folkwang University of the Arts in Essen, Germany. She further studied electronic music at IRCAM in Paris, and Intermedia Art (master's degree) with Kiyoshi Furukawa in Tokyo. Her music has been performed in Japan, Korea, USA, and Europe (Wittener Tage für neue Kammermusik, musica viva in Munich, Festival AGORA, Festival Acanthe in France, Gaudeamus Music Week in the Netherlands, Emufest in Italy, Bludenzer Tage zeitgemäßer Musik in Austria and Music from Japan in New York) by such orchestras and ensembles as the New Japan Philharmonic, Ensemble Modern, musikFabrik, Ensemble recherche, Ensenble resonanz and Nieuw Ensemble. Between 2006 and 2010, she was a guest artist at ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe in Karlsruhe, Germany, and from 2010–2011 she was a composer=in-residence at Künstlerhof Schreyahn.
Recognition
1994: Irino Prize in Japan
1998: Gaudeamus International Composers Award in the Netherlands
1999: Prize by Biennale Neue Musik Hannover
2000: Förderpreis des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen für junge Künstlerinnen und Künstler
2000: ACL Yoshiro IRINO Memorial Prize by Asian Music Festival
2004: Takefu Composition Award in Japan
2005: Composition Prize for young composer by Japan Society for Contemporary Music
2012: Supporting prize by Giga-Hertz-Preis by ZKM (Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie) and Experimentalstudio des SWR
Discography
Double Contour / Kumiko Omura Portrait CD by fontec "Japanese Composer" series (2009)
Double Contour for cello and live electronics (2001)
Germination II 6 Players (Fl.Ob.Cl.Vn.Pf.Vib.) (2003)
Hommage à Pluton ensemble and live electronics (2006–07)
Mutation of the Möbius recorder and viola d'amore (2005)
La complication d'image AB for alto/baritone saxophone (2002/7)
Reticulation for Orchestra (1993–94)
Imaginary Bridge for shakuhachi, ensemble and electronic sound (1998–99)
Double Contour for cello and live electronics (2001) / Computer music journal sound and video anthology, vol. 28, (2004)
La complicatiln d'image for tenor saxophone and live electronic (2002) / Takashi Saito (Sax) Solo CD by ALM Record in Japan (2003)
Synapse for strings ensemble (2001–02) / Wittener Tage für neue Kammermusik 2002 bem WDR
References
External links
"Profile" and "More detailed profile", ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe
Wittener Tage für neue Kammermusik 2002 beim WDR (2CD), Discogs
Giga-Hertz-Preis 2012 ZKM
1970 births
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Japanese musicians
21st-century classical composers
Japanese classical composers
Japanese women classical composers
Living people
Musicians from Shizuoka Prefecture
21st-century Japanese composers
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
21st-century Japanese women musicians |
71551056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Asian%20Men%27s%20U20%20Volleyball%20Championship | 2022 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship | The 2022 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship was the 21st edition of the Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship, a biennial international volleyball tournament organised by the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) with Bahrain Volleyball Association (BVA). The tournament was held in Riffa, Bahrain from 22 to 29 August.
This tournament served as the qualification tournament for the FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship. The top two teams of the tournament qualified for the 2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship as the AVC representatives.
Players must be born on or after January 1, 2003. Players who had played twice in the FIVB Junior (U20 or U21) Championships cannot play in AVC Junior Championship as it is a qualification event for the following year of FIVB Junior event.
Qualification
The 18 AVC member associations submitted their U20 men's national team to the 2022 Asian U20 Championship. But, Kazakhstan later withdrew. The 17 AVC member associations were from 5 zonal associations, including, Central Asia (4 teams), East Asia (5 teams), Oceania (1 teams), Southeast Asia (1 teams) and West Asia (6 teams).
Qualified teams
The following teams qualified for the tournament.
Pools composition
* Kazakhstan withdrew from the competition.
Format
Preliminary round: All teams are divided into 6 pools. Robin round to classify ranking. Top 2 teams advance to Classification round of 1st - 12th places. The bottom teams to enter to Classification round of 13th - 18th.
Classification & Final round: Knockout stage. Drawing of lots will be taken to determine the best team of each group's opponent. Winner to advance to quarterfinals. The best team of Pool A and Pool B and their opponents will enter to quarterfinal directly. Teams have faced each other in Preliminary round will not play again in Classification round. The losing teams at knockout stage are subjectd to play classification match to determine final ranking.
The drawing of lots for second is schedueled to take place on Wednesday 24th August 2022 at 9pm local time.
Venues
Pool standing procedure
Number of victories
Match points
Sets quotient
Points quotient
If the tie continues as per the point quotient between two teams, the priority will be given to the team which won the last match between them. When the tie in points ratio is between three or more teams, a new classification of these teams in the terms of points 1, 2 and 3 will be made taking into consideration only the matches in which they were opposed to each other.
Match won 3–0 or 3–1: 3 match points for the winner, 0 match points for the loser.
Match won 3–2: 2 match points for the winner, 1 match point for the loser.
Match forfeited: 0 point (25-0;25-0;25-0)
Preliminary round
All times are Arabia Standard Time (UTC+3:00).
Pool A
Pool B
Pool C
Pool D
Pool E
Pool F
Final round
All times are Arabia Standard Time (UTC+3:00).
13th–17th playoffs
1st–12th playoffs
7th–12th playoffs
Quarterfinals
13th–16th semifinals
15th place match
13th place match
11th place match
7th–10th semifinals
9th place match
7th place match
5th place match
Semifinals
3rd place match
Final
Final standing
Awards
Most valuable player
Best setter
Best outside spikers
Best middle blockers
Best opposite spiker
Best libero
See also
2022 Asian Women's U20 Volleyball Championship
2022 Asian Boys' U18 Volleyball Championship
References
External links
Asian Volleyball Confederation – official website
Team Roster
Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship
Asian U20 Championship
International volleyball competitions hosted by Bahrain
Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship
Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship
2022 in volleyball |
40350686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland%20Theater | Inland Theater | The Inland Theater is a historic theater located in Martin, Bennett County, South Dakota, United States. The Inland Theater is the second theater constructed in the city of Martin. The first theater, the Allen Theater, was built in 1925 and 1926 and was one of the first theaters in western South Dakota to show talkie movies. The Allen Theater was destroyed by a tornado in 1939, and soon thereafter, construction of the Inland Theater began in September 1939. The Inland theater was constructed in the Art Deco style of architecture and held 300 people. The theater opened on January 14, 1940 and continued until 1991, when it was put up for sale. In 1997 the Inland Theater was purchased and reopened.
The Inland theater was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 30, 2013.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bennett County, South Dakota
Footnotes
References
Buildings and structures in Bennett County, South Dakota
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
Art Deco architecture in South Dakota
Theatres completed in 1940
National Register of Historic Places in Bennett County, South Dakota |
40625984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Nikolov%20%28volleyball%29 | Nikolay Nikolov (volleyball) | Nikolay Nikolov (; born 29 July 1986) is a Bulgarian volleyball player.
Career
He started his career in 2006 in Lukoil (Burgas). In 2009, he moved to CSKA (Sofia). In 2010 he signed contract with Volley Callipo (Italy). His contract ended in 2012. In 2013-2014, he played in Iran's Matin (Varamin). In 2014, he competed for Shahrdari (Urmia), and from 2015 he moved to Paykan (Tehran).
Awards
Individual
2015 FIVB Club World Championship – Best Middle Blocker
References
External links
FIVB Player's biography 2012
1986 births
Living people
People from Karnobat
Bulgarian men's volleyball players
Volleyball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic volleyball players for Bulgaria
Volleyball players at the 2015 European Games
European Games medalists in volleyball
European Games silver medalists for Bulgaria
Bulgarian expatriates in Italy
Bulgarian expatriates in Russia
Expatriate volleyball players in Iran
Expatriate volleyball players in Italy
Expatriate volleyball players in Russia
Sporting CP volleyball players |
21073221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%20Papyri | Princeton Papyri | The Princeton University's collection of papyri, housed at the Princeton University, was compiled by Rosalie Cook and other papyrologists, working under the supervision of Don C. Skemer. The catalog contains 1529 inventory items, 648 of them belong to 'unidentified papyri', nearly 700 items in Greek, 260 of them are published. 115 papyri written in various scripts of the Egyptian language, only 8 Coptic papyri have been published.
The first papyri arrived at Princeton between 1901 and 1922 (90 papyri).
Pharaonic Papyri
Biblical manuscripts (𝔓20, 𝔓54, manuscripts of LXX)
Christian literature (writings of the Church Fathers)
Greek Documentary Papyri
Arabic Papyri
References
External links
at the Princeton University Library
Digital Images of Selected Princeton Papyri
Two Princeton Papyri Revised at the Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 33 (1996), pp. 73–76.
Papyrology
Princeton University |
393020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve%20teasing | Eve teasing | Eve teasing is a euphemism, primarily occurring in English, used for public sexual harassment or sexual assault of women by men. The name "Eve" alludes to the Bible's creation story concerning Adam and Eve. Considered a problem related to delinquency in male youth, it is a form of sexual aggression that ranges in severity from sexually suggestive remarks, brushing in public places and catcalls, to groping.
The Indian National Commission for Women has suggested that the expression serves only to trivialize the seriousness of the offence and should be replaced by a more appropriate term. They argue that, considering the semantic roots of the term in Indian English, Eve teasing refers to the temptress nature of Eve, and places the responsibility on the woman as an alluring tease.
As with most forms of personal harassment, sexual harassment is notoriously difficult to prove in a legal sense as perpetrators often devise intentionally discreet ways to harass women, although Eve teasing usually occurs in public spaces and streets and on public transport. Some guidebooks to the region warn female tourists to avoid attracting the attention of these kinds of men by wearing modest, conservative clothing. However, this form of harassment has been reported by both Indian and foreign women in conservative dress.
History
The problem first received public and media attention in India in the 1970s. In the following decades, more and more women started attending college and working independently, meaning that they were often no longer accompanied by a male escort as had been the norm in traditional society. In response, the problem grew to alarming proportions, despite this not being the case in other cultures where women come and go as they please. Soon the Indian government had to take remedial measures, both judicial and law enforcement, to curb the practice. Efforts were made to sensitise the police about the issue, and police started to round up Eve teasers. The deployment of plain-clothed female police officers for the purpose has been particularly effective. Other measures taken in various states by the police were setting up of dedicated women's helplines in various cities, police stations staffed by women, and special police cells.
Also seen during this period was a marked rise in the number of women coming forward to report cases of sexual harassment, due to changing public opinion against this practice. In addition, the severity of these incidents grew as well, in some cases leading to acid throwing, which in turn led to states like Tamil Nadu making it a non-bailable offence. The number of women's organisations and those working for women's rights also increased, and during this period reports of bride burning increased. The increase in the number of violent incidents involving women meant previously lackadaisical attitudes towards women's rights had to be revised and supported by law. In the coming years, certain organisations played a key role in lobbying for the passing of legislation designed to protect women from aggressive behaviour from strangers, including 'The Delhi Prohibition of Eve-teasing Bill 1984'.
The death of a female student, Sarika Shah, in Chennai in 1998, resulted in some tough laws to counter the problem in South India. After murder charges were brought, about a half-dozen reports of suicide have been attributed to pressures caused by this behaviour. In February 2009, female students from Maharaja Sayajirao University (MSU) in Vadodara assaulted four young men near the family and community sciences faculty, after the men made lewd comments about a girl student staying in SD Hall hostel.
Many other cases go unreported for fear of reprisals and exposure to public shame. In some cases police let the offenders go, after public humiliation through the murga punishment. In 2008, a Delhi court ordered a 19-year-old caught making lewd remarks to passing females to distribute 500 handbills to youngsters outside schools and colleges detailing the consequences of indecent conduct.
Depiction in popular culture
Some depictions in Indian cinema shows mild teasing as a part of flirtatious beginnings of a courtship, along with the usual accompaniment of song and dance routines, which invariably results in the heroine submitting to the hero's advances towards the end of the song. Young men tend to emulate the example depicted so flawlessly on screen; the term roadside Romeos even made it to film in Roadside Romeo (2007).
It also has been frequently depicted that when a girl is teased in this way, the hero will come and beat the perpetrator up in order to protect her and 'defend her honour', such as in the Telugu films Madhumasam, Magadheera and Eega, and also the Hindi film Wanted. Nowadays, this issue is also featured in Indian television soaps like Savdhaan India and Crime Patrol.
Legal redress
Although Indian law does not use the term Eve teasing, victims earlier usually seek recourse through Section 294 of the Indian Penal Code, which sentences a man found guilty of making a girl or woman the target of obscene gestures, remarks, songs or recitation to a maximum jail sentence of three months. Section 292 of the IPC clearly spells out that showing pornographic or obscene pictures, books or papers to a woman or girl results in a fine of with two years' imprisonment for first offenders. In the case of a repeated offense, the offender may have a fine of with five years' imprisonment imposed. Under Section 509 of the IPC, obscene gestures, indecent body language and negative comments directed at any woman or girl or exhibiting any object which intrudes upon the privacy of a woman, carries a penalty of imprisonment for one year or a fine or both. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offence under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, stalking and sexual acts by person in authority an offense. It also made acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which could extend to life imprisonment and with fine.
The National Commission for Women (NCW) also proposed No 9. Eve Teasing (New Legislation) 1988. The Indian Parliament has passed the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, which adds protections for female workers in most workplaces. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013.
Public response
Nirbhaya Karnataka ("Fearless Karnataka") is a coalition of many individuals and groups including Alternative Law Forum, Blank Noise, Maraa, Samvada and Vimochana. After the rise of eve teasing cases in the 2000s, it organised several public awareness campaigns, including Take Back the Night, followed by another public art project titled, The Blank Noise Project, starting in Bangalore in 2003. A similar programme to fight eve-teasing was also hosted in Mumbai in 2008.
In Delhi, one of India's most dangerous cities for women, the Department of Women and Child Development established a steering committee in 2009 to prepare the city for the Commonwealth Games to be held in 2010. In Mumbai, "Ladies Special" train compartments have been introduced to allow women to travel without the fear of being sexually harassed, for the length of the journey at least. Given that the number of women needing to travel has doubled since 1995, there is a very strong demand for these kinds of services. Today "Ladies Special" compartments are present in most local trains in big cities. The Delhi Metro also has exclusive women-only cars.
Starting in 2017, the Drukpa nuns of Amitabha, known as the "Kung Fu Nuns", started teaching women's self-defence training for the Ladakh/Himalayan towns, the first class being held at Hemis Monastery. While the sisters were performing rescue work after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, they heard many stories of young women being sent away for better opportunities but ending up in sex slavery; these same small villages high in the Himalayas were also vulnerable to banditry. As part of their outreach, the nuns seek to strengthen women's safety, position and value in their communities by teaching new skills, including self-defence and vocational training.
Eve teasing is highly criticised by the media and on social media websites such as Facebook.
See also
2012 Delhi gang rape
Besharmi Morcha
Blank Noise
Dekh Le
Feminism in India
Gender inequality in India
Groping
Human rights in India
Pink Chaddi Campaign
Rape culture
Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War
Rape in India
Rape in Pakistan
Rohtak sisters viral video controversy
Sexual abuse by yoga gurus
SlutWalk
An Open Letter to Honey Singh
References
Further reading
External links
Fighting eve-teasing: rights and remedy
Eve teasing and male dominance
Bangladesh 'Eve Teasing' craze takes a terrible toll
Chandigarh-ihollaback.org
Chennai-ihollaback.org
Mumbai-ihollaback.org
Euphemisms
Sexual abuse
Sexual misconduct
Sexual harassment in India
English-language slang
Violence against women in India
Violence against women in Pakistan
Women's rights in Asia |
67458589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolanta%20Sikorska-Kulesza | Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza | Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza (born 1957) is professor (since 2011) at the University of Warsaw, Department of History, member of the Research Team for the Social History of Poland in the 19th and 20th Centuries.
She is an alumna of the University of Warsaw (Master's degree: 1980, Ph.D.:1900, habilitation: 2005).
Books
2020: Album policmajstra warszawskiego. Pamiątka buntu od 1860 do 1865,
2004: Zło tolerowane. Prostytucja w Królestwie Polskim w XIX wieku
2020: Tolerated Evil; Prostitution in the Kingdom of Poland in the Nineteenth Century,
2013 (with co-authors) Dzieje rodziny Ciechanowieckich herbu Dąbrowa (XIV-XXI wiek)
2011: W kalejdoskopie dziejów. Podręcznik do historii. XIX wiek
2010 (with S. Ciara) W kalejdoskopie dziejów. Podręcznik do historii. Czasy nowożytne,
1995: Deklasacja drobnej szlachty na Litwie i Białorusi w XIX wieku
Awards and decorations
2011: Departmental decoration Medal of the Commission of National Education
2005: Clio Award of 2nd degree, University of Warsaw
References
External links
dr hab. Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza bibliography
1957 births
Living people
University of Warsaw alumni
Academic staff of the University of Warsaw
Polish historians
Historians of Poland |
1266184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20Fortin | Point Fortin | Point Fortin, officially the Republic Borough of Point Fortin, the smallest Borough in Trinidad and Tobago is located in southwestern Trinidad, about southwest of San Fernando, in the historic county of Saint Patrick. After the discovery of petroleum in the area in 1906 the town grew into a major oil-producing centre. The town grew with the oil industry between the 1940s and 1980s, culminating in its elevation to borough status in 1980. After the end of the oil boom Point Fortin was hit hard by economic recession in the 1980s and the closure of its oil refinery. Construction of a Liquefied Natural Gas plant by Atlantic LNG in late 1990s boosted the economy.
History and development
At the beginning of the 20th century (before the discovery of oil), Point Fortin was an agricultural community with three distinct and separately owned cocoa and coconut estates.
These estates were sparsely populated. Employment was provided for a small number of workers who depended on the estates for their living accommodation as well as their food and other supplies. Travel in and out of Point Fortin was by coastal steamers as there was no road into or out of the area. The inhabited area was located along the seacoast.
In 1907, the Trinidad Oilfields moved into Point Fortin on an expedition for the exploration of oil and sank its first oil well on the La Fortunee Estates. That company turned out to be the only one that survived successfully, although there had been several similar expeditions by other oil companies.
The company later changed its name to the United British Oilfields of Trinidad then became Shell Trinidad Limited. In 1974 it was acquired by the Government and named TRINTOC or the Trinidad and Tobago Oil Company, today known as Petrotrin.
The change from an agricultural to an oil based economy made a significant impact in Point Fortin. There was rapid development in the construction of dwelling houses, plant, pipelines and oil tanks in the area. Point Fortin was booming and labour, particularly skilled labour for the new technology, was scarce and posed a major problem. Trinidadians did not seem to be attracted to the area.
Although people migrated from all over the country, the population in 1931 was less than 500. There were very few houses, no schools, and recreational and other facilities. As a result, Trinidadians who went to work in Point Fortin never took their families with them.
However, this changed when the company realised that in order to attract and retain workers, they needed to develop the area. This encouraged families to settle in the area, and coupled with a growth in the commercial sector, brought about such facilities as a post office, police station as well as other governmental agencies and banks.
In the 1960s the town began to see a decline due to massive retrenchment. The Government tried to revive the economic activity and eventually succeeded in establishing the Dunlop Tyre Factory. However the economic revival was only achieved in the early 1970s as a result of the Oil boom and the acquisition of Shell Trinidad Limited by the government. Point Fortin's Mayor is Saleema McCree Thomas (PNM). The MP for Point Fortin is Kennedy Richards Jr. (PNM).
Demographics
Ancestry
Notable natives
Culture
Fay-Ann Lyons Alvarez – Soca Artiste
Austin Lyons (Superblue) – Calypsonian / Soca artist/ father of Fay-Ann Lyons and her sister Terri Lyons
Kelvin Pope (The Mighty Duke) – Calypsonian
Keegan Taylor Soca artist/Stick Fighter
Lady Tiny- Calypsonian
Iwer George - Calypsonian/ Soca artist
Naya George - Soca artiste
Sports
Atiba Charles
Avery John
Kenwyne Jones
Keyeno Thomas
Warren Archibald
Steve David
Anthony Douglas
Randy Samuel - Canadian soccer player
Public service
Lionel Blake – first mayor
Victor Chin Kit – past mayor
Cyril Rogers – longest-serving MP
John Cupid – cultural researcher
Francis Bertrand – longest-serving mayor (Boro Day Pioneer)
Others
Arthur Joseph - Deal or No Deal (US game show) winner
Manchand Teeluck - professional wrestler Ring of Honor and New Japan Pro-Wrestling
Kailash Seemegona - color commentator Ring of Honor and New Japan Pro-Wrestling
Keston Jones - special effects assistant (Ash vs Evil Dead)
Blake Ramires - radio co-host pirate radio podcast (US Internet radio/podcast show)
Phillip Mitchell - radio host Univ of Hartford. CT.USA (West Indian Rhythms)WWUH
Lance Knight - Video Game Developer/Programmer and Program Development Coordinator for Waseda University Waseda University
Education
Primary schools
Point Fortin Roman Catholic Primary School
Point Fortin S.D.A Primary School
Egypt Village Government Primary School
Point Fortin Anglican Primary School
Point Fortin A.S.J.A Primary School
Cap-de-Ville Government Primary School
Fanny Village Government Primary School
Secondary schools
Point Fortin East Secondary School (formally known as PFC)
Point Fortin West Secondary School (formally known as the Junior Secondary)
Holy Name Convent'
Other Educational/Training Institutions
Manchand Teeluck's Squared Circle Grappling Academy - Professional Wrestling Academy
Lu-Wong Dance Academy
Com Sa Choi - Asian Culinary Institute
Club Malibu - Pole Dancing Academy
Electoral districts
Egypt Village
Techier/Guapo Village
Mahaica/New Lands Village
Cap-De-Ville/Fanny Village
New Village
Hollywood Village
References
Populated places in Trinidad and Tobago
Ports and harbours of Trinidad and Tobago
Municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago
Populated coastal places in Trinidad and Tobago |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.